TL TenorioPairazamanRita PDF

 

ROFQBXTFMKM DK]ÔCFDK TKO]@ ]@XFHF@ MB G@JX@QBI@ AKDRC]KM MB FOJBOFBXÇK BTDRBCK MB KX[RF]BD]RXK

UX@URBT]K MB QFQFBOMK D@CBD]FQK D@G@ KC]BXOK]FQK K C@T G@MBC@T NKHF]KDF@OKCBT [RB @AXBDB BC GBXDKM@ FOG@HFCFKXF@ BO DNFDCKV@ ]BTFT UKXK @U]KX BC ]Ç]RC@ MB KX[RF]BD]@  KR]@XK XF]K MB AK]FGK ]BO@XF@ UKFXKYKGKO KTBT@X GJ]X. I@XJB FQËO JRBXXBX@ XKGÇXBY Dnfdcky`, 85;6  

 

MBMFDK]@XFK K gf gkgë, p`r sbr gf gbi`r bibgpc` mb  pbrsbvbrkodfk  pbrsbvbrkod fk pbr`, s`hrb t`m`, p`r su kp`y` fod`omfdf`okc y kg`r foafoft`. K gf khubcftk Hbrtnk, p`r sbr gf sbjuomk gkmrb y  p`r sus bosbûkozks bosbûkozks fovkcukhcbs. fovkcukhcbs. K cks pbrs`oks qub yk o` bstëo, p`r jufkrgb y kyumkrgb k ccbjkr nkstk kquç. Bst` bs pkrk ustbmbs. 8

 

KJXKMBDFGFBO]@ K Mf`s, p`r nkhbrgb pbrgftfm` kcdkozkr bstb rbt` uofvbrsftkrf` y kd`gpkûkrgb bo t`m` bstb dkgfo`. K gf ksbs`r, Gjtr. Krq. I`rjb Fvëo Jubrrbr` Xkgçrbz, p`r drbbr bo gç, p`r su `rfbotkdfôo y kcfbot` pkrk ck ducgfokdfôo mb æstk fovbstfjkdfôo. K dkmk uo` mb c`s krquftbdt`s mb ck Bsdubck mb Krquftbdturk, p`rqub mb uok u `trk gkobrk d`otrfhuybr`o d`o su bxpbrfbodfk bo gf a`rgkdfôo  pr`absf`okc. K gfs kgfj`s, p`r su kp`y` k c` ckrj` mb t`mk ck dkrrbrk y p`r su kgfstkm tko purk y pr`mudtfvk pkrk gf vfmk. 4

 

XBTRGBO Bc `hibtfv` prfodfpkc qub pbrsfjub bstb pr`ybdt` bs pr`p`obr oubvks tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`, qub foacuyko bo bc d`oa`rt k ofvbc fomfvfmukc y d`cbdtfv` mb c`s usukrf`s y qub d`ostftuyko uok kctbroktfvk arbotb k c`s g`mbc`s nkhftkdf`okcbs qub `arbdb bc gbrdkm` fog`hfcfkrf` bo ck dfumkm. Tb mk fofdf` k ck fovbstfjkdfôo d`o ck rbvfsfôo mb c`s dkghf`s bo c`s g`m`s mb nkhftkr y ck bv`cudfôo mb ck vfvfbomk bo t`ro` k bcc`s, mkom` d`g` rbsuctkm` qub k pkrtfr mb c`s >5 sb pr`mudbo dkghf`s bd`oôgfd`s, s`dfkcbs y tbdo`côjfd`s o`tkhcbs qub s`o bxdcufm`s mbc pr`dbs` mb mfsbû`. Arbotb k bcc`, sb pksk k fmbotfafdkr c`s pkrëgbtr`s fmôob`s mb mfsbû` mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`otbgp`rëobk, rbabrbodfkm`s bo kut`rbs d`o uok pr`auomk tb`rfzkdfôo s`hrb bc tbgk y qub kpcfdko bst`s drftbrf`s bo rbkcfmkmbs bxtrkp`ckhcbs d`o ck rbkcfmkm dnfdckykok. Afokcgbotb, sb pksk k bvkcukr ck sftukdfôo kdtukc mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky` pkrk p`mbr bckh`rkr uok sbrfb mb bstrktbjfks kpcfdkmks bo ck oubvk pr`pubstk. Bc tfp` mb fovbstfjkdfôo aub o` bxpbrfgbotkc, mb boa`qub gfxt` y mb mfsbû` c`ojftumfokc, pubst` qub c`s mkt`s aubr`o rbd`pfckm`s bo mfabrbotbs g`gbot`s mb ck fovbstfjkdfôo. Tb utfcfzô d`g` fostrugbot`s mb rbd`cbddfôo mb mkt`s ck dr`o`dkrt`jrkaçk, qub pbrgftfô `rmbokr bo tfbgp` y bspkdf` c`s mkt`s rbd`cbdtkm`s s`hrb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck nfst`rfk< c`s jrëafd`s y mfkjrkgks  pr`pf`s, rbabrfm`s k c`s oub oubv`s v`s drftbrf`s mb mfsbû` mb ck vfvfbomk dd`cbdtfvk `cbdtfvk d`otbgp`rëobk< d`otbgp`rëobk< y bc rbmfhui` y afdnk mb `hsbrvkdfôo, kpcfdkmk k uok gubstrk mb d`om`gfof`s mb ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`. Kc tærgfo` mb ck fovbstfjkdfôo, sb d`odcuyô qub ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk dnfdckykok `arbdb gbo`s mb c` qub su vkc`r bd`oôgfd` fomfdk, bs mbdfr, p`r bc mæafdft d`ostkotb mb vfvfbomk, bc gbrdkm` fog`hfcfkrf` `arbdb k prbdf`s sugkgbotb kct`s uok vfvfbomk hësfdk, hkskmk bo ck vfvfbomk gçofgk mb c`s kû`s 45, pbr` qub o` `arbdb `ar bdb t`m`s c`s sbrvfdf`s qub d`gpcbgbotkhko d`gpcbgbotkhko bc rbmudfm` bspkdf` nkhftkhcb bo kqubc tfbgp`. Rok vfvfbomk qub bxfjb uok rba`rguckdfôo, arbotb k c`s jrkombs dkghf`s qub trki` d`osfj` bc sfjc` ^^F, ck dukc prbtbomb sbr bxpcfdkmk d`o bc  pr`ybdt` rbsuctkotb rbsuctkotb mb bstk fovbstfjkdfôo. fovbstfjkdfôo.

Ukckhrks dckvb9 Qfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk, T`dfbmkm, Dfumkm, T`stbofhfcfmkm, D`otbgp`rëob`.

=

 

KHT]XKD] ]nb gkfo `hibdtfvb `a tnfs pr`ibdt fs t` pr`p`sb obw typ`c`jfbs `a d`ccbdtfvb n`usfoj fo tnb dfty `a Dnfdcky`, wnfdn foacubodb tnb fomfvfmukc kom d`ccbdtfvb d`ga`rt `a usbrs kom d`ostftutb ko kctbroktfvb t` tnb n`usfoj g`mbcs `aabrbm hy tnb rbkc bstktb gkrlbt fo tnb dfty. ]nb rbsbkrdn  hbjfos wftn k rbvfbw `a tnb dnkojbs fo tnb wkys wkys `a cfvfoj kom tnb bv`cutf`o `a n`usfoj kr`uom tnbg, rbsuctfoj fo o`tkhcb bd`o`gfd, s`dfkc kom tbdno`c`jfdkc dnkojbs tnkt krb bxdcumbm ar`g tnb mbsfjo pr`dbss ar`g tnb ;6>5s `owkrms. Akdbm wftn tnfs, tnb fmbkc mbsfjo pkrkgbtbrs `a d`otbgp`rkry d`ccbdtfvb n`usfoj krb fmbotfafbm, rbabrbodbm fo kutn`rs wftn wft n k mbbp tnb`rfzktf`o `o tnb suhibdt kom wn` kppcy tnbsb drftbrfk fo bxtrkp`ckhcb rbkcftfbs wftn tnb rbkcfty `a Dnfdcky. Afokccy, tnb durrbot sftuktf`o `a d`ccbdtfvb n`usfoj fo tnb dfty `a Dnfdcky` fs bvkcuktbm fo `rmbr t` bckh`rktb k sbrfbs `a strktbjfbs kppcfbm fo tnb obw pr`p`skc. ]nb typb `a rbsbkrdn wks o`obxpbrfgbotkc, gfxbm kppr`kdn kom c`ojftumfokc mbsfjo, sfodb mktk wbrb d`ccbdtbm kt mfaabrbot tfgbs `a tnb rbsbkrdn. ]nb dnr`o`dkrt`jrkpny wks usbm ks mktk d`ccbdtf`o fostrugbots, wnfdn kcc`wbm t` `rmbr fo tfgb kom spkdb tnb mktk d`ccbdtbm `o d`ccbdtfvb n`usfoj fo nfst`ry< tnb `wo jrkpns kom mfkjrkgs, rbabrrfoj t` tnb obw mbsfjo drftbrfk `a d`otbgp`rkry d`ccbdtfvb n`usfoj< kom tnb rbmrkw kom `hsbrvktf`o dkrm, kppcfbm t` k skgpcb `a d`om`gfofugs fo tnb dfty `a Dnfdcky`. Kt tnb bom `a tnb fovbstfjktf`o, ft wks d`odcumbm tnkt d`ccbdtfvb n`usfoj fo Dnfdcky` `aabrs cbss tnko fts bd`o`gfd vkcub fomfdktbs, tnkt fs, hbdkusb `a tnb d`ostkot n`usfoj mbafdft, tnb rbkc bstktb gkrlbt `aabrs kt bxtrbgbcy nfjn prfdbs k hksfd n`usfoj, hksbm `o tnb gfofgug n`usfoj `a tnb ;645s, hut wnfdn m`bs o`t `aabr kcc tnb sbrvfdbs tnkt d`gpcbgbotbm tnb rbmudbm nkhftkhcb spkdb kt tnkt tfgb. K n`usb tnkt rbqufrbs rba`rgucktf`o, r ba`rgucktf`o, fo tnb akdb `a tnb jrbkt dnkojbs  hr`ujnt kh`ut hy tnb twboty twboty-afrst -afrst dbotury, dbotury, wnfdn fs t` hb bxpckfobm hy tnb pr`ibdt pr`ibdt rbsuctfoj rbsuctfoj ar`g tnfs rbsbkrdn.

Lbyw`rms9 D`ccbdtfvb n`usfoj, T`dfbty, Dfty, Tustkfokhfcfty, D`otbgp`rkry.

2

 

ÇOMFDB ............................................................................................................................................ = XBTRGBO .............................................................................................................................................

KHT]XKD] ................................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................... ........................... 2 ÇOMFDB ..................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................. ............. 1 ÇOMFDB MB FGËJBOBT .....................................................................................................................  ..................................................................................................................... : ÇOMFDB MB ]KHCKT ......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ ;5 ...................................................................................................................... ;8 F.  FO]X@MRDDFÔO  .......................................................................................................................

FF. 

FFF. 

FQ. 

;.;. 

TF]RKDFÔO UX@HCBGË]FDK .................................................................................. ;4

;.8. 

A@XGRCKDFÔO MBC UX@HCBGK ........................................................................... .......................................................................... ;2

;.4. 

@HIB]FQ@T .................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... ;2

;.=. 

IRT]FAFDKDFÔO ........................................................... ........................................................................................................... ................................................ ;2

AROMKGBO]KDFÔO ]BÔXFDK .....................................................................................  ........................................................................................ ... ;: 8.;. 

HKTBT ]BÔXFDKT ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ ;:

8.8. 

KO]BDBMBO]BT  .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... 88

............................................................................................... 82 GKXD@ GB]@M@CÔJFD@ ................................................................................................ 4.;.  ]FU@ V OFQBC MB FOQBT]FJKDFÔO ....................................................................... 82

4.8. 

MFTBÛ@ MB FOQBT]FJKD FOQBT]FJKDFÔO FÔO ................................................................................... 82

4.4. 

U@HCKDFÔO V GRBT]XK .......................................................................................... ......................................................................................... 82

4.=. 

DXF]BXF@T MB TBCBDDFÔO ................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ... 81

4.2. 

@UBXKDF@OKCFYKDFÔO MB CKT QKXFKHCBT .................................................  .................................................... ... 8:

4.1. 

]ÆDOFDKT B FOT]XRGBO]@T MB XBD@CBDDFÔO MB MK]@T  ...................... 8>

4.:. 

UX@DBMFGFBO]@T ...................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................... 8>

4.>. 

UCKO MB UX@DBTKGFBO]@ V KOËCFTFT MB MK]@T ........................................ 86

4.6. 

GK]XFY MB D@OTFT]BODFK ..................................................................................... .................................................................................... 45

XBTRC]KM@T V MFTDRTFÔO ......................................................... ............................................................................................ .................................... 4; =.;.  @HIB]FQ@ BTUBDÇAFD@ Oµ 5;9 Xbvfskr c`s dkghf`s bo c`s g`m`s mb nkhftkr y ck bv`cudfôo mb ck vfvfbomk bo t`ro` k bcc`s. ................................................. ..................................................................................... .................................... 4; =.8.  @HIB]FQ@ BTUBDÇAFD@ Oµ 589 Fmbotfafdkr c`s pkrëgbtr`s fmôob`s mb mfsbû` mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`g` rbspubstk k ck c k nbtbr`jbobfmkm mb ck s`dfbmkm d`otbgp`rëobk ............. ;58 =.4.  @HIB]FQ@ BTUBDÇAFD@ Oµ 549 Bvkcukr ck sftukdfôo kdtukc mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`, mbsmb bc h``g fog`hfcfkrf` nkstk ck kdtukcfmkm. ..................................... ;;6 =.=.  @HIB]FQ@ BTUBDÇAFD@ Oµ 5=9 Bckh`rkr bstrktbjfks pr`ybdtukcbs kpcfdkmks bo ck  pr`pubstk mb oubvks tfp`c`jçks tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`......................... ;48

Q.  D@ODCRTF@OBT  ................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... .................................. ;18 ...................................................................................................... ;11 QF.  XBD@GBOMKDF@OBT  ....................................................................................................... QFF.  CFT]K MB XBABXBODFKT ................................................... ................................................................................................ .............................................. ;1: 1

 

QFFF. 

KOB^@T ............................................................................................................................  ............................................................................................................................ ;:5

>.;. 

KOB^@ Oµ 5;9 ............................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................. ;:5

>.8. 

............................................................................................................. ;:; KOB^@ Oµ 589 ..............................................................................................................

>.4. 

KOB^@ Oµ 549 ............................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................. ;:8

>.=. 

KOB^@ Oµ 5=9 ............................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................. ;:>

>.2. 

KOB^@ Oµ 529 ............................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................. ;:6

>.1. 

KOB^@ Oµ 519 ............................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................. ;>5

>.:. 

............................................................................................................... ;>; KOB^@ Oµ 5: ................................................................................................................

>.>. 

KOB^@ Oµ 5> ................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................... ;>8

>.6. 

KOB^@ Oµ 56 ................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................... ;>4

ÇOMFDB MB FGËJBOBT Fgkjbo ;9 D`ttkjb Bhhw Qkcb. Aubotb9 Hfaurdkdf`obs ......................................................................... 4= Fgkjbo 89 Bsqubgk mb uo Gfbtslksbrob. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk ... .................................................. ............................................... 4= Fgkjbo 49 Uckotk tçpfdkmbmbA`urfbr. Mughhbcc tbobgbot. Aubotb9 Tcfmbpckybr .................................................... 4= Fgkjbo =9 Akckostbrf` Aubotb9 @rfjbo mbc Rrhkofsg` G`mbro` ........................................ 4: Fgkjbo 29 Uckotk mbc hc`qub prfodfpkc mbc Akgfcfstbrf` mb Jufsb. Aubotb9 U`rtka`cf`s Rofkombs ......... 4: Fgkjbo 19 Hc`qub Dbotrkc mbc Akgfcfstbrf` mb Jufsb. Aubotb9 U`rtka`cf`s Rofkombs ............................ 4: Fgkjbo :9 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck Tfbmcuoj Mkggbrst`dl. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk ................................. =5 Fgkjbo >9 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub (k). ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk uofakgfcfkr (h). Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... =5 Fgkjbo 69 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck Hrftz Nuabfsbosfbmcuoj. Aubotb9 Z`rmprbss ........................................... =5 Fgkjbo ;59 Qfstk mb hc`qub Nbrrkmurk mb ck Hrftz Nuabfsbosfbmcuoj. Aubotb9 Dksf`pbk URDQ .......... =; Fgkjbo ;;9 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck Jr`hsfbmcuoj Tfbgbosstkmt. Aubotb9 Ucktka`rgk krquftbdturk .............. =; Fgkjbo ;89 Qfstk mb uo` mb c`s hc`qubs mb cckk Jr`hsfbmcuoj Tfbgbosstkmt. Aubotb9 Hc`j Rokcnfst`rfk =; Fgkjbo ;49 Qfstk kærbk mb Lkrc Gkrx N`a. Aubotb9 Hc`j Ck Dfumkm T`dfkcfstk ................................... =4 Fgkjbo ;=9 Tbddfôo mb ck pckotk mb Lkrc Gkrx N`a. Aubotb9 Z`rmprbss .............................................. =4 Fgkjbo ;29 D`gbm`r d`guoftkrf` bo ck Dksk mb Bst`d`cg`. Aubotb9 N`usfojckh ............................... =4 Fgkjbo ;19 Hkrrf` @hrbr` Arfj`rçafd` Okdf`okc. Aubotb9 Krq. Iuko ]`rrb ........................................... =2 Fgkjbo ;:9 Rhfdkdfôo mb ck Rrh. Dnfdcky` Dnfquft`. Aubotb9 Krq. Gfckjr`s Tkot`y` ......................... =2 Fgkjbo ;>9 "Gæt`m` jrëafd`" mb K. Lcbfo. Aubotb9 ITKN .................................................................... =: Fgkjbo ;69 Kcjuoks mb cks p`rtkmks mb ck rbvfstk "Bc Krquftbdt` Ubruko`". Aubotb9 Z`rmprbss ......... 25 Fgkjbo 859 C`s Ëojbcbs -gbmfkm`s mbc T. ^F^- ùofdkgbotb d`obdtkm` gbmfkotb trkovçk. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk ......... .............................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ........................................................... 28 Fgkjbo 8;9 C`s Ëojbcbs -;6;1- d`o ck drbkdfôo mb kut`pfstks bgpfbzko k fotbrd`obdtkrsb t`mks cks dfumkmbs. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk ............................................................... .................................................................................................... ..................................... 28 Fgkjbo 889 Ur`dbs` mb kut`d`ostruddfôo mb ck vfvfbomk suhurhkok. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk ........ 24 Fgkjbo 849 Dktëc`j` mb pfbzks kobx` k ck vfvfbomk suhurhkok. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk ............... 24 Fgkjbo 8=9 ]nb Ukdfafd Xbkmy- Dut N`gbs N`gbs `a C`s Kojbcbs (k). Dksk mb Xkmhuro Xkmhuro (h). Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk ......... .............................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ ........................................................... 22 Fgkjbo 829 ]nb hbkdnw``m. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk ..................................................................... 22 Fgkjbo 819 Dkcfa`rofk Xkodn N`usb. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk ........................................................ 22 :

 

Fgkjbo 8:9 Ucko jbobrkc mb Xkmhuro (k). Gkozkok tfp` mb Xkmhuro (h). Aubotb9 Krqufsd`pf`............ 2> Fgkjbo 8>9 Ucko jbobrkc Nfccsfmb N`gbs. Aubotb9 D`robcc Rofvbrsfty .............................................. ................................................. ... 2> Fgkjbo 869 Y`ok mb iubj`s i ubj`s mbtrës mb uo` mb c`s hc`qubs mb ]bdnw``m n`gbs. Aubotb9 T`utnbro spkdbs  ............................................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................. ... 2> Fgkjbo 459 Akdnkmk mb ck Rofmkm nkhftkdf`okc mb Gkrsbcck. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk ....................... 26 Fgkjbo 4;9 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk mùpcbx supbrf`r. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk ..................................... 15 Fgkjbo 489 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk mùpcbx foabrf`r. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk ...................................... ...................................... 15 Fgkjbo 449 D`rtb.................................................................................................................................... c`ojftumfokc mb uok vfvfbomk mùpcbx supbrf`r y uok vfvfbomk mùpcbx foabrf`r. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk .............................................................. ...................................................................... 15 Fgkjbo 4=9 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc Oµ 54. Aubotb9 Z`rmprbss ........................................... 18 Fgkjbo 429 Qfstk kærbk mb ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc Oµ 54. Aubotb9 Z`rmprbss............................................. 18 Fgkjbo 419 Qfstk mb uo hc`qub mb ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc Oµ 54 . Aubotb9 DKGGU Rofvbrsfmkm mb Cfgk 18 Fgkjbo 4:9 Ucko Xbjuckm`r mb Dnfgh`tb. Aubotb9 Hc`j Ck a`rgk g`mbrok bo Cktfo`kgærfdk ........... 12 Fgkjbo 4>9 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk. Aubotb9 Hc`j Ck a`rgk g`mbrok mb Cktfo`kgærfdk ....................... 12 Fgkjbo 469 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck c k Rofmkm Qbdfokc mb Dnfdcky`. Aubotb9 Hc`j Krquftbdt` Gkrf` Hfkod` . 12 Fgkjbo =59 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck c k Rofmkm Qbdfokc U`rtkcbs. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy......................................... 11 Fgkjbo =;9 Kddbs` prfodfpkc k ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc U`rtkcbs. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy ................................... 11 Fgkjbo =89 ]fp`c`jçk ackt K mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub (k). ]fp`c`jçk mùpcbx K mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub (h). Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy ............. .................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................... ................................................ 11 Fgkjbo =49 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk uofakgfcfkr. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy ................................................... 1: Fgkjbo pr`jrbsfvk mbc hkrrf` mb @rdksftks. Aubotb9 :5 Fgkjbo ==9 =29 @dupkdfôo ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub (k). ]fp`c`jçk H Rrhkodfmkmbs mb vfvfbomk bo............................... hc`qub (H). Aubotb9 Rrhkodfmkmbs ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... :5 Fgkjbo =19 Qfstk kærbk mbc hkrrf` mb C`s Dnughbr`s. Aubotb9 Mfkrf` Ck @pfofôo ........................... .............................. ... :; Fgkjbo =:9 Ucko jbobrkc mbc D`oiuot` Rrhko` Urbsfmbotb Kcbgëo. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy ....................... :4 Fgkjbo =>9 Qfstk kærbk mbc D`oiuot` Rrhko` Urbsfmbotb Kcbgëo. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy ......................... :4 Fgkjbo =69 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk mùpcbx (k). ]fp`c`jçk H mb vfvfbomk mùpcbx (h). Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy  ............................................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................. ... :4 Fgkjbo 259 Ucko jbobrkc mbc D`oiuot` Ubmrbjucn`. Aubotb9 Bstkmk` .................................................... := Fgkjbo 2;9 Qfstk mbc gfo`dnk` mbsmb bc fotbrf`r. Aubotb9 DKRXI....................................................... := Fgkjbo 289 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk ackt (k). ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk mùpcbx (h). Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk  ............................................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................. ... := Fgkjbo 249 Ucko jbobrkc mbc hkrrf` C`s Ubrkcbs. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk .......................................... :2 Fgkjbo 2=9 Qfstk kærbk mbc hkrrf` C`s Ubrkcbs. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk ............................................ :2 Fgkjbo 229 Qfstk kærbk mb ck Rrh. 8 mb mfdfbghrb. Aubotb9 Hc`j Nfst`rfk mb Qbobzubck ..................... :1 Fgkjbo 219 Ucko jbobrkc mbc Dbotr` Rrhko` Kot`of` Okrfû`. Aubotb9 U`rtka`cf`s Rofkombs ............... :: Fgkjbo 2:9 Qfstk kærbk mbc Dbotr` Rrhko` Kot`of` Okrfû`. Aubotb9 D`ckrtb....................................... :: Fgkjbo 2>9 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk bo bmfafdf` mb trbdb t rbdb ofvbcbs (k). ]fp`c`jçk H mb vfvfbomk bo bmfafdf` mb trbdb ofvbcbs (h). ]fp`c`jçk ùofdk mb vfvfbomk bo bmfafdf` mb duktr` ofvbcbs (d). Aubotb9 U`rtka`cf`s Rofkombs ..................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................ ........... :: Fgkjbo 269 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck Xbsfmbodfkc Tko Abcfpb. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Ukc`gfo` ........................ >; Fgkjbo 159 ]`rrbs mb dkt`rdb ofvbcbs mb ck Xbsfmbodfkc Tko Abcfpb. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy ....................... >; Fgkjbo 1;. Qfstk mb c`s hc`qubs cktbrkcbs mb ck Xbsfmbodfkc Tko Abcfpb. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy ................ >; Fgkjbo 189 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk bo b o t`rrb- Urfgbrk btkpk. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Ukc`gfo` ................. >8 Fgkjbo 149 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub- Urfgbrk btkpk (k). ]fp`c`jçk H mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qubUrfgbrk btkpk (h). Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Ukc`gfo` ................................................................................. ................................................................................. >8 Fgkjbo 1=9 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub- Tbjuomk btkpk. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Ukc`gfo` ............. >8 Fgkjbo 129 Qfstk kærbk mb UXBQF. Aubotb9 Hc`j [ukmbros .................................................................. .................................................................. >4 >

 

Fgkjbo 119 U`sfhcb bv`cudfôo mb uok mb cks tfp`c`jçks pr`pubstks. Aubotb9 Hc`j UXBQF C`s @cfv`s . >4 Fgkjbo 1:9 Akdnkmk p`stbrf`r mb ck Xbsfmbodfkc AKU. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy ............................................ >= Fgkjbo 1>9 Dbrrkgfbot` bo bsqufok mb ck Xbsfmbodfkc AKU. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy................................... >= Fgkjbo 169 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy .... .......................................................................... ...................................................................... >2 Fgkjbo :59 Xbsfmbodfkc Uksdukc Tkd`. Aubotb9 Krq. Ifgy Urkm` .......................................................... >1 Fgkjbo :;9 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk. Aubotb9 Krq. Gfckjr`s Tkot`y` ............................ ..................................................... ......................... >1 Fgkjbo :89 Xbsfmbodfkc Lkrc Zbfss. Aubotb9 Krq. Ifgy Urkm` ............................................................. ............................................................. >: Fgkjbo :49 ]fp`c`jçk vfvfbomk. Tkot`y` ............................ ..................................................... ......................... >: Fgkjbo :=9 XbsfmbodfkcmbI`sæ Hkctk. Aubotb9 Aubotb9Krq. Krq.Gfckjr`s Ifgy Urkm` ............................................................... ............................................................ ... >: Fgkjbo :29 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk. Aubotb9 Krq. Gfckjr`s Tkot`y` ................................................. >> Fgkjbo :19 Xbsfmbodfkc Kujust` H. Cbjuçk. Aubotb9 Krq. Ifgy Urkm` ................................................. >> Fgkjbo ::9 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk (k). ]fp`c`jçk H mb vfvfbomk (h). Aubotb9 Krq. Gfckjr`s Tkot`y`  ............................................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................. ... >> Fgkjbo :>9 G`mbc`s nugko`s bo ck Dksk mbc Autur`. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk.................................. 6; Fgkjbo :69 Dkgk sfo gkotks bo ck Dksk mbc Autur`, pubs t`mk ck dksk gkotfbob kut`gëtfdkgbotb ck tbgpbrkturk kmbdukmk. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk .................................................................................. .................................................................................. 6; Fgkjbo >59 Zkclfoj Dfty. Aubotb9 Dfumkm Tfstbgk .............................. .............................................................................. ................................................ 6; Fgkjbo >;9 Dusnfdcb. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk ........................................................... .................................................................................... ......................... 64 Fgkjbo >89 C`s 4 gubhcbs mb Bc Uk`. Aubotb9 Xubspkdbs................................. Xubspkdbs..................................................................... .................................... 64 Fgkjbo >49 Ck guibr mfjftkc. Aubotb9 BUT RK............................................................. ...................................................................................... ......................... 64 Fgkjbo >=9 Ucko jbobrkc mb Arkubo Zbrl Ttkmt Qfbook. Aubotb9 Hc`j Gksqubuokdksk....................... 61 Fgkjbo >29 Qfstk mbsmb uo` mb c`s pktf`s mb Arkubo Zbrl Ttkmt Qfbook. Aubotb9 Hc`j Ck dfumkm vfvk  ............................................................................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................. ... 61 Fgkjbo >19 Qfstk mbsmb uo` mb c`s c `s pktf`s mb Arkubo Zbrl Ttkmt Qfbook FF. Aubotb9 Dnrfstfob Ywfojc 6: Fgkjbo >:9 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk (k). ]fp`c`jçk H mb vfvfbomk (h). Aubotb9 Dnrfstfob Ywfojc ....... 6: Fgkjbo >>9 Qfstk mb uo` mb c`s bmfafdf`s mb Jfau Lftkjktk. Aubotb9 Ucuskrq ........................................ ........................................ 6> Fgkjbo >69 U`sfhcbs d`ghfokdf`obs mb c`s bspkdf`s mb ck vfvfbomk Jfau Lftkjktk. Aubotb9 Ucuskrq .... 66 Fgkjbo 659 U`sfhcbs tfp`c`jçks (k) (h). Aubotb9 Ucuskrq ........................................................................ ........................................................................ 66 Fgkjbo 6;9 Bspkdf` pùhcfd` k bsdkck vbdfokc bo ck [ufotk G`or`y. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy ......... ..................... ............ ;55 Fgkjbo 689 Qfvfbomks mb ck [ufotk G`or`y trks g`mfafdkdf`obs p`r bc usukrf`. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy . ;5; Fgkjbo 649 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk pr`jrbsfvk.. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy ..................................................... ;5; Fgkjbo 6=9 Oubv`s jrup`s akgfcfkrbs y mb d`nkhftkdfôo. Ukrbik d`o uo hbhæ. G`mbro Akgfcy (k). Ukrbik + d`gpkûbr` mb pfs`. N`w F gbt y`ur g`tnbr (h). Aubotb9 V`u]uhb ................................................ ................................................ ;58 Fgkjbo 629 Drbktb N`usb (;665). Kcko Zbxcbr pckotbk uok vfvfbomk gbmfkotb uo duh` y duktr` dkiks d`o auodf`obs hësfdks. Bc bspkdf` vkdç` s`hrb bc qub sb mfsp`ob p`mrë sbr d`c`ofzkm` p`r bc usukrf`. Aubotb9 Xbvubmks .................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ .............................................. ;51 Fgkjbo 619 Bspkdf` d`gùo pkrk bc dfdc` mb ck rr`pk `pk bo Tkrjakhrfl (;661). Aubotb9 Z`nog`mbccb .... ;51 Fgkjbo 6:9 ]brrkzk uskmk d`g` kcgkdæo y tbombmbr` bo uo bmfafdf` mb vfvfbomks mb Uubhck mb Qfdkr. Aubotb9 DNT krquftbdt`s............................................................. ...................................................................................................................... ......................................................... ;51 Fgkjbo 6>9 Tkrjakhrfl mbstfok gës mb ;2 555g8 k sbrvfdf`s d`guoftkrf`s (;661). Aubotb9 Z`nog`mbccb  ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................. ;5> Fgkjbo 669 Bspkdf`s fotbrgbmf`s kg`hckm`s mb ck dksk G`rfykgk mb Xyub Ofsnfzkwk (8558). Aubotb9 Gbtkc`dus ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ;5> Fgkjbo ;559 Kpr`pfkdfôo mb bspkdf`s fotbrgbmf`s bo Qfvfbomks mb Ur`tbddfôo @afdfkc mb D`ofc (85;8). Aubotb9 Krq. Ikvfbr ]brrkm`s ....... ............................................................................. ........................................................................................................ .................................. ;5> Fgkjbo ;5;9 Ur`ybdt` T`p`rtb- rbccbo` bo @sklk, Ikpôo. Obxt 8;. Aubotb9 Hc Hc`j `j Ck dfumkm vfvk ...... ;;; Fgkjbo ;589 Qfvfbomks bo Dkrkhkodnbc. Krkojurbo + Jkccbj`s (8554). Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk ... ;;; 6

 

Fgkjbo ;549 Oklbm N`usb bs dkpkz mb kchbrjkr vfvfbomks u `afdfoks bo bc gfsg` bspkdf`. b spkdf`. Tnfjbru Hko (8555). Aubotb9 DJ krdnftbdt ...................................................... ............................................................................................................... ......................................................... ;;; Fgkjbo ;5=9 Qfvfbomk Ucus mb Mru`t. Xbnkhfcftkdfôo y kgpcfkdfôo9 Tb sustftuyb bc gur` bxfstbotb p`r uo dbrrkgfbot` kdrfstkckm`. Mb bstk gkobrk, sb `htfbob uok jkcbrçk dbrrkmk qub rbjuck cks d`omfdf`obs tærgfdks fotbrf`rbs. Ckdkt`o y Qksskc (85;;). Aubotb9 Xbvfstk Ur`ybdt`, pr`jrbs` y krquftbdturk Oµ 56.  ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................. ;;= Fgkjbo ;529 Jkcbrçks mb Qfvfbomk Ucus mb Mru`t, mbspuæs mb cks g`mfafdkdf`obs nbdnks bo ck akdnkmk. Ckdkt`o y Qksskc (85;;). Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy ................................................................ ....................................................................................... ....................... ;;= Fgkjbo ;519 Duhfbrtk vbjbtkc bo Tkrjakhrfl (;661). Aubotb9 Z`nog`mbccb ...................................... ;;= Fgkjbo ;5:9 Ucko` mbc bstkm` kdtukc mbc Bx D`ovbot` Tkotk Gkrçk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk .......................... ;41 Fgkjbo ;5>9 Qfstk kærbk mbc Bx D`ovbot` Tkotk Gkrçk. Aubotb9 Krq. Gkrf` Tbdcæo ......................... ;4: Fgkjbo ;569 Qfstk mbc pktf` dbotrkc mbc Bx D`ovbot` Tkotk Gkrçk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ........................... ;4: Fgkjbo ;;59 Qfstk mbc dckustr` mbc Bx D`ovbot` Tkotk Gkrçk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk .................................. ;4: Fgkjbo ;;;9 Gkstbr Ucko. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ;=; Fgkjbo ;;89 Fs`gætrfd` mbc pr`ybdt`. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk......................................................................... ......................................................................... ;=; Fgkjbo ;;49 Mbtkccb mb dfgbotkdfôo. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk.............................................................. .......................................................................... ............ ;28 Fgkjbo ;;=9 Mbtkccb mb pfs` ac`tkotb a c`tkotb mb gkmbrk y mb pfs` mb dbrëgfd` 45x45 dg. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ... ;24 Fgkjbo ;;29 Mbtkccb mb gur` mb kchkûfcbrçk mb s`jk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ............... ................................................. .................................. ;2= Fgkjbo ;;19 Mbtkccb mb sfstbgk Mrywkcc. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ................................................................... ;22 Fgkjbo ;;:9 Mbtkccb mb drfstkc tb tbgpckm` gpckm` y dbc`sçk mb gkmbrk pbra`rkmk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ................... ;22 Fgkjbo ;;>9 Mbtkccb mb c`sk kcfjbrkmk y akcs` dfbc` rks`. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ........................................... ;21 Fgkjbo ;;69 Bsqubgk duhfbrtk mbc dckustr` mbc Bx D`ovbot`. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ................................... ;2: Fgkjbo ;859 Qfstk mbc bmfafdf` mbsmb ck dkccb Qfdbotb mb ck Qbjk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ................. ............................. ............ ;2> Fgkjbo ;8;9 Qfstk mbc bmfafdf` mbsmb ck dkccb Tko I`sæ. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk .............................................. ;2> Fgkjbo ;889 Qfstk mbc bx D`ovbot` Tkotk Gkrçk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ....................................................... ;26 Fgkjbo ;849 Qfstk mb ck sbjuomk bov`cvbotb mbc bmfafdf`. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk .......................................... ;26 Fgkjbo ;8=9 Qfstk fotbrf`r tfp`c`jçk H;. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk..................................................................... Ur`pfk..................................................................... ;15 Fgkjbo ;829 Qfstk fotbrf`r tfp`c`jçk M. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk .................................... ...................................................................... .................................. ;15 Fgkjbo ;819 Qfstk fotbrf`r Tkc Tkckk mb D`oabrbodfks. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ....................................................... ;1; Fgkjbo ;8:9 Qfstk fotbrf`r @afdfoks d`gpkrtfmks. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ............................... ...................................................... ....................... ;1;

ÇOMFDB MB ]KHCKT ]khck ;9 D`gpkrktfv` mb `abrtk. Kû`s9 8556, 85;= y 85;6. Aubotb9 DKUBD@.................................. ;8; ]khck 89 Urbdf` pr`gbmf` mb ck vfvfbomk. Kû`9 8556. Aubotb9 DKUBD@ .......................................... ;88 ]khck 49 Urbdf` pr`gbmf` mb ck vfvfbomk. Kû`9 85;2. Aubotb9 DKUBD@ ........................................... ;88 ]khck =9 Qkc`r mbc mbpkrtkgbot` husdkm`. Kû`9 85;2. Aubotb9 Krbccko` Gkrlbtfoj.......................... ;84 ]khck 29 Urfodfpkcbs d`om`gfof`s rbsfmbodfkcbs mb Dnfdcky`. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk .................................... ;8= ]khck 19 Drftbrf`s mb sbcbddfôo mbc ttbrrbo`. brrbo`. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ................................................................. ;44 ]khck :9 Drftbrf`s mb sbcbddfôo kpcfdkm`s k p`sfhcbs tbrrbo`s. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk .................................... ;4=

;5

 

ÇOMFDB MB JXËAFD@T Jrëafd` ;9 Xbckdf`obs botrb ëghft`s bo cckk vfvfbomk. Aubotb9 Nbrrkgfbotks pkrk nkhftkr bc prbsbotb.. ;;: Jrëafd` 89 Xbckdf`obs botrb cks pkrtbs mbc bmfafdf`. Aubotb9 Nbrrkgfbotks pkrk nkhftkr bbcc prbsbotb .... ;;: Jrëafd` 49 Mæafdft nkhftkdf`okc k ofvbc okdf`okc. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ........................................................ ;;6 Jrëafd` =9 Bc h``g fog`hfcfkrf` bo bc tfbgp`, k ofvbc okdf`okc. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ................................ ;85 Jrëafd` 29 Mfstrfhudfôo mb ck mbgkomk babdtfvk babdt fvk sbjùo bstrkt`. Aubotb9 DKUBD@ ............................. ;88 Jrëafd` 19 Xbckdf`obs botrb cks z`oks mb ck tfp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo Dnfdcky`. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk  ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................. ;1= Jrëafd` :9 Xbckdf`obs botrb cks z`oks mb c`s d`om`gfof`s mb Dnfdcky`. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ................... ..................... ;1=

;;

 

F. FO]X@MRDDFÔO D`o bc pks` mbc tfbgp`, nbg`s sfm` tbstfj`s mb dôg` ck pr`ybddfôo nkhftkdf`okc nk sfm` y bs g`vfcfzkm`rk mb uo sbdt`r fgp`rtkotb mbc mbskrr`cc` mb cks dfumkmbs. V Dnfdcky` o` bs kibok k bstk rbkcfmkm. r bkcfmkm. Ubr` bstk pr`ybddfôo, o` s`c` bo Dnfdcky` sfo` bo jrko  pkrtb mb Kgærfdk Ck Cktfok, tfok, pkrbdb o` vfvbod vfvbodfkr fkr c`s dk dkghf`s ghf`s qub trki` bc sfjc` sfjc` ^^F, bo h`jk mbsmb ck mædkmk mb c`s >5. Dkghf`s urhko`s, s`df`mbg`jrëafd`s y tbdo`côjfd`s, qub tbomrçko foacubodfk mfrbdtk s`hrb ck d`odbpdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk d`otbgp`rëobk d`otbgp`rëobk.. Ck vfvfbomk vf vfbomk qub sb mfsbûk y d`ostruyb kdtukcgbotb, hkskmk bo ck vfvfbomk gçofgk mb c`s kû`s 45, o` sb d`rrbsp`omb d`o cks oubvks obdbsfmkmbs, obdbsfmkmbs, pkrbdb nkhbr qubmkm` ktrkpkmk bo bc tfbgp` y sbr pr`mudfmk bo gksks s`c` pkrk bc hbobafdf` bd`oôgfd`. Bs ksç d`g` surjb ck obdbsfmkm mb mbafofr oubv`s pkrëgbtr`s mb mfsbû` pkrk ck vfvfbomk d`otbgp`rëobk, hksëom`sb æstk bo drftbrf`s mb kut`rbs d`otbgp`rëob`s d`g` I`sbp Gkrçk G`otkobr, Ykçmk Guxç, Mkvfm N. Akckjëo y Gkoubc Jkusk, c`s dukcbs rba`rgucko ck fmbk mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk kiustëom`ck k cks oubvks obdbsfmkmbs obdbsfmkmbs.. Mb bstk gkobrk, ck vfvfbomk sb d`ovfbrtb bo gudn` gës qub uo bcbgbot` mb rbsjukrm` y  pr`tbddfôo9 sb trktk mb d`odrb d`odrbtfzkr tfzkr ck vfvfbomk d`g` uo botb mfoëgfd` qub mfkc`jk mfkc`jk d`o qufbo c` nkhftk, d`otrfhuybom` k ck dfumkm o` s`c` d`o rbsfmbodfk sfo` d`o us`s pkrk t`m`s

y

sbosfhfcfzëom`sb d`o bc gbmf` kghfbotb.

;8

 

;.;.  TF]RKDFÔO UX@HCBGË]FDK Ck prfgbrk krquftbdturk surjb d`g` rbspubstk k ck obdbsfmkm mbc n`ghrb prfgftfv` mb pr`tbjbrsb mb cks fodcbgbodfks dcfgëtfdks qub sb mkhko kc bxtbrf`r. Tb d`odfhb d`g` uo rbaujf`9 dukcqufbr a`rgk r`d`sk qub tuvfbrk uo tbdn`, brk nkhftkmk. U`d` k p`d` bc n`ghrb vk fotbrvfofbom` bo bcck, yk sbk boskodnkom` uok kpbrturk, `hstruyæom`ck ` bxdkvkom` pkrtb mb cks r`dks. –Bc sbr nugko` bs uo kofgkc qub o` s`c` sb rbaujfk, sfo` qub sb nkdb uok dksk‗  (Xksgussbo, ;62: pëj.

;2>). V bs ksç d`g` kpkrbdb ck fmbk mb dksk, d`g` uo bibrdfdf` prbdbmbotb kc krquftbdt`, qub bc n`ghrb gkmurkrçk y pbrabddf`okrçk d`o bc tfbgp`. Bs ksç, d`g` c`s prfgbr`s n`ghrbs sb ksfbotko bo cujkrbs bstrktæjfd`s y sb bgpfbzk k jbobrkr bc p`hckm` y ck dfumkm, kuoqub bo su bstkm` gës prfgftfv`, c` dukc d`occbvk k bxpbrfgbotkr c`s ckz`s qub pr`v`dk ck vfmk bo d`guofmkm. Tfjc`s gës tkrmb, d`o ck Xbv`cudfôo Fomustrfkc y c`s c `s dkghf`s bd`oôgfd`s qub trki` d`osfj`, cks kjrupkdf`obs rurkcbs bgpbzkr`o k mbosfafdkr cks dfumkmbs bo husdk mb gbi`rbs `p`rtuofmkmbs ckh`rkcbs bo ck fomustrfk. Bst` `dksf`oô qub pkrk afokcbs mbc sfjc` ^F^ ck dcksb `hrbrk vfvk bo d`omfdf`obs mbpc`rkhcbs bo ck pbrfabrfk mb ck dfumkm, d`ovfrtfæom`sb bo uok mb cks prfodfpkcbs  prb`dupkdf`obs  prb`dupkdf`o bs s`dfkcbs. Bot`odbs, d`o ck afokcfmkm mb `t`rjkrcbs uok vfvfbomk mfjok bo ck dfumkm, y d`o ck drbdfbotb obdbsfmkm mb vfvfbomks qub bxfstçk bo ck gfsgk, bs qub surjbo cks  prfgbrks pr`g`df`obs mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk. Ck prb`dupkdfôo prb`dupkdfôo aub d`ostkotb p`r pkrtb mb botfmkmbs y `rjkofsg`s bstktkcbs, mb g`m` qub pkrk fofdf`s mbc sfjc` ^^ bstks kddf`obs sb guctfpcfdko, prfgbr` bo bc rbst` mb Bur`pk y kû`s gës tkrmb bo Kgærfdk Cktfok. ]rks bc okdfgfbot` mbc g`vfgfbot` g`mbro`, c`s bmfafdf`s mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk kmqufbrbo uo pkpbc  pr`tkjôofd` bo bo ck d`ostruddfôo mb ck oubvk dfumkm. dfumkm. Ubr`, °bs vfkhcb qub uo sfjc` mbspuæs ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk sb sfjk mfsbûkom` hki` c`s gfsg`s bstëomkrbs y d`o gky`rbs mbafdfbodfks qub bo c`s kû`s 450 Ck s`dfbmkm, bo jbobrkc, nk dkghfkm`. Rok mb sus dkrkdtbrçstfdks mbafoft`rfks bs ck nbtbr`jbobfmkm, nbtbr`jbobfmkm, ck qub tkghfæo mbhbrçk sbr uok pbducfkrfmkm mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`otbgp`rëobk. d`otbgp`rëobk. Cks oubvks mfoëgfdks sb p`mrçko rbsugfr mb ck sfjufbotb gkobrk9 Ubsb k qub ck gbmfk mb nkhftkotbs p`r vfvfbomk mbdrbdb, d`o uo kugbot` dkmk vbz gky`r mb c`s n`jkrbs uofpbrs`okcbs, ck mbgkomk mb vfvfbomks kugbotk rëpfmkgbotb. Bst` bo jrko gbmfmk mbhfm` k dkghf`s bo bc d`gp`rtkgfbot` mb ck p`hckdfôo rbspbdt` k ck oupdfkcfmkm, ck d`nkhftkdfôo y cks pkutks mb fombpbombodfk mb c`s iôvbobs. Ck akgfcfk bs mfoëgfdk y sus obdbsfmkmbs s`o dkghfkotbs bo bc ;4

 

tfbgp`. Ck vfvfbomk d`odbhfmk d`o bsqubgks trkmfdf`okcbs o` nk skhfm` kmkptkrsb k bst`s dkghf`s pr`pf`s mb ck s`dfbmkm kdtukc (KDX Jrup`, 85;: pëj. =2). @tr` rbqubrfgfbot` mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`otbgp`rëobk, bs ck obdbsfmkm mb sktfsakdbr k usukrf`s dkmk vbz gbo`s sbmbotkrf`s. C`s d`oiuot`s mb vfvfbomks kchbrjko kjrupkdf`obs mb  pbrs`oks mb mfabrbotbs d`stughrbs, `hibtfv`s, oùgbr` mb fotbjrkotbs, bstfc`s mb vfmk, pbr` qub mbsbko d`ovfvfr y d`gpkrtfr bspkdf`s d`guobs. U`r bcc` sb mfdb, qub bc pr`hcbgk o` s`c` bstë kc fotbrf`r mb ck vfvfbomk, sfo` tkghfæo kc bxtbrf`r, bo c`s bspkdf`s d`guobs qub o` s`o dkpkdbs mb d`gpcbtkr bc pr`jrkgk cfgftkm` mb cks vfvfbomks. Bo bc Ubrù, cks dfarks mb c`s dkghf`s s`df`mbg`jrëafd`s prbsbotko uo jrko d`otrkstb d`gpkrkom` cks mbc ùctfg` ùct fg` dbos`, d`o cks mb uo dbos` mb fofdf`s mb c`s 65. U`dks vbdbs sb kh`rmk bstb tbgk d`g` mbhbrçk sbr, yk qub sb pfbosk qub ck s`cudfôo bstë bo nkdbr cks vfvfbomks dkmk vbz gës pbqubûks. Ckgbotkhcbgbotb, bc `hibtfv` prfg`rmfkc mb c`s pr`g`t`rbs mb hc`qubs mb vfvfbomk, bs su borfqubdfgfbot` bd`oôgfd`. U`r bcc`, dkmk vbz c`s d`oiuot`s mb vfvfbomks s`o mb gky`r mbosfmkm y gbo`s supbrafdfb p`r vfvfbomk, c` qub d`otrkmfdt`rfkgbotb, s`c` `rfjfok qub cks pbrs`oks sbko gës fotr`vbrtfmks y gës kfsckmks. Tf sb kgpcçk ck gfrkmk k ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`, ck sftukdfôo sb rbpftb. Tbjùo bc dbos` mb 85;:, bxfstbo 85>24; n`jkrbs, uo 2=.:% gës qub bo bc kû` ;664. Botrb ;664- 85;: sb nko pr`mudfm` g`mfafdkdf`obs s`df`mbg`jrëafdks fgp`rtkotbs. Bc dkghf` gës o`tkhcb bs bc kugbot` mb n`jkrbs uofpbrs`okcbs (mb ;;555 k gës mb 82555), bc mb c`s n`jkrbs a`rgkm`s p`r m`s pbrs`oks (mb ;>555 k 44555) y qub c`s n`jkrbs a`rgkm`s p`r uok akgfcfk y kcjuok pbrs`ok o` bgpkrbotkmk dksf sb nko trfpcfdkm`. Arbotb k bst`, mfvfmfr ck vfvfbomk o` bs uok kctbroktfvk yk qub æstk kùo o` sb bodubotrk prbpkrkmk of ofojuo` mb sus bcbgbot`s d`guobs (kddbs`s, sbrvfdf`s, fostkckdf`obs). Cks obdbsfmkmbs dkghfko, pbr` ck vfvfbomk o` y c`s usukrf`s sfgpcbgbotb o` pubmbo nkdbr okmk gës qub gkotbobr bsk supbrafdfb bxdbmbotkrfk ` foùtfc. Bc `hibtfv` mbc prbsbotb trkhki` bs pr`p`obr oubvks tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomks qub, bo d`otrkp`sfdfôo k c`s bsqubgks trkmfdf`okcbs, pbrgftk acbxfhfcfzkr c`s bspkdf`s y kmkptkrc`s k oubv`s us`s y, qub pbsb k sbr mb mfgbosf`obs rbmudfmks, sb d`gpcbgbotb d`o bspkdf`s d`cbdtfv`s mb dkcfmkm y pbrgftk uok d`ovfvbodfk krg`of`sk.

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;.8.  A@XGRCKDFÔO MBC UX@HCBGK Bo bstb d`otbxt` sb pckotbk bc sfjufbotb sf jufbotb pr`hcbgk9 °Bo quæ gbmfmk ck pr`pubstk mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk jbobrkrë g`mbc`s nkhftkdf`okcbs kctbroktfv`s kc gbrdkm` fog`hfcfkrf` bo Dnfdcky`0

;.4.  @HIB]FQ@T @hibtfv` jbobrkc Ur`p`obr oubvks tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk kctbroktfvks k c`s g`mbc`s nkhftkdf`okcbs qub `arbdb bc gbrdkm` fog`hfcfkrf` bo Dnfdcky`.

@hibtfv`s bspbdçafd`s - Xbvfskr c`s dkghf`s bo c`s g`m`s mb nkhftkr y ck bv`cudfôo mb ck vfvfbomk bo t`ro` k bcc`s. - Fmbotfafdkr c`s pkrëgbtr`s fmôob`s mb mfsbû` mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`g` rbspubstk k ck nbtbr`jbobfmkmm mb ck s`dfbmkm d`otbgp`rëobk nbtbr`jbobfmk d`otbgp`rëobk.. - Bvkcukr ck sftukdfôo kdtukc mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`, mbsmb bc h``g fog`hfcfkrf` nkstk ck kdtukcfmkm. - Bckh`rkr bstrktbjfks pr`ybdtukcbs kpcfdkmks bo ck pr`pubstk mb oubvks tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`.

;.=.  IRT]FAFDKDFÔO Iustfafdkdfôo T`dfkc Ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`, sb d`odfhb d`g` uo g`mbc` bstkomkrfzkm` mfrfjfm` k uo s`c` jrup` jrup` akgfcfkr. Tfo bghkrj`, ck s`dfbmkm mbs mbsmb mb ck mædkmk mb c`s >5 vfbob bxpbrfgbotkom` dkghf`s dkghf`s o`t`rf`s9 mbsmb ck mfsgfoudfôo mb n`jkrbs d`o = ` gës nfi`s, kugbot` mb n`jkrbs uofpbrs`okcbs ` pbrs`oks bo d`nkhftkdfôo d`odbrtkmk nkstk oubv`s d`gp`rtkgfbot`s arbotb kc gktrfg`of` b fombpbombodfk fombpbombodfk mb c`s iôvbobs. Bs p`r bstb dkghf` s`df`mbg`jrë s`df`mbg`jrëafd`, afd`, o` s`c` bo ck d`gp`sfdfôo mb ck akgfcfk sfo` bo c`s oubv`s g`m`s mb nkhftkr mb c`s usukrf`s, y p`r ck obdbsfmkm mb bspkdf`s d`cbdtfv`s qub a`rtkcbzdko cks rbckdf`obs vbdfokcbs, qub surjb ck ;2

 

obdbsfmkm mb rba`rguckr c`s pkrëgbtr`s mb mfsbû` mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`.

Iustfafdkdfôo Krquftbdtôofdk

Ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk mb Dnfdcky` pkrbdb, fodcus`, nkhbr rbtr`dbmfm` bo dukot` k mfsbû` rbafbrb. Tb mfsbûk uok vfvfbomk gçofgk qub mktk mb c`s kû`s 45, ërbks rbmudfmks qub brko d`gpcbgbotkmks d`o sbrvfdf`s d`guobs. Kdtukcgbotb, bstk vfvfbomk mb bstrudturk rçjfmk d`o dksf uo sfjc` mb kotfjóbmkm sfjub sfbom` bc pr`mudt` `arbdfm` p`r bc gbrdkm` fog`hfcfkrf` dnfdckyko`.  Ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`otbgp`rëobk mbhbrçk sbr mfsbûkmk bo hksb k pkrëgbtr`s mb kmkptkhfcfmkm kotb mfabrbotbs jrup`s mb d`nkhftkdfôo, d`otrfhuybom` d`otrfhuybom` d`o sbrvfdf`s d`guobs kc bmfafdf` y k ck dfumkm, kp`yëom`sb tkghfæo bo ck tbdo`c`jçk y sbosfhfcfmkm d`o bc gbmf` kghfbotb.

Iustfafdkdfôo Ubrs`okc Bc prbsbotb trkhki` mb fovbstfjkdfôo bs rbcbvkotb mkm` qub nkstk kn`rk s`o p`dks ` oucks cks fovbstfjkdf`obss kdbrdk mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`. Bs obdbskrfk uok oubvk fovbstfjkdf`ob gfrkmk k ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk, mbsmb su kpkrfdfôo y d`g`, mb gkobrk pr`jrbsfvk, ccbjô k ck dfumkm, pkrk d`gprbombr ck obdbsfmkm mb uo rba`rguckdfôo bo ck gfsgk.

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FF. AROMKGBO]KDF AROMKGBO]KDFÔO ÔO ]BÔXFDK 8.;.  HKTBT ]BÔXFDKT 8.;.;.  T`hrb bc s`p`rtb C`s krquftbdt`s mbc TKX (Ttfdntfoj Krdnftbdtbo Xbsbkrdn), uok `rjkofzkdfôo auomkmk bo N`ckomk bo ;61=, d`o bc afo mb fovbstfjkr c`s pkrkmfjgks bo bc mfsbû` y d`ostruddfôo mb vfvfbomks, pr`p`obo rbfod`rp`rkr rbfod`rp`rkr kc usukrf` bo bstb pr`dbs` mbc qub nk sfm` bxdcufm`. I`no Nkhrklbo kp`rtk c`s tærgfo`s –s`p`rtb‗ y –uofmkm sbpkrkhcb‗ d`g` tb`rçk mb qub uo ërbk  pubmb sbr mfabrbodfkmk bo m`s pkrtbs9 uok, s`hrb ck qub bc fomfvfmu` tfbob d`otr`c y `trk, s`hrb ck qub ck d`guofmkm mbdfmb d`cbdtfvkgbotb. Ro s`p`rtb o` s`c` bs uo bcbgbot` bstrudturkc, y cks uofmkmbs sbpkrkhcbs o` s`o bcbgbot`s mb rbccbo`. Jbobrkcgbotb bo ck fomustrfk mb ck d`ostruddfôo nkdb bstk dcksfafdkdfôo mb c`s bcbgbot`s, sfo bghkrj`, kc nkhckr mb s`p`rtb y uofmkmbs sbpkrkhcbs, sb sbûkck uok mfabrbodfk mfa brbodfk mb d`otr`c, mb p`mbr mb mbdfsfôo. (Nkhrklbo, ;6:6 pëj. 8=) Ro s`p`rtb bs kqubcck pkrtb mb uok bstrudturk nkhftkhcb s`hrb ck dukc bc usukrf` o` tfbob uo d`otr`c fomfvfmukc (bstrudturk, fostkckdf`obs, khbrturks). Gfbotrks qub cks uofmkmbs sbpkrkhcbs, s`o d`gp`obotbs gôvfcbs s`hrb cks dukcbs bc usukrf` tfbob d`otr`c fomfvfmukc (c` acbxfhcb y c` trkosa`rgkhcb, yk sbko tkhfqubs, krgkrf`s ` bqufpkgfbot`s). N`y bo mçk ck pr`muddfôo mb vfvfbomks vfvfbo mks bo gksk, o` mbik gudn` bspkdf` pkrk bc dkghf`. Ck jbotb jbot b usk ck vfvfbomk tkc d`g` ck bodubotrk y ck bsdksbz mb vfvfbomk fgp`sfhfcftk ck bxprbsfôo mb  prbabrbodfks p`r sbcbddfôo. Mbsmb cubj` sb pubmbo nkdbr kcjuoks jbobrkcfzkdf`obs, jbobrkcfzkdf`obs, bxfstbo dfbrtks tbombodfks. Nky t`mkvçk jbotb qub bs pr`pfbtkrfk mb su vfvfbomk y tfbob c`s gbmf`s pkrk trkosa`rgkrcks, fodcus` sf o` aubr`o `rfjfokrfkgbotb pboskmks pkrk ck kmkptkdfôo. Dukom` kcjufbo tfbob uok dksk, cks gbi`rks qub nkdb gudnks vbdbs s`o pr`mudt` mb uok obdbsfmkm mb fmbotfafdkdfôo y pbrtbobodfk k ck gfsgk. Tfo bghkrj`, o` sb pubmb mbikr mb ckm` c`s dkghf`s bo ck bstrudturk mb ck s`dfbmkm qub tfbobo uok foacubodfk bo c`s bstfc`s mb vfmk mb cks akgfcfks kdtukcgbotb, c` dukc d`ostftufrçk `tr` mb c`s g`tfv`s. C`s bstfc`s mb vfmk mbc sfjc`  pkskm`, o` s`o c`s bstfc`s mb vfmk mb ck kd kdtukcfmkm. tukcfmkm. Ck prfgbrk iustfafdkdfôo pkrk m`tkr mb acbxfhfcfmkm k uok vfvfbomk, d`o arbdubodfk bs bc dkghf` bo ck d`gp`sfdfôo akgfcfkr. Kuoqub bst` bs fgp`rtkotb, sb nk mbg`strkm` qub bxfstbo `trks ;:

 

d`osfmbrkdf`obs mb gky`r fgp`rtkodfk. O` bs tko s`c` uo dkghf` bo oùgbr` mb fotbjrkotbs, fgpcfdk tkghfæo uok sbrfb mb mfabrbotbs rbckdf`obs y a`rgks mb vfvfr iuot`s, mb mfabrbotbs kdtfvfmkmbs kc fotbrf`r y bxtbrf`r mb ck vfvfbomk. Bst`s dkghf`s o` foacuybo tko s`c` bo bc oùgbr` mb nkhftkdf`obs bo ck vfvfbomk, sfo` tkghfæo kabdtko bc tfp` y oùgbr` mb bqufpkgfbot`s qub kchbrjk ck gfsgk. Rok mb cks gës fgp`rtkotbs vbotkiks mb cks uofmkmbs sbpkrkhcbs bs qub uok akgfcfk pubmb bgpbzkr d`o uo d`oiuot` hësfd` mb uofmkmbs. Bot`odbs, dukom` c`s gbmf`s y cks mbgkomks kugbotko, sb pubmbo fr nkdfbom` kmfdf`obs, kuoqub ck sbdubodfk bo qub bst` sb nkdb pubmb vkrfkr. Ukrk dkmk pbrs`ok y pkrk dkmk akgfcfk, c`s akdt`rbs a kdt`rbs qub t`gko pkrtb bo cks mbdfsf`obs mb dkghfkr bc gbmf` sbrëo mfstfotks. Ukrk bc krquftbdt`, bst` mbhbrçk sbr rkzôo suafdfbotb d`g` pkrk bstfguckrc` k pboskr kdbrdk mb s`cudf`obs krquftbdtôofdks qub nkjko p`sfhcbs vkrfkdf`obs bo ck mfstrfhudfôo k autur`. 8.;.8.  Ck dksk d`g` d`cckjb Bo bc cfhr` –Dksk d`cckjb‗ sb prbsbotk uo d`oiuot` mb `hsbrvkdf`obs qub tfbobo k ck dksk d`g`  puot` a`dkc, mb cks qub rbsuctk uok dksk cfjkmk k cks bxpbrfbodfks y o` uok dksk bxpbrfgbotkc. Ksfgfsg`, sb mbsdrfhbo dfbrt`s akdt`rbs qub mbhbrçko sbr rbqubrfgfbot`s mb ck dksk d`otbgp`rëobk, d`otbgp`rëob k, rbckdf`okm`s gës d`o bc g`m` mb nkhftkr qub d`o bc bstfc` krquftbdtôofd`. Ro rksj` dkrkdtbrçstfd` mb cks vfvfbomks kdtukcbs bs bc prbm`gfof` mb ck skck mb bstkr arbotb k cks mbgës nkhftkdf`obs, c` dukc sb kiustk k uok akgfcfk trkmfdf`okc, pbr` sb d`rrbsp`omb p`d` k c`s dkmk vbz gës nbtbr`jæob`s vçoduc`s mb c`s usukrf`s y a`rgks mb nkhftkr. Bs p`r bcc`, qub uok  p`sfhfcfmkm bs ck o` bspbdfkcfzkdfôo bspbdfkcfzkdfôo mb c`s bsp bspkdf`s kdf`s m`gæstfd`s9 dukcqufbr dukcqufbr nkhftkdfôo sb p` p`mrçk mrçk uskr pkrk dukcqufbr auodfôo, ck dukc yk mbpbombrçk çotbjrkgbotb mbc usukrf`. (G`otbys, y `tr`s, 855; pëj. :1) Ck dksk mbc sfjc` ^^F bs uo botb vfv`9 dkghfk k ck vbz qub sus `dupkotbs, bot`odbs °p`r quæ bcc`s s`o c`s jrkombs `cvfmkm`s mb ck krquftbdturk rbsfmbodfkc0 O` nky qub bvftkr qub ck jbotb fotbrvbojk s`hrb ck krquftbdturk d`o su g`m` mb vfmk, yk qub gës hfbo bsk kpr`pfkdfôo qub dkmk usukrf` rbkcfzk trkosa`rgk ck pbrdbpdfôo mbc bspkdf` y c` nkdb suy`, ùofd` y mfabrbotb.

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8.;.4.  Nkhftkr bc prbsbotb Bo ck bxp`sfdfôo –Nkhftkr bc prbsbotb. Qfvfbomk bo Bspkûk9 s`dfbmkm, dfumkm, tbdo`c`jçk y rbdurs`s‗ (8551), rbkcfzkmk p`r bodkrj` mbc Gfofstbrf` mb Qfvfbomk mb Bspkûk, sb prbsbotô p`r  prfgbrk vbz bc koëcfsfs jrëafd` mb pr`ybdt`s mbskrr`cckm`s bo bc Gkstbr Ckh`rkt`rf` mb ck vfvfbomk mbc sfjc` ^^F, y prbsbotkm`s bo bc cfhr` –Nbrrkgfbotks pkrk nkhftkr bc prbsbotb‗. Tb trktk mb ck d`ostruddfôo mb uo sfstbgk mb vkc`rkdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk, rbkcfzkm` bo t`ro` k duktr` d`odbpt`s qub mbafofbr`o c`s kpkrtkm`s mb ck bxp`sfdfôo9 s`dfbmkm, dfumkm, tbdo`c`jçk y rbdurs`s, çtbgs qub bojc`hkr`o cks dkrkdtbrçstfdks qub sb cb pbmçk k ck vfvfbomk d`otbgp`rëobk bspkû`ck, d`gpkrkhcb d`o cks obdbsfmkmbs kmkptkhcbs k `tr`s d`otbxt`s. D`g` pkrtb mbc gkstbr y d`g` pkrtb mb cks mfabrbotbs bxpbrfbodfks mb c`s kut`rbs, sb sfjufbr`o d`gpcbgbotkom` c`s d`odbpt`s,, ccbjkom` k kmfdf`okrsb duktr` gës9 jbstfôo, rbnkhfcftkdfôo, a`rgk y tfp`c`jçk. d`odbpt`s Tb nkdb obdbskrf` bc rbpckotb` mb ck ducturk mb vfvfbomk, jbobrkom jbobrkom`` usukrf`s drçtfd`s, bxfjbotbs d`o c` qub bc gbrdkm` cbs `arbdb. Ksç pubs, ck vfvfbomk p`mrçk sbr botbomfmk d`g` pkrtb mb ck dfumkm y d`g` bspkdf` pkrk nkhftkr bc prbsbotb, kchbrjkr bc pkskm` y pr`ybdtkr bc autur`9 uo cujkr m`omb vfvfr dôg`mkgbotb. (G`otkobr, y `tr`s, 85;5 pëj. ;2) K c` ckrj` mbc cfhr` sb pr`auomfzk bo dkmk d`odbpt` d`odbpt` y sb kh`rmko pr`ybdt`s k c`s qub sb cb kpcfdk bstb gæt`m` jrëafd`. Tb nko t`gkm` kqubccks `hrks qub `arbdbo uok vkrfbmkm tfp`côjfdk ktbomfbom` k ck mfvbrsfmkm s`dfkc, qub d`otrfhuybo k ck dfumkm d`o us`s pkrk t`m`s, `hrks bo cks qub ck tbdo`c`jçk mbafob ck dkcfmkm mb ck vfvfbomk y m`omb sb tfbob uok bspbdfkc sbosfhfcfmkm d`o bc gbmf` kghfbotb. Bc gæt`m` mb trkhki` km`ptkm` p`r G`otkobr, Guxç y Akckjëo nkdb rbabrbodfk kc rkdf`okcfsg` sfstbgëtfd` mb Kcbxkombr Lcbfo, d`o sus `rjkofjrkgks, pckotks y rbqubrfgfbot`s, y bo ck kdtukcfzkdfôo mbc gæt`m`, d`o cks d`otrfhudf`obs mb Dnrfst`pnbr Kcbxkombr y I`no Nkhrklbo k  pkrtfr mb c`s kû`s kû`s 15. 8.;.=.  Ur`ybdtkr vfvfbomk bo bc sfjc` ^^F G`otkobr y Guxç aubr`o d`ov`dkm`s pkrk bckh`rkr uok O`rgktfvk mb mfsbû` mb vfvfbomk pkrk ck Iuotk mb Komkcudçk. Mb bstk gkobrk bxp`obo ck obdbsfmkm mb rbfotbrprbtkr ck vfvfbomk gës kccë mbc ëghft` prfvkm`, jbobrkom` kdtfvfmkmbs d`guoftkrfks, d`g` uo pcus mb c`s d`oiuot`s ;6

 

nkhftkdf`okcbs,, bvftkom` ck d`ostruddfôo gksfvk mb vfvfbomks pboskom` s`ckgbotb bo hbobafdf`s nkhftkdf`okcbs bd`oôgfd`s. Kmbgës, bo c` qub rbspbdtk k vfvfbomk bs fomfspboskhcb, rbacbikr ck d`odfbodfk mb uo dkghf` s`dfkc bo bc sfjc` ^^F. Ck d`gp`sfdfôo mb c`s n`jkrbs o` bs uofa`rgb, of bo ck sfojuckrfmkm mb uo fomfvfmu`, of bo bc d`oiuot` mb ck s`dfbmkm. Ck vfvfbomk nk mb pr`ybdtkrsb d`o rbspubstks mb gëxfgk kghfjóbmkm b fombtbrgfokdfôo, mb gkobrk qub pubmk kchbrjkr mfvbrs`s g`m`s mb vfmk y pbrgftfr uok gky`r gk y`r trkosa`rgkdfôo d`o hki` bsaubrz` prëdtfd` y bd`oôgfd`. Mb bstk gkobrk, c`s kut`rbs prbsbotko c`s ;=+; pkrëgbtr`s s`hrb c`s dukcbs sb auomkgbotko c`s drftbrf`s mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`otbgp`rëobk. Mfdn`s pkrëgbtr`s aubr`o mbskrr`cckm`s p`r  prfgbrk vbz pkrk ck bxp`sfdfôo Nkhftkr bc Urbsbotb. Qfvfbomk bo Bspkûk9 s`dfbmkm, dfumkm, tbdo`c`jçk y rbdurs`s (8551) p`r bodkrj` mbc Gfofstbrf` mb Qfvfbomk mb Bspkûk, y sb hksko bo9 ;. Ck ktbodfôo k ck mfvbrsfmkm s`dfkc, tbofbom` bo dubotk cks oubvks bstrudturks mb n`jkr dkmk uok d`o obdbsfmkmbs mfabrbotbs< 8. Ck sftukdfôo urhkok d`g` uok d`omfdfôo prbvfk k ck c k vfvfbomk, ` sbk d`o`dbr cks m`tkdf`obs y sbrvfdf`s qub p`mrëo hbobafdfkr k c`s autur`s nkhftkotbs, ksç d`g` ck bxfstbodfk mb jrkmfbotbs9 rbckdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk d`o bc bspkdf` pùhcfd` mb hkrrf`< 4. Bc us` mb cks tbdo`c`jçks kmbdukmks fgpcfdk qub ck vfvfbomk sb nk pboskm` y rbsubct` mb kdubrm` d`o bc cujkr y bc tfbgp`, skdkom` bc gëxfg` pr`vbdn` k c`s gktbrfkcbs uskm`s y akv`rbdfbom` ck bv`cudfôo y kmbdukdfôo mb c`s gfsg`s k c`s rbqubrfgfbot`s mb c`s usukrf`s< =. Ck d`rrbdtk utfcfzkdfôo mb c`s rbdurs`s, d`o bc gky`r kn`rr` bobrjætfd`. (Xbacbxf`obs pkrk pr`ybdtkr vfvfbomks mbc sfjc` ^^F, 85;5 pëj. >1) 8.;.2.  Ck rba`rguckdfôo mbc pr`ybdt` m`gæstfd` Ck dksk d`otbgp`rëobk, d`g` n`y ck d`o`dbg`s, tfbob su `rfjbo bo cks prfgbrks mædkmks mbc sfjc` ^^, d`o pr`pubstks mb krquftbdt`s bur`pb`s — auomkgbotkcgbotb auomkgbotkcgbotb n`ckombsbs y kcbgkobsqub husdkhko pkcbkr pr`hcbgks skoftkrf`s mbc sfjc` kotbrf`r y rbd`ostrufr cks dfumkmbs. Rok æp`dk ccbok mb dkghf`s sfjofafdktfv`s9 tbdo`côjfd`s, mbrfvkm`s mbc bgpcb` mb oubv`s gktbrfkcbs d`g` bc d`odrbt` krgkm` y bc kdbr`, y s`df`mbg`jrëafd`s, p`r bc khkom`o` mbc dkgp`, ck fomustrfkcfzkdfôo y c`s kvkodbs dfbotçafd`s. (Dkrrbfr`, y `tr`s, 85;1 pëj. ;;) C`s bspkdf`s mb ck vfvfbomk nko fm` bv`cudf`okom` bo pkrkcbc` k ck foo`vkdfôo d`o oubv`s sfstbgks d`ostrudtfv`s y k ck fod`rp`rkdfôo mb oubv`s kpkrkt`s bcbdtr`m`gæstfd`s. O` `hstkotb, bc pr`jrkgk sb nk gkotbofm`, d`osbrvkom` ck z`ofafdkdfôo mçk- o`dnb, d`o bspkdf`s pkrk bc `df`, 85

 

ck kcfgbotkdfôo, bc mbsdkos` y ck nfjfbob. Kc fjukc qub sudbmçk k fofdf`s mbc sfjc` ^^, bo ck kdtukcfmkm sb vfscughrk ck obdbsfmkm mb rba`rguckr ck `rjkofzkdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk. Rok rba`rguckdfôo, oubvkgbotb, fgpucskmk p`r dubstf`obs tbdo`côjfdks d`g` s`dfkcbs, pbr` bstk vbz d`o uo bcbgbot` bo d`gùo9 ck sbosfhfcfmkm d`o bc gbmf` kghfbotb. Tb mbtbdtko, kc gbo`s, duktr` kspbdt`s qub `rfbotko cks pkutks mb tkc rba`rguckdfôo mbc pr`ybdt` m`gæstfd`, y s`o9 -  Bcbgbot` mbc pktrfg`of` fogktbrfkc9 Drftbrf`s d`g` s`stbofhfcfmkm, rbdfdckib, rbdupbrkdfôo y rbutfcfzkdfôo nko mb kpcfdkrsb kc pktrfg`of` urhko` d`ostrufm`,  prfodfpkcgbotb rbsfmbodfkc. Ùofdkgbotb pbrgkobdb kqubcc` qub sb utfcfzk. D`o ck fod`rp`rkdfôo mb d`odbpt`s d`g` bc tbcbtrkhki`, sb nkdb p`sfhcb uok oubvk `rjkofzkdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk bo t`ro` k vfmk y trkhki`. Ck z`ofafdkdfôo mbc sfjc` ^^ pubmb sustftufrsb  p`r ck nfhrfmkdfôo nfhrfmkdfôo mbc sfjc` ^^F. -  Ufbzk mb us`s gùctfpcbs9 C`s jrup`s akgfcfkrbs nko mbikm` mb sbr n`g`jæob`s y bstëtfd`s. Bs dfbrt` qub c`s n`jkrbs trkmfdf`okcbs mb pkmrbs y 8 ` 4 nfi`s sfjubo kugbotkom` sbjùo bstkmçstfdks, pbr` tkghfæo c` bs qub cks oubvks a`rgks mb d`nkhftkdfôo kcdkozko dfarks guy kctks. Bstks oubvks bstrudturks bxfjbo uok oubvk `rjkofzkdfôo bspkdfkc kddbsfhcb, pbrabdtfhcb y vbrsëtfc. -  Gkrd` mb uok rbckdfôo s`dfkc mfoëgfdk9 Murkotb sfjc`s ck vfvfbomk nk sfm` d`osfmbrkmk bc cujkr pkrk ck guibr, uo cujkr mbmfdkm` kc trkhki` m`gæstfd` o` rbguobrkm` b fgprbsdfomfhcb pkrk ck vfmk d`tfmfkok. Tfo bghkrj`, ck fod`rp`rkdfôo mb ck guibr kc guom` kdkmægfd` y ckh`rkc bs uok rbkcfmkm fodubstf`okhcb, sftukdfôo qub d`occbvk k qub rbdckgbo uo pkpbc kdtfv` bo ck s`dfbmkm, bo tærgfo`s mb fombpbombodfk b fjukcmkm. Mb bstk a`rgk, ck dksk mbik mb sbr bc cujkr mb ck guibr pkrk sbr bc dbotr` mb trkhki` m`gæstfd` d``rmfokm` p`r uo fomfvfmu`, sbk n`ghrb ` guibr. -  Krtbakdt` tbdo`côjfd`9 Fostkckdf`obs tko hësfdks d`g` ck mb uo t`gkd`rrfbotb mbhbo sbr mb uhfdkdfôo bstrktæjfdk mbotr` mb ck vfvfbomk, p`r sf bs obdbskrf` nkdbr trkosa`rgkdf`obs bo ck vfvfbomk. Bo gbmf` mb bstb d`otbxt`, sb prbtbomb jbobrkr uok rbacbxfôo drçtfdk s`hrb ck dksk, prfodfpkc bcbgbot` mbc tbifm` urhko`. Xbacbxfôo bo ck qub pkrtfdfpko uo d`oiuot` mb fovbstfjkm`rbs duyks kp`rtkdf`obs kokcfzko y bvkcùko dkmk bspkdf` mb ck dksk, bstumfko cks gkobrks mb rbkcfzkr c`s boskghcbs kmbdukm`s y, afokcgbotb, pckotbko cks bstrktbjfks mb fotbrvbodfôo bo pr`ybdt`s rbsfmbodfkcbs d`odrbt`s. 8;

 

8.8.  KO]BDBMBO]BT Tf hfbo ck pr`ybddfôo nkhftkdf`okc, kdtukcgbotb, bs g`vfcfzkm`rk mb uo sbjgbot` fgp`rtkotb mbc gbrdkm` y mb cks hùsqubmks krquftbdtôofdks, o` vfvbodfk c`s dkghf`s qub bxpbrfgbotk ck s`dfbmkm bo bc d`otbxt` cktfo`kgbrfdko` y okdf`okc. Dkghf`s tkot` bo bc oùgbr` mb fotbjrkotbs mb ck akgfcfk d`g` bo c`s g`m`s mb nkhftkr, s`o c`s qub gkofafbstko qub bc pr`jrkgk mb cks vfvfbomks pkrbdb `hs`cbt` y obdbskrf` mb rba`rguckr. Bc usukrf` nk sfm` bstkomkrfzkm`, qufzës p`rqub ck d`ostruddfôo gksfvk nk kcdkozkm` su kujb `  p`r ck kusbodfk mbc krquftbdt` bo su rbckdfôo mfrbdtk d`o bc usukrf`. Ck gky`rçk p`rdbotukc mb cks vfvfbomks guctfakgfcfkrbs rbprbsbotk akgfcfks tfp` hfpkrbotkc d`o nfi`s, mbikom` mb ckm` ck nbtbr`jbobfmkm qub dkrkdtbrfzk k ck s`dfbmkm kdtukc. V kùo pkrk ck akgfcfk trkmfdf`okc c`s  pr`ybdt`s nkhftkdf`okcbs o` `arbdbo uok kctbroktfvk ôptfgk, pubs o` obdbskrfkgbotb obdbskrfkgbotb cks akgfcfks d`o ck gfsgk d`gp`sfdfôo rbqufbrbo c`s gfsg`s bspkdf`s. (Kjuky`, 85;8 pëj. ;;) Ck akctk mb d`rrbsp`ombodfk botrb ck mfstrfhudfôo tçpfdk mb cks vfvfbomks y cks btkpks mbc dfdc` mb vfmk akgfcfkr, dkmk vbz s`o gës bvfmbotbs. Ukrbiks iôvbobs d`o ofû`s vfvbo kiustkmks, gfbotrks bc bspkdf` mfsp`ofhcb bo vfvfbomks mb pbrs`oks kodfkoks bs gky`r mbc obdbskrf`9 ofojuok sb kiustk k cks obdbsfmkmbs rbkcbs mb c`s usukrf`s. (Gkrtçobz, ( Gkrtçobz, 85;1 pëj. 1;) Kc d`odbhfr ck vfvfbomk d`g` uok uofmkm bstëtfdk, sb `hcfjk k c`s usukrf`s k tbobr qub nkdbr sus  pr`pfks g`mfafdkdf`obs g`mfafdkdf`obs bo bc bspkdf` nkhftkhcb. Ck cckgkmk pbrs`okcfzkdfôo nk nkhftkdf`okc, hftkdf`okc, nkdb rbabrbodfk k ck dkpkdfmkm mb trkosa`rgkr bc nëhftkt, d`o bc afo mb rbsp`ombr k cks obdbsfmkmbs mb qufbo c` nkhftk. Tfo Tf o bghkrj`, bstks rba`rgks s`o bo ck gky`rçk mb dks`s guy d`st`sks y prbdf prbdfsko sko mb rbdurs`s kmfdf`okcbs, tkot` prëdtfd`s d`g` bd`oôgfd`s. Ksç bs d`g` sb mbgubstrk ck obdbsfmkm mb fodcufr ck acbxfhfcfmkm d`g` pkrtb mbc mfsbû` mb uok vfvfbomk, ck dukc nkdb akdtfhcb ck kmkptkhfcfmkm y/` g`mfafdkdfôo mbc bspkdf` rëpfmkgbotb kotb uo dkghf`. Nkhckr mb bspkdf`s acbxfhcbs sb subcb rbckdf`okr d`o pkobcbs gôvfcbs ` pcbjkhcbs. V sç, bo babdt` bst` d`rrbsp`omb kc d`odbpt` mb krquftbdturk acbxfhcb. Tfo bghkrj`, ck fmbk bs gës d`gpcbik qub bstb d`odbpt` fofdfkc. Ukrk bc Krq. X`hbrt Lr`obohurj, c`s hbobafdf`s qub mbhb pr`p`rdf`okr uok krquftbdturk acbxfhcb s`o9

88

 

-  Rok vfmk ùtfc gës ckrjk k ck vfvfbomk y kc bmfafdf`, pubs o` sb mbskdtukcfzk. -  Gbi`r dkpkdfmkm mb dugpcfr c`s `hibtfv`s, pubs pubmb kmkptkrsb k c`s dkghf`s bo dukcqufbr g`gbot`. -  Ubrgftb cks fotbrvbodf`obs mb c`s usukrf`s. -  Dkpkdfmkm mb kmkptkdfôo k cks foo`vkdf`obs tbdo`côjfdks k d`rt` ` ckrj` pckz`. -  Mbhfm` k su vfmk ùtfc gës ckrjk y su kmkptkhfcfmkm, bs gës rbotkhcb bd`oôgfdk y bd`côjfdkgbotb. bd`côjfdkgb otb. (Lr`obohurj, 855: pëj. ;1:) Ck bstrktbjfk gës d`gùo kc g`gbot` mb kpcfdkr d`odbpt`s mb acbxfhfcfmkm bo bmfafdf`s rbsfmbodfkcbs bs bc @pbo Hufcmfoj. Tu `hibtfv` prfodfpkc bs drbkr uok bstrudturk bspkdfkc dkpkz mb kmkptkrsb k c`s mfvbrs`s us`s qub bc nkhftkotb pubmk ccbjkr k rbqubrfr bo bc autur`. Ksfgfsg`, sus prfodfpf`s sb kcfobko d`o cks gbtks mb s`stbofhfcfmkm bo bc gbmf` kghfbotb. Bstb d`odbpt` sb auomkgbotk bo cks fmbks mbc Krq. I`no Nkhrklbo, qufbo pr`p`oçk sbpkrkr c`s bcbgbot`s mb s`p`rtb mb c`s mb rbccbo`, y ksç pbrgftfr ck fotbrvbodfôo mbc usukrf` bo ck `rjkofzkdfôo mbc bspkdf` nkhftkhcb. (C`pbrk, 85;: pëj. 45) Bc pckotbkgfbot` kdtukc mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk tkgp`d` prbvæ of pckofafdk bc bspkdf` d`gùo, bc gfsg` qub a`gbotk cks rbckdf`obs vbdfokcbs y ck d`cbdtfvfzkdfôo mb kcjuoks kdtfvfmkmbs m`gæstfdks. –Bc bot`ro` açsfd` tkghfæo rbqufbrb uo dkghf`9 cks pbrs`oks

p`mrëo g`mfafdkr su

gkobrk mb vfvfr y d`ovfvfr, s`c` sf ck d`oafjurkdfôo mbc bot`ro` açsfd` kyumk bo su bsaubrz`‗,

bo pkckhrks mbc Krq. Dnrfst`pnbr Kcbxkombr. Ksfgfsg`, ck d`tfmfkofmkm a`rgk pkrtb mb ck c k krquftbdturk rbsfmbodfkc, d`omfdf`okom` bc kspbdt` a`rgkc tkot` mb sus bspkdf`s d`guobs d`g` mb akdnkmks. U`r bibgpc`, r`pk tbomfmk vfsfhcb k t`m`s, s`o bc rbsuctkm` mb uok jbstfôo mbafdfbotb mbc dfdc` mb ck r`pk y z`oks mb tbomfm` kcbikmks kcbikmks mb z`oks mb ckvkm` ` fosuafdfbotbs bo ërbk. Ck s`cudfôo bs drbkr bspkdf`s bqufpkm`s kmbdukmkgbotb, tkot` kc fotbrf`r d`g` bxtbrf`r mb ck dæcuck nkhftkdf`okc, y ck d`odfbotfzkdfôo gbmfkotb uo pr`dbs` mb s`dfkcfzkdfôo qub akdfcftb bc mbskrr`cc` mb tkc dkpkdfmkm. Dukot`s gës fotbrbsbs bo d`gùo tbojko c`s nkhftkotbs, botbombrëo gbi`r c`s bspkdf`s d`guobs d`g` kcj` d`gpkrtfm` qub mbhbo prbsbrvkr. (Gkrtçobz, 85;1 pëj. ;52) Mb a`rgk pkrkcbck, ck s`stbofhfcfmkm nk kcdkozkm` su kujb bo cks ùctfgks mædkmks, pr`mudt` mbc okdfgfbot` mb uok d`odfbodfk bd`côjfdk d`cbdtfvk. Ck s`stbofhfcfmkm tkghfæo bs kpcfdkhcb k ck krquftbdturk, k trkvæs mbc hubo us` us` mb tbdo`c`jçk y ck d`rrbdtk jbstfôo mb rbdurs`s. Duk Dukcqufbr cqufbr  pr`ybdt` krquftbdtôofd` mbhb rbsp`ombr k ck s`stbofhfcfmkm, mbsmb su drbkdfôo, pkskom` p`r bc  pr`dbs` mb bcbddfôo bcbddfôo mb gktb gktbrfkc rfkc y g`hfcfkrf`, nkstk su `hs`cbsdbo `hs`cbsdbodfk dfk ` rbnkhfcftkdfôo. 84

 

 O` `hstkotb, gudnks vbdbs bstks fotbrvbodf`obs sb nkdbo s`c` p`r uo tbgk bstætfd`, sfo t`gkr bo dubotk cks d`omfdf`obs okturkcbs mbc cujkr. U`r bibgpc`, bo c`s ùctfg`s kû`s bo Tkotfkj` mb Dnfcb bs guy d`gùo vbr ck kpkrfdfôo mb duhfbrtks vbjbtkcbs, sfo tbobr bo dubotk bc kct` gkotbofgfbot` qub bstks sup`obo y cks hkiks ccuvfks koukcbs, c` dukc c` d`ovbrtfrçk bo uok `pdfôo  p`d` akdtfhcb. (Kjuky`, (Kjuky`, 85;8 pëj. pëj. ;=) Bo bc Ubrù, bc sfjc` ^^ aub mb gudn`s dkghf`s bo c` qub rbspbdtk k ck krquftbdturk rbsfmbod rbsfmbodfkc. fkc. Tb km`ptkr`o drftbrf`s mbc g`vfgfbot` g`mbro`, tkot` mb bspkdfkcfmkm d`g` mb tædofdk d`ostrudtfvk. Ur`ybdt`s d`g` cks Rofmkmbs Qbdfokcbs, UXBQF ` ck Xbsfmbodfkc Tko Abcfpb, aubr`o c`s jrkombs çd`o`s mb ck krquftbdturk mbc sfjc` pkskm`, d`o kcjuoks ræpcfdks bo pr`vfodfk. Tfo bghkrj`, ccbjkm` bc oubv` sfjc`, sb bgpbzkr`o k bvfmbodfkr c`s dkghf`s y oubvks obdbsfmkmbss mb ck s`dfbmkm d`otbgp`rëobk obdbsfmkmb d`otbgp`rëobk.. Bo Dnfdcky`, ck krquftbdturk rbsfmbodfkc prbsbotk gùctfpcbs dkrbodfks, tkot` bo bspkdf` nkhftkhcb d`g` bo bspkdf` d`gùo. V kn`rk gës qub ouodk, qub bc cckgkm` h``g mb ck d`ostruddfôo k ofvbc okdf`okc o`s `arbdb ougbr`s`s d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcb nkhftkdf`okcbss hksëom`sb bo uok ùofdk tfp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk y gktbrfkcbs mb d`ostruddfôo tçpfd`s, qub ck gky`rçk mb vbdbs mbiko mb ckm` ck dkcfmkm krquftbdtôofdk y bc d`oa`rt mb c`s usukrf`s, k dkghf` mb `htbobr ck gky`r jkokodfk  p`sfhcb. (Tkot`y`, (Tkot`y`, 85;5 pëj. pëj. ;2>)

8=

 

FFF. GKXD@ GB]@M@CÔJFD@ 4.;.  ]FU@ V OFQBC MB FOQBT]FJKDFÔO Tbjùo afokcfmkm9 FOQBT]FJKDFÔO KUCFDKMK Vk qub su `hibtfv` bs ck s`cudfôo mb uo pr`hcbgk prëdtfd` bo bc d`otbxt` sftukm`. O` husdk jbobrkr uok oubvk tb`rçk, sfo` gës hfbo kp`ykrsb bo hksbs tbôrfdks mb `tr`s kut`rbs y d`oar`otkrcks d`o ck rbkcfmkm.

Tbjùo boa`qub9 FOQBT]FJKDFÔO GF^]K Vk qub fodcuyb bc boa`qub dukotftktfv` y dukcftktfv`. Dukotftktfv`, dukom` sb kokcfzk ck vfvfbomk bo dukot` k mkt`s dukotfafdkhcbs d`g` tkhcks bstkmçstfdks, ërbks, mæafdft, btd. V dukcftktfv`, dukom` sb rbkcfzk uo koëcfsfs fotbrprbtktfv` mb ck vfvfbomk fmôobk y vfvfbomk kdtukc, ktrfhuybom` dkrkdtbrçstfdks y dukcfmkmbs k dkmk uofmkm nkhftkhcb.

Tbjùo gæt`m`9 FOQBT]FJKDFÔO O@ B^UBXFGBO]KC Vk qub o` sb gkofpucko cks vkrfkhcbs d`g` tkc, sfo` s`c` sb `hsbrvko c`s nbdn`s.

4.8.  MFTBÛ@ MB FOQBT]FJKDFÔO MFTBÛ@ C@OJF]RMFOKC Bs uok suhdcksfafdkdfôo mbc Mfsbû` o` bxpbrfgbotkc. Tb cb mbo`gfok ksç, p`rqub rbd`cbdtk foa`rgkdfôo bo mfabrbotbs g`gbot`s pkrk d`o`dbr su bv`cudfôo.

4.4.  U@HCKDFÔO V GRBT]XK Bc bsdbokrf` mb bstumf` sb dbotrk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`, ck dukc bogkrdk bc bgpckzkgfbot` mb ck p`hckdfôo qub kmqufrfrë vfvfbomk bo c`s prôxfg`s 2 kû`s, dukom` c`s pr`dbs`s s`dfkcbs sb kjumfdbo gudn` gës y bc pùhcfd` rbdbpt`r bstb bo husdk mb oubstrks pr`pubstks.

82

 

Bc prfgbr `hibtfv` bspbdçafd` –Xbvfskr c`s dkghf`s bo c`s g`m`s mb nkhftkr y ck bv`cudfôo mb ck vfvfbomk bo t`ro` k bcc`s‗  tfbob d`g` p`hckdfôo k cks c ks tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk rbprbsbotktfvks

mb dkmk btkpk, mbsmb ck kpkrfdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk, k ofvbc fotbrokdf`okc, okdf`okc y c`dkc. Bc sbjuom` `hibtfv` bspbdçafd` –Fmbotfafdkr c`s pkrëgbtr`s fmôob`s mb mfsbû` mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`g` rbspubstk k ck nbtbr`jbobfmkm mb ck s`dfbmkm d`otbgp`rëobk‗  tfbob

d`g`

 p`hckdfôo c`s gùctfpcbs drftbrf`s t`gkm`s p`r krquftbdt`s d`otbgp`rëob`s d`otbgp`rëob`s bo sus pr`ybdt`s pr`ybdt`s mb vfvfbomk, mb c`s dukcbs sb t`gkrëo c`s qub sb kmkptbo k ck rbkcfmkm c`dkc. Bc tbrdbr `hibtfv` bspbdçafd` –Bvkcukr ck sftukdfôo kdtukc mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`, mbsmb bc h``g fog`hfcfkrf` nkstk ck kdtukcfmkm‗   tfbob

d`g` p`hckdfôo c`s

d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs nkhftkdf`okcbs y bmfafdf`s guctfakgfcfkrbs `abrtkm`s bo ck dfumkm, pbr` s`c` kqubcc`s qub surjfbr`o mbsmb c`s kû`s 65 nkstk ck kdtukcfmkm, pubs bsk bs uok mb cks prbgfsks mbc `hibtfv`. Tb pr`dbmfô k kjrupkr c`s mfabrbotbs d`oiuot`s y bmfafdf`s mb kdubrm` k dkrkdtbrçstfdks qub tbojko bo d`gùo, y mb bcc` sb nfz` ck sbcbddfôo mb uo` p`r dkmk jrup`. Ksç bs d`g` qubmko bcbjfm`s trbs d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs y uo bmfafdf` guctfakgfcfkr pkrk kpcfdkrcbs p`stbrf`rgbotb uok juçk mb `hsbrvkdfôo d`o c`s drftbrf`s sbcbddf`okm`s. Bc dukrt` `hibtfv` bspbdçafd` –Bckh`rkr bstrktbjfks pr`ybdtukcbs kpcfdkmks bo ck pr`pubstk mb

oubvks tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`‗ tfbob d`g` p`hckdfôo k ck jbobrkdfôo qub kmqufrfrë vfvfbomk bo c`s prôxfg`s 2 kû`s, dukom` c`s pr`dbs`s s`dfkcbs sb kjumfdbo gudn` gës y bc pùhcfd` `hibtfv` bstb bo husdk mb oubstrks pr`pubstks.

4.=.  DXF]BXF@T MB TBCBDDFÔO Bc ùofd` `hibtfv` bspbdçafd` qub kgbrftk ck sbcbddfôo mb uok gubstrk bs bc tbrdbr`. Mfdnk gubstrk aub t`gkmk kcbkt`rfk ` kc kzkr, m`omb dkmk uo` mb c`s suibt`s tfbob ck gfsgk  pr`hkhfcfmkm y ck sbcbddfôo mb uuo` o` o` foacuyb p`sftfvk p`sftfvk of objktfvkgb objktfvkgbotb otb bo bc `tr`.

81

 

4.2.  @UBXKDF@OKCFY @UBXKDF@OKCFYKDFÔO KDFÔO MB CKT QKXFKHCBT Qkrfkhcb Fombpbomfbotb

Mfgbosf`obs

Fomfdkm`rbs

Krquftbdtôofdk

Mfvbrsfmkm Tftukdfôo urhkok

Qkc`rbs mb pr`xfgfmkm Xbckdfôo d`o B.U. D`ovfvbodfk mb us`s Bspkdf`s fotbrgbmf`s Kmbdukdfôo k mfabrbotbs jrup`s Kddbsfhfcfmkm Ur`pubstk mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk Mbsibrkrqufzkdfôo T`dfkc Bspkdf`s mb trkhki` Bspkdf`s mb kcgkdbokgfbot` Kjrupkdfôo ërbks nùgbmks Foo`vkdfôo tbdo`côjfdk Tfstbgks mb T`stbofhcb kpr`vbdnkgfbot` Xbsfmu`s y rbdfdckib Qkrfkhcb Mbpbomfbotb Mfgbosf`obs Fomfdkm`rbs Krquftbdtôofdk Mfvbrsfmkm G`mbc`s Mfgbosf`obs nkhftkdf`okcbss qub nkhftkdf`okcb `arbdb bc gbrdkm` Y`ofafdkdfôo G`ra`côjfdk fog`hfcfkrf` bo Qbotfckdfôo Dnfdcky` Fcugfokdfôo Rrhkok

8:

 

4.1.  ]ÆDOFDKT B FOT]XRGBO]@T MB XBD@CBDDFÔO MB MK]@T @hibtfv` Xbvfskr c`s dkghf`s bo c`s g`m`s mb nkhftkr y ck bv`cudfôo mb ck vfvfbomk bo t`ro` k bcc`s.

]ædofdk Xbvfsfôo mb rbabrbotbs, rbd`pfckdfôo

m`dugbotkc Fmbotfafdkr c`s pkrëgbtr`s mb mfsbû` Xbvfsfôo mb rbabrbotbs, fmôob`s mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`g` rbspubstk rbspubstk k ck nbtbr`jbobfmkm rbd`pfckdfôo m`dugbotkc mb ck s`dfbmkm. Bvkcukr ck sftukdfôo kdtukc mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Qfsftk k dkgp` Dnfdcky`, mbsmb bc h``g fog`hfcfkrf` nkstk ck kdtukcfmkm. Bckh`rkr bstrktbjfks pr`ybdtukcbs kpcfdkmks bo ck pr`pubstk mb oubvks tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo

Xbvfsfôo mb rbabrbotbs, vfsftk k dkgp`

Fostrugbot` Jrëafd`s, dr`o`dkrt`jrkaçk rbmfhui` Jrëafd`s, mfkjrkgks Juçk mb `hsbrvkdfôo, rbmfhui`, rbjfstr` a`t`jrëafd` Mfhui` mb  pckofgbtrçk, G`mbc` 4M

ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`.

4.:.  UX@DBMFGFBO]@T @hibtfv` bspbdçafd` ;9 Dr`o`dkrt`jrkaçk oµ; (Kobx` Oµ 5;) ;.  Xbd`cbdtkr foa`rgkdfôo s`hrb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk y su bv`cudfôo bo bc tfbgp`, k ofvbc fotbrokdf`okc, okdf`okc y c`dkc. 8.  Xbd`cbdtkr foa`rgkdfôo s`hrb nbdn`s jboærfd`s qub foacuybr`o, mfrbdtk ` fomfrbdtkgbotb, bo cks trkosa`rgkdf`obs mb ck vfvfbomk. 4.  Xbckdf`okr c`s mkt`s `htbofm`s, pkrk bvfmbodfkr ck foacubodfk mb nbdn`s y dkghf`s fotbrokdf`okcbs bo bc ëghft` c`dkc. =.  Bo hksb k bstk vfoduckdfôo, bckh`rkr sçotbsfs d`o c`s c `s mkt`s gës rbcbvkotbs.

@hibtfv` bspbdçafd` 49 Afdnk mb `hsbrvkdfôo oµ; (Kobx` Oµ 58) ;.  Bcbjfr drftbrf`s mb koëcfsfs, t`gkom` prfodfpf`s mb krquftbdt`s mbc g`vfgfbot` g`mbro`, pbr` kdtukcfzëom`c`s bo hksb k tb`rçks d`otbgp`rëob d`otbgp`rëobks. ks. 8.  D`c`dkr bo tkhcks c`s çtbgs çt bgs fmôob`s mb kdubrm` k dkmk drftbrf` sbcbddf`okm`, utfcfzkom` d`g` nbrrkgfbotk bc pr`jrkgk Gfdr`s`at Bxdbc. 4.  Qkcfmkr afdnk mb `hsbrvkdfôo. 8>

 

=.  Xbmfhuikr pcko`s mb tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomks y d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs mb ck gubstrk sbcbddf`okmk, sbcbddf`ok mk, utfcfzkom` d`g` nbrrkgfbotk bc pr`jrkgk Kut`DKM. 2.  Xbkcfzkr vfsftk mb dkgp` pkrk `hsbrvkr, rbkcfzkr gbmfdf`obs y vkc`rkr sf bstë prbsbotb, gbmfkokgbotb prbsbotb prbsbotb ` o` prbsbotb dkmk drftbrf` mb koëcfsfs.

4.>.  UCKO MB UX@DBTKGFBO]@ V KOËCFTFT MB MK]@T @hibtfv` bspbdçafd` ;9 Dr`o`dkrt`jrkaçk oµ; (Kobx` Oµ 58) ;.  K trkvæs mb uok dr`o`dkrt`jrkaçk, pcksgkr cks fmbks, jrëafd`s y mfkjrkgks gës trksdbombotbs s`hrb bc tbgk, bo akv`r mb uo gbi`r d`otr`c vfsukc mb c`s c `s nbdn`s. 8.  @htbobr rbsuctkm`s s`hrb ck bv`cudfôo mb ck c k vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk, sfbgprb boa`dkm`s kc usukrf`.

@hibtfv` bspbdçafd` 49 Afdnk mb `hsbrvkdfôo oµ; (Kobx` Oµ 58) ;.  Rok vbz rbd`cbdtkmk ck foa`rgkdfôo mb dkmk d`oiuot` nkhftkdf`okc, sb pr`dbmb k trksdrfhfr c`s mkt`s mb cks tkhcks bo açsfd` k cks tkhcks mfjftkcbs mbc foa`rgb, utfcfzkom` d`g` nbrrkgfbotk bc  pr`jrkgk Gfdr`s`at Bxdbc. Bxdbc. 8.  ]bofbom` cks tkhcks mfjftkcbs, pr`dbskr bsk foa`rgkdfôo trkmudfmk k jrëafd`s bo hksb kc rbmfhui` nbdn` kotbrf`rgbotb, utfcfzkom` d`g` nbrrkgfbotk bc pr`jrkgk Un`t`sn`p. 4.  @htbobr rbsuctkm`s pkrdfkcbs mb dkmk d`oiuot` nkhftkdf`okc, k g`m` mb d`odcusfôo p`r dkmk drftbrf` mb koëcfsfs. =.  @htbobr rbsuctkm`s jbobrkcbs mbc bstkm` kdtukc mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`.

86

 

4.6.  GK]XFY MB D@OTFT]BODFK  D@OTFT]BODFK  ]çtuc`

Ur`hcbgk

@hibtfv`

Nfpôtbsfs

Qkrfkhcb Fombpbomfbotb

Mfgbosf`obs

Ur`pubstk mb °Bo quæ Ck pr`pubstk mb Krquftbdtôofdk @hibtfv` jbobrkc9 Ur`p`obr vfvfbomk gbmfmk ck tfp`c`jçks mb tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`cbdtfvk d`g`  pr`pubstk mb vfvfbomk kctbroktfvks k c`s g`mbc`s kctbroktfvk k vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk nkhftkdf`okcbs qub `arbdb bc Rrhkok c`s g`mbc`s d`cbdtfvk jbobrkrë gbrdkm` fog`hfcfkrf` bo nkhftkdf`okcbs jbobrkrë g`mbc`s Dnfdcky`. qub `arbdb bc g`mbc`s nkhftkdf`okcbs gbrdkm` nkhftkdf`okcbs kctbroktfv`s kc fog`hfcfkrf` bo kctbroktfv`s kc @hibtfv` bspbdçafd` Oµ ;9 Xbvfskr gbrdkm` Ur`pubstk mb Dnfdcky` gbrdkm` fog`hfcfkrf` bo c`s dkghf`s bo c`s g`m`s mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk fog`hfcfkrf` bo Dnfdcky` nkhftkr y ck bv`cudfôo mb ck T`dfkc Dnfdcky`0 vfvfbomk bo t`ro` k bcc`s

@hibtfv` bspbdçafd` Oµ 89 Fmbotfafdkr c`s pkrëgbtr`s mb mfsbû` fmôob`s mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`g` rbspubstk k ck nbtbr`jbobfmkm mb ck s`dfbmkm Qkrfkhcb Mbpbomfbotb @hibtfv` bspbdçafd` Oµ 49 Bvkcukr ck sftukdfôo kdtukc mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`, mbsmb bc h``g fog`hfcfkrf` nkstk ck kdtukcfmkm

G`mbc`s nkhftkdf`okcbs qub `arbdb bc gbrdkm` fog`hfcfkrf` bo Dnfdcky`

Fomfdkm`rbs

Gæt`m`

Mfvbrsfmkm Tftukdfôo urhkok Qkc`rbs mb pr`xfgfmkm Xbckdfôo d`o B.U. D`ovfvbodfk mb us`s Bspkdf`s fotbrgbmf`s Kmbdukdfôo k mfabrbotbs jrup`s Kddbsfhfcfmkm Mbsibrkrqufzkdfôo Bspkdf`s mb trkhki`

Gæt`m` mb fovbstfjkdfôo

T`stbofhcb

Bspkdf`s mb kcgkd. Kjrup. ërbks nùgbmks Foo`vkdfôo tbdo`côjfdk Tfstbgks mb kpr`vbdnkgfbot` Xbsfmu`s y rbdfdckib

Mfgbosf`obs

Fomfdkm`rbs

Krquftbdtôofdk

Mfvbrsfmkm Mfgbosf`obs Y`ofafdkdfôo Qbotfckdfôo Fcugfokdfôo

G`ra`côjfdk

 O` bxpbrfgbotkc ]fp` mb fovbstfjkdfôo

Kpcfdkmk

U`hckdfôo mb bstumf` Rsukrf` qub vk k kmqufrfr vfvfbomk bo c`s  prôxfg`s 2 kû`s

@hibtfv` bspbdçafd` Oµ =9 Bckh`rkr bstrktbjfks pr`ybdtukcbs kpcfdkmks bo ck pr`pubstk mb oubvks tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`.

 

 

FQ.  XBTRC]KM@T V MFTDRTFÔO =.;.  @HIB]FQ@ BTUBDÇAFD@ Oµ 5;9 Xbvfskr c`s dkghf`s bo c`s g`m`s mb nkhftkr y ck bv`cudfôo mb ck vfvfbomk bo t`ro` k bcc`s.

Xbsuctkm`s y Mfsdusfôo CK DFRMKM FOMRT]XFKC D@G@ @XFJBO MB CK QFQFBOMK D@CBD]FQK Ro` mb c`s kd`otbdfgfbot`s gës fgp`rtkotbs y mbtbrgfokotbs pkrk ck s`dfbmkm aub, sfo mumk kcjuok, ck Xbv`cudfôo Fomustrfkc. Tf hfbo trki` d`osfj` bc dkghf` bd`oôgfd` gës fgp`rtkotb mb ck nfst`rfk, tkghfæo kdkrrbô pr`hcbgks s`dfkcbs, mbg`jrëafd`s y mb nkdfokgfbot`, c`s dukcbs d`ovbrjfbr`o bo d`omfdf`obs mb foskcuhrfmkm, bpfmbgfks y gubrtbs gksfvks. K fofdf`s mbc sfjc` ^QFFF, p`tbodfks bur`pbks d`g` Jrko Hrbtkûk ` Arkodfk brko pkçsbs d`o hkik  p`hckdfôo, duyk bspbrkozk mb vfmk o` brk gky`r k c`s 45 kû`s mb bmkm. Jrko pkrtb mb ck  p`hckdfôo rbkcfzkhk trkhki`s mb dkgp`, sfo bghkrj`, ck d`gbrdfkcfzkdfôo mb c`s pr`mudt`s brk guy hkik yk qub bc trkosp`rtb brk rumfgbotkrf`. Tb vfvçk uok btkpk mb bstkodkgfbot` bd`oôgfd`.

K gbmfkm`s mb sfjc` bgpfbzk ck Xbv`cudfôo Fomustrfkc, mfauomfæom`sb mbsmb Fojcktbrrk k c`s  pkçsbs d`otfobotkcbs mb Bur`pk y k Bstkm`s Rofm`s, æp`dk bo qub c`s kvkodbs tbdo`côjfd`s nfdfbr`o qub ck gky`r pkrtb mb ck p`hckdfôo qub vfvçk bo bc dkgp` gfjrb k ck dfumkm bo husdk mb gbi`rkr sus d`omfdf`obs ckh`rkcbs. Jrkombs fovbodf`obs d`g` bc abrr`dkrrfc y c`s huqubs k vkp`r o` sb nfdfbr`o bspbrkr, d`otrfhuybom` kc rëpfm` trksckm` mb ck gbrdkodçk pr`mudfmk. Bs bot`odbs dukom` sb pr`mudb uok bxpc`sfôo mbg`jrëafdk, pr`pfdfkmk p`r ck kpkrfdfôo mb uo oubv` jrup` s`dfkc —bc –pr`cbtkrfkm`‗ ` dcksb `hrbrk-, qufbobs vfvçko nkdfokm`s, bo d`omfdf`obs mbpc`rkhcbs, dbrdk mb c`s jrkombs oùdcb`s fomustrfkcbs. Bstb drbdfgfbot` urhko`, mbspr`p`rdf`okm` b fod`otr`ckm`, sb mf` bo mbsfjukc fotbosfmkm y bo mfabrbotbs g`gbot`s bo t`mks cks dfumkmbs mb Bur`pk, jbobrëom`sb sfgfckrbs bspkdf`s mb gkrjfokcfmkm bo t`m` bc d`otfobotb. Murkotb c`s sfjc`s ^QFFF y ^F^ sb pr`mudb uo pr`dbs` mb nfjfbofzkdfôo mb ck dfumkm k dkrj` dkr j` mb cks kut`rfmkmbs, ksç d`g` mb d`otr`c mb cks boabrgbmkmbs pr`mudfmks p`r c`s mbsbdn`s mb ck fomustrfk b foskcuhrfmkm bo qub sb vfvçk. O` `hstkotb, ck oubvk dfumkm qub sb g`mbrofzk, sb `rmbok y sb cfgpfk o` kcdkozô t`m`s c`s rfod`obs, pubs ck dcksb `hrbrk y ck p`hckdfôo d`o gbo`s rbdurs`s sbjuçko nkhftkom` bsk dfumkm mbsh`rmkmk.

4;

 

U`r bcc`, pkrk afokcbs mbc sfjc` ^F^, ck vfvfbomk d`ostftuçk uok mb cks prb`dupkdf`obs gës rbcbvkotbs, d`o bc afo mb gbi`rkr cks d`omfdf`obs mb nkhftkhfcfmkm mb bstk dcksb trkhkikm`rk. Bs  prbdfs` sbûkckr qub, bo gbmf` mb bstk btkpk mb fomustrfkcfzkdfôo, surjb bc gktrfg`of` dfvfc  hkskm` bo ck `rjkofzkdfôo pktrfkrdkc y, bo kmbckotb, ck vfvfbomk sb d`ovfbrtb bo bc rbmudt` akgfcfkr kfsckm` qub bvfmbodfk ck mbsfjukcmkm mb cks guibrbs. K mfabrbodfk mb cks jrkombs p`tbodfks guomfkcbs, ck fomustrfkcfzkdfôo ccbjô k Cktfo`kgærfdk uo sfjc` mbspuæs y mb gkobrk pr`jrbsfvk. Bo ;6;=, y pkrkcbckgbotb k ck Urfgbrk Jubrrk Guomfkc, c`s j`hfbro`s mb Krjbotfok y Hrksfc sustftuybo cks p`cçtfdks mb fgp`rtkdfôo p`r bc mbskrr`cc` mb cks fomustrfks c`dkcbs. Tfo bghkrj`, o` bs nkstk ck Tbjuomk Jubrrk Guomfkc qub ccbjk ck fomustrfkcfzkdfôo k Gæxfd`, D`c`ghfk, Ubrù y Dnfcb. Mfbz kû`s mbspuæs, bo ck mædkmk mbc 25 Qbobzubck sb fotbjrk k bstb pr`dbs`. Bs ksç d`g` sb jbobrk uok mbpbombodfk cktfo`kgbrfdkok, tkot` mb Bur`pk d`g` mb Bstkm`s Rofm`s, p`r bc fojrbs` mb dkpftkc bo ck fomustrfk. K pkrtfr mb ;625 sb pr`mudb uo drbdfgfbot` mbsgbsurkm` mb cks dfumkmbs, sfjufbom` c`s pktr`obs bur`pb`s trks ck Xbv`cudfôo Fomustrfkc. CKT UXFGBXKT ]FU@C@JÇKT MB QFQFBOMK @HXBXK

C`s d`ttkjbs d`ttkjbs aubr`o  aubr`o uok tfp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk pkrk `hrbr`s qub surjfô bo ck prfgbrk gftkm mbc sfjc` ^QFFF, bo Bur`pk. Kc fofdf` sb d`odfhfbr`o d`g` uofmkmbs mfspbrsks, nkhftkhcbs y vbotfckmks. Ubr` d`o bc pks` mbc tfbgp`, bstks vfvfbomks bgpfbzko k nkdfokrsb y, p`r bomb, qufbobs ck nkhftkhko tkghfæo. Dkmk vfvfbomk bstkhk d`oa`rgkmk mb 8 nkhftkdf`obs, ; mbsvëo y, bo bc gbi`r mb c`s dks`s, ; sôtko`. Ro` mb c`s hkrrf`s `hrbr`s gës jrkombs ccbjô k kchbrjkr =555  pbrs`oks bo bo 855 d`ttkjbs d`ttkjbs,, bs mbdfr, 85 pbrs`oks p brs`oks bo dkmk vfvfbomk. Bo ;>24 bo Hbrcço, bgpfbzk k bmfafdkrsb uo oubv` tfp` mb vfvfbomk `hrbrk bo c`s kotfju`s dukrtbcbs9 c`s gfbtslksbrob gfbtslksbrob.. Brko pkrdbcks guy pr`auomks qub kchbrjkhko pktf`s `sdur`s b foskcuhrbs, mbhfm` k su pr`p`rdfôo mb ërbk y kcturk. Ksfgfsg`, bo bc ùctfg` pktf` sb uhfdkhko c`s fo`m`r`s d`cbdtfv`s, uskm`s p`r t`m`s c`s nkhftkotbs mbc gfbtslksbrob gfbtslksbrob.. C`s gës  pbriumfdkm`s, fomumkhcbgbotb, brko c`s mb gbo`rbs rbdurs`s, yk qub dukot` gbo`s mfobr` tboçko gës dbrdk kc pktf` vfvçko. Ck p`hckdfôo `hrbrk nkhftkhk vfvfbomks nkdfokmks, ccbjkom` k `dupkr s`c` 8g8 p`r pbrs`ok. Gbmf` sfjc` mbspuæs, surjb `trk tfp`c`jçk mbo`gfokmk mughhbcc tbobgbot , d`osfmbrkmk uok vfvfbomk guctfakgfcfkr urhkok mb kcqufcbr qub sb pr`pkjô k fofdf`s mbc sfjc` ^^ p`r Bur`pk y Bstkm`s Rofm`s. Tb mfsp`oçko kjrupkmks vbrtfdkcgbotb, mbsmb duktr` nkstk sbfs ofvbcbs, dkmk 48

 

nkhftkdfôo gbmçk 8g. x 8g. kpr`xfgkmkgbo kpr`xfgkmkgbotb, tb, p`r c` qub pubmbo d`osfmbrkrsb d`g` bspkdf`s dckrkgbotb dckustr`aôhfd`s. Brko usukcgbotb nkhftkmks p`r pbrs`oks mb bmkm kvkozkmk `  pbrs`oks mb hki`s rbdurs`s bd`oôgfd`s, bd`oôgfd`s, p`r c` qub gudnks vbdbs brko d`gpkrtfm`s p`r vkrfks akgfcfks. Cks mughhbcc tbobgbot  tkghfæo  tkghfæo sb bxpkomfbr`o k Cktfo`kgærfdk, Cktfo`kgærfdk, kcjuo`s kû`s mbspuæs, d`o bc o`ghrb mb –D`ovbotfcc`‗. ]boçko pckotk bo a`rgk mb –@‗ ` –R‗ y d`otkhko d`o uo gëxfg` mb trbs ofvbcbs. Nky rbjfstr` mb bstb tfp` mb vfv vfvfbomk fbomk d`cbdtfvk bboo Krjbotfok, Rrujuky, Dnfcb y H`cfvfk. ]kot` bo c`s c`s d`ttkjbs d`ttkjbs,, gfbtslksbrob gfbtslksbrob,, mughhbcc tbobgbot  y  y d`ovbotfcc`s cks d`omfdf`obs mb skcuhrfmkm brko mbpc`rkhcbs, mbhfm` k ck akctk mb kjuk y ck kusbodfk mb hkû`s bo ck gky`rçk mb bccks, aubotb prfodfpkc mb cks c ks boabrgbmkmbs qub c`s kqubikhko. (Muqub, 85;2 pëj. 85)  O` bxfstb rkstr` mb ofojuok tfp`c`jçk sfgfckr bo bc Ubrù. Tfo bghkrj`, bc prfgbr pr`ybdt` mb vfvfbomk `hrbrk aub ck D`gpkoy ]`wo ` ]`wo ` Dfumkm Bgprbsk mb Dksk Jrkomb, ]ruifcc`, mb ;6;5. Bstk bgprbsk kcbgkok mbskrr`ccô vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs bo nfcbrk pkrk sus trkhkikm`rbs, kmfdf`okom` bqufpkgfbot` d`guokc d`g` hkzkr, d`gfskrçk, dkpfcck, n`spftkc, pkokmbrçk y gbrdkm`, sfbgprb hki` ck supbrvfsfôo mb ck bgprbsk. (Tkot`y`, 85;5 pëj. ;58) Tb a`gbotô

gudn` ck mfabrbodfkdfôo mb dcksbs, pubs c`s trkhkikm`rbs mb rkoj` gbmf` tboçko kddbs` k gës sbrvfdf`s qub c`s `hrbr`s. Ukrkcbckgbotb sb mbskrr`ccko cks prfgbrks vfvfbomks `hrbrks bo Ckghkybqub, bo cks aëhrfdks kzudkrbrks mb Dkykctf y U`gkcdk, cks dukcbs suhsfstçko bo d`omfdf`obs foskcuhrbs, foskcuhrbs, sfo sbrvfdf`s hësfd`s y mfstrfhufmks k c` ckrj` mb uo dkccbiôo tujurfzkm`. Qbfotb kû`s gës tkrmb sb mbskrr`ccko c`s hkrrf`s `hrbr`s pr`g`df`okm`s p`r bc j`hfbro`, hki` `trk `rjkofzkdfôo y rbqufsft`s mb `htbodfôo.

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 Fgkjbo ;9 D`ttkjb Bhhw Qkcb. Aubotb9 Hfaurdkdf`obs

 Fgkjbo 89 Bsqubgk mb uo Gfbtslksbrob. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk

 Fgkjbo 49 Uckotk tçpfdk mb Mughhbcc tbobgbot.  Aubotb9 Tcfmbpckybr

4=

 

BC A@GBO]@ MB CKT T@DFBMKMBT R]ÔUFDKT Bo d`otrkp`sfdfôo k c`s jrkombs pckobs mb `rmbokdfôo y jbstfôo mb vfvfbomk, sb pr`pusfbr`o kctbroktfvks qub prbtbomçko dkghfkr mrëstfdkgbotb bc g`mbc` mb vfmk mb gudnks akgfcfks bxpubstks k cks mfafductkmbs mb ck fomustrfkcfzkdfôo y mbc sfstbgk dkpftkcfstk qub c`s kabdtkhk mfrbdtkgbotb. Dnkrcbs A`urfbr, s`dfkcfstk arkodæs, bgprbomfô uok g`rmkz cudnk d`otrk ck fomustrfkcfzkdfôo. Tb dbotrô bo rbs`cvbr c`s pr`hcbgks mb ck s`dfbmkm gbmfkotb d`guofmkmbs rurkcbs kut`suafdfbotbs, mbo`gfokmks akckostbrf`s. Bo mfdn`s rbdfot`s nkhftkhko kpr`xfgkmkgbotb ;555 pbrs`oks, mb a`rgk v`cuotkrfk, cfhrbs mb bcbjfr bc trkhki` qub qufsfbrko y d`o mbrbdn` k sbrvfdf`s s brvfdf`s d`cbdtfv`s. Tb tbomrçk bo dubotk uo `rmbo s`dfkc, m`omb cks pbrs`oks gky`rbs j`zkrçko mb gës hbobafdf`s, sfo `hcfjkdfôo mb fov`cudrkrsb bo c`s dkgp`s mb trkhki`, ckh`r qub nkrçko c`s iôvbobs p`r su vbotkik açsfdk. Ubsb k bcc`, bo Arkodfk s`c` bxfstfô uo akckostbrf`, drbkm` bo ;>=;, bc dukc fogbmfktkgbotb arkdksô. Bo bc rbst` mb Bur`pk surjfbr`o `tr`s g`mbc`s mb akckostbrf`s, sfo bghkrj`, tkghfæo

arkdkskr`o. Bo Bstkm`s Rofm`s tuv` uok gky`r kd`jfmk, m`omb aubr`o drbkm`s kpr`xfgkmkgbotb kpr`xfgkmkgbo tb 25 akckostbrf`s, pbr` o` s`hrbvfvfbr`o gës mb trbs kû`s. Ubr` o` t`m`s bst`s pckobs mb vfvfbomk arkdkskr`o, bxfstfbr`o `tr`s tkot`s g`mbc`s mb d`guofmkm bxft`s`s y gës rbkcbs. Ro` mb bcc`s p`mrçk sbr bc cckgkm` akgfcfstbrf` mb IbkoHkptfstb Komræ J`mfo, babdtukm` botrb ;>2> y ;>:: bo Jufsb, Arkodfk pkrk ;855 pbrs`oks. J`mfo prb`dupkm` p`r cks prbdkrfks d`omfdf`obs mb nkhftkhfcfmkm mb c`s `hrbr`s bo su aëhrfdk mb bstuaks mb nfbrr`, fmbô y d`ostruyô bc akgfcfstbrf`. Ck pr`pubstk bstkhk dbotrkmk bo d`osfmb d`osfmbrkr rkr mbotr` mb ck kdtfvfmkm mb ck aëhrfdk, ck pr`muddfôo pr`pfkgbotb mfdnk, pbr` tkghfæo k ck akgfcfk. Tb d`gp`ob mb 4 hc`qubs rbsfmbodfkcbs fotbrd`obdtkm`s qub sb d`gpcbgbotko d`o `trks d`ostruddf`obs gbo`rbs mbstfokmks k kd`jbr sbrvfdf`s d`guoftkrf`s9 bsdubck, d`gbm`rbs  pùhcfd`s, mfspboskrf`s, tbktr`, t bktr`, botrb `tr`s. Dkmk hc`qub mb vfvfbomks bs mb pckotk rbdtkojuckr d`o uo jrko pktf` kc dbotr`, duhfbrt` p`r uok bstrudturk kdrfstkckmk, mfvfmfm` bo duktr` ofvbcbs. Ck vfvfbomk sb d`gp`ob mb 8 nkhftkdf`obs, m`omb pkrk ccbjkr k uok tfbobs qub pkskr p`r ck `trk, dkmk uok mb 85 g8 y 4g. mb pfs` k tbdn`. Kmbgës, ck bmfafdkdfôo kchbrjkhk dfbrt` jrkm` mb acbxfhfcfmkm, yk qub, sf ck akgfcfk a kgfcfk obdbsftkhk gës bspkdf`, kc gômuc` hësfd` ksfjokm` sb cb p`mçko fr kûkmfbom` gës nkhftkdf`obs cktbrkcgbotb, gbmfkotb ck kpbrturk mb pubrtks. @tr` kp`rtb sbrçk

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ck d`dfok, pubs aub d`osfmbrkmk d`g` uok kdtfvfmkm d`cbdtfvk y rbguobrkmk y o` d`g` uok tkrbk fomfvfmukc y kfsckmk pkrk ck guibr. J`mfo d`osfmbrkhk qub bc cui`, d`oa`rt b nfjfbob brk gës qub uo bspkdf` kgpcf` y qub bst`, k su vbz, rbpbrdutçk bo bc rbomfgfbot` pbrs`okc y ckh`rkc mb dkmk pbrs`ok. Tb bstkhcbdfbr`o uoks o`rgks mb d`ovfvbodfk, qufbobs o` cks dugpcçko brko guctkm`s, y k qufbobs o` d``pbrkhko, sb cbs bxpucskhk. ]`m` brk pkrtb mb bstb foo`vkm`r g`mbc` s`dfkc. D`osbrvkom` ck gfsgk fmbk, pbr` d`o vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs, sb bodubotrk ck pr`pubstk qub bo ;>1> prbsbotô ck kdtfvfstk y abgfofstk o`rtbkgbrfdkok Gbcusfok Aky Ubfrdb. Tu pr`pubstk rkmfdkhk bo ck d`cbdtfvfzkdfôo mb c`s sbrvfdf`s, d`g` pkrtb mb nkdbr uo us` bafdfbotb mbc tfbgp` mb ck guibr bo bc n`jkr. Mb tkc g`m`, pckotbô vfvfbomks sfo d`dfok y dkmk 85 uofmkmbs, kpr`xfgkmkgbotb, uo bspkdf` qub dbotrkcfzkrk d`dfok y ckvkombrçk d`o ùctfgk tbdo`c`jçk. (Nkymbo, ;6>;) Kmbgës, d`osfmbrkhk d`osfmbrkhk d`gbm`r d`guoftkrf`, d`o bc af afoo mb rbkcfzkr bc trkhki` mbc n`jkr bo gbo`s tfbgp`< bspkdf`s mb a`rgkdfôo, pkrk ck prbpkrkdfôo mb ck guibr< skcks mb trkhki`  pr`mudtfv`, pkrk `htbobr fombpbombod fombpbombodfk fk bd`oôgfdk y bspkdf`s pkrk bc tfbgp` pr`pf`. Tfo bghkrj`, mfdn` pr`ybdt` o` ccbj` k gktbrfkcfzkrsb y s`c` qubmô bo fmbk.

41

 

 Fgkjbo =9 Akckostbrf` mb A`urfbr. Aubotb9 @rfjbo mbc Rrhkofsg` G`mbro`

 Fgkjbo 29 Uckotk mbc hc`qub hc`qub prfodfpkc mbc Akgfcfstbrf` mb Jufsb. Aubotb9 U`rtka`cf`s Rofkombs

 Fgkjbo 19 Hc`qub Dbotrkc mbc Akgfcfstbrf` mb Jufsb.  Aubotb9 U`rtka`cf`s Rofkombs

4:

 

CKT UXFGBXKT FO]BXQBODF@OBT MBC BT]KM@ Hfbo sb skhb qub cks jubrrks o` s`c` trkbo dk`s, sfo` tkghfæo rbtrks` ` d`otrkddfôo bd`oôg bd`oôgfdk, fdk, akdt`rbs qub kabdtko mfrbdtkgbotb k ck krquftbdturk. Kc afokcfzkr ck Urfgbrk Jubrrk Guomfkc, Bur`pk bstkhk bo drfsfs bd`oôgfdk y g`rkc. Cks p`dks y mbpc`rkhcbs vfvfbomks d`ostrufmks nkstk kotbs mb ;6;= yk o` bxfstçko gës, c` dukc kugbotkhk bc mæafdft bxfstbotb. Brk urjbotb ck rbd`ostruddfôo mb cks dfumkmbs, pbr` bstk vbz, d`o ck obdbskrfk fotbrvbodfôo fotbrvbodfôo mbc Bstkm`. Hbrcço y Qfbok sbrçko cks kjc`gbrkdf`obs urhkoks gës p`hckmks, pubs rbdfhçko k c`s s`cmkm`s qub vboçko mb c`s dkgp`s mb hktkcck y uok fogbosk `ck mb rbaujfkm`s kcbgkobs. (Muqub, 85;1  pëj. ;6) Ro` mb c`s prfodfpkcbs pr`hcbgks  — y gës urjbotbs- sbrçk ck vfvfbomk, mbhfm` k ck  pkrkcfzkdfôo mb ck fomustrfk mb ck d`ostruddfôo y su pr`jrbsfvk, pbr` cbotk, rbdupbrkdfôo rbdupbrkdfôo trks bc afokc mb ck jubrrk. Nkstk ;684, bc j`hfbro` d`ostruçk vfvfbomks ksbqufhcbs pkrk cks akgfcfks y `t`rjkhk nfp`tbdks k fotbræs guy hki`. Gudn`s gfbtslksbrob gfbtslksbrob aubr`o  aubr`o rb`rjkofzkm`s y skobkm`s pkrk fotbotkr `t`rjkr uok vfvfbomk gës mfjok, pbr` ofojuok mb bstks `pdf`obs d`ostftuçk uok s`cudfôo vfkhcb pkrk tkc

mbgkomk nkhftkdf`okc. Mbafoftfvkgbotb, brk obdbskrf` pckotbkr oubv`s g`mbc`s rbsfmbodfkcbs d`o d`omfdf`obs mb d`oa`rt gçofg` y skcuhrfmkm, pbr` qub sbko mb afokodfkdfôo kddbsfhcb pkrk bst`s jrup`s s`dfkcbs. Bo ;68> sb d`ov`dk k uo d`odurs` bo ck dfumkm mb Lkrcsrunb, Kcbgkofk, qub p`r prfgbrk vbz  prbsdrfhçk ck d`ostruddfôo mb dksks uofakgfcfkrbs y guctfakgfcfkrbs km`skmks bo nfcbrk, uok oubvk a`rgk mb pr`ybdtkr vfvfbomk mbo`gfokmk  sfbmcuojbo  sfbmcuojbo.. Tb trktkhk mb oubvks urhkofzkdf`obss mb vfvfbomk s`dfkc, qub sb kcqufckhko y d`o bs`s a`om`s sb p`mrçko d`ostrufr gës urhkofzkdf`ob uofmkmbs nkhftkdf`okcbs. nkhftkdf`okcbs. Cks pkutks mbc d`odurs` brko guy d`odrbtks, fodcuybom` mbtkccbs guy  prbdfs`s mb cks vfvfbomks, c` qub cfgftkhk ck drbk drbktfvfmkm tfvfmkm mb c`s krq krquftbdt`s uftbdt`s pkrtfdfpkotb pkrtfdfpkotbs. s. Zkctbr Jr`pfus aub bc jkokm`r mbc gbodf`okm` d`odurs`, pumfbom` d`ostrufr su pr`pubstk, kuoqub o` bo su t`tkcfmkm. Bs ksç d`g` surjb ck  sfbmcuoj   Mkggbrst`dl , bo ck dukc sb  pr`ybdtkr`o :25 vfvfbomks, pbr` p`r g`tfv`s bd`oôgfd`s, s`c` sb pumfbr`o d`ostrufr 88>. D`ostkhk mb 4 hc`qubs mb vfvfbomk, dkmk uo` d`o duktr` ofvbcbs y 48 vfvfbomks, y 84 g`mbc`s mb vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs. Bo c`s hc`qubs mb vfvfbomk, dkmk uofmkm d`otkhk d`o =6g8, k mfabrbodfk mb cks vfvfbomks bo nfcbrk qub d`otkhko d`o :2g8 mfst mfstrfhufm`s rfhufm`s bo m`s ofvbcbs. Kghks tfp`c`jçks d`otkhko d`o uok skck pr`tbjfmk mbc s`c p`r uok tbrrkzk, uo m`rgft`rf` y kpkrbdb, p`r  prfgbrk vbz, hkû` hkû` y d`dfok dd`g` `g` pkrtb mb ck vvfvfbomk. fvfbomk. 4>

 

Ukrkcbckgbotb Gkrtço Zkjobr, o`ghrkm` Ttkmthkurkt   bo Hbrcço — D`osbibr` D`osbibr` guofdfpkc mb urhkofsg`- iuot` d`o Hruo` ]kut, mbskrr`ccko ck prfgbrk sfbmcuoj  prfgbrk  sfbmcuoj  mb   mb Hbrcço, afokodfkm`s p`r a`om`s mb kcqufcbrbs mb vfvfbomk `htbofm`s p`r bc Bstkm`. Mbo`gfokmk Jr`hsfbmcuoj Hrftz  Nuabfsbosfbmcuoj , d`otkhk d`o ;58: vfvfbomks d`ostrufmks mfstrfhufmks bo hc`qubs mb vfvfbomk y vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs bo nfcbrk. ]kghfæo d`o`dfmk d`g` ck  sfbmcuoj  mb   mb ck Nbrrkmurk, yk qub d`otkhk d`o uo hc`qub dbotrkc mb trbs ofvbcbs bo a`rgk mb nbrrkmurk qub `rjkofzkhk t`m` bc bspkdf` kcrbmbm`r y h`rmbkhk uo ckj` fotbrf`r bxfstbotb. Urbsbotkhk uok vkrfbmkm tfp`côjfdk foo`vkm`rk, pubs ktbomçk k mfabrbotbs usukrf`s ` jrup`s akgfcfkrbs, kuo sfbom` pbqubûks cks vkrfkotbs9 vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs mb 4 nkhftkdf`obs (8=;) y = nkhftkdf`obs (84;), y hc`qubs mb vfvfbomk d`o tfp`c`jçks mb ; nkhftkdfôo (42=), 8 nkhftkdf`obs (;:8), 4 nkhftkdf`obs (8;) y = nkhftkdf`obs (>). Dkmk vfvfbomk d`otkhk d`o m`s bspkdf`s vbrmbs, vbrmbs, uo` sbgfprfvkm` bo ck akdnkmk prfodfpkc y `tr` prfvkm` bo ck akdnkmk p`stbrf`r mbstfokm` k uo nubrt` mb khkstbdfgfbo khkstbdfgfbot`. t`. Ro kû` gës tkrmb, sb mbstfok uo tbrrbo` mb ck bgprbsk –Tfbgbos‗ pkrk ck d`ostruddfôo mb ck Jr`hsfbmcuoj Tbfgbosstkmt , qub kchbrjkrçk k sus trkhkikm`rbs y `pbrkrf`s. Bc pr`ybdt` sb bmfafdô

bo gbo`s mb trbs kû`s, d`o uo t`tkc mb ;4:5 vfvfbomks mfstrfhufmks bo hc`qubs, k dkrj` mb sbfs krquftbdt`s mfrfjfm`s p`r Nkos Tdnkr`uo. Bc kspbdt` jbobrkc mb bstk sfbmcuoj  bstk  sfbmcuoj  bs  bs mb gbtrôp`cf, k mfabrbodfk mb cks kotbrf`rbs d`o kpkrfbodfk rurkc, p`sfhcbgbotb p`r sbr afokodfkmk p`r uok bgprbsk prfvkmk. C`s sbfs krquftbdt`s sb mfvfmfbr`o bc tbrrbo` pkrk dkmk uo` pr`ybdtkr mfabrbotbs hc`qubs, d`gpkrtfbom` ck prbsbodfk mbc hkcdôo d`g` vkc`r krquftbdtôofd`. D`otkhk d`o uok vkrfbmkm tfp`côjfdk, kuoqub gbo`r qub ck sfbmcuoj  ck  sfbmcuoj  kotbrf`r.  kotbrf`r. ]fp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk mb ; · nkhftkdf`obs (=;;), mb 8 nkhftkdf`obs (1>2), mb 8 · nkhftkdf`obs (;4:) y mb 4 nkhftkdf`obs (;4:) brko cks `pdf`obs k bcbjfr. ]kghfæo d`otkhk d`o bspkdf`s pkrk ck d`guofmkm d`g` c`s d`rrbm`rbs vbrmbs, ck pckzk mbc gbrdkm` y pbqubûks pckzks mb rbuofôo. Ck cçobk mbc abrr`dkrrfc a brr`dkrrfc qub ccbvk k ck aëhrfdk mb Tfbgbos druzkhk ck sfbmcuoj  ck  sfbmcuoj , bcbgbot` kc qub sb cb mf` uo trktkgfbot` bspbdfkc pkrk qub o` fovkmk ck  prfvkdfmkm y sbjurfmkm. sbjurfmkm.

46

 

 Fgkjbo :9 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck Tfbmcuoj Mkggbrst`dl.  Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk 

(k)

(h)

 Fgkjbo >9 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub (k). ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk uofakgfcfkr (h). Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk 

 Fgkjbo 69 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck Hrftz Nuabfsbosfbmcuoj.  Aubotb9 Z`rmprbss 

=5

 

 Fgkjbo ;59 Qfstk mb hc`qub Nbrrkmurk mb ck Hrftz  Nuabfsbosfbmcuoj. Aubotb9 Dksf`pbk URDQ

 Fgkjbo ;;9 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck Jr`hsfbmcuoj Tfbgbosstkmt. Aubotb9 Ucktka`rgk krquftbdturk

 Fgkjbo ;89 Qfstk mb uo` mb c`s hc`qubs mb ck Jr`hsfbmcuoj Tfbgbosstkmt. Aubotb9 Hc`j Rokcnfst`rfk

=;

 

Bc gky`r kp`y` p`r pkrtb mbc Bstkm` sb bvfmbodfô, prfodfpkcgbotb prfodfpkcgbotb,, bo pkçsbs dbotr`bur`pb`s ` bo dfumkmbs d`o p`cçtfdks s`dfkcmbgôdrktks, tkc bs bc dks` mb Qfbok, bo Kustrfk. Bo ;645, Lkrc Bno pr`ybdtk bc bmfafdf` rbsfmbodfkc gës ckrj` mb ck nfst`rfk9 bc Lkrc Gkrx N`a, ck sùpbr gkozkok mb Qfbok. Ck pr`pubstk mbstkdk p`r su vkc`r d`g` pfbzk urhkok, cfjkmk kc dbotr` mb ck dfumkm, ksç d`g` p`r ck d`otrfhudfôo mbc bmfafdf` d`o sus pktf`s y ck sbrfb mb bqufpkgfbot`s d`cbdtfv`s qub kchbrjk9 ckvkombrçks, jukrmbrçks, pckzk, bspkdf`s d`gbrdfkcbs, d`gbm`r d`cbdtfv` y bspkdf` pkrk ktbodfôo gæmfdk mkom` k ck dkccb. Bst`s sbrvfdf`s d`guobs o` s`c` sbrvçko k c`s nkhftkotbs mbc bmfafdf`, sfo` tkghfæo brko uok aubotb mb fojrbs`s pkrk cks guibrbs qub p`mçko trkhkikr sfo bstkr cbi`s mbc n`jkr. (Dkrrbfr`, y `tr`s, 85;1 pëj. 8=) Bo c` qub rbafbrb k cks uofmkmbs mb vfvfbomks, o` nuh` foo`vkdf`obs tfp`côjfdks tfp`côjfdks,, c` dukc bvfmbodfk qub ck vfvfbomk gçofgk bs p`sfhcb sf pkrtb mb cks tkrbks mbc n`jkr sb trksckmko kc ëghft` d`guoftkrf`. Dks` sfgfckr aub bc mb ck Dksk mb Bst`d`cg`, d`ostrufmk p`r Tvbo Gkrlbcfus y Kcvk Gyrmkc bo ;642. D`otkhk d`o m`s ofvbcbs, mbsfjokom` ck sbjuomk pckotk k vfvfbomks mb ërbk gçofgk y ck  pckotk foabrf`r k d`dfoks d`cbdtfvks, d`gbm`r y bspkdf`s pkrk bc iubj` y dufmkm` mb c`s ofû`s

gës pbqubû`s. Bc prfodfpkc `hibtfv` mbc bmfafdf` aub pbrgftfr k cks guibrbs d`ghfokr bc trkhki` m`gæstfd` y bc bgpcb` rbguobrkm`. Bo bstb pbrç`m` ck dubstfôo mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bur`pbk qubmô prëdtfdkgbotb d`otr`ckmk  p`r pkrtb mb cks botfmkmbs pùhcfdks, ccbjkom` k bmfafdkr, bo kcjuo`s dks`s, ck gky`rçk mb cks oubvks d`ostruddf`obs d`ostruddf`obs mb vfvfbomks y hkrrf`s. O` `hstkotb, nkhçk mbafdfbodfks urhkoçstfdks qub sbjuçko aubrk mb d`otr`c mbsmb fofdf`s mb sfjc`. (Rrbtk, 85;2 pëj. >=)

=8

 

 Fgkjbo ;49 Qfstk kærbk mb Lkrc Gkrx N`a. Aubotb9 Hc`j Ck Dfumkm T`dfkcfstk

 Fgkjbo ;=9 Tbddfôo mb ck pckotk mb Lkrc Gkrx N`a.  Aubotb9 Z`rmprbss

 Fgkjbo ;29 D`gbm`r d`guoftkrf` bo ck Dksk mb  Bst`d`cg`. Aubotb9 N`usfojckh

=4

 

Bo Cktfo`kgærfdk, c`s prfgbr`s hkrrf`s `hrbr`s pr`g`vfm`s p`r bc Bstkm` sb nkdbo rbkcfmkm r bkcfmkm bo Cfgk, Ubrù. Bc Bstkm` sb pckotbô d`g` `hibtfv` mbskpkrbdbr mbskpkrbdbr jrkmukcgbotb ck kotfjuk vfvfbomk mb uok s`ck nkhftkdfôo m`omb pbro`dtkhko sfo mfstfodfôo mb sbx`s of bmkmbs c`s gfbghr`s mb ck akgfcfk, k afo mb gbi`rkr ck dkcfmkm mb vfmk mb cc`s `s nkhftkotbs y mkom` cujkr k c`s c `s hkrrf`s `hrbr`s. Ck `htbodfôo brk gbmfkotb s`rtb`, botrb pbrs`oks qub mbhbrçko dugpcfr9 sbr n`ghrbs dkskm`s, d`o uo gçofg` mb 8 nfi`s, sfo kotbdbmbotbs pbokcbs y d`o trkhki` bstkhcb. Bo ;648, surjb bc prfgbr hkrrf` `hrbr` mbo`gfokm` Hkrrf` @hrbr` Arfj`rçafd` Okdf`okc, trks bc fotbot` mb rba`rgkr ck vfvfbomk s`dfkc pbrukok hki` drftbrf`s g`mbro`s. Tb d`ostruybr`o ;;> vfvfbomks, mfstrfhufmks bo > gkozkoks, d`o tfp`c`jçks mb = nkhftkdf`obs (45), 4 nkhftkdf`obs (15) y 8 nkhftkdf`obs (8>). Kmfdf`okcgbotb, sb d`osfmbrkr`o sbrvfdf`s d`gpcbgbotkrf`s d`g` dfob d`o dkpkdfmkm pkrk =55 pbrs`oks, sbrvfdf`s gæmfd`s, dkrofdbrçk, bsdubck, pfsdfok y >555g8 mb pkrqubs. Bo ;641 y ;64:, sb nkdbo rbkcfmkm m`s hkrrf`s `hrbr`s gës bo bc Ubrù, bc Hkrrf` @hrbr` mbc Xçgkd y bc Hkrrf` @hrbr` mb Ck Qfdt`rfk rbspbdtfvkgbotb, k dkrj` mbc krq. Kcarbm` Mkggbrt.

Ck prfgbrk fotbrvbodfôo juhbrokgbotkc bo Dnfdcky`  —  p`r pkrtb mb ck guofdfpkcfmkm- aub ck d`ostruddfôo mb cks vfvfbomks `hrbrks mb ck Rrh. Dnfdcky` Dnfquft`, bo ;648. Brko vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs mb mfabrbotbs mfgbosf`obs, pbr` sfgfckrbs pr`pubstks mb mfstrfhudfôo y akdnkmk, kcbikmks mb c`s drftbrf`s g`mbro`s hki` c`s qub sb bgpbzkhk k d`ostrufr bo Cfgk. Ck urhkofzkdfôo bstkhk a`rgkmk p`r = gkozkoks d`cfomkotbs kc pkrqub @hrbr`, dkghfkom`  p`stbrf`rgbotb su o`ghrb k urhkofzkdfôo urhkofzkdfôo Qfcck mbc T`c. T`c` aubr`o 6 vvfvfbomks, fvfbomks, mfsbûkmks mfsbûkmks p`r p`r bc krq. Ofdko`r G. Dnfrfo`s, y bo ck kdtukcfmkm s`c` uok d`osbrvk cks dkrkdtbrçstfdks d`ostrudtfvks mb ;64;, gfbotrks cks rbstkotbs nko sfm` g`mfafdkmks.

==

 

 Fgkjbo ;19 Hkrrf` @hrbr` Arfj`rçafd` Okdf`okc. Aubotb9  Krq. Iuko ]`rrb

 Fgkjbo ;:9 Rhfdkdfôo mb ck Rrh. Dnfdcky` Dnfquft`. Aubotb9 Krq.  Gfckjr`s Tkot`y`

=2

 

BC CKH@XK]@XF@ MB FMBKT UKXK CK ORBQK KX[RF]BD]RXK Gfbotrks sb gktbrfkcfzkhko bst`s kvkodbs mbc bspkdf` nkhftkhcb d`o bc kp`y` mbc j`hfbro`, sfguctëobkgbotb sb tb`rfzkhk bo cks p`tbodfks bur`pbks s`hrb c` qub mbhbrçk sbr ck vfvfbomk fmbkc. K fofdf`s mbc sfjc` ^^, mbscughrkm` p`r cks bot`odbs oubvks gëqufoks — bo bo bspbdfkc c`s kut`s y kvf`obs-, Cb D`rhusfbr mbo`gfok k ck vfvfbomk –ck gëqufok mb nkhftkr‗. Brk bc pks` mb ck d`ostruddfôo krtbskokc krtbskokc k ck fomustrfkcfzkdfôo y prbakhrfdkdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk. Tfo Tf o bghkrj`, kû`s mbspuæs sb bvfmbodfkrçk qub ck prbakhrfdkdfôo mb vfvfbomks sbrçk bc puot` mæhfc bur`pb` y mfdn`s  pckotbkgfbot`s gbdkofdfstks kcd kcdkozkrçko kozkrçko sus cçgftbs d`o cks ut`pçk ut`pçkss mb c`s kû`s 15. Ro` mb sus kp`rtbs d`odrbt`s, trks ck drfsfs nkhftkdf`okc bur`pbk bo bc pbrf`m` mb botrbjubrrks, aub bc Tfstbgk M`gfoô. Tb fgpckotô bo Hæcjfdk y d`osfstçk bo ck d`ostruddfôo mb vfvfbomks mb d`odrbt`, gbmfkotb ck bstkomkrfzkdfôo mb dfbrt`s bcbgbot`s. Bo ;681 sb pr`gucjk bc Xbjckgbot` s`hrb ck Qfvfbomk, bc dukc sb hkskhk bo o`rgks mb dkrëdtbr

mfgbosf`okc, qub afikhko supbrafdfbs gçofgks mb kcjuoks pfbzks y p`dks mb dkrëdtbr nfjfæofd`, d`o bc afo mb d`ostrufr bc gky`r oùgbr` mb vfvfbomks bo bc ërbk gçofgk. Ro` mb sus mbtrkdt`rbs aub Kcbxkombr Lcbfo, qufbo pr`p`ob uo`s gbdkofsg`s mb d`otr`c gës cfjkm`s k drftbrf`s dukcftktfv`s mb ck vfvfbomk qub k rbqubrfgfbot`s mfgbosf`okcbs mb dkmk bspkdf`. Bo bc d`otbxt` mb ck Bxp`sfdfôo mb ck Nkhftkdfôo mb ;68> bo Ukrçs, bo bc D`ojrbs` Fotbrokdf`okc mb cks Qfvfbomks y c`s Ucko`s Xbjuckm`rbs, Lcbfo bxp`ob bst`s bstumf`s qub rbkcfzô murkotb gës mb uok mædkmk, k c`s qub æc gfsg` mbo`gfok –bstumf` rkdf`okc mbc bspkdf` nkhftkhcb‗.

Tb trktkhk mb uok gbt`m`c`jçk qub pr`p`oçk trbs pr`dbmfgfbot`s9 Bc prfgbr`, d`osfstçk bo rbsp`ombr k uo dubstf`okrf` s`hrb mkt`s mfgbosf`okcbs y mb nkhftkhfcfmkm, d`oa`rt b nfjfbob. Bo bc sbjuom`, sb bcbjçk c`s pr`ybdt`s qub nkyko mkm` rbsuctkm`s gës sktfsakdt`rf`s mb kdubrm` kc dubstf`okrf` y sb bsqubgktfzkhk dkmk pckotk. Bo hksb k bstb bsqubgk pr`dbmb k rbkcfzkr uok tkhck, bo ck dukc mb fzqufbrmk k mbrbdnk kugbotk ck pr`auomfmkm mb ck bmfafdkdfôo y mb krrfhk k khki` bc kodn` mb ck akdnkmk. Mb bstb g`m` sb pr`dbmb k uok vkc`rkdfôo `hibtfvk, d`osfmbrk d`osfmbrkom` om` qub uok bxdbsfvk pr`auomfmkm mb bmfafdkdfôo pr`mudb babdt`s nfjfæofd`s objktfv`s, gfbotrks qub uok akdnkmk guy kodnk tfbob d`osbdubodfks bd`oôgfdks objktfvks. K bstks tkhcks, Lcbfo cks cckgkhk –sbrfbs tfp`côjfdks‗, pbr` o` s`o gës qub sbrfbs jrëafdks qub cb pbrgftçko

rbotkhfcfzkr bc tkgkû` mb uok vfvfbomk sfo pbrmbr ck bstrudturk `rfjfokc. Bc tbrdbr pr`dbmfgfbot`, y d`osfmbrkm` bc gës fgp`rtkotb, brk bc –gæt`m` jrëafd`‗ gbmfkotb bc dukc sb d`gpkrkhko y

=1

 

vkc`rkhko mfabrbotbs pckotks mb vfvfbomk. Ukrk bcc` bstkhcbdfô uok sbrfb mb pkrëgbtr`s k kokcfzkr bo dkmk pckotk, sfotbtfzkm`s bo dfrduckdf`obs, uhfdkdfôo mb cks z`oks mb pks`, c`dkcfzkdfôo mbc g`hfcfkrf` y rbckdf`obs botrb c`s bcbgbot`s qub d`oa`rgko ck pckotk.

 Fgkjbo ;>9 "Gæt`m` jrëafd`" mb K. Lcbfo. Aubotb9  ITKN =:

 

Tbjùo Lcbfo, gbmfkotb bst`s jrëafd`s pubmb gbmfrsb ck kmbdukmk utfcfzkdfôo mb uok pckotk mb vfvfbomk prbvfkgbotb k su us`, o` s`c` tbofbom` bo dubotk c`s bcbgbot`s tkojfhcbs mb ck vfvfbomk sfo` tkghfæo cks sboskdf`obs mbc autur` usukrf` trkmudfmks, p`r bibgpc`, bo bc fotbræs mb Lcbfo  p`r d`otr`ckr bc tfp` mb g`hfcfkrf` y su mfsp`sfdfôo bo ck vfvfbomk, yk qub sbrë uo` mb c`s d`omfdf`okotbss mb ck pbrdbpdfôo vfsukc mbc bspkdf`. (Gktk, 8558 pëj. 4;) d`omfdf`okotb Bo ;68: sb `rjkofzk ck bxnfhfdfôo Zbfssbon`asfbmcuoj, k dkrj` mb Gfbs Qko mbr X`nb bo Ttuttjkrt, Kcbgkofk. Fofdfkcgbotb aub d`odbhfm` d`g` uok sbrfb mb bmfafdf`s bsdkc`okm`s k gkobrk mb tbrrkzk bo uok d`cfok, pbr`, d`g` bc guofdfpf` mbsbkhk vbombrc`s kc tærgfo` mb ck bxp`sfdfôo, bc pr`ybdt` aub ccbvkm` k dkh` d`g` bmfafdf`s fombpbomfbotbs. D`osfmbrkm` bc kjrupkgfbot` mb vfvfbomks gës fgp`rtkotb mb ck nfst`rfk mb ck krquftbdturk g`mbrok. Bc `hibtfv` prfodfpkc rkmfdkhk bo ck bxpc`rkdfôo mb oubvks tædofdks mb d`ostruddfôo mb c`s fofdf`s mbc sfjc` ^^. Tfo bghkrj`, bc bmfafdf` mbskrr`cckm` p`r Gfbs mbstkdk p`r vkc`rbs krquftbdtôofd`s o` kotbs vfst`s bo ck æp`dk, y qub æc gfsg` mbdckrô bo bc dktëc`j` `afdfkc mb ck bxnfhfdfôo9 –Gb nb khstbofm` mb bstkhcbdbr uo pr`jrkgk rçjfm` pkrk p`mbr mbikr qub dkmk

fomfvfmu` ccbvkrk k dkh` sus fmbks cfhrbgbotb. Mfsbûkom` bc pcko jbobrkc sbotç qub brk fgp`rtkotb bvftkr rbjuckdf`obs qub pumfbrko fotbrabrfr d`o ck cfhrb bxprbsfôo‗. Bo babdt`, Gfbs

mfsbûô ;8 vfvfbomks d`o nkhftkdf`obs o` bspbdfkcfzkmks — k bxdbpdfôo mb c`s sbrvfdf`s-, d`o bc afo mb qub bc usukrf` pubmk mbafofr su us` k su just`. D`o bst`s kotbdbmbotbs, bo ;686 sb pr`dbmb k dbcbhrkr bc FF D`ojrbs` Fotbrokdf`okc mb Krquftbdturk G`mbrok (FF DFKG) prbdfskgbotb bo Arkolaurt, Kcbgkofk, uo` mb c`s pkçsbs gës mbvkstkm`s y d`o gky`r mæafdft mb vfvfbomk mb t`mk Bur`pk. Bc tbgk dbotrkc aub ck vfvfbomk gçofgk fmbkcfzkmk  — gçofgk gçofgk p`rqub gfbotrks gbo`r brk bc ërbk, gky`r oùgbr` mb vfvfbomks  p`mrçko d`ostrufrsb- t`gëom`sb d`g` d`g` rbabrbodfk cks bxpbrfbodfks prëdtfdks mbskrr`cckmks mbskrr`cckmks nkstk bc g`gbot` bo mfvbrsks dfumkmbs kcbgkoks. Bo bstb FF D`ojrbs` sb afikr`o kcjuoks fmbks d`g` bc nbdn` qub cks nkhftkdf`obs mb ck vfvfbomk o` tbomrçko p`r quæ tbobr kgpcfks mfgbosf`obs, pbr` sf ck vbotfckdfôo b fcugfokdfôo d`rrbdtk,  pubst` qub bc d`odbpt` d`odbpt` mb nfjfbofzkdfôo mbc bspkdf` bspkdf` nkhftkhcb brk c` kghfdf`okm kghfdf`okm`. `. Kmbgës, sb bstfpuckhk qub dkmk nkhftkotb mbhbrçk tbobr su pr`pfk nkhftkdfôo y sb prbabrçk cks vfvfbomks d`cbdtfvks kotb cks fomfvfmukcbs, kc gbo`s bo d`otbxt`s fomustrfkcbs. Arbotb k cks dkrkdtbrçstfdks mb ck vfvfbomk gçofgk, sb pckotbô bc pr`hcbgk bd`oôgfd`. Kc nkdbrsb dkrj` bc Bstkm` mb ck  pr`muddfôo mb vfvfbomk, c`s jkst`s mbhbrçko rbmudfrsb kc gçofg`, bs mbdfr, bo gktbrfkcbs mb

=>

 

d`ostruddfôo, tbrrbo`, uhfdkdfôo rbspbdt` k ck dfumkm, botrb `tr`s akdt`rbs qub tbomrçko rbpbrdusfôo kû`s mbspuæs. Rok mædkmk mbspuæs, d`g` rbsuctkm` mbc FQ D`ojrbs` Fotbrokdf`okc mb Krquftbdturk G`mbrok mb ;644, bs a`rguckmk bo ;6=8 ck Dkrtk mb Ktboks. Bo uo prfgbr kpkrtkm`, bstb m`dugbot` d`osfmbrk k ck vfvfbomk s`dfkc d`g` dæcuck vftkc mb ck dfumkm, ksç d`g` bstumfk bc kjrupkgfbot` mb vfvfbomks bo bmfafdf`s mb kcturk. Bo ck sbjuomk pkrtb, sb pr`pus` `rmbokr cks dfumkmbs bo hksb k duktr` auodf`obs9 nkhftkr, trkhkikr, rbdrbkrsb y dfrduckr. Ck Dkrtk mb Ktboks aub ck hksb ougbr`s`s pckobs mb rbbstrudturkdfôo mb dfumkmbs bur`pbks, gudn`s mb bcc`s akccfm`s. Ck  prfgbrk dfumkm g`mbrok g`mbrok mb ck Dk Dkrtk rtk mb Ktboks, sb nkdb rbkcfmk rbkcfmkmm bo Hrksfcfk bo ;621. ;621. Bo ;648, sb ccbvk k dkh` ck Bxnfhfdfôo Fotbrokdf`okc mb Krquftbdturk G`mbrok bo Dnfdkj`, Bstkm`s Rofm`s. Tu mbcbjkm`, Unfcfp I`nos`o, I `nos`o, d`os`cfmô bc cckgkm` Bstfc` Fotbrokdf`okc, qub o` brk gës qub uok kjrupkdfôo mb d`rrfbotbs krquftbdtôofdks guy sfgfckrbs. Tfo bghkrj`, o` aub nkstk ck Tbjuomk Jubrrk Guomfkc, qub Gfbs Qko mbr X`nb y Zkctbr Jr`pfus, sb trksckmko k Bstkm`s Rofm`s, mkom` kp`rtbs bur`pb`s kc Bstfc` Fotbrokdf`okc y kyumkom` k d`os`cfmkrc`.

Bo Kgærfdk Cktfok, ck pr`muddfôo mb vfvfbomk o` nuhfbrk sfm` p`sfhcb sfo ck ccbjkmk mb krquftbdt`s bur`pb`s d`o cks foo`vkdf`obs mbc g`vfgfbot` g`mbro`, d`g` Cb D`rhusfbr y sus d`oabrbodfks bo Hrksfc bo ;641. @tr` akdt`r fgp`rtkotb, aubr`o cks puhcfdkdf`obs mb rbvfstks cktfo`kgbrfdkoks, tkc bs bc dks` mb Bc Krquftbdt` Ubruko` p`r Abrokom` Hbckùomb bo ;64: ` Ck cktfo`kgbrfdkoks, Bodfdc`pbmfk mb ck Oubvk Krquftbdturk mb Kchbrt` Tkrt`rfs T krt`rfs bo ;62=. Ro m`dugbot` sfgfckr kc bgftfm` trks bc FF DFKG, aub puhcfdkm` bo cks pëjfoks mb Bc Krquftbdt` Ubruko`, mbo`gfokm` mbo`gfokm` Dkrtk N`jkr. D`ostftuçk uok pr`pubstk pkrk bc QFF DFKG k rbkcfzkrsb bo Hærjkg`, Ftkcfk, y sb trktkhk mb uo d`oiuot` mb o`rgks m`omb sb fomfdko cks d`omfdf`obs gçofgks pkrk ck mfstrfhudfôo fotbrok mb ck vfvfbomk bo bc Ubrù, k afo mb o` d`ovbrtfrsb bo autur`s tujurf`s. Dkrkdtbrçstfdks pkrk vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs ` mbpkrtkgbot`s9 -  Ck d`ostruddfôo mbhçk sbr d`o gktbrfkcbs murkhcbs, qub ksbjurbo bstkhfcfmkm y skcuhrfmkm k sus nkhftkotbs. -  Ck skck d`gùo y c`s m`rgft`rf`s, mbhçko tbobr fcugfokdfôo y vbotfckdfôo okturkc k trkvæs tr kvæs mb bspkdf`s khfbrt`s. -  Ck d`dfok y bc hkû`, d`g` sbrvfdf`s fombpbomfbo fombpbomfbotbs, tbs, d`o akdfcfmkm pkrk bc ckvkm`, sbdkm` y pckodnkm` mb r`pk. =6

 

-  Bo pr`ybdt`s guctfakgfcfkrbs mb m`s ` gës g ës ofvbcbs, ck hksurk sb bcfgfokrçk p`r mudt`s. -  Bc m`rgft`rf` prfodfpkc mbhçk sbr fombpbomfbotb, gfbotrks c`s m`rgft`rf`s sbduomkrf`s mbhçko kjrupkrsb p`r sbx`s ` bmkmbs. -  Cks bsdkcbrks ` rkgpks o` sbrvfrçko k gës mb duktr` mbpkrtkgbot`s p`r ofvbc, k afo mb bvftkr d`oacfdt`s mb vbdfomkm. Dkrkdtbrçstfdks pkrk bc hkrrf`, mbafofm` d`g` d`oiuot` mb `rjëofd` mb hc`qubs, vçks y pkrqubs, bc dukc husdk bc bstkhcbdfgfbot` mb uok fotbosk vfmk vf mk d`guokc9 -  C`s bqufpkgfbot`s mb `rmbo rbcfjf`s`, bsd`ckr, d`gbrdfkc, kmgfofstrktfv`, skoftkrf` y rbdrbkdf`okc mbhçko uhfdkrsb mbotr` mb uo rkmf` o` gky`r k 255g. mb ck vfvfbomk,  pumfbom` ccbjkr k bccks k trkvæs mb dfrduckdf`obs dfrduckdf`obs pbkt`okcbs k afo mb pr`tbjbr kc usukrf` mbc trëosft` vbnfduckr. -  Mbotr` mb uo rkmf` o` gky`r k 255g, mbhçk bxfstfr uo pkrqub d`o iubj`s foakotfcbs, d`o bspkdf`s pkrk prkdtfdkr mbp`rtbs y kdtfvfmkmbs mb bspkrdfgfbot`, d`o uo gçofg` mb 45g8/ nkh.

-  Bc trkosp`rtb vbnfduckr mbc hkrrf` mbhçk d`obdtkrsb d`o cks prfodfpkcbs krtbrfks vfkcbs mb ck dfumkm, dufmkom` qub o` d`ostftuyk uok kgbokzk pkrk sus nkhftkotbs.

 Fgkjbo ;69 Kcjuoks mb cks p`rtkmks mb ck rbvfstk "Bc Krquftbdt` Ubruko`". Aubotb9 Z`rmprbss

25

 

CK QFMK BO BC TRHRXHF@ KGBXFDKO@ ]brgfokmk ck jubrrk, ck rbvfstk –Cfab‗ rbd`gbomkhk ck gbodf`okmk Dksk mb Bst`d`cg` d`g` bc g`mbc` fmbkc mb vfvfbomk bur`pb`, tkot` k ofvbc mb dæcuck mb nkhftkr d`g` k ofvbc d`cbdtfv`. Tfo bghkrj`, pkrkcbckgbotb sb bgpfbzk k mfauomfr gbmfëtfdkgbotb ck tfp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk mb Bstkm`s Rofm`s, jbobrkom` bc mbsb` d`cbdtfv` mb ck s`dfbmkm bur`pbk p`r ck vfmk bo bc suhurhf`. Mb nbdn`, bo Cktfo`kgærfdk — bspbdçafdkgbotb bspbdçafdkgbotb bo Ubrù-, ck vfvfbomk mb suhurhf` sb nkdb rbkcfmkm bo vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs mb Cfgk bo ck mædkmk mbc =5. Ck vfvfbomk suhurhkok, brk uo g`mbc` mb vfvfbomk uofakgfcfkr y kfsckmk, qub sb prbsbotkhk d`g` sfoôofg` mb fotfgfmkm. Bstk tfp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk jukrmk rbckdfôo mfrbdtk d`o ck dfumkm mb dbotr` kdtfvkgbotb bd`oôgfd`, ck dfumkm mbc vbnçduc` prfvkm`, ck dfumkm mb ck z`ofafdkdfôo y ck dfumkm mb ck akcsk abcfdfmkm mbc –vbrmb‗, d`o ck akgfcfk oudcbkr d`g` ùofd` g`mbc`.

(Dkrrbfr`, y `tr`s, 85;1 pëj. 82) K afokcbs mbc sfjc` ^F^, ck fosbrdfôo mbc kut` aub uo nbdn` mbtbrgfokotb pkrk bc g`mbc` mb

dfumkm o`rtbkgbrfdkok. Nkstk bsb g`gbot` ck dfumkm y c`s suhurhf`s brko s`c` d`obdtkm`s gbmfkotb ck cçobk mbc trkovçk, sfo bghkrj`, d`o ck fovbodfôo mbc kut`gôvfc k fofdf`s mbc sfjc` ^^ y cks kut`pfstks k pkrtfr mb ;651, cks dfumkmbs bgpfbzko k ausf`okr sus cçgftbs nkstk mkr d`g` rbsuctkm` ck uofôo mb t`m`s c`s bstkm`s bo uo sfstbgk vfkc fotbrd`obdtkm`. Bc fgpkdt` aub k tkc puot`, qub bo ;64: sb mbdfmb rbtfrkr bc trkovçk pkrk bc cfhrb c fhrb trëosft` mb c`s kut`gôvfcbs. Bo Bur`pk, ck fosbrdfôo mbc kut`gôvfc o` dkusô tkc fgpkdt`, pubs sus dfumkmbs d`otbgpckhko uo drbdfgfbot` d`odæotrfd` y o` ccbjkhko k mfaugfokrsb sus cçgftbs cç gftbs jb`jrëafd`s.

2;

 

 Fgkjbo 859 C`s Ëojbcbs gbmfkm`s mbc T. ^F^ ùofdkgbotb d`obdtkm` gbmfkotb trkovçk. Aubotb9  Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk

 Fgkjbo 8;9 C`s Ëojbcbs -;6;1- d`o ck drbkdfôo mb kut`pfstks kut`pfstks bgpfbzko k fotbrd`obdtkrsb t`mks cks dfumkmbs. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk

28

 

Bstk dfumkm o`rtbkgbrfdkok –bxpkomfmk‗ mf` d`g` rbsuctkm` m`s tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk9 ck vfvfbomk suhurhkok, kfsckmk y d`o ck prfvkdfmkm dkrkdtbrçstfdk mbc usukrf` kgbrfdko`, y ck vfvfbomk mb ck dfumkm, gktbrfkcfzkmk mb kdubrm` k cks bxfjbodfks mbc oubv` sfjc`. Afokcfzkmk ck jubrrk, sb tboçko m`s pko`rkgks `pubst`s mb cks p`tbodfks guomfkcbs9 p`r uo ckm`, Bur`pk, d`o sus dfumkmbs h`ghkrmbkmks rbdckgkom` uok rbd`ostruddfôo y, p`r `tr`, Bstkm`s Rofm`s d`o sus dfumkmbs fcbsks y bc rbjrbs` mb c`s s`cmkm`s pr`dbmbotbs mb ck jubrrk. Bs bot`odbs dukom` c`s  hkod`s bgpfbzko k pr`g`df`okr c`s dræmft`s –aëdfcbs‗ pkrk kmqufrfr ck mbo`gfokmk vfvfbomk mb suhurhf`, g`mbc` çd`o` mb ck prbakhrfdkdfôo mb ck æp`dk. Cks pfbzks ccbjkhko bo trbo y bc mubû` sb bodkrjkhk mb krgkrc` d`o sus pr`pfks gko`s, bo babdt`, bc cckgkm` m` ft y`ursbca . Ck vfvfbomk mb suhurhf` `hrbr`, aub ck gbo`s bv`cudf`okmk y ck qub gës rbcbjkhk k ck guibr, bvfmbodfkom`` bc gkdnfsg` qub dkrkdtbrfzkhk k ck s`dfbmkm mb c`s kû`s 85. bvfmbodfkom

 Fgkjbo 889 Ur`dbs` mb kut`d`ostruddfôo mb ck vfvfbomk suhurhkok. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk

 Fgkjbo 849 Dktëc`j` mb pfbzks kobx` k ck vfvfbomk  suhurhkok. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk

24

 

]nb Ukdfafd Xbkmy- Dut n`gbs `a C`s Kojbcbs, Kojbcbs , aub uok tfp`c`jçk mb suhurhf` `hrbr`, d`osfmbrkmk ck tbrdbrk mb gky`r pr`muddfôo. Tb botrbjkr`o kpr`xfgkmkgbotb =5555 uofmkmbs. uofmkmbs. O` d`otkhk kùo d`o jkrkjb, p`r sbr uok mb cks prfgbrks bo pr`mudfrsb, pbr` d`osfmbrkhk kc p`rdnb d`g` bcbgbot` prfodfpkc mb kddbs`. Ck skck y bc d`gbm`r sb bod`otrkhko sbpkrkm`s, sbpkrkm`s, gfbotrks ck d`dfok bstkhk bo ck pkrtb p`stbrf`r, d`g` uo kghfbotb `sdur` y mbstfokm` pkrk ck guibr. @trk tfp`c`jçk mb suhurhf` `hrbr` aub ck Dksk mb  Xkmhuro  Xkmhuro,, m`omb kpkrbdb p`r prfgbrk vbz bc jkrkjb y uo dkghf` fgp`rtkotb bs qub bc p`rdnb sb d`osfmbrk bo ck pkrtb p`stbrf`r mb ck vfvfbomk, yk o` d`g` uo bcbgbot` prfodfpkc. Ck d`dfok sb uhfdk kc d`stkm` mbc jkrkjb, pbr` kùo sbpkrkmk mb ck skck y bc d`gbm`r, cfgftkom` k ck guibr k c`s qubnkdbrbs m`gæstfd`s. Urbsbotk sbjuom` ofvbc, m`omb sb uhfdko c`s m`rgft`rf`s. Ck vfvfbomk suhurhkok mb dcksb gbmfk, sb bibgpcfafdk bo ]nb hbkdnw``m . Bc p`rdnb mbskpkrbdfô  p`r d`gpcbt`, gfbotrks bc dkghf` fgp`rtkotb rkmfdk bo ck d`dfok. Tb fodcuyô ck cckgkmk –d`dfok kgbrfdkok‗, bs mbdfr, fotbjrkmk kc d`gbm`r akv`rbdfbom`

ck fodcusfôo mb ck guibr. Ck oubvk

d`dfok gës bc d`gbm`r, kn`rk bo uo gfsg` bspkdf`, rbdfhbo bc o`ghrb mb  akgfcy r``g. r``g. Bc

jkrkjb bs gudn` gës kgpcf` qub bo ck c k tfp`c`jçk mb suhurhf` `hrbr`, p`r ck p`sfhfcfmkm mb tbobr gës mb uo vbnçduc`. C`s m`rgft`rf`s, ksç d`g` sus nkhftkotbs, sb vubcvbo gës fombpbomfbotbs d`o ck fotbjrkdfôo mb c`s hkû`s k c`s gfsg`s. U`r ùctfg`, ck vfvfbomk suhurhkok mb dcksb kctk sb fcustrk bo Dkcfa`rofk Xkodn n`usb. n`usb. Bstk dksk brk sfgfckr k ck mb dcksb gbmfk, pbr` d`o mfgbosf`obs gky`rbs. Ck mfabrbodfk rbsfmb bo ck d`dfok, qub vubcvb k dbrrkrsb kotb bc d`gbm`r. Ubsb k prbsbotkrsb bo ck pkrtb ar`otkc mb ck vfvfbomk, ck guibr pbrgkobdb kfsckmk bo sus ckh`rbs. Bs ksç d`g` sb cbs mk uo oubv` us` k cks aëhrfdks mb krgkgbot` gfcftkr, pubs tbrgfokmk ck jubrrk dkghfko su ruhr` k pr`mudfr cks gùctfpcbs pkrtbs mb cks vfvfbomks prbakhrfdkmks. U`d` tfbgp` mbspuæs, o` s`c` sb prbakhrfdkhko cks vfvfbomks g`muckrbs mb suhurhf`s, sfo` tkghfæo cks vfvfbomks pkrk ck dcksb bcftb mb ck dfumkm o`rtbkgbrfdkok, bo hksb k g`mbc`s bur`pb`s bxp`rtkm`s qub tuvfbr`o jrko kd`jfmk.

2=

 

(k)

(h)

 Fgkjbo 8=9 ]nb Ukdfafd Xbkmy- Dut N`gbs `a C`s Kojbcbs (k). Dksk mb  Xkmhuro (h). Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk

 Fgkjbo 829 ]nb hbkdnw``m. hbkdnw``m. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk

 Fgkjbo 819 Dkcfa`rofk Xkodn N`usb. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Jkrdçk

22

 

CKT ROFMKMBT QBDFOKCBT Ck fmbk mb uofmkm vbdfokc tfbob su `rfjbo bo cks Obfjnh`rn``m cks  Obfjnh`rn``m Rofts  Rofts  o`rtbkgbrfdkoks, o`rtbkgbrfdkoks, fmbkmk y pr`ybdtkmk p`r Dckrbodb Ubrry. Tb trktkhk mb cks kjrupkdf`obs mb vfvfbomk bo ck dfumkm qub, k mfabrbodfk mb cks vfvfbomks suhurhkoks, d`gpkrtçko uok vfmk d`cbdtfvk. Aub pboskmk kotb ck foacubodfk pbcfjr`sk mbc trëosft` kut`g`t`r qub pbrturhk y rbstk r bstk mb fmbotfmkm k cks mfstfotks pkrtbs mb ck dfumkm, k akv`r mbc rbsjukrm` mb c`s vbdfomkrf`s. (Uëvbz, 855> pëj. ;4) C`s prfodfpf`s t`gkm`s bo cks uofmkmbs vbdfokcbs, aubr`o c`s sfjufbotbs9 -  Ërbk9 Mbhçk sbr mb gëxfg` 12 nbdtërbks. -  Cçgftbs9 Cks vçks mb trëosft` gës acufmks pkrk ck gbi`r d`guofdkdfôo d`o bc rbst` mb ck ck dfumkm. -  U`hckdfôo9 Botrb 2555 y ;5555 nkhftkotbs. -  Xbm Qfkc Fotbrok9 K afo mb mbskdbcbrkr bc trëafd` fgpubst` p`r bc kut`gôvfc y mb kdubrm` kc us` c`dkc.

-  Bspkdf`s cfhrbs9 D`rrbsp`omçk kc ;5% mbc ërbk t`tkc. D`oa`rgkm` p`r uo sfstbgk mb  pkrqubs y ërbks mb rbdrbkdfôo, sfbom` pkrtb mbc sfstbgk gky`r mb bspkdf`s pùhcfd`s mb ck dfumkm. -  Bqufpkgfbot`s9 Rok bsdubck ` uok fjcbsfk, sbrçko o`m`s dbotrkcbs mb ck uofmkm vbdfokc. -  D`gbrdf`9 Tb uhfdkhko bo p`sfdfôo tkojbodfkc kc o`m` dbotrkc, mb m b prbabrbodfk bo drudbs vfkcbs. -  ]fp` mb vfvfbomk9 Ck d`ghfokdfôo mb vfvfbomk kfsckmk y bo kcturk brk ck foo`vkdfôo mbc  pr`ybdt` o`rtbkgbrfdko`. o`rtbkgbrfdko`. Ck vfvfbomk kfsckmk mbhçk uhfdk uhfdkrsb rsb kc dbotr` y ck vfvfbomk bo kcturk s`c` bo c`s h`rmbs. Bc prfgbr pr`ybdt` mb uofmkm vbdfokc mbo`gfokm` Xkmhuro mbo`gfokm`  Xkmhuro,, surjb bo Oubvk Ibrsby, Bstkm`s Rofm`s bo ;686. Bstuv` k dkrj` mb Dckrbodb Ttbfo y Nbory Zrfjnt, hki` c`s auomkgbot`s mb ck dfumkm ikrmço bur`pbk y c`s fmbkcbs mb Dckrbodb Ubrry. Kchbrjkrçk 82555 pbrs`oks bo 2 uofmkmbs vbdfokcbs, d`otbgpckom` =16 vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs, => t`won`usb, 45 vfvfbomks mùpcbx, 64  hc`qubs mb mbpkrtkgbot`s y ;5 uofmkmbs mb d`om`gfof`s. Bc d`oiuot` mb bqufpkgfbot`s y sbrvfdf`s d`guoftkrf`s sb bodubotrko bo ck pkrtb dbotrkc, fotbrd`obdtkm`s p`r ërbks cfhrbs qub kchbrjko pbqubû`s pkrqubs, fostkckdf`obs mbp`rtfvks y uo dcuh. Ck pr`pubstk d`otbgpckhk ck mbafofdfôo mb jrkombs gkozkoks mb gës mb ; lg. p`r ckm`, bo cks qub sb c`jrkrçk ck bcfgfokdfôo mb cks dkccbs mb pks`, bc trksckm` mbc trëafd` tr ëafd` k cks vçks pbrfgbtrkcbs, 21

 

bc mfsbû` mb ck kddbsfhfcfmkm pbkt`okc (t`m` k akv`r mb ck sbjurfmkm mbc pbktôo kotb bc kut`gôvfc) y ck fotr`muddfôo mb r`t`omks d`g` dbotr` mb rbckdfôo r bckdfôo botrb gkozkoks. Ckgbotkhcbgb Ckgbotkhcbgbotb, otb, s`c` sb ccbjk k d`odrbtkr uok mb cks sùpbr gkozkoks, yk qub uo kû` mbspuæs mb fofdfkmk ck d`ostruddfôo ck bgprbsk pr`g`t`rk qubhrô. n`gbs, Dfod` kû`s gës tkrmb, bo ;64=, sb pr`ybdtk `trk uofmkm vbdfokc mbo`gfokmk  Nfccsfmb n`gbs, kuoqub mb gbo`r gkjoftum qub ck prfgbrk, tkghfæo hki` ck kut`rçk mb Dckrbodb Ttbfo. Bo uok bxtbosfôo mb ;8 nk., c`s hc`qubs mb vfvfbomk sb mfsp`obo a`rgkom` pktf`s fotbrf`rbs bo c`s qub sb mbskrr`cckhko tkccbrbs d`guokcbs mb pfoturk, bsducturk, a`t`jrkaçk, botrb `tr`s. C`s sbrvfdf`s d`guobs sb mfsp`obo bo cks pckotks foabrf`rbs mb c`s hc`qubs, botrb cks qub mbstkdko bsdubck sbduomkrfk, ckvkombrçk, qubgkm`rbs mb hksurk, kmgfofstrkdfôo, dcuhs y jukrmbrçks. Mb fjukc a`rgk qub bo ck prfgbrk uofmkm vbdfokc, sb mk prbabrbodfk kc pbktôo y cb skcvkjukrmk mb c`s  pbcfjr`s qub sup`oçko sup`oçko bo bs bsbb bot`odbs ck ckss vçks mb trëosft`, mfs mfspubstks pubstks bo bc bc pbrçgbtr`. Bo ;641 sb d`ostruyb ck prfgbrk uofmkm vbdfokc pr`g`vfmk p`r bc j`hfbro` kgbrfdko` bo Ktckotk, Jb`rjfk, mbo`gfokm` ]bdnw``m n`gbs. n`gbs. Mfsbûkm` p`r ck afrgk mb krquftbdt`s Hurjb y

Ttbvbos, mfsp`oçk mb 8=.> nk. y kchbrjkhk k 15= akgfcfks botrb vfvfbomks bo nfcbrk y hc`qubs mb trbs ofvbcbs, d`o tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk mb ; nkhftkdfôo (81), 4 nkhftkdf`obs (46:), = nkhftkdf`obs (;8>) y 2 nkhftkdf`obs (24). U`r prfgbrk vbz, cks vfvfbomks pr`pubstks aubr`o kdùstfdks y k prubhk mb aubj`. C`s sbrvfdf`s d`guokcbs qub pr`p`ob aubr`o ckvkombrçks d`guobs, jukrmbrçk, hfhcf`tbdk, y dkodnks mb tbofs. Tu pbrçgbtr` bstkhk cfgftkm` p`r vçks mb kct` trëosft` y p`r ck Rofvbrsfmkm mb Jb`rjfk, p`r c` qub bo bc mfsbû` mb bstk uofmkm vbdfokc sb fodcuybo 455 m`rgft`rf`s k akv`r mb c`s bstumfkotbs mb Jb`rjfk ]bdn.

2:

 

(k)

(h) 

 Fgkjbo 8:9 Ucko jbobrkc mb Xkmhuro (k). Gkozkok tfp` mb Xkmhuro (h). Aubotb9  Krqufsd`pf`

 Fgkjbo 8>9 Ucko jbobrkc Nfccsfmb N`gbs. Aubotb9 D`robcc Rofvbrsfty

 Fgkjbo 869 Y`ok mb iubj`s mbtrës mb uo` mb c`s hc`qubs mb ]bdnw``m n`gbs. Aubotb9 T`utnbro  spkdbs

2>

 

Ck Rofmkm nkhftkdf`okc mb Gkrsbcck, d`ostruddfôo fofdfkmk bo ;62;, `hrk mb Dnkrcbs- Æm`ukrm Ibkoobrbt –Cb D`rhusfbr‗, aub pckotbkmk d`g` uok d`guofmkm d`o gkrdkm` sbotfm` s`dfkc, bo

ck qub d`ovbrjçko vbfotb kû`s mb mfvbrsks bxpbrfbodfks, o` s`c` bo gktbrfk mb vfvfbomk sfo` tkghfæo mb urhkofsg` y mb bstætfdk. Cb D`rhusfbr sb `p`oçk k ck a`rgk trkmfdf`okc mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk9 cks vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs,  p`r c` qub kh`jô p`r bc hc`qub bshbct` d`g` ck gbi`r s`cudfôo. Dubotk d`o 44: vfvfbomks mùpcbx, d`o 84 vkrfkotbs qub sb kmkptko mbsmb ck nkhftkdfôo pbrs`okc nkstk ck vfvfbomk pkrk akgfcfks mb = k > fotbjrkotbs, mfspubstks k kchbrjkr ;155 nkhftkotbs. Kmbgës, dubotk d`o sbrvfdf`s d`guoftkrf`s tkcbs d`g` dkaæ y s`cërfug, rbstkurkotb, iubj`s mb ofû`s, ckh`rkt`rf`s, ckvkombrçk d`gùo, jkrkjbs y kmbgës bc us` mb ck kz`tbk d`o jfgoksf`, dcuh, dbotr` skoftkrf`, jukrmbrçk y bspkdf`s mb rbuofôo. Ck dkccb d`gbrdfkc sb uhfdkhk k 82g. s`hrb bc ofvbc mbc subc`. D`odbhfmk d`g` uok dfumkm ikrmço vbrtfdkc, aub pr`mudt` mb uok ks`d fkdfôo mb –fgkjfokdfôo bspkdfkc‗ y mb uok –fgkjfokdfôo s`dfkc‗, qub o` bs `trk d`sk qub

uok bxprbsfôo g`mfafdkmk mb

ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc qub Dckrbodb Ubrry prbd`ofzkhk bo Bstkm`s Rofm`s.

 Fgkjbo 459 Akdnkmk mb ck Rofmkm nkhftkdf`okc mb  Gkrsbcck. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk

26

 

 Fgkjbo 4;9 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk mùpcbx supbrf`r. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk Zflfkrquftbdturk

 Fgkjbo 489 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk mùpcbx foabrf`r. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk Zflfkrquftbdturk

 Fgkjbo 449 D`rtb c`ojftumfokc mb uok vfvfbomk mùpcbx supbrf`r y uok vfvfbomk mùpcbx foabrf`r.  Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk

15

 

Ck fmbk mb uofmkm vbdfokc o` ccbjk k Cktfo`kgærfdk nkstk gbmfkm`s mb ck mædkmk mb c`s =5, bspbdçafdkgbotb bspbdçafdkgbo tb kc Ubrù. Bo ;6=2 sb fofdfk ck d`ostruddfôo mb ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc Oµ 54, sfbom` ck prfgbrk mb su tfp` k d`ostrufrsb bo bc pkçs. Bc pcko `rfjfokc kchbrjkhk 2 uofmkmbs vbdfokcbs d`otfouks, sfo bghkrj`, sb bgpbzô p`r ck Oµ 54 p`rqub yk sb tboçk prbpkrkmk bc ërbk pkrk su d`ostruddfôo. Hki` bstks prbgfsks, sb pckotbk bo uo tbrrbo` mb 45 nk. ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc Oµ 54, uok gfof dfumkm d`o bqufpkgfbot` d`gpcbt` pkrk ;;;8 akgfcfks, c` qub sfjofafdk 1555 nkhftkotbs. Aub ck  prfgbrk mb su tfp` bo qub sb pr`p`obo 81 hc`qubs mb mbpkrtkgbot`s mb duktr` ofvbcbs, kmfdf`okcgbotb mb c`s hc`qubs uofakgfcfkrbs mb m`s ofvbcbs. C`s hc`qubs mb mbpkrtkgbot`s kchbrjkhko trbs gômuc`s tçpfd`s, mfabrbodfkm`s ùofdkgbotb p`r bc oùgbr` mb m`rgft`rf`s, vkrfkom` mb ; k 4. Bc bqufpkgfbot` s`dfkc bstë a`rgkm` p`r ck bsdubck, uok z`ok mbp`rtfvk — qub qub fodcuçk dkgp` mb aùth`c, c`sks mbp`rtfvks y pfsdfok-, uo gbrdkm` mb khkst`s, uok d`gfskrfk, uo dfob y uok fjcbsfk. Bc >:% mb ck supbrafdfb t`tkc, d`ostftuçk bc ërbk cfhrb d`oa`rgkmk p`r pkrqubs y uok d`rtfok vbrmb

 pbrfgætrfdk, qub o` brko gës qub ërh`cbs bo cçobk rbdtk qub c`s nkhftkotbs mbo`gfokhko –bc  h`squb‗.

D`g` bo cks uofmkmbs vbdfokcbs prbdbmbotbs, cks vçks kc fotbrf`r s`o pbkt`okcbs pkrk bvftkr bc  pbcfjr` kc qub sb bxp`oçko c`s pbkt`obs d`o cks vçks mb kct` trëosft`. Tb d`osfmbrkr`o bstkdf`okgfbot` bstkdf`okgfbo t` mb vbnçduc`s kc fojrbs` mb ck uofmkm vbdfokc. Bstk vbrsfôo mb cks  Obfjnh`rn``m Rofts Rofts   o`rtbkgbrfdkoks kmkptkmks k ck rbkcfmkm pbrukok, ccbjkr`o jrkdfks kc krq. Abrokom` Hbckùomb y sb nfz` rbkcfmkm p`r prfgbrk vbz d`o ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc Oµ 54. U`stbrf`rgbotb, bc krq. Tkotfkj` Kjurt` pr`ybdtk cks Rofmkmbs Qbdfokcbs mb Gfrkac`rbs bo ;625, Kojkg`s bo ;625, Gktutb bo ;628, Gfr`obs bo ;628 y Xçgkd bo ;628, duyks dkrkdtbrçstfdks `hbmbdçko kc gfsg` d`odbpt` o`rtbkgbrfdko`.

1;

 

 Fgkjbo 4=9 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc Oµ 54.  Aubotb9 Z`rmprbss 

 Fgkjbo 429 Qfstk kærbk mb ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc Oµ 54.  Aubotb9 Z`rmprbss 

 Fgkjbo 419 Qfstk mb uo hc`qub mb ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc Oµ 54 . Aubotb9 DKGGU Rofvbrsfmkm mb Cfgk

18

 

Ck fmbk mb uofmkm vbdfokc, sb bxpkomb k pr`vfodfk d`o ck ccbjkmk mb I`sæ Cufs Tbrt y su s`df` Ukuc Cbstbr Zfbobr bo ;6=1, qufbobs nkhçko sfm` d`otrktkm`s p`r ck D`rp`rkdfôo Ubrukok mbc Tkotk pkrk bckh`rkr bc Ucko Xbjuckm`r mb Dnfgh`tb. Ck pr`pubstk, pckotbkmk bo ;6=>, d`osfmbrkhk m`s uofmkmbs vbdfokcbs m`omb ;8555 nkhftkotbs p`mrçko mbskrr`cckrsb bo uok dfumkm bo hksb k c`s pckotbkgfbot`s urhkoçstfd`s mbc FQ DFKG. Tbrt y Zfbobr trktkr`o mb kmkptkr cks vfvfbomks k cks tbdo`c`jçks d`ostrudtfvks y d`stughrbs mb ck sfbrrk pbrukok, pubs ck gky`rçk mb nkhftkotbs mb Dnfgh`tb pr`vboçko mb mfdnk rbjfôo. Bc rksj` prfodfpkc mb cks vfvfbomks pr`ybdtkmks aub ck fotr`muddfôo mb uo pktf` prfvkm` — bo bo bc dukc c`s nkhftkotbs p`mrçko drfkr sus kofgkcbs ` ductfvkr n`rtkcfzks-, gudnks vbdbs mb gky`rbs mfgbosf`obs qub ck gfsgk vfvfbomk pkrk qub c`s nkhftkotbs d`osbrvbo sus nëhft`s mb vfmk kc bxtbrf`r. Tb pr`ybdtô uo dbotr` dçvfd`, kc dukc sb kddbmçk gbmfkotb uok pckzk qub d`gprbomçk uok fjcbsfk, uok hfhcf`tbdk y uo gusb`. Iuot` k ck pckzk tkghfæo nkhçk bmfafdf`s d`gbrdfkcbs  pr`vfst`s mb pbqubû`s pbqubû`s pktf`s. Ckgbotkhcbgbotb, Ckgbotkhcbgb otb, bstb pcko pkrk ck dfumkm mb Dnfgh`tb o` ccbjô k d`odrbtkrsb, pbr` aub ck hksb

mb uok sbrfb mb pr`ybdt`s tkot` bo Cfgk d`g` bo bc bxtbrf`r, tkc bs bc dks` mb cks Qfcckjbs  Kjrfd`cbs mb  Kjrfd`cbs  mb B. M`okt` pkrk Krjbcfk bo ;6:1. @tr` fotbot` mb Rofmkm Qbdfokc sb pckofafdô bo Dnfdcky`, bo ;6=6, p`r bc krq. Gkrf` Hfkod`. Bc tbrrbo` mb 88.= nk. sb uhfdkhk kc sur mb ck dfumkm, kc ckm` fzqufbrm` mb ck dkrrbtbrk Ukokgbrfdkok Tur. Tu c`dkcfzkdfôo pum` sbr uo prbdbmbotb pkrk mfrbddf`okr bc drbdfgfbot` mb Dnfdcky`, kmbgës mb pr`p`rdf`okr uo ërbk rbsfmbodfkc d`o d`gbrdf` b fostftudf`obs pkrk ck d`guofmkm, ërbk kùo o` bxfstbotb bo Dnfdcky` mb ck c k mædkmk mbc 25. (Tkot`y`, 85;5 pëj. ;:2) Ck pr`pubstk mkhk cujkr k 244 vfvfbomks botrb mbpkrtkgbot`s y vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs, mfsp`ofbom` cks bmfafdkdf`obs bmfafdkdf`obs mb kdubrm` k su kcturk9 cks vfvfbomks uofakgfcf uofakgfcfkrbs krbs mb uo ofvbc bo ck pbrfabrfk, sbjufmks p`r cks vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs mb m`s ofvbcbs y c`s hc`qubs mb trbs ofvbcbs sb uhfdkhko bo ck pkrtb dbotrkc, gkotbofbom` ksç bc pbrafc n`rfz`otkc mb Dnfdcky` mb kqubcck æp`dk. Cks vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs d`otkhko d`o 4 tfp`c`jçks9 ]fp`c`jçk K9 mb m`s ofvbcbs, = m`rgft`rf`s y ; pktf`< ]fp`c`jçk H9 mb uo s`c` ofvbc, 4 m`rgft`rf`s, ; m`rgft`rf` mb sbrvfdf` y 4 pktf`s< ]fp`c`jçk D9 d`o uo s`c` ofvbc, 4 m`rgft`rf`s y ; pktf`. C`s hc`qubs d`otkhko d`o m`s tfp`c`jçks mb mbpkrtkgbot`s9 ]fp`c`jçk K9 ; m`rgft`rf`< ]fp`c`jçk H9 8 m`rgft`rf`s. Xbspbdt` k bqufpkgfbot`s d`guobs, sb d`osfmbrô uok bsdubck mbotr` mbc ërbk rbsfmbodfkc, c` dukc d`oafjurkrçk tkc z`ok d`g` prfvkmk. ]kghfæo sb pckotbô uok z`ok d`gbrdfkc, fjcbsfk, dbotr` 14

 

dçvfd` y dfob, uhfdkm`s bo `trk ërbk, ck dukc sb d`oafjurkrçk d`g` pùhcfdk pkrk khkstbdbr tkghfæo kc rbst` mb ck p`hckdfôo. Cks vçks vbnfduckrbs h`rmbkhk h`rmbkhkoo ck uofmkm vbdfokc, p`r c` qub bc pbktôo  p`mrçk rbd`rrbr t`m` bc hkrrf` cfhrbgbotb k g`m` mb uo jrko bspkdf` pùhcfd` rbsfmbodfkc, d`o bstkodfks dkmk mbtbrgfokmk mfstkodfk. Bo ;62=, surjb uok oubvk uofmkm vbdfokc mbo`gfokmk Rofmkm Qbdfokc U`rtkcbs, pbr` bstk vbz bo Tkotfkj` mb Dnfcb, kotb bc drbdfgfbot` mbsgbsurkm` mb ck p`hckdfôo bo ck mædkmk mbc 25. Mfsbûkm` p`r ck `afdfok mb krquftbdt`s H.Q.D.N.  — Hrbsdfkof, Hrbsdfkof, Qkcmæs, Dkstfcc` y Nufm`hr`- y d`osfmbrkm` `hrk bghcbgëtfdk mb ck krquftbdturk g`mbrok mb Dnfcb. Bc pr`ybdt` kmqufbrb uok uhfdkdfôo bstrktæjfdk bo dukot` k d`guofdkdfôo d`o bc rbst` mb ck dfumkm, pubst` qub sb bstkhcbdb dbrdk mb ck kut`pfstk dbotrkc, tbrgfokc mb husbs, bstkdfôo mbc gbtr` y bstë r`mbkmk p`r bqufpkgfbot`s pùhcfd`s y ducturkcbs mb ck dfumkm mb Tkotfkj`. D`gprbomb ;>15 vfvfbomks botrb ;6 hc`qubs (;8 tfp`c`jçks p`sfhcbs) y 415 vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs (d`o 8= tfp`c`jçks p`sfhcbs). Dubotk, kmbgës, d`o pkrr`qufk, gfofgkrlbt, vbrmucbrçk y ikrmço mb ck foakodfk d`g` bqufpkgfbot`s d`cbdtfv`s. D`o uok bxtbosfôo mb 4; nk.,

mfsp`ob bc >5% pkrk bspkdf`s pùhcfd`s. Mbstkdko cks pckzks gbo`rbs, kcrbmbm`r mb cks dukcbs sb bgpckzko cks vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs y jrkdfks k c`s dukcbs sb pfbrmb ck pbrdbpdfôo mb bstkr bo uo d`oiuot` mb vfvfbomks d`o ;;555 pbrs`oks pkrk, bo dkghf`, sbotfrsb d`otbofm` bo uo pktf` mb uok vfvfbomk uofakgfcfkr.

1=

 

 Fgkjbo 4:9 Ucko Xbjuckm`r mb Dnfgh`tb. Aubotb9 Hc`j  Ck a`rgk g`mbrok bo Cktfo`kgærfdk

 Fgkjbo 4>9 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk. Aubotb9 Hc`j Ck  a`rgk g`mbrok mb Cktfo`kgærfdk

 Fgkjbo 469 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc mb Dnfdcky`. Aubotb9 Hc`j Krquftbdt` Gkrf` Hfkod`

12

 

 Fgkjbo =59 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc U`rtkcbs.  Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy

 Fgkjbo =;9 Kddbs` prfodfpkc k ck Rofmkm Qbdfokc  U`rtkcbs. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy

(k)

(h) 

 Fgkjbo =89 ]fp`c`jçk ackt K mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub (k). ]fp`c`jçk mùpcbx K mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub (h). Aubotb9  Krdnmkfcy

11

 

 Fgkjbo =49 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk uofakgfcfkr. Aubotb9  Krdnmkfcy

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CK GKV@X UX@MRDDFÔO MB QFQFBOMKT MB CK NFT]@XFK ]rks ck Tbjuomk Jubrrk Guomfkc, qub aub gudn` gës fotbosk qub ck prfgbrk, cks dfumkmbs qubmkr`o mbvkstkmks k ck bspbrk mb uok rbd`ostruddfôo t`tkc. Bstk btkpk sb mbafofô, bo gktbrfk mb urhkofsg` y vfvfbomk, d`g` bc g`gbot` nfstôrfd` mb ck d`ostruddfôo mb c`s jrkombs pckobs urhko`s y mb c`s pr`jrkgks gës kghfdf`s`s mb vfvfbomk, t`m` c` qub o` nuhfbrk sfm` p`sfhcb sfo ck fovbrsfôo mb c`s j`hfbro`s bur`pb`s, d`osfmbrk d`osfmbrkmk mk ck gky`r mb ck nfst`rfk. Ck kpkrfdfôo mb c`s p`cçj`o`s mb vfvfbomk, tkot` pùhcfd`s d`g` prfvkm`s, sfjofafdô ck d`os`cfmkdfôo mb uo drbdfgfbot` urhko` qub trkosa`rgô tr kosa`rgô cks a`rgks d`ovbodf`okcbs mb jbobrkr dfumkm bo Bur`pk. Tb uhfdkhko kcbikm`s mb c`s dbotr`s urhko`s, jbobrkcgbotb bo ck pbrfabrfk y dbrdk k z`oks fomustrfkcbs, pubs ck oubvk vfvfbomk `hrbrk o` p`mçk pkjkr c`s prbdf`s bcbvkm`s mb c`s subc`s dbotrkcbs. Ksç bs d`g` surjb bc hkrrf` mb @rdksftks bo Gkmrfm, bo c`s 25, dukom` ck z`ok sb bgpbzô k  p`hckr k d`osbdub d`osbdubodfk odfk mbc mbskrr`cc` fomustrfkc mb ck dfumkm. C`s fogfjrkotbs ccbjkhko y sb

fostkckhko bo vfvfbomks prbdkrfks mb kut`d`ostruddfôo, kut`d`ostruddfôo, pkrkcbckgbotb, qub bc j`hfbro` d`ostruçk vfvfbomks s`dfkcbs. K dkusk mb bcc`, bo ;615 ck z`ok sb prbsbotkhk d`g` uo g`skfd` mb vfvfbomks, botrb c`s p`cçj`o`s mb vfvfbomk nbdn`s p`r bc Bstkm`, vfvfbomks prbdkrfks, fomustrfks  pbqubûks y pkrdbcks rùstfdks. ]rks gùctfpcbs pbmfm`s, c`s vbdfo`s c`jrko qub bc j`hfbro` kpr`hksb trbs pckobs fotbjrkcbs pkrk ck rbg`mbckdfôo mbc hkrrf` mb @rdksftks. Mb ;6:4 k ;6:2 sb c`jrô qub cks dnkh`cks mb ck pkrtb o`rtb sb rbuhfdkrko mbotr` mbc p`cçj`o` mb vfvfbomks, gfbotrks k pkrtfr mb ;6:1 sb mfsbûkr`o 1 sùpbr gkozkoks gës. Bo ;6>=, bc t`tkc mbc p`hckm` aub mbg`cfm` k dkusk mbc pr`dbs` mb mbjrkmkdfôo qub ktrkvbskhk. Bc hkrrf` mb Cks Dnughbrks surjb vbfotb kû`s mbspuæs, bo ck mædkmk mb c`s :5 bo ]bobrfab, Dkokrfks. ]kghfæo pr`mudt` mb ck fovbrsfôo pùhcfdk, k afo mb m`tkr mb vfvfbomk mfjok k akgfcfks obdbsftkmks. Tu pckobkgfbot` y d`ostruddfôo aub d`o gudnk prbgurk y sfo gky`rbs vfsf`obs tædofdks, p`r c` qub bo ck kdtukcfmkm sfjub bo pfb, pbr` d`o uok mbjrkmkdfôo kdbcbrkmk mb cks dkpkdfmkmbss p`rtkotbs mb su bstrudturk. dkpkdfmkmb Bo c`s kû`s :5, bgpfbzk ck mbjrkmkdfôo mb c`s d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs bo cks jrkombs dfumkmbs bur`pbks, duyks dkusks sbrçko urhkoçstfdks y mb bmfafdkdfôo. Bo prfgbr cujkr, cks dfumkmbs bur`pbks brko pckobkmks bo hksb k uok z`ofafdkdfôo, d`osfmbrkom` ck pkrtb dbotrkc pkrk c`s obj`df`s y rbsfmbodfk mb dcksb kctk y sbjrbjkom` kdtfvfmkmbs d`gpcbgbotkrfks d`g` ck fomustrfkc, vfvfbomk, dbotr`s mb obj`df`s, botrb `tr`s. Ck akctk mb d`obdtfvfmkm d`o c`s dbotr`s 1>

 

urhko`s, mfbr`o d`g` rbsuctkm` ck kjumfzkdfôo mb bstk z`ofafdkdfôo. Xbspbdt` k cks dkusks rbckdf`okmks d`o ck bmfafdkdfôo, aubr`o prfodfpkcgbotb ck hkik dkcfmkm d`ostrudtfvk y ck akctk mb gkotbofgfbot` mb cks kjrupkdf`obs mb vfvfbomk. O` `hstkotb, bxfstbo `trks rkz`obs qub ccbvko k mkr uok gfrkmk k Cktfo`kgærfdk, d`g` ck jbstfôo y kddbs` mb ck p`hckdfôo k ck vfvfbomk, qub  pbrgftb ck pkrtfdfpkdfôo mfrbdtk mbc usukrf`, kùo cbikok bo Bur`pk. Ck akctk mb fmbotfmkm y d`gpr`gfs` mbc nkhftkotb d`o ck krquftbdturk qub c`s kchbrjkhk, o` pbrgftçk bc kpr`vbdnkgfbot` y dufmkm` t`tkc nkdfk bc d`oiuot` nkhftkdf`okc. Bo Cktfo`kgærfdk, ck p`cçtfdk mb vfvfbomk s`dfkc tfbob uo dkrëdtbr qub fov`cudrk kc usukrf` mbsmb bc fofdf`, yk sbk bo ck ppkrtb krtb bd`oôgfdk ` bo ck kut`d`ostruddfôo mb cks gfsgks. Bxfstb uok rbsp`oskhfcfmkm p`r pkrtb mbc nkhftkotb, cfjëom`c` bstrbdnkgbotb k su vfvfbomk. Bc pbrç`m` mb rbdbsfôo bd`oôgfdk qub d`gbozô d`o ck Drfsfs mb ck bobrjçk bo ;6:4 y qub ccbjô nkstk fofdf`s mb c`s >5, mf` cujkr, bo mfabrbotbs pkçsbs bur`pb`s, k uo pr`dbs` mb rbdbsfôo bo cks  p`cçtfdks mb vfvfbomk s`d s`dfkc fkc qub nkhçko ccbjkm` k sup`ob sup`obrr uo d`stb bxdbsfv` pkrk pkrk c`s bstkm`s. bstkm`s. K  pkrtfr mb bstk mædkmk, bc bsaubrz` mb c`s bstkm`s sb dbotrô bo bc gkotbofgfbot` mb c`s jrkombs

d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`obs gës qub bo ck d`ostruddfôo mb c`s gfsg`s.

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 Fgkjbo ==9 @dupkdfôo pr`jrbsfvk mbc hkrrf` mb @rdksftks. Aubotb9 Rrhkodfmkmbs

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 Fgkjbo =29 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub (k). ]fp`c`jçk H mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub hc`qub (H). Aubotb9 Rrhkodfmkmbs :5

 

 Fgkjbo =19 Qfstk kærbk mbc hkrrf` mb C`s Dnughbr`s.  Aubotb9 Mfkrf` Ck @pfofôo

K gbmfkm`s mbc sfjc` ^^, Cktfo`kgærfdk sb dkrkdtbrfzkhk p`r sbr uok s`dfbmkm mbpbomfbotb mb c`s mfdtëgbobs mb ck ducturk bur`pbk y o`rtbkgbrfdkok, mbhfm` kc cbot` pr`dbs` mb fomustrfkcfzkdfôo mb cks dfumkmbs cktfo`kgbrfdkoks fgpucskm` p`r ck Tbjuomk Jubrrk Guomfkc. Kc fjukc qub bo Bur`pk, c`s prfodfpkcbs dbotr`s urhko`s bgpfbzko k s`hrb p`hckrsb, c` qub trki`

d`osfj` uo jrko mæafdft mb vfvfbomk. C`s mfabrbotbs bstkm`s bgpbzkr`o k bxpbrfgbotkr oubvks a`rgks mb pr`mudfr vfvfbomk bd`oôgfdk, pr`g`vfbom` ck d`ostruddfôo mb bxtbosks urhkofzkdf`obss y oubv`s d`oiuot`s mb vfvfbomk hki` drftbrf`s mbc g`vfgfbot` g`mbro`. Bs ksç urhkofzkdf`ob d`g` c`s bmfafdf`s kfsckm`s mb d`odrbt` y vfmrf`, cks jrkombs ërbks vbrmbs, ck vfmk d`guoftkrfk, ck sbodfccbz jb`gætrfdk y ck d`ostruddfôo gksfvk bgpbzkrçko k trkosa`rgkr bc pbrafc trkmfdf`okc mb c`s dbotr`s urhko`s. Ck pr`muddfôo mb vfvfbomk s`dfkc bo kcturk bo Gæxfd`, sb fofdfk d`o ck drbkdfôo mbc Fostftut` Gbxfdko` mbc Tbjur` T`dfkc (FGTT) y ck d`ostruddfôo mbc D`oiuot` Rrhko` Urbsfmbotb Kcbgëo bo ;6=>. Mfsbûkm` p`r bc krq. Gkrf` Ukof y d`osfmbrkmk ck prfgbrk sùpbr gkozkok rbsfmbodfkc d`ostrufmk bo Kgærfdk Cktfok. D`gprbomb ck d`ostruddfôo mb 6 hc`qubs mb trbdb ofvbcbs y 1 hc`qubs mb trbs ofvbcbs, kchbrjkom` ;5>5 vfvfbomks bo =5555g8. Bo c`s hc`qubs mb trbdb ofvbcbs, sb d`osfmbrko 4 tfp`c`jçks mb mbpkrtkgbot`9 ]fp` K (25g8- 1:8 mbpkrtkgbot`s), ]fp` H (15g8- ;68 mbpkrtkgbot`s) y ]fp` D (:5g8- :8 mbpkrtkgbot`s). Bo c`s hc`qubs mb trbs ofvbcbs nky uo t`tkc mb ;== mbpkrtkgbot`s (8= p`r hc`qub) d`o 2:g8 dkmk uo`. Bc :2% mbc tbrrbo` sb mbstfoô k ikrmfobs, pfsdfok sbgf `cçgpfdk, c`dkcbs d`gbrdfkcbs, ckvkombrçk, jukrmbrçk foakotfc, dbotr` gæmfd` y uo dbotr` bsd`ckr.

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Bc gfsg` kû`, ;6=>, aub pr`ybdtkm` bc D`oiuot` Ubmrbjucn` p`r bc krq. Bmukrm` Xbfmy bo Xç` mb Ikobfr`, Hrksfc. Ck pfbzk dckvb b foo`vkm`rk mb t`m` bc d`oiuot` bs bc jrko bmfafdf` d`ostrufm` bo kct`9 bc gfo`dnk`, mb pckotk sbrpbotbkmk kmkptkmk kmkptkmk k ck g`ra`c`jçk mbc tbrrbo`. Bstb bmfafdf` bs mb sfbtb ofvbcbs y sb ksfbotk bo bc tbrrbo` s`hrb pfc`tbs, d`o 815g. mb ckrj`. Kchbrjk ck z`ok rbsfmbodfkc, d`o 8 tfp`c`jçks mb mbpkrtkgbot`s9 ]fp`c`jçk K d`o ; m`rgft`rf` (bo ofvbcbs foabrf`rbs) y tfp`c`jçk H d`o 8 m`rgft`rf`s (bo ofvbcbs supbrf`rbs). Bc kddbs` bs p`r bc tbrdbr ofvbc qub bs d`osfmbrkm` d`g` ck prfgbrk pckotk. pc kotk. Kmbgës mbc gfo`dnk`, tkghfæo nky bmfafdkdf`obs mb gbo`r ibrkrquçk m`omb sb uhfdko c`s sbrvfdf`s d`guobs9 ikrmço mb foakodfk, jukrmbrçk, bsdubck prfgkrfk, gbrdkm`, ckvkombrçk, c kvkombrçk, dbotr` skoftkrf`, pfstks mbp`rtfvks, jfgoksf`s, pfsdfok, vbstfm`rbs y dbotr` d`gbrdfkc. Gfbotrks tkot`, y k mfabrbodfk mb c`s dks`s kotbrf`rbs, Krjbotfok d`otkhk d`o m`s d`rrfbotbs  prbm`gfokotbs99 ck trkmfdf`okc y ck vkojukrmfstk. Ck d`rrfbotb trkmfdf`okc sb fospfrkhk bo cks  prbm`gfokotbs vfvfbomks suhurhkoks mb Bstkm`s Rofm`s, p`r c` qub sb bmfafdkr`o gudn`s hkrrf`s mb tçpfd`s dnkcbts mb bstfc` bstfc` dkcfa`rofko`. Ck d`rrfbotb vkojuk vkojukrmfstk rmfstk sb fospfrkhk bboo tb`rçks kcbgkoks kcbgkoks mb

`rmbokgfbot` mb ck dfumkm y pr`mui` hkrrf`s mb g`o`hc`dls, qub o` brk gës qub bmfafdf`s guctfakgfcfkrbs mb pckotk y bcbvkdfôo `rt`j`okc, sfo ofojùo `rokgbot`. Bc hkrrf` Gkoubc M`rrbj`, gës d`o`dfm` d`g` C`s Ubrkcbs, aub bc gëxfg` bxp`obotb mb bst`s  hkrrf`s mb g`o`hc`dls bo Hubo`s Kfrbs. D`otkhk d`o =1 g` g`o`hc`dls o`hc`dls mb trbs ofvbcbs dkmk uo`, qub d`gprbomçko ;51> mbpkrtkgbot`s. Bc prfgbr ofvbc mbc bmfafdf` kchbrjkhk ck tfp`c`jçk ackt, d`o ; m`rgft`rf`, gfbotrks bc sbjuom` y tbrdbr ofvbc of vbc kchbrjkhko ck tfp`c`jçk mùpcbx, d`o 8 y 4 m`rgft`rf`s. Bo dukot` k ërbks d`guobs, aubr`o bqufpkmks d`o bsdubck prfgkrfk, hfhcf`tbdk, d`gbrdf` vbdfokc, iubj`s, dkodnks mb aùth`c, hësqubt y tbofs, uok pfsdfok `cçgpfdk y uok dkpfcck.

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 Fgkjbo =:9 Ucko jbobrkc mbc D`oiuot` Rrhko`  Urbsfmbotb Kcbgëo. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy

 Fgkjbo =>9 Qfstk kærbk mbc D`oiuot` Rrhko` Rrhko` Urbsfmbotb  Kcbgëo. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy

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 Fgkjbo =69 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk mùpcbx (k). (k). ]fp`c`jçk H mb vfvfbomk mùpcbx (h). Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy :4

 

 Fgkjbo 259 Ucko jbobrkc mbc D`oiuot` Ubmrbjucn`.  Aubotb9 Bstkmk`

 Fgkjbo 2;9 Qfstk mbc gfo`dnk` gfo`dnk` mbsmb bc fotbrf`r. Aubotb9 Aubotb9 DKRXI

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 Fgkjbo 289 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk ackt (k). ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk mùpcbx (h).  Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk

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 Fgkjbo 249 Ucko jbobrkc mbc hkrrf` C`s Ubrkcbs. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk

 Fgkjbo 2=9 Qfstk kærbk mbc hkrrf` C`s Ubrkcbs. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk

K pkrtfr mb ;625, trks ck fomustrfkcfzkdfôo mb Qbobzubck, bc Bstkm` bgpfbzk k pr`p`obr kghfdf`s`s pckobs mb vfvfbomk p`puckr, qub o` nuhfbrko sfm` p`sfhcb sfo bc Hkod` @hrbr` mb mfdn` pkçs. Ck urhkofzkdfôo 8 mb mfdfbghrb  — n`y n`y cckgkmk 84 mb bobr`- aub uo` mb bst`s  pr`ybdt`s, d`ostrufm`s d`ostrufm`s s`hrb uuok ok z`ok ktbrrk ktbrrkzkmk zkmk mb Dkrkd Dkrkdks ks bo ;622. D`ostk mb, kpr`xfgkmkgbotb, 28 hc`qubs y 6;:1 vfvfbomks. Dkmk hc`qub dubotk d`o qufodb ofvbcbs, d`o ;5 mbpkrtkgbot`s tçpfd`s p`r pfs` mb >5g8 dkmk uo`. Kmbgës, d`otkhk d`o sbrvfdf`s d`guokcbs d`g` fjcbsfks, aubotbs mb s`mk, dkodnks mbp`rtfvks, pkrqubs qub bibgpcfafdko uok fotbrvbodfôo s`hrbskcfbotb k ofvbc cktfo`kgbrfdko`, ksç d`g` tkghfæo ;: d`cbjf`s fofdfkcbs, > jukrmbrçks, 82 dbotr`s d`gbrdfkcbs, 2 bsdubcks prfgkrfks y 8 gbrdkm`s.

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@tr` pr`ybdt` bghcbgëtfd` mb ck krquftbdturk cktfo`kgbrfdkok, bs bc Dbotr` Rrhko` Kot`of`  Okrfû`, d`ostrufm` d`ostrufm` bo ;62> bo H`j`të, D`c`ghfk D`c`ghfk.. D`ostftuyb ck prfgbrk pr`pubstk mb mb bstb tfp` qub sb d`ostruyô bo ck dfumkm y aub mfsbûkm` p`r c`s krquftbdt`s Xkakbc Bsqubrrk, Borfqub Jkrdçk Gbrcko`, Mkofbc Tuërbz, Iuko Gbcæombz y Oæst`r Jutfærrbz. Ck sùpbr gkozkok d`gprbomçk 8; bmfafdf`s, mb c`s dukcbs ;= bstkhko mbstfokm`s k vfvfbomk9 > mb trbdb ofvbcbs y 1 mb duktr` ofvbcbs. C`s bmfafdf`s mb trbdb ofvbcbs kchbrjkhko mbpkrtkgbot`s mb : tfp`c`jçks mfabrbotbs, vkrfkom` botrb 42 y ;5; g8 y pboskm`s pkrk sbr nkhftkm`s mbsmb 8 nkstk : pbrs`oks< gfbotrks c`s bmfafdf`s mb duktr` ofvbcbs d`otkhko d`o uok s`ck tfp`c`jçk t fp`c`jçk mb = m`rgft`rf`s, d`o uo ërbk mb ;;=g8. C`s : bmfafdf`s rbstkotbs brko c`s qub kd`jçko c`s sbrvfdf`s d`guokcbs, botrb c`s qub mbstkdko hkod`, d`rrb`, dkabtbrçk, kmgfofstrkdfôo, d`osuct`rf`s gæmfd`s, tkccbrbs, d`gbrdf` vbdfokc, rbstkurkotb, d`cbjf` prfgkrf`, jukrmbrçk foakotfc, dfob, gbrdkm`, ckvkombrçk b fjcbsfk.

 Fgkjbo 229 Qfstk kærbk mb ck Rrh. 8 mb mfdfbghrb.  Aubotb9 Hc`j Nfst`rfk mb Qbobzubck

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 Fgkjbo 219 Ucko jbobrkc mbc Dbotr` Rrhko` Kot`of`  Okrfû`. Aubotb9 U`rtka`cf`s Rofkombs

 Fgkjbo 2:9 Qfstk kærbk mbc Dbotr` Rrhko` Kot`of`  Okrfû`. Aubotb9 D`ckrtb

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 Fgkjbo 2>9 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk bo bmfafdf` mb trbdb ofvbcbs (k). ]fp`c`jçk H mb vfvfbomk bo bmfafdf` mb trbdb ofvbcbs (h). ]fp`c`jçk ùofdk mb vfvfbomk bo bmfafdf` mb duktr` ofvbcbs (d). Aubotb9 A ubotb9 U`rtka`cf`s Rofkombs

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Bo bc dks` mb Ubrù, tkghfæo sb mbskrr`cckr`o ougbr`s`s pr`ybdt`s mb vfvfbomk murkotb bstk æp`dk mb pr`auomk dkrbodfk nkhftkdf`okc. Bo bc dbos` mb ;6=5, cks dfarks d`oafrgkr`o qub cks gfjrkdf`obs fotbroks `rfjfokr`o uo kugbot` bo ck p`hckdfôo urhkok, g`tfvkmks p`r ck drfsfs mbc kjr`, ck mfabrbodfk mb skckrf`s y ck d`ostruddfôo mb dkrrbtbrks. Bc 2>% mb ck p`hckdfôo mb Cfgk, vfvçk bo hkrrfkmks ` tujurf`s, nbdn` qub sb bxtbomfô k ofvbc okdf`okc. D`g` rbspubstk mbc bstkm`, pkrk ;6=: sb drbk ck @OUR, botfmkm bstktkc bodkrjkmk mb a`rguckr c`s pckobs mb Y`ofafdkdfôo y Xbjckgbot`s mb D`ostruddfôo, k sbgbikozk mb c`s pkçsbs fomustrfkcfzkm`s uo sfjc` kotbs. ]rks uok sbrfb mb bstumf`s y d`ckh`rkdf`obs d`ckh`rkdf`obs mb ck bot`odbs T`dfbmkm T`dfbmkm Ubrukok mb Krquftbdt`s  —  n`y D`cbjf` mb Krquftbdt`s mbc Ubrù-, sb bckh`rk bc Ucko Xbjuckm`r mb Cfgk bo ;6=6, hki` c`s  prbdbpt`s mb ck Dk Dkrtk rtk mb Ktbo Ktboks. ks. Bc Ucko Ufc`t` mmbb Cfgk, brk su prfgbrk aksb, y pr`p`oçk cçgftbs mb drbdfgfbot` mb ck dfumkm d`o værtfdbs bo Cfgk- Xçgkd, Dn`rrfcc`s y Bc Dkcck`, t`m` krtfduckm`  p`r uok trkgk vçk pbrfgætrfdk b fotbrok. O` `hstkotb, o` sb t`gô bo dubotk akdt`rbs fod`otr`ckhcbs d`g` bc gkr, bc rç` y c`s fogfjrkotbs qub o` pbrgftfbr`o sb rbkcfdb c` pckofafdkm`.

Bc Ucko Ufc`t` mb Cfgk kdbrtô kc uhfdkr k ck fomustrfk bo bc bib Cfgk- Dkcck` y cks Rofmkmbs Qbdfokcbs s`hrb bc bib mb ck Kv. Hbokvfmbs, sfo bghkrj`, aub guy dubstf`okm` bc o` tbobr bo dubotk ck bstrudturk pktrfg`ofkc y bc arbotb gkrçtfg` bo sus mbdfsf`obs. Bo ;6=1 sb drbô ck D`rp`rkdfôo Okdf`okc mb Qfvfbomk (DOQ), botfmkm mbc Bstkm` bodkrjkmk mb gbi`rkr cks d`omfdf`obs mb nkhftkhfcfmkm y jrkdfks k ck dukc sb drbko cks prfgbrks uofmkmbs vbdfokcbs9 = bo Cfgk y 4 bo bc Dkcck`. Ukrk ;618 surjb bc Hkod` mb ck Qfvfbomk mbc Ubrù, bstk vbz s`c` bodkrjkm` mb ck afokodfkdfôo mb c`s pr`jrkgks mb vfvfbomk. D`o ck ccbjkmk mbc krq. Abrokom` Hbckùomb k ck prbsfmbodfk mb ck Xbpùhcfdk bo ;614 sb drbk ck Iuotk Okdf`okc mb Qfvfbomk (IOQ), d`g` rbbgpckz` k ck DOQ. Bs d`o ck IOQ, qub sb d`ostruybo c`s pr`ybdt`s rbsfmbodfkcbs çd`o` mb ck krquftbdturk pbrukok. (Gbzk, 85;1) Bc prfgbr pr`ybdt` rbsfmbodfkc mfsbûkm` y d`ostrufm` p`r c`s krquftbdt`s mb ck Iuotk Okdf`okc mb Qfvfbomk bo ;614, aub ck Xbsfmbodfkc Tko Abcfpb bo bc mfstrft` mb Ibsùs I bsùs Gkrçk, Cfgk. D`o uo t`tkc mb 8: nk., bs pr`ybdtkmk p`r bc krq. Borfqub Dfrfkof bo su prfgbrk btkpk, gfbotrks bc rbst` mbc d`oiuot` tfbob mfabrbotbs kut`rçks9 Hbrouy, Tgfro`aa, Uëbz, Dr`ussb y Uëbz, Qësqubz y Xkgçrbz. D`osfmbrkmk uo –d`cckjb mb fmbks mb ck g`mbrofmkm, fmbotfmkm y pr`jrbs` ducturkc cktfo`kgbrfdko`‗, bo pkckhrks mbc krq. Tnkrfa Lknktt. 

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Ck prfgbrk btkpk km`ptk uo pckotbkgfbot` bo a`rgk mb druz jrfbjk, ck dukc pbrgftb mbsmb su bspkdf` dbotrkc uhfdkr cks = t`rrbs mb dkt`rdb ofvbcbs d`o vfvfbomks ackt bo dkmk værtfdb, bo c`s  hrkz`s c`s hc`qubs mb duktr` ofvbcbs d`o vfvfbomks mùpcbx, tbrgfokom` bo uo hc`qub mb m`s ofvbcbs m`omb sb bodubotrko cks vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs. Bstk a`rgk mb kpr`xfgkr kc bmfafdf` bo trbs bsdkcks y ck fotbodfôo mb sbpkrkrcks mbc tbrrbo`, pbrgftb jbobrkr bspkdf`s k bsdkck mb pbktôo nkstk ccbjkr kc jrko pktf` dbotrkc. (Gbzk, 85;1 pëj. 2;) ]rks bstk prfgbrk aksb, sb ccbjkr`o k bmfafdkr 81> vfvfbomks mfstrfhufmks bo cks 4 tfp`c`jçks gbodf`okmks. Murkotb ck sbjuomk btkpk sb ccbjkr`o k bmfafdkr ;=55 vfvfbomks, botrb cks vfvfbomks mùpcbx mb c`s hc`qubs cfobkcbs y cks vfvfbomks ackt mb c`s hc`qubs dukmrkojuckrbs. Afokcgbotb, murkotb ck tbrdbrk y ùctfgk btkpk sb d`ostruybr`o ;14; vfvfbomks botrb cks vfvfbomks ackt mb c`s hc`qubs mb dfod` ofvbcbs y cks vfvfbomks mùpcbx mb c`s hc`qubs cfobkcbs cf obkcbs s`hrb pfc`tbs mb `odb ofvbcbs. Ck fgp`rtkodfk mb c`s bspkdf`s pùhcfd`s rbskctk bo t`mks cks btkpks, mbsmb ck mfsp`sfdfôo mbc ërbk

vbrmb r`mbkom` c`s bmfafdf`s nkstk cks dkccbs kærbks pr`ybdtkmks p`r cks dukcbs sb kddbmb k cks vfvfbomks. D`otkhk d`o uo dbotr` dçvfd` d`guokc, uhfdkm` kc dbotr` mbc d`oiuot`. C`s bstkdf`okgfbot`s bstkdf`okgfbo t`s bo ck prfgbrk btkpk sb uhfdkr`o bo sôtko`, gfbotrks bo ck sbjuomk sb mfsp`obo kmykdbotbs k cks vçks prfodfpkcbs, mb tkc a`rgk qub cks vçks pbkt`okcbs qubmbo cfhrbs mb dukcqufbr  pbcfjr`9 –Kc objkrsb kc trëafd` mbc kut`gôvfc sb a`gbotk bc rbd`rrfm` pbkt`okc , bc rbd`o`dbr ck dfumkm k ck vbc`dfmkm mbc nkhftkotb y o` k ck vbc`dfmkm mbc vbnçduc` qub bs fgprbdfsk y rëpfmk‗

(Ukc`gfo`, 8556 pëj. ;18) Ukrkcbckgbotb, bo ;612, bc krq. Abrokom` Hbckuomb fofdfô uok sbrfb mb d`osuctks pkrk bxpc`rkr oubvks a`rgkr mb d`otr`ckr cks gfjrkdf`obs qub ccbjkhko k ck dkpftkc y arbokr ck mfspbrsfôo mb  pr`ybdt`s mb kut`d`ostruddfôo kut`d`ostruddfôo bboo cks hkrrfkmks cfgbûks. K trkvæs trkvæs mbc Hkod` mb ck Qfvfb Qfvfbomk omk mbc Ubrù y d`o ck ksbs`rçk mbc krq. Ubtbr Ckom, sb d`ov`dk k d`odurs` fotbrokdf`okc bo ;616 m`omb  pkrtfdfpkr`o ;4 bqufp`s bqufp`s mb krquftbdt`s, sfbo sfbom` m` trbs c`s jkokm`rbs9 Lflutk Lflutklblb- Lur`lkwk- Gklf, Ktbcfbr 2 y Nbrhbrt @nc. Botrb c`s d`odbpt`s pckotbkm`s p`r bc d`odurs` bstkhko ck rkdf`okcfzkdfôo, g`muckdfôo, tfpfafdkdfôo, drbdfgfbot` pr`jrbsfv`, acbxfhfcfmkm y auodfôo. Dkmk rkdf`okcfzkdfôo,  pr`pubstk sujbrçk mfstfotks vbrsf`obs p`r tfp`c`jçk pkrk mfabrbotbs jrup`s akgfcfkrbs9 p`mrçko kc`ikr mb = k 1 pbrs`oks bo uok prfgbrk btkpk y mb > k ;5 bo ck sbjuomk.

:6

 

Ksç surjb bc Ur`ybdt` Bxpbrfgbotkc mb Qfvfbomks — UXBQF-, d`odbhfm` mb mfabrbotb gkobrk qub c`s pr`ybdt`s pùhcfd`s mb vfvfbomk, qub hësfdkgbotb rbsp`omçko k c`s pr`hcbgks mb ck  p`sjubrrk. Tb fotr`mud fotr`mudbb bc d`odbpt` mb vfvfb vfvfbomk omk pr`jrbsfvk pr`jrbsfvk p`r prfgbrk vbz bo bc Ubrù, bo akv`r akv`r mb ck s`dfbmkm qub bgpbzkhk k g`strkrsb guy nbtbr`jæobk. Xbspbdt` k bspkdf`s pùhcfd`s, sb drbkr`o bspkdf`s k bsdkck mb pbktôo k g`m` mb pckzks fotbrd`obdtkmks p`r pkskibs pbkt`okcbs.  O` d`otkhk d`o d`o sbrvfdf`s d` d`guokcbs. guokcbs. Tf hfbo ck gky`rçk mb pr`ybdt`s rbsfmbodfkcbs pbrtbobdbo k Cfgk p`r sbr ck dkpftkc mbc Ubrù, tkghfæo sb rbkcfzkr`o pr`ybdt`s bo pr`vfodfks d`g` Dnfdcky`, ]ruifcc` y Ufurk. Ukrk p`mbr bibdutkr bst`s pr`ybdt`s sb drbô BOKDB  — Bgprbsk Bgprbsk Okdf`okc mb Bmfafdkdf`obs-, `rfbotkmk k sktfsakdbr ck drbdfbotb mbgkomk mb vfvfbomk bd`oôgfdk bo bc pkçs, `rjkofzëom`sb bo Rofmkmbs @pbrktfvks qub duhrçko t`m` bc tbrrft`rf` okdf`okc.

>5

 

 Fgkjbo 269 Ucko jbobrkc mb ck Xbsfmbodfkc Tko Abcfpb. Aubotb9 Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Ukc`gfo`

 Fgkjbo 159 15 9 ]`rrbs mb dkt`rdb ofvbcbs mb ck Xbsfmbodfkc Tko Abcfpb. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy

 Fgkjbo 1;. Qfstk mb c`s hc`qubs cktbrkcbs mb ck Xbsfmbodfkc Tko Abcfpb. Aubotb9  Krdnmkfc y

>;

 

 Fgkjbo 189 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk bo t`rrb- Urfgbrk btkpk. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Ukc`gfo`

(k)

(h)

 Fgkjbo 149 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub- Urfgbrk btkpk (k). ]fp`c`jçk H mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub- Urfgbrk btkpk (h). Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Ukc`gfo`

 Fgkjbo 1=9 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub- Tbjuomk btkpk. Aubotb9 Krq. Dkrc`s Ukc`gfo`

>8

 

 Fgkjbo 129 Qfstk kærbk mb UXBQF. Aubotb9 Hc`j [ukmbros

 Fgkjbo 119 U`sfhcb bv`cudfôo mb uok mb cks tfp`c`jçks  pr`pubstks. Aubotb9 Hc`j UXBQF C`s @cfv`s

Dnfdcky` bo ck prfgbrk gftkm mbc sfjc` ^^, brk uok pbqubûk dfumkm, cfgftkmk p`r nubrt`s y qufotks. Bo ;625, d`o ck ccbjkmk mb ck ]rksokdf`okc Obstcæ y ck Aëhrfdk mb hbhfmks D`od`rmfk, uo oubv` fgpucs` bd`oôgfd` sb kp`mbrk mb Dnfdcky` y c` d`os`cfmk d`g` dbotr` urhko` y d`gbrdfkc. Mfbz kû`s mbspuæs, Dnfdcky` nkhçk kcdkozkm` uo drbdfgfbot` mbsgbmfm` y o` prbvfst`. Turjbo, bo ck pbrfabrfk, c`s pubhc`s iôvbobs pkrk ck dcksb `hrbrk  — vfvfbomks vfvfbomks kut`d`ostrufmks-, drbkom` Ck Qfdt`rfk, Gbs`obs Gur` y Mfbj` Abrræ. Gfbotrks tkot`, cks akgfcfks mb gky`rbs rbdurs`s bd`oôgfd`s sb trksckmko kc sur mb ck dfumkm, a`rgkom` ck Rrh. Tkotk Qfdt`rfk y d`otrktko rbd`o`dfm`s pr`absf`okcbs cfgbû`s pkrk ck d`ostruddfôo mb sus `stbot`sks vfvfbomks. U`r su  pkrtb, bc bstkm` sb nkdb nkdb dkrj` mb ck ddcksb cksb gbmfk, d`ostruybom` d`ostruybom` gômu gômuc`s c`s mb vfvfbomk mb 25g8 25g8 y ërbks rbdrbktfvks bo ck Rrh. Tkotk Qfdt`rfk, C`s Ukrqubs, Qfcckrrbkc, Tktæcftb y Tko Iuko.

>4

 

Nkstk mfdn` g`gbot` t`m`s c`s pr`ybdt`s rbsfmbodfkcbs dnfdckyko`s nkhçko sfm` mb mbosfmkm  hkik y mfspubst`s k g`m` mb nfcbrk bo gkozkok, gkotbofbom` bc pbrafc n`rfz`otkc mb ck dfumkm. Bo ;61;, trks ck pr`g`dfôo mbc bstkm` y bc mfsbû` mb Dkrc`s Zfccfkgs y Km`ca` Dôrm`vk, surjb ck Xbsfmbodfkc mb cks Aubrzks Krgkmks, fosbrtkom` ck tfp`c`jçk mb hc`qub mb mbpkrtkgbot`s kgpcfkgbotb mbskrr`cckmk bo Cfgk, y qub ccbjô k Dnfdcky` d`o gës mb uok mædkmk mb mfabrbodfk. Tb mfsp`ob uo dbrd` pbrfgætrfd`, p`r trktkrsb mb uo pr`ybdt` mb cks Aubrzks Krgkmks, nbdn` qub sb rbpcfdkrçk bo `tr`s pr`ybdt`s kû`s gës tkrmb. (Tkot`y`, 85;5 pëj. ;:4) Tu d`odbpdfôo k g`m` mb d`om`gfof` prfvkm` cfgftk cks ërbks rbdrbktfvks y s`dfkcbs mb sus usukrf`s, c` dukc ck bxdcuyb mb uok krg`of`sk rbckdfôo d`o ck s`dfbmkm bxtbrf`r, pbr` o` mbik mb sbr uo pr`ybdt` çd`o` mb ck krquftbdturk g`mbrok mb ck dfumkm.

 Fgkjbo 1:9 Akdnkmk p`stbrf`r mb ck Xbsfmbodfkc AKU.  Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy

 Fgkjbo 1>9 Dbrrkgfbot` bo bsqufok mb ck  Xbsfmbodfkc AKU. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy >=

 

 Fgkjbo 169 ]fp`c`jçk ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk. vfvfbomk. Aubotb9  Krdnmkfcy

D`o ck ccbjkmk k ck Urbsfmbodfk mb ck Xbpùhcfdk mbc krq. Abrokom` Hbckùomb, aub p`sfhcb qub oubvks pr`pubstks bo t`ro` k bstk tfp`c`jçk tf p`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk bo hc`qub aubrko bxtbomfmks k pr`vfodfk, d`g` bs bc dks` mb Dnfdcky`. Bo ck dfumkm, c`s prfgbr`s d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs sb d`ostruybr`o bo bc dksd` urhko` y cubj` sb bxtbomfbr`o k ck pbrfabrfk, bo hksb k uok tfp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk bstkomkrfzkmk bo Cfgk y qub sb pr`pkjkhk p`r t`m` bc pkçs.

Bo bstk btkpk sb d`ostruybr`o duktr` d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs, mb c`s dukcbs bc prfgbr` aub ck Xbsfmbodfkc Uksdukc Uksdukc Tkd`, bo ;61:, p`r ck Iuotk Okdf`okc mb Qfvfbomk. D`o uo tbrrbo` mb ;.;= nk. mb ck dukc bc 1>.:2% brk ërbk cfhrb, dubotk d`o ;5 hc`qubs mb duktr` ofvbcbs dkmk uo`, d`o 4 mbpkrtkgbot`s fmæotfd`s p`r ofvbc. O` d`otkhk d`o bqufpkgfbot`s d`cbdtfv`s, t`mk bc ërbk brk ùofdkgbotb `dupkmk p`r rbsfmbodfk y ërbks vbrmbs. O` `hstkotb, bo ck c k kdtukcfmkm nko kpkrbdfm` kcjuo`s d`gbrdf`s bo vfvfbomks mb prfgbr ofvbc, d`g`9 rbstkurkotbs, d`osuct`rf`s gæmfd`s,  h`mbjks y nkstk `afdfoks. C`s trbs d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs sfjufbotbs, aubr`o pr`g`vfm`s p`r BOKDB. Bo ;6>;, surjb ck Xbsfmbodfkc Lkrc Zbfss, d`g` ck sbjuomk btkpk mb ck Xbsfmbodfkc Uksdukc Tkd`. D`o uo ërbk cfhrb mb :1% mb cks 5.>> nk. qub ck d`oa`rgko, kchbrjk : hc`qubs mb duktr` ofvbcbs dkmk uo`, d`o 4 mbpkrtkgbot`s p`r ofvbc. Ck tfp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk bs guy pkrbdfmk k ck mb ck Xbsfmbodfkc Uksdukc Tkd`, pbr` d`o ;> g8 gbo`s. O` dubotk d`o sbrvfdf`s d`guobs, y kc fjukc qub bo ck Xbsfmbodfkc Uksdukc Uksdukc Tkd`, nko kpkrbdfm` `afdfoks y uok h`mbjk bo ck bstrudturk kdtukc. Ck Xbsfmbodfkc I`sæ Hkctk aub d`ostrufmk bo ;6>4, bo uo tbrrbo` mb 5.6> nk., m`omb sb mbiô bc 15.>2% cfhrb. Dubotk d`o m`s tfp`c`jçks mb hc`qub, kghks mb duktr` ofvbcbs, pbr` uok d`o = mbpkrtkgbot`s p`r ofvbc y ck `trk d`o s`c` 4. Dkmk tfp`c`jçk mb hc`qub tboçk su tfp`c`jçk mb mbpkrtkgbot`, d`ostruyæom`sb d`ostruyæom`sb uok t`tkcfmkm mb ;1> mbpkrtkgbot`s. Kc fjukc qub c`s bibgpc`s kotbrf`rbs, s`c` d`otkhk d`o ërbk rbsfmbodfkc y ërbks vbrmbs. >2

 

Ro kû` mbspuæs, sb pr`ybdtk ck Xbsfmbodfkc Kujust` H. Cbjuçk, kc o`rtb mb ck dfumkm, bo uo tbrrbo` mb 4,;5 nk., dksf trbs vbdbs gky`r kc mb c`s kotbrf`rbs d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcb nkhftkdf`okcbs. s. Fodcuçk trbs tfp`c`jçks mb hc`qub9 ]fp`c`jçk K y H, d`o duktr` ofvbcbs y = mbpkrtkgbot`s p`r ofvbc y ]fp`c`jçk D, d`o trbs ofvbcbs y 4 mbpkrtkgbot`s p`r ofvbc. Dkmk tfp`c`jçk mb hc`qub d`otkhk d`o su tfp`c`jçk mb mbpkrtkgbot`, ccbjkom` k d`ostrufrsb =55 mbpkrtkgbot`s. K mfabrbodfk mb c`s kotbrf`rbs, ck Xbsfmbodfkc Cbjuçk sf d`otkhk d`o sbrvfdf`s d`guokcbs mb d`gbrdf` y uok bsdubck fofdfkc bo bc dbotr` mbc d`oiuot`.

 Fgkjbo :59 Xbsfmbodfkc Uksdukc Tkd`. Aubotb9 Krq. Ifgy  Urkm`

 Fgkjbo :;9 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfb vfvfbomk. omk. Aub Aubotb9 otb9 Krq. Gfckjr`s Tkot`y` 

>1

 

 Fgkjbo :89 Xbsfmbodfkc Lkrc Zbfss. Aubotb9 Krq. Ifgy  Urkm`

 Fgkjbo :49 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfb vfvfbomk. omk. Aub Aubotb9 otb9 Krq. Gfckjr`s Tkot`y`

 Fgkjbo :=9 Xbsfmbodfkc I`sæ Hkctk. Aubotb9 Krq. Ifgy  Urkm`

>:

 

 Fgkjbo :29 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk. Aubotb9 Krq.  Gfckjr`s Tkot`y`

 Fgkjbo :19 Xbsfmbodfkc Kujust` H. Cbjuçk. Aubotb9 Krq.  Ifgy Urkm`

(k)

(h) 

 Fgkjbo ::9 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk (k). ]fp`c`jçk H mb vfvfbomk vfvfbomk (h). Aubotb9 Krq. Gfckjr`s Tkot`y`

>>

 

Ubsb kc sbotfm` mb d`guofmkm qub bstk sbrfb mb pr`ybdt`s fotbotkr`o jbobrkr, bo ck mædkmk mb c`s :5 ck s`dfbmkm bxpbrfgbotk uok d`omfdfôo mb foguofmkm ` foguofzkdfôo, k afo mb bstkr k skcv` mb c`s rfbsj`s d`g` mbcfodubodfk, vkomkcfsg`, tbrr`rfsg`, btd. k c`s qub bstkhk  — y bstës`gbtfmk t`mk ck d`guofmkm. Bst`s sfstbgks mb foguofmkm sb bvfmbodfko k pkrtfr mb ;6>5 bo cks z`oks rbsfmbodfkcbs, d`o rbiks mbcfgftkom` cks urhkofzkdf`obs y d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs, ` c`s oubv`s sfstbgks mb ksdbos`rbs ksdbos`rbs qub fojrbsko k ck vfvfbomk, dukom` mb bmfafdf`s mfrfjfm`s k uo sbdt`r s`df`bd`oôgfd` gky`r sb trktk. Tfo fr guy cbi`s, Dnfdcky` pksk p`r uo pr`dbs` mb –borbikgfbot`‗ mb ck dfumkm, m`omb bc kugbot` mb ck fosbjurfmkm dfumkmkok nk ccbvkm` k cfgftkr bc kddbs` kc bspkdf` pùhcfd` bo jbobrkc. Bstb aboôgbo` sb bxtbomfô nkdfk c`s d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs, c`s dukcbs aubr`o d`odbhfm`s d`g` bspkdf`s khfbrt`s k ck d`guofmkm, pbr` qub kdtukcgbotb sb bodubotrko d`gpcbtkgbotb borbikm`s. Mb bstk a`rgk, bgpfbzko k mbskpkrbd mbskpkrbdbr br c`s bspkdf`s d`guobs m`omb d`gpkrtfr botrb vbdfo`s  — qufbobs qufbobs gudnks vbdbs of sb d`o`dbo- jrkdfks k bstk sboskdfôo mb fosbjurfmkm qub s`c` fodftk k foguofzkrsb.

>6

 

R]@UÇKT D@O]BGU@XËOBKT Ck bxpbdtktfvk p`r c` qub pkskrk bo bc autur` bs tbgk mb n`y y c` aub sfbgprb. Urubhk mb bcc`, aub ck bxp`sfdfôo prbsbotkmk bo ;621 p`r bc mfkrf` Mkfcy Gkfc, bo C`omrbs. Ck Dksk mbc Autur`, mb Kcfs`o y Ubtbr Tgftns`o, aub uok mb cks sfbtb dksks prbsbotkmks y rbtrktkhk uok dksk d`ovbodf`okc kc dkh` mb 82 kû`s. Ukrtfduckrgbotb, bo bstk btkpk sb mbskrr`ccô uo konbc` fodkcduckhcb p`r krtçduc`s y s`cudf`obs krquftbdtôofdks mb kctk tbdo`c`jçk. Fhk mfrfjfmk k uok pkrbik i`vbo, sfo nfi`s  — bxtrkû` bxtrkû` jrup` akgfcfkr bo kqubcc`s kû`s-, bo gbmf` mb uo d`otbxt` urhko` mb kctk mbosfmkm. ]`m`s c`s bspkdf`s aubr`o d`ostrufm`s kcrbmbm`r mb uo  pktf`, sfo sfo d` d`gpkrtfgbotkdf`obs gpkrtfgbotkdf`obs afiks, s`c` s`c` d`o gur`s d`rrbmfz`s d`rrbmfz`s ` krgkrf`s pr`jrkgëtfd`s. Bst`  pbrgftfrçk, qub c`s usukrf`s pubmko mfvfmfr, kgpcfkr ` g`mfafdkr c`s bspkdf`s k su just`, bo bc g`gbot` qub c` rbqufbrko. Bo c`s kû`s 15, bc d`o`dfm` jrup` Krdnfjrkg pckotbk uok sbrfb mb pr`ybdt`s nfp`tætfd`s qub

 pcksgkrçko ck auturk rbkcfmkm. Gbzdckom` krquftbdturk, tbdo`c`jçk y s`dfbmkm, bs d`g` surjb Zkclfoj Dfty, bibgpc` mb uok dfumkm gôvfc mbc autur`, bo ck c k qub cks ar`otbrks y c`s cçgftbs cç gftbs s`o khkom`okm`s khkom`ok m`s bo akv`r mb uo bstfc` mb vfmk oôgkmk. Tb trktkhk mb ck d`ostruddfôo mb bo`rgbs bstrudturks r`hôtfdks gôvfcbs d`o fotbcfjbodfk pr`pfk, qub mbkghuckhk cfhrbgbotb p`r bc guom` y sb g`vçko k m`omb sb obdbsftkrko sus rbdurs`s. V, d`g` brk mb sup`obr, cks bmfafdkdf`obs fomfvfmukcbs tkghfæo brko gôvfcbs bo bc dks` qub bc usukrf` ksç c` obdbsftksb. Bstk fmbk, d`g` ck mb sus `tr`s tkot`s pr`ybdt`s auturfstks, kotfdfpô bc bstfc` mb vfmk urhko`, rëpfm`, mb uok s`dfbmkm tbdo`côjfdkgbotb kvkozkmk bo ck qub uo` o` tfbob qub bstkr suibt` k uok uhfdkdfôo pbrgkobotb.

65

 

 Fgkjbo :>9 G`mbc`s nugko`s bo ck Dksk mbc Autur`.  Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk

 Fgkjbo :69 Dkgk sfo gkotks bo ck Dksk mbc Autur`, pubs t`mk ck dksk gkotfbob kut`gëtfdkgbotb ck tbgpbrkturk kmbdukmk. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk

 Fgkjbo >59 Zkclfoj Dfty. Aubotb9 Dfumkm Tfstbgk 6;

 

]rks ck d`oibturk mbc rbjrbs` kc o`gkmfsg`, Gflb Zbhh  — gfbghr` tkghfæo mbc jrup` Krdnfjrkg- pr`pus` uo krtbakdt` cckgkm` Dusnfdcb bo ;611, qub o` brk gës qub uok g`dnfck  pkrk trkosp`rtkr pbrs`okcgbotb bc bqufpkgfbot` d`gpcbt` obdbskrf` pkrk uok bxfstbodfk oôgkmk d`oa`rtkhcb. M`s kû`s gës tkrmb, bo ;61>, pr`p`ob bc Tuftkc``o, uo bx`bsqubcbt` d`ghfokm` d`o uok dëgkrk foackhcb ck dukc pr`mudb uok dksk qub bs, bo rbkcfmkm, uok vbstfgbotk. (Jkusk, y `tr`s, 85;5 pëj. 28) Arbotb kc kutôgktk mb dfbodfk afddfôo mb Krdnfjrkg, bo ;6>2 ]`y` Ft` pr`p`ob uok vfvfbomk  pkrk ck dnfdk oôgkmk mb ]`ly`, bc "Uk`‗ , uok mb cks pr`pubstks gbi`r krjugbotkmk krjugbotkmkss bo t`ro` k ck prbjuotk mb dôg` pubmb sbr uok dksk mbotr` mb 45 kû`s. D`o ck bcbddfôo mbc pbrs`okib dbotrkc mb ck dksk  — uok uok guibr i`vbo, s`ctbrk y d`o kut`o`gçk bd`oôgfdk- ck pr`pubstk rbvbckrçk bc mbspckzkgfbot` mbspckzkgfbo t` mb fotbrbsbs ks`dfkm`s kc dkpftkcfsg` tkrmç` bo cks ùctfgks mædkmks. Bc d`odbpt` mb dksk pkrk bcck bstk mbspbrmfjkm` p`r t`mk ck dfumkm y su vfmk pksk gfbotrks utfcfzk arkjgbot`s mb ck dfumkm9 c`s dcuhs s`o su skck, c`s rbstkurkotbs y hkrbs su d`gbm`r y bc jfgoksf`

su ikrmço, d`g` sf ck dfumkm aubrk uo d`cckjb d`cckjb.. Bs p`r bcc`, qub ck vfvfbomk qub æc mfsbûk sb pubmb trksckmkr mb uo puot` k `tr`, y d`o c` ùofd` qub dubotk bs d`o uok dkgk bo su dbotr` y `tr`s ttrbs rbs gubhcbs k su kcrbmbm`r9 bc gubhcb pkrk ck g`mk, bc gubhcb pkrk bc kpbrftfv` y bc gubhcb pkrk ck fotbcfjbodfk. Ukrk bc krquftbdt`, bs` brk c` bsbodfkcgbotb gçofg` pkrk p`mbr vfvfr, mkm`s c`s oubv`s g`m`s mb nkhftkr y rbckdf`okrsb. ]rbfotk kû`s mbspuæs, yk bo bc sfjc` ^^F, ]ktfkok U`jjf fotr`mudb k –Ck guibr mfjftkc‗ bo su  pr`ybdt` mb afo mb dkrrbrk. Ck guibr mfjftkc sfgh`cfzk tkghfæo k ck guibr fombpbomfbotb bd`oôgfdkgbotb  — sfo sfo bxdcusfvfmkm kc bspkdf` m`gæstfd`- y bo fjukcmkm mb d`omfdf`obs qub bc n`ghrb, pbr` kmbgës kc fomfvfmu` d`otbgp`rëob` qub yk o` bs oôgkmk d`g` ck dnfdk oôgkmk mb ]`ly`, sfo` qub kn`rk bstë bo t`mks pkrtbs. Ck guibr mfjftkc yk o` obdbsftk c`s trbs tr bs gubhcbs mbc Uk`, pubs kn`rk t`m` c` qub obdbsftk c` ccbvk d`osfj`9 uo Tgkrtpn`ob, uok ]khcbt y uok ckpt`p. Aboôgbo`s gksfv`s d`g` ck mfsjrbjkdfôo mb cks dfumkmbs, ck jc`hkcfzkdfôo y bc kct` jrkm` mb tbdo`c`jçk nko sfm` c`s jrkombs p`tbodfkm`rbs p`tbodfkm`rbs mb cckk vfmk mfspbrsk açsfdkgbotb, pbr` d`odbotrkmk vfrtukcgbotb. Bc nkhbrsb jbobrkm` oùdcb`s akgfcfkrbs gudn` gës rbmudfm`s iuot` d`o ck akctk mb bspkdf`s mb d`cbdtfvfmkm kc bxtbrf`r, kjumfzk bstk d`obxfôo vfrtukc, tbofbom` d`g` d`osbdubodfk d`osbdub odfk bc kfsckgfbot` mb ck s`dfbmkm dkmk vbz gës fomfvfmukcfstk. f omfvfmukcfstk.

68

 

 Fgkjbo >;9 Dusnfdcb. Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk

 Fgkjbo >89 C`s 4 gubhcbs gubhcbs mb Bc Uk`. Aubotb9 Aubotb9 Xubspkdbs

 Fgkjbo >49 Ck guibr mfjftkc.  Aubotb9 BUT RK

64

 

C@T ORBQ@T XB[RBXFGFBO]@T MB CK KX[RF]BD]RXK D@O]BGU@XËOBK Mbsmb ck Xbv`cudfôo Fomustrfkc nkstk c`s kû`s >5, ck bstrudturk akgfcfkr o` nkhçk vkrfkm` sfjofafdktfvkgbotb. Cks vfvfbomks fhko mfrfjfmks k uo jrup` akgfcfkr ùofd` y bstkomkrfzkm` qub, k pkrtfr mb bsk mædkmk, khrfbr`o pks` k oubv`s jrup`s mb d`nkhftkdfôo d`odbrtkmk. Tb trktk mb oubv`s g`m`s mb vfmk qub pubmbo mbafofr k ck s`dfbmkm d`otbgp`rëobk d`g` nbtbr`jæobk, bvfmbodfkmk bo uok gbzdck mfausk mb rbckdf`obs y mbsvfoduckdf`obs, mb drudbs botrb c` d`tfmfko` y c` bxtrk`rmfokrf`, c` prbvfsfhcb y c` s`rprbsfv`, qub dkmk vbz krtfducko gës bxpbrfbodfks y d`gp`rtkgfbot`s. Tf kotbs bc pr`hcbgk mb ck vfvfbomk jfrkhk bo t`ro` k cks gksks, kn`rk jfrk bo t`ro` kc fomfvfmu`. (Jkusk, y `tr`s, 85;5 pëj. ;86) Kmbgës, bxfstb uo oubv` tfp` mb vfmk m`gæstfdk — bstk bstk vbz bxtbrf`rfzkmk- qub sujfbrb uo oubv` tfp` mb bmfafdf`s d`ovbrtfm`s bo akdfcftkm`rbs mb sbrvfdf`s d`gpkrtfm`s, kmfdf`okc kc bspkdf`  prfvkm` mbc n`jkr. K bcc` d`otrfhuyb bc pkpbc rbcbvkotb qub ksugb ck tbdo`c`jçk y c`s gbmf`s

mb d`guofdkdfôo bo ck vfmk ckh`rkc y m`gæstfdk, pbrgftfbom` bc trfo`gf` rbsfmbodfk + trkhki` + `df`. Ro g`tfv` o` gbo`s rbcbvkotb sbrçk cks oubvks mfoëgfdks mb g`vfcfmkm jb`jrëafdk, `dksf`okmks  p`r cks kosfks mb kcdkozkr uo gky`r ofvbc mb bstumf`s ` gbi`rkr ck d`omfdfôo ckh`rkc, c` qub fgpucsk k pbrs`oks guy iôvbobs fombpbomfzkrsb y mbspckzkrsb k `trk dfumkm qub o` bs ck mb su `rfjbo. U`r `tr` ckm`, c km`, bstks dkusks tkghfæo s`o cks rbsp`oskhcbs mb kpckzkr dkmk vbz gës ck bmkm mbc gktrfg`of`  — k mfabrbodfk mb fofdf`s mbc sfjc`- y, gës kùo, ck bmkm mb tbobr bc prfgbr ` bo gudn`s dks`s bc ùofd` nfi`. Ur`drbkr yk o` bs kcj` s`dfkcgbotb bstkhcbdfm`, d`g` c` brk kotbs. U`r ùctfg`, uo akdt`r gës kotb bst`s dkghf`s bs ck pr`jrbsfvk d`pkrtfdfpkdfôo d`pkrtfdfpkdfôo mb c`s gfbghr`s kdtfv`s bo ck bd`o`gçk akgfcfkr — yk yk o` s`c` bs bc pkmrb bc qub s`stfbob ck akgfcfk- y ck pr`jrbsfvk cudnk mb ck guibr p`r ck fjukcmkm mb jæobr`. Ck mfvfsfôo mbc trkhki` bo bc n`jkr bs gbo`s mbsfjukc mb c` qub brk nkdb ;5 kû`s. U`r tkot`, bs obdbskrfk uok rba`rguckdfôo mb cks tkrbks m`gæstfdks qub akv`rbdçk k uok oubvk d`odbpdfôo mb c`s bspkdf`s d`g` ërbks fombtbrgfokmks ` p`cfvkcbotbs. D`o bc h``g fog`hfcfkrf` mb c`s 65 y su kp`jb` bo bc 8555, ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk tuv` ck `p`rtuofmkm mb sbr rbpboskmk mb kdubrm` k cks oubvks trkosa`rgkdf`obs qub kqubikhko k ck s`dfbmkm. Tfo bghkrj`, bc ùofd` fotbræs qub tfbobo ck gky`rçk mb cks bgprbsks mbc ruhr` bs

6=

 

`htbobr gky`rbs jkokodfks jkokodfks y sbjufr pr`g`vfbom` ck vfvfbomk vfvfbomk gçofgk mbc sfjc` pkskm`, pbsb k o` kiustkrsb k ck oubvk rbkcfmkm. Gçofgk o` s`c` bo ërbk, sfo` tkghfæo bo dkcfmkm. Ubr` tkghfæo `durrb c` d`otrkrf`, d`otrkrf`, y k afobs bc sfjc` pkskm` ougb ougbr`sks r`sks dfumkmbs dfumkmbs — s`hrb s`hrb t`m` mbc `tr` ckm` mbc guom`- rba`rgucko c`s d`odbpt`s mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk y bgpfbzko k pr`ybdtkr k g`m` bxpbrfgbotkc. D`g` yk sb nk gbodf`okm`, ck dfumkm mb Qfbok tfbob uok jrko trkmfdfôo bo p`cçtfdks mb vfvfbomk s`dfkc qub nko fm` bv`cudf`okom`, tkghfæo, k c` ckrj` mb ck nfst`rfk. D`o bc pks` mbc tfbgp`, sb bgpbzkr`o k t`gkr bo dubotk drftbrf`s hksb d`g` bs ck bxfstbodfk  prbvfk mb foarkbstrudturks ` kddbs` kc trkosp`rtb pùhcfd` qub krtfducb ck dfumkm ` fodcusfôo mb t`m` tfp`. Fgpucskm`s p`r ck fojbofbrk Bvk Lkfc, surjbo trbs pr`pubstks mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`o ktbodfôo bspbdfkc p`r c`s fotbrbsbs y obdbsfmkmbs mb cks guibrbs. Bc Arkubo Zbrl Ttkmt Qfbook surjb bo ;664, trks uo d`odurs` jkokm` p`r uo jrup` mb krquftbdtks9 Arkozfslk Rccgkoo, Bcsk Ur`dnkzlk, Ur`dnkzlk, Jfsbck Umrblk y Cfsbc`ttb Ubrbttf. Bc d`oiuot` mb 415 vfvfbomks sb fosbrtk bo uo ërbk mb bxpkosfôo mbmfdkmk kc ductfv`, sfo sbrvfdf`s of

bqufpkgfbot`s. Mbc d`oiuot` mbstkdk mbstkdk ck gbzdck mb us`s mbotr` mbc gfsg` bmfafdf`, bc us` mb ck kz`tbk d`g` bspkdf` d`gùo y mb kcgkdbokib y cks dfrduckdf`obs kgpcfks qub o` s`c` sfrvbo pkrk trkosftkr sfo` d`g` bspkdf`s mb bodubotr` ` iubj`. Kmbgës, prbsbotk uo rbcbvkotb bstumf` tfp`côjfd`, d`o bc mfsbû` mb mfabrbotbs uofmkmbs nkhftkdf`okcbs pkrk kd`jbr k mfabrbotbs jrup`s mb d`ovfvbodfk. Rok mædkmk mbspuæs, surjb bc Arkubo Ttkmt Qfbook FF, bo bc 855=. Rhfdkm` bo bc dbotr` mb ck dfumkm y mfsbûkm` p`r Dnrfstfob Ywfojc y Dckumfk Lñofoj, bc pr`ybdt` kchbrjk ;== vfvfbomks. D`o gbo`r bsdkck qub bc prfgbr`, mbstkdk ck fodcusfôo mb =8 vfvfbomks pkrk ck tbrdbrk bmkm y 2 kmkptkmks k pbrs`oks mfsdkpkdftkmks. Tb hksk bo cks rbckdf`obs fotbrjbobrkdf`okcbs botrb vbdfo`s, pbsb kc bspkdf` dbotrkc pbqubû`, pbr` o` bxdcuybotb. Dubotk, tkghfæo, d`o sbrvfdf`s y bqufpkgfbot`s d`guokcbs. Afokcgbotb, bc Arkubo Ttkmt Qfbook FFF, pr`ybdtkm` p`r c`s krquftbdt`s X`cckom L`bh y Tkhfob U`cckl bo d`oiuot` d`o ck ks`dfkdfôo mb guibrbs –r`*sk wfbo‗, bo bc kû` 8556. Tb trktk mb ==

vfvfbomks rbkcfzkmks d`o ck d``pbrkdfôo mb cks auturks nkhftkotbs, duyks obdbsfmkmbs s`o ck hksb mbc pr`ybdt`. U`sbb z`oks mb us` d`gùo d`g` ckvkombrçk, skuok, nubrt`s, hfhcf`tbdk, skck pkrk rbuof`obs, kcgkdbobs, tkccbr mb rbpkrkdf`obs y z`ok mb iubj`s. D`odfhb acbxfhfcfmkm d`g`  prfodfpf` bcbgbotkc bcbgbotkc mbc pr`y pr`ybdt`, bdt`, pbrgftfbom` ck suhmfvfsfôo, kgpcfkdfôo y g`mfafdkdfôo mb cks vfvfbomks bo bc g`gbot` qub sb rbqufbrk. Tb nfz` æoaksfs bo bc mfsbû` mb c`s bspkdf`s

62

 

d`gpkrtfm`s, ccbjkom` k rbmudfr ërbks mb cks uofmkmbs nkhftkdf`okcbs d`o bc afo af o mb kugbotkr ck mb c`s bspkdf`s d`cbdtfv`s. ]rks cks oubvks a`rgks mb d`nkhftkdfôo, surjb Tkrjakhrfl bo Qfbok, bo ;6>1. Ur`mudt` mb ck rbnkhfcftkdfôo mb uok aëhrfdk mb ktkùmbs, surjb bstb bmfafdf` rbsfmbodfkc mb ;55 vfvfbomks, d`ovfrtfæom`sb bo bc gbi`r bibgpc` mb pckofafdkdfôo pkrtfdfpktfvk. Gbzdckom` vfvfbomk y ducturk, kchbrjk mfabrbotbs bqufpkgfbot`s d`guobs tkcbs d`g` rbstkurkotb, pfsdfok, skcôo d`guokc, uok ckvkombrçk y uo nubrt` bo ck kz`tbk. Mfsbûkm` p`r bc jrup` mb krquftbdt`s HLL4 bo d`oiuot` d`o ck ks`dfkdfôo vbdfokc, `t`rjkom` uo tfbgp` p`r akgfcfk pkrk d`osuctks s`hrb su vfvfbomk.

 Fgkjbo >=9 Ucko jbobrkc mb Arkubo Zbrl Ttkmt Qfbook. Q fbook.  Aubotb9 Hc`j Gksqubuokdksk

 Fgkjbo >29 Qfstk mbsmb uo` mb c`s pktf`s mb Arkubo Zbrl Ttkmt Qfbook. Aubotb9 Hc`j Ck dfumkm vfvk 61

 

 Fgkjbo >19 Qfstk mbsmb uo` mb c`s pktf`s mb Arkubo Zbrl Ttkmt Qfbook FF. Aubotb9 Dnrfstfob Ywfojc

(k)

(h) 

 Fgkjbo >:9 ]fp`c`jçk K mb vfvfbomk (k). ]fp`c`jçk H mb vfvfbomk (h).  Aubotb9 Dnrfstfob Ywfojc

Bo ;66>, trks d`ov`dkt`rfk k d`odurs`, sb gktbrfkcfzk bc bmfafdf` mb vfvfbomks Jfau Lftkjktk bo Ikpôo, hki` ck mfrbddfôo mb ck krq. Lkzuy` Tbifgk. Bo uo tbrrbo` mb =:55g8, sb bgpckzko c`s = bmfafdf`s bo bc pbrçgbtr` mbc gfsg`, k afo mb mbikr bc bspkdf` dbotrkc d`g` pkrqub pkrk t`mk ck d`guofmkm. Dkmk bmfafdf` dubotk d`o mfbz ofvbcbs y o` aub fodcufm` bc ksdbos`r bo bc pr`ybdt`, ck dfrduckdfôo bs gbmfkotb bsdkcbrks km`skmks k ck akdnkmk qub d`obdtko t`m`s c`s ofvbcbs. Dkmk vfvfbomk sb d`gp`ob mb uok tbrrkzk, uok d`dfok-d`gbm`r, uo m`rgft`rf` y uok nkhftkdfôo trkmfdf`okc ikp`obsk, bspkdf`s bspkdf`s qub km`ptko uo `rmbo mfabrbotb tkot` bo pckotk d`g` bo d`rtb bo dkmk uofmkm nkhftkdf`okc, pkrk bvftkr ck g`o`t`oçk dkrkdtbrçstfdk mb c`s bmfafdf`s bo kcturk. Kmbgës, bstk pbducfkr `rjkofzkdfôo mb c`s bspkdf`s sb d`odrbtk bo akv`r a kv`r mb cks mfabrbotbs a`rgks mb d`nkhftkdfôo qub kchbrjkrçk bc bmfafdf`, p`r trktkrsb mb vfvfbomks mb kcqufcbr. Dkmk bmfafdf`

6:

 

dubotk d`o m`s jkcbrçks9 uok bo ck akdnkmk gës s`cbkmk qub rbprbsbotk bc bspkdf` mb trkosfdfôo botrb bc fotbrf`r y bc bxtbrf`r, y ck `trk qub sfrvb d`g` kddbs` k cks vfvfbomks. C`s bspkdf`s d`cbdtfv`s d`osfmbrkm`s d`osfmbrkm`s aubr`o uok sbrfb mb tbrrkzks mfspubstks dkmk dfbrt` oùgbr` mb vfvfbomks, y uo bstkdf`okgfbot` mb hfdfdcbtks bo bc prfgbr ofvbc mbc bmfafdf`, pkrk p`mbr kddbmbr k æc mbsmb dukcqufbr puot` mb ck dfumkm. @tr` pr`ybdt` rbkcfzkm` hki` bstks prbgfsks, sbrçk bc D`gpcbi` gfxt` Ifko Zkf T`n` mb Xflbo Vkgkg`t` y Afbcm Tn`p, d`ostrufm` bo bc kû` 855=. Bstë d`ostftufm` p`r vfvfbomks, `afdfoks, rbstkurkotbs y ikrmfobs, mfstrfhufm`s bo 85 t`rrbs t `rrbs y = bmfafdf`s mb dfod` ofvbcbs. Cks uofmkmbs mb vfvfbomk rbsp`ombo k uo g`m` mb vfmk qub d`ghfok bc us` m`gæstfd` + `df` + trkhki`. Ksç surjbo cks uofmkmbs T@N@  — Tgkcc Tgkcc @aafdbs kom N`usfoj - d`g` tfp`c`jçk dkrkdtbrçstfdk mbc d`oiuot`. Mbstkdk tkghfæo ck brrkmfdkdfôo mb dfrduckdf`obs d`g` sfgpcbs bspkdf`s bspkdf`s mb pks`, pkrk mkr cujkr

kc

d`gg`o cfvfoj  d`g` bstkodfk botrb c`s bcbgbot`s d`guobs y c`s kddbs`s k cks vfvfbomks

vfvfbomks. Ksfgfsg`, bstk mbskpkrfdfôo mbc pksfcc` tkghfæo sb bvfmbodfk kc fotbrf`r mb cks vfvfbomks, sfbom` rbbgpckzkm`s p`r ck skck y bc d`gbm`r qub kdtùko d`g` mfstrfhufm`rbs k c`s m`rgft`rf`s y sbrvfdf`s.

 Fgkjbo >>9 Qfstk mb uo` mb c`s bmfafdf`s mb Jfau  Lftkjktk. Aubotb9 Ucuskrq

6>

 

 Fgkjbo >69 U`sfhcbs d`ghfokdf`obs mb c`s bspkdf`s mb ck vfvfbomk Jfa Jfauu  Lftkjktk. Aubotb9 Ucuskrq

(k)

(h)   Fgkjbo 659 U`sfhcbs tfp`c`jçks (k) (h). Aubotb9 Ucuskrq

Bo d`otrkp`sfdfôo, bo Cktfo`kgærfdk ck fmbk mb vfvfbomk vf vfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`otbgp`rë d`otbgp`rëobk obk kgbrftk kùo uok rba`rguckdfôo. O` `hstkotb, krquftbdt`s d`osdfbotbs mb ck trkosa`rgkdfôo s`dfkc qub kdkrrbk bc prbsbotb sfjc`, nko p`mfm` mbskrr`cckr kcjuo`s pr`ybdt`s foo`vkm`rbs bo bstk pkrtb mbc d`otfobotb kgbrfdko`. Ro` mb bcc`s bs bc krq. Kcbikomr` Krkvbok, d`o sus pr`ybdt`s mb vfvfbomk s`dfkc fodrbgbotkc bo Gæxfd` y Dnfcb. Bo bc 8554, surjb ck [ufotk G`or`y bo Fqufqub, Fqufqub, Dnfcb. Bc j`hfbro` mb Dnfcb bod`gbomô bod`gbomô kc krquftbdt`, rkmfdkr k ;55 akgfcfks qub nkhçko fovkmfm` uo tbrrbo` bo bc dbotr` mb Fqufqub mbsmb nkdb gës mb trbfotk kû`s. Mbhfm` k cks cfgftkdf`obs mb prbsupubst`, Krkvbok mbskrr`ccô uok tfp`c`jçk qub sb botrbjkrçk d`ostrufmk s`c` kc 25%, sfo bghkrj`, c`s sbrvfdf`s y bsdkcbrk bstkhko mfsbûkm`s pkrk bc bstkm` afokc, bs mbdfr, pkrk uok vfvfbomk mb :5g8. Ksfgfsg`, d`o bstk tfp`c`jçk sb c`jrô uok mbosfmkm c` suafdfbotbgbotb kctk pkrk p`mbr pkjkr p`r bc tbrrbo` qub bstkhk guy hfbo uhfdkm` bo ck dfumkm, d`o bqufpkgfbot`s mb trkhki`, skcum, bmudkdfôo y 66

 

trkosp`rtb k su kcdkodb. Ck hubok uhfdkdfôo mbc pr`ybdt` bs dckvb pkrk qub ck vkc`rfzkdfôo mb ck  pr`pfbmkm sb guctfpcfqub bo bc tfbgp` tfbgp`.. Afokcgbotb, sb fotr`mui` botrb bc bspkdf` pùhcfd` mb ck dfumkm y bc prfvkm`, bc bspkdf` d`cbdtfv`9 d`gùo, pbr` mb kddbs` rbstrfojfm`, qub mk cujkr k cks rbckdf`obs s`dfkcbs. Tb kjrupkr`o k cks ;55 akgfcfks bo 2 jrup`s mb 85 akgfcfks dkmk uo`, k afo mb d`osbjufr bspkdf`s k bsdkck mb pbktôo  pkrk akdfcftkr cks rbckdf`obs rbckdf`obs botrb c`s vbd vbdfo`s. fo`s. Bo bc Ubrù, p`d` ` okmk sb nk kvkozkm` bo c` qub d`odfbrob k krquftbdturk rbsfmbodfkc. Mbsmb bc  h``g mbc sbdt`r mb ck d`ostruddfôo d`ostruddfôo mb c`s 65, cks fog`hfcfkrfks fog`hfcfkrfks sb nfdfbr`o dkrj` dkrj` mb ck gky`rçk mb c`s pr`ybdt`s mb vfvfbomk s`dfkc bo Cfgk y, p`r supubst`, bo pr`vfodfks. Tb bstkomkrfzô bc  pr`ybdt` nkhftkdf`okc, rbmudfæom`c` k ck vfvfbomk gçofgk y mbstfoëom`ck, ùofdkgbotb, k ck akgfcfk hfpkrbotkc d`o m`s ` trbs nfi`s. Bs d`gùo qub c`s pr`ybdt`s nkhftkdf`okcbs kpubstbo p`r bc gky`r oùgbr` mb gbtr`s dukmrkm`s d`ostrufm`s  — c` c` dukc kcfgbotk su borfqubdfgfbot` bd`oôgfd`- y s`c` mbstfobo k sbrvfdf`s d`guobs c` bstkhcbdfm` p`r bc rbjckgbot` okdf`okc, o`

tbofbom` bo dubotk qub bo ck d`guofmkm sb bodubotrk ck bsbodfk mbc nkhftkr.

 Fgkjbo 6;9 Bspkdf` pùhcfd` k bsdkck vbdfokc bo ck [ufotk G`or`y. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy

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 Fgkjbo 689 Qfvfbomks mb ck [ufotk G`or`y trks g`mfafdkdf`obs p`r bc usukrf`. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy

 Fgkjbo 649 ]fp`c`jçk mb vfvfbomk pr`jrbsfvk.. Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy

;5;

 

=.8. @HIB]FQ@ BTUBDÇAFD@ Oµ 589 Fmbotfafdkr c`s pkrëgbtr`s fmôob`s mb mfsbû` mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`g` rbspubstk k ck c k nbtbr`jbobfmkm mb ck s`dfbmkm d`otbgp`rëob d`otbgp`rëobkk Xbsuctkm`s y Mfsdusfôo JÆOBTFT MB CK QFQFBOMK D@O]BGU@XËOBK Bc afokc mb ck mædkmk m ædkmk mb ;6>5 sb t`gk d`g` uo nft` mb rbo`vkdfôo mbc pr`ybdt` mb vfvfbomk, yk qub bs bc g`gbot` bo qub sb mbafobo oubvks d`omfdf`obs bd`oôgfdks, s`dfkcbs y tbdo`côjfdks. C`s dkghf`s bo c`s nëhft`s y g`m`s mb vfmk mbc fomfvfmu`, gkrdko uoks tbombodfks, qub sf hfbo o` sfbgprb sb rbacbiko bo d`gp`rtkgfbot`s gksfv`s, sç qub pubmbo sfjofafdkr qub sbk obdbskrf` qub bc sbdt`r sb kmkptb k uok oubvk mbgkomk. Kmbgës, surjb uok bspbdfkc sbosfhfcfmkm p`r ck dubstfôo bd`côjfdk y ck s`stbofhfcfmkm bo bc us` mb c`s rbdurs`s, tbofbom` d`g` rbabrbodfk ck Dughrb mb ck ]fbrrk qub tuv` d`g` sbmb Xç` mb Ikobfr` bo ;668. Bc n`ghrb jboærfd` mbc qub nkhckhk Cb D`rhusfbr y nkdfk qufbo fhk mfrfjfmk ck vfvfbomk, bs

kn`rk bc gës bsdks` mbc pckobtk. Bo ck kdtukcfmkm, sb trktk mb uo usukrf` koôofg` d`o uok mfvbrsfmkm mb sftukdf`obs qub pubmb ktrkvbskr k c` ckrj` mb su vfmk, y pkrk c`s qub ck vfvfbomk mbhb bstkr prbpkrkmk. Bo pkckhrks mb I`no Nkhrklb Nkhrklbo, o, bstb p`tbodfkc usukrf` bs bc jrko `cvfmkm` mb ck krquftbdturk rbsfmbodfkc, pubs o` sb mfsbûk pboskom` bo æc.

(k)

(h) 

 Fgkjbo 6=9 Oubv`s jrup`s akgfcfkrbs y mb d`nkhftkdfôo. Ukrbik d`o uo hbhæ. G`mbro Akgfcy (k).  Ukrbik + d`gpkûbr` mb pfs`. N`w F gbt y`ur g`tnbr (h). Aubotb9 V`u]uhb

Kgærfdk Cktfok o` bs ck bxdbpdfôo y o` rbjfstrk uo dkghf` bo bc sbdt`r nkhftkdf`okc mbsmb bc sfjc` pkskm`. Tb sfjubo mfsbûkom` mf sbûkom` y d`ostruybom` kghfdf`s`s pr`ybdt`s mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo hksb k uo g`mbc` mbsakskm`, m`omb o` tfbob dkhfmk ck mfvbrsfmkm y d`o cks qub c`s usukrf`s o` tbrgfoko mb duhrfr sus obdbsfmkmbs. Bs g`gbot` mb rbpboskr ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk, pkrk c` qub prfgbr` nky qub rbd`o`dbr qub o`s bod`otrkg`s hki` bc gkom` pr`tbdt`r mb dukot` c`s g`mbro`s d`odcuybr`o bo rbckdfôo k ck vfvfbomk, g`strkom` su foacbxfhfcfmkm b fokmbdukdfôo fokmbdukdfôo kc  pko`rkgk s`df`côjfd` mbc nkhftkr kdtukc, bo pkckhrks mb Fûklf Ëhkc`s y Iuko Nbrrbr`s bo su krtçduc` –Tf qubrbg`s dkghfkr oubstrk a`rgk mb pboskr y pr`ybdtkr vfvfbomks‗.  ;58

 

Bst` sudbmb p`rqub, jbobrkcgbotb, cks botfmkmbs rbsp`oskhcbs sb rfjbo mb ck o`rgktfvk okdf`okc, ck dukc bstkhcbdb kcjuoks gbmfmks, supbrafdfbs y oùgbr` mb nkhftkotbs p`r vfvfbomk, fotbotkom` d`otr`ckr ck gksfafdkdfôo mb ck gfsgk y rbs`cvbr c`s pr`hcbgks mb fotfgfmkm. Mbska`rtuokmkgbotb, Mbska`rtuokmk gbotb, bc gçofg` rbd`gbomk rbd`gbomkm` m` sb nk d`ovbrtfm` bo bc gëxfg` d`ostrufhcb y sb d`odfhb d`g` uok bstrudturk rçjfmk qub o` ccbjk k duhrfr cks bxpbdtktfvks y obdbsfmkmb obdbsfmkmbss pr`pfks mb uo fomfvfmu`, jrup` akgfcfkr ` d`nkhftkdf`okc. Ukrk dkghfkr ck gkobrk mb pr`ybdtkr vfvfbomks, bs obdbskrf` rbacbxf`okr s`hrb ck nbrbodfk rbdfhfmk mb ck g`mbrofmkm, qub d`odbhçk ck vfvfbomk d`g` a`d` mb ck akgfcfk trkhkikm`rk qub  pr`ybdtkhk sus subû`s k uo autur` gbi`r, y mb ck p`s g`mbrofmkm, dukom` sb mbik ck o`stkcjfk mb uo autur` pbrabdt` pkrk sbr sustftufmk p`r ck kû`rkozk mb uo pkskm` m`omb c`s gæt`m`s krtbskokcbs dufmkhko ck rbckdfôo o` khusfvk d`o bc gbmf` kghfbotb. Bs prbdfs` supbrkr vfbi`s d`odbpt`s,, kar`otkr oubv`s rbt`s y pr`p`obr s`cudf`obs k c`s pr`hcbgks qub pckotbk bc bspkdf` d`odbpt`s m`gæstfd`.

Bc pr`hcbgk o` bs s`c` kc fotbrf`r mb ck vfvfbomk, sfo` tkghfæo aubrk mb bcck. Bo ck dfumkm, c`s jrup`s s`dfkcbs vfvbo iuot`s pbr` sbjrbjkm`s, sb gbzdcko pbr` o` s`dfkcfzko. Mbhfm` kc rbmudfm` tkgkû` mb cks vfvfbomks, kc gbo`s sb mbhbrçk vkc`rkr gës c`s bspkdf`s bxtbrf`rbs d`g` cujkrbs d`gpcbgbotkrf`s mb ck kdtfvfmkm mfkrfk. O` `hstkotb, tkghfæo sb mbsfjoko ërbks gçofgks y rbsfmukcbs pkrk bc bspkdf` d`guoftkrf` y o` dubotko d`o bc mfsbû` of pckofafdkdfôo qub kgbrftko. Bs g`gbot` mb t`gkr d`odfbodfk mb qub ck s`dfbmkm sb bodubotrk kotb uok rbkcfmkm qub nk bv`cudf`okm` gës bo c`s ùctfg`s 45 kû`s qub bo t`mk ck nfst`rfk. U`r bcc`, sb nkdb obdbskrf` bc rbpckotb` mb ck ducturk mb vfvfbomk9 bmudkr pkrk qub ck vfvfbomk sbk botbomfmk d`g` pkrtb mb ck dfumkm y qub rbsp`omk k fotbrbsbs fomfvfmukcbs y d`guoftkrf`s, mb prfvkdfmkm y s`dfkhfcfmkm y o` s`c` sbko rbsuctkm` mbc gbrdkm`, ck fovbrsfôo y bc d`osug`.

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D@OT]XRDDFÔO MBC UX@VBD]@ M@GÆT]FD@ D@O]BGU@XËOB@ I`sbp Gkrçk G`otkobr, Ykfmk Guxç y Mkvfm N. Akckjëo, bo su cfhr` –Nbrrkgfbotks pkrk nkhftkr bc prbsbotb‗ bxp`obo uok sbrfb mb d`odbpt`s qub bojc`hko dkrkdtbrçstfdks hësfdks qub mbhbrçk

tbobr ck vfvfbomk d`otbgp`rëobk, bo uo g`gbot` bo qub bo Bspkûk sb d`ostruyb uok dkotfmkm mbsgbsurkmk mb bmfafdf`s mb vfvfbomk sfo drftbrf` kcjuo`, sftukdfôo qub  — d`o d`o gktfdbs- bs sbgbikotb bo `trks rbkcfmkmbs y jb`jrkaçks d`g` bo bc Ubrù. C`s kut`rbs kh`rmko ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk mbsmb ck pr`hcbgëtfdk kdtukc bo ck qub d`ovbrjbo, gbmfkotb ck krquftbdturk, dubstf`obs urhkoks, s`dfkcbs, tbdo`côjfdks y gbmf`kghfbotkcbs. Tb trktk mb uo sfstbgk mb vkc`rkdfôo fotbjrkc qub bcc`s kpcfdko k mfvbrs`s pr`ybdt`s mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`ostrufm`s, t`gkm`s d`g` rbabrbodfk.

T`dfbmkm.-

Ck vfvfbomk bs d`osfmbrkmk bc prfgbr bspkdf` mb s`dfkhfcfzkdfôo. Bc rkoj` hësfd` mb ck s`dfbmkm kdtukc bs ck nbtbr`jbobfmkm, p`r c` qub ck vfvfbomk mbhb sbr dkpkz mb kchbrjkr cks mfvbrsks gkobrks mb vfvfr mb c`s gùctfpcbs jrup`s akgfcfkrbs ` mb d`nkhftkdfôo.  Ck dksk d`g` cujkr mb trkhki` Kû`s ktrës, ck vfvfbomk s`c` brk d`osfmbrkmk bspkdf` mb trkhki` pr`mudtfv` pkrk kcjuoks guibrbs qub mbsbgpbûkhko `afdf`s mbsmb dksk, k afo mb p`mbr bstkr kc dufmkm` mb c`s nfi`s y k ck vbz rbdfhfr uok rbguobrkdfôo bd`oôgfdk. Tfo bghkrj`, c`s gbmf`s tbdo`côjfd`s y cks oubvks bstrudturks ckh`rkcbs nko nbdn` qub ck dksk sb vubcvk k d`osfmbrkr d`g` uo cujkr mb trkhki`  pr`mudtfv`, pbr` pbr` bstk vbz pkrk bc n`ghrb y pkrk ck gu guibr, ibr, bo fjukcmkm mb d`omfdf`obs. d`omfdf`obs. Ck krq. Gkrçk mbc Dkrgbo Gkrtçobz [ubskmk, bo su tbsfs m`dt`rkc –C`s bspkdf`s mb d`guofmkm d`g` gktbrfk mb pr`ybdt` bo ck vfvfbomk d`otbgp`rëobk‗, d`osfmbrk m`s

s`cudf`obs vfkhcbs. Ck

 prfgbrk bs kiustkr ck vfvfbomk k bstk oubvk obdbsfmkm, obdbsfmkm, d`c`dkom d`c`dkom`` bc bspkdf` mb trkhki` sfbgprb  prôxfg` k ck pubrtk p`r ddubstf`obs ubstf`obs mb kddbsfhfcfmkm b fotfgfmkm. Ck sbjuomk, sbjuomk, d`odbhfr d`odbhfr bspkdf`s bspkdf`s mb trkhki` d`cbdtfv` mbc bmfafdf` m`omb, d`gpkrtfbom` rbdurs`s, tkghfæo sb pubmko bstkhcbdbr oubvks a`rgks mb rbckdf`obs y rbmbs pr`mudtfvks.  Ck dksk sfo ibrkrquçks Ck mbsibrkrqufzkdfôo pkrtb mb ck fjukcmkm mb jæobr`s. Tf botrb c`s nkhftkotbs o` bxfstb uok  ibrkrquçk, tkgp`d` tkgp`d` mbhb bxfstfr botrb cks nkhftkd nkhftkdf`obs. f`obs. ]`mk ]`mkss cks nk nkhftkdf`obs hftkdf`obs mb mbhbrçko hbrçko tbobr tbobr uo ;5=

 

tkgkû` sfgfckr, bo c` p`sfhcb ;5 gbtr`s dukmrkm`s d`g` gçofg`, mb a`rgk qub pbrgftko mbskrr`cckr bo bccks cks mfabrbotbs kdtfvfmkmbs qub mbdfmk bc usukrf`. O` mbhbrçko bxfstfr nkhftkdf`obs suftb, d`o hkû` pr`pf` y nkhftkdf`obs sbduomkrfks, d`gpkrtfbom` uo`. Ksfgfsg` sb nk mb akv`rbdbr bc d`gpkrtfr bc trkhki` bo ck d`dfok, y yk o` s`c` sbr bc cujkr mbstfokm` pkrk ck guibr y sus ckh`rbs m`gæstfdks, p`r c` qub sb mbhb pkskr p`r kct` c`s gçofg`s bstkhcbdfm`s qub ck d`osfmbrko d`g` uo bspkdf` mb tkrbks s`cftkrfks b fomfvfmukcbs. C`s gbdkofsg`s mb mbsibrkrqufzkdfôo, kmbgës, d`osfstbo bo nkdbr vfsfhcbs cks tkrbks m`gæstfdks y `t`rjkrcbs bc bspkdf` obdbskrf`. Bc dfdc` mb ck r`pk, bs uo dckr` bibgpc` mb uok obdbsfmkm  hësfdk o` rbsubctk, pubs mbhbrçk nkhbr bspkdf` pkrk dkmk uok mb cks btkpks9 kcgkdbokib sudf`, ckvkm`, sbdkm`, kcgkdbokm` cfgpf` y pckodnkm`. Tfo bghkrj`, bs ck kdtfvfmkm qub pb`r trktkgfbot` rbdfhb bo ck vfvfbomk mbhfm` k ck akctk mb bspkdf` pkrk su mbskrr`cc`. –Bc pr`ybdt` mbhb d`otbgpckr `trks s`cudf`obs d`g` ck utfcfzkdfôo mb bspkdf`s y sbrvfdf`s d`guoftkrf`s, pkrk dbotrkcfzkr bo uo gfsg` bspkdf` t`m` bc dfdc` mb ck r`pk. Kmbgës, pr`pfdfk bc d`otkdt` botrb

nkhftkotbs‗, bo pkckhrks mb ck krq. Gkrçk mbc Dkrgbo Gkrtçobz [ubskmk.

Ksfgfsg`, c`s bspkdf`s mb kcgkdbokgfbot` nko mb sbr suafdfbotbs y `arbdbr s`cudf`obs mfabrbodfkmks.. Dkmk vbz sb kdugucko gës `hibt`s, p`r c` qub cc`s mfabrbodfkmks `s nkhftkotbs sb vbo `hcfjkm`s k uskr uok mb sus nkhftkdf`obs pkrk bc jukrmkm` mb c`s gfsg`s, sfbom` æstk uok s`cudfôo dkrk p`r sup`obr mbstfokr uok nkhftkdfôo dukcfafdkmk pkrk sbr nkhftkhcbs k uo us` qub o` cb d`rrbsp`omb. Rok dksk sfo ibrkrquçks p`tbodfk ck vfmk d`guoftkrfk, kc gfsg` tfbgp` qub akv`rbdb ck fomfvfmukcfmkm mb dkmk d`gp`obotb mbc jrup`9 t`m`s tfbobo cks gfsgks `p`rtuofmkmbs y bc gfsg` bspkdf`.  Kddbsfhfcfmkm Ck fjukcmkm bstë bstrbdnkgbotb rbckdf`okmk d`o ck kddbsfhfcfmkm. Aubrk mb c`s gçofg`s bstkhcbdfm`s p`r o`rgk, sb nk mb kghfdf`okr qub cks vfvfbomks sbko c` gës kddbsfhcbs y vfsftkhcbs p`sfhcbs pkrk t`m`s. Rok a`rgk mb c`jrkrc`, bs bvftkom` bsdkcbrks kc fotbrf`r mb cks vfvfbomks y, mb bxfstfr, qub ck vfmk pubmk ccbvkrsb k dkh` bo uo` mb c`s m`s ofvbcbs. D`osfmbrkr ksdbos`rbs, rkgpks y bc jrkm` gçofg` mb kddbsfhfcfmkm p`r vfvfbomk bs fomfspboskhcb, ktbomfbom` k t`m`s c`s d`cbdtfv`s y dks`s, mbsmb uok gkgë d`o bc d`dnbdft` mb su hbhæ nkstk  pbrs`oks kodfkoks kodfkoks ` d`o ddkpkdfmkmb kpkdfmkmbss mfabrbotbs.

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 Fgkjbo 629 Drbktb N`usb (;665). Kcko Zbxcbr pcko pckotbk tbk uok vfvfbomk gbmfkotb uo duh` y duktr` dkiks d`o auodf`obs hësfdks. Bc bspkdf` vkdç` s`hrb bc qub sb mfsp`ob p`mrë sbr d`c`ofzkm` p`r bc usukrf`. Aubotb9 Xbvubmks

 Fgkjbo 619 Bspkdf` d`gùo pkrk bc dfdc` mb ck r`pk bo Tkrjakhrfl (;661). Aubotb9 Z`nog`mbccb

 Fgkjbo 6:9 ]brrkzk uskmk d`g` kcgkdæo y tbombmbr` bo uo bmfafdf` mb vfvfbomks mb Uubhck mb Qfdkr. Aubotb9 DNT krquftbdt`s

;51

 

Dfumkm.Cks vfvfbomks sb d`osfmbrkrëo gbi`rbs bo dukot` gbi`r kpr`vbdnbo su c`dkcfzkdfôo bo ck dfumkm y cks dkrkdtbrçstfdks mb ck g`ra`c`jçk urhkok, pbr` s`hrbt`m` mbstkdkrko kqubccks qub fotr`muzdko kp`rtkdf`obs kc bot`ro` p`r su bspkdfkcfmkm, krquftbdturk y dbsfôo mb bspkdf`s d`guobs. (G`otkobr, y `tr`s, 85;5 pëj. 46) Qkc`rbs mb pr`xfgfmkm Ck vkc`rkdfôo urhkok mb dkmk pr`ybdt` mbpbomb, bo prfgbr cujkr, mbc kpr`vbdnkgfbot` mbc tbifm` urhko` bo bc qub sb bodubotrb. C`s vkc`rbs mb pr`xfgfmkm, kmbgës, s`o c`s qub gës sb nko mb tbobr bo dubotk, ôsbk qub sb  pubmko rbkcfzkr rbkcfzkr bc gëxfg` mb kkdtfvfmkmbs dtfvfmkmbs mfkrfks bo cks gçofgks mfstkod mfstkodfks fks rbd`rrfhcbs k pfb. @trk dubstfôo fgp`rtkotb mb kp`rtb k ck dfumkm, bs rbdupbrkr us`s gfxt`s gbmfkotb bmfafdkdf`obs

nçhrfmks. Bc nçhrfm` rbsfmbodfkc bs uo bmfafdf` bmfaf df` m`tkm` mb uok jrko vbrsktfcfmkm, pubs o` pkrtb mb g`mbc`s prbvf`s sfo` mb sftukdf`obs o` pr`jrkgkmks dckvbs pkrk bc autur`.  C`s bspkdf`s fotbrgbmf`s C`s bspkdf`s fotbrgbmf`s kpkrbdbo d`g` kpkrbotbs bspkdf`s rbsfmukcbs, sfo bghkrj`, d`ostftuybo cujkrbs mb `p`rtuofmkm. T`o d`osfmbrkm`s bspkdf`s mb ck jrkmkdfôo, m`omb sb pksk mb uok rbkcfmkm k `trk mb gkobrk jrkmukc y s`o c`s qub p`tbodfko ck s`dfkcfzkdfôo botrb vbdfo`s. Kotb bc rbmudfm` tkgkû` mb cks vfvfbomks n`y bo mçk, ck dckvb bstë bo pckotbkr uo`s bspkdf`s bxtbrf`rbs qub pubmko `dupkrsb y m`omb rbacbikr bc bstfc` mb vfmk b fmbotfmkm mb c`s nkhftkotbs,  pbrs`okcfzëom`c`s  pbrs`okcfzëom `c`s mb gkobrk fomfvfmukc ` d`cbdtfvk d`cbdtfvkgbotb. gbotb. Tb d`osfmbrko bspkdf`s bspkdf`s fotbrgbmf`s9 fotbrgbmf`s9  pkskrbcks, nkccs, nkccs, jkcbrçks, pôrtfd`s pôrtfd`s,, tbrrkzks, botrb botrb `tr`s. Kmbgës, sb nk mb tbobr bo dubotk ck rbckdfôo botrb bc bmfafdf` y ck dfumkm, pubs æstk rbacbik ck dkcfmkm mbc pr`ybdt`. Duëot` gës jrkmfbotbs nkyko botrb c` pùhcfd` y c` prfvkm`, gbi`r. C` mbsbkhcb bs uo pks` jrkmukc mb cks dkccbs gës rufm`sks y trkosftkmks, k dkccbs d`gbrdfkcbs y  pbkt`okcbs, nkstk ccbjkr kc fotbrf`r pr`p pr`pf`, f`, pkskom` p`r gù gùctfpcbs ctfpcbs bspkdf`s fotbrgbmf`s.

;5:

 

 Fgkjbo 6>9 Tkrjakhrfl mbstfok gës mb ;2 555g8 k

sbrvfdf`s

Z`nog`mbccb

d`guoftkrf`s

(;661).

Aubotb9

 Fgkjbo 669 Bspkdf`s fotbrgbmf`s kg`hckm`s mb ck dksk G`rfykgk mb Xyub Ofsnfzkwk (8558). Aubotb9  Gbtkc`dus

 Fgkjbo

;559

Kpr`pfkdfôo

mb

bspkdf`s

fotbrgbmf`s bo Qfvfbomks mb Ur`tbddfôo @afdfkc mb D`ofc (85;8). Aubotb9 Krq. Ikvfbr ]brrkm`s

;5>

 

]bdo`c`jçk.Ck rbckdfôo mbc sbr nugko` d`o su bot`ro` fogbmfkt` nk bstkm` sfbgprb gkrdkmk p`r ck okturkc obdbsfmkm mb pbrs`okcfzkr su kghfbotb. Km`ca C``s d`osfmbrkhk qub yk qub bc usukrf` o` bcfjb su dksk  —  pubs bs mfsbûkmk p`r uok pbrs`ok kibok- mbhçk tbobr, kc gbo`s, ck p`sfhfcfmkm mb fotbrvbofr bo su fotbrf`r. Tugkm` bst` k c`s dkghf`s qub sb nko pr`mudfm` bo c`s g`m`s mb nkhftkr, sb mbhb pboskr bo oubvks a`rgks mb jbobrkr bc bspkdf`. Ck acbxfhfcfmkm sb d`ovfbrtb bo uok d`omfdfôo bsbodfkc mbc bspkdf` nkhftkhcb, bst` d`occbvk k mbafofr sfstbgks bstrudturkcbs, bcbgbot`s d`ostrudtfv`s, dbrrkgfbot`s b fostkckdf`obs qub o` sb d`ovfbrtko bo `hstëduc`s pkrk cks trkosa`rgkdf`obs. Ck vfvfbomk mbhbrçk bstkr d`odbhfmk hki` d`omfdf`obs mb pbrabdtfhfcfmkm y kmkptkhfcfmkm, c` qub fgpcfdk d`osfmbrkrck yk o` d`g` uo  pr`mudt` tbrgfokm`, tbrgfokm`, sfo` d`g` uo s`p`rtb dkpkz mb sbr gbi`rkm` gbi`rkm`.. Mb fjukc a`rgk, c`s gktbrfkcbs foacuybo gudn` bo ck vkc`rkdfôo mbc pr`ybdt`. Tb nko mb bcbjfr

kqubcc`s qub a`rgko pkrtb mb dfdc`s dbrrkm`s, rbdfdckhcbs y o` d`otkgfokotbs.  Mb ck pckotk cfhrb kc bmfafdf` cfhrb Tf bc jrko kp`rtb mbc G`vfgfbot` G`mbro` aub ck pckotk cfhrb (`pbo pcko), k pkrtfr mb c`s kû`s 15 sb bgpfbzk ck oubvk rbv`cudfôo mbc –bmfafdf` cfhrb‗ (`pbo hufcmfoj). Bstb d`osfstb bo sbpkrkr bc s`p`rtb (ck bstrudturk, kddbs`, bc dbrrkgfbot` y cks fostkckdf`obs) mbc rbccbo` (tkhfqubrçk y g`hfcfkrf`), c` dukc khrb ck p`sfhfcfmkm mbc bmfafdf` khfbrt` bo cks trbs tr bs mfgbosf`obs (bo pckotk y akdnkmk, gës kccë mb ck pckotk cfhrb). (Nkhrklbo, ;6:6 pëj. 1>) Rok d`rrbdtk y pr`p`rdf`okmk mfgbosfôo mb cks cudbs botrb bcbgbot`s bstrudturkcbs vbrtfdkcbs,  pbrgftfrë uok gky`r gky`r cfhbrtkm k ck n`rk mb mb rbmfstrfhufr bc bspk bspkdf` df` fotbrf`r.  Ubrabdtfhfcfmkm, acbxfhfcfmkm y kmkptkhfcfmkm Ck dkpkdfmkm mb pbrabdtfhfcfmkm, tærgfo` kduûkm` p`r bc krquftbdt` Fjokdf` Ukrfdf`, bstë rbabrfmk kc bgpcb` mb bstrudturks mb jrkombs cudbs, tkhfqubrçk cfjbrk, bcbgbot`s gôvfcbs y d`o dfbrtks gkobrks mb sftukr cks fostkckdf`obs, mb gkobrk qub sbk aëdfc su rbpkrkdfôo y trkosa`rgkdfôo. T`hrb t`m` bo bc dks` mb cks vfvfbomks d`cbdtfvks, d`o uo usukrf` koôofg`, sbrçk mbsbkhcb su dkpkdfmkm mb acbxfhfcfmkm y pbrabdtfhfcfmkm. –D`ovbodbr k c`s nkhftkotbs mb qub t`m` bs p`sfhcb jrkdfks k cks pkrbmbs gôvfcbs bs rbcktfvkgbotb fcus`rf`9 o` sb pubmb p`obr duktr` bstkodfks,

;56

 

m`omb s`c` nky cujkr pkrk trbs‗, bo pkckhrks mbc krq. Unfcfppb H`um`o. U`r bcc`, nkhrçk qub

nkhckr mb uok acbxfhfcfmkm rbkcfstk, d`osdfbotb mb sus cfgftkdf`obs sbjùo bc dks`. C` mbsbkhcb bs bvftkr bspkdf`s d`gpcbtkgbotb khfbrt`s  —  p`r bibgpc` bc c`at, qub surjb bo ck sbjuomk gftkm mbc sfjc` ^^ ks`dfkm` k d`odbpt`s mb acufmbz bspkdfkc y bspkdf` ùofd`-, p`r sus mfafductkmbs pkrk d`gpkrtfrck dukom` s`o vkrf`s c`s nkhftkotbs y bvftkr pckotks guy mfvfmfmks bo cks qub kpkrbdbo bspkdf`s d`o us`s ksfjokm`s. Bs gudn` gbi`r qub cks vfvfbomks sbko botrbjkmks p`d` mbafofmks, sfo ck mfstrfhudfôo fotbrf`r d`gpcbtk, pckusfhcbs mb sbr gbi`rkmks. Ksfgfsg`, bxfstbo tfp`s mb acbxfhfcfmkm. Ck acbxfhfcfmkm Ck  acbxfhfcfmkm fofdfkc  bs   bs prbvfk k ck `dupkdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk y pbrgftb ck pkrtfdfpkdfôo mbc usukrf` y bc pr`g`t`r. D`osfstb bo `t`rjkr uok p`sfdfôo afik k c`s bcbgbot`s nùgbm`s y bc rbst` mb ck mfstrfhudfôo qubmk k bcbddfôo mbotr` mb uo dktëc`j` mb p`sfhfcfmkmbs. Ck  acbxfhfcfmkm pbrgkobotb pbrgkobotb,, pbrgftb k ck vfvfbomk uo d`ostkotb pr`dbs` mb kmkptkdfôo. Tb pubmb g`mfafdkr k pkrtfr mb trbs d`odbpt`s9 g`vfcfmkm (dkghf` rëpfm` k c` ckrj`

mbc mçk), bv`cudfôo (dkghf` k ckrj` pckz`) y bckstfdfmkm (g`mfafdkdfôo mb ck supbrafdfb nkhftkhcb kûkmfbom` ` sustrkybom` bspkdf`s). Afokcgbotb, ck  acbxfhfcfmkm/ rbvbrsfhfcfmkm , qub pbrgftb k bmfafdf`s mb tfp` gfxt` vkrçbo su us` mb `afdfoks k vfvfbomk y k ck fovbrsk. (Gkrtçobz, 85;1 pëj. ;8;)  Cks ërbks nùgbmks Bs d`ovbofbotb qub cks ërbks nùgbmks bstæo `ptfgfzkmks, bs mbdfr, qub sb bodubotrbo kjrupkmks y sfstbgktfzkmks, yk sbk p`r vfvfbomk ` bo t`m` bc d`oiuot`. Cks d`dfoks mbhbo sbr pr`ybdtkmks mb tkc a`rgk qub vkrfks pbrs`oks pubmko rbkcfzkr kdtfvfmkmbs bo bcck k ck vbz. U`r `tr` ckm`, c`s hkû`s o` mbhbo sbr prfvkm`s. Bo dubstfôo mbc bqufpkgfbot`, bs gbi`r `ptkr p`r mudnks bo cujkr mb hkûbrks.  C`s gktbrfkcbs y bc g`hfcfkrf` Bo auodfôo mb ck gbi`rk kghfbotkc, bs auomkgbotkc ck bcbddfôo mb c`s gktbrfkcbs pkrk ck vfvfbomk9 mbhbo sbr sko`s y o` d`otkgfokotbs, qub pbrgftko su rbdfdckib y rbutfcfzkdfôo. Bo dubstfôo mbc g`hfcfkrf`, mbhb pbrgftfr d`oa`rt bo ck vfvfbomk, kmbgës mb sbr mbsg`otkhcbs y rbdfdckhcbs.

;;5

 

 Fgkjbo ;5;9 Ur`ybdt` T`p`rtb- rbccbo` bo @sklk, @sklk,  Ikpôo. Obxt 8;. Aubotb9 Hc`j Ck dfumkm vfvk

 Fgkjbo ;589 Qfvfbomks bo Dkrkhkodnbc. Krkojurbo + Jkccbj`s (8554). Aubotb9 Zflfkrquftbdturk

 Fgkjbo ;549 Oklbm N`usb bs dkpkz mb kchbrjkr vfvfbomks u `afdfoks bo bc gfsg` bspkdf`. Tnfjbru  Hko (8555). Aubotb9 DJ krdnftbdt

;;;

 

Xbdurs`s.]bofbom` bo dubotk qub bc guom` bs afoft` y d`o rbdurs`s cfgftkm`s, bs bsbodfkc pboskr bo kspbdt`s rbckdf`okm`s rbckdf`okm`s d`o gbmf` kghfbotb, d`osug` mb bobrjçk y jbobrkdfôo mb rbsfmu`s, mbsmb bc fofdf` mb t`m` pr`ybdt` nkhftkdf`okc. C`s prfodfpf`s dckvb pkrk bcc`s s`o ck `rfbotkdfôo y kpr`vbdnkgfbot` pksfv`, ck vbotfckdfôo druzkmk, ck cuz okturkc y bc ks`cbkgfbot`. Ksfgfsg`, uok kmbdukmk sbcbddfôo mb gktbrfkcbs, uo hubo mfsbû` bo auodfôo mbc dcfgk y uo us` rbsp`oskhcb mb cks bobrjçks, pubmbo rbmudfr bc d`osug` bobrjætfd` botrb bc 25% y bc :5%.  Ck fm`obfmkm mb cks akdnkmks akdnkmks y duhfbrtks Bc kpr`vbdnkgfbot` pksfv` pkrtb mb uok kmbdukmk `rfbotkdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk  — bo bo auodfôo mb æstk, sb fotbotk fotr`mudfr bcbgbot`s mb d`otr`c s`ckr-, ksç d`g` mb ck hùsqubmk mb rbdurs`s qub akdfcftbo ck d`rrbdtk vbotfckdfôo okturkc.

Ck akdnkmk o` s`c` nk mb botbombrsb d`g` uo vbc` , sfo` d`g` uo bcbgbot` d`o dkpkdfmkm tærgfdk, dckvb pkrk qub ck krquftbdturk km`ptb dukcfmkmbs hf`dcfgëtfdks. Dukom` sb trktk mb akdnkmks vbrmbs, bstks kugbotko ck fobrdfk tærgfdk mbc bmfafdf` y jbobrko uok s`ghrk rbarbsdkotb. Uubmbo fr mbsmb ck tbdo`c`jçk gës kvkozkmk, nkstk cks qub bgpcbko cks trkmfdf`okcbs nfbmks ` pkrrks pkrk duhrfr gur`s. Bo dubstfôo mb duhfbrtks, bs p`r æstks p`r m`omb sb pfbrmb gës bobrjçk. U`r bcc` bs auomkgbotkc d`otkr d`o tbrrkzks bd`côjfdks, d`o subc` vbjbtkc, qub d`otrkrrbstbo bstk d`omfdfôo.  Ck vbotfckdfôo y ck cuz okturkc Bo hùsqubmk mbc kn`rr` bobrjætfd` y ck s`stbofhfcfmkm, sb nk mb akv`rbdbr ck vbotfckdfôo okturkc druzkmk, k afo mb bvftkr ck fostkckdfôo mb sfstbgks krtfafdfkcbs mb dcfgktfzkdfôo. Ksfgfsg`, bs auomkgbotkc bxfjfr uo gçofg` mb cuz okturkc y ks`cbkgfbot`, pubs æst`s mbtbrgfokrko cks dkrkdtbrçstfdks mb ck akdnkmk. Mfsp`obr mbc gëxfg` p`sfhcb mb cuz okturkc murkotb bc mçk, akv`rbdb tkghfæo kc kn`rr` mb bobrjçk mkm` qub sb nkdb gbo`s obdbskrfk ck fcugfokdfôo krtfafdfkc.  Fostkckdf`obs mb kpr`vbdnkgfbot` kdtfv` Tugkm` k c`s bcbgbot`s mb kpr`vbdnkgfbot` kpr`vbdnkgfbot` pksfv`, bs fgp`rtkotb tbobr bo dubotk fostkckdf`obs mb kpr`vbdnkgfbot` kdtfv`, d`g` c` s`o dæcucks a`t`v`ctkfdks y d`cbdt`rbs s`ckrbs, ksç d`g` ck rbutfcfzkdfôo mb kjuks jrfsbs y pcuvfkcbs. D`osfmbrkr dfrduft`s m`hcbs mb kjuk akv`rbdbrçk uo ;;8

 

jrko kn`rr`9 sb p`mrçko rbutfcfzkr cks kjuks jrfsbs y bc kjuk mb ccuvfk, pkrk bc rfbj` mb ck vbjbtkdfôo ` sfgpcbgbotb pkrk gkotbobr ck fobrdfk tærgfdk mb cks pkrtbs mbc bmfafdf` bxpubstks kc s`c. Jbstfôo mb rbdurs`s Xbabrfm` k ck jbobrkdfôo mb rbsfmu`s p`r pkrtb mb ck vfvfbomk y ck mfsp`ofhfcfmkm ` o` mb su rbd`jfmk sbcbdtfvk. Bs obdbskrf` gës qub bc duh` trkmfdf`okc9 ck hksurk mbhb dcksfafdkrsb. U`r bcc`, pkrk qub bc rbdfdckib o` sfjofafqub uok nkzkûk nbr`fdk pkrk bc usukrf`, dkmk vfvfbomk mbhbrçk tbobr uok supbrafdfb gky`r k ck tçpfdk, m`omb kcgkdbokr ck hksurk mb gkobrk sbcbdtfvk, kotbs mb su mbsbdn`. U`r `tr` ckm`, sb nkdb obdbskrfk ck prbvfsfôo mb bspkdf`s y sfstbgks mb rbd`jfmk sbcbdtfvk mb

rbsfmu`s bo c`s gfsg`s bmfafdf`s. D`osfmbrkr `tr`s sfstbgks mb rbd`jfmk, d`g` bc rbkcfzkm` p`r  hkikotbs, k pbskr mb sbr d`st`s` pubmb pubmb nkdbr gës kddb kddbsfhcb sfhcb k c`s usukrf`s ck bcfgfokdfôo mb c`s rbsfmu`s jbobrkm`s. jbobrkm`s. (Gkrtçobz, 85;1 pëj. >:)

;;4

 

 Fgkjbo ;5=9 Qfvfbomk Ucus mb Mru`t. Xbnkhfcftkdfôo y kgpcfkdfôo9 Tb sustftuyb bc gur` bxfstbotb p`r uo dbrrkgfbot` kdrfstkckm`. Mb bstk gkobrk, sb `htfbob uok jkcbrçk dbrrkmk qub rbjuck cks d`omfdf`obs tærgfdks fotbrf`rbs. Ckdkt`o y Qksskc (85;;). Aubotb9 Xbvfstk Ur`ybdt`, pr`jrbs` y krquftbdturk Oµ 56.

 Fgkjbo ;529 Jkcbrçks mb Qfvfbomk Ucus mb Mru`t, mbspuæs mb cks g`mfafdkdf`obs nbdnks bo ck akdnkmk.  Ckdkt`o y Qksskc (85;;). Aubotb9 Krdnmkfcy

 Fgkjbo ;519 Duhfbrtk vbjbtkc bo Tkrjakhrfl (;661). Aubotb9 Z`nog`mbccb

;;=

 

]rks ck kpcfdkdfôo mb c`s d`odbpt`s kotbs bxpcfdkm`s k mfvbrs`s pr`ybdt`s bcbjfm`s mb ck rbkcfmkm bspkû`ck, sb rbkcfzk ck bxp`sfdfôo –Nkhftkr bc prbsbotb. Qfvfbomk bo Bspkûk9 s`dfbmkm, dfumkm, tbdo`c`jçk y rbdurs`s‗, m`omb sb bxp`ob p`r prfgbrk vbz æstb gæt`m` mb

koëcfsfs.

U`stbrf`rgbotb surjb bc bodkrj`, pkrk I`sbp Gkrfk G`otkobr y Ykfmk Guxç, mb rbkcfzkr uok o`rgktfvk mb vfvfbomk hkskmk bo c`s drftbrf`s g`strkm`s rbacbikom`, auomkgbotkcgbotb, qub n`y bo mçk bxfstb ck d`odfbodfk mb uo dkghf` s`dfkc. Bcc`s bstkhcbdbo c`s ;=+; puot`s mb dkcfmkm qub d`osfmbrko mb `hcfjkmk d`osfmbrkdfôo bo ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk d`otbgp`rëobk. Ck dkcfmkm mb ck vfvfbomk bs rbsubctk bo tkot` bc kdtukcfzkm` mfsbû` mbc fotbrf`r sugkm` k su d`ostkotb rbckdfôo d`o bc bspkdf` d`cbdtfv`, gbmfkotb uok bsdkck mb jrkmfbotbs qub pksbo mb c` pùhcfd` k c` prfvkm`. C`s drftbrf`s dukcftktfv`s t`gkm`s s`o9 bxtbrf`r.- ]`mk vfvfbomk d`otkrë d`o uo bspkdf` bxtbrf`r kpr`pfkm`, bo bc qub ;.   Bspkdf` bxtbrf`r.- ]`mk  pubmko bxtbrf`rfzkr kcjuoks mb cks kdtfvfmkmbs pr`pfks mbc nkhftkr. –Bst`s bspkdf`s s`o

bc objktfv` mbc pr`ybdt` m`gæstfd`, pbr` tkghfæo s`o ck p`sfhfcfmkm mb bstkhcbdbr y gbi`rkr ck dkcfmkm mb ck vfvfbomk gfsgk y cks bcbgbotkcbs rbckdf`obs s`dfkcbs botrb vbdfo`s‗, bo pkckhrks mbc krq. Ikvf br

Dkskm`.

8.   Mbsibrkrqufzkdfôo. Mbsibrkrqufzkdfôo.-   O` sb d`osfmbrkrko ibrkrquçks botrb c`s bspkdf`s y, p`r bomb, tkgp`d` botrb c`s nkhftkotbs. Ck acbxfhfcfmkm acbxfhfcf mkm y pbrs`okcfzkdfôo sbrëo cks dkrkdtbrçstfdks  prfodfpkcbs mbc mbc bspkdf` nkhftkhcb nkhftkhcb.. pkrk bc trkhki` rbpr`mudtfv`.rbpr`mudtfv`.- Bs 4.   Bspkdf`s pkrk  Bs obdbskrf` pboskr bo bspkdf`s kmbdukm`s pkrk mbskrr`cckr cks kdtfvfmkmbs fomfspboskhcbs mb uo jrup` akgfcfkr ` mb d`nkhftkdfôo, sfo mbikrcks k ck subrtb mb c`s bspkdf`s rbsfmukcbs mb ck vfvfbomk. =.   Bspkdf`s pkrk bc trkhki` pr`mudtfv`.- Bs pr`mudtfv`.- Bs auomkgbotkc d`osfmbrkr p`sfhcbs bspkdf`s mb trkhki` mbotr` mb ck vfvfbomk, sfo fotbrabrfr d`o cks kdtfvfmkmbs mb ck vfmk d`tfmfkok, pubs ck tbdo`c`jçk y oubvks a`rgks mb trkhki` ksç c` mbgkomko. Kmbgës, fodcufr z`oks mb trkhki` d`gùo d`g` pkrtb mbc bqufpkgfbot` mbc bmfafdf`. 2.   Bspkdf`s mb kcgkdbokgfbot`.kcgkdbokgfbot`.-   Tb nko mb d`osfmbrkr mfabrbotbs tfp`s mb bspkdf`s mb jukrmkm` y kcgkdbokib.

;;2

 

1.   Ktbodfôo k cks `rfbotkdf`obs.- Bs `rfbotkdf`obs.- Bs obdbskrf` qub cks akdnkmks rbsp`omko k ck `rfbotkdfôo d`rrbdtk, bo akv`r mbc d`oa`rt tærgfd` y cugçofd` mb ck vfvfbomk. :.  Qbotfckdfôo druzkmk.- Ck druzkmk.- Ck vbotfckdfôo mbhbrë mbhbrë sbr mb gkobrk ookturkc kturkc trkosvbrskc, yk sbk sbk bo bsqufok ` k trkvæs mb pktf`s, k afo mb bvftkr bc us` mb sfstbgks mb dcfgktfzkdfôo. >.   Mfsp`sftfv`s mb kpr`vbdnkgfbot` pksfv`.pksfv`.- Jkcbrçks  Jkcbrçks mb fovbrokmbr` qub kdtùko d`g` dkptkm`rbs s`ckrbs, s`ckrbs, dbc`sçks qub jbobrko s`ghrk, s`o kcjuo`s mb c`s sfstbgks mb d`otr`c dcfgëtfd`, s`ckr y kdùstfd` qub o` obdbsftko ofojuok kp`rtkdfôo bobrjætfdk bxtrk y  pubmbo sbr sbr mfsbûkm`s fotbj fotbjrkm`s rkm`s kc pr`ybdt`. pr`ybdt`. a`rgkcfzkdfôo.- Kcjuoks 6.   Fodfmbodfk bo ck a`rgkcfzkdfôo. Kcjuoks dkrkdtbrçstfdks d`g` bc v`cugbo, bc d`c`r, ck tbxturk ` ck a`rgk sb mbhbrëo tbobr bo dubotk pkrk d`osbjufr uok krg`oçk d`o bc d`otbxt` y ksç akv`rbdbr ck fmbotfafdkdfôo mb c`s usukrf`s d`o sus vfvfbomks.

fombpbomfzkm`s.-  C`s sfstbgks d`ostrudtfv`s mbhbrëo sbr ;5. Tfstbgks d`ostrudtfv`s fombpbomfzkm`s.-  fombpbomfbotbs fombpbomfbo tbs pkrk pbrgftfr ck g`mfafdkdfôo pkrdfkc mb pkrtbs mbc bmfafdf`, sfo kabdtkr k `tr`s sfstbgks, kotb trkosa`rgkdf`obs tbgp`rkcbs ` auodf`okcbs. ;;. Kmkptkhfcfmkm.- Bs   Kmkptkhfcfmkm.- Bs fomfspboskhcb fomfspboskhcb ck dkpkdfmkm mb ck vfvfbomk pkrk kmbdukrsb k mfabrbotbs obdbsfmkmbss mb uo jrup` akgfcfkr ` mb d`nkhftkdfôo, k c` cckrj` obdbsfmkmb krj` mb su vfmk ùtfc. Akv`rbdb ck s`stbofhfcfmkm. ;8. Xbdupbrkdfôo  Xbdupbrkdfôo mb kz`tbks.kz`tbks.-   Rtfcfzkr cks kz`tbks d`g` bspkdf`s mb bodubotr` b fotbrdkghf` d`guoftkrf`, bs dckvb pkrk ck krquftbdturk m`gæstfdk d`otbgp`rëobk. ;4. Fotbjrkdfôo  Fotbjrkdfôo mb ck vbjbtkdfôo bo bc mfsbû`.mfsbû`.- Fod`rp`rkr  Fod`rp`rkr ck vbjbtkdfôo bo c`s bmfafdf`s rbsfmbodfkcbs, yk sbk bo akdnkmk, bspkdf`s bxtbrf`rbs ` duhfbrtks, bs uok a`rgk mb rbdupbrkr ck okturkcbzk bo ck mbosk dfumkm. ;=. U`sfhcb  U`sfhcb fotbjrkdfôo mb ëghft`s mb `trks vfvfbomks.vfvfbomks.-   Tfjofafdk pbrgftfr ck dbsfôo mb bspkdf`s mb uok vfvfbomk bo akv`r mb `trk, pkrk nkdbr p`sfhcb su trkosa`rgkdfôo bo bc tfbgp`. ;= +;. Q`cugbo ` bspkdfkcfmkm.-  bspkdfkcfmkm.-  Ck vfvfbomk usukcgbotb s`c` bs rbsubctk bo pckotk, `cvfmkom` qub bs auodfôo mbc krquftbdt` skdkr bc gëxfg` pr`vbdn` bo cks trbs mfgbosf`obs. ;;1

 

Jrëafd` ;9 Xbckdf`obs botrb ëghft`s bo ck vfvfbomk. Aubotb9 Nbrrkgfbotks pkrk nkhftkr bc prbsbotb

Jrëafd` 89 Xbckdf`obs botrb cks pkrtbs mbc bmfafdf`. Aubotb9 Nbrrkgfbotks pkrk nkhftkr bc prbsbotb

;;:

 

U`r `tr` ckm`, pbr` o` kcbikm` mb ck gfsgk cçobk mb rbpboskr ck krquftbdturk rbsfmbodfkc d`otbgp`rëobk, Gkoubc Jkusk bo su krtçduc` –Qfvfbomk9 gës p`r gbo`s‗  mbsdrfhb tkghfæo c`s oubv`s g`m`s mb vfmk qub bxfjbo ck nbtbr`jbobfmkm mb rbkcfmkmbs bspkdfkcbs. Ksç fotr`mudb bc –gës p`r gbo`s‗ mb su pr`pubstk mb vfvfbomk9 gës prbstkdf`obs p`r gbo`s d`stbs, gës dkcfmkm

 p`r gbo`s prbsdfomfhcbs, gës bspkdfkcfmkm p`r gbo`s tkhfqubrçk, gës vbrsktfcfmkm p`r gbo`s rfjfmbz. Bo babdt`, uok vfvfbomk qub akv`rbzdk bc pks` mb ck vfvfbomk bstkomkrfzkmk k ck vfvfbomk  pbrs`okcfzkmk..  pbrs`okcfzkmk ]rkmfdf`okcgbotb, ck d`odbpdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk sb cfgftk p`r ck mfstrfhudfôo mb tfp`c`jçks auomkgbotkmks bo ck rbpbtfdfôo mb vfvfbomk gçofgk. Tb t`rok obdbskrfk ck rbmbafofdfôo mbc bspkdf` nkhftkhcb, k pkrtfr mb ck p`cfauodf`okcfmkm y p`cfvkcbodfk mbc bspkdf`. Ksç, Jkusk  pr`p`ob duktr` duktr` pkrëgbtr`s, qub sb bodkrjkrçk bodkrjkrçkoo mb kdtukcfzkr bc bbspkdf` spkdf` d`tfmfko`. Bc prfgbr`, Mfvbrsfmkm prfgbr`, Mfvbrsfmkm gës qub rbpbtfdfôo, rbpbtfdfôo, pr`p`ob ck gbzdck mb gùctfpcbs tfp`s y pr`jrkgks,

fmbkcfzkom` ck d`ghfokdfôo mb rbsfmbodfk y `trks kdtfvfmkmbs bo bc bmfafdf`, gbmfkotb ck mfsp`sfdfôo mb bcbgbot`s afi`s y bcbgbot`s vkrfkhcbs. Qkdfkm` gës qub tkhfdkm`, tkhfdkm`, `tr` mb c`s d`odbpt`s,, rbabrfm` k ck cfhbrkdfôo mbc bspkdf` fotbrf`r, gbmfkotb ck d`odbotrkdfôo mb c`s oùdcb`s d`odbpt`s mb sbrvfdf` bo z`oks pbrfaærfdks mb ck vfvfbomk. Ck pkrtfdfôo mbc bspkdf` gës qub d`o bcbgbot`s afi`s, sb sujfbrb gbmfkotb gur`s bqufpkm`s ` bcbgbot`s gôvfcbs. Bc tbrdbr` bs Acbxfhfcfmkm bs Acbxfhfcfmkm gës qub bspbdfkcfzkdfôo, bspbdfkcfzkdfôo, bc qub nkdb rbabrbodfk kc kotbrf`r pubs boaktfzk bo ck rbd`gp`sfdfôo d`otfouk mbc bspkdf` gbmfkotb tkhfqubrçk mbsg`otkhcb y d`otbobm`rbs. Afokcgbotb,  Fomustrfkcfzkdfôo gës qub krtbskoçk krtbskoçk,, bc dukrt` pkrëgbtr`, sb rbafbrb k ck utfcfzkdfôo mb oubvks tædofdks y gktbrfkcbs pr`vbofbotbs mb ck fomustrfk  — aëdfcbs aëdfcbs mb rbdfdckr, g`otkr y mbsg`otkr- y qub, k su vbz, sbko gës sbosfhcbs d`o bc gbmf` kghfbotb. C`s kut`rbs gbodf`okm`s, kuoqub d`o mfabrbotb cbojukib, d`ovbrjbo bo bc gfsg` puot`9 ck rba`rguckdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk mbc sfjc` ^^F. Tb trktk mb mkr uo kp`rtb k ck pr`pubstk bstkomkrfzkmk d`gbrdfkc, jkrkotfzkom` uok dkcfmkm fomfvfmukc trkmudfmk bo uo fotbrf`r  pbrs`okcfzkm` y uo bxtbrf`r dkpkz mb kchbrjkr k t`mk ck d`guofmkm.

;;>

 

=.4. @HIB]FQ@ BTUBDÇAFD@ Oµ 549 Bvkcukr ck sftukdfôo kdtukc mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`, mbsmb bc h``g fog`hfcfkrf` nkstk ck kdtukcfmkm. Xbsuctkm`s KOËCFTFT DRKO]F]K]FQ@ MB QFQFBOMK D@CBD]FQK BO DNFDCKV@ Bo bc Ubrù, p`d` ` okmk sb nk kvkozkm` bo c` qub d`odfbrob k krquftbdturk rbsfmbodfkc. Mbsmb bc  h``g mbc sbdt`r mb ck d`ostruddfôo d`ostruddfôo mb c`s 65, 65, cks fog`hfcfkrfks sb nfdfbr` nfdfbr`oo dkrj` mb ck gky`rçk gky`rçk mb c`s pr`ybdt`s mb vfvfbomk s`dfkc bo Cfgk y, p`r supubst`, bo pr`vfodfks. Tb bstkomkrfzô bc  pr`ybdt` nkhftkdf`okc, rbmudfæom`c` k ck vfvfbomk gçofgk y mbstfoëom`ck, ùofdkgbotb, k ck akgfcfk hfpkrbotkc d`o m`s ` trbs nfi`s. Bs d`gùo qub c`s pr`ybdt`s nkhftkdf`okcbs kpubstbo p`r bc gky`r oùgbr` mb gbtr`s dukmrkm`s d`ostrufm`s  — c` c` dukc kyumk k su borfqubdfgfbot` bd`oôgfd`- y s`c` mbstfobo k sbrvfdf`s d`guobs c` bstkhcbdfm` p`r o`rgktfvk, o` tbofbom` bo dubotk qub bo ck d`guofmkm sb bodubotrk ck bsbodfk mbc nkhftkr.

Bc drbdfgfbot` mbg`jrëafd` k ofvbc okdf`okc bs dkmk vbz gës kdbcbrkm` y, pbsb kc jkc`pkotb mbskrr`cc` y kujb fog`hfcfkrf` bxpbrfgbotkm` bo c`s ùctfg`s kû`s, ck akctk mb kddbs` k uok vfvfbomk mfjok p`r jrkombs sbdt`rbs mb ck p`hckdfôo rbsuctk sbr uo` mb c`s pr`hcbgks gës fgp`rtkotbs qub kqubiko kc pkçs. Tfo bghkrj`, bc >5% mbc mæafdft okdf`okc mb vfvfbomk  —  ;.>   ;.> gfcc`obs d`o gky`r bxkdtftum  —   rbprbsbotk vfvfbomk qub bxfstb, pbr` qub o` dugpcb d`o c`s bstëomkrbs mb dkcfmkm pkrk sbr d`osfmbrkmk d`g` tkc. Tbjùo uo bstumf` mb KUBFG (Ks`dfkdfôo Ubrukok mb Fovbstfjkdfôo mb Gbrdkm`s) mbc kû` 85;2, uo 28.1% mb ck p`hckdfôo k ofvbc okdf`okc sb bodubotrk bo bc bstrkt` gbmf` hki` (ofvbc s`df` bd`oôgfd` D8, M y B), qufbobs mbgkomko vfvfbomks mb prbdf` p`r mbhki` mb c`s $45 555. Nb kquç uok mb cks dkusks, pubs bo ck kdtukcfmkm bs guy mfaçdfc kmqufrfr uok vfvfbomk mfjok y nkhftkhcb p`r bsk sugk.

Duk ukot otft ftkt ktfv fv``

Duk ukcf cftk tkttfv fv``

Jrëafd` 49 Mæafdft nkhftkdf`okc k ofvbc okdf`okc. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;;6

 

Bo c`s kû`s 65, d`o bc h``g fog`hfcfkrf` y n`y, dksf 45 kû`s mbspuæs, bc sbdt`r nk kvkozkm` mb uok gkobrk tko kdbcbrkmk qub okmfb c` fgkjfoô. Ubr`, °p`r quæ tuv` tkotk kd`jfmk bstk g`mkcfmkm mb d`ostruddfôo mb vfvfbomk bo sbrfb0 K fofdf`s mbc prbsbotb sfjc`, surjbo m`s nbdn`s mbt`okotbs9 -  Tb drbô bc A`om` Gfvfvfbomk. Bc Bstkm` `arbdb suhsfmf`s k trkvæs mb præstkg`s mb botfmkmbs afokodfbrks d`o bc `hibtfv` mb qub ck p`hckdfôo pumfbrk kddbmbr gksfvkgbotb k uok vfvfbomk pr`pfk. -  Bc drbdfgfbot` bd`oôgfd` mbc pkçs aub sôcfm` y cks ougbr`sks akgfcfks qub obdbsftkhko uok vfvfbomk pr`pfk kn`rk p`mrçko pkjkrck. [ufbobs `htuvfbr`o uo dræmft` nfp`tbdkrf` kotbs mbc kû` 8555 rbd`rmkrko qub brk uo pr`mudt` sugkgbotb bxdcusfv`, o` t`m`s p`mçko kddbmbr k æc. Ukrk dkcfafdkr nkhçk uok sbrfb mb rbqufsft`s k dugpcfr, tkcbs d`g` subcm` bo pckofcck bstkhcb — y d`o kotfjóbmkm- y qub bc fogubhcb tbojk uo

 prbdf` o` gbo`r gbo`r mb $>5 555. Mb Mbafoftfvkgbotb, afoftfvkgbotb, o` t`m`s pp`mçko `mçko kddbmbr kddbmbr k æc. Vk bo bc 855=, bc mbskrr`cc` fog`hfcfkrf` mkhk sus prfgbr`s pks`s y bgpfbzko k `abrtkrsb vfvfbomks pkrk ck dcksb gbmfk, d`o ck pkrtfdfpkdfôo fgp`rtkotb y mbdfsfvk mb ck hkodk c`dkc y bc A`om` Gfvfvfbomk. Ksç bs d`g` bgpfbzk bc h``g fog`hfcfkrf`, qub vfo` kd`gpkûkm` mb uo kczk s`stbofmk mb c`s prbdf`s mb c`s fogubhcbs botrb bc 855> y bc 85;4, rkzôo p`r cckk dukc pkrk bc 85;= ck vbotk mb vfvfbomks rbjfstrk su ofvbc gës hki` mb c`s ùctfg`s trbs kû`s. Kdtukcgbotb, ck mbgkomk p`r vfvfbomks d`otfoùk y sfjub sfbom` guy kctk. Ubr`, °æstks fog`hfcfkrfks `arbdbo uok vfvfbomk rbkcgbotb nkhftkhcb0 Ckgbotkhcbgbotb, p`dks ` ofojuok mb bccks c` nkdb. Ck gky`rçk s`c` husdko bc hbobafdf` bd`oôgfd` d`o uok gky`r mbosfmkm mb vfvfbomks, c` qub `rfjfok vfvfbomks mb mfgbosf`obs guy rbmudfmks qub o` d`otrfhuybo kc kmbdukm` mbskrr`cc` mb cks kdtfvfmkmbs mfkrfks hësfdks y qub, gudn` gbo`s, cc`jrko `jrko bxtbrf`rfzkr kcjuoks mb bstks obdbsfmkmbs kc bspkdf` d`gùo.

Jrëafd` =9 Bc h``g fog`hfcfkrf` bo bc tfbgp`, k ofvbc okdf`okc. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;85

 

Dnfdcky` bs uok mb cks duktr` dfumkmbs gës jrkombs mbc pkçs y, kmbgës, uok mb cks dfumkmbs d`o gky`r mæafdft nkhftkdf`okc pbrdfhfm`, prfodfpkcgbotb, p`r bc sbdt`r gbmf` hki` —  sbjùo  sbjùo bc UMR.

@abrtk mb vfvfbomk bo Dnfdcky` Bo Dnfdcky`, sb `hsbrvk qub ck `abrtk mb vfvfbomk bo kcturk bs gky`r bo bc sbdt`r urhko` mb Dnfdcky` y Ck Qfdt`rfk. Tfo bghkrj`, bc mbskrr`cc` mbc bib mb d`ourhkdfôo nkdfk Ufgbotbc k  pkrtfr mbc 85;5, jbobrk jbobrk uo dkghf` yykk qub ck vbotk mb c`tbs y vfvfbomks vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs, bgpbzô k sbr gky`r. Tbjùo DKUBD@ (Dëgkrk Ubrukok mb D`ostruddfôo) bo uo foa`rgb mbc kû` 85;= sb pubmb `hsbrvkr qub bc drbdfgfbot` mb ck `abrtk mb vfvfbomk bo d`gpkrkdfôo kc kû` 8556 bs uo >5% gës, pbsb kc fodrbgbot` bo bc prbdf` mb c`s fogubhcbs. Bo hksb k mkt`s rbabrbodfkcbs  pr`p`rdf`okm`ss p`r DKUBD@, m`omb kafrgko ck gbmfk mb drbdfgfbot` koukc bs mbc ;4%, kc  pr`p`rdf`okm` 85;6 sb nko vbomfm` kpr`xfgkmkgbotb 8>=5 vfvfbomks.

Rofmkmbs Qbomfmks 448 ;18= 8>=5

Kû` 8556 85;= 85;6

g8 42 :8= g8 ;4> 8;> g8

]khck ;9 D`gpkrktfv` mb `abrtk. Kû`s9 8556, 85;= y 85;6. Aubotb9 DKUBD@

C`s rftg`s mb vbotk bo Dnfdcky`, D nfdcky`, bo vfvfbomk uofakgfcfkr y c`tbs o` s`o supbrf`rbs k 8; uofmkmbs  p`r gbs y bo mbpkrtkgbot`s ;1 uofmkmbs p`r p`r gbs (mktk mbc kû kû`` 85;2).

Mbgkomk mb vfvfbomk bo Dnfdcky` Bc bstumf` mb ck mbgkomk babdtfvk bstë bo hksb k kqubcc`s n`jkrbs o` pr`pfbtkrf`s d`o fotbodfôo mb kmqufrfr uok vfvfbomk oubvk y mfjok. Ukrk bc kû` 85;2, ck mbgkomk babdtfvk ksdfbomb k >:=> n`jkrbs mfstrfhufm`s bo duktr` bstrkt`s s`df`bd`oôgfd`s, s`df`bd`oô gfd`s, mb c`s dukcbs bc bstrkt` gbmf` bs bc qub prbsbotk gky`r mbgkomk babdtfvk d`o 46:> n`jkrbs, sbjufm` mbc bstrkt` gbmf` hki` d`o 468; n`jkrbs.

;8;

 

8%

>%

==%

Kct`

Gbmf` kct`

=1%

Gbmf`

Gbmf` hki`

Jrëafd` 29 Mfstrfhudfôo mb ck mbgkomk babdtfvk sbjùo bstrkt`. Aubotb9 DKUBD@

Bo bc 8556, c`s prbdf`s pr`gbmf` t`tkcbs mb vbotk y p`r g8 dkcduckm`s pkrk dkmk tfp` mb vfvfbomk o` bxdbmçko c`s $255.

]fp` mb vfvfbomk

Urbdf` pr`gbmf` $ ]`tkc g8

Qfvfbomk uofakgfcfkr Mbpkrtkgbot`

22 8>2 =: 188

46> =46

]khck 89 Urbdf` pr`gbmf` mb ck vfvfbomk. Kû`9 8556. Aubotb9 DKUBD@

Ukrk bc 85;4, bc prbdf` pr`gbmf` aub mb $1>5 p`r g8 pkrk mbpkrtkgbot`s, y guy sfgfckr pkrk vfvfbomk uofakgfcfkr. Bo uok bodubstk mbc kû` 85;2, sb d`odcuyb qub c`s vkc`rbs pr`gbmf` p`r g8 `sdfcko botrb $1>5 y $>55 p`r tfp` mb vfvfbomk.

]fp` mb vfvfbomk Qfvfbomk uofakgfcfkr Mbpkrtkgbot`

Urbdf` pr`gbmf` $ ]`tkc g8 1: >:= 1>4 26 =8; :68

]khck 49 Urbdf` pr`gbmf` mb ck vfvfbomk. Kû`9 85;2. Aubotb9 DKUBD@

Mb bstk a`rgk, sb bvfmbodfk uo dckr` y sfjofafdktfv` kugbot` mbc prbdf` pr`gbmf` p`r g8, c` qub mfafductk qub c`s sbdt`rbs mb ck p`hckdfôo qub gës rbqufbrbo vfvfbomk pubmko kddbmbr k bcck.

;88

 

]`tkc Gbo`s mb $25 555 Botrb $25 555 y $;55 555 Botrb $;55 555 y $;25 555 Gës mb $855 555 Gbmfk bo s`cbs

41% 2:% 1% ;% ;6; 2;:

Botrb 82 Botrb 42 Botrb =2 y 4= kû`s y == kû`s y 12 kû`s 4=% 15% =% 8% ;6> 2=5

4>% 2:% 2% 5% ;>2 58;

41% 22% 6% 5% ;68 661

]khck =9 Qkc`r mbc mbpkrtkgbot` husdkm`. Kû`9 85;2. 85;2 . Aubotb9 Krbccko` Gkrlbtfoj

KOËCFTFT DRKCF]K]FQ@ MB QFQFBOMK D@CBD]FQK BO DNFDCKV@ T`o ougbr`s`s c`s d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs d`ostrufm`s bo Dnfdcky`, mbsmb bc h``g fog`hfcfkrf` bo c`s 65 nkstk ck kdtukcfmkm. Mfspbrs`s p`r t`mk ck dfumkm, d`o mfabrbotb mbosfmkm

y ërbk, d`gpkrtbo m`s dkrkdtbrçstfdks d`guobs9 vfvfbomk gçofgk y bstkomkrfzkmk. bstkomkrfzkmk.  O` bs s`c` uok vfvfbomk gçofgk bo ërbk sfo` tkghfæo bo dkcfmkm, `cvfmkom` bc bcbgbot` gës fgp`rtkotb mb ck krquftbdturk rbsfmbodfkc9 bc usukrf`. Bs uok rbpbtfdfôo mb uo g`mbc` bstkomkrfzkm` mb vfvfbomk mfrfjfm` k uo s`c` jrup` mb d`nkhftkdfôo, sfo fgp`rtkr bc cujkr, tfbgp` ` c`s oubv`s usukrf`s. Bc sfjc` pkskm`, trks ck kprbgfkotb obdbsfmkm mb vfvfbomks p`r c`s aboôgbo`s hæcfd`s qub uo` trks `tr` mbstruçko cks dfumkmbs, brk vfkhcb nkhckr mb uok vfvfbomk gçofgk. Kotb cks dfumkmbs mbvkstkmks qub s`c` bspbrkhko uok fotbrvbodfôo fogbmfktk mbc Bstkm`, ck ùofdk s`cudfôo brk d`ostrufr bc gky`r oùgbr` mb vfvfbomks mb gçofgks mfgbosf`obs d`o bc gçofg` prbsupubs prbsupubst` t` y bo ck gçofgk ërbk, ksç ck dkcfmkm mbc bspkdf` nkhftkhcb sbk mbafdfbotb. Tfo bghkrj`, k pkrtfr mb c`s 65 bs fgp`sfhcb pboskr bo uok vfvfbomk gçofgk, pubst` qub surjbo mfabrbotbs a`rgks mb d`nkhftkdfôo qub, gës qub gçofgks mfgbosf`obs, rbqufbrbo acbxfhfcfmkm y kmkptkhfcfmkm. Bo babdt`, bo gudn`s pkçsbs nko rbd`o`dfm` bst`s oubv`s jrup`s mb d`nkhftkdfôo y vfbrtbo sus bsaubrz`s bo jbobrkr oubvks tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk kd`rmb k c`s gfsg`s. O` `hstkotb, o` bs bc dks` mbc Ubrù. ]kot` bo Cfgk, d`g` bo pr`vfodfks, sb sfjub mfsbûkom` ck vfvfbomk mb gçofgks mfgbosf`obs y bo jrko oùgbr`, dukom` kn`rk bc pr`hcbgk yk o` s`o cks jrkombs gksks sfo` bc fomfvfmu` y sus oubv`s g`m`s g `m`s mb nkhftkr. C`s d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs kpkrbdbo d`g` oubv`s dbotr`s urhko`s skturkm`s mb vfvfbomk, y d`o ërbks vbrmbs qub o` hrfomko bc d`oa`rt mb uo bspkdf` pùhcfd` hfbo fgpcbgbotkm`.

;84

 

Dnfdcky`, aub sbmb mb mfabrbotbs fog`hfcfkrfks qub mbsmb bc 8555 vfbobo d`ostruybom` pr`ybd pr`ybdt`s t`s rbsfmbodfkcbs bo ck dfumkm, pbr` sfo ofojuok foo`vkdfôo tfp`côjfdk of bspkdfkc.

Ur`ybdt`

Fog`hfcfkrfk

Kû`

Oµ m`rgft`rf`s

Oµ hkû`s

8551

4

4

C`s Ufo`s

855:

4

4

Dfumkrfs

85;5

4

8

DCKTBG

85;8

4

8

D`om`gfof` Uubrtks mbc T`c

Jkcfcbk

85;8

8-4

;-4

Xbsfmbodfkc Cks ]`rrbs mb Tkckvbrry D`om`gfof` Tkotk Bcvfrk

FDG Dfumkrfs

85;4 85;=

4 4

4 8

D`om`gfof` D`cfhrç

DFTTKD

85;2

8-4

8-4

D`om`gfof` Xbsfmbodfkc H`c`jobsf

D`om`gfof` Ufo`s mb ck Ucktk D`om`gfof` Cks Qfûks

D`om`gfof` Ukrqubs mb Tko Jkhrfbc

]khck 29 Urfodfpkcbs d`om`gfof`s rbsfmbodfkcbs mb Dnfdcky`. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

Bst`s s`o c`s d`om`gfof`s rbsfmbodfkcbs mb gky`r foacubodfk f oacubodfk y kd`jfmk bo Dnfdcky`, sfo d`otkr c`s foougbrkhcbs bmfafdf`s guctfakgfcfkrbs pr`ybdtkm`s p`r t`mk ck dfumkm. Kc kjrupkr p`r dkrkdtbrçstfdks hësfdks hësfdks mb Oµ mb m`rgft`rf`s y Oµ mb hkû`s, sb kokcfzô uo d`om`gfof` p`r dkmk jrup`. C`s sbcbddf`okm`s aubr`o bc D`om`gfof` Ufo`s mb ck Ucktk (Qbr Kobx` Oµ5=), D`om`gfof` C`s Ukrqubs mb Tko Jkhrfbc (Qbr Kobx` Oµ52), D`om`gfof` Uubrtks mbc T`c (Qbr Kobx` Oµ51), D`om`gfof` D`cfhrç (Qbr Kobx` Oµ5:) y bc Bmfafdf` guctfakgfcfkr –C`s Kh`jkm`s‗ (Qbr Kobx` Oµ5>).

Tb cbs kpcfdô uok Afdnk mb @hsbrvkdfôo (Qbr Kobx` Oµ58), hkskmk bo c`s drftbrf`s bxpcfdkm`s bo bc @hibtfv` Bspbdçafd` Oµ 58, kpcfdkhcbs k ck rbkcfmkm y obdbsfmkm mbc usukrf` dnfdckyko`. ]`m`s c`s d`om`gfof`s kokcfzkm`s sb bodubotrko bo z`oks urhkoks mb kct` trëosft` ` z`oks mb bxpkosfôo, prbvfbom` bc autur` drbdfgfbot` mb ck dfumkm. Ksfgfsg`, t`mks dubotko d`o uok cçobk cç obk mb trkosp`rtb pùhcfd` dbrdko`, k bxdbpdfôo mb c`s qub sb bodubotrko bo z`oks uo tkot` bxdcusfvks d`g` bc Bmfafdf` guctfakgfcfkr C`s Kh`jkm`s (Rrh. Tkotk Qfdt`rfk). Dks` d`otrkrf` sudbmb d`o c`s sbrvfdf`s d`gpcbgbotkrf`s, yk qub p`d`s dubotko d`o æst`s dbrdk, sfbom` c`s bqufpkgfbot`s gbo`s prôxfg`s k c`s d`om`gfof`s bmudkdfôo y mbp`rtb. Xbspbdt` k sbrvfdf`s d`guobs kc fotbrf`r mbc bmfafdf`, p`d`s prbsbotko sbrvfdf`s mb dkcfmkm. Bc D`om`gfof` Ufo`s mb ck Ucktk, dubotk d`o pkrqubs, uo gfofgkrlbt y uo rbstkurkotb, gfbotrks bc ;8=

 

D`om`gfof` C`s Ukrqubs mb Tko Jkhrfbc dubotk d`o sbrvfdf`s mbstfokm`s k ck rbdrbkdfôo9  pkrqubs, z`ok mb pkrrfccks y pfsdfok. U`r su ppkrtb, krtb, bc D`om`gfof` D`cfhrç bs bc bc qub kchbrjk gës bqufpkgfbot`s d`guobs  — kkuoqub uoqub o` obdbskrfkgbotb mb jrko utfcfmkm- d`g` s`o pkrqubs, jukrmbrçk, skck mb iubj`s pkrk kmuct`s y ofû`s, z`ok mb pkrrfccks y pfsdfok. Bc d`om`gfof` Uubrtks mbc T`c bs bc gbo`s bqufpkm`, d`otkom` s`c` d`o pkrqubs qub bo su gky`rçk dkrbdbo mb g`hfcfkrf` y s`ghrk. Bc bmfafdf` guctfakgfcfkr kokcfzkm`, s`c` dubotk d`o bstkdf`okgfbot` bstkdf`okgfbot` bo ck  prfgbrk pckotk. Ksfgfsg`, ck gky`rçk dkrbdb mb bspkdf`s fotbrgbmf`s, d`g` c` s`o tbrrkzks y bstkrbs qub akdfcftko ck vfmk bo d`guofmkm, k bxdbpdfôo mbc D`om`gfof` D`cfhrç qub dubotk d`o tbrrkzks qub rbckdf`oko cks vfvfbomks d`o bc bspkdf` pùhcfd`. T`o rkrks cks kdtfvfmkmbs bo prfgbrk pckotk mb c`s bmfafdf`s mb vfvfbomk, pubst` qub sb m`tko t`m`s c`s pfs`s mb vfvfbomks. Mb bxfstfr bqufpkgfbot`s, sb uhfdko bo bspkdf`s rbsfmukcbs mbc tbrrbo`, sfo bghkrj`, bxpbrt`s bo bc tbgk nkhftkdf`okc ksbjurko qub bc us` d`gbrdfkc ` d`guokc bo bc prfgbr ofvbc mb uo bmfafdf` jkrkotfzk

bc g`vfgfbot` mb pbrs`oks k t`mk n`rk mbc mçk. @tr` çtbg mb koëcfsfs aub bc us` mb ck duhfbrtk. Kdtukcgbotb, cks duhfbrtks mb c`s bmfafdf`s mb vfvfbomks mb Dnfdcky`  — y bs tbgk jbobrkcfzkm` bo t`m` bc pkçs- d`ostftuybo bc cujkr m`omb sfbgprb sb nko d`c`dkm` cks fostkckdf`obs, dkiks mb ksdbos`rbs y kotboks sktbcftkcbs, sfo bghkrj`, bstb d`odbpt` bstë dkghfkom`, kuoqub d`o cbotftum. Cks duhfbrtks `arbdbo uo kgpcf` khkofd` mb p`sfhfcfmkmbs mb us`, d`ostftuybom` uo cujkr mb bstkodfk, bo gudn`s dks`s guy ktrkdtfv`. U`r `tr` ckm`, cks c ks tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk bstëo `rfbotkmks s`c` k uo tf tfp` p` mb akgfcfk9 ck hfpkrbotkc d`o 8 ` 4 nfi`s d`g` bs bc dks` mbc D`om`gfof` Ufo`s mb ck Ucktk, D`om`gfof` C`s Ukrqubs mb Tko Jkhrfbc y bc Bmfafdf` C`s Kh`jkm`s, k mfabrbodfk mbc D`om`gfof` Uubrtks mbc T`c y bc D`om`gfof` D`cfhrç qub kpkrtb mb fodcufr bstk tfp`c`jçk, d`osfmbrko uok tfp`c`jçk d`o s`c` m`s m`rgft`rf`s pkrk uok akgfcfk gës rbmudfmk u `tr` jrup` mb d`nkhftkdfôo. U`r sbr uok s`ck tfp`c`jçk y mb bstrudturk rçjfmk, o` bs p`sfhcb sbr nkhftkmk p`r mfabrbotbs jrup`s mb d`nkhftkdfôo, pubst` qub sbjùo bstkmçstfdks mbc FOBF botrb ;664 y 85;: sb nko pr`mudfm` dkghf`s s`df`mbg`jrëafd`s o`tkhcbs. Bc gës o`tkhcb, qufzës, bs qub sf hfbo c`s n`jkrbs d`o 4 ` gës nfi`s bodkhbzk ck cfstk, kc d`gpkrkr mkt`s mbc 855: d`o c`s mb ;6>; sb rbjfstrk uo kugbot` fgp`rtkotb mb c`s n`jkrbs uofpbrs`okcbs — mb mb ;;555 k gës mb 82555-, c`s n`jkrbs d`o 8 pbrs`oks  — mb mb

;>555 k 44555- y c`s n`jkrbs a`rgkm`s p`r uok akgfcfk y kcjuok o` bgpkrbotkmk dksf sb

nko trfpcfdkm`. Bst` fomfdk qub c`s dkghf`s bxpbrfgbotkm` bxpbrfgbotkm`ss bo c`s >5 p`r jrko pkrtb mb Bur`pk ;82

 

y Ksfk, vko ccbjkom` k Cktfo`kgærfdk pr`jrbsfvkgbotb y, ;5 kû`s mbspuæs mbc dbos` rbabrfm`, ck obdbsfmkm mb oubv`s g`mbc`s nkhftkdf`okcbs bs uok rbkcfmkm foobjkhcb. O` sb t`gk bo dubotk k c`s usukrf`s p`tbodfkcbs  —  pbrs`ok s`ck (sbk i`vbo ` kmuct` gky`r), ck pkrbik pkrbi k i`vbo, ck pkrbik mb kmuct`s gky`rbs, ck gkmrb/pkmrb s`ctbr` (k), ck d`nkhftkdfôo p`r rbmuddfôo mb jkst`s, botrb `trks a`rgks mb d`nkhftkdfôo- y, p`dk ktbodfôo rbdfhbo cks pbrs`oks d`o kcjuok mfsdkpkdfmkm. Bc D`om`gfof` C`s Ukrqubs mb Tko Jkhrfbc y bc D`om`gfof` D`cfhrç, p`r su jrko oùgbr` mb  pfs`s y p`r o`rgk o`rgktfvk, tfvk, dubotko d`o ks ksdbos`r. dbos`r. Tfo bghkrj bghkrj`, `, bstb usukrf` o` bs t`gkm` bo dubotk dubotk of bo bc mfsbû` mb ck vfvfbomk of bo c`s sbrvfdf`s pr`pubst`s, d`ostftuybom` uok hkrrbrk krquftbdtôofdk kotb ck fodcusfôo. Mb fjukc gkobrk, ck ibrkrqufzkdfôo bspkdfkc bod`otrkmk bo c`s d`om`gfof`s o` pbrgftb ck kmkptkdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk k c`s mfabrbotbs g`m`s mb vfmk of uok d`ovfvbodfk mbg`drëtfdk, bo fjukcmkm mb jæobr`s. Ck d`dfok pkrdfkc ` t`tkcgbotb fotbjrkmk bo uo ëghft` gky`r qub akdfcftb

ck pkrtfdfpkdfôo mb t`m`s c`s gfbghr`s mbc n`jkr bo cks kdtfvfmkmbs m`gæstfdks, s`c` bstë  prbsbotb bo bc D`om`gfof` D`cfhrç, c`s mbgës d`osfmbrko bstb bstb bspkdf` d`g` kfsckm`. Kmbgës, bo dubstfôo mb c`s hkû`s, ck gky`rçk mb pr`ybdt`s pr` ybdt`s d`osfmbrko uo hkû` d`gpcbt` fodcufm` bo bc m`rgft`rf` prfodfpkc y `tr` pkrk bc us` mbc rbst` r bst` mb c`s gfbghr`s mb ck akgfcfk, k bxdbpdfôo mbc D`om`gfof` Ufo`s mb ck Ucktk qub d`osfmbrk uo s`c` hkû` d`gpcbt` pkrk t`m`s. Bstk dkrkdtbrçstfdk d`omfdf`ok bc us` mb nkhftkdf`obs sbjùo ibrkrquçks y o` pbrgftb utfcfzkrcks bo mfabrbotbs btkpks mb uok akgfcfk. Ck vfvfbomk bs uo bspkdf` mb trkhki` bo sç gfsg`, yk sbk m`gæstfd`, pr`mudtfv` ` rbpr`mudtfv`. Bo bc ëghft` mbc trkhki` m`gæstfd`, kpkrtb mb ck d`dfok, tkghfæo t kghfæo mbhb d`osfmbrkrsb bspk bspkdf` df` pkrk ckvkr- tbombr (mb o` tbobrc` bo kcjuok z`ok d`gùo) y pkrk bc gkotbofgfbot` mb ck vfvfbomk. Bo c`s dks`s bstumfkm`s, cks vfvfbomks s`c` dubotko d`o ck d`dfok, gks o` d`o c`s `tr`s bspkdf`s rbqubrfm`s, c`s dukcbs mbhbo sbr fgpr`vfskm`s p`r c`s nkhftkotbs ccbjkom` k uskr d`g` tbomkc ck skck mb ck vfvfbomk. Bo dukot` kc trkhki` pr`mudtfv`, mbhbrçk mfsp`obrsb bo ck vfvfbomk mb uo bspkdf` mb trkhki` d`o kddbs` mfrbdt` k g`m` mb `afdfok ` mbspkdn`, bc dukc tkgp`d` bstë  prbsbotb bo ofojuok ofojuok mb cks tfp` tfp`c`jçks c`jçks kokcfzkmks. kokcfzkmks. U`r `tr` ckm`, kc kokcfzkr c`s bspkdf`s mb kcgkdbokgfbot`, tkot` k ofvbc mb vfvfbomk d`g` mb bmfafdf`, sb bod`otrkr`o vkrfks mbafdfbodfks. K ofvbc mb vfvfbomk, c`s gës d`guobs y bod`otrkm`s bo t`mks cks tfp`c`jçks tf p`c`jçks aubr`o ck mbspbosk — d`g` d`g` pkrtb mb c`s krgkrf`s mb ck d`dfok- y c`s dc`sbts  pkrk bc jukrmkm` mb r`pk pbrs`okc. Tfo bghkrj`, bspkdf`s pkrk bc jukrmkm` mb bcbgbot`s mb cfgpfbzk ` fombafofm`s, o` sb bod`otrô bo ofojuok. K ofvbc mb bmfafdf`, cks dkrbodfks s`o ;81

 

gky`rbs, pubst` qub o` sb bod`otrô bspkdf`s mb kcgkdbokgfbot` bo ofojuok mb cks tfp`c`jçks kokcfzkmks. Xbspbdt` k ck kjrupkdfôo mb ërbks nùgbmks bo bc bmfafdf`, s`c` bc D`om`gfof` Ufo`s mb ck Ucktk y bc D`om`gfof` Uubrtks mbc T`c s`o c`s qub kjrupko sus oùdcb`s mb sbrvfdf` pkrk akdfcftkr bc  pks` mb cks fostkckdf`obs f ostkckdf`obs skoftkrfks. U`r su pkrtb, bc D`om`gfof` C`s Ukrqubs mb Tko Jkhrfbc, bc D`om`gfof` D`cfhrç y bc Bmfafdf` guctfakgfcfkr C`s Kh`jkm`s, kjrupko c`s hkû`s, pbr` kçscko ck d`dfok mbc oùdcb`. Bstk ùctfgk d`omfdfôo, sfo bghkrj`, akdfcftk ck kjrupkdfôo mb c`s sbrvfdf`s bo ck d`ostftudfôo mbc bmfafdf`, sfbom` bc D`om`gfof` C`s Ukrqubs mb Tko Jkhrfbc y bc D`om`gfof` D`cfhrç, c`s qub dubotko d`o uok ôptfgk kjrupkdfôo k ofvbc mb hc`qub. Dks` d`otrkrf` sudbmb d`o bc D`om`gfof` Ufo`s mb ck Ucktk qub, k ofvbc mb bmfafdf`, tfbob c`s sbrvfdf`s  p`r sbpkrkm`. sbpkrkm`. Nkhckr mb foo`vkdfôo tbdo`côjfdk bo Dnfdcky` bs, prëdtfdkgbotb, uok ut`pçk. Cks vfvfbomks

kokcfzkmks, bo su gky`rçk, d`osfmbrko drftbrf`s acbxfhfcfmkm fofdfkc p`rqub, supubstkgbotb, `arbdbo mfabrbotbs tfp`c`jçks k bcbddfôo mbc usukrf`. O` `hstkotb, k bxdbpdfôo mbc D`om`gfof` D`cfhrç y bc D`om`gfof` Uubrtks mbc T`c qub `arbdbo tfp`c`jçks mb 8 y 4 m`rgft`rf`s, c`s mbgës `arbdbo ck gfsgk tfp`c`jçk qub s`c` vkrçk bo ck a`rgk a `rgk mb kjrupkr cks bstkodfks. Of qub mbdfr mb ck tkhfqubrçk prbakhrfdkmk qub pbrgftk suhmfvfmfr ` kgpcfkr ck vfvfbomk, gubhcbs pcbjkhcbs qub  pbrgftk bc kn`rr` mb bspkdf` bo ck vfvfbomk ` sfstbgks fotbcfjbotbs fotbcfjbotbs pubs s`o, kùo, uok rbkcfmkm cbikok. ]kot` c`s sfstbgks mb kpr`vbdnk kpr`vbdnkgfbot` gfbot` pksfv` d`g` sfstbgks mb kpr`vbdnkg kpr`vbdnkgfbot` fbot` kdtfv`, s`o c`s gbo`s d`osfmbrkm`s bo bc mfsbû` rbsfmbodfkc dnfdckyko`. Xbspbdt` k kpr`vbdnkgfbot`  pksfv`, bc ùofd` çtbg d`osfmbrkm d`osfmbrkm`` pkrdfkcgbotb bs ck `rfbotkdfôo mb cks akdnkmks. V sb mfdb  pkrdfkcgbotb, pubs, t`m` t`m`ss c`s d` d`om`gfof`s om`gfof`s du dubotko botko d`o gës mb ck gftkm mb mb sus hc`qubs bboo gkck `rfbotkdfôo. Ubsb k bs`, o` sb d`osfmbrk uok sbjuomk bov`cvbotb qub pbrgftk ck vbotfckdfôo mb ck akdnkmk, pkrk d`otrkrrbstkr tkc pr`hcbgk. Gfbotrks tkot`, sfstbgks mb kpr`vbdnkgfbot` kdtfv` d`g` pkobcbs s`ckrbs, ck rbd`jfmk mb kjuks mb ccuvfk pkrk su trktkgfbot` y rbutfcfzkdfôo ` duhfbrtks vbjbtkcbs, o` sb d`osfmbrko of bo pr`ybdt`s k autur`. Afokcgbotb, bc rbd`i` sbcbdtfv` mb rbsfmu`s r bsfmu`s y bc rbdfdckib, bstrbdnkgbotb rbckdf`okm`s, sup`obo uok kdtfvfmkm –nbr`fdk‗ p`r pkrtb mbc nkhftkotb. Bst` bs mbhfm` k qub, kc

mfsbûkr cks vfvfbomks,

o` nko sfm` d`osfmbrkm`s bspkdf`s kpr`pfkm`s pkrk bc rbd`i` mb mbsbdn`s dcksfafdkm`s bo jrup`s y, gudn` gbo`s, k ofvbc mb bmfafdf`, pubs sup`ob uok `pdfôo d`st`sk pkrk ck bgprbsk d`ostrudt`rk. ;8:

 

Tb pubmb mbdfr qub Dnfdcky` bs uok dfumkm qub sb nk vfst` fovkmfmk p`r mfvbrsks fog`hfcfkrfks okdf`okcbs y bxtrkoibrks qub `arbdbo bc gfsg` gf sg` pr`mudt`, bs mbdfr, uok vfvfbomk hësfdk mfsbûkmk d`o bstëomkrbs mb ck krquftbdturk g`mbrok — ck ck dukc auodf`okhk mb kdubrm` k cks obdbsfmkmbs mbc sfjc` pkskm`- y qub o` sb kmkptk k cks oubvks a`rgks mb nkhftkr. Ck mfabrbodfk rkmfdk bo c`s  prbdf`s, uhfdkdfôo mb c`s d`oiuot`s d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs, nkhftkdf`okcbs, ëërbks rbks mb c`s mbpkrtkgbot`s, mbpkrtkgbot`s, btd. pbr` kc afokc, afokc, t`mks `arbdbo bc gfsg` pr`jrkgk nkhftukc y cks gfsgks mbafdfbodfks bo bc ëghft` s`dfkc y tbdo`côjfd`.

;8>

 

Mfsdusfôo Dnfdcky` dubotk d`o uok sbrfb mb d`om`gfof`s d`g` rbspubstk kc mæafdft mb vfvfbomk mb ck dfumkm, sfo bghkrj`, p`d`s kp`rtko kc hbobafdf` mb sus nkhftkotbs y, pb`r kùo, mb ck dfumkm. Ykfmk Guxç, bo d`ckh`rkdfôo d`o I`sbp Gkrçk G`otkobr y Mkvfm N. Akckjëo, bo su cfhr` –Nbrrkgfbotks pkrk nkhftkr bc prbsbotb‗ mbstkdko ck fgp`rtkodfk mb c`s pr`ybdt`s qub dbmbo

bspkdf`s d`guoftkrf`s pkrk ck dfumkm, d`ostftuybom` uok pkrtb mb ck vkc`rkdfôo fotbjrkc mb ck vfvfbomk d`otbgp`rëobk bo rbckdfôo k ck dfumkm. Tb vkc`rk guy p`sftfvkgbotb ck dkpkdfmkm mb c`s bmfafdf`s mb vfvfbomk p`r kchbrjkr gës mb uo tfp` mb kdtfvfmkmbs, bs mbdfr, tbobr gës auodf`obs qub ck rbsfmbodfkc. Ykfmk Guxç rbftbrk c` mfdn` bo su krtçduc` –Dksk y dfumkm. Bxpbrfbodfks kctbr oktfvks oktfvks pkrk ck d`ovfvbodfk‗. Bc kut`r

p`ob mb bibgpc` uo d`oiuot` d`o uofmkmbs mb vfvfbomk mb d`ostruddfôo

trkmfdf`okc, sfo ofojùo kp`rtb tfp`côjfd`, sfo bghkrj`, nkdb æoaksfs bo ck d`otrfhudfôo qub nkdb

bstb pr`ybdt`9 sus pktf`s y uok sbrfb mb bqufpkgfbot`s d`cbdtfv`s9 ckvkombrçks, jukrmbrçks, bspkdf`s d`gbrdfkcbs, d`gbrdfkcbs, d`gbm`r d`cbdtfv` y bspkdf` pkrk ktbodfôo gæmfdk. Bst`s bqufpkgfbot`s o` s`c` rbsubcvbo cks obdbsfmkmbs mb c`s usukrf`s mbc d`oiuot`, sfo` qub sup`obo uok aubotb mb trkhki` y mb fojrbs`s pkrk ck p`hckdfôo bo jbobrkc. Ro d`oiuot` nkhftkdf`okc qub d`otrfhuyb o` s`c` k sus usukrf`s sfo`, bo babdt`, k t`mk ck d`cbdtfvfmkm. Ubr`, bo Dnfdcky` ck sftukdfôo mb c`s d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`ok nkhftkdf`okcbs cbs of sfqufbrk sb kdbrdk k ck rbkcfmkm fmbkcfzkmk p`r Guxç, G`otkobr y Akckjëo. Tb nk pbrmfm` p`r d`gpcbt` c`s c `s bspkdf`s d`cbdtfv`s, sb cb mf` prbabrbodfk kc vbnçduc` prfvkm` d`o kgpcf`s bstkdf`okgfbot`s y sb d`ovfrtfô bo ck dfumkm mb ck akcsk abcfdfmkm vbrmb, yk qub sb mbstfok bstrfdtkgbotb c` o`rgkm` pkrk bspkdf`  pùhcfd` k ërbks vbrmbs sfo ofojùo tfp` mb trktkgfbot` of g`hfcfkrf` urhko`. Ckgbotkhcbgbotb, sb bstëo a`rgkom` hkrrf`s sfo ktrfhut`s, fodkpkdbs mb ktbombr cks obdbsfmkmbs mb uok p`hckdfôo ccbvkom` k ck fosktfsakddfôo k t`m`s sus usukrf`s. Xbspbdt` k tfp`c`jçk, uok mb sus dkrkdtbrçstfdks bs ck ibrkrqufzkdfôo y us` bxdcusfv` mb cks nkhftkdf`obs. Ubr`, °p`r quæ sb pckotbk ck bspbdfkcfzkdfôo mb c`s bspkdf`s m`gæstfd`s0 Tbjùo ^kvfbr G`otbys y Ubrb Aubrtbs bo bc kpkrtkm` –Ck kghfjóbmkm vëcfmk‗ mb su cfhr` –Dksk D`cckjb‗, dukcqufbr nkhftkdfôo sb p`mrçk uskr pkrk dukcqufbr auodfôo. °U`r quæ o` pubmbo tbobr

t`mks ;1g80 C`s rbjckgbot`s qub `hcfjko k ibrkrqufzkr c`s bspkdf`s mb ck vfvfbomk uo` rbspbdt` kc `tr` s`c` sb kiustko kc bspkdf` rbqubrfm` p`r uok akgfcfk trkmfdf`okc bo uo pbrç`m` mb su vfmk,  pbr` sb d`rrbsp`omb d`rrbsp`omb dk dkmk mk vbz gbo`s k ck nbtbr`jæo nbtbr`jæobk bk dcksb mb vçoduc`s qub qub sb bstkhcbdbo bstkhcbdbo botrb

;86

 

c`s oubv`s usukrf`s. Bs obdbskrfk kqubcck fombtbrgfokdfôo fombtbrgfokdfôo mb us` mb c`s bspkdf`s fotbrf`rbs qub d`otrfhuyk k cks rbckdf`obs mb fjukcmkm y o` ibrërqufdks botrb sus nkhftkotbs. Kmbgës, sb rbqufbrbo bspkdf`s mb trkhki` d`g` ckvkombrçk ` bspkdf` pkrk bc gkotbofgfbot` mb ck vfvfbomk, y yk o` s`c` ck d`dfok kfsckmk. D`o ck fod`rp`rkdfôo mb cks oubvks a`rgks mb trkhki`, tkghfæo sb nkdbo obdbskrf`s bspkdf`s pr`mudtfv`s d`g` `afdfok ` mbspkdn` mbotr` mb ck gfsgk vfvfbomk, qub pubmbo sbr pckotbkm`s d`g` nkhftkdf`obs fombafofmks, y sbr uskmks d`g` m`rgft`rf` ` bstkr `, mb sbr rbqubrfmks, d`g` mbspkdn`. Ksfgfsg`, c`s kut`rbs ccbvko bstb tbgk nkdfk kqubcc`s bspkdf`s, d`g` c`s pksfcc`s y rbdfhfm`rbs, r bdfhfm`rbs, qub rbsuctko gudn` gës d`ovbofbotbs sf sb mfsbûko d`g` uok pfbzk d`gùo qub pbrgftk `tr`s us`s kpkrtb mb dfrduckr. Tfo bghkrj`, bo cks tfp`c`jçks kokcfzkmks bst` tkgp`d` bs p`sfhcb yk qub sb mfsp`ob mb ck gbmfmk gçofgk mb dfrduckdfôo d`g` pksfcc` y sb usk, bstrfdtkgbotb, d`g` uo cujkr mb pks`.

Tbjùo X`hbrt Qboturf bo su cfhr` –D`gpcbifmkm y   d`otrkmfddfôo bo ck krquftbdturk‗, cks

nkhftkdf`obs d`o us`s jboærfd`s bo cujkr mb bspbdçafd`s ` c`s gubhcbs gôvfcbs bo cujkr mb tkhfqubs gôvfcbs pr`g`vçko uok acbxfhfcfmkm pbrdbptfvk bo cujkr mb uok acbxfhfcfmkm açsfdk. O` bxfstb uo p`r quæ dfbrt`s bspkdf`s mb ck vfvfbomk bstëo d`ombokm`s k sbr pbqubû`s y `sdur`s, d`ovfrtfæom`sb bo cujkrbs mb bvftkr. Ck kpkrfdfôo mb nkhftkdf`obs qub sfrvko pkrk mfstfot`s us`s  pubmb sbr uo dkgfo` gë gëss vfkhcb y uuoo g`m` mfstfot` mb botbombr ck acbxfhfcfmkm. Xkrkgbotb, bstk  pkckhrk bs botbomfmk botbomfmk y ks`dfkmk k kcj` gôvfc, sfo bghkrj`, sb rbafbrb k uok gky`r vkrfbmkm vkrfbmkm mb us`s y vbrsktfcfmkm mbc bspkdf`. Bo d`otrkp`sfdfôo, cks tfp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo Dnfdcky` o` d`odfhbo ck acbxfhfcfmkm ac bxfhfcfmkm bo su mfsbû`. Tb trktk mb gur`s mb kchkûfcbrçk, t`m`s d`obdtkm`s y o` sbpkrkm`s bo s`p`rtb y rbccbo` d`g` c` rbd`gfbomk I`no Nkhrklbo, qub o` pbrgftbo ofojuok g`mfafdkdfôo kc fotbrf`r mb ck vfvfbomk of ofojùo dkghf` mb us` qub bc prbbstkhcbdfm` p`r bc pr`ybdtfstk. Bo babdt`, bc usukrf` o` bcfjb su vfvfbomk9 æstk bs mfsbûkmk p`r uok pbrs`ok kibok, p`r c` qub cks fotbrvbodf`obs kc fotbrf`r mbhbo sbr p`sfhcbs mb uok gkobrk rëpfmk y mb hki` d`st`, yk qub s`o cks qub pbrs`okcfzko y kiustko bc bspkdf` k sus obdbsfmkmbs obdbsfmkmbs.. Kcbxkombr Lcbfo mbskrr`cck uok fovbstfjkdfôo s`hrb vfvfbomk gçofgk, cckgkmk –bxfstboz gçofgug‗, ck dukc aub fospfrkm`r mbc FF DFKG ccbvkm` k dkh` bo ;686. V bs

qub Bur`pk skcçk y

sb rbp`oçk mb uok jubrrk, p`r c` qub d`ostrufr bc gky`r oùgbr` mb vfvfbomks d`o bc gbo`r jkst`, sb v`cvfô bc `hibtfv` prfodfpkc. Lcbfo bvkcuô cks supbrafdfbs obdbskrfks pkrk vfvfr  — sfo sfo mbikr mb ;45

 

ckm` ck dkcfmkm mbc bspkdf` nkhftkhcb- y bstb bstumf` sb v`cvfô uok hksb s`hrb ck dukc mfsbûkr vfvfbomks mbsmb bsb g`gbot`. O` `hstkotb, bo pcbo` sfjc` ^^F bstk supbrafdfb yk bs mbafdfbotb. C`s dks`s bstumfkm`s, gudnks vbdbs, o` prbsbotko of sfqufbrk bstks mfgbosf`obs gçofgks y o` bs p`sfhcb nkhftkrcks mfjok y dôg`mkgbotb. Kdtukcgbotb, bs p`sfhcb y obdbskrf` o bdbskrf` mbskrr`cckr gës mb uok kdtfvfmkm bo bc gfsg` bspkdf` p`r c` qub ck acbxfhfcfmkm bo qub nkdb nfodkpfæ Qboturf bs gës qub obdbskrfk bo bstk dæcuck mb ck s`dfbmkm. Afokcgbotb, sb pubmb mbdfr qub bs prb`dupkotb y rbtrôjrkmk ck sftukdfôo mb ck vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`. °Dkotfmkm ` dukcfmkm0 Bo kgh`s sbotfm`s. Mæafdft dukotftktfv` bxfstb,  pbr` gës ckgbotkhcb bs qub nkyk d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`okcbs d`ostrufm`s d`ostrufm`s d`o tkotks mbafdfbodfks auodf`okcbs y urhkoks. Bst` sudbmb p`rqub bc usukrf` bs bc jrko `cvfmkm` mb ck krquftbdturk rbsfmbodfkc, dukom` mbhbrçk sbr ck pfbzk auomkgbotkc a uomkgbotkc mbc pr`dbs` mb mfsbû`. Ck pckofafdkdfôo mb cks vfvfbomks mbhbrçk sbr uo pr`dbs` sfgfckr k ck pckofafdkdfôo urhkoçstfdk. Mbhbrçk `t`rjkrsb k

cks vfvfbomks bc mbrbdn` mb dkghfkr y trkosa`rgkrsb, mb sbr pckofafdkmks bo bc tfbgp` kc fjukc

qub ck dfumkm.

;4;

 

=.=. @HIB]FQ@ BTUBDÇAFD@ Oµ 5=9 Bckh`rkr bstrktbjfks pr`ybdtukcbs kpcfdkmks bo ck  pr`pubstk mb oubvks tfp`c`j tfp`c`jçks çks mb vfvfbomk d`cbdtfvk bo ck dfumkm mb Dnfdcky`. Dnfdcky`. Xbsuctkm`s y Mfsdusfôo RHFDKDFÔO

Drftbrf`s mb sbcbddfôo Ukrk ck bcbddfôo mbc tbrrbo` bs obdbskrf` qub bc ërbk sbcbddf`okmk dugpck d`o c`s rbqufsft`s  hësfd`s mb bgpckzkgfbot`. C` C`ss drftbrf`s mb sbcbd sbcbddfôo dfôo s`o c`s sfj sfjufbotbs9 ufbotbs9 -  Tftukdfôo urhkok9 Bc tbrrbo` mbhb d`otkr d`o uo aëdfc kddbs`, tkot` pbkt`okc d`g` vbnfduckr, kmbgës mb bstkr d`obdtkm` d`o vçks p`r m`omb dfrducb bc trkosp`rtb pùhcfd` mb ck dfumkm. Bxdbcbotb (= pt`s.)9 Mb aëdfc kddbs`, tkot` pbkt`okc d`g` vbnfduckr, kmbgës mb bstkr d`obdtkm` k vçks prfodfpkcbs y sbduomkrfks mb ck dfumkm.

Hubok (4 pt`s.)9 Mb aëdfc kddbs`, pbr` o` d`obdtkm` k cks vçks prfodfpkcbs y sbduomkrfks mb ck dfumkm. Xbjuckr (8 pt`s.)9 Mb mfaçdfc kddbs`, pbr` sf d`obdtkm` k uok vçk prfodfpkc. Gkck (; pt`.)9 Mb mfaçdfc kddbs` y o` d`obdtkm` k cks vçks prfodfpkcbs y sbduomkrfks mb ck dfumkm. -  Rs` mb subc`9  Tbjùo bc XOB y bc UMR, bxfstbo z`oks kptks pkrk ck `dupkdfôo rbsfmbodfkc, ksfgfsg` sb bspbdfafdko su rbspbdtfvk mbosfmkm p`r z`ok. Bxdbcbotb (= pt`s.)9 Y`ok kptk pkrk ck `dupkdfôo rbsfmbodfkc y bo tbifm` nfstôrfd`. Hubok (4 pt`s.)9 Y`ok kptk pkrk ck c k `dupkdfôo rbsfmbodfkc y mbotr` mbc ërbk urhkok. Xbjuckr (8 pt`s.)9 Y`ok kptk pkrk ck `dupkdfôo rbsfmbodfkc y bo z`ok mb bxpkosfôo. Gkck (; pt`.)9 Y`ok o` kptk pkrk ck `dupkdfôo rbsfmbodfkc. -  Qkc`rbs mb pr`xfgfmkm9 Bs mbdfr, qub sbk p`sfhcb rbkcfzkr bc gëxfg` mb kdtfvfmkmbs d`tfmfkoks mbsmb ck vfvfbomk, bo mfstkodfks k rbd`rrfhcbs k pfb y qub bst`s trkybdt`s sbko kdtfv`s y ùtfcbs. Bxdbcbotb (= pt`s.)9 ]brrbo` d`o bqufpkgfbot`s k ;55 g. ` gbo`s. Hubok (4 pt`s.)9 ]brrbo` d`o bqufpkgfbot`s k 455 g. Xbjuckr (8 pt`s.)9 ]brrbo` d`o bqufpkgfbot`s k 155 g. Gkck (; pt`.)9 Y`ok sfo bqufpkgfbot`s. -  Qucobrkhfcfmkm p`r fouomkdf`obs9  Tbjùo bc UMR, bxfstbo z`oks d`o rfbsj` kct`, g`mbrkm` y hki` kotb fouomkdf`obs. Bst` bs uo akdt`r auomkgbotkc, yk qub gudnks

;48

 

vfvfbomks bo c`s d`oiuot`s nkhftkdf`obs bxfstbotbs qubmkr`o fonkhftkhcbs, trks bc ùctfg` Aboôgbo` mbc Ofû`. Bxdbcbotb (= pt`s.)9 Y`ok d`o rfbsj` ouc`. -  Hubok (4 pt`s.)9 Y`ok d`o rfbsj` hki`. Xbjuckr (8 pt`s.)9 Y`ok d`o rfbsj` g`mbrkm`. Gkck (; pt`.)9 Y`ok d`o rfbsj` kct`. K d`otfoukdfôo, ck tkhck mb puotukdfôo sbjùo c`s drftbrf`s mb sbcbddfôo mbc tbrrbo`, m`omb dkmk drftbrf` tfbob uo vkc`r gëxfg` mb = puot`s y ccbjkom` k uo puotkib t`tkc mb ;1 puot`s. Bc tbrrbo` qub `htbojk ck puotukdfôo gës dbrdkok k ;1, sbrë bc fmôob` pkrk bc mbskrr`cc` mbc pr`ybdt`. Drftbrf` Tftukdfôo urhkok

Uuotukdfôo gëxfgk =

Rs` mb subc` Qkc`rbs mb pr`xfgfmkm Qucobrkhfcfmkm p`r fouomkdf`obs ]@]KC

= = = ;1

]khck 19 Drftbrf`s mb sbcbddfôo mbc tbrrbo`. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;44

 

Bo bc sfjufbotb pcko` mb ck dfumkm, sb kprbdfk ck pr`pubstk mb c`s tbrrbo`s tbotktfv`s pkrk ck uhfdkdfôo mbc pr`ybdt`9

Bcbddfôo mbc tbrrbo` ]rks kpcfdkr ck tkhck mb drftbrf`s mb sbcbddfôo k c`s 4 pr`hkhcbs tbrrbo`s, qubmkr`o cks  puotukdf`obs d`g` sfjub9 Drftbrf` Tftukdfôo urhkok Rs` mb subc` Qkc`rbs mb pr`xfgfmkm Qucobrkhfcfmkm p`r fouomkdf`obs ]@]KC

Uuotukdfôo ]brrbo` ; gëxfgk = = 8 = ; = 8 = 6 ;1

]brrbo` 8

]brrbo` 4

= = = 8 ;=

= 4 4 8 ;8

]khck :9 Drftbrf`s mb sbcbddfôo kpcfdkm`s k p`sfhcbs tbrrbo`s. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk ;4=

 

-  ]brrbo` 5;9  Tftukdfôo urhkok9 Mb aëdfc kddbs` y d`obdtkm` k vçks  prfodfpkcbs y sbduomkrfks. sbduomkrfks. Rs` mb subc`9 Bo z`ok kptk pkrk ck `dupkdfôo rbsfmbodfkc y bo z`ok mb bxpkosfôo. Qkc`rbs mb pr`xfgfmkm9 Y`ok sfo bqufpkgfbot`s. Qucobrkhfcfmkm9 Y`ok d`o rfbsj` g`mbrkm`.

-  ]brrbo` 589  Tftukdfôo urhkok9 Mb aëdfc kddbs` y d`obdtkm` k vçks

 prfodfpkcbs y sbduomkrfks. sbduomkrfks. Rs` mb subc`9 Bo z`ok kptk pkrk ck `dupkdfôo rbsfmbodfkc y bo tbifm` nfstôrfd`. Qkc`rbs mb pr`xfgfmkm9 Y`ok d`o bqufpkgfbot`s k ;55 g ` gbo`s. Qucobrkhfcfmkm9 Y`ok d`o rfbsj` g`mbrkm`. Bc tbrrbo` bcbjfm` aub bc Oµ 58, mbhfm` k qub dugpcb d`o ck gky`rçk mb pkrëgbtr`s bstkhcbdfm`s y `htbofbom` uok puotukdfôo mb ;=. -  ]brrbo` 549  Tftukdfôo urhkok9 Mb aëdfc kddbs` y d`obdtkm` k vçks  prfodfpkcbs y sbduomkrfks. sbduomkrfks. Rs` mb subc`9 Bo z`ok kptk pkrk ck `dupkdfôo rbsfmbodfkc y bo mbotr` mbc ërbk urhkok. Qkc`rbs mb pr`xfgfmkm9 Y`ok d`o bqufpkgfbot`s k 455g. Qucobrkhfcfmkm9 Y`ok d`o rfbsj` g`mbrkm`.

;42

 

KOËCFTFT MBC BT]KM@ KD]RKC Bc tbrrbo` bcbjfm` bs pkrtb mbc tbifm` nfstôrfd` mb ck dfumkm y sb uhfdk bo ck fotbrsbddfôo mb ck dkccb Tko I`sæ y ck dkccb D`côo, arbotb kc Ukrqub Urfodfpkc mb ck dfumkm. Dubotk d`o m`s aarbotbs, rbotbs, uo` nkdfk ck dkccb Tko I`sæ y `tr` nkdfk ck dkccb Qfdbotb mb ck Qbjk, y d`o uo ërbk t`tkc mb 4822.=5 g8. Bc tbrrbo` dubotk d`o uok prbbxfstbodfk fgp`rtkotb pkrk ck dfumkm9 Bc D`ovbot` Tkotk Gkrçk. Bstb D`ovbot` Arkodfsdko` mktk mbc kû` ;2>2 y aub ck prfgbrk bmfafdkdfôo bo Dnfdcky`, p`r c` qub su vkc`r d`g` g`ougbot` nfstôrfd` bs fodkcduckhcb. Kdtukcgbotb, bc c`dkc mbc Bx D`ovbot`  pbrtbobdb kc D`cbj D`cbjf` f` Tko I`sæ yy,, d`o bc pk pks` s` mmbb c`s kû`s, bc mbsdufm` mbsdufm` y ck akctk mb gkotbofgfbot` gkotbofgfbot` nko d`hrkm` uo prbdf` prbdf` kct`, k tkc puot` mb bod`otrkrsb bo pbcfjr` mb d` d`ckps`. ckps`. (Jrkus, 85;2 pëj. :4) Bc g`ougbot` nk suarfm` vkrfks gutfckdf`obs k rkçz mb aboôgbo`s dcfgëtfd`s d`g` Bc Ofû`, sfo nkhbr sfm` rbstkurkm` bo bc g`gbot` kmbdukm`. Kcjuo`s trkhki`s mb kpuotkckgfbot` y

bstkhfcfzkdfôo sb nko ccbvkm` k dkh`, s`hrb t`m` bo c`s krd`s mb ck akdnkmk prfodfpkc, sfo bghkrj` su bstkm` sfjub sfbom` drçtfd`. Bc pr`ybdt` sb bmfafdkrë d`otfju` kc Bx D`ovbot`, bo uo ërbk mb ;284.;5 g8, d`o arbotb mfrbdt` nkdfk ck dkccb Qfdbotb mb ck Qbjk.

 Fgkjbo ;5:9 Ucko` mbc bstkm` kdtukc mbc Bx D`ovbot` Tkotk Gkrçk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;41

 

 Fgkjbo ;5>9 Qfstk kærbk mbc Bx D`ovbot` Tkotk Gkrçk.  Aubotb9 Krq. Gkrf` Tbdcæo

 Fgkjbo ;569 Qfstk mbc pktf` dbotrkc mbc Bx D`ovbot` Tkotk Gkrçk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

 Fgkjbo ;;59 Qfstk mbc dckustr` mbc Bx D`ovbot` Tkotk  Gkrçk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;4:

 

UX@URBT]K KX[RF]BD]ÔOFDK

Mbsdrfpdfôo mbc pr`ybdt` Dnfdcky` dubotk d`o uo mæafdft nkhftkdf`okc, o` s`c` bo dkotfmkm sfo` bo dkcfmkm. ]rks bc d`ostkotb kugbot` mbc prbdf` p`r g8 mb bspkdf` nkhftkhcb y ck tfp`c`jçk rbtr`jrkmk qub `arbdbo k dkghf`, mbafoftfvkgbotb sb obdbsftko oubvks kctbroktfvks. Ksç surjb bstb oubv` pr`ybdt` rbsfmbodfkc- s`df`ducturkc p`r y pkrk ck d`guofmkm, bo uok z`ok  p`tbodfkc mb ck dfumkm y qub kùo o` nk sfm` kpr`vbdnkmk. kpr`vbdnkmk. Bc dbotr` mb Dnfdcky` sb prbsbotk d`g` uo bxtrkdt` mb ck dfumkm kdtfv`, pbr` s`c` murkotb bc mçk. Kchbrjk mfabrbotbs tfp`s mb d`gbrdf`, sfbom` bc us` rbsfmbodfkc gbo`r y cfgftëom`sb k vfvfbomks uofakgfcfkrbs, gudnks mb cks dukcbs sb bodubotrko bo pæsfg` bstkm` mb d`osbrvkdfôo. Tfo bghkrj`, y kuoqub pkrbdfbrk fcôjfd`, bc nbdn` mb qub bc dbotr` mb ck dfumkm sb bodubotrb skturkm` mb d`gbrdf` d`gbrdf` ktbotk d`otrk

ck d`guofmkm, yk qub kotbs mb cks ;5 k.g. y mbspuæs mb cks > p.g. bc sbdt`r sb d`ovfbrtb bo uo cujkr s`cftkrf` y nkstk pbcfjr`s`. Bs ksç, d`g` bc pr`ybdt` sb fosbrtk bo bc tbifm` nfstôrfd` mb ck dfumkm, d`g` uok bstrktbjfk mb rbkdtfvkr bc dbotr` mb Dnfdcky` mb gkobrk d`ostkotb murkotb bc mçk. Kmbgës, sb mbdfmfô bgpckzkr bc bmfafdf` bo bc tbrrbo` mb uo fgp`rtkotb g`ougbot` nfstôrfd`, bc bx D`ovbot` Tkotk Gkrçk, y d`otfju` k æstb d`g` uok a`rgk a `rgk mb `t`rjkrcb uok sbjuomk vfmk ùtfc kc bx D`ovbot` Arkodfsdko`. Xbutfcfzkr bspkdf`s `hs`cbt`s mbotr` mb ck dfumkm bs pkrtb mb c`s `hibtfv`s mb ck vfvfbomk d`otbgp`rëobk. Vk qub o` sb trktk s`c` mb uo bmfafdf` mb vfvfbomks, sfo` qub tkghfæo kchbrjk us`s pkrk ck d`guofmkm y pkrk rba`rzkr ck fmbotfmkm ducturkc dnfdckykok k trkvæs mbc bx D`ovbot`, sb husdk d`gpkrtfr bst`s bspkdf`s d`o bc rbst` mb ck dfumkm, bxprbskom` ck rfqubzk mb ck vfmk d`guoftkrfk fotbrf`r. U`r bcc`, sb jbobrko trbs kddbs`s9 m`s p`r ck dkccb Qfdbotb mb ck Qbjk — uo` uo` mfrbdtkgbotb nkdfk ck rbsfmbodfk y bc `tr` pkrk c`s us`s d`guoftkrf`s mbc prfgbr ofvbc- y uo` p`r ck dkccb Tko I`sæ, ktrkvbskom` bc g`ougbot` sb ccbjk nkstk bc bmfafdf` pr`pubst` y sb kddbmb k c`s us`s ducturkcbs, qub kp`yko ck pubstk bo vkc`r mbc gfsg`. Ukrtfbom` mb us`s hësfd`s d`gpcbgbotkrf`s k ck kdtfvfmkm rbsfmbodfkc, sb bxtrkb uo pr`jrkgk mb bspkdf`s d`guoftkrf`s y ducturkcbs. Bst`s s`o mfstrfhufm`s bo bc prfgbr ofvbc y bo ck gftkm mbc sbjuom` y tbrdbr ofvbc. Bc pr`ybdt` husdk qub c`s bspkdf`s d`guoftkrf`s, ducturkcbs y cks dfrduckdf`obs a`gbotbo cks rbckdf`obs botrb vbdfo`s — tkot` tkot` mbc bmfafdf` d`g` mb ck dfumkm-, c`s c `s bodubotr`s bsp`otëob`s bsp`otëob`s y cks kdtfvfmkmbs bo t`m` bc bmfafdf`, murkotb t`m` bc mçk. ;4>

 

Ck duhfbrtk, t`tkcgbotb kddbsfhcb, sb botfbomb d`g` bc bspkdf` bxtbrf`r pkrk c`s vbdfo`s mbc bmfafdf`, d`o bspkdf`s mb s`ghrk y rbdrb`. Tb trktk mb uo bspkdf` khfbrt`, vbotfckm` y s`cbkm`, fotbotkom` mfjofafdkr bstb bspkdf`, k gboum` gfofgfzkm` y mbstfokm` s`c` k fostkckdf`obs, botbomfæom`c`ss d`g` bspkdf`s mb s`dfkcfzkdfôo y rbp`s`. botbomfæom`c` Cks vfvfbomks sb uhfdko mbc sbjuom` kc sbxt` ofvbc. Bo t`tkc, bc bmfafdf` dubotk d`o 8> vfvfbomks mfstrfhufmks bo = tfp`c`jçks d`o sus rbspbdtfvks vkrfkdf`obs. Cks vfvfbomks qub sb mfsp`obo d`otfjuks, mb sbr obdbskrf` p`r bxfjbodfks mb c`s usukrf`s, pubmbo d`ovbrtfrsb bo uok s`ck vfvfbomk jrkdfks k c`s tkhfqubs prbakhrfdkm`s qub mfvfmbo c`s bspkdf`s. Bstk jbstfôo pbrgftb uok acbxfhfcfmkm rbkc mbc d`oiuot`, pubs d`o tko s`c` d`o uok `hrk gçofgk sb bibdutk uok pkrtfdfôo ` kgpcfkdfôo mbc bspkdf` nkhftkhcb. Afokcgbotb, bc pr`ybdt` sb prbsbotk d`g` uok kctbroktfvk aubrk mb c` d`gùo, qub husdk d`otrfhufr d`o sus vfvfbomks y bspkdf`s s`df`ducturkcbs k ck dfumkm. Bstb –d`oiuot`

guctfauodf`okc‗ kûkmb vfmk kc bot`ro` urhko`, d`gpckdfbom` bc mbsb` d`cbdtfv` p`r ck pbqubûk pbqubûk

bsdkck y p`tbodfkom` bc vbrmkmbr` d`otkdt` s`dfkc botrb c`s dfumkmko`s.

;46

 

Bstrktbjfks

;=5

 

Gkstbr Ucko Ck pr`pubstk krquftbdtôofdk d`ostk mb 4 hc`qubs mb duktr`, dfod` y sbfs ofvbcbs, bgpckzkm`s mb kdubrm` kc bot`ro`. Ksfgfsg`, cbi`s mb dbrrkrsb, pbrgftb ck pbobtrkdfôo bo ck gkozkok tkot` mbsmb ck dkccb Qfdbotb mb ck Qbjk d`g` mbsmb ck dkccb Tko I`sæ, kdtukom` d`g` obx` mb uofôo bo ck trkgk urhkok mbc dbotr` mb ck dfumkm.

 Fgkjbo ;;;9 Gkstbr Ucko. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

 Fgkjbo ;;89 Fs`gætrfd` mbc pr`ybdt`. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;=;

 

Ur`jrkgk krquftbdtôofd`

;=8

 

]fp`c`jçks mb vfvfbomk -  ]fp`c`jçk K;

Ërbk9 45 g8 Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, ; hkû`, ; bstkr, ; ërbk mb mbsdkos`

Qkrfkdf`obs9 O` prbsbotk Drbdfgfbot`9 ; p`sfhfcfmkm   Kc bstkr uofmks m`s vfvfbomks K;, pubmbo d`ovbrtfrsb bo uok9



(;) Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, ; ckvkombrçk, 8 hkû`s, ; skck d`gbm`r, 8 m`rgft`rf`s (` ; m`rgft`rf` y ; bstumf`)

;=4

 

-  ]fp`c`jçk K8

Ërbk9 41 g8 Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, ; hkû`, ; bstkr, ; ërbk mb mbsdkos` Qkrfkdf`obs9 O` prbsbotk

Drbdfgfbot`9 ; p`sfhfcfmkm   Kc bstkr uofmks m`s vfvfbomks K8, pubmbo d`ovbrtfrsb bo uok9



(;) Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, 8 hkû`s, ; ckvkombrçk, ; bstkr, 4 m`rgft`rf`s (` ( ` 8 m`rgft`rf`s y ; bstumf`)

;==

 

-  ]fp`c`jçk H;

Ërbk9 2= g8 Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, ; hkû`, ; skck d`gbm`r, ; m`rgft`rf` Qkrfkdf`obs9 ; p`sfhfcfmkm

(;)  Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, ; hkû`, ; skck d`gbm`r, 8 m`rgft`rf`s (` ; m`rgft`rf` y ; bstumf`)

;=2

 

Drbdfgfbot`9 4 p`sfhfcfmkmbs   Kc bstkr uofmks m`s vfvfbomks H;, pubmbo d`ovbrtfrsb bo uok9



(;) Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, ; ckvkombrçk, 8 hkû`s, ; skck d`gbm`r, 4 m`rgft`rf`s (` 8 m`rgft`rf`s y ; bstumf`)

;=1

 

(8)

Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, ; ckvkombrçk, 8 hkû`s, ; skck d`gbm`r, d`gbm`r, = m`rgft`rf`s (` 4 m`rgft`rf`s y ; bstumf`)

(4) Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, ; ckvkombrçk, ; hkû`, ; skck d`gbm`r, 4 m`rgft`rf`s, ; bstumf` d`o kddbs` fombpbomfbotb

;=:

 

-  ]fp`c`jçk H8

Ërbk9 2= g8 Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, 8 hkû`s, ; bstkr, ; m`rgft`rf` Qkrfkdf`obs9 O` prbsbotk Drbdfgfbot`9 O` prbsbotk

;=>

 

-  ]fp`c`jçk D

Ërbk9 :8 g8 Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, ; hkû`, ; skck d`gbm`r, 8 m`rgft`rf`s (` ; m`rgft`rf` y ; bstumf`) Qkrfkdf`obs9 ; p`sfhfcfmkm

(;) Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, ; hkû`, ; skck d`gbm`r, 4 m`rgft`rf`s (` 8 m`rgft`rf`s y ; bstumf`)

Drbdfgfbot`9 O` prbsbotk ;=6

 

-  ]fp`c`jçk M

Ërbk9 65 g8 Ur`jrkgk9  ; lftdnbo, 8 hkû`s, ; skck d`gbm`r, = m`rgft`rf`s (` 4 m`rgft`rf`s y ; bstumf`)

;25

 

Qkrfkdf`obs9 8 p`sfhfcfmkmbs

(;)  Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, 8 hkû`s, ; skck d`gbm`r, 2 m`rgft`rf`s (` = m`rgft`rf`s y ; bstumf`)

(8) Ur`jrkgk9 ; lftdnbo, 8 hkû`s, ; skck d`gbm`r, 4 m`rgft`rf`s, ; bstumf`

Drbdfgfbot`9 O` prbsbotk

;2;

 

Bspbdfafdkdf`obs tædofdks -  Dfgbotkdfôo A`rgkmk p`r uok c`sk mb dfgbotkdfôo rbtfduckr mb d`odrbt` krgkm` a‖d7 8 ;5 lj/dg8, k ;.12 g d`odrbt ` krgkm` a‖d7 8;5 lj/dg8, mb n7 25dg. Tfo mb pr`auomfmkm y vfjks mb dfgbotkdfôo mb d`odrbt`

rbqubrfgfbot` mb pbrgbkhfcfmkm. ]kgkû` gëxfg` mbc kjrbjkm` ;8.2 gg, mb d`osfstbodfk  hckomk, prbpkrkm` prbpkrkm` bo `hrk y vvbrtfm` brtfm` gkoukcgbo gkoukcgbotb. tb. D`o krgkmurk krgkmurk mb rbpkrt` rbpkrt` a`rgkmk p`r p`r gkcck bcbdtr` s`cmkmk [-;46 dkmk 855x855 gg mb kdbr` trbafckm` d`rrujkm` KT]G k >8-6=. Tb d`osfmbrk uo s`hrbdfgfbot` krgkm` mb n7 25dg, d`g` hksb mb c`s gur`s mb kchkûfcbrçk mbc  prfgbr ofvbc.

 Fgkjbo ;;49 Mbtkccb mb dfgbotkdfôo. Aubotb9 Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;28

 

-  Ukvfgbot`s Bo bc pr`ybdt` sb d`osfmbrko duktr` tfp`s mb pkvfgbot`s9   Bo c`s bspkdf`s pùhcfd`s khfbrt`s, d`g` s`o pktf`s d`guokcbs y duhfbrtk, sb utfcfzk pfs`

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mb d`odrbt` d`o kdkhkm` mb dbgbot` pucfm` (b7 8dg).   Bo c`s bspkdf`s d`guoftkrf`s y ducturkcbs, sb utfcfzk pfs` ac`tkotb mb gkmbrk mb d`c`r

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 pfo` skdrkgbot` skdrkgbot` (b7 ;.2dg). D`o D`o bbcc gfsg` kdkhkm` sb a`rgk bc bc d`otrkzôdkc` d`otrkzôdkc` (n7 ;5dg) k c` ckrj` mb t`m` bc gur`. Cks cëgfoks mb gkmbrk sb d`c`dko d`o uo pbjkgbot` kmnbsfv` sfo s`cvbotb.   ]kot` bo cks vfvfbomks d`g` bo nkcc y rbdbpdfôo mb ck z`ok rbsfmbodfkc, sb utfcfzk pfs`

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mb gfdr`dbgbot` d`c`r g`ikvb (b7 2gg). Kotbs mb ck dkpk afokc, sb kpcfdkrë uok prfgbrk dkpk mb gfdr`dbgbot` bo d`c`r hckod` ` jrfs, y p`stbrf`rgbotb ck mbc d`c`r bcbjfm`. Tb afokcfzk d`o uo sbcckm`r pkrk pr`tbjbr k ck supbrafdfb mb j`cpbs y nkdbrck fgpbrgbkhcb.

  Bo hkû`s, d`dfoks y ckvkombrçks, tkot` mb ck z`ok d`guoftkrfk d`g` mb ck z`ok

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rbsfmbodfkc, sb utfcfzk pfs` mb dbrëgfd` 45x45 dg d`c`r gkrafc (b7 ;dg). D`o bc gfsg` kdkhkm` sb a`rgk bc zôdkc` (hkû`s n7 ;.>5g y d`dfoks- ckvkombrçks n7 ;.85g) k c` ckrj` mb t`m` bc gur`. Bc dbrëgfd` sb kmnfbrb kc gur` mb kchkûfcbrçk d`o uo pbjkgbot` acbxfhcb bspbdfkc.

 Fgkjbo ;;=9 Mbtkccb mb pfs` ac`tkotb mb gkmbrk y mb pfs` mb dbrëgfd` 45x45 dg. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;24

 

-  Dbrrkgfbot`s Bo bc pr`ybdt` sb mfstfojubo duktr` tfp`s mb dbrrkgfbot`s9   Bo cks akdnkmks, z`oks nùgbmks y bsdkcbrks, sb utfcfzk gur`s mb kchkûfcbrçk mb s`jk (b7



;2dg), bo hksb k ckmrfcc` tfp` FQ mb 8=x;4x6 dg. Tb d`osfmbrk ck iuotk mb g`rtbr` dbgbot`- krbok ;92 (b7 ;dg).   Kc fotbrf`r mb cks vfvfbomks, c`s tkhfqubs qub mfvfmbo c`s kghfbotbs s`o pckdks mb r`dk



mb ybs` (sfstbgk Mrywkcc), aëdfcbs mb g`otkr y mbsg`otkr bo bc g`gbot` qub bc usukrf` c` rbqufbrk (b7 ;5dg). Bstks pckdks sb kt`rofccko s`hrb pkrkotbs mb kdbr` jkcvkofzkm` sbpkrkm`ss =5dg uo` mbc `tr`, y bst`s s`hrb ck c`sk pkrk su p`stbrf`r afi sbpkrkm` afikdfôo. kdfôo.   Bo vko`s, sb utfcfzk drfstkc tbgpckm` trkscùdfm` (b7 ;dg) afikm` s`hrb dkrpfotbrçk d`o



kduûkm` gbmfkotb gbmfkotb dkcz`s mb kp`y` pbrfgbtrkcbs y cktbrkcbs, sbcckm` bo arç` d`o sfcfd`ok sfotætfdk fod`c`rk.

  Afokcgbotb, d`g` uok sbjuomk bov`cvbotb mbc bmfafdf`, sb utfcfzk uok dbc`sçk mb gkmbrk



 pbra`rkmk. Bstë d`gp d`gpubstk ubstk mmbb pkobcbs pkobcbs fomfvfmukcbs fomfvfmukcbs d`rrbmfz`s, d`rrbmfz`s, nbdn`s nbdn`s k hksb mb cfst`obs mb gkmbrk d`rtkm`s k gbmfmk9 5.;5x;.55g. Dkmk cfstôo sb s`stfbob bo c`s bxtrbg`s k uo gkrd` mb gkmbrk nbdn` sbjùo mfsbû`.

 Fgkjbo ;;29 Mbtkccb mb gur` mb kchkûfcbrçk mb s`jk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;2=

 

 Fgkjbo ;;19 Mbtkccb mb sfstbgk Mrywkcc. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

 Fgkjbo ;;:9 Mbtkccb mb drfstkc tbgpckm` y dbc`sçk dbc`sçk mb gkmbrk pbra`rkmk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;22

 

-  Duhfbrtks Bo bc pr`ybdt` sb mfstfojubo m`s tfp`s t fp`s mb duhfbrtks9   ]`m`s c`s ofvbcbs dubotko d`o c`sk kcfjbrkmk mb d`odrbt` krgkm`, bo hksb k pfbmrk



dnkodkmk, krbok jrubsk, kjuk, rba`rzkm` d`o vkrfccks mb kdbr` y, pkrk kcfjbrkr su pbs`, sb c` d`c`dko ckmrfcc`s nubd`s (b7 82dg)   Bo t`m`s c`s bspkdf`s mbc prfgbr ofvbc (k afo mb mfsgfoufr kcturk), ksç d`g` bo c`s



bspkdf`s qub c` rbqufbrko (bo c`s ofvbcbs supbrf`rbs), sb utfcfzk akcs` dfbc` rks`, bo hksb k hkcm`sks d`cjkotbs kdùstfdks khs`rhbotbs/ rbacbikotbs mb 15x15 dg.   Bo bc Bx D`ovbot`, sb pr`tbjb pr`tbjbrë rë bc dckustr` mb ck fotbgpbrfb d`o uok duhfbrtk duhfbrtk mb gkmbrk



 pbra`rkmk, mfspubstk k mfabrbotbs ofvbcbs pkrk sugkrcb kcturk d`o rbspbdt` kc oubv` bmfafdf`.

 Fgkjbo ;;>9 Mbtkccb mb c`sk kcfjbrkmk y akcs` dfbc` rks`. Aubotb9 Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;21

 

 Fgkjbo ;;69 Bsqubgk duhfbrtk mbc dckustr` mbc Bx D`ovbot`. Aubotb9 Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

-  Dkrpfotbrçk Cks pubrtks uskmks bo bc oubv` bmfafdf` s`o9

  Uubrtk d`rtkaubj`s pfv`tkotb n`g`c`jkmk, mb uok n`ik (b7 14gg), mb ;.55x8.;5 g mb



cuz y kcturk mb pks`. D`o kdkhkm` ckdkm` bo d`c`r hckod`, a`rgkmk p`r m`s pckodnks mb kdbr` jkcvkofzkm` mb 5.> gg mb bspbs`r, dëgkrk fotbrgbmfk mb ckok mb r`dk mb kctk mbosfmkm y pckodnks mb dkrtôo ybs`, s`hrb gkrd` mb kdbr` jkcvkofzkm` mb ;.2 gg mb bspbs`r. Fodcuyb trbs hfskjrks (s`cmkmks kc gkrd` y kt`rofcckmks k ck n`ik), dbrrkmurk bghutfmk mb dfbrrb k uo puot`, cckvbs y gkofiks kotf bojkodnb rbsfstbotb kc aubj`.   Uubrtk mb fotbrf`rbs mb uok ` m`s n`iks (b7 4>gg), gbmfmks mb cuz vkrfkhcbs y 8.;5 g



mb kcturk mb pks`. D`o kdkhkm` ckdkm` bo d`c`r pfo`, a`rgkmk p`r m`s pckodnks mb kdbr` jkcvkofzkm` mb 5.2 gg mb bspbs`r, dëgkrk fotbrgbmfk mb p`cfurbtko`, s`hrb gkrd` mb kdbr` jkcvkofzkm` mb ;.2 gg mb bspbs`r. Fodcuyb trbs hfskjrks (s`cmkmks kc gkrd` y kt`rofcckmks k ck n`ik), dbrrkmurk bghutfmk mb dfbrrb k uo puot`, cckvbs y gkofiks.   Uubrtk mb drfstkc tbgpckm` trkscùdfm` Aurulkwk (b7 ;dg), afikm` s`hrb dkrpfotbrçk y



kodckmk k bstrudturk gbtëcfdk ` gur` mb kchkûfcbrçk, mbotr` mb pbrafc mb kcugfof` UAL Aurulkwk pkrk zôdkc` mb gkgpkrk afik.   Dkhfok pkrk mudnk bo hkû`s, mb drfstkc tbgpckm` pkv`okm` mb (b7 >gg), mb ;.15 g mb



kcturk. D`o bstrudturk mb kcugfof`, hfskjrks d`o gubccb, tfrkm`r mb kdbr` fo`xfmkhcb y t`pb mb j`gk.

;2:

 

Fgëjbobs mbc pr`ybdt`

 Fgkjbo ;859 Qfstk mbc bmfafdf` mbsmb ck dkccb Qfdbotb mb ck Qbjk. Aubotb9 Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

 Fgkjbo ;8;9 Qfstk mbc bmfafdf` mbsmb ck dkccb Tko I`sæ. Aubotb9 Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;2>

 

 Fgkjbo ;889 Qfstk mbc bx D`ovbot` Tkotk Gkrçk. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

 Fgkjbo ;849 Qfstk mb ck sbjuomk bov`cvbotb mbc bmfafdf`. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;26

 

 Fgkjbo ;8=9 Qfstk fotbrf`r tfp`c`jçk H;. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

 Fgkjbo ;829 Qfstk fotbrf`r tfp`c`jçk M. Aubotb9 Ur`pfk

;15