TOEFL Unit 10

 

 

TAIU  _DHEIAC NBM[_DGDA^IBA DWD_NI^D 8 HAE

8; 

EI^NT^^IBA  

_DHEIAC NBM[_DGDA^IBA Uimd  „ 44 miautds

Ugis sdntiba is edsicade tb mdhsurd ybur hoijity tb rdhe hae uaedrsthae sgbrt phsshcds simijhr ia tbpin hae styjd tb tgbsd tght stuedats hrd ji`djy tb danbuatdr ia Abrtg Hmdrinha uaivdrsitids hae nbjjdcds. Eirdntibas.

Ugd rdjhtibasgip bf h mbrtisd hae h tdaba is mbst simijhr tb tght bf (H) (O) (N) (E)

h h h h

jbn` hae h `dy obb` hae its its nbvdr nup hae h shundr shundr ghmmdr hae h ahij

?.

3. Ugd wbre ‚sgidje” ia jiad ?5 is ?5 is njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb (H) ednbrhtd (O) nbpy (N) sghpd (E) prbtdnt

7. 5.

Fbr wght purpbsd eie wbbewbr`drs usd ha hucdr (H) (O) (N) (E)

4.

wgittjd h pdc mh`d h tdaba erijj h gbjd mdhsurd h phadj

Sgingiabftgd tgdnbastruntiba fbjjbwiac wdrd ABU usde bf nbjbaihj furaiturd2 (H) (O) (N) (E)

6.

Ub Ub Ub Ub

Mbrtisds Ahijs Giacds ^nrdws

Ugd hutgbr impjids tght nbjbaihj mdthjwbr`drs wdrd (H) uahojd tb mh`d djhobrhtd phrts (O) mbrd s`ijjde tgha wbbewbr`drs (N) mbrd nbasdrvhtivd tgha btgdr nbjbaists (E) frdqudatjy dmpjbyde oy lbiadrs

Ugd wbre ‚prbtrueiac” ia jiad 84 is 84 is njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb (H) phrhjjdj (O) simpjd r(N) prbldntiac (E) impbrthat

Ugd wbre ‚tgdy” ia jiad ?7 rdfdrs ?7  rdfdrs tb (H) (O) (N) (E)

9.

edsicas typds nbjbaists hjj

Ugd hutgbr impjids tght tgd nbjbaihj lbiadrs (H) wdrd gicgjy gicgjy phie (O) ohsde tgdir furaiturd ba Dacjisg mbedjs (N) usde mhay spdnihjizde tbbjs (E) ghe tb helust tb usiac adw `iaes bf wbbe ia Adw Dacjhae

8;. Sging bf tgd fbjjbwiac tdrms ebds tgd hutgbr dxpjhia ia tgd phsshcd2 (H) (O) (N) (E)

‚mijjdaaih” (jiad 4)  4)  ‚lbiadrs” (jiad 8;)  8;)   ‚wgittjde” (jiad 84)  84)  ‚ojhn`smitgs” (jiad ?8)  ?8)  

 

Xudstiba 88  „ ?;

 

Jiad

(4)

(8;)

(84)

(?;)

(?4)

Ia heeitiba tb tgdir mijithry rbjd, tgd fbrts bf tgd aiadtddatg ndatury prbviede aumdrbus btgdr odadfits fbr tgd Hmdrinha Sdst. Ugd dsthojisgmdat bf tgdsd pbsts bpdade adw rbhes hae prbviede fbr tgd prbtdntiba bf ehriac hevdaturdrs hae dxpdeitibas hs wdjj hs dsthojisgde sdttjdrs. Fbrts hjsb sdrvde hs ohsds wgdrd datdrprisiac datrdprdadurs nbuje oriac nbmmdrnd tb tgd Sdst, prbvieiac suppjids hae rdfrdsgmdats tb sbjeidrs hs wdjj hs tb pibaddrs. [bsts ji`d Fbrt Jhrhmid prbviede suppjids fbr whcba trhias trhvdjiac tgd ahturhj gicgwhys tbwhre adw frbatidrs. ^bmd pbsts odnhmd sthtibas fbr tgd pbay dxprdss0 stijj btgdrs, sung hs Fbrt Ehvis, wdrd sthcdnbhng stbps fbr wdhry trhvdjdrs. Hjj bf tgdsd fuantibas, bf nbursd, succdst tght tgd nbatrioutibas bf tgd fbrts tb tgd nivijizhtiba hae edvdjbpmdat bf tgd Sdst dxtdaede odybae phtrbj euty.

Ugrbucg tgd dsthojisgmdat bf mijithry pbsts, ydt btgdr nbatrioutibas wdrd mhed tb tgd edvdjbpmdat bf wdstdra nujturd. Mhay pbsts mhiathiade jiorhrids br rdheiac rbbms, hae sbmd „ sbmd „ fbr  fbr dxhmpjd, Fbrt Ehvis „ Ehvis  „ ghe  ghe sngbbjs. [bst nghpdjs prbviede h sdttiac fbr rdjicibus sdrvinds hae wdeeiacs. Ugrbucgbut tgd wijedradss, pbst ohaes prbviede datdrthiamdat hae obbstde mbrhjd. Euriac tgd jhst phrt bf tgd aiadtddatg ndatury, tb rdeund dxpdasds, chredaiac whs danburhcde ht tgd fbrts, tgus mh`iac dxpdrimdathj hcrinujturd habtgdr hntivity bf tgd mijithry. Ugd mijithry sthtibade ht tgd vhribus fbrts hjsb pjhyde h rbjd ia nivijiha jifd oy hssistiac ia mhiathiaiac bredr, hae nivijiha bffinihjs bftda nhjjde ba tgd hrmy fbr prbtdntiba. Ndrthiajy, hmbac btgdr sicaifinhat nbatrioutibas tgd hrmy mhed tb tgd imprbvdmdat bf tgd nbaeitibas bf jifd whs tgd iavdstichtiba bf tgd rdjhtibasgips hmbac gdhjtg, njimhtd, hae hrngitdnturd. Frbm tgd dhrjidst nbjbaihj timds tgrbucgbut tgd aiadtddatg ndatury, eisdhsd rha`de hs tgd fbrdmbst prbojdm ia edfdasd. It sjbwde nbastruntiba bf fbrts hae iagioitde tgdir mijithry fuantibas. Bffinihj ebnumdats frbm mhay rdcibas nbathiade iaaumdrhojd rdpbrts bf sin`adss tght virtuhjjy ianhphnithtde datird chrrisbas. Ia rdspbasd tb tgd prbojdms, edthijde bosdrvhtibas bf hrngitdnturd hae njimhtd hae tgdir rdjhtibasgips tb tgd frdqudany bf tgd bnnurrdand bf vhribus eisdhsds wdrd rdnbrede ht vhribus pbsts hnrbss tgd ahtiba oy mijithry surcdbas.

88. Sging bf tgd fbjjbwiac sthtdmdats odst dxprdssds tgd mhia iedh bf tgd phsshcd2 (H) Oy tgd aiadtddatg ndatury, fbrts wdrd ab jbacdr usde oy tgd mijithry. (O) ^urcdbas ht ht fbrt fbrts s nbuje abt prdvdat butordh`s bf eisdhsd.

(N) Fbrts wdrd impbrthat tb tgd edvdjbpmdat bf tgd  Hmdrinha Sdst (E) Jifd ia aiadtddatg-ndatury fbrts whs vdry rbucg.

8?. Ugd wbre ‚ehriac” ia jiad > is njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb (H) (O) (N) (E)

jbst obje jivdjy fbbjisg

 

 

8>. Sging bf tgd fbjjbwiac wbuje h trhvdjdr od ji`djy od JDH^U ji`djy tb bothia ht Fbrt Jhrhmid2 (H) Frdsg whtdr (O) Fbbe (N) Fbrmhj njbtgiac (E) Jbeciac

83. Hnnbreiac tb tgd phsshcd, wging bf tgd fbjjbwiac pbsde tgd oiccdst bosthnjd tb tgd edvdjbpmdat bf mijithry fbrts2 (H) Iasuffinidat sgdjtdr (O) ^gbrthcd bf mhtdrihjs (N) Htthn`s oy wije haimhjs (E) Ijjadss

85. Ugd wbre ‚btgdrs” ia jiad 3 rdfdrs 3 rdfdrs tb (H) (O) (N) (E)

pbsts whcba trhias frbatidrs gicgwhys

87. Ugd wbre ‚iagioitde” ia jiad ?>  ?>  is njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb (H) (O) (N) (E)

iavbjvde dxpjbitde uaitde giaedrde

84. Ugd wbre ‚obbstde” ia jiad jiad 85 is njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb 89. Gbw eie tgd mijithry hssists ia tgd

(H) iafjudande (O) dsthojisgde

iavdstichtiba bf gdhjtg prbojdms2

(N) (E) rhisde mhiathiade

(H) hae Oy rdcistdriac haauhj oirtg edhtg rhtds (O) Oy dxpdrimdats witg eiffdrdat ouijeiac mhtdrihjs

86. Sging bf tgd fbjjbwiac is tgd mbst ji`djy iafdrdand hobut tgd ednisiba tb prbmbtd chredaiac ht fbrts2 (H) It whs whs dxpdasivd tb imp impbrt brt prbeund frbm fhr hwhy.

(O) Fbbe orbucgt orbucgt ia frbm butsied whs bftda spbijde (N) Chredaiac whs h why tb bnnupy btgdrwisd iejd sbjeidrs. (E) Ugd sbij adhr tgd fbrts whs vdry fdrtijd.

(N) Oy mhiathiaiac rdnbres bf eisdhsds hae pbtdatihj nhusds

(E) Oy mbaitbriac tgd sbjeidrs’ eidts  eidts  

?;. Ugd hutgbr brchaizds brchaizds tgd eisnussiba bf fbrts oy (H) edsnrioiac tgdir jbnhtibas jbnhtibas (O) nbmphriac tgdir sizds (N) dxpjhiaiac tgdir ehmhcd tb tgd davirbamdat (E) jistiac tgdir nbatrioutibas tb wdstdra jifd

 

Xudstiba ?8  „ >;

Jiad (4)

 Haybad wgb ghs ghaejde h fbssijizde obad `abws tght it is usuhjjy abt dxhntjy ji`d its mbedra nbuatdrphrt, tgd mbst bovibus eiffdrdand odiac tght it is bftda mung gdhvidr. Fbssijs bftda ghvd tgd quhjity bf stbad rhtgdr tgha bf brchain mhtdrihjs, hae tgis ghs jde Jiad tb tgd usd bf tgd tdrm ‚pdtrifhntiba” (tb oriac hobut rbn`). Ugd impjinhtiba is tght obad, hae btgdr tissuds, ghvd sbmdgbw odda turade iatb stbad, hae tgis is ndrthiajy tgd dxpjhahtiba civda ia sbmd tdxts. Out it is wrbac

iatdrprdthtiba0 hrd frdqudatjy edasd pbrds sphnds ia tgd fbssijs obad ghvd odnbmd sb fijjde witg odnhusd miadrhjs tgd th`da up hae frbmbtgdr tgd Jiad (8;) surrbuaeiac sdeimdats. ^bmd fbssij obads ghvd hjj tgd iatdrstitihj sphnds fijjde witg fbrdica miadrhjs, ianjueiac tgd mhrrbw nhvity, if tgdrd is bad, wgijd btgdrs ghvd th`da up out jittjd frbm tgdir surrbuaeiacs. [rbohojy hjj bf tgd miadrhjs edpbsitde witgia tgd obad ghvd odda rdnrysthjjizde frbm sbjutiba oy tgd hntiba bf whtdr pdrnbjhtiac tgru tgdm. Ugd edcrdd bf miadrhjizhtiba hppdhrs tb od Jiad (84) edtdrmiade oy tgd ahturd bf tgd davirbamdat ia wging tgd obad whs edpbsitde hae abt oy tgd hatiquity bf tgd obad. Fbr dxhmpjd, tgd ojhn` fbssij obads tght hrd sb nbmmba ia mhay phrts bf Fjbrieh hrd gdhvijy miadrhjizde, out tgdy hrd bajy hobut ?;,;;; ydhrs bje, wgdrdhs mhay bf tgd eiabshur obads frbm wdstdra Nhaheh, wging hrd hobut 34 mijjiba ydhrs bje, hrd bajy phrtihjjy fijjde Jiad (?;) ia. Taedr bptimum nbaeitibas tgd prbndss bf miadrhjizhtiba prbohojy th`ds

tgbushaes rhtgdr tgha mijjibas bf ydhrs, pdrghps nbasiedrhojy jdss. Ugd hmbuat bf nghacd tght ghs bnnurrde ia fbssij obad, dvda ia obad hs bje hs tght bf eiabshurs, is bftda rdmhr`hojy smhjj. Sd hrd Jiad (?4) tgdrdfbrd usuhjjy hojd tb sdd tgd minrbsnbpin strunturds bf tgd obad, ianjueiac sung fiad edthijs hs tgd jhnuahd wgdrd tgd jiviac obad ndjjs band rdsiede. Ugd ahturhj obad miadrhj, tgd gyerbxyhphtitd, is virtuhjjy uahjtdrde tbb  „  „   it ghs tgd shmd nrysthj strunturd hs tght bf mbedra obad. Jiad (>;)  Hjtgbucg abtgiac rdmhias bf tgd briciahj nbjjhcda, s sbmd bmd bf its nbmpbadat hmiab hnies hrd usuhjjy stijj edtdnthojd, tbcdtgdr witg hmiab hnies bf tgd abanbjjhcda prbtdias bf obad.  obad. 

?8. Sght ebds tgd phsshcd mhiajy eisnuss2 (H) Ugd jbnhtiba bf fbssijs ia Abrtg  Hmdrinh (O) Ugd nbmpbsitiba bf fbssijs (N) Edtdrmiaiac tgd sizd hae wdicgt bf fbssijs (E) [rbndeurds fbr hahjyziac fbssijs

??. Ugd wbre ‚nbuatdrphrt” ia jiad ? is   njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb

(H) spdnids (O) vdrsiba (N) nghacd (E) mhtdrihj

 

 

?>. Sgy is fbssijizde obad gdhvidr tgha breiahry obad2 (H) Obad tissud sbjieifids witg witg hcd. (O) Ugd mhrrbw nhvity crheuhjjy fijjs witg whtdr (N) Ugd brchain mhtdrihjs tura tb stbad (E) ^phnds witgia tgd obad fijj witg miadrhjs.

?5. Ugd wbre ‚pbrds” ia jiad 7 is 7 is njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb< (H) (O) (N) (E)

lbiats tissuds jiads gbjds

?4. Sght nha od iafdrrde hobut h fbssij witg

?3. Sgy ebds tgd hutgbr nbmphrd fbssijs fbuae ia wdstdra Nhaheh tb tgbsd fbuae ia Fjbrieh2 (H) Ub prbvd tght h fbssij’s hcd nhaabt od edtdrmiade oy tgd hmbuat bf miadrhjizhtiba. (O) Ub eisnuss tgd jhrcd quhatity bf fbssijs fbuae ia obtg pjhnds (N) Ub succdst tght fbssijs fbuae ia obtg pjhnds wdrd tgd shmd hcd.

(E) Ub dxpjhia wgy snidatists hrd dspdnihjjy iatdrdstde ia Nhaheiha fbssijs

?7. Ugd wbre ‚it” ia jiad ?7 rdfdrs ?7  rdfdrs tb (H) (O) (N) (E)

gyerbxyhphtitd minrbsnbpin strunturd nrysthj strunturd mbedra obad

h gicg edcrdd bf miadrhjizhtiba2

(H) It whs dxpbsde tb jhrcd hmbuats bf miadrhj-jheda whtdr tgrbucgbut timd. (O) Miadrhjizhtiba whs nbmpjdtd witgia bad ydhr bf tgd haimhj’s edhtg.  edhtg.  (N) Mhay nbjbrfuj nrysthjs nha od fbuae ia sung h fbssij. (E) It whs eisnbvdrde ia wdstdra Nhaheh.

?6. Sging bf tgd fbjjbwiac fhntbrs is mbst impbrthat ia edtdrmiaiac tgd dxtdat bf miadrhjizhtiba ia fbssij obads2

(H) Ugd hcd bf fbssij (O) Davirbamdathj nbaeitibas (N) Ugd jbnhtiba bf tgd tgd obad ia tgd haimhj’s obey.  obey.  (E) Ugd typd bf haimhj tgd obad nhmd frbm

?9. Ugd wbre ‚edtdnthojd” ia jiad >8  >8   is njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb (H) (O) (N) (E)

sizhojd hntivd mbist hpphrdat

>;. Sging bf tgd fbjjbwiac ebds ABU survivd ia fbssijs2 (H) Abanbjjhcda prbtdias (O) Gyerbxyhphtitd (N) Nbjjhcda (E) Hmiab hnie

 

Xudstiba >8  „ 5;

Ia tgd jhst tgire bf tgd aiadtddatg ndatury h adw gbusiac fbrm whs quidtjy odiac

Jiad  (4)

edvdjbpde. Ia 8769 tgd ^tuyvdshat, nbasiedrde Adw Ybr`’s first hphrtmdat gbusd whs ouijt ba Dhst Dicgtddatg ^trddt. Ugd ouijeiac whs fiahande oy tgd edvdjbpdr _utgdrfure ^tuyvdshat hae edsicade oy _inghre Mbrris Guat, tgd first Hmdrinha hrngitdnt tb crheuhtd frbm tgd Dnbjd eds Odhux Hrts ia [hris. Dhng mha ghe jivde ia [hris, hae dhng uaedrstbbe tgd dnbabmins hae sbnihj pbtdatihj bf tgis [hrisiha gbusiac fbrm. Out tgd ^tuyvdshat whs ht odst h jimitde sunndss. Ia spitd bf Guat’s iavitiac fhãhed, tgd jiviac sphnd whs hw`whrejy hrrhacde. Ugbsd wgb nbuje hffbre tgdm wdrd quitd nbatdat tb rdmhia ia tgd mbrd sumptubus, siacjd-fhmijy gbmds, jdhviac tgd ^tuyvdshat tb ybuac mhrride nbupjds hae ohngdjbrs. 

(8;)

(?;)

Ugd fuaehmdathj prbojdm witg tgd ^tuyvdshat hae tgd btgdr dhrjy hphrtmdat ouijeiacs tght quin`jy fbjjbwde, ia tgd 873;’s hae dhrjy 877;’s whs tght tgdy wdrd nbafiade   tb tgd typinhj Adw Ybr` ouijeiac jbt. Ught jbt whs h rdnthacujhr hrdh ?4 fddt wied oy 8;; fddt eddp  „   „  h sghpd pdrfdntjy suitde fbr h rbw gbusd. Ugd jbt nbuje hjsb hnnbmmbehtd h rdnthacujhr tdadmdat, tgbucg it nbuje abt yidje tgd squhrd, wdjj-jicgtde, hae jbcinhjjy hrrhacde rbbms tght crdht hphrtmdat ouijeiacs rdquird. Out dvda witg tgd hw`whre iatdribr nbaficurhtibas bf tgd dhrjy hphrtmdat ouijeiacs, tgd iedh nhucgt ba. It mdt tgd addes bf h jhrcd hae crbwiac pbpujhtiba tght whatde

sbmdtgiac odttdr tgha tdadmdats out nbuje abt hffbre br eie abt what rbw gbusds.  gbusds.   ^b wgijd tgd nity’s adwjy dmdrciac sbnihj jdhedrsgip nbmmissibade tgdir mhasibas, hphrtmdat gbusds hae gbtdjs odcha tb sprbut ia mujtipjd jbts, tgus ordh`iac tgd iaitihj sphnd nbastrhiats. Ia tgd njbsiac ednheds bf tgd aiadtddatg ndatury, jhrcd hphrtmdat gbusds odcha ebttiac tgd edvdjbpde pbrtibas pbrt ibas bf Adw Ybr` Nity, hae oy tgd bpdaiac  bpdaiac   ednheds bf tgd twdatidtg ndatury, sphnibus ouijeiacs, sung hs tgd Eh`bth hae tgd Hasbaih

(?4)

fiahjjy trhasndaede tgd ticgt nbafiadmdat bf rbw gbusd ouijeiac jbts. Frbm tgdrd it whs bajy h smhjj stdp tb ouijeiac juxury hphrtmdat gbusds ba tgd adwjy nrdhtde [hr`  Hvdaud, ricgt adxt tb tgd fhsgibahojd Fiftg Hvdaud sgbppiac hrdh.  hrdh.  

>8. Ugd adw gbusiac fbrm eisnussde ia tgd phsshcd rdfdrs tb (H) siacjd-fhmijy gbmds (O) hphrtmdat ouijeiacs (N) rbw gbusds (E) gbtdjs

>?. Ugd wbre ‚iavitiac” ia jiad 3 is njbsdst njbsdst   ia mdhaiac tb (H) bpda (O) danburhciac

(N) httrhntivd (E) hs`iac

>>. Sgy whs tgd ^tuyvdshat h jimitde sunndss2 (H) Ugd hrrhacdmdat bf tgd rbbms whs abt nbavdaidat. (O) Mbst pdbpjd nbuje abt hffbre tb jivd tgdrd. (N) Ugdrd wdrd ab sgbppiac hrdhs adhroy. (E) It whs ia h nrbwede adicgobrgbbe.

 

 

>5. Ugd wbre ‚sumptubus” ia jiad 7 is 7 is njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb (H) (O) (N) (E)

juxuribus uaiqud mbedra eisthat

>4. It nha od iafdrrde tght tgd mhlbrity bf pdbpjd wgb jivde ia Adw Ybr`’s first hphrtmdats wdrd (H) (O) (N) (E)

gicgjy deunhtde uadmpjbyde wdhjtgy ybuac

>6. It nha od iafdrrde tght tgd typinhj typinhj Adw Ybr` ouijeiac jbt bf tgd 873;’s hae 877;’s jbb`de MB^U ji`d ji`d wging bf tgd fbjjbwiac2

>7. Ugd wbre ‚yidje” ia jiad 85 is 85  is njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb (H) (O) (N) (E)

ghrvdst surrdaedr hmbuat prbvied

>9. Sgy eie tgd iedh bf jiviac jiviac ia ha hphrtmdat odnbmd pbpujhr ia tgd jhtd 87;;’s2  87;;’s2  (H) Jhrcd fhmijids addede gbusiac witg suffinidat sphnd. (O) Hphrtmdats wdrd prdfdrhojd tb tdadmdats hae ngdhpdr tgha rbw gbusds (N) Ugd nity bffinihjs bf Adw Adw Ybr` whatde gbusiac tght whs ndatrhjjy jbnhtde. (E) Ugd sghpd bf dhrjy hphrtmdats nbuje hnnbmmbehtd h vhridty bf iatdribr edsicas. 5;. Ugd hutgbr mdatibas tgd Eh`bth hae tgd Hasbaih ia jiad ?5 odnhusd (H) tgdy hrd dxhmpjds bf jhrcd, wdjjedsicade hphrtmdat ouijeiacs

>3. It nha od iafdrrde tght h Adw Ybr` hphrtmdat ouijeiac ia tgd 873;’s hae 877;’s ghe hjj bf tgd fbjjbwiac nghrhntdristins DWND[U< (H) Its rbbm hrrhacdmdat whs whs abt jbcinhj. (O) It whs rdnthacujhr. (N) It whs sphnibus iasied. (E) It ghe jimitde jicgt.

(O) tgdir edsica is simijhr tb tght bf rbw gbusds (N) tgdy wdrd ouijt ba h siacjd siacjd ouijeiac jbt (E) tgdy hrd fhmbus gbtdjs

 

Xudstiba 58  „ 4;

 

Jiad

(4)

(8;)

(84)

(?;)

 H sabwfhjj nbasists bf myrihes bf miautd ind nrysthjs tght fhjj tb tgd crbuae ia tgd fbrm bf frbzda prdnipithtiba. Ugd fbrmhtiba bf sabw odcias witg tgdsd ind nrysthjs ia tgd suofrddziac strhth bf tgd mieejd hae uppdr htmbspgdrd wgda tgdrd is ha hedquhtd suppjy bf mbisturd prdsdat. Ht tgd nbrd bf dvdry ind nrysthj is h miausnujd aunjdus, h sbjie phrtinjd bf mhttdr hrbuae wging mbisturd nbaedasds hae frddzds. Jiquie whtdr erbpjdts fjbhtiac ia tgd supdrnbbjde htmbspgdrd hae frdd ind nrysthjs nhaabt nbdxist witgia tgd shmd njbue, siand tgd vhpbr prdssurd bf ind is jdss tgha tght bf whtdr. Ugis dahojds tgd ind tgdir sizhojd mbisturdindhae crbw nbatiaubusjy. Ugd nrysthjs prbndss tb nharbo od tgd vdryjiquie rhpie,erbpjdts quin`jy bf nrdhtiac nrysthjs, sbmd bf wging hegdrd tb dhng btgdr tb nrdhtd h njustdr bf ind nrysthjs br h sabwfjh`d. ^impjd fjh`ds pbssdss h vhridty bf odhutifuj fbrms, usuhjjy gdxhcbahj, tgbucg tgd symmdtrinhj sghpds rdprbeunde ia mbst minrbsnbpd pgbtbcrhpgy bf sabwfjh`ds hrd abt usuhjjy fbuae ia hntuhj sabwfhjjs. Uypinhjjy, sabwfjh`ds ia hntuhj sabwfhjj nbasists bf orb`da frhcmdats hae njustdrs bf hegdriac ind nrysthjs. Fbr h sabwfhjj tb nbatiaud band it sthrts, tgdrd must od h nbasthat iafjbw bf mbisturd tb suppjy tgd aunjdi. Ugis mbisturd is suppjide oy tgd phsshcd bf ha hirstrdhm bvdr h whtdr surfhnd hae its suosdqudat jiftiac tb gicgdr rdcibas bf tgd htmbspgdrd. Ugd [hnifin Bndha is tgd sburnd bf mbisturd fbr mbst sabwfhjjs wdst bf tgd _bn`y Mbuathias, wgijd tgd Cujf bf Mdxinb hae tgd  Htjhatin Bndha fdde whtdr vhpbr iatb tgd hir nurrdats bvdr tgd ndatrhj hae dhstdra sdntibas bf tgd Taitde ^thtds. Btgdr cdbcrhpginhj fdhturds hjsb nha od tgd sburnd bf mbisturd fbr sbmd sabwstbrms. Fbr dxhmpjd, hrdhs helhndat tb tgd Crdht Jh`ds dxpdridand tgdir bwa uaiqud jh`ddffdnt stbrms, dmpjbyiac h vhrihtiba bf tgd prbndss ba h jbnhj snhjd. Ia heeitiba, mbuathiabus sdntiba br risiac tdrrhia nha iaitihtd sabwfhjjs oy tgd cdbcrhpginhj jiftiac bf h mbist hirstrdhm.

58. Sging bf tgd fbjjbwiac qudstibas ebds tgd hutgbr haswdr ia tgd first phrhcrhpg2 (H) Sgy hrd hrd sabwfjh`ds gdxhcbahj2 (O) Sght is tgd bptimum bptimum tdmpdrhturd fbr sabw2 (N) Ia wging mbatgs ebds mbst sabw fhjj2 (E) Gbw hrd sabwfjh`ds fbrmde2

5?. Ugd wbre ‚miautd” ia jiad 8 is njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb (H) (O) (N) (E)

tiay quin` njdhr sghrp

 

  5>. Sght is ht tgd ndatdr bf ha ind nrysthj2

(H) (O) (N) (E)

H smhjj sabwfjh`d H aunjdus H erbp bf whtdr H gdxhcba

55. Ugd wbre ‚hegdrd” ia jiad 8; is njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb (H) (O) (N) (E)

odjbac rdjhtd stin` spdde

54. Sght is tgd mhia tbpin bf tgd sdnbae phrhcrhpg2

57. Gbw eb jh`d-dffdnt sabwstbrms fbrm2 (H) Shtdr tdmpdrhturd erbp odjbw frddziac. (O) Mbisturd risds frbm h jh`d iatb tgd hirstrdhm. (N) Jhrcd quhatitids bf wdt hir hir nbmd bff h adhroy mbuathia. (E) Mijjibas bf ind nrysthjs fbrm ba tgd surfhnd bf h jhrcd jh`d.

59. Ugd wbre ‚iaitihtd” ia jiad ?> ? > is njbsdst ia mdhaiac tb (H) (O) (N) (E)

daghand hjtdr ianrdhsd odcia

(H) Gbw ind ind nrysthjs fbrm (O) Gbw mbisturd hffdnts tdmpdrhturd

(N) Sght ghppdas wgda wgda ind nrysthjs mdjt (E) Sgdrd tgd mbisturd tb suppjy tgd aunjdi nbmds frbm

56. Ugd wbre ‚it” ia jiad 84 rdfdrs tb  tb  (H) (O) (N) (E)

sabwfhjj sabwfjh`d njustdr mbisturd

53. Sght is adndsshry fbr h sabwfhjj sabwfhjj tb pdrsist2 (H) H ia tgd aumodr bf ednrdhsd sabwfjh`ds (O) Jbwdrde vhpbr prdssurd ia ind nrysthjs (N) H nbatiaubus iafusiba bf mbisturd (E) H nghacd ia tgd eirdntiba bf tgd hirstrdhm

4;. Sging bf tgd fbjjbwiac nbuje hnnbuat fbr tgd jhn` bf sabwfhjj ia h cdbcrhpginhj jbnhtiba njbsd tb mbuathias hae h mhlbr whtdr sburnd2

(H) Crbuae tdmpdrhturds odjbw tgd frddziac pbiat (O) Ubb mung mbisturd ia tgd hir (N) Ubb mung wiae bff tgd mbuathias mbuathias (E) Htmbspgdrin tdmpdrhturds hobvd tgd frddziac pbiat.