Tipos de Gases Refrigerantes Sintéticos y Naturales

 

Wnpls gi b`sis ridrnbir`otis snotîtnfls y o`tur`his - ridrnbir`otis nogustrn`his

Fh`sis gi ridrnbir`otis Ixnstio eufals tnpls gi b`sis ridrnbir`otis hls fu`his si us`o fleûoeioti io hls snstie`s gi ridrnbir`fnöo. Io h`s prneir`s nost`h`fnlois gi ridrnbir`fnöo si iephi`c`o plr hl bioir`h ih `elon`fl, cnöxngl gi suhdurl, prlp`ol, it`ol y fhlrurl eitàhnfl, hls fu`his `ûo si us`o io v`rn`s `phnf`fnlois. Vno iec`rbl gicngl ` qui ist`s sust`ofn`s slo töxnf`s, pihnbrls`s l tnioio tni oio f`r f`r`ft `ftirå iråstn stnf`s f`s ol gis gisi`g i`g`s, `s, a`o sng sngl l rii riieph eph`z` `z`g`s g`s plr suc sucst` st`ofn ofn`s `s fri fri`g` `g`ss ispifn`heioti p`r` us`rsi io ridrnbir`fnöo. Io tr`c`kls ` tiepir`tur`s ixtr` c`k`s l io nost`h`fnlois flo br`ogis fleprislris fiotrådubls, si us`o ridrnbir`otis ispifn`his, pirl p`r` ridrnbir`fnöo fleirfn`h y `nri `flognfnlo`gl qui utnhnz`o fleprislris rifnprlf`otis, si us`o ridrnbir`otis S-067`, S-33, S7=7@, S-9=2 y S-70=@. Eufals ridrnbir`otis io usl `ftu`heioti flotnioio, f`rclol, dhûlr, fhlrl, y io `hbuols f`sls angröbiol. H` ixfipfnöo slo ih `elon`fl y hls ADF ( Angrldhulrlf`rclols ).

SIDSNBIS@OWIV SIDSNBIS@OW IV VNOWÎWNFLV AFDF Angrlfhlrldhulrlf`rclols  

S-33 S-070c

ADF Angrldhulrlf`rclols   

S067` S7=7@ S77>@

ADL Angrldhulrllhidno`s  

S0367yd  S0367zi

 

 p`rtnr gi h` ribuh`fnöo bhlc`h gi hls FDF, si nonfnö uo` br`o f`ep`ð` gi novistnb`fnöo p`r` h` ih`clr`fnöo gi ridrnbir`otis qui pugnir`o rieph`z`r ` hls ridrnbir`otis qui duirlo vnofuh`gls flo ih gitirnlrl gi h` f`p` gi lzlol. Flel si a` eiofnlo`gl, hls AFDF duirlo h` prneir` lpfn lp fnöo öo p` p`r` r` h` h`ss pr prne neir ir`s `s it it`p `p`s `s gi su sust stntntuf ufnö nöo o gi hl hlss FD FDF, F, gi gicn cngl gl ` su `e `eph phn` n` gnsploncnhng`g, ` sus c`kls flstls y, prnofnp`heioti, ` qui tirelgnoàenf`eioti slo f`p`fis gi a`fir ih tr`c`kl gi ridrnbir`otis. H` it`p` snbunioti is h` riguffnöo y ihneno`fnöo gi AFDF, gicngl ` qui ist`s sust`ofn`s t`ecnîo gitirnlr`o h` f`p` gi lzlol. Io h` `ftu`hng`g, ixnstio eàs gi 4= ridrnbir`otis p`r` h` sustntufnöo gi hls AFDF. ]`r` ri`hnz`r h` sustntufnöo gi ridrnbir`otis is neplrt`oti flosngir`r hls snbuniotis puotls; 0. Ih ridrnbir`oti qui si utnhnz`rà p`r` hls ouivls iqunpls qui sirào e`oud`ftur`gls io ih duturl. 3. Ih ridrnbir`oti qui si iephi`rà p`r` h` sustntufnöo gi tlgls hls iqunpls nost`h`gls qui si iofuiotr`o tr`c`k`ogl `ftu`heioti flo ih AFDF-33. 6. Is Istl tlss ri ridr drnb nbir ir`o `oti tiss gi gici cio o si sirr fl flep ep`t `tnc nchi hiss fl flo o hl hlss e` e`ti tirn rn`h `his is gi hl hlss iq iqun unpl pls, s, t`his flel ih `finti, h` tucirå`, ih fleprislr, iotri ltrls. 7. H`s prlpnig`gis tirelgnoàenf`s gih b`s sustntutl gicio sir hl eàs p`rifng`s `h ridrnbir`oti qui si istà sustntuyiogl. 9. Pui hls sustntutls fueph`o flo h` ribuh`fnöo `ecniot`h, is gifnr, qui ol si`o sust`ofn`s qui g`ðio h` f`p` gi lzlol y qui su pltiofn`h gi f`hiot`eniotl bhlc`h si` ouhl l euy c`kl. Iotri hls ridrnbir`otis qui si a`o ri-surbngl istào hls ridrnbir`otis o`tur`his, flel ih gnöxngl gi f`rclol (FL3), ih `elon`fl (OA6) y hls ridrnbir`otis ` c`si gi angrlf`rcurls (AF).

Sidrnbir`otis O`tur`his Angrlf`rcurls   

S-4==` S-3>= S-770@

Gnöxngl gi F`rclol 

S-277

@elon`fl 

S-207

 

Sidrnbir`otis AFDF Hls Angrlfhlrldhulrlf`rclols (AFDF) slo h` sibuog` bioir`fnöo gi ridrnbir`otis qui istào vnbiotis `ftu`heioti. @uoqui flotnioi fhlrl qui g`ð` h` f`p` gi lzlol, hls ridrnbir`otis AFDF t`ecnîo flotnioio flotnioio angrö angröbiol, biol, qui hl a`fi quåe quåenf`ei nf`eioti oti eiols ist` ist`chi chi uo` viz qui suci ` h` `teösdir`. Vu pltiofn`h gi `blt`eniotl is euy c`kl y v`rn` gi =.==0 ` =.00. ]`r` hls p`åsis io gis`rrlhhl istà pirentngl su usl a`st` ih `ðl 3=7=. Ih S-33 is uo ikiephl gi uo ridrnbir`oti AFDF gi qui`nri si a` utnhnz`gl io tlgl ih euogl H` e`ylrå` gi hls iqunpls piquiðls `flognfnlo`gl, plr ikiephl ih plr tnpleufals viot`o``ðls. l ih Enon-Vphnt utnhnz`o ih S-33.  @ftu`heioti ` onvih bhlc`h si istà rigufniogl br`gu`heioti h` prlguffnöo gi istls ridr ri drnb nbir ir`o `oti tis, s, sl slo o ri ridr drnb nbir ir`ot `otis is qu qui i a` a`o o ti tion ongl gl uo uo` ` br br`o `o pr pris isio iofn fn` ` io ih ei eirf rf`g `gl, l, prnofnp`heioti ih S-33, sno iec`rbl hls AFDF istào io prlfisl gi ihneno`fnöo. Ih S-33 si gikö gi us`r io H` Fleuong`g Iurlpi` io ih `ðl 3=== y io hls Ist`gls Yongls io ih 3= 3=0= 0=.. Hl Hlss AF AFDF DF tntnio ioio io h` fh fh`s `sndndnf nf`f `fnö nöo o @0 @0,, ol sl slo o no nodhdh`e `e`c `chi hiss on ix ixph phls lsnv nvls ls.. Vi gisfleploio io prisiofn` gi h` hh`e` gi ouistrl slphiti g`ogl ` hub`r h` prisiofn` gi uo b`s nrrnt`oti hh`e`gl dlsbiol, eltnvl plr ih fu`h si gicio tle`r h`s ense`s prif`ufnlois. ]`r` gitift`r h`s dub`s si puigio utnhnz`r hls eîtlgls tr`gnfnlo`his flel h` ispue` gi k`cöo, hls git gitift iftlri lriss gi dub dub` ` ihi ihiftr ftröon öonfls fls,, h`s hàe hàep`r p`r`s `s uht uhtr`v r`vnlh nlhit` it`ss qui git gitift ift`o `o hls eig eignls nls flotr`st`otis dhulrisfiotis. Hls AFDF eàs us`gls io h` ridrnbir`fnöo io Eîxnfl duirlo; 



S-33 fl S-33 flel el ri ridr drnb nbir ir`o `oti ti io sn snst stie ie`s `s gi ri ridr drnb nbir ir`f `fnö nöo o y io sn snst stie ie`s `s gi `n `nri ri `flognfnlo`gl S-070c flel ispue`oti y flel `bioti gi hnepniz`

 @htiro`tnvls `h S-33

ADF Sidrnbir`otis Angrldhulrlf`rclols Hls Angrldhulrlf`rclols (ADF) si flosngir`o h` tirfir` bioir`fnöo gi b`sis ridrnbir`otis, y` qui a`o sngl fri`gls p`r` sustntunr ` hls FDF y hls AFDF. Io uo prnofnpnl a`o sngl flosngir`gls flel iflhöbnfls, plr ol g`ð`r ` h` f`p` gi lzlol `telsdîrnfl, pirl h` prisiofn` gi dhûlr io su fleplsnfnöo prlvlf` qui `h sir ientngls si fleplrtio flel uo b`s gi idiftl noviro`girl y istls flotrncuy`o `h f`hiot`eniotl bhlc`h. ]lr ist` r`zöo, tnioio qui sir sleitngls ` ristrnffnlois io fu`otl ` su usl p`r` rigufnr `h eåonel sus iensnlois. Vu ]@L is gi firl, pirl io bioir`h tnioio v`hlris gi ]FB (]ltiofn`h gi F`hiot`eniotl Bhlc`h) ihiv`gls, hl qui nephnf` uo` nodhuiofn` ihiv`g` io ih idiftl noviro`girl bhlc`h. Istl snbondnf` qui io ih duturl, tlg`s h`s nost`h`fnlois gi ridrnbir`fnöo y `nri `flognfnlo`gl ist`rào flotrlh`g`s plr ribh`eiot`fnlois rih`fnlo`g`s flo ih `ecnioti. Hls ADF, `uoqui riprisiot`o uo` dr`ffnöo piquið` gi tlgls hls b`sis gi idiftl noviro`girl, istào frifniogl ràpng`eioti io h` `teösdir`. H` iensnöo gi istls b`sis ridrnbir`otis plgrå` `ueiot`r io f`sn vinoti vifis io h`s pröxne`s tris gîf`g`s sno ol si tle`o eigng`s p`r` rigufnr su flosuel. Io Eîxnfl istào fh`sndnf`gls flel flot`ene`otis gi fhneàtnfls gi vng` flrt`, flolfngls t`ecnîo flel dlrz`glris fhneàtnfls gi vng` flrt`. Hls AFD tnioio uo nep`ftl

 

snbondnf`tnvl ` flrtl tniepl slcri ih f`ecnl fhne`tnfl y tnioio uo` vng` rih`tnv`eioti flrt` io h` `teösdir` flep`r`g` flo h` gih Cnöxngl gi F`rclol. Wnioio fh`sndnf`fnöo @0, ol slo nodh`e`chis on ixphlsnvls. Io flep`r`fnöo flo h`s nost`h`fnlois qui tr`c`k`o flo FDF, h`s nost`h`fnlois gi ridrnbir`otis gih tnpl ADF oifisnt`o gi uo 9% ` uo 6=% eiols gi ridrnbir`oti p`r` hlbr`r h`s ense`s flognfnlois gi tr`c`kl. @h ist`r flostntungls plr elhîfuh`s eufal eàs piquið`s qui h`s gi hls ridrnbir`otis `otnbuls, h`s prlc`cnhng`gis gi dub` slo eufal e`ylris. Ist` f`r`ftiråstnf` a`fi qui si gic`o `ueiot`r h`s eigng`s p`r` `sibur`r h` aireitnfng`g gi uo snstie` gi ridrnbir`fnöo ö gi `nri `flognfnlo`gl. Io Ioirl gi 3=0> iotrö io vnblr h` Ioeniog` gi Jnb`hn `h ]rltlflhl gi Elotri`h , fuyl lckitnvl is rigufnr ih usl io 1=% gi istls ridrnbir`otis, p`r` g`r p`sl `h usl gi ridrnbir`otis o`tur`his l ridrnbir`otis snotîtnfls gi c`kl pltiofn`h gi f`hiot`eniotl bhlc`h. ]`r` gitift`r h`s dub`s si puigio utnhnz`r  hls eîtlgls tr`gnfnlo`his flel h` ispue` gi k`cöo, hls gitiftlris gi dub` ihiftröonfls, h`s hàep`r`s uhtr`vnlhit`s qui gitift`o hls eignls flotr`st`otis dhulrisfiotis. Sidrnbir`otis Dhulr`gls ADF Vustntutls `h S-33   Sidrnbir`oti

Fleplsnfnöo

Vustntuyi

74.4% S039 S702@ S733@ S733G

S732@

S762@ S7=7@ S7=2@ S70=@ S70=C S7=2F S7=2D

9=% S067` 6.7% AF 19.0% S039 00.9% S067` 6.7% AF 49.0%S039 60.9%S067` 6.7% AF 39% S039 9=% S067` 0=% S076` 09% S63 0>.9%S039 21.9%S067` 3% S039 AF 77% 7% S067` 93% S076` 7=% S067` 7=% S39 3=% S63 9=% S039 9=% S63 79% S63 99% S039 36% S63 39% S039 93% S067` 7=% S067` 6=% S039

Fh`sndnf`fnöo gi Viburng`g

BR]

Wiogiofn` ` gis`p`rifir 

S33

 @0  

369=

S33

@0

606=

Q

S33

@0

326=

Q

S33

@0

016=

S33

@0

01==

S9=3 S33

 @0

621=

S33 S9=3

 @0

3===

S33

@0

3=11

S33

@0

3===

S33

@0

0227

S33 S7=7@

 @0

0137

Q

 

S767@ S9=2 S63

6=% S63 01% S076` 46.3% S039 04% S067` 3.1% S4==` 9=% S039 9=% S067`

S33

@0

6361

Q

S9=3 S33

 @0

66==

Q

Flepuistl ]url

S33

@3H

49=

Sidrnbir`otis ADL S-0367zi S-0367yd  S-0367zi (]FB 5 2) Ih S-0367zi is uo ADL hnbir`eioti nodh`e`chi, flolfngl flel angrldhulrurllhidno`. Isti ridrnb rid rnbir` ir`oti oti flo flotni tnioi oi ang angröb röbiol iol,, dhû dhûlr lr y f`r f`rclo clol. l. Vi iof iofuio uiotr` tr` io h` ens ense` e` d`e d`enhn` nhn` gi ridr ri drnb nbir ir`o `oti tiss qu qui i ih SS-03 0367 67yd yd,, qu qui i `f `ftu tu`h `hei eiot oti i si ut utnhnhnz nz` ` io hl hlss sn snst stie ie`s `s gi `n `nri ri `flognfnlo`gl gi `hbuols viaåfuhls. Is plsnchi qui io ih duturl hl vi`els io snstie`s dnkls t`ecnîo. Vu nodh`e`cnhng`g hnbir` hnent` ih t`e`ðl gi h` f`rb` ridrnbir`oti, pirl ol io h` ense` eigng` qui hls angrlf`rcurls eàs nodh`e`chis. Hls flotrlhis ihîftrnfls gih iqunpl gicio gi sir «` pruic` gi fansp`º io f`sl gi qui uo` dub` puig` risuht`r io uo` flofiotr`fnöo nodh`e nod h`e`ch `chi i io ih iot iotlro lrol l gih `p` `p`r`t r`tl l ihî ihîftr ftrnfl nfl.. H` tie tiepir pir`tu `tur` r` gi s`t s`tur` ur`fnö fnöo o ` pri prisnö snöo o `telsdîrnf` is `ht` sn si flep`r` flo ltrls ridrnbir`otis, plr hl qui duofnlo`rà io v`fål io h` zlo` gi c`k` prisnöo gih snstie` io oueirlsls usls. Is ngi`h p`r` utnhnz`rsi io tiepir`tur`s eign`s y `ht`s, flel io iodrn`glris gi `bu`. Vu f`p`fng`g gi ridrnbir`fnöo t`ecnîo is c`k` io flep`r`fnöo flo ltrls ADF, hl qui suploi qui si oifisntio gnstnotls fleprislris flo uo gisph`z`eniotl e`ylr io rih`fnöo flo ih eltlr. Ih S-0367zi ol istà euy bioir`hnz`gl su usl `ûo, pirl si istà prlc`ogl io iodrn`glris y snstie`s notibr`his. ^` istào gnsplonchis p`r` pruic`s v`rn`s eizfh`s gi S-0367zi. Wnioio eiolris tiepir`tur`s gi s`tur`fnöo, plr hl qui si plgrå`o us`r io c`k` tiepir`tur`. Io tlgls hls f`sls su ]FB istà plr iofne` gi 6==. @hbuols eizfh`s flo isti ridrnbir`oti ol slo nodh`e`chis, pirl io isi f`sl tniogio ` tioir uo ]FB e`ylr. Ih S-0367yd is uo tnpl gi ridrnb rid rnbir` ir`oti oti snenh`r snenh`r `h S-0 S-0367 367zi, zi, y si ist istà à fle fleioz ioz`og `ogl l ` utn utnhnz hnz`r `r io sns snstie tie`s `s gi `nr `nri i `flognfnlo`gl gi viaåfuhls.

Fnfhl Drnblrndnfl flo Sidrnbir`otis Nodh`e`chis Sidrnbir`otis AF ]rlp`ol S3>= Nslcut`ol S-4==` Hls rid ridrnb rnbir` ir`oti otiss nod nodh`e h`e`ch `chis is pir pirtio tioifi ifio o ` `h bru brupl pl gi hls rid ridrnb rnbir` ir`oti otiss o`t o`tur` ur`his his,, si fleploio gi angröbiol y f`rcöo. Ol slo sust`ofn`s `blt`glr`s gi h` f`p` gi lzlol, y su pltiofn`h gi f`hiot`eniotl bhlc`h is nodirnlr ` 9. Hls ridrnbir`otis AF tnioio fh`sndnf`fnöo @6, (ridrn (ri drnbir bir`ot `otis is nod nodh`e h`e`ch `chis) is) su usl riq riquni uniri ri uo` sir sirni ni gi pri prif`u f`ufnl fnlois ois iot iotri ri h`s qui si iofuiotr` ih flolfneniotl prlduogl gih ridrnbir`oti y gih fnfhl gi ridrnbir`fnöo. A`y qui gist`f`r quiribuh`fnlois ih usl gi hls`phnf`g`s ridrnbir`otis nodh`e`chis sniepri ist`rà hnent`gl y flognfnlo`gl plr duirtis `h usl gi isti tnpl gi ridrnbir`otis. Vlo `phnf`gls io

 

snstie`s ridrnbir`fnöo `utlflotiongls io glogi h` f`rb` ol gici gi supir`r hls 9== br`els (NIF 4=669-3-1>). Hls snstie`s gi ridrnbir`fnöo (fnfhl drnblrndnfl) gicio gi ist`r gnsið`gls gi t`h e`oir` qui hls ridrnbir`otis AF quigio flodno`gls io f`sl gi dub` io ih notirnlr gih snstie`.

Sidrnbir`otis Nogustrn`his Sidrnbir`oti O`tur`h Cnöxngl gi F`rclol FL3 S-277

W`oquis gi FL3 CDV Jçhti Jhne` Wifaonj Dr`ojdurt, @hie`on`

Ih cnöxngl gi f`rclol (FL3 S-277) is ltr` gi h`s `htiro`tnv`s p`r` sustntunr ` hls ADF (angrldhul (angr ldhulrlf`rc rlf`rclols) lols) plrqui ol g`ð` h` f`p` gi lzlol lzlol,, su c`kl pltio pltiofn`h fn`h gi f`hio f`hiot`eni t`eniotl otl bhlch` y is uo ridrnbir`oti o`tur`h. Is uo dhungl nolglrl, noflhlrl y eàs pis`gl qui ih `nri. Vu ]ltiofn`h gi F`hiot`eniotl Bhlc`h (]FB) is gi uol. Hl qui snbondnf` qui isti b`s is h` ridiriofn` p`r` gitireno`r ih ]FB gi ltrls b`sis y su v`hlr gi ]ltiofn`h gi @blt`eniotl gi h` F`p` gi Lzlol (]@L) is gi firl, d`vlrifnîoglhl io ih `spiftl `ecniot`h. @uoqui ih FL3 is oifis`rnl p`r` h` vng` io h` Wnirr`, is t`ecnîo uo B`s gi Idiftl Noviro`girl (BIN). Is fh`sndnf`gl plr hls Istàog`ris 67 gi @VAS@I y ih GNO IO 621 flel tnpl @0 (ol nodh`e`chi y gi c`k` tlxnfng`g). Flel si eiofnloö `otirnlreioti, ih aifal gi sir eàs pis`gl qui ih `nri puig pu igi i ri risu suhtht`r `r pi pihnhnbr brls lsl l (i (isp spif ifn` n`he heio ioti ti io is isp` p`fn fnls ls ri rigu gufn fngl gls) s),, `h ol ti tioi oirr `r `rle le` ` `utl`h`re`oti (ol tnioi uo lhlr gitift`chi), puigi gisph`z`r `h lxåbiol a`st` håentis olfnvls p`r` h` s`hug. Ist`s f`r`ftiråstnf`s hhiv`o ` h` oifisng`g gi tioir uo` ispifn`h `tiofnöo io h` gitiffnöo gi dub`s y h` viotnh`fnöo gi ieirbiofn`. Wnioi c`k` flep`tncnhng`g quåenf` flo hls e`tirn`his fleuois y uo` cuio` slhucnhng`g flo ih hucrnf`oti plhnitnhiol bhnflh gi `hqunhiol (]B@) y ih plhnlhîstir (]LI). ]lsii uo euy c`kl flstl y istà gnsplonchi io fu`hqunir f`otng`g io tlgl ih euogl. Sidiriofn`; Cuio` Sidiriofn`; Cuio`s s ]ràft ]ràftnf`s nf`s io ih Angrlfhlrldhulrlf`rclols. VIE@SO@W.

Ysl

gi

Vust`ofn`s Vust` ofn`s

@htiro`tnv @hti ro`tnv`s `s

`

hls

 

Ih rid ridrnb rnbir` ir`oti oti S-2 S-277 77 (cn (cnöxn öxngl gl gi F`r F`rclo clol) l) pri prisio siot` t` `ht `ht`s `s pri prisnl snlois ois gi sir sirvnf vnfnl, nl, uo` tiep ti epir ir`t `tur ur` ` fr fråt åtnf nf` ` c` c`k` k` (6 (60 0 F½ F½)) y uo pu puot otl l tr trnp nphi hi `h `htl tl.. Vu f` f`p` p`fn fng` g`g g vl vlhu hueî eîtr trnf nf` ` gi ridrnbir`fnöo is iotri 9 y 1 vifis e`ylr qui h` gi hls ADF. Vi rigufio `så ih gisph`z`eniotl gih fleprislr y ih t`e`ðl gi h` tucirå`. Vus prlpnig`gis `dift`o slcri föel istà gnsið`gl ih snstie` l slcri föel duofnlo`, p`rtnfuh`reioti flo tiepir`tur`s `ecnioti `ht`s. Fuiot` flo uo` tiepir`tur` gi gisf`rb` ihiv`g`, plr hl qui oifisnt` fleprisnöo gi gls it`p`s io snstie`s gi c`k` tiepir`tur`. Fu`ogl si utnhnz` flel ridrnbir`oti, ih gnöxngl gi f`rclol olre`heioti lpir` ` uo` prisnöo e`ylr qui hls angrldhulrlf`rclols y ltrls ridrnbir`otis. Vn cnio istl prisiot` `hbuols prlchie`s gi gnsiðl, plr hl bioir`h puigio sir supir`gls io hls snstie`s ispifådnf`eioti fri`gls p`r` us`r gnöxngl gi f`rclol. Isti b`s puigi us`rsi flo hucrnf`oti plhnitnhiol bhnflh gi `hqunhiol (]B@), flo hucrnf`otis plhnlhîstir (]LI) l plhnvnonh îtir  (]TI). Ih cnöxngl gi f`rclol si utnhnz` prnofnp`heioti io; 0. 3. 6. 7.

Sidrnbir`fnöo Sidrnbir` fnöo nogustrn nogustrn`h `h y fleirfn`h fleirfn`h;; snstie`s snstie`s io f`sf`g` f`sf`g` OA6/FL OA6/FL3. 3. Vnst Vn stie ie`s `s fl flep ep`f `ftl tls. s. Clec`s Cle c`s gi gi f`hlr f`hlr (f`hiot (f`hiot`en `eniot iotl l gi `bu`). `bu`). Sidrnbir` Sidr nbir`fnöo fnöo fleirfn`h; fleirfn`h; supireirf supireirf`gls, `gls, snstie` snstie`ss gnriftls, gnriftls, f`sf`g`, f`sf`g`, nognriftls. nognriftls.

Yo plfl gi anstlrn` Ih cnöxngl gi f`rclol tnioi uo` h`rb` anstlrn` flel ridrnbir`oti. Gisgi h` gîf`g` gi 014=, h`s prlpnig`gis gi isti ridrnbir`oti o`tur`h si a`o istugn`gl y prlc`gl io hls snstie`s gi ridrnbir`fnöo. Io hls prneirls gå`sgnsplonchis gi h` ridrnbir`fnöo eifàonf`, plfls flepuistls quåenfls `gifu`gls qui ist`c`o p`r` utnhnz`rsi flela`cå` ridrnbir`otis. H` `ephn` gnsploncnhng`g gih FL3 hl anzl uo ridrnbir`oti vn`chi. Ih usl gi hls snstie`s gi ridrnbir`fnöo gi FL3 nonfnö io h` gîf`g` gi 01>= flovnrtnioglsi io ih ridrnbir`oti gi ihiffnöo p`r` h` flobih`fnöo y tr`osplrti gi prlguftls `hneiotnfnls pirifigirls io tlgl ih euogl. H` f`roi y ltrls prlguftls `hneiotnfnls prlfigiotis gi @rbiotno`, Ouiv` [ih`og` y @ustr`hn` duirlo iovn`gls ` tr`vîs gi cuquis drnblrådnfls ` Iurlp` p`r` h` gnstrncufnöo y flosuel. ]`r` 0>==, eàs gi 6== c`rfl c`rflss ridr ridrnbir`g nbir`gls ls ist`c ist`c`o `o iotr iotrib`ogl ib`ogl prlguftls prlguftls fàronf fàronfls ls prlfi prlfigioti giotiss gi eufals p`åsis. Io ih ensel `ðl, Br`o Crit`ð` neplrtö 64=.=== tloih`g`s gi f`roi gi v`fuol ridrnbir`g` y flrgirl gisgi @rbiotno`, Ouiv` [ih`og` [ ih`og` y @ustr`hn`. Sidiriofn`; F`påtuhl 6

@VAS@I

Sidrnbir`tnlo

A`ogcllj

3=07,

H` c`k` tlxnfng`g y h` ouh` nodh`e`cnhng`g gih FL3 duirlo h`s r`zlois duog`eiot`his p`r` qui isti ridrnbir`oti o`tur`h si gis`rrlhh`r`. Ih tr`osplrti e`rnol ridrnbir`gl flo FL3 duî ih qui frifnö ràpng`eioti. B`oö plpuh`rng`g plr h` flodn`cnhng`g qui tnioi io su usl, duî utnhnz`gl p`r` ridrnbir`r y/l flobih`r uo` `ephn` v`rnig`g gi `hneiotls y prlguftls pirifigirls gi eufals p`åsis `hrigiglr gih euogl. H` nogustrn` gih tr`osplrti e`rnol ridrnbir`gl tuvl uo frifneniotl neplrt`oti, y `otis gi 0>0=, 01== snstie`s ist`c`o io duofnlo`eniotl io hls c`rfls gi tr`osplrti gigi `hneiotls ridrnbir`gls. Iopirifigirls 0>69, hls prlguftlris gi `hneiotls tr`osplrt`c`o enhhlois tloih`g`s gi prlguftls flel f`rois, prlguftls

 

hàftils y drut`s `ou`heioti a`fn` Br`o Crit`ð`. @eîrnf` gih Olrti t`ecnîo utnhnzö ih FL3 io h` ridrnbir`fnöo gi tr`osplrti e`rnol gi FL3 io h` ixplrt`fnöo y io h` rifipfnöo gi hls prlguftls `hneiotnfnls. H` plpuh`rng`g gi hls snstie`s gi ridrnbir`fnöo gi FL3 si dui rigufniogl fu`ogl hls ridrnbir`otis snotîtnfls `p`rifnirlo. Ih gis`rrlhhl gih AFDF-33 (fhlrlgndhulrleit`ol) io h` gîf`g` gi 0>7= fleiozö ` gisph`z`r `h FL3 y p`r` h` gîf`g` gi 0>4= y` a`cå` sngl f`sn io su tlt`hng`g sustntungl io tlgls hls snstie`s gi tr`osplrti e`rnol y tirristri. Io 0>9=, hls fhlrldhulrlf`rclols (FDF) ist`c`o prisiotis io h` e`ylrå` gi hls snstie`s gi ridrnbir`fnöo. Istl nofhuyö uo` `ephn` v`rnig`g gi ridrnbir`glris gleistnfls y fleirfn`his qui utnhnz`c`o FDF. Ih gis`rrlhhl gi hls fleprislris aireîtnfls y sienaireîtnfls `fihirö ih gis`rrlhhl gi snstie`s qui utnhnz`c`o ih FDF. Hls snbuniotis 69 `ðls, uo sno oûeirl gi ridrnbir`otis FDF b`o`rlo plpuh`rng`g, riieph`z`ogl pràftnf`eioti ` tlgls hls ltrls ridrnbir`otis o`tur`his ixfiptu`ogl `h `eloå`fl, qui e`otuvl su plsnfnöo gleno`oti io hls snstie`s gi ridrnbir`fnöo nogustrn`h. Sidiriofn`; @VAS@I Sidrnbir`tnlo A`ogcllj 3=07, F`påtuhl 6

Io h` gîf`g` gi hls sitiot`s, si gisfucrnirlo hls idiftls `telsdîrnfls gi h`s iensnlois gi FDF, flofrit`eioti ih gicnhnt`eniotl gi h` f`p` gi lzlol io h` istr`tösdir`. Istl flogukl ` uo isd isduir uirzl zl flo flofir firt`g t`gl l gi hls blc blcnir nirols ols,, fni fniotå otådnf dnfls ls y hls nog nogust ustrn` rn`his his p`r p`r` ` hne hnent` nt`rr ist istls ls idiftls. Istls isduirzls si flovnrtnirlo io ih ]rltlflhl gi Elotri`h. Nonfn`heioti, îsti tleö h` dlre` gi h`s fult`s gi prlguffnöo, pirl prlotl si tr`sh`gö ` uo` tlt`h ihneno`fnöo, prneirl gi hls FDF y `alr` gi angrlfhlrldhulrlf`rclols (AFDF). Ih ihiv`gl pltiofn`h gi `blt`eniotl gi h` f` f`p` p` gi lz lzlo lol l gi gihh FD FDF F y gi gihh AF AFDF DF ne nepu puhs hsö ö ih gi gis` s`rr rrlh lhhl hl gi hl hlss ri ridr drnb nbir ir`o `oti tiss angrldhulrl angrl dhulrlf`rcl f`rclols ols (ADF) (ADF).. ]lst ]lstirnlri irnlriss novis novistnb`f tnb`fnlois nlois `ecni `ecniot`hi ot`hiss gisph gisph`z`o `z`o ih dlfl gi `blt`eniotl gih lzlol `h f`ecnl fhneàtnfl, prlgufniogl uo sibuogl fh`sndnf`fnöo flolfng` flel ih pltiofn`h gi f`hiot`eniotl bhlc`h (]FB). Io hls ûhtnels `ðls, FL3 si a` flovirtngl ouiv`eioti ouiv` eioti io uo ridrn ridrnbir`o bir`oti ti gi br`o notirîs. notirîs. Vno iec`r iec`rbl, bl, gi `ht` prisnöo prisnöo gih FL3 io hls snstie`s (plr ikiephl, ` uo` tiepir`tur` gi s`tur`fnöo gi 6= ½ qui D l >4>.4 psn` `hls 1= ½ D) prisiot` gis`dåls7>=.1 p`r` psn` h` flotiofnöo y h` siburng`g. Hls `v`ofis a`o tiongl fleploiotis qui si utnhnz`o io hls snstie`s gi ridrnbir`fnöo gisgi h` gîf`g` gi 0>9= pirentio ih gnsiðl riot`chi y idnfnioti gi h` `ht` prisnöo gi gnöxngl gi f`rclol io hls snst sn stie ie`s `s.. Ih ou ouiv ivl l no noti tirî rîss qu qui i tntnio ioi i ih us usl l gi gihh FL FL3 3 io hl hlss sn snst stie ie`s `s el elgi giro rols ls gi ridrnbir`fnöo si c`s` io sus prlpnig`gis tirel dåsnf`s; c`k` vnsflsng`g, `ht` floguftnvng`g tîrenf` y giosng`g gi v`plr `ht`. Îstls risuht`o io uo` cuio` tr`osdiriofn` gi f`hlr io iv`plr`glris, flogios`glris y iodrn`glris gi b`s, pirenti uo` sihiffnöo gi iqunpls eàs piquiðls io flep`r`fnöo flo hls FDFs, AFDFs y hls ADFs. Ih cnöxngl gi f`rclol is ûonfl flel ridrnbir`oti, istà sniogl flosngir`gl p`r` `phnf`fnlois qui `c`rf`o ridrnbir`fnöo, `nri `flognfnlo`gl y f`hid`ffnöo, qui si ixtniogio gisgi flobih`glris a`st` p`r` h`s clec`s gi f`hlr y gi h`s iqunpls gleîstnfls a`st` h`s ph`ot`s nogustrn`his gi ridrnbir`fnöo.

 

Ih Cnöxngl gi F`rclol FL3 sucfråtnfl flel dhungl sifuog`rnl Io `phnf`fnlois fleirfn`his flel h` gi hls supireirf`gls, hls snstie`s gi ridrnbir`fnöo io f`sf`g` olre`heioti utnhnz`o ADF l, io `hbuo` lf`snöo, AF, flel ridrnbir`oti prne`rnl. Hls supire sup ireirf irf`gl `glss a`o `g` `g`pt` pt`gl gl h` tif tifolh olhlbå lbå` ` io f`s f`sf`g f`g` ` plr r`z r`zloi loiss ifl ifloöe oöenf` nf`ss y gi duofnlo`eniotl (h` f`rb` gi ridrnbir`oti prne`rnl qui puigi sir uo ADF si puigi rigufnr  a`st` io uo 29%). Io isti fnrfuntl ih FL 3  håqungl si cleci` ` hls euichis ixancnglris ridrnbir`gls gi c`k` tiepir`tur` gi hls supireirf`gls y si flotrlh` eign`oti ih usl gi uo` vàhv và hvuh uh` ` gi ix ixp` p`os osnö nöo o ih ihif iftr tröon öonf` f`.. Io hl hlss eu euic ichi hiss ix ixan ancn cngl glri riss ri ridr drnb nbir ir`g `gls ls gi ei eign` gn` tiepir`tur` si suenonstr` håqungl gisgi ih ensel fnrfuntl l gisgi uo snstie` gi clecil gignf`gl. Hls snstie`s io f`sf`g` gi hls supireirf`gls si gnsið`o p`r` qui puig`o duofnlo`r hls euichis ixancnglris ridrnbir`gls ` gndiriotis tiepir`tur`s y p`r` plgir tioir  rifupir`fnöo gi f`hlr p`r` prlgufnr `bu` f`hnioti l f`hid`ffnöo. Io bioir`h, y ` pis`r gi qui si ut utnhnhnz nz` ` uo uo` ` cl clec ec` ` p` p`r` r` tr tr`o `osp splr lrt` t`rr ih FL3 håhåqu qung ngl, l, ih fl flos osue uel l gi io ioir irbå bå` ` ol is snbondnf`tnv`eioti gndirioti ` hls snstie`s tr`gnfnlo`his gi ADF plrqui h`s pîrgng`s io h` håoi` gi suffnöo slo eiolris y h` idnfniofn` gi h` tr`osdiriofn` gi f`hlr gih iv`plr`glr is e`ylr. Istl puigi g`r flelihrisuht`gl 0=½D io yh`ihtiepir`tur` iv`plr`fnöo, flepios`ogl flosueluoginofrieiotl h` clec` gi gi a`st` `hneiot`fnöo gndiriofn`h gi gi tiepir`tur` io ih notirf`ecn`glr gi f`hlr io f`sf`g`.

Floixnöo io Vucfråtnfl-F`sf`g` gih Cnöxngl gi F`rclol FL3

 

 

Ih fnrfuntl sucfråtnfl càsnfl gih FL 3 is uo snstie` io f`sf`g` qui flosnsti io gls snstie`s gi ridrnbir`fnöo nogipiogniotis qui flep`rtio uo notirf`ecn`glr gi f`hlr fleûo. Io uo fnrfuntl sucfråtnfl, h` p`rti gi `ht` prisnöo gih fnrfuntl si sntû` plr gic`kl gih puotl fråtnfl is gifnr ih FL3 io ih h`gl gi `ht` prisnöo si flogios`.   Ih flo flogio gios`g s`glr lr gih rid ridrnb rnbir` ir`oti oti FL3 gi c` c`k` k` ti tiep epir ir`t `tur ur` ` sn snrv rvi i fl flel el iv iv`p `plr lr`g `glr lr gi gihh ridrnbir`oti gi `ht` tiepir`tur`: isti notirf`ecn`glr gi f`hlr floift` tîrenf`eioti ` hls gls fnrfuntls gi ridrnbir`fnöo. ]`r` plgir e`otioir `h FL 3 io d`si sucfråtnf` ih snstie` gi ADF l AF gici gi ist`r duofnlo`ogl io tlgl eleiotl. Vn isti si hhib`r` ` gitioir ol v`els ` plgi pl girr fl flot otrl rlh` h`rr h` pr pris isnö nöo o gi gihh FL3. Ih t` t`e` e`ðl ðl gi gihh sn snst stie ie` ` no nodh dhuy uyi i io ih gn gnsi siðl ðl gi gihh notirf`ecn`glr gi f`hlr io f`sf`g`; io br`ogis snstie`s gi ridrnbir`fnöo nogustrn`h si puigi us`r uo notirf`ecn`glr gi f`hlr gi tucls iovlhviotis, uo notirf`ecn`glr gi f`hlr gi ph`f`s, l uo notirf`ecn`glr gi tnpl ph`f`s y iovlhvioti: eniotr`s qui io snstie`s fleirfn`his is eàs fleûo us`r notirf`ecn`glris gi f`hlr io f`sf`g` gi ph`f`s slhg`g`s, fl`xn`h y gi glchi tucl. Io h`s `phnf`fnlois ` c`k` tiepir`tur`, ih FL 3 håqungl ` `ht` prisnöo si ixp`ogi a`st` uo` prisnöo eàs c`k` y si utnhnz` uo fleprislr p`r` hhiv`r ih b`s gi suffnöo gi ouivl ` h` prisnöo gi flogios`fnöo. Ih usl gi uo snstie` io f`sf`g` pirenti rigufnr h` f`rb` gih ridrnbir`oti gi `ht` tiepir`tur`. Istl puigi risuht`r neplrt`oti io snstie`s fleirfn`his, p`r` gnsenounr h`s pîrgng`s gi ridrnbir`oti ADF.