TMD and Orthodontics - A Clinical Guide For The Orthodontist

April 8, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Sjfagvjf Ljfmjsjhy Cdjrness S. Cdjrne S. @reefe Mkfjnm A. Rgfcduse Akdf P. Stkclstg Stkclstgnnnn Emgtkrs

]HM jf jfmm Kr Krtdk tdkmk mkft ftgcs gcs J Cngfgcjn @ugme ikr tde Krtdkmkftgst

: 3

]HM jfm Krtdkmkftgcs

Sjfagvjf S jfagvjf Ljfmjsjhy • Cdjrnes S. @reefe Mkfjnm A. Rgfcduse • Akdf P. Stkclstgnn Emgtkrs

]HM jfm Krtdkmkftgcs J Cngfgcjn @ugme ikr tde Krtdkmkftgst Kr tdkmkftgst

Emgtkrs Sjfagvjf Ljfmjsjhy Mepjrtheft ki Krtdkmkftgcs Scdkkn ki Meftgstry Ufgversgty ki Pesterf Justrjngj Femnjfms,, PJ Femnjfms Justrjngj

Ceftre ikr Jmvjfcem Meftjn Emucjtgkf Sjgft Nkugs Ufgversgty Sjgft Nkugs, Nkugs, HK USJ Cdjrnes S. @reefe Ufgversgty ki Gnngfkgs Cknneè ki Meftgstry Cdgcj`k,, Gnngfkgs Cdgcj`k USJ Mkfjnm A. Rgfcduse @reefsbur`,, _effsynvjfgj @reefsbur` USJ Akdf P. Stkclstgnn Setkf Dgnn Ufgversgty @reefsbur`,, _J @reefsbur` USJ

GGSBF SBF 704-3-3:7-:704:-= MKG :?.:??0/704-3-3:7-:7042-:

GSBF 704-3-3:7-:7042-:

(eBkkl)

Ngbrjry ki Ckf`ress Ckftrkn Fuhber1 2?:57=5799 Sprgfèr Cdjh Degmenber` Few Wkrl Mkrmrecdt Nkfmkf © Sprgfèr Gfterfjtgkfjn _ubngsdgf` Swgtzernjfm 2?:5 ]dgs wkrl gs subaect tk ckpyrg`dt. Jnn rg`dts jre reservem by tde _ubngsder, wdetder tde wdkne kr pjrt ki tde hjtergjn gs ckfcerfem, specg﬊cjnny tde rg`dts ki trjfsnjtgkf, reprgftgf`, reuse ki gnnustrjtgkfs, recgtjtgkf, brkjmcjstgf`, reprkmuctgkf kf hgcrk﬊nhs kr gf jfy ktder pdysgcjn wjy, jfm trjfshgssgkf kr gfikrhjtgkf stkrjè jfm retrgevjn, enectrkfgc jmjptjtgkf, ckhputer skitwjre, kr by sghgnjr kr mgssghgnjr hetdkmknk`y fkw lfkwf kr derejiter mevenkpem. ]de use ki èferjn mescrgptgve fjhes, re`gsterem fjhes, trjmehjrls, servgce hjrls, etc. gf tdgs pubngcjtgkf mkes fkt ghpny, evef gf tde jbsefce ki j specg﬊c stjteheft, tdjt sucd fjhes jre exehpt irkh tde renevjft prktectgve njws jfm reùnjtgkfs jfm tdereikre iree ikr èferjn use. ]de pubngsder, tde jutdkrs jfm tde emgtkrs jre sjie tk jssuhe tdjt tde jmvgce jfm gfikrhjtgkf gf tdgs bkkl jre bengevem tk be true jfm jccurjte jt tde mjte ki pubngcjtgkf. Fegtder tde pubngsder fkr tde jutdkrs kr tde emgtkrs `gve j wjrrjfty, express kr ghpngem, wgtd respect tk tde hjtergjn ckftjgfem deregf kr ikr jfy errkrs kr khgssgkfs tdjt hjy djve beef hjme. _rgftem kf jcgm-iree pjper Sprgfèr Gfterfjtgkfjn _ubngsdgf` J@ Swgtzernjfm gs pjrt ki Sprgfèr Scgefce+Busgfess Hemgj (www.sprgfèr.ckh) www.sprgfèr.ckh )

]dgs ] dgs bkkl gs memgcjtem tk kur trkkps wdk sjcrg﬊ce tdegr ngves tk prkvgme us wgtd tde ireemkh tk stumy, tejcd jfm ngve ireeny. ]dey set tde ikufmjtgkf jfm exjhpne ikr cngfgcgjfs jrkufm tde wkrnm wdk strgve kf j mjgny bjsgs tk prkvgme esseftgjn evgmefce-bjsem cjre tk tdegr pjtgefts. Pe dkpe kur bkkl wgnn efjbne tdeh tk jcckhpngsd tdese ghpkrtjft `kjns js tdey mejn wgtd pjtgefts gf pjgf.

Ikrewkrm

]de ] de wrgtgf` ki ikrewkrms gs skhetdgf` ki j ckttjè gfmustry ikr retgrem jcjmehgcs. Re`jrmness ki tde subaect, j iew njumjtkry, njrèny dkfest pjrj`rjpds jre usujnny ejsy tk crjit. J bkkl kf ]HM ikr krtdkmkftgsts, dkwever, djs tk be jpprkjcdem wgtd cjutgkf. Hy ckfcerf jbkut tdgs gfvgtjtgkf gfv gfvknves knves hkre tdjf jf jversgkf tk bkkls ikr meftgsts wdk seel skhe skrt ki ckhpnex hecdjfgcjn periectgkf, seehgf`ny tk ckhpefsjte ikr cdgnmdkkm mgi﬊cuntges wgtd tkgnet trjgfgf`. Ufikrtufjteny, tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr mysiufctgkf gs tde rem-dejmem stepcdgnm ki hjfy dejngf` jrts. Everytdgf` seehs tk wkrl, jt nejst ikr j wdgne. Fk wkfmer sk hjfy prkiessgkfs, specgjntges, jfm spngfter `rkups cnjgh tk be leepers ki tde fljhe. Js G wrgte tdese wkrms, cdjfces jre tdjt skhekfe, skhewdere gs crjitgf` j bkkl kf ]HM ikr dkhekpjtds kr crjfgjn hjfgpunjtkrs kr cdgrkprjctkrs kr fjturkpjtds, wkrnm wgtdkut efm. Pdef cdjnnefèm wgtd gfckfvefgeft evgmefce (jf grrgtjtgf` mgstrjctgkf irkh tdegr hgssgkf ki „denpgf` pekpne‘), truebengevers tjle reiuè gf tde ijct tdjt pekpne jre sjgm jnsk tk djve nju`dem jt _jsteur kr Ireum kr Egfstegf. ]rue, but hkst kitef pekpne nju`dem jt Bkzk tde Cnkwf. @gvef tde hurly fjture ki tde ﬊enm, gfvknveheft wgtd j ]HM bkkl hust be jpprkjcdem wgtd cjre. Mkes gt djve j strkf` evgmeftgjry bjsgs; Gs gt wrgttef by reck`fgzem jutdkrgtges; Jre gts reckhhefmjtgkfs ckfsgsteft wgtd trejthefts ikr ktder types ki cdrkfgc pjgf; Gf tde preseft gfstjfce, tde jfswer tk tdese questgkfs gs j reskufmgf`, rejssurgf` yes! ]de emgtkrs djve recrugtem respectem jutdkrgtges tk prkvgme j tdkrku`d, evgmefce-bjsem survey ki tde vjrgkus gfterjctgkfs betweef krtdkmkftgcs jfm ]HM. Gfmeem, tde jutdkrs jfm emgtkrs ki tdgs ckfcgse but tdkrku`d bkkl jre tde pekpne tk wdkh G nkkl ikr rjtgkfjn ùgmjfce. Ikr exjhpne, G kfce dejrm Cducl @reefe put tde prkbneh gftk perspectgve wgtd j sgf`ne sdkrt seftefce1 „]HM gs repkrtem< gt gsf‗t mgsckverem.‘ Sui﬊ce gt tk sjy, G jh dkfkrem tk pjrtgcgpjte gf tde pubngcjtgkf ki tdgs hetgcunkus ckhpgnjtgkf. Gt gs bktd jf jftgmkte ikr tde tdku`dt-crghe ki tde pjst jfm j rjtgkfjn, evgmefce-bjsem surve survey y ikr tde preseft jfm tde ikreseejbne iuture ki kur specgjnty. Penn mkfe! Nysne E. Akdfstkf Ar., MMS, HS, _dM, IMS RCS, IJCM, IGCM Ejstpkrt, Hgcdg`jf, USJ

vgg

_reijce jce _rei

]de ] de krtdkmkftgc prkiessgkf djs djm nkf`-stjfmgf` gfterests gf tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft (]HA). Be`gffgf` wgtd tde feem tk ufmerstjfm dkw tde hjstgcjtkry systeh mevenkps, jnn krtdkmkftgsts cjf expect tk efckufter j vjrgety ki cngfgcjn gssues gf tdegr prjctgces gfv gfvknvgf` knvgf` tdgs ghpkrtjft akgft jfm tde hjfy gssues tdjt djve evknvem renjtem tk tde ]HAs. Gt gs tdereikre esseftgjn tdjt krtdkmkftgsts sdkunm leep up tk mjte kf tde hkst curreft scgeftg﬊c evgmefce renjtem tk tdese tkpgcs. Kfe hjakr gssue tdjt gs ki ckfcerf gs tde pjtgeft wdk djs j tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr mgskrmer (]HM). ]djt pjtgeft hjy preseft tk tde krtdkmkftgst js j reierrjn irkh j cknnejùe, wgtd tde request ikr krtdkmkftgc trejtheft js j wjy tk resknve tdgs prkbneh. Jnterfjtgveny, jf krtdkmkftgc pjtgeft hjy summefny mevenkp ]HM syhptkhs murgf` trejtheft kr hjy returf wgtd sucd ckhpnjgfts iknnkwgf` trejtheft. Jnn ki tdese scefjrgks mehjfm jf jpprkprgjte respkfse irkh tde krtdkmkftgst, jfm tde fjture ki tdjt respkfse djs cdjfèm js few resejrcd jfm mjtj djve eherèm eherèm gf tde ]HM ﬊enm gf tde pjst 25 yejrs. Gt gs tde purpkse ki tdgs bkkl tk brgf` tkètder j `rkup ki experts wdk jre gfterfjtgkfjnny reck`fgzem nejmers gf tdegr ﬊enm. ]dese experts djve ckhe irkh wgtdgf jfm kutsgme tde krtdkmkftgc prkiessgkf tk jmmress jnn ki tde sjngeft tkpgcs jbkut krtdkmkftgcs jfm tde ]HMs. Pe djve beef extreheny ikrtufjte tk djve severjn kutstjfmgf` cknnejùes akgf us kf tdgs prkaect. ]dgs gs tde ﬊rst bkkl ki gts lgfm tk ikcus excnusgveny kf krtdkmkftgcs, tde ]HAs jfm ]HMs, jfm gt gs kr`jfgzem tk mengver tde njtest evgmefce-bjsem gfikrhjtgkf gf tde ever-cdjf`gf` ever -cdjf`gf` ckftrkversgjn wkrnm ki tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr mgskrmers jfm krkijcgjn pjgf. Rjtder tdjf burmefgf` tde rejmer wgtd dg`dny specg﬊c metjgn jfm bjsgc scgefces tdjt cjf be kbtjgfem ensewdere, ejcd cdjpter gs wrgttef wgtd j cngfgcjn perspectgve jfm efms wgtd j njrè fuhber ki useiun reierefces. Cngfgcgjfs, krtdkmkftgc resgmefts jfm ijcunty wgnn jnn ﬊fm tdgs bkkl tk be jf extreheny useiun reskurce prkvgmgf` hucd feemem cnjrgty gf jf jrej ﬊nnem wgtd j `rejt mejn ki hgsgfikrhjtgkf jfm ckfiusgkf. Sjfagvjf Ljfmjsjhy Cdjrnes S. @reefe Mkfjnm A. Rgfcduse Akdf P. Stkclstgnn

gx

Ckftefts

:

2

3

Stjtgc jfm Iufctgkfjn Jfjtkhy ki tde Duhjf Hjstgcjtkry Systeh Systeh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Akdf P. P. Stkclstgnn jfm Fkrhjf M. Hkdn

:

]ehpkrkhjfmg ehpkrkhjfmgbunjr bunjr Mgskrmers1 Mgskrmer s1 Etgknk`y jfm Cnjssgigcjtgkf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aeiirey _. _. Kles Kleskf kf

:7 :7

Screefgf` Krtdkmkft Krtdkmkftgc gc _jtgefts ikr ]ehpkrkhjfmgbunjr ehpkrkhjfmg bunjr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mgskrmers . Mgskrmers Cdjrnes S. @reefe jfm @jry M. Lnjsser

30

=

_sycdknk`gcjn Ckfsgmerjtgkfs Ckfsgmerjtgkfs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rgcdjrm Kdrbjcd jfm Jhbrj Hgcdenkttg

=7 =7

5

Sneep Bruxgsh1 Pdjt Krtdkmkftgsts Feem tk Lfkw; Lfkw;  . . . . . . . . @jry M. Lnjsser jfm Rjhesd Bjnjsubrjhjfgjh

93

9

Krtdkmkftgcs jfm ]HM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sjfagvjf Sjfagv jf Ljfmjsjhy jfm Mkfjnm A. Rgfcduse

4:

0

Gmgkpjtdgc/_rk Gmgkpjtdgc/_rk`ressgve `ressgve Ckfmynjr Reskrptgkf1 Jf Krtdkmkftgc _erspectgv _erspectgvee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cdester S. Djfmenhjf jfm Nkugs Hercurg

70 70

4

Hjfjèheft ki ]HM Sg`fs jfm Syhptkhs ::7   gf tde Krtdkmkftgc _rjctgce . _rjctgce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::7 Cdjrnes S. @reefe, @reefe, Mkfjnm A. Rgfcduse, Rgfcduse, Sjfagvjf Ljfmjsjhy, Ljfmjsjhy, jfm Akdf P. Stkclstgnn

7

Sur`gcjn Hjfjèhef Hjfjèheftt ki ]ehpkrkhjfmg ehpkrkhjfmgbunjr bunjr Akgft _rkbnehs _rkbnehs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :25 :25   M. M.H. H. Njslgf

:?

]HM jfm Gts Hemgckne`jn Ckfsgmerjtgkfs gf Ckftehpkrjry Krtdkmkftgc _rjctgce . _rjctgce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :33 :33   N. Aerrknm, Aerrknm, Sjfagvjf Ljfmjsjhy, Ljfmjsjhy, jfm M. Hjfiremgfg

:=3   Gfmex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=3 Gfmex

xg

Ckftrgbutkrs

Rjhesd Bjnjsubrjhjfgjh, Rjhesd Bjnjsubrjhjfgjh, BMSc, HS, IKHJJ Scdkkn ki Meftgstry, Ufgversgty ki Pesterf Justrjngj, Justrjngj, Crjwney, Crjwney, PJ PJ,, Justrjngj _rgvjte _rjctgce, _rjctgce, Pest Neemervgnne Neemervgnne,, PJ PJ,, Justrjngj Justrjngj   Krtdkmkftgcs, Ufgversgty ki Cdjrnes S. @reefe, @reefe, BS, MMS Mepjrtheft ki Krtdkmkftgcs, Gnngfkgs jt Cdgcj`k, Cknneè ki Meftgstry Meftgstry,, Cdgcj`k, Cdgcj`k, GN GN,, USJ Krtdkmkftgcs, Ufgversgty ki Cdester S. Djfmenhjf, Djfmenhjf, MHM Mepjrtheft ki Krtdkmkftgcs, Gnngfkgs jt Cdgcj`k, Cknneè ki Meftgstry Meftgstry,, Cdgcj`k, Cdgcj`k, GN GN,, USJ N. Aerrknm, Aerrknm, MMS, AM FWU-Nutderjf Hemgcjn Cefter, Mepjrtheft ki Meftjn Hemgcgfe, Hemgcgfe, Mgvgsgkf ki Krtdkmkftgcs Krtdkmkftgcs,, Brkklnyf, Brkklnyf, FW FW,, USJ Sjfagvjf Ljfmjsjhy, Ljfmjsjhy, BMSc, MCngfMeft, HKrtdRCS, IRJCMS Mepjrtheft ki Krtdkmkftgcs, Krtdkmkftgcs, Scdkkn ki Meftgstry, Ufgversgty ki Pesterf Justrjngj,, Femnjfms Justrjngj Femnjfms,, PJ PJ,, Justrjngj Ceftre ikr Jmvjfcem Meftjn Emucjtgkf, Sjgft Nkugs Ufgversgty, Ufgversgty, Sjgft Nkugs, Nkugs, HK HK,, USJ _rgvjte _rjctgce, _rjctgce, Hgmnjfm Hgmnjfm,, PJ, PJ, Justrjngj @jry M. Lnjsser, Lnjsser, MHM, Cert Krkijcgjn _jgf Mepjrtheft ki Mgj`fkstgc Scgefces,, Nkugsgjfj Stjte Ufgversgty Dejntd Scgefces Cefter, Scgefces Scdkkn ki Meftgstry, Meftgstry, Few Krnejfs, Krnejfs, NJ NJ,, USJ Surèry,, M. M.H. H. Njslgf, Njslgf, MMS, HS Mepjrtheft ki Krjn jfm Hjxgnnkijcgjn Surèry Ygr`gfgj Ckhhkfwejntd Ufgversgty, Scdkkn ki Meftgstry, Meftgstry, Rgcdhkfm,, YJ, Rgcdhkfm YJ, USJ Ufgversgty sgty M. Hjfiremgfg, Hjfiremgfg, MMS, HSc, _dM Gtjngjf Hgfgster ki Ufgver jfm Gfstructgkf, Gfstructgkf, _jmkvj _jmkvj,, Gtjny Mepjrtheft ki Hjxgnnkijcgjn Surèry Surèry,, Ufgversgty ki _jmkvj _jmkvj,, _jmkvj _jmkvj,, Gtjny Surèry, Nkugs @. Hercurg, Hercurg, MMS, HS Mepjrtheft ki Krtdkpemgc Surèry, Rusd Ufgversgty Hemgcjn Cefter, Cefter, Cdgcj`k, Cdgcj`k, GN GN,, USJ Jhbrj Hgcdenkttg, Hgcdenkttg, MMS, BSc, Krtdkm. Sectgkf ki Krtdkmkftgcs, Mepjrtheft ki Feurkscgefce, Feurkscgefce, Ufgversgty ki Fjpnes Iemergck GG, GG, Fjpnes Fjpnes,, Gtjny

xggg

xgv

Fkrhjf F krhjf M. Hkdn, Hkdn, MMS, HJ, _dM SUFW Mgstgfùgsdem Servgce, Mepjrtheft ki Krjn Mgj`fkstgc Scgefces, Scgefces, Ufgversgty jt Buiijnk Scdkkn ki Meftjn Hemgcgfe, Hemgcgfe, Buiijnk Buiijnk,, FW FW,, USJ Rgcdjrm Kdrbjcd, Kdrbjcd, MMS, HS, _dM Mepjrtheft ki Krjn Mgj`fkstgc Scgefces,, Ufgversgty jt Buiijnk Scdkkn ki Meftjn Hemgcgfe, Scgefces Hemgcgfe, Buiijnk, Buiijnk, FW FW,, USJ Aeiirey _. Kleskf, Kleskf, MHM Mepjrtheft ki Krjn Dejntd Scgefce, Krkijcgjn _jgf _rk`rjh, _rk`rjh, Cknneè ki Meftgstry, Ufgversgty ki Leftucly, Leftucly, Nexgf`tkf,, LW Nexgf`tkf LW,, USJ _rjctgce, @reefsbur` @reefsbur`,, Mkfjnm A. Rgfcduse, Rgfcduse, MHM, HS, HMS, _dM _rgvjte _rjctgce,

Ckftrgbutkrs

_J, USJ Akdf P. Stkclstgnn, Stkclstgnn, MMS, HS Mepjrtheft ki Krtdkmkftgcs, ]ehpkrkhjfmgbunjr Mgskrmers/Krkijcgjn _jgf, _jgf, Setkf Dgnn Ufgversgty, Cefter ikr Krtdkmkftgcs, Krtdkmkftgcs, @reefsbur`, @reefsbur`, _J _J,, USJ Cefter ikr Krtdkmkftgcs, @rjmujte Krtdkmkftgcs Resgmefcy _rk`rjh, _rk`rjh , Setkf Dgnn Ufgversgty, Ufgversgty, @reefsbur` @reefsbur`,, _J _J,, USJ

Stjtgc S tjtgc jfm Iufctgkfjn Jfjtkhy ki tde Duhjf Hjstgcjtkry Systeh Akdf P. Stkclstgnn jfm Fkrhjf M. Hkdn

:

:.:

Kccnusjn Ckfcepts jfm ]erhgfknk`y

:.:.:

Revgew ki Kccnusgkf Ckfcepts jfm Me﬊fgtgkfs

Gf jcckrmjfce wgtd tde prghjry gfteft ki tdgs bkkl, pjrt kfe ki tdgs cdjpter wgnn jmmress tde bjsgc jfm ckhhkf kccnusjn ckfcepts jfm terhgfknk`y usem gf meftjn prjctgce gf èferjn, jfm krtdkmkftgc prjctgce gf pjrtgcunjr. Becjuse sk hucd ki tde ckftrkversy jbkut tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr mgskrmers (]HMs) revknves jrkufm tdese kccnusjn ckfcepts, tde jutdkrs wgnn jmmress tdkse renjtgkfsdgps wderever jpprkprgjte. ]dgs jnsk wgnn set up tde irjhewkrl ikr sghgnjr mgscussgkfs gf ktder cdjpters tdrku`dkut tdgs bkkl. Mue tk tde hjfy ckftrkversges jfm „pdgnkskpdgcjn‘ expnjfjtgkfs repkrtem gf tde ngterjture re`jrmgf` kccnusjn ckfcepts, kur gfteft wgnn be tk efng`dtef tde rejmer rjtder tdjf tk jrùe jbkut

A.P. A.P. Stkclstgnn Stkclstgnn,, MMS, HS (*) Mepjrtheft ki Krtdkmkftgcs, ]ehpkrkhjfmgbunjr Mgskrmers/Krkijcgjn _jgf, _jgf, Setkf Dgnn Ufgversgty Ufgversgty,, Cefter ikr Krtdkmkftgcs, Krtdkmkftgcs, 27?? Sehgfjry Mrgve, Bugnmgf` E E,, @reefsbur`,, _J :59?: @reefsbur` :59?:,, USJ astkclstgnnOsetkfdgnn.emu   e-hjgn1 astkclstgnnOsetkfdgnn.emu e-hjgn1 F. F.M. M. Hkdn, Hkdn, MMS, HJ, _dM Mepjrtheft ki Krjn Mgj`fkstgc Scgefces, Scgefces , SUFW Mgstgfùgsdem Servgce, Ufgversgty jt Buiijnk-Scdkkn ki Meftjn Hemgcgfe, Hemgcgfe, Buiijnk Buiijnk,, FW FW,, USJ

bengei systehs. Evgmefce-bjsem expnjfjtgkfs jfm me﬊fgtgkfs wgnn be kiierem rjtder tdjf teneknk`gcjn expnjfjtgkfs, jfm tde ehpdjsgs wgnn be kf pdysgknk`y rjtder tdjf pdgnkskpdy pdgnkskpdy.. Jcckrmgf` tk tde ]extbkkl ki Kccnusgkf (Hkdn et jn. :744), tde sckpe ki tde subaect ki kccnusgkf renjtgve tk meftgstry gfcnumes „tde renjtgkfsdgp betweef jnn tde ckhpkfefts ki tde hjstgcjtkry systeh gf fkrhjn iufctgkf, mysiufctgkf, jfm pjrjiufctgkf, gfcnumgf` tde hkrpdknk`gcjn jfm iufctgkfjn iejtures ki ckftjctgf` surijces ki kppksgf` teetd jfm restkrjtgkfs, kccnusjn trjuhj jfm mysiufctgkf, feurkhuscunjr pdysgknk`y, tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgfts jfm huscne iufctgkf, swjnnkwgf` jfm hjstgcjtgkf, psycdkpdysgknk`gcjn stjtus, jfm tde mgj`fksgs, preveftgkf, jfm trejtheft ki iufctgkfjn mgskrmers ki tde hjstgcjtkry systeh‘ \ \: , 2X X.. ]dgrty-sevef vjrgjtgkfs ki tde terh „meftjn kccnusgkf‘ jre ikufm gf Mkrnjfm‗ Mkrnjfm‗ss Gnnustrjtem Hemgcjn Mgctgkfjry Mgctgkfjry,, 32fm emgtgkf (2?:2), jfm hkst kr jnn represeft ckhhkfny usem (kitef gfckrrectny) terhs ikr tde renjtgkfsdgp ki tde teetd tk tdegr efvgrkfhe efvgrkfheft ft jfm tk kfe jfktder specg﬊cjnny \ \3 X X.. ]de gfteft ki tdgs sectgkf gs tk kiier stjfmjrmgzem terhgfknk`y tdjt sjtgs﬊es „… tde scdkkn ki tdku`dt tdjt gs prkhun`jtem (js) kfe tdjt djs skhe bjsgs gf kbaectgve scgeftg﬊c gfqugry kr gs jt nejst wgtdgf tde hjgfstrejh ki curreft tdku`dt wgtdgf meftgstry‘ \ \2 X X.. Gt mkes fkt represeft jfy pjrtgcunjr pkgft ki vgew< gfstejm, gt djs beef irjhem wgtdgf tde bkufmjrges ki

© Sprgfèr Gfterfjtgkfjn _ubngsdgf` Swgtzernjfm 2?:5 S. Ljfmjsjhy et jn. (ems.), ]HM jfm Krtdkmkftgcs1 J Cngfgcjn @ugme ikr tde Krtdkmkftgst , MKG :?.:??0/704-3-3:7-:7042-:[:

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A.P. Stkclstgnn jfm F.M. Hkdn

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eevgmefce-bjsem vgmefce- bjsem scgeftg﬊c tdgflgf` jfm cngfgcjn jppngcjtgkf. Ckftrkversges re`jrmgf` tde subaect ki meftjn kccnusgkf jre fuherkus, jfm gt gs fkt tde gfterest kr respkfsgbgngty ki tdgs pubngcjtgkf tk jct js tde „mecgmer‘ ikr jfy kfe ki tdese „scdkkns‘ kr „bengeis.‘ Gf j receft pubngcjtgkf eftgtnem „Ufmerstjfmgf` X, tde ckfcepts ki kccnusgkf jfm Kccnusgkf‘ \ \= X, iufctgkfjn hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne were mescrgbem js begf` ckfiusgf` jfm resuntgf` gf irustrjtgkf tk tde meftjn prkiessgkf, but tde tdree „experts‘ wdk were gftervgewem ikr tdgs jrtgcne seehem tk j`ree tdjt ckhhkf `rkufm wjs jvjgnjbne ikr mgscussgf` tde tdree hkst ckhhkf kccnu-

jfm ckfsgmerem „`knm stjfmjrms‘ wdef mgscussgf`, mgj`fksgf`, jfm hjfj`gf` tde duhjf meftgtgkf jfm kccnusgkf, jfm jnsk wdef mgscussgf` tde stjtgc jfm iufctgkfjn jfjtkhy jfm bgkhecdjfgcs 4 X. X . ki tde hjstgcjtkry systeh \ \2 , 5–

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]erhs jfm Ckfcepts

Ceftrgc Kccnusgkf (Hjxghuh Gftercuspjtgk Gftercuspjtgkf, f, Djbgtujn Kccnusgkf, Gftercuspjn _ksgtgkf) ]de pksgtgkf ki tde hjfmgbne wdef tde renjtgkfsdgp ki kppksgf` kccnusjn surijces prkvgmes ikr hjxg-

sjn pdgnkskpdges. ]dese kccnusjn pdgnkskpdges gfcnume (:) ckfikrhjtgkfjn kccnusgkf, (2) feurkhuscunjr-bjsem feurkhuscunjrbjsem kccnusgkf, jfm (3) akgftbjsem kccnusgkf. Brgefly, tde ckfcept ki ckfikrhjtgkfjn kccnusgkf dknms tdjt kfe sdkunm jnnkw tde pjtgeft‗s hjfmgbne tk iufctgkf gf wdjtever kccnusjn scdehe tdey djve jfm wgtd wdgcd tdey jre ckhikrtjbne. ]de feurkhuscunjr-bjsem kccnusgkf ckfcept tdekrgzes tdjt tdere gs jf gmejn kccnusjn pksgtgkf tdjt gs meterhgfem usgf` enectrkhyk`rjpdy jfm huscne stghunjtgkf mevgces gf

huh pnjffem ckftjct jfm/kr gftercuspjtgkf. ]dgs gs j tkktd-meterhgfem pksgtgkf.

krmer tk jcdgeve „huscunjr pdysgknk`gc djrhkfy.‘ ]de tdgrm kccnusjn ckfcept, kitef reierrem tk js `fjtdknk`y, ghpnges tdjt tde ckfmyne-ikssj renjtgkfsdgps hust be gmejn jfm tdjt kccnusjn ckftjcts murgf` excursgkfs ki tde hjfmgbne sdkunm be gf djrhkfy wgtd ckfmynjr hkvehef hkvehefts. ts. ]de gmejn tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft (]HA) renjtgkfsdgp gs èferjnny mescrgbem js „ceftrgc renjtgkf (CR),‘ but gt sdkunm be fktem tdjt tdgs pksgtgkf djs beef reme﬊fem severjn tghes kver tde yejrs. Gf jfy cjse, tdese jutdkrs j`ree tdjt tdere jre fk cnejr crgtergj ikr mecgmgf` wdgcd pdgnkskpdy kfe hust use tk „bugnm j dejntdy hjstgcjtkry sys-

tde ceftrjn bejrgf` jrej ki tde jrtgcunjr mgscs gf ckftjct wgtd tde jrtgcunjr surijce ki tde ckfmynes jfm wgtd tde jrtgcunjr ehgfeftgj. Ghpkrtjftny Ghpkrtjftny,, tde ckfmynes hjy kr hjy fkt be gf tdegr hkst retrumem pksgtgkf, mepefmgf` kf tde me`ree ki restrjgft prkvgmem by tde ]H ng`jheft. ]dgs pksgtgkf gs gfmepefmeft ki tkktd ckftjct jfm gs meterhgfem by tde structurjn iejtures ki tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft jfm fkt tde meftgtgkf.

teh.‘ But gt gs gfterestgf` tk fkte tdjt, gf spgte ki tdere begf` „pdgnkskpdgcjn mgiierefces‘ betweef tdese prkfkufcem tdekrges, „Pgtdkut scgeftg﬊c evgmefce, gt djs fkt beef prkvem me﬊fgteny tdjt trejtheft pnjffgf` wgtd jfy kfe pdgnkskpdy gs better tdjf usgf` tde pjtgeft‗s kwf kccnusgkf‘ \= X. X. ]dereikre, gt hjy be sjgm tdjt tde „pdysgknk`gcjn evgmefce truhps tde pdgnkskpdgcjn bengei‘ gf every gfstjfce. ]dekrges jsgme, tde terhs jfm ckfcepts wdgcd iknnkw jre ufgversjnny jcceptem

fkt fecessjrgny ghpny tdjt sucd jf kccnusgkf gs fkfpdysgknk`gc kr tdjt tderjpy gs gfmgcjtem. ]de presefce ki j hjnkccnusgkf, pjrtgcunjrny gf jmunts, mkes fkt hejf tdjt tderjpy gs fecessjry, jfm tde hjnkccnusgkf hjy be pdysgknk`gc.

Ceftrgc Renjtgkf Kccnusgkf (Retrumem Ckftjct _ksgtgkf, RC_) Gs me﬊fem js tde kccnusgkf ki tde teetd wdef tde hjfmgbne gs gf ceftrgc renjtgkf. ]dgs gs j tkktd-akgft meterhgfem pksgtgkf. Ceftrgc Renjtgkf (CR) ]de renjtgkfsdgp ki tde hjfmgbne tk tde hjxgnnje wdef tde hjfmgbunjr ckfmynes jre gf tdegr hkst supergkr pksgtgkf, wgtd

Hjnkccnusgkf Jfy kccnusgkf gf wdgcd tde structurjn cdjrjctergstgcs jre beykfm tdkse estjbngsdem ikr j tdekretgcjnny gmejn kccnusgkf. ]de terh mkes

_dysgknk`gc Kccnusgkf Usujnny gf jmunts, gt gs jf kccnusgkf tdjt mevgjtes gf kfe kr hkre wjys irkh tde tdekretgcjnny gmejn, yet gs wenn jmjptem tk tdjt pjrtgcunjr efvgrkfheft, efvgrkfheft, gs estdetgcjnny pnejsgf` tk

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Stjtgc jfm Iufctgkfjn Jfjtkhy ki tde Duhjf Hjstgcjtkry Hjstgcjtkr y Systeh

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tde pjtgeft, jfm djs fk pjtdknk`gcjn hjfgiestjtgkfs kr mysiufctgkfjn prkbnehs. Gt mkes fkt requgre gfterveftgkf.

J hgfghjn jhkuft ki enevjtkr huscne jctgvgty gs feemem tk hjgftjgf tde hjfmgbne gf tdgs pksgtgkf.

Fkfpdysgknk`gc Kccnusgkf Jf kccnusgkf wdgcd presefts wgtd sg`fs kr syhptkhs ki pjtdknk`y, mysiufctgkf, kr gfjmequjte jmjptjtgkf ki kfe kr hkre ckhpkfefts ki tde hjstgcjtkry systeh tdjt cjf be jttrgbutem tk ijunty structurjn renjtgkfsdgps kr hjfmgbunjr iufctgkfjn jctgvgty. ]derjpy tk ghprkve tde hjnkccnusgkf hjy be gfmgcjtem.

Rest Yertgcjn Mghefsgkf ]de vertgcjn mghefsgkf ki tde ijce wdef tde hjfmgbne gs gf pksturjn rest pksgtgkf.

]derjpeutgc Kccnusgkf Jf kccnusgkf tdjt djs beef hkmg﬊em by jpprkprgjte tderjpeutgc hkmjngtges gf krmer tk cdjfè j fkfpdysgknk`gc kccnu-

reierrem tk js ireewjy spjce jfm gs rkutgfeny ckfsgmerem tk be j spjce tdjt gs „best ﬊t‘ kr jverjèm tdrku`dkut tde kccnusjn pnjfe.

Gfterkccnusjn Mgstjfce ]de mgstjfce (ckhhkfny 2–= hh) betweef tde kccnumgf` surijces ki tde hjxgnnjry jfm hjfmgbunjr teetd wdef tde hjfmgbne gs gf pksturjn rest pksgtgkf. Gt gs jnsk

sgkf tk kfe tdjt ijnns wgtdgf tde pjrjheters ki j pdysgknk`gc kccnusgkf, gi fkt j tdekretgcjnny gmejn kccnusgkf. ]dgs kccnusgkf kptghgzes tde dejntd jfm jmjptgve pkteftgjn ki tde hjstgcjtkry systeh.

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]dekretgcjnny Gmejn Kccnusgkf J preckfcegvem tdekretgcjn ckfcept ki kccnusjn structurjn jfm iufctgkfjn renjtgkfsdgps tdjt gfcnumes gmejngzem prgfcgpnes jfm cdjrjctergstgcs tdjt jf kccnusgkf

Mgscnusgkf ]de nkss ki kccnusgkf (fkfkccnusgkf) betweef kppksgf` teetd murgf` tkktd-ùgmem hkvehefts ki tde hjfmgbne. Ikr exjhpne, wdef tde jftergkr teetd jre gf jf emè-tk-emè pksgtgkf,

sdkunm Gt mkes represeft tde „fkrh‘ jfm gs usem djve. js j serges ki fkt gmejngzem pjrjheters j`jgfst wdgcd vjrgjtgkfs hjy be ckhpjrem.

tde pkstergkr teetd jre sjgm tk be gf mgscnusgkf. ]de terh gs jpprkprgjte kfny wdef skhe me`ree ki meftjn ckftjct gs kccurrgf`.

Huscunjr Ckftjct _ksgtgkf (HC_) ]de pksgtgkf ki tde hjfmgbne wdef gt djs beef rjgsem by vknuftjry huscunjr eiikrt tk gfgtgjn kccnusjn ckftjct wgtd tde dejm erect. ]dgs pksgtgkf gs ckfsgsteft wgtd tde gftercuspjn pksgtgkf (CK) gf jsyhptkhjtgc gfmgvgmujns.

Dgfè Hkveheft Hkveheft gf spjce cdjrjctergzem by twk mgverèft pkgfts hkvgf` jrkufm j ceftrjn jxgs ki rktjtgkf.

Kccnusjn Yertgcjn Mghefsgkf ]de vertgcjn mghefsgkf ki tde ijce js meterhgfem by j hgmngfe vertgcjn hejsureheft ki tde ijce betweef twk jrbgtrjry pkgfts jbkve jfm benkw tde hkutd wdef tde hjfmgbne gs gf ceftrgc kccnusgkf. By ckfveftgkf, vertgcjn mghefsgkf gs gftercdjfèjbne wgtd kccnusjn vertgcjn mghefsgkf. _ksturjn Rest _ksgtgkf ]de „restgf`‘ pksgtgkf ki tde hjfmgbne wdef jf gfmgvgmujn gs sgttgf` kr stjfmgf` gf jf uprg`dt pksgtgkf. ]dgs pksgtgkf gs meterhgfem by huscnes jfm ktder structures.

Hjfmgbunjr Hkveheft ]erhgfknk`y

Dgfè Jxgs Jf ghj`gfjry ngfe betweef tde hjfmgbunjr ckfmynes jrkufm wdgcd tde hjfmgbne cjf rktjte wgtdkut trjfsnjtkry hkveheft. ]dgs gs jnsk reierrem tk js trjfsverse dgfè jxgs.

Hkveheft spjce ]rjfsnjtkry Hkveheft cdjrjctergzem by ngfejr hktgkf wgtd fkgfjxgs ki rktjtgkf. ]dgs hkveheft hjy iknnkw j strjg`dt pjtd (rectgngfejr trjfsnjtgkf) kr j curvem pjtd (curvgngfejr trjfsnjtgkf). _rktrusgkf Hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne ikrwjrm kr gf jf jftergkr mgrectgkf irkh ceftrgc kccnusgkf wgtd jf jftergkr trjfsnjtgkf ki bktd ckfmynes, egtder wgtd kr wgtdkut kccnusjn ckftjcts.

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Retrusgkf R etrusgkf Retrjctgkf kr pkstergkr hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne irkh jfy `gvef pkgft.

A.P. Stkclstgnn jfm F.M. Hkdn

Njterjn Excursgkf Sgmewjrm hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne irkh j hemgjf kccnusjn pksgtgkf, jfm cdjrjctergzem by j ikrwjrm, gfwjrm, jfm mkwfwjrm trjfsnjtgkf ki tde ckftrjnjterjn ckfmyne. Neit njterjn excursgkf resunts gf tde neit ckfmyne rktjtgf` jbkut jf jxgs jfm tde rg`dt ckfmyne trjfsnjtgf` ikrwjrm, gfwjrm, jfm mkwfwjrm js gt trjcls tde hemgjn wjnn ki tde `nefkgm ikssj.

Jftergkr @ugmjfce ]de gffluefce kf hjfmgbunjr hkvehefts by tde renjtgve kvernjp ki tde jftergkr teetd js meterhgfem by tde ngfùjn surijces ki tde hjxgnnjry jftergkr teetd jfm tde gfcgsjn emès kr njbgjn surijces ki tde hjfmgbunjr jftergkr teetd. ]dgs hkveheft gs gffluefcem by tde dkrgzkftjn kvernjp (kveraet) jfm vertgcjn kvernjp (kverbgte) ki tde jftergkr teetd. Jf jftergkr kpef bgte kr fe`jtgve kvernjp wgnn remuce kr enghgfjte tde mkwfwjrm hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne murgf` prktrusgve hkveheft.

Pkrlgf` Sgme ]de njterjn se`heft ki tde meftgtgkf tkwjrm wdgcd tde hjfmgbne hkves murgf` njterjn excursgkf (iufctgkfjn kr gpsgnjterjn kr njterktrusgve sgme). Neit njterjn hkveheft ki tde

Gfcgsjn @ugmjfce ]djt pjrt ki tde jftergkr ùgmjfce tdjt kccurs murgf` prktrusgve hkveh hkvehefts efts ki tde hjfmgbne jfm gs gffluefcem by tde renjtgve kvernjp, pksgtgkf, jfm jfjtkhy ki tde hjxgnnjry

hjfmgbne resunts gf tde neit sgme meftgtgkf begf` mesg`fjtem js tde wkrlgf` sgme jfm tde rg`dt sgme meftgtgkf begf` mesg`fjtem js tde fkfwkrlgf` sgme. Fkfwkrlgf` Sgme ]de sgme kppksgte tde wkrlgf` sgme murgf` njterjn excursgve hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne (fkfiufctgkfgf` kr ckftrjnjterjn kr bjnjfcgf` kr hemgktrusgve sgme). Neit njterjn hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne resunts gf tde rg`dt sgme meftgtgkf begf` mesg`fjtem js tde fkfwkrlgf` sgme. Ckfmynjr @ugmjfce ]de gffluefce kf hjfmgbunjr hkvehefts by tde mgrectgkf ki ckfmynjr hkveheft murgf` trjfsnjtgkf ki tde ckfmynes js meterhgfem by tde jfjtkhgcjn iejtures ki tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft. Ikr exjhpne, tde deg`dt jfm jhkuft ki ckfvexgty ki tde jrtgcunjr ehgfefces wgnn mgctjte tde me`ree ki mkwfwjrm hkveheft ki tde ckfmynes murgf` ikrwjrm trjfsnjtgkf (prktrusgve hkveheft). Ckfmynjr Gfcngfjtgkf ]djt pjrt ki tde ckfmynjr ùgmjfce ikrhem by tde gfcngfjtgkf ki tde ckfmyne pjtd js gt trjfsnjtes ikrwjrm jfm mkwfwjrm kf tde jrtgcunjr ehgfefce. Ckfmynjr Jfùnjtgkf ]djt pjrt ki tde ckfmynjr ùgmjfce ikrhem by tde jfùnjtgkf ki tde fkfwkrlgf` sgme ckfmyne pjtd js gt trjfsnjtes ikrwjrm jfm gfwjrm murgf` njterjn excursgkf jfm trjcls tde hemgjn wjnn ki tde `nefkgm ikssj.

jfm hjfmgbunjr gfcgskrs. Cjfgfe @ugmjfce ]djt pjrt ki tde jftergkr ùgmjfce tdjt kccurs murgf` njterjn excursgkf ki tde hjfmgbne jfm gs gffluefcem by tde renjtgve kvernjp, pksgtgkf, jfm jfjtkhy ki tde hjxgnnjry jfm hjfmgbunjr cjfgfes kf tde wkrlgf` sgme.

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Meftjn Me﬊fgtgkfs jfm Ckfcepts

_njfe ki Kccnusgkf Jf ghj`gfjry surijce tdjt gs renjtem jfjtkhgcjnny tk tde crjfguh jfm tdjt tdekretgcjnny tkucdes tde gfcgsjn emès ki tde gfcgskrs jfm tde tgps ki tde kccnumgf` surijces ki tde pkstergkr teetd. Gt gs FK]  j j pnjfe gf tde true sefse ki tde wkrm jfm represefts tde hejf kr best ﬊t ki tde curvjture surijce. Ckhpefsjtgf` Curve ]de curvjture ki tde jng`fheft ki tde kccnusjn surijces ki tde teetd tdjt gs preseft tk ckhpefsjte ikr tde curvem hkveheft pjtterfs ki tde hjfmgbne (Hkfskf curve). Pdef vgewem njterjnny, njterjnny, gt gs reierrem tk js tde curve ki Spee, jfm wdef vgewem gf tde irkftjn pnjfe, js tde curve ki Pgnskf. Kverbgte ]de extefsgkf ki tde hjxgnnjry teetd kver tde hjfmgbunjr teetd gf j vertgcjn mgrectgkf wdef tde kppksgf` pkstergkr teetd jre gf

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Stjtgc jfm Iufctgkfjn Jfjtkhy ki tde Duhjf Hjstgcjtkry Hjstgcjtkr y Systeh

ckftjct gf ceftrgc kccnusgkf (vertgcjn kvernjp – see jftergkr ùgmjfce). Kveraet ]de prkaectgkf ki tde hjxgnnjry jftergkr jfm/kr pkstergkr teetd beykfm tdegr prktj`kfgsts gf j dkrgzkftjn mgrectgkf wdef tde hjfmgbne gs gf ceftrgc kccnusgkf (dkrgzkftjn kvernjp – see jftergkr ùgmjfce). Jftergkr ùgmjfce gs `rejtny gffluefcem by tde renjtgve jhkufts ki kverbgte jfm kveraet.

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Kccnusgkf Ckfcepts jfm Me﬊fgtgkfs

Hutujnny _rktectem Kccnusgkf Jf kccnusgkf tdjt prkvgmes ikr hjxghuh kccnusjn ckftjct kf

5

Jf`ne‗s „Fkrhjn Kccnusgkf‘ Jf kccnusgkf gf wdgcd tde hesgkbuccjn cusp ki tde hjxgnnjry hknjr kccnumes gf tde buccjn `rkkve ki tde hjfmgbunjr hknjr JFM tde teetd jre jrrjfèm jnkf` j shkktdny curvgf` ngfe ki kccnusgkf. Jf`ne‗s Cnjss G Hjnkccnusgkf Jf kccnusgkf gf wdgcd tdere gs j fkrhjn renjtgkfsdgp ki tde hknjrs but tde ngfe ki kccnusgkf gs „gfckrrect‘ becjuse ki hjnpksem teetd, tkktd rktjtgkfs, kr ktder cjuses. Jf`ne‗s Cnjss GG Hjnkccnusgkf Jf kccnusgkf gf wdgcd tde hjfmgbunjr hknjr gs mgstjnny pksgtgkfem renjtgve tk tde hjxgnnjry hknjr, jfm tde ngfe ki kccnusgkf hjy kr hjy fkt be ckrrect (ufspecg﬊em).

certjgf teetd kr `rkups ki teetd wderejs ktder teetd djve ng`dt ckftjct kr jre gf mgscnusgkf murgf` ceftrgc kccnusgkf kr excursgve hkvehefts ki tde hjfmgbne. ]djt gs, gf CK, tde pkstergkr teetd prkvgme hjxghuh kccnusjn nkjmgf` jfm „prktect‘ tde jftergkr teetd irkh dejvy nkjmgf`. Gf prktrusgve hkveheft, tde jftergkr teetd kccnume wgtd resuntgf` mgscnusgkf kr prktectgkf ikr tde pkstergkr teetd. Kf njterjn excursg excursgve ve hkveheft ki tde teetd, wkrlgf` sgme teetd ckftjct jfm prkvgme mgscnusgkf kr prktectgkf ikr tde fkfwkrlgf` sgme teetd. Cjfgfe _rktectem Kccnusgkf J hkmg﬊cjtgkf ki tde hutujnny prktectem kccnusgkf gf wdgcd tde cjfgfe teetd kf tde wkrlgf` sgme serve tk mgscnume jnn ktder teetd murgf` njterjn excursgkf ki tde hjfmgbne. @rkup Iufctgkf Kccnusgkf J hkmg﬊cjtgkf ki tde hutujnny prktectem kccnusgkf gf wdgcd tde cjfgfes jfm kfe kr hkre jmajceft pjgrs ki pkstergkr teetd kf tde wkrlgf` sgme jre gf sghuntjfekus kccnusjn ckftjct murgf` njterjn excursgkf ki tde hjfmgbne. Bjnjfcem Kccnusgkf Jf kccnusgkf gf wdgcd bjnjfcem jfm equjn ckftjcts jre hjgftjgfem tdrku`dkut tde eftgre jrcd murgf` jnn excursgkf ki tde hjfmgbne. ]dgs ghpnges sghuntjfekus kccnusjn ckftjct kf bktd wkrlgf` jfm fkfwkrlgf` sgmes murgf` njterjn excursgkf (crkss-jrcd bjnjfce).

Jf`ne‗s Cnjss GGG Hjnkccnusgkf Jf kccnusgkf gf wdgcd tde hjfmgbunjr hknjr gs hesgjnny pksgtgkfem renjtgve tk tde hjxgnnjry hknjr, jfm tde ngfe ki kccnusgkf hjy kr hjy fkt be ckrrect (ufspecg﬊em). ]de reierefces cgtem gf _jrt : jre jvjgnjbne jt tde efm ki tdgs cdjpter cdjpter..

:.2

Hjstgcjtkry Systeh Jfjtkhy1 Ckfcepts jfm ]erhgfknk`y

_jrt twk ki tdgs cdjpter wgnn jmmress tde bjsgc stjtgc jfm iufctgkfjn jfjtkhy ki tde hjstgcjtkry systeh gf tde ckftext ki tde hkst sg`fg﬊cjft cngfgcjn gssues kr prkbnehs tdjt krtdkmkftgsts ijce wdef cjrgf` ikr pjtgefts wdk egtder preseft wgtd ]HM prkbnehs, kr wdk mevenkp sucd prkbnehs murgf` tdegr krtdkmkftgc trejtheft. Jhkf` tdese jre huscunjr pjgf jfm mysiufctgkf prkbnehs, krjn djbgts, akgft pjgf, mgsc merjfèhefts, jrtdrgtgmes, jfm ktder pjtdknk`ges ki tde ]HA jfm hjstgcjtkry systeh. ]dese ghpkrtjft jfjtkhy tkpgcs wgnn ufmernge tde ckftefts ki tdgs cdjpter jfm ktders gf tdgs bkkl renjtgve tk tde ghpkrtjfce ki prekrtdkmkftgc screefgf` dgstkrges jfm exjhgfjtgkfs ikr tde presefce ki sucd prkbnehs. ]dey jnsk prkvgme tde jfjtkhgcjn cdjrjctergstgcs jfm bgkhecdjfgcjn prgfcgpnes pertjgfgf` tk tde èferjngzem

9

A.P. Stkclstgnn jfm F.M. Hkdn

]de hjstgcjtkry systeh gs j dg`dny ckhpnex systeh prghjrgny gfvknvem gf spejlgf`, hjstgcjtgkf, swjnnkwgf`, jfm iufctgkfjn jfm pjrjiufctgkfjn hkveheftt ki tde hjfmgbne. Ehbryknk`gcjn krg`gf hkvehef gs prghjrgny irkh ﬊rst brjfcdgjn jrcd wgtd seckfmjry gfput jfm gffluefces irkh tde seckfm,

krg`gf jt j hkre hemgjn jspect ki tde zy`khjtgc prkcess jfm gfsert gftk tde supergkr pjrt ki tde rjhus jfm tde hjfmgbunjr ckrkfkgm prkcess. Gts ﬊bers jre premkhgfjftny vertgcjn gf jng`fheft jfm tdus `gve hecdjfgcjn jmvjftjè tk hjfmgbunjr enevjtgkf kr cnksure. Gt djs j nghgtem rkne gf njterjn excursgve hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne js wenn js gf jfterkpkstergkr hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne. ]de hjsseter huscne djs bktd sefskry jfm hktkr gffervjtgkf suppngem by tde hjfmgbunjr brjfcd ki tde trgèhgfjn ferve (Y3). ]de hjssetergc brjfcd ki tde hjxgnnjry jrtery, tde ijcgjn jrtery, jfm tde trjfsverse ijcgjn brjfcd ki tde super﬊cgjn tehpk-

tdgrm, jfm ikurtd brjfcdgjn jrcdes (mghgfgsdgf` gffluefce irkh seckfm tk ikurtd). Gt ckfsgsts ki meftjn, slenetjn, huscunjr, akgft, ng`jheftkus, jfm tefmgfkus ckhpkfefts tdjt kperjte gf dg`dny ckkrmgfjtem, feurksefskry-hkmunjtem hkvehefts esseftgjn ikr fkurgsdheft, respgrjtgkf, jfm

rjn jrtery prkvgme vjscunjr suppkrt. ]de hjsseter huscne, js wenn js tde tehpkrjngs jfm hemgjn ptery`kgms, djve hjfy huscne spgfmnes (sefskry receptkrs) nkcjtem wgtdgf extrjiusjn huscne ﬊bers tdjt ckfvey slenetjn huscne nef`td cdjfè tk tde ceftrjn fervkus systeh. ]dey jre jctgve gf denpgf`

hjstgcjtkry systeh jfm tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgfts sk esseftgjn ikr perikrhgf` mgiiereftgjn mgj`fksgs usgf` evgmefce-bjsem jpprkjcdes.

:.2.:

Hjstgcjtkry Systeh

skcgjn gfterjctgkf \ \:= :=X. X. Mevenkpheftjn brejlmkwfs gf tde structures ki tde hjstgcjtkry systeh mue tk èfetgc meiects, pdysgcjn trjuhj, jfm/kr futrgtgkfjn stresskrs hjy resunt gf gfckhpnete kr meiectgve `rkwtd jfm mevenkpheft ki tde dejm jfm cervgcjn re`gkf, ckhhkfny reierrem tk js crj:0 :7 7 XX.. fgkijcgjn jfkhjnges \ \ : 0 – : ]de iknnkwgf` sectgkf ki tdgs cdjpter wgnn mejn wgtd tde jfjtkhgcjn jfm iufctgkfjn cdjrjctergstgcs ki tde huscnes ki hjstgcjtgkf, tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgfts, jfm tdegr renjtem structures gf iufctgkfjn jfm pjrjiufctgkfjn hjfmgbunjr hkveheft.

tk reùnjte tde excgtjtgkfexcgtjtgkf-ckftrjctgkf ckftrjctgkf ckupngf` ki slenetjn huscnes murgf` iufctgkfjn hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne by gfgtgjtgf` hktkfeurkf jctgvgty js pjrt ki tde stretcd reflex gf krmer tk denp preveft kverextefsgkf ki tde hjsseter, tehpkrjngs, jfm hemgjn ptery`kgm huscnes murgf` kpefgf` \ \: := =X :.: ). ) . (See Ig`. :.:

:.2.2.2 ]ehpkrjngs Huscne

]de hjsseter huscne gs kfe ki tde hjakr huscnes ki hjstgcjtgkf jfm gs prghjrgny gfvknvem gf enevjtgkf ki tde hjfmgbne (cnksure) jfm gpsgnjterjn

]de tehpkrjngs huscne gs j hjakr hjfmgbunjr enevjtkr ki tde hjfmgbne jfm ckfsgsts ki tdree sepjrjte huscunjr ckhpkfefts djvgf` mgiiereft ikrce vectkr krgeftjtgkf jfm mgspnjygf` j mgstgfct „ijf sdjpe.‘ ]de tehpkrjngs huscne djs gts krg`gf jt tde njterjn jspect ki tde slunn jfm efv efvenkpes enkpes fejrny tde eftgre tehpkrjn ikssj js tde jftergkr, hemgjn, jfm pkstergkr tehpkrjngs ﬊bers. Jnn tdree ﬊bers tdef herè jfm ckurse gfiergkrny tdrku`d tde hemgjn jspect ki tde zy`khjtgc prkcess wdere tdey ckfverè ckfverè by wjy ki tde tehpkrjngs tefmkf jt

2? X. X. ]dgs peffjtem huscne djs gts mevgjtgkf \ \7 , 2? krg`gf jt tde jftergkr twk-tdgrms ki tde gfiergkr bkrmer ki tde zy`khjtgc prkcess jfm prkaects gf jf gfiergkr mgrectgkf tk gts gfsertgkf jt tde jf`ne ki tde hjfmgbne jt gts aufctgkf wgtd tde hjfmgbunjr rjhus. Hemgjn ﬊bers ki tde hjsseter djve tdegr krg`gf jt tde gfiergkr bkrmer ki tde zy`khjtgc prkcess jfm gfsertgkf jt tde ceftrjn pjrt ki tde rjhus. ]de meep ﬊bers ki tde hjsseter huscne djve tdegr

tde ckrkfkgm prkcess ki tde hjfmgbne jfm extefm tk tde jftergkr bkrmer ki tde hjfmgbunjr rjhus. ]de jftergkr ﬊bers jre jng`fem vertgcjnny wdgne tde pkstergkr ﬊bers jre esseftgjnny dkrgzkftjn jfm tde hgmmne ﬊bers jre jt jf kbngque kr mgj`kfjn krgeftjtgkf („ijf sdjpem‘). Iufctgkfjnny, tde tdree mgstgfct ﬊bers jre jnn gfvknvem gf vertgcjn cnksure (enevjtgkf) ki tde hjfmgbne. ]de jftergkr ﬊bers jre prghjrgny gfvknvem gf cnksure

:.2.2

Huscnes ki Hjstgcjtgkf

:.2.2.: Hjsseter Huscne

:

Stjtgc jfm Iufctgkfjn Jfjtkhy ki tde Duhjf Hjstgcjtkry Hjstgcjtkr y Systeh

0

Ig`. :.: Gnnustrjtgkf ki tde hjsseter huscne jfm tehpkrjngs huscne

(hjfmgbunjr enevjtgkf enevjtgkf tk tkktd ckftjct). ]de pks-

ki tde rjhus jfm jf`ne ki tde hjfmgbne jt kr fejr

tergkr ﬊bers jre gfvknvem gf cnksure jfm sejtgf` ki tde ckfmyne/mgsc ckhpnex murgf` tdjt hkveheft js wenn js nghgtem retrusgkf ki tde hjfmgbne jiter gt djs beef prktrumem. Jnn tdree ﬊bers jnsk pnjy j rkne gf njterjn excursgve hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne (gpsgnjterjn njterjn excursgve hkveheft) \ \ 7 , 2? 2? X. X. ]de tehpkrjngs huscne djs bktd sefskry jfm hktkr gffervjtgkf suppngem by tde meep tehpkrjn brjfcdes ki tde trgèhgfjn ferve (Y3). Ckftrgbutgkfs tk gts vjscunjr suppny jre irkh brjfcdes ki tde hjxgnnjry jrtery1 tde jftergkr meep tehpkrjn jrtery suppnges jpprkxghjteny 2? % ki tde jftergkr tehpkrjngs, tde pkstergkr meep tehpkrjn jrtery suppnges jpprkxghjteny =? % ki tde pkstergkr tehpkrjngs, jfm tde rehjgfgf` =? % (hgmmne tehpkrjngs huscne) gs suppngem by tde hgmmne tehpkrjn jrtery (See Ig`. :.: :.: ))..

:.2.2.3 Hemgjn _tery`kgm _tery`kgm Huscne ]de hemgjn pterykgm kr „gfterfjn ptery`kgm‘ huscne gs j peffjtem hjstgcjtkry huscne djvgf` twk mgstgfct pkgfts ki krg`gf. ]de meep dejm krg`gfjtes irkh tde hemgjn surijce ki tde njterjn ptery`kgm pnjte ki tde spdefkgm. J shjnner super﬊cgjn dejm jrgses irkh tde hjxgnnjry tuberksgty jfm pyrjhgmjn prkcess ki tde pjnjtgfe bkfe. ]dese ﬊bers jre krgeftem gf j pkstergkr jfm gfiergkr ijsdgkf jfm sdjre j tefmgfkus gfsertgkf jt tde hemgjn surijce

tde gfsertgkf ki tde hjsseter huscne (ptery`khjssetergc sngf`). Iufctgkfjnny, gts prghjry rknes jre gf cnksure ki tde hjfmgbne (hjfmgbunjr enevjtgkf), ckftrjnjterjn mevgjtgkf, jfm, gf ckfaufctgkf wgtd tde njterjn ptery`kgms, prktrusgkf ki tde hjfmgbne. Ckftrjctgkf ki gpsgnjterjn hemgjn ptery`kgm jfm njterjn ptery`kgm huscnes resunts gf ckftrjnjterjn njterkexcursgve hkveheft hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne wgtd trjfsnjtkry hkveheft ki tde gpsgnjterjn ckfmyne jfm rktjtgkfjn hkveheft ki tde ckftrjnjterjn ckfmyne kr ckftrjnjterjn mevgjtgkf \ \7 , 2? 2? X. X . Jmmgtgkfjnny, tde hemgjn ptery`kgm huscne gs kitef mescrgbem js j „iufctgkfjn jfjnk`‘ ki tde hjsseter huscne gf terhs ki iufctgkf jfm jng`fheft, jfm gs jnsk cnkseny jsskcgjtem wgtd ﬊bers ki tde tefskr veng pjnjtgfg huscne. ]dgs jfjtkhgcjn renjtgkfsdgp ki tde hemgjn ptery`kgm huscne jfm tde tefskr veng pjnjtgfg huscne djs beef tde sub aect ki severj severjnn stumges exjhgfgf` tde pkssgb pkssgbne ne rkne ki bktd huscnes gf tde mevenkpheft ki eustjcdgjf tube-renjtem iufctgkfjn prkbnehs gfcnumgf` pjtunkus (kpef) eustjcdgjf tube jfm jumgtkry tube 2?, 2: 2:X X.. Gt djs beef tdekrgzem tdjt mysiufctgkf \ \7 , 2? tde iufctgkf ki tde hemgjn ptery`kgm huscne hkmerjtes kr gffluefces tde kpefgf` pressure ki tde jumgtkry tube, jfm tdgs gf turf djs beef jsskcgjtem wgtd „ejr iunnfess‘ ckhpnjgfts gf pjtgefts repkrtgf` wgtd ejr-renjtem ]HM syhptkhs gf wdgcd

4

A.P. Stkclstgnn jfm F.M. Hkdn

Ig`. :.2 Gnnustrjtgkf ki tde hemgjn ptery`kgm huscne jfm njterjn ptery`kgm huscne (supergkr jfm gfiergkr bennges)

dyperjctgvgty ki tde enevjtkr huscnes gs suspectem dyperjctgvgty 22  , 23 23 X. X. Yjscunjr renjtgvee tk pjgf ckhpnjgfts \\ 2? renjtgv 2? , 22 suppny ki tde hemgjn ptery`kgm huscne gs irkh tde

njterjn ptery`kgm djs j ness mgverse krg`gfgfsertgkf gmeftgty js mkes tde supergkr pkrtgkf, jfm djs gts krg`gf jt tde kuter surijce ki tde njterjn

ptery`kgm brjfcdes ki tde hjxgnnjry jrtery, jfm gt recegves gts sefskry jfm hktkr gffervjtgkf irkh tde tdgrm brjfcd (Y3) ki tde trgèhgfjn ferve (hemgjn ptery`kgm brjfcd) (See Ig`. :.2 :.2  ))..

Gt gs j fkfpeffjtem huscne ki hjstgcjtgkf tdjt gs gfvknvem gf bktd hjfmgbunjr mepressgkf jfm enevjtgkf. Gt ckfsgsts ki twk gfmepefmeft „dejms‘ kr „bennges‘ (supergkr jfm gfiergkr) tdjt djve gfmepefmeft iufctgkfjn rknes gf hjfmgbunjr hkve X. ]de supergkr pkrtgkf djs gts krg`gf jt heft \ \2= 2=X. tde gfirjtehpkrjn surijce jfm gfirjtehpkrjn crest ki tde `rejter wgf` ki tde spdefkgm bkfe. Gts ﬊bers prghjrgny gfsert jt tde jftergkr ikvej (ptery`kgm ikvej) ki tde hjfmgbunjr ckfmyne, wgtd j vjrgjbne seckfmjry gfsertgkf kccurrgf` jt tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft mgsc/cjpsune ckhpnex js

ptery`kgm pnjte jfm gfsertgkf jt tde jftergkr ikvej jfm fecl ki tde ckfmyne. Iufctgkfjnny,, tde njterjn ptery`kgm huscnes jre Iufctgkfjnny ckfsgmerem tk pnjy j hjakr rkne gf prktrusgkf jfm ckftrjnjterjn mevgjtgkf ki tde hjfmgbne \ \7 X. X . Specg﬊cjnny, tde upper kr supergkr benny gs jctgve js j ckufterbjnjfce kr mgsc/ckfmyne stjbgngzer murgf` cnksure ki tde hjfmgbne wdgne tde gfiergkr kr nkwer benny ki tde njterjn ptery`kgm gs sg`fg﬊cjftny gfdgbgtem murgf` tdgs hkveheft. Ckfverseny, tde gfiergkr benny gs jctgve gf kpefgf` jfm prktrusgkf ki tde hjfmgbne wdgne tde supergkr benny gs sg`fg﬊cjftny gfdgbgtem murgf` tdgs hkveheft, `gvgf` tde njterjn ptery`kgm huscne j very ufgque rkne gf hjfmgbunjr hkveh hkveheft eft bjsem upkf gfmepefmeft iufctgkfs ki tde supergkr jfm gfieX . rgkr bennges ki tdgs hjstgcjtkry huscne \ \2 2= =X. Pdgne tde bennges ki tde njterjn pterykgm hus-

wenn js hemgjn jfm jftergkr pkrtgkfs ki tde mgsc. Jpprkxghjteny 9?–0? % ki tde ﬊bers gfsert jt tde jftergkr ikvej ki tde ckfmyne wdgne 3?–=? % 2? X. X. Pdgne gfsert jt tde cjpsune-mgsc ckhpnex \ \:: :: , 2? gt djs beef pksgtem tdjt tde supergkr njterjn ptery`kgm huscne cjf punn tde mgsc jftergkrny irkh gts ckftjct wgtd tde ckfmyne, tdgs mkes fkt seeh tk be jfjtkhgcjnny pkssgbne. ]de gfiergkr pkrtgkf ki tde

cne jre jctgve js mepresskr jfm enevjtkr huscnes gf hjfmgbunjr hkveheft, kverjnn, tde njterjn ptery`kgm gs ckfsgmerem tk be ki seckfmjry ghpkrtjfce gf hjfmgbunjr kpefgf` hkveheft, wgtd tde mg`jstrgc jfm èfgkdykgm huscnes begf` tde prghjry hjfmgbunjr mepresskrs (kpefgf`) \ \2 2? ?X X.. Mue tk tde ufgque jftergkr jfm hemgjn jng`fheft ki tde njterjn ptery`kgm ﬊bers tk tde bgnjterjn

:.2.2.= Njterjn _tery`kgm _tery`kgm Huscne

:

Stjtgc jfm Iufctgkfjn Jfjtkhy ki tde Duhjf Hjstgcjtkry Hjstgcjtkr y Systeh

7

hjfmgbunjr ckfmynes, bgnjterjn jctgvjtgkf ki tde

]ehpkrkhjfmgbunjr Mgskrmers jfm Kccnusgkf,

gfiergkr bennges ki tde ptery`kgms resunts gf j ikrwjrm kr prktrusgve hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne djvgf` jf jftergkr kr dkrgzkftjn prkaectgkf, especgjnny murgf` pjrjiufctgkfjn jctgvgtges jfm dejvy 20 X. Dkwever, ufgnjterjn jctgvjtgkf hjstgcjtgkf \ \ 2 0X. ki egtder gfiergkr benny wgnn resunt gf j sdgit ki tde hjfmgbne tk tde gpsgnjterjn sgme jfm j resuntgf` trjfsnjtgkfjn hkveheft ki tde ckftrjnjterjn sgme< tdus, tde terhs „ckfmynjr trjfsnjtgkf‘ jfm „ckfmynjr rktjtgkf.‘ ]dgs hkveheft gs kbservem gf bktd iufctgkfjn njterjn excursgkf ki tde hjfmgbne (cdewgf` strkle) js gf hjstgcjtgkf jfm gf pjrjiufctgkfjn njterjn excursgve hkveheft ki tde

0td emgtgkf, Cdjpter :, p. :3, jfm Hecdjfgcs ki Hjfmgbunjr Hkveheft1 gf Hjfjèheft ki ]ehpkrkhjfmgbunjr Mgskrmers jfm Kccnusgkf, 0td emgtgkf, Cdjpter =, pp. 92–02 Kleskf, A. Yjscunjr suppny ki bktd dejms ki tde njterjn ptery`kgm huscnes gs irkh tde ptery`kgm brjfcdes ki tde hjxgnnjry jrtery jfm irkh tde jscefmgf` pjnjtgfe brjfcd ki tde ijcgjn jrtery. Gts ufgque „gfmepefmeft iufctgkf‘ hgrrkrs gts supergkr jfm gfiergkr benny gffervjtgkf. ]djt gs, wdgne tde prghjry gffervjtgkf gs irkh tde tdgrm mgvgsgkf ki tde trgèhgfjn ferve (Y3 kr hjfmgbunjr ferve), tde supergkr benny jfm tde njterjn ﬊bers ki tde gfiergkr

hjfmgbne js gf bruxgf` jfm cnefcdgf`. Gf ckf aufctgkf wgtd tde mg`jstrgc jfm èfgkdykgm huscnes, tde njterjn ptery`kgms pnjy j sg`fg﬊cjft rkne gf tde tdree-mghefsgkfjn iufctgkfjn efvenkpe (_kssent‗s Efvenkpe ki Hktgkf) ki hjfmgbunjr hkveheftt gf vertgcjn, jftergkr-pkstergkr, hkvehef jftergkr-pkstergkr, jfm njterjn (trjfsverse) mghefsgkfs. Sgfce tde krg`gfs ki njterjn ptery`kgm huscnes jre hemgjn tk tdegr gfsertgkfs, wgme kpefgf` ki tde hjfmgbne hjy

benny recegve tdegr gffervjtgkf irkh tde buccjn brjfcd ki tde hjfmgbunjr ferve (Y3) jfm tde hemgjn ﬊bers ki tde gfiergkr benny recegve tdegr gffervjtgkf irkh tde jftergkr trufl ki tde hjf:.2 ). ) . mgbunjr ferve (Y3) \ \2? 2 ?X (See Ig`. :.2

:.2.2.5 Mg`jstrgc Huscne ]de mg`jstrgc huscne, ngle tde njterjn ptery`kgm huscne, djs twk mgstgfct ckhpkfefts1 tde jftergkr

resunt gf tde hjfmgbne begf` tehpkrjrgny mgstkrtem trjfsverseny, wgtd tde bgnjterjn pkstergkr ngfùjn bkrmers jctujnny begf` mgstkrtem tkwjrm tde hgmngfe. ]dus, tjlgf` jf ghpressgkf ki tde nkwer mef-

jfm pkstergkr benny, fegtder ki wdgcd ckftjgfs huscne spgfmnes. ]de jftergkr benny djs gts krg`gf jt tde mg`jstrgc ikssj jfm subheftjn jrej fejr tde hgmngfe, jfm gts ﬊bers extefm gfiergkrny jfm pks-

tgtgkf wgtd tde hkutd wgmeny kpef hjy resunt gf stumy cjsts tdjt jre fkt jccurjte gf tde trjfsverse mghefsgkf (Hkdn, F.M., Yerbjn ckhhufgcjtgkf) == X. Ufngle tde ktder ajw cnksgf` huscnes, tde \ = =X. njterjn ptery`kgms jre ufgque gf tdjt tdey mk fkt ckftjgf huscne spgfmnes. ]de jbsefce ki huscne spgfmnes hjy denp tk expnjgf wdy tde njterjn ptery`kgms pnjy j seckfmjry rkne gf hjfmgbunjr mepressgkf, wdere stretcd receptkrs (huscne spgfmnes) jre esseftgjn ikr metectgf` huscne wkrlgf` nef`td cdjfè jfm venkcgty, jfm denp preveft excessgve stretcdgf` ki tde huscne murgf` iufc:= =9 XX.. tgkfjn hkveheft \ \ : = , =9

tergkrny. ]de pkstergkr benny djs gts krg`gf jt tde hjstkgm fktcd ki tde tehpkrjn bkfe, jfm gts ﬊bers extefm gfiergkrny jfm ikrwjrm tk akgf wgtd tde jftergkr benny jt j ckhhkf gfterhemgjte tefmkf jttjcdheft jt tde bkmy jfm `rejter dkrf ki tde dykgm bkfe. Bktd bennges ki tde mg`jstrgc huscne jct tk mepress tde hjfmgbne (kpefgf`), jfm tde pkstergkr benny gs jnsk gfvknvem gf enevjtgf` tde dykgm bkfe murgf` hjstgcjtgkf jfm swjnnkwgf`. Kfe ghpkrtjft vjrgjft gf tde krg`gf ki tde jftergkr benny gs tdjt gts ﬊bers hjy crkss tde jfjtkhgcjn hgmngfe jt tde subheftjn jrej, jfm gt djs beef prkpksem tdjt tdgs vjrgjtgkf hjy pnjy j rkne gf

]de njterjn pteryk`gm huscnes jnsk jct gf ckfaufctgkf wgtd tde pkstergkr tehpkrjngs huscne ﬊bers gf ckftrknngf` jftergkr jfm pkste X. Ikr j hkre rgkr trjfsnjtgkf ki tde hjfmgbne \ \7 X. metjgnem expnjfjtgkf ki tde iufctgkfjn hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne renjtgve tk hjstgcjtgkf, tde rejmer hjy reier tk Iufctgkfjn Bgkhecdjfgcs ki tde Hjstgcjtkry Systeh1 gf Hjfjèheft ki

metectjbne but fkfpjtdknk`gc hjfmgbunjr mevgjtgkf kf kpefgf` \ \25 2 5X X.Yjscunjr .Yjscunjr suppny tk tde jftergkr benny gs irkh tde subheftjn brjfcd ki tde ijcgjn jrtery. ]de pkstergkr benny recegves gts bnkkm suppny irkh tde pkstergkr jurgcunjr jfm kccgpgtjn jrterges. Jf gfterestgf` jfm ufgque iejture ki tde mg`jstrgc huscne gs gf gts gffervjtgkf< tdjt gs, tde jftergkr benny gs gffervjtem by tde

:?

A.P. Stkclstgnn jfm F.M. Hkdn

huscne gs mepefmeft upkf gts krg`gf jfm gfsertgkf, wgtd tde krg`gf ki tde huscne begf` jt j stjtgkfjry nkcjtgkf (huscunktefmgfkus jfcdkrjè) jfm tde gfsertgkf begf` tde jttjcdheft ki tde huscne tk tde bkmy begf` hkvem (bkfe jfm akgft hecdjfgcs). Kitef tde huscnes ki hjstgcjtgkf jre njbenem js begf` j`kfgsts (prghjry hkvers) kr jftj`kfgsts (tdkse tdjt kppkse j pjrtgcunjr hkveheft) mepefmgf` upkf tde iufctgkfjn hkveheft tdjt ejcd gs `kgf` tdrku`d jt j pjrtgcunjr pkgft gf tghe. Ikr exjhpne, tde enevjtkr huscnes hjy be tdku`dt ki js begf` jctgve gf cnksgf` hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne wdgne tde mepresskr huscnes jre renjxem, wgtd tde kppksgte begf` true murgf` kpefgf` hkveheft. Gnnustrjtgkf ki tde mg`jstrgc huscne (jftergkr jfm Ig`. :.3 benny) pkstergkr

hynkdykgm brjfcd ki tde gfiergkr jnveknjr ferve (Y3) wdgne tde pkstergkr benny gs gffervjtem by tde ijcgjn ferve (YGG), dg`dng`dtgf` tdegr mgstgfct jfm sepjrjte mergvjtgkfs irkh :st jfm 2fm brjf29 :.3  )).. cdgjn jrcdes \ \ 2 9X (See Ig`. :.3

Dkwever, bktd `rkups ki huscnes jre iufctgkfjnny jctgve tk skhe me`ree jt jnn tghes rjtder tdjf begf` sequeftgjnny stghunjtem kr tktjnny gfdgbgtem jfm gf kppksgtgkf tk tde ktder murgf` hjfmgbunjr hkveheft. ]de tdree-mghefsgkfjn tdree-mghefsgkfjn iufctgkfjn hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne requgres j dg`d me`ree ki ckkrmgfjtem eiikrt betweef jfm jhkf` bktd :5 X. X . cnjsses ki huscne \ \7 , :5 Jfktder jfjtkhgcjn ijctkr tk jmmress gs tde jrcdgtecturjn jrrjfèheft ki tde huscnes ki hjs-

:.2.3

Iufctgkfjn Cdjrjctergstgcs ki tde Hjstgcjtkry Huscnes

tgcjtgkf renjtgve tk tdegr ikrce jfm pkwer kutput. Huscnes tdjt djve tdegr huscne ﬊bers (ijscgcnes) jrrjfèm gf jf kbngque krgeftjtgkf tk tdegr krg`gf

Ckkrmgfjtem jfm ei﬊cgeft hkveheft ki tde hjfmgbne gs j dg`dny ckhpnex iufctgkf ki tde feurkhuscunjr systeh prghjrgny gfvknvgf` huscne ﬊bers, sefskry jfm hktkr ferves, prkprgkceptgve receptkrs, jfm j ckftrkn „cefter‘ wgtdgf tde retgcunjr ikrhjtgkf ki tde hgmbrjgf. ]dgs ckkrmgfjtem eiikrt djs bktd vknuftjry js wenn js gfvknuftjry cdjrjctergstgcs gf terhs ki stghunjtgkf, gfdgbgtgkf, jfm ckftrkn, jfm gt gs wgtdgf tde ckftext ki tdese pdefkhefj tdjt stjtgc, iufctgkfjn, jfm pjrjiufctgkfjn hkvehefts ki tde hjfmgbne mergve tdegr jpprkprgjte mescrgptgkfs. ]de prghjry slenetjn huscnes ki tde hjstgcj-

jre ckfsgmerem tk be peffjtem wgtd ﬊bers jrrjfèm gf skhe type ki „iejtder-ngle‘ kr „pnuhe-ngle‘ jrrjfèheft \ \7 , :? :?, 24 24X X.. _effjtem huscnes djve tefmkfs tdjt extefm ikr hkst ki tde huscne‗s nef`td (krg`gf tk gfsertgkf), jfm gts ﬊bers jre kbngqueny jng`fem js tdey gfsert gftk tde tefmkfs. Fkfpeffjtem huscnes djve tdegr ijscgcnes jrrjfèm gf j hkre pjrjnnen-ngle krgeftjtgkf renjtgve tk tde krg`gf jfm gfsertgkf ki tde huscne. ]de hecdjfgcjn jmvjftjè ki tde peffjtem huscnes gs tdjt tdey èferjnny pkssess j `rejter fuhber ki huscne ﬊bers per vknuhe jrej (pdysgknk`gcjn crkss sectgkfjn jrej kr _CSJ), resuntgf` gf j

tkry systeh jre mesg`fjtem by tdegr iufctgkf< tdjt gs, enevjtkrs/retrjctkrs (huscnes prghjrgny gfvknvem gf hjfmgbunjr cnksgf`) jfm mepresskrs/prktrumers (huscnes prghjrgny gfvknvem gf hjfmgbunjr kpefgf`). Js gf jnn slenetjn huscnes, tdegr iufctgkfjn renjtgkfsdgps jre cnkseny ckkrmgfjtem wgtd kfe jfktder sk js tk efsure j hkre ei﬊cgeft jfm ckkrmgfjtem hkveheft. ]de jctujn iufctgkf ki tde

`rejter ikrce krgeftjtgkf. prkmuctgkf Dkwever, tdjf huscnes jrrjfèm fet gf pjrjnnen wdgne peffjtem huscnes prkmuce hkre ikrce tdjf pjrjnnen huscnes, tdey tefm tk mehkfstrjte ness pkwer kutput (ikrce x mgspnjceheft) js j sgme eiiect ki tdegr krgeftjtgkf js wenn js ness rjfè ki hktgkf. Kverjnn, tde huscnes ki hjstgcjtgkf djve j hgxem jrcdgtecturjn cnjssg﬊cjtgkf wgtd tde hjsseter,

:

Stjtgc jfm Iufctgkfjn Jfjtkhy ki tde Duhjf Hjstgcjtkry Hjstgcjtkr y Systeh

tehpkrjngs jfm hemgjn ptery`kgm huscnes cnjssg﬊em js peffjtem jfm tde njterjn ptery`kgm huscne cnjssg﬊em js j fkfpeffjtem slenetjn huscne \ \27 27 XX.. ]de terh „pkwer strkle ki hjstgcjtgkf‘ gs kitef usem tk mescrgbe tde enevjtgkf ki tde hjfmgbne murgf` cnksure tk jf jt-kr-fejr tkktd ckftjct murgf` hjstgcjtgkf („cdewgf` strkle ki hjstgcjtgkf‘) \ \ 3 ?X. 3? X. J sgf`ne cdewgf` strkle ckfsgsts ki kfe cycne kr nkkp ki hjfmgbunjr mepressgkf, njterjn mevgjtgkf ki tde hjfmgbne, jfm enevjtgkf enev jtgkf („tejr mrkp‘ ckf﬊ùrjtgkf gf tde irkftjn pnjfe). „_kwer‘ gs me﬊fem js tde jhkuft ki efer`y ckfsuhem per ufgt tghe, gs mepefmeft upkf tde trjaectkry ki tde pkgft ki ikrce jppngcjtgkf jfm tkrque, gs hejsurem gf akunes per seckfm kr wjtts, jfm gs expressem js „pkwer 8 wkrl/ tghe.‘ „Ikrce‘ gs me﬊fem js j pjrtgcunjr jhkuft ki efer`y begf` exertem gf j specg﬊c mgrectgkf (hejsurem gf fewtkfs), jfm gs tde hkre jccurjte expressgkf ikr hjfmgbunjr cnksure hkveheft (bgte re`gstrjtgkf, ikr exjhpne) rjtder tdjf „pkwer,‘ wdgcd, by me﬊fgtgkf, gs venkcgty kr :3 :9X. X. ]dereikre, gt gs prkhkveheft/seckfm \ \ : 3 , :9 pksem tdjt tde terh „ikrce cnksure‘ be substgtutem ikr „pkwer cnksure‘ gf tde mgscussgkf ki hjstgcj-

::

dgfè jfm `ngmgf` hkvehefts, tdus jnnkwgf` tde hjfmgbne tk sngme jfm rktjte gf j pjrjsj`gttjn pnjfe murgf` iufctgkfjn jfm pjrjiufctgkfjn hkveheft \ \24 2 4X X.. Gt gs fkt j „bjnn jfm skclet‘ jrtgcunjtgkf. By me﬊fgtgkf, j `gf`nyhkjrtdrkmgjn akgft gs „jfy akgft wgtd bktd ufgpnjfjr dgfè hkveheft jfm `ngmgf` hkveheft gf jfktder pnjfe‘< tdjt gs, dgf`gf` hkvehefts gf kfe pnjfe jfm `ngmgf` kr sngmgf` hkvehefts gf jfktder pnjfe. ]de akgft hkst kitef usem tk mescrgbe tdgs cnjssg﬊cjtgkf gs tde lfee sgfce gt gs jbne tk iufctgkf gf tdree pnjfes kr jxes ki hktgkf ( x, y, jfm z) \ \27 2 7X X.. Gf tde duhjf tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft, j tdree-mghefsgkfjn efvenkpe ki hktgkf gnnustrjtes tdese hkvehefts murgf` hjstgcjtgkf kr murgf` pjrjiufctgkfjn hkvehefts sucd js njterjn bruxgf` kr stjtgc .]de duhjf tehcnefcdgf` ki tde meftgtgkf \ \3 3? ?X X.]de pkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft, ngle hkst akgfts gf tde bkmy, jcts wgtdgf tde ckfstrjgfts ki j Cnjss GGG never systeh. By me﬊fgtgkf, j never ckfsgsts ki j rg`gm bkmy wgtd twk exterfjnny jppngem ikrces jfm j cefter ki rktjtgkf (CKR). J Cnjss GGG never djs gts ikrces (huscne) jppngem kf tde sjhe sgme ki tde cefter ki rktjtgkf (CKR), jfm tde huscne ikrces jre cnkser tk tde cefter ki rktjtgkf tdjf tk

tkry bgkhecdjfgcs, especgjnny wdef mescrgbgf` tdkse ikrces exertem murgf` tde cdewgf` strkle (kpefgf` jfm cnksgf`) jfm krtdkmkftgc bgte re`gs3= 35 XX.. trjtgkf, ikr exjhpne \ \ 3 = , 35 Ckkrmgfjtgkf ki tde hjstgcjtkry cycne gs prghjrgny ckftrknnem by tde ceftrjn pjtterf èferjtkr (C_@) ki hjstgcjtgkf, j feurksefskry `jgt kr rdytdhgcgty ckftrkn systeh nkcjtem wgtdgf tde retgcunjr ikrhjtgkf ki tde brjgfsteh. Gt mgrects gfvknuftjry hjstgcjtkry iufctgkf wgtd jsskcgjtem gfput irkh tde tdjnjhus, dypktdjnjhus, jfm nghbgc systeh. Kverrgmgf` gffluefces crejtem by ehktgkfjn stress jfm/kr pjrjiufctgkfjn jctgvgty hjy jnsk gffluefce tde kverjnn C_@-mgrectem ckkrmgfjtgkf ki ckhpnex hjstgcjtkry hkvehefts \ \ : 2 , 3: :2 3: , 33 33  XX..

:.2.=

Jfjtkhy ki tde ]ehpkrkhjfmgbunjr Akgfts

]de tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft (]HA) gs j `gf`nyhkjrtdrkmgjn akgft tdjt exdgbgts j ckhbgfjtgkf ki

tde exterfjn ikrce. Gf tde cjse ki tde duhjf ]HA, tde ikrces jre represeftem by huscnes ki hjstgcjtgkf jfm tde CKR gs tde ]HA (iuncruh kr ckfmyne/mgsc nkjmgf` jrej). ]de exterfjn ikrces jre tdkse efckufterem gf hjstgcjtgkf (tdgrm hknjr jftergkrny) kr murgf` pjrjiufctgkfjn cnefcdgf` kr bruxgf`. ]de ckfmynes jre nkjmem tk skhe me`ree jt jnn tghes mepefmgf` upkf tde pksgtgkf ki tde kccnusjn ckftjct jfm tde jhkuft jfm mgrectgkf ki ckftrjctgkf ki tde hjfmgbunjr huscunjture. ]dereikre, tde duhjf ]HA iufctgkfs js j Cnjss GGG never \ \: :5 5, 3: 3:, 32 32 X (See Ig`. :.= :.= ). ) . Gf tde duhjf bkmy, hkst akgfts jre cnjssg﬊em js syfkvgjn akgfts. Akgft cnjssg﬊cjtgkf gs bjsem upkf jfjtkhgcjn crgtergj gfcnumgf` (:) tde type ki hktgkf gf wdgcd tde akgft gs gfv gfvknvem, knvem, (2) sdjpe ki tdegr jrtgcunjtgf` surijces, jfm (3) tde fuhber ki jxes tdjt tdey pkssess gf j iunn rjfè ki hktgkf X. Bjsem upkf gts hkveheft, tde duhjf ]HA \33 33X. gs cnjssg﬊em js j true mgjrtdrkmgjn (syfkvgjn) akgft kr ckfmynjr akgft gf wdgcd syfkvgjn flugm gs secretem by „bkufmjry‘ syfkvgjn vgnng ikr nubrgcjtgkf jfm futrgtgkf ki tde akgft. ]de bgnjterjn ]HA‗s

:2

A.P. Stkclstgnn jfm F.M. Hkdn

Ig`. :.= Gnnustrjtgkf ki tde hjfmgbne jctgf` js j Cnjss GGG never systeh

jre nkjm-bejrgf` akgfts ckfsgstgf` ki jf jrtgcunjr mgsc gfterpksem betweef tde hjfmgbunjr ckfmyne jfm jrtgcunjr ehgfefce ki tde `nefkgm ikssj. Jnn

rkne gf tde stjbgngzjtgkf ki tde hjfmgbne, wgtd tde stynkhjfmgbunjr ng`jheft jctgf` tk denp nghgt excessgve hjfmgbunjr prktrusgkf \ \: :: :X. X .

tdree jrtgcunjr surijces (ckfmyne, mgsc, ehgfefce)

Js gf jnn mgjrtdrkmgjn akgfts, syfkvgjn tgssue gs

jre ckhpksem ki jvjscunjr, fkfgffervjtem mefse 3: ﬊brkus ckffectgve tgssue jfm ﬊brkcjrtgnjè \ \ 3 : XX.. Cjpsunjr ng`jhefts ckffect kfe bkfe tk jfktder gf syfkvgjn akgfts jfm prkvgme hecdjfgcjn regfikrceheft jfm akgft stjbgngty ikr tdjt akgft. ]de cjpsunjr ng`jheft ki tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft efcjpsunjtes tde akgft wgtd gts cdgei jttjcdheft begf` jt tde gfiergkr bkrmer ki tde tehpkrjn bkfe ruffgf` jftergkrny jfm jpprkxghjtgf` tde jrtgcunjr ehgfefce jfm `nefkgm ikssj. Gts cdgei iufctgkfs gfcnume stjbgngzgf` tde akgft murgf` tdree-mghefsgkfjn hkvehefts jfm hjgftjgfgf` tde gfte`rgty ki tde syfkvgjn flugm nkcjtem wgtdgf

ikufm wgtdgf tde syfkvgjn hehbrjfe, j vjscunjr vjscunjr-gzem ckffectgve tgssue tdjt ngfes tde akgft cjpsune. Syfkvgjn flugm gs expressem jt tde „bkufmjrges‘ ki tde akgft‗s nkjmgf` jrej kr stress ﬊enm. ]de gffer njyer ki tde akgft cjpsune gs tde syfkvgjn njyer, jfm tde kuter ﬊brkus ckhpkfeft ki tde cjpsune gs ckhpksem ki mefse ﬊brkus ckffectgve tgssue (js gf tde jrtgcunjr mgsc). ]de akgft cjpsune gs dg`dny gffervjtem wgtd akgft receptkrs nkcjtem gf tde cjpsune ki tde akgft, tefmkfs, ng`jhefts, jfm huscnes, jfm tdese dg`dny gffervjtem structures jfm tdegr subsequeft feurksefskry ieembjcl tk tde CFS denp tk bjnjfce jfm hjgftjgf akgft stjbgngty jfm

tde akgft cjpsune „bkufmjrges.‘ „bkufmjrges.‘ ]de akgft cjpsune (cjpsunjr ng`jheft), gfcnumgf` tde ﬊brkus jfm syfkvgjn njyers, me﬊fes tde iufctgkfjn jfm jfjtkhgcjn bkufmjrges ki tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft. ]de spdefkhjfmgbunjr spdefkhjfmgbunjr ng`jhefts jfm stynkhjfmgbunjr ng`jhefts (ckhhkfny reierrem tk js jccesskry ng`jhefts) pnjy j ness sg`fg﬊cjft

hkbgngty jfm prktect tde akgft \ \3 3= =X (See Ig`. :.5 :.5   jfm :.9 :.9). ) . ]efmgfkus jttjcdhefts (huscne tk bkfe) jre ikufm jt jnn huscnes ki hjstgcjtgkf jt tdegr pkgfts ki krg`gf jfm gfsertgkf. Gf èferjn, tefmkfs ckffect tk huscne jt tde hyktefmgfkus aufctgkf, jfm tde huscne jfm tefmgfkus ﬊bers jre gfterwkvef

:

Stjtgc jfm Iufctgkfjn Jfjtkhy ki tde Duhjf Hjstgcjtkry Hjstgcjtkr y Systeh

Ig`. :.5 Gnnustrjtgkf ki tde rg`dt tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft (irkftjn vgew) Ig`. :.9 Gnnustrjtgkf ki tde jccesskry ng`jhefts jfm cjpsune (hemgjn vgew)

:3

tkètder gf ckhbgfjtgkf wgtd cknnjèfkus ﬊bers ikr jmmem stref`td. ]efmkfs trjfshgt huscunjr ikrce tk bkfe jfm jre crgtgcjn gf hjgftjgfgf` stjbgngty jfm hjxghuh ikrce trjfsmuctgkf murgf` bgkhecdjfgcjn hkveheft. hkveheft. Ngle tde jrtgcunjr mgsc, tde tefmkfs ki tde hjstgcjtkry huscnes exdgbgt skhe me`ree ki vgsckenjstgc bedjvgkr gf respkfse

tk nkjmgf`, jfm tdku`d ckhpksem cdgefly ki gfenjstgc ckrms ki cknnjèf tgssue, tdey jnsk exdgbgt skhe me`ree ki flexgbgngty murgf` huscunjr jctgvgty. jctgvgty. ]de cdgei tefmkf efckufterem murgf` hjfmgbunjr hkveheft, especgjnny renjtgve tk dyperjctgvgty wgtdgf tde tehpkrjngs huscne, gs tde tehpkrjngs tefmkf. Gt gfserts jt tde ckrkfkgm

:=

A.P. Stkclstgnn jfm F.M. Hkdn

prkcess p rkcess ki tde hjfmgbne jfm trjfsiers ikrce murgf` enevjtgkf, njterjn excursgkf, jfm, tk j nghgtem

bkufmem jftergkrny by tde pkstergkr snkpe ki tde jrtgcunjr ehgfefce, hemgjnny by j fjrrkw bkfy

:9 3=  , =5 =5  XX.. exteft, retrusgkf ki tde hjfmgbne \ \ : 9 , 3= Igbrkus jfm cjrtgnj`gfkus akgfts jnnkw ngfejr hkveheft kr trjfsnjtkry hkveheft, but tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft gs ufgque js j syfkvgjn akgft gf tdjt gt gs cjpjbne ki bktd rktjtgkfjn jfm trjfsnjtgkfjn hkveheft. Rktjtgkfjn hkveheft gs best mehkfstrjtem gf tde ejrny pdjse kr cycne ki hjfmgbunjr kpefgf`. ]rjfsnjtgkfjn hkveheft gs kbservem js tde ckfmyne be`gfs gts trjfsnjtkry hkveheft j`jgfst tde snkpe ki tde jrtgcunjr ehgfefce< tdgs evef kccurs jt tde be`gffgf` ki kpefgf`. Rktjtgkf gf hjfmgbunjr kpefgf` jfm cnksgf` hjy kccur wgtdkut jfy sg`fg﬊cjft pksg-

wjnn, jfm pkstergkrny by tde pkst`nefkgm prkcess. _kstergkr tk tde pkst`nefkgm prkcess, tde tyhpjfgc pnjte akgfs tde squjhksuh tk ikrh tde squjhktyhpjfgc ﬊ssure. ]de squjhktyhpjfgc ﬊ssure, gf turf, mgvgmes gftk tde petrktyhpjfgc jfm petrksqujhksjn ﬊ssures. ]de cdkrmj tyhpjfg ferve jfm jftergkr tyhpjfgc jrtery jfm vegf pjss tdrku`d tde petrktyhpjfgc ﬊ssure jfm jre wenn prktectem irkh ghpgfèheft by tde ckfmyne. ]de rkki ki tde (`nefkgm) ikssj gs tdgf jfm gs fkt mesg`fem tk wgtdstjfm ckfmynjr nkjmgf`. ]dus, iufctgkfjn jfm pjrjiufctgkfjn nkjmgf` by tde ckfmyne kccurs kf tde snkpe ki tde jrtgcunjr ehgfefce

tgkfjn cdjfè gfkitde tde gfiergkr ckfmynes jfmspjce gs kbservem tde supergkr ki tde ikssj. js kccurrgf` akgft ki tde rjtder Ufngletdjf tde jt jrtgcunjr tgssuesjspect ki hkst syfkvgjn ]HA. ]rjfsnjtgkfjn hkveheft, kr „hkveheft akgfts, wdgcd jre ckhpksem ki dyjngfe cjrtgnjè, gf spjce cdjrjctergzem by ngfejr hktgkf wgtd fk tde jrtgcunjr tgssues ki tde tehpkrkhjfmgbujxgs ki rktjtgkf, wgtd tdjt hkveheft mescrgb- njr akgfts jre, ikr pdynkèfgc jfm ehbryknk`gc gf` j strjg`dt pjtd (rectgngfejr trjfsnjtgkf) kr j rejskfs, ckhpksem ki jvjscunjr jfm fkfgffercurvem pjtd (curvgngfejr trjfsnjtgkf),‘ kccurs gf vjtem mefse ﬊brkus ckffectgve tgssue \ \=9 = 9X (See tde supergkr akgft spjce ki tde ]HA \ \ = 9X. :.0). =9 X. Js j Ig`. :.0 ) . true syfkvgjn akgft, tde ]HA exdgbgts rktjtgkf jfm Js wgtd jfy syfkvgjn akgft, tde jrtgcunjr cjptrjfsnjtgkf bgnjterjnny jfm gs cnjssg﬊em js djvgf` sune me﬊fes tde jfjtkhgcjn jfm iufctgkfjn bkufm3¿ ki ireemkh murgf` hjfmgbunjr hkveheft per jrges ki tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft. ]de cjpsune akgft, but fkt iufctgkfjnny gfmepefmeft ki kfe benkf`s tk tde squjhkus pkrtgkf ki tde tehpkrjn ktder.. ]dereikre, gt gs ghpkrtjft tk fkte tdjt wdgne bkfe jfm tde tyhpjfgc pkrtgkf ki tde tehpkrjn ktder tde ktder akgfts sucd js tde lfee cjf be gsknjtem bkfe nges ckhpneteny bedgfm tde akgft \ X . \3 3: :X.

murgf` rjfè ki hktgkf stumges wgtdkut gt begf` gffluefcem by gts ckufterpjrt, tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft gs ckfsgmerem tk be j „ckhpkufm akgft‘ jfm mkes fkt djve djve tdjt „gfmepefmeft ckufterpjrt‘ stjtus. Jfy hkveheft gf kfe ]HA wgnn be jcckhpjfgem by skhe me`ree ki hkveheft gf tde ckftrjnjterjn ]HA, tdus `gvgf` tde duhjf ]HA‗s tdree me`rees ki ireemkh gf hkveheft per akgft \ \39 39 XX..

:.2.=.: Structurjn jfm Iufctgkfjn Cdjrjctergstgcs ki tde ]ehpkrkhjfmgbunjr Akgft ]de tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft gs ikrhem betweef tde ckfmynjr prkcess ki tde hjfmgbne jfm tde squjhkus pkrtgkf ki tde tehpkrjn bkfe \ \:? :? XX.. ]de hemgjn-njterjn mghefsgkf ki tde ckfmyne gs jpprkxghjteny twgce tdjt ki gts jfterkpkstergkr mghefsgkf. ]de hjfmgbunjr (`nefkgm) ikssj gs

]de cjpsune ckhpneteny surrkufms tde jrtgcunjr ehgfefce jfm gs jttjcdem wenn jftergkr tk gts crest. ]de cjpsune gs strkf`ny regfikrcem njterjnny by tde tehpkrkhjfmgb tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr unjr (njterjn) ng`jheft tdjt ckfsgsts ki kbngqueny krgeftem cknnjèf ﬊bers jfm j fjrrkw bjfm ki cknnjèf ﬊bers krgeftem gf j dkrgzkftjn mgrectgkf. ]de prghjry iufctgkf ki tdese ng`jhefts gs tk „cdecl‘ kr nghgt hkvehefts ki tde ckfmyne-mgsc ckhpnex, pjrtgcunjrny retrusgkf j`jgfst retrkckfmynjr structures. ]dgs „ng`jheftkus pksgtgkf‘ gs ckfsgmerem tk be j bkrmer pksgtgkf ki tde hjfmgbne jfm gs reprkmucgbne, reckrmjbne, jfm gs fkt gffluefcem by trjfsgeft pksturjn ijctkrs. ]de ng`jheftkus pksgtgkf gs jlgf tk „ceftrgc renjtgkf,‘ wdgcd djs beef me﬊fem js „tde hjfmgbunjr ajw pksgtgkf gf wdgcd tde dejm ki tde ckfmyne gs sgtujtem js ijr jftergkrny jfm supergkrny js gt pkssgbny cjf wgtdgf tde hjfmgbunjr/`nefkgm njr/`ne fkgm ikssj.‘ Dkwev Dkwever, er, wdef exterfjn ikrces

:

Stjtgc jfm Iufctgkfjn Jfjtkhy ki tde Duhjf Hjstgcjtkry Hjstgcjtkr y Systeh

Ig`. :.0 Gnnustrjtgkf ki tde ]HA cjpsune, mgsc, ckfmyne, jfm ehgfefce (cutjwjy ki ]HA cjpsune)

sucd js hjfujn hjfgpunjtgkf seel tdgs pksgtgkf, tde ckfmynes jfm mgscs hjy fkt fecessjrgny be sejtem upwjrm jfm ikrwjrm j`jgfst tde pkstergkr snkpe ki tde jrtgcunjr ehgfefce, jfm tderegf nges kfe jspect ki tde ckftrkversy surrkufmgf` tde 3: :.4  )).. terh „ceftrgc renjtgkf‘ \ \ 3 :X (See Ig`. :.4 ]de jrtgcunjr mgsc pnjys j sg`fg﬊cjft rkne gf akgft nubrgcjtgkf jfm stress mgstrgbutgkf, jfm js j

:5

resunt ki gts pdysgcjn cjpjcgty tk jnter gts sdjpe murgf` nkjmgf`, gt gs jbne tk mgstrgbute ckhpressgve stresses kver j njrè ckftjct jrej kr stress ﬊enm \ \30 30X. X. Sgfce gt exdgbgts j skhewdjt jhkrpdkus sdjpe, gts jmjptgve cjpjcgty tk nkjmgf` gs mepefmeft upkf severjn ijctkrs gfcnumgf` tde ckfceftrjtgkf ki prktek`nycjfs jt tde jrtgcunjr surijces jfm gts pdysgcjn sdjpe jt tde nkcjtgkf ki nkjmgf`. _rktek`nycjfs jre `nycksjhgfk`nycjf (@J@) cdjgfs ckvjneftny jttjcdem tk j ckre prktegf \ \ 3 4X. 34 X. ]dey jre jbufmjft gf extrjcennunjr hjtrgces (cjrtgnjè) jfm, jhkf` ktder fuherkus iufctgkfs, prkvgme dymrjtgkf jfm resgngefce (cusdgkfgf`) tk akgfts murgf` ckhpressgve nkjmgf`. ]de hjakr prktek`nycjf gf tde jrtgcunjr cjrtgnjè gs j``recjf (j``re`jtem prktek`nycjf), j sunijtem prktek`nycjf \ \ 3 34 4 , 37 37X.]de X.]de me`ree ki resgstjfce tk

Ig`. :.4 Gnnustrjtgkf ki tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr ng`jheft (cjpsunjr ng`jheft jfm ﬊ber krgeftjtgkf)

ckhpressgve nkjmgf` hjy be mgrectny renjtem tk tde ckfceftrjtgkf ki @J@s gf tde nkjmgf` zkfe kr stress ﬊enm, sk tde `rejter tde ckfceftrjtgkf ki @J@s gf jf jrej ki nkjmgf`, tde `rejter tde resgstjfce tk ckhpressgve nkjmgf` wgtdgf tdjt stress X . ﬊enm \ \=? = ?X.

:.2.5

Bgkhecdjfgcjn _rgfcgpnes gf ]HA Nkjmgf`

]de tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft hjy be myfjhgcjnny nkjmem murgf` hjstgcjtgkf jfm pjrjiufctgkf

:9

sucd js bruxgf` kr stjtgcjnny nkjmem murgf` ktder pjrjiufctgkfjn jctgvgtges (ceftrgc kr ecceftrgc tkktd cnefcdgf`). Gf èferjn, akgft structure jfm

A.P. Stkclstgnn jfm F.M. Hkdn

tgs gfcnume tde wejlefgf` ki gts hemgknjterjn cknnjèf crkss ngfljès, wdgcd resunts gf surijce meiects gf tde mgsc jfm prkpj`jtgkf ki mgsc

\30 3 0, =3 =3 X X.. Sghgnjrny, wdgne fkrhjn tde exterfjn ikrces tdjt jre jppngem tk tde akgft meèferjtgkf \ wgnn meterhgfe tde type jfm qujftgty ki hktgkf hecdjfgcjn ikrces jre esseftgjn ikr dejntd ki tde tdjt kccurs wgtdgf tdjt akgft. Jmmgtgkfjnny, tde akgfts, tde presefce ki excessgve cjrtgnjè nkjmpkgft ki ikrce jppngcjtgkf tk tde akgfts murgf` gf`, ufmernkjmgf` (njcl ki iufctgkf kr ghhkbgnfkrhjn iufctgkf meterhgfes tde „stress-﬊enm‘ gty), kr stjtgc nkjmgf` cjf cjuse prktek`nycjf nkjmgf` jrej ki tdjt akgft. Js tdese nkjmgf` sur- mepnetgkf, jfm tdgs cjf remuce tde jmjptgve ijces jre jnterem by tde hj`fgtume, nkcjtgkf, ire- cjpjcgty ki tde akgft \ \ =: = :, =2 =2 X. X . quefcy, gftefsgty, jfm murjtgkf ki tdegr nkjms, Igfjnny, stjbgngty ki tde ]H akgfts jfm dejntd ktder pdysgcjn cdjfès hjy kccur wgtdgf tde ki tde mgscs gf pjrtgcunjr jre dg`dny mepefmeft jrtgcunjtgf` surijces js tde akgft ckhpkfefts upkf tde gfte`rgty ki tde mgscjn pknjr ng`jhefts jttehpt tk jmjpt tk tde nkjms. Ckfverseny, tde (hemgjn mgscjn ng`jheft jfm njterjn mgscjn ng`jsjhe ijctkrs tdjt denp mgstrgbute nkjmgf` wgtdgf heft). Jfy jnterjtgkf gf tde gfte`rgty ki tdese tde akgfts cjf be fe`jtgveny jiiectem by tdese mgscjn ng`jhefts (e.`., tde stretcdgf` tdjt nkjms, resuntgf` gf j wejlefgf` ki tde jrtgcunjr kccurs wdef tdere gs jfterkhemgjn mgsc mgssurijces, jfm pkssgbny premgspksgf` tde akgfts tk pnjceheft) hjy resunt gf stress-igenm jnterjmeèferjtgve cdjfès \ \ 3 : , 32 tgkfs wgtdgf tde mgsc, tdus pkteftgjnny 3: 32  , 3= 3=  , =: =: XX.. ]wk èferjn types ki ikrces, sdejrgf` jfm premgspksgf` tde mgsc jfm akgft tk meèferjtgve ckhpressgve nkjmgf`, jre èferjtem wgtdgf tde cdjfè. ]dereikre, wdgne stresses tdjt jre akgft murgf` iufctgkf jfm pjrjiufctgkf. Sdejrgf` ghpjrtem upkf tde jrtgcunjtgf` surijces ki tde akg ft jre ghp ghpkrt krtjft jft,, ki equ equjn jn ghp ghpkrt krtjfce jfce jre kr myfjhgc nkjmgf` gs cjusem by trjctgkfjn ikrces akgft begf` exertem pjrjnnen tk tde jrtgcunjr surijces, tde gfte`rgty jfm stjbgngty ki tde jrtgcunjtgf` wdgcd resunt gf ckhbgfjtgkfs ki irgctgkfjn jfm surijces jfm tdegr jbgngty tk jmjpt tk cdjfès pnkwgf` ikrces. Ikr exjhpne, js j djrm kbaect gf nkjmgf` kver tghe. Ckhprkhgsem surijce (ckfmyne) hkves jnkf` j skiter surijce (jrtgcunjr gfte`rgty mue tk surijce gfckf`rugtges, remucmgsc), tde skiter surijce gs pusdem jdejm ki tde tgkf gf extrjcennunjr hjtrgx prktek`nycjf (prkdjrm kbaect, resuntgf` gf wdjt gs best mescrgbem js tegf ckre pnus sunijtem `nucksjhgfk`nycjfs kr j „pnkwgf`‘ eiiect. _nkwgf` gs tde hkst ckhhkf type ki ikrce kbservem gf tde ]H akgft, jfm tde hj`fgtume ki

@J@s), jfm remucem syfkvgjn nubrgcjtgkf jnn pnjy j rkne gf tde premgspksgtgkf jfm prk`ressgkf ki meèferjtgve akgft mgsejse \ \3 32 2 , =: =: , =3 =3 X. X .

tdgs ikrce gs gfcrejsem by gfcrejses gf ikrce ]dere gs jnsk suiigcgeft evgmefce tk sdkw tdjt gftefsgty jfm murjtgkf. _nkwgf` ikrces jnsk jre tde jrtgcunjr tgssues ki tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akg ft jre cjpj cjpjbne bne ki jmj jmjptj ptjtgk tgkf f tk tk b bgkh gkhecd ecdjfg jfg-jiiectem by kverjnn dymrjtgkf ki tde akgft mgsc akgft jfm tde nkjmgf` surijces. Sgfce tde mgsc jnsk cjn stresses, jntdku`d tdgs jmjptjtgkf gs snkw tjles pjrt gf nubrgcjtgkf ki tde akgfts, jfy remuc- jfm ufpremgctjbne. Gf jmmgtgkf tk prk`ressgve tgkf gf mgsc/akgft nubrgcjtgkf cjf resunt gf j sub- jfm re`ressgve rehkmengf`, cdkfmrkcytes jfm sequeft jnterjtgkf ki ikrce mgstrgbutgkf wgtdgf prktek`nycjfs cjf be kbservem gf hjfy, gi fkt tde akgft, jfm eveftujn wejlefgf` ki tdjt akgft‗s hkst tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgfts, especgjnny gf 32 3=  , =3 =3 X. X. Gt gs tdekrgzem tdjt tdkse irkh knmer gfmgvgmujns. Js j resunt wgtd nkjmgf` cjpjcgty \ \ 3 2 , 3= tdgs wejlefgf` eiiect premgspkses tde tehpkrk- tghe tde mefse igbrkus ckffectgve tgssue tjles hjfmgbunjr akgft tk meèferjtgve cdjfè ckhhkfny seef gf ]HA kstekjrtdrgtgs. Ktder ijctkrs gfvknvem gf premgspksgf` tdgs akgft tk meèferjtgve meèferjtg ve akgft mgsejse (MAM) kr kstekjrtdrg-

kf tde jppejrjfce ki igbrkcjrtgnjè, wdgcd djs j `rejter cjpjcgty tk wgtdstjfm ckhpressgve nkjmgf`, pjrtgcunjrny wdef tdjt nkjmgf` gs X . cycngcjn kr gfterhgtteft \ \3 3: : X.

:

Stjtgc jfm Iufctgkfjn Jfjtkhy ki tde Duhjf Hjstgcjtkry Hjstgcjtkr y Systeh

]jle Dkhe Hessjès

:. ]de duhjf tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgf akgftt gs

2.

3.

=.

5. 9.

0.

jgf` mgjrtdrkmgjn akgfthkvehefts jnnkwgf` bktd dgf`-j jfm `ngmgf` wgtdgf tdree-mghefsgkfjn irjhewkrl. ]de jrtgcunjr cjpsune me﬊fes tde jfjtkhgcjn jfm iufctgkfjn bkufmjrges ki tde ]HA. ]de huscnes ki hjstgcjtgkf jre jctgve gf tde enevjtgkf jfm mepressgkf ki tde hjfmgbne, prktrusgkf jfm retrusgkf ki tde hjfmgbne, jfm njterjn excursgve hkveheft. ]de jrtgcunjr mgsc mgsc (fkt j he hefgscus) fgscus) ckfsgsts ki j ceftrjngzem, iufctgkfjn zkfe ki jvjscunjr, fkfgffervjtem tgssue js wenn js j pergpderjn pkrtgkf tdjt gs vjscunjr, gffervjtem, jfm nkcjtem kutsgme ki tde iufctgkfjn nkjmgf` zkfe. ]de hjfmgbne hjfmgbne wkrls wgtdgf tde ckf﬊fes ki j Cnjss GGG never systeh. ]de jrtgcunjr tgssues ki tde ]HA jre cjpjbne ki jmjptjtgkf tk bgkhecdjfgcjn stresses, jntdku`d tdgs jmjptjtgkf gs snkw jfm ufpremgctjbne js tk gts tghgf` jfm exteft. Excessgve iufctgkfjn nkjmgf` (irequefcy, gftefsgty, murjtgkf) ki tde tehpkrkhjfmgbunjr akgft ckhpkfefts hjy resunt gf cngfgcjn sg`fs jfm syhptkhs gfcnumgf` gffljhhjtgkf, pjgf, remucem hjfmgbunjr rjfè ki hktgkf, jfm, gf skhe cjses, tde kfset ki

:0

=. Syrkp A. Ufmerstjfmgf` kccnusgkf. Gfsgme Meftgstry. 2?:3

TMD and Orthodontics - A Clinical Guide For The Orthodontist

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