Tipos de Escorias

 

Mkstmtutf R`nkflþcmnf ^up`rmfr b` Mrapuatf

@^NFXMA^ 8419 X`nfpmlþ7 EALK 8419

 

@^NFXMA^ Las `snfrmas tm`k`k uka s`rm` b` iuknmfk`s b` crak mepfrtaknma qu` nueplmr `k lfs prfn`sfs b` iusmþk, nfkv`rsmþk y r`imkf a iu`cf, qu` smk su pr`s`knma `k lfs jfrkfs e`tal÷rcmnfs su iuknmfkaem`ktf s`råa mepfsmhl`. @ktr` `stas iuknmfk`s s` b`h` e`knmfkar su pap`l purmimnabfr r`tmrakbf lfs nfepfk`kt`s b` la cakca b` la eat`rma prmea y ianmlmtakbf la s`paranmþk b` la ias` e`tálmna b` valfr b`ktrf b`l jfrkf. @l pap`l gucabf pfr las `snfrmas b`p`kb` fhvmae`kt` b` su nfepfsmnmþk quåemna, qu` a la v`z b`t`remka ftras prfpm`bab`s iukbae`ktal`s7 hasmnmbab/anmb`z, vmsnfsmbab, b`ksmbab, iusmhmlmbab, pfb`r nfrrfsmvf, y auk eás s`l`ntmvmbab. Las `snfrmas sfk uk suhprfbuntf b` la iukbmnmþk iukbmnmþk   b` la e`ka e`ka   para purmimnar e`tal`s. . ^` pu`b`k pu`b`k nfkt`k`r nfksmb`rar nfef  b` ukae`tal e`znla b` þxmbfs þxmbfs  e`tálmnfs?lfs smke`tal`s `eharcf, suliurfs b` suliurfs y átfefs átfefs b`  b`   e`tal `k ifrea b` `l`e`ktf ^` ifreak burakt` la iusmþk b` las e`kas f burakt` la r`imkanmþk b` lfs e`tal`s hrutfs y nfktm`k`k `l`e`ktfs qu` kf s` r`bun`k burakt` `l prfn`sf b` r`bunnmþk f `l`e`ktfs qu` s` fxmbak burakt` `l prfn`sf b` r`imkanmþk.

 

La napanmbab b` ifrear uka `snfrma f uka eata kf la tm`k`k tfbfs lfs nfepu`stfs. @l pfb`r `snfrmimnakt` b` uk þxmbf e`tálmnf, nfk r`sp`ntf a ftrf, rabmna `k la pfsmhmlmbab b` qu` pu`bak eakmi`star aimkmbab`s quåemnas y `utíntmnas. La sålmn`, ^mF8, `s uk hu`k `snfrmimnakt` b`l NaF, ya qu` `stfs þxmbfs bak lucar a `utíntmnfs b` hagf puktf b` iusmþk. Tfr lf taktf, uk hu`k `snfrmimnakt` `s aqu`l napaz b` r`annmfkar quåemnae`kt` nfk alcukf b` lfs þxmbfs b` la e`znla (ifreanmþk b` nfepu`stfs quåemnfs). Tfr `l nfktrarmf, `l naránt`r iukb`kt` uk nfepu`stf su napanmbab apfrtar låqumbf al b` e`bmf b`hmbf a sur`smb` hagf `k puktf b` iusmþk. para @stf meplmna qu` uk abmtmvf iukb`kt` t`kbrá uka haga napanmbab b` r`annmþk nfk lfs r`stakt`s nfepfk`kt`s b`l smst`ea iukbmbf.

 

@ktfkn`s la `snfrma r`nfc` alcukfs b` lfs nfepfk`kt`s mkb`s`ahl`s b` la e`ka y nfef `s mkemsnmhl` nfk `l iukbmbf e`tálmnf s` s`para `l e`tal e`tálmnf b` sus nfepfk`kt`s mkb`s`ahl`s. mkb`s`ahl`s. @l mkmnmf b`l prfn`sf b` iusmþk mkbmna la t`ep`ratura para la nual tm`k` lucar la pírbmba b` rmcmb`z b` lfs eat`rmal`s. Tfr `knmea b` `sta t`ep`ratura r`sulta mepfsmhl` utmlmzar `strunturale`kt` nualqum`r eat`rmal. @l nfkn`ptf b` t`ep`ratura b` traksmnmþk våtr`a, R C , `k vmbrmfs y pflåe`rfs (t`refplástmnfs y `lastþe`rfs) s`ñala, mcuale`kt`, kmv`l tíremnfLfs a partmr b`lmþkmnfs nual nfem`kza bmsemkumr la rmcmb`z`lb`l eat`rmal. `klan`s `xmst`kt`sa `ktr` las nab`kas b` lfs t`tra`brfs b` ^mF22- f lfs b` Yak b`r Saals y pu`kt`s b` jmbrþc`kf `ktr` nab`kas jmbrfnarhfkabas qu`bak rftfs.

 

Raehmík pu`b`k s`rvmr para ftrfs prfpþsmtfs, nfef ayubar `k `l nfktrfl

b` la t`ep`ratura burakt` la iukbmnmþk y emkmemzar la r`fxmbanmþk b`l e`tal låqumbf imkal akt`s b` pasar al eflb`. La `snfrma tm`k` eunjfs usfs nfe`rnmal`s y rarae`kt` s` b`s`nja. A e`kubf s` vu`lv` a prfn`sar para s`parar alc÷k ftrf e`tal qu` nfkt`kca. Lfs r`stfs b` `sta r`nup`ranmþk s` pu`b`k utmlmzar nfef halastf halastf   para `l i`rrfnarrml i`rrfnarrml y  y s` ja utmlmzabf nfef e`tal para pavme`ktanmþk.  •

•

  ^` l` añab`k a v`n`s iukb`kt`s a la `snfrma para bar lfs valfr`s b`s`abfs b`7 Tuktf b` iusmþk Ymsnfsmbab

•

•

B`ksmbab Trfpm`bab`s quåemnas

 Lfs •

•

iukb`kt`s eás nfeuk`s sfk7

Nal y eack`smta7 la iahrmnanmþk b` jm`rrf y an`rf @spatfil÷fr7 @k la@kr`imkanmþk b` an`rf

•

 

^ålmn`7 @k la iusmþk b` la e`ka b` nfhr`.

Nfef ukf b` lfs nfepfk`kt`s iukbae`ktal`s b` las `snfrmas e`tal÷rcmnas `s la sålmn`, s` pu`b` `stahl`n`r uk paral`lmsef `ktr` lfs vmbrmfs y bmnjas `snfrmas nfk ^mF 8, `k las nual`s lfs þxmbfs hásmnfs antuarák b` la b`stanar `struntura trmbme`ksmfkal b` `st`nfef þxmbf. efbmimnabfr`s Kf fhstakt`, `s pr`nmsf qu` las t`ep`raturas b` mkmnmf b`l prfn`sf b` iusmþk b` uka `snfrma kf nfrr`spfkb`k nfk lf qu` pfbråa s`r la t`ep`ratura b` traksmnmþk våtr`a b` la emsea, ya qu` `l nfkn`ptf b` R C   s` `knu`ktra b`imkmbf a partmr b` la t`ep`ratura para la nual la vmsnfsmbab b`l eat`rmal 9 alnakza uk valfr b` 14   Ta*s. @k las `snfrmas R C   s` b`imk` nfef aqu`lla t`ep`ratura para la nual `l valfr b`l nalfr `sp`nåimnf, n p, `s mcual a 1.1 G/c/O. Tara ifrear uka `snfrma kf sþlf jahrá qu` t`k`r pr`s`kt` `l nfepfrtaem`ktf mkbmvmbualmzabf ánmbf-has` b` naba ukf b` sus þxmbfs (eayfr f e`kfr `k`rcåa b` `klan` e`tal-fxåc`kf), smkf taehmík las pfsmhl`s aimkmbab`s quåemna y `utíntmna, qu` pu`b`k t`k`r nfk r`sp`ntf al r`stf b` lfs mkt`crakt`s b`l smst`ea. @s b`nmr, uka nfsa `s `l naránt`r ánmbf-has` b` uk þxmbf amslabf, qu` s` pu`b` nuaktmimnar e`bmakt` la `k`rcåa b`l `klan` e`tal-fxåc`kf, y ftra `s

 

@l smst`ea ^mF8-NaF-Al8F₎ mkt`r`sa partmnulare`kt` para nfkfn`r las `snfrmas b`l altf jfrkf p`rf nfkstmtuy` taehmík la has` b` lfs r`irantarmfs b` aluemka-smlmn` y b` la iahrmnanmþk b`l n`e`ktf pfrtlakb. Ab`eás b` lfs tr`s nfepfk`kt`s prmknmpal`s, las `snfrmas b`l altf jfrkf pu`b`k nfkt`k`r naktmbab`s varmahl`s b` fxmbf b` eack`smf, fxmbf tmtakmf.b` eakcak`sf y þxmbfs b` La `snfrma b`l altf jfrkf b`h` t`k`r uka t`ep`ratura b` iusmþk b` 1244 4N f e`kfs.

 

Bmi`r`kt`s tmpfs b` `snfrmas Ateþsi`ra `k `l jfrkf

Þxmbfs prmknmpal`s

Þxmbfs s`nukbarmfs

Euy r`buntfra

^m ^mF F8-NaF-Al8F>

EcF Ec F

Kfehr` b` la `snfrma y e`talurcma bfkb` @snfrmasapar`n` b`l altf jfrkf E`talurcma b`l I` y i`rrfal`anmfk`s I`rrfnrfefs

^m ^mF F8-EcF-Al8F>   ^m ^mF F8-EcF-NaF-   Al8F> Tfnf r`buntfra

Fxmbakt`

I`rrfnrfefs

^mF8-I`F-NaF

EcF, Al8F>, WkF

@snfrmas i`rrfsfnálnmnas. E`talurcmas b`l Nu, Th, Km, ^h, ....

^mF8-I`F-EcF

NaF

E`talurcma b`l Km `k Ku`va Nal`bfkma

^m ^mF F8-I`F-NaFAl8F>

EcF

A v`n`s `k las e`talurcmas b`l Nu, ^k f Wk

^mF8-I`F-I`>F2

NaF, EcF, Al8F>, WkF

 

 

Crakulanmþk b` `snfrma La crakulanmþk b` la `snfrma b`l altf jfrkf r`pr`s`kta uka fpnmþk euy atrantmva ya qu` qu` nfkvm`rt` `snfrma ab`lla altf jfrkfb`l`kn`e`ktf uk suhprfbuntf euy valmfsf pu`b`lav`kb`rs` mkbustrma   snfrma crakulaba  b` altf jfrkf7 La `snfrma crakulaba b` jfrkf altf pfs`` `xn`l`kt`s prfpm`bab`s nuakbf s` antmva b` eak`ra ab`nuaba. La bfs `snfrma crakulaba jfrkf altf b`h` `starEcF nfkstmtumba pfr lf e`kfs t`rnmfs b` easab`b` la suea b` NaF, y ^mF 8. @l r`stf nfktm`k` Al8F₎, guktf nfk p`qu`ñas naktmbab`s b` ftrfs þxmbfs La `snfrma crakulaba b` altf jfrkf s` fhtm`k` pfr `kirmaem`ktf rápmbf b` uka `snfrma `k `stabf b` iusmþk b` nfepfsmnmþk ab`nuaba, prfn`b`kt` prfn`b`kt` b` la iusmþk b`l emk`ral b` jm`rrf `k uk altf jfrkf.

 

Meác`k`s b` `snfrma crakulaba

 

 Lfs altfs jfrkfs c`k`rale`kt` `ktr` 844 y 244 oc b` `snfrma låqumba pfr naba tfk`laba b` arrahmf

•

 prfbunmba. Jasta Jasta jan` 14-10 añfs, añfs, la `snfrma b`l altf altf jfrkf `ra nfksmb`raba uk b`sp`rbmnmf y s` la b`s`njaha `k uk lucar aprfpmabf iu`ra b`l altf jfrkf.

 

•

@l usf b` `snfrma b` altf jfrkf `k r``eplazf b` nlmko`r para la prfbunnmþk b` n`e`ktf `s jfy an`ptabf eukbmale`kt`, fht`km`kbf nfef r`sultabf uk n`e`ktf b` alta nalmbab, nfeparahl` al n`e`ktf pfrtlakb nfkv`knmfkal, a uk nfstf eás atrantmvf.

¶Quí `s `l nlmko`r6

 

•

Nalmza nfnmba. @s la b`imkmnmþk eás `xanta b` lf qu` s` nfkfn` nfef nlmko`r, prmknmpal eat`rma prmea b` la b` qu`hflas s` fhtm`k` `l n`e`ktf. @stálanfkstmtumbf pfr uka `sp`nm` b` nflfr crmsán`f b` taeañf smemlar al bmáe`trf b` uka p`lfta b` cfli, aukqu` `k fnasmfk`s sfk eás p`qu`ñas.

 

•

@l b`snart` y anueulanmþk b` crakb`s naktmbab`s b` `snfrma b` altf jfrkf pu`b` b` `sta eak`ra `vmtars`, r`bunm`kbf la mkt`ksmbab b` usf y eakt`kmem`ktf b` lfs pfzfs b` `snfrma s`na y lfs nfksmcum`kt`s prfhl`eas aehm`ktal`s.

 

•

Pk h`k`imnmf abmnmfkal b`l usf b` `snfrma b` altf jfrkf `k la prfbunnmþk b` n`e`ktf `s la r`bunnmþk b` `emsmfk`s b` NF8. Tfr naba tfk`laba b` nlmko`r sustmtumbf pfr `snfrma b` altf jfrkf crakulaba s` fhtm`k` uka tfk`laba e`kfs b` `emsmþk b` NF8.  

 

La `snfrma tm`k` nfef iuknmfk`s •

•

•

•

^mtmf b` bmi`r`kt`s r`annmfk`s. Tfr `g`eplf, burakt` la iukbmnmþk r`buntfra b`l plfef lfs smlmnatfs b` `st` e`tal sfk r`bunmbfs `k la `snfrma. La `snfrma cfhm`rka la `imnm`knma b`l prfn`sf b` r`imkanmþk b`hmbf la mkt`rannmþk `k lanfkstmtumr mkt`rian`uke`tal-`snfrma. A v`n`sa la `snfrma pu`b` prfbuntf valmfsf pfr nfkt`k`r `l`e`ktfs b` altf valfr. La `snfrma prft`c` la sup`rimnm` b`l e`tal b` la ateþsi`ra cas`fsa b`l mkt`rmfr b`l jfrkf.

 

Lfs þxmbfs ifreabfr`s b` `snfrma s` bmvmb`k `k7 Þxmbfs hásmnfs7 Ka8F,NaF,EcF,I`F,ThF,   Nu8F,HaF,`tn. Þxmbfs ánmbfs7 ^mF8,T8F0,^F₎. Þxmbfs akiftírmnfs7 Al8F₎,WkF. •

•

•

Lfs

prme`rfs bfs tmpfs ifreak, `ktr` `llfs, nfepu`stfs nfef suliatfs, ifsiatfs, `tn. Las `snfrmas nfk altf nfkt`kmbf b` nal s` b`kfemkak hásmnas y lfs qu` nfktm`k`k uka altfánmbas. naktmbab b` sålmn` s` llaeak

 

•

•

•

•

•

Las `snfrmas mkbustrmal`s `sták nfkstmtumbas pfr lfs smcum`kt`s nfepu`stfs prmknmpal`s 8 8 ₎ ^mF ,Al F ,NaF,EcF,I`F y tfbfs lfs þxmbfs b` las mepur`zas. Lfs þxmbfs purfs tm`k`k puktfs b` iusmþk eunjf eás altfs, qu` lfs nfepu`stfs ifreabfs pfr `llfs. Tfr `g`eplf `k `l smst`ea NaF-^mF8  lfs nfepu`stfs iukb`k a las t`ep`raturas smcum`kt`s7 NaF-^mF8 (1:1₎O), 8NaF-^mF8 (824₎O).

Em`ktras qu` lfs þxmbfs purfs NaF (8:2₎O), ^mF8(1=:₎O). @k la prántmna las `snfrmas sfk pflmnfepfk`kt`s y `k sus smst`eas `xmst`k `utíntmnas pflmnfepfk`kt`s, a v`n`s, nfk hagf puktf b` iusmþk

 

 @xmst`k bfs t`fråas sfhr` las `snfrmas iukbmbas7

R`fråa efl`nular   R`fråa mþkmna

R`fråa efl`nular  ^` supfk` la `xmst`knma b` eflínulas y nfksmb`rakbf `l `qumlmhrmf b` bmsfnmanmþk b`l smlmnatf s` usa la `xpr`smþk. E`F-^mF8 5 E`F + ^mF8 @l crabf b` bmsfnmanmþk b`p`kb` b` la t`ep`ratura, aså nfef taehmík b` la naktmbab b` þxmbfs lmhr`s `k la `snfrma. La pr`s`knma b` ftrfs þxmbfs, eás iu`rt`s, pu`b` mkilumr `k la b`snfepfsmnmþk, pfr `g`eplf7

R`fråa efl`nular 

 

 8 I`F.^MF 8

 + 8NaF 5 8NaF.^mF  + 8I`F 8

 ₎NaF.T8F0 + ₎^mF8 5 ₎NaF.^mF8 + 8T8F0  ThF.^mF8 + 8I`F 5 8I`F.^mF8 + ThF •

•

B` `stas r`annmfk`s s` pu`b` v`r qu` lfs þxmbfs eás iu`rt`s b`splazak a lfs eás bíhml`s b` sus nfepu`stfs. @l þxmbf qu` tm`k` `l valfr b` ΒC´ b` su ifreanmþk eás k`catmvf `s eás iu`rt`.

R`fråa Mþkmna

 

•

•

•

•

•

^` pr`t`kb` `xplmnar la katural`za b` ftrfs i`kþe`kfs, nfef la `l`ntrþlmsms `snfrma, `tn.b` sal`s iukbmbas, la nfkbuntmvmbab `líntrmna b` la ^þlf la t`fråa mþkmna p`remt` anlarar `l e`nakmsef b` trakspfrt` b` las narcas `líntrmnas `k lfs `l`ntrþlmtfs. @k la r`b nrmstalmka b`l nfepu`stf `xmst`k mkt`rannmfk`s `l`ntrf`státmnas `ktr` lfs natmfk`s y akmfk`s. Nuakbf la `k`rcåa nalfråimna suemkmstraba sfhr`pasa bmnjas iu`rzas, sun`b` la iusmþk b` la sal nfk la lmh`ranmþk b` lfs mfk`s b` la r`b nrmstalmka. B`sb` `st` efe`ktf naba mþk pu`b` efv`rs` mkb`p`kbm`kt`e`kt`. Ftrf iantfr qu` taehmík b`hmlmta las mkt`rannmfk`s `l`ntrf`státmnas `s `l sflv`kt`.

R`fråa Mþkmna

 

Tara mlustrar la mkt`rannmþk qu` `xmst` `k la `snfrma `ktr` lfs þxmbfs, ánmbfs naktmbaby hásmnfs, b` nal. s` part` b` uka sålmn` pura a la nual s` añab` nm`rta λ

 

λ λ

F-^m-F-^m-F-^m-F + Na8+ + F8-  Na8+ + F-^m-F-^m-F F-^m-F F-^m-F   Aue`ktakbf las abmnmfk`s b` NaF, `l k÷e`rf b` rfepmem`ktfs aue`kta, nausabfs pfr `l fxåc`kf prfv`km`kt` b` lfs þxmbfs hásmnfs ll`cakbf jastay laukukmbab s` bmn` qu` `snfrma k`utralmzaba efl b`hásmna, smlmnmf`ktfkn`s `s k`utralmzabf pfr labfs efl`s`stá b` NaF ^mF8 + 8NaF 5 ^mF22- + 8Na8+

 Al aue`k aue`ktar tar la la naktmba naktmbabb b` þxmbf þxmbfss hásmnfs hásmnfs `e `e m`zak a `xmstmr `xmstmr lfs lfs  

R`fråa Mþkmna •

Al aue`ktar la naktmbab b` þxmbfs hásmnfs `epm`zak a `xmstmr lfs

lmhr`s5`k   fxåc`kfs ^mF8 + ₎NaF ^mFla22-`snfrma  + ₎Na8+ + F8Nfksmb`rakbf `l nfkn`ptf b` anmb`z y hasmnmbab, s` bmn` c`k`rale`kt` qu` uka `snfrma `s hásmna, nuakbf nfktm`k` mfk`s •

•

b` fxåc`kf lmhr`s y `k nasf nfktrarmf s` bmn` qu` `s ánmba. Las r`lanmfk`s qu` s` usak nfk eás ir`nu`knma `k la prántmna para b`t`remkar la hasmnmbab b` las `snfrmas sfk7 % NaF

% NaF •

H5

% ^mF8

?

Mfk`s b` fxåc`kf lmhr`s •

H5

Efl`s b` `snfrma

% ^mF8 + % Al8F>

 NaF + EcF

?

 ^mF8 + T840

 

Nfepfk`kt`s b` la `snfrma qu` kf sfk þxmbfs •

•

•

•

@l azuir` pu`b` bmsflv`rs` `k las `snfrmas iukbmbas ya s`a nfef mfk suliurf f nfef suliatf. Hagf las nfkbmnmfk`s r`buntfras qu` `xmst`k, `l suliurf `s la ifrea bfemkakt` em`ktras qu` `l suliatf pu`b` ifrears` hagf nfkbmnmfk`s fxmbakt`s Napanmbab para suliurfs 7 `s la napanmbab qu` tm`k` uka `snfrma låqumba para ahsfrh`r suliurfs. Ísta s` mknr`e`kta rápmbae`kt` al aue`ktar `l nfkt`kmbf b` nualqum`ra b` lfs “þxmbfs hásmnfs― Naf, EkF,I`F, `k la `snfrma y `s eayfr para `snfrmas i`rrfsas y eakcakfsas qu` para nálnmnas y lfs valfr`s eás hagfs para iukbmbfs b` þxmbfs b` Ec y b` smlmnatfs b` al÷emka

 

@snfrmas b` narhurfs •

•

•

Hagf nfkbmnmfk`s iu`rt`e`kt` r`buntfras, pu`b` ifrears` narhurf b` nalnmf e`bmakt` la r`annmþk7 NaF + ₎N 5 NaF8 + NF @l narhurf b` nalnmf, qu` iukb` a 8₎44´N pu`b` bmsflv`r naktmbab`s apr`nmahl`s b` þxmbf nfk lf qu` su puktf b` iusmþk bmsemkuy`

@snfrmas b` ilufrurfs

 

•

•

•

@l jalurf qu` eas nfe÷ke`kt` s` añab` a las `snfrmas e`tal÷rcmnas `s `l `spatf il÷fr, `l nual s` iukb` 1₎:9´N p`rf qu` nuakbf s` e`znlak nfk `snfrmas b` smlmnatfs pu`b` bar puktfs b` iusmþk mki`rmfr`s a 1844´N. La abmnmþk eas mepfrtakt` b` ilufrurf `s la qu` s` jan` a la `snfrma r`buntfra qu` s` utmlmza `k la iahrmnanmþk `líntrmna b` an`rf. Tara fht`k`r uka hu`ka b`suliurmzanmfk s` utmlmza uka `snfrma euy hásmna, nfk r`lanmþk NaF/^mF8  `ktr` 8 y ₎. smk `eharcf tal `snfrma pfs` uk puktf b` iusmþk pfr `knmea b` 8444´N. Al añabmr aprfxmeabae`kt` 84 % b` NaI8 `l puktf b` iusmþk haga jasta pfr b`hagf b` 1044´N y nfk 04% pfr b`hagf b` 18₎4´N. Tu`b` fht`k`rs` uka r`annmþk auk eayfr al nfehmkar abmnmfk`s b` `spatf il÷fr y al÷emka. La abmnmþk b` ilufrmta a la `snfrma tm`k` `l naránt`r b` uka uka bmlunmþk y kf par`n` ai`ntar eunjf la antmvmbab antmvmbab b` lfs ftrfs ftrfs nfepfk`kt`s.

 

Cas`s `k las `snfrmas Lfs cas`s eas nfeuk`s s` bmsu`lv`k qu` `k las `snfrmas sfk `l hmþxmbf B` narhfkf y `l vapfr b` acua. l bmþxmbf b` narhfkf s` bmsu`lv` euy prfhahl`e`kt` b` anu`rbf nfk la r`annmþk r`annmþk NF8  + F8 5NF8-₎ k lfs smst`eas b` þxmbfs alnalmkfs, `l bmþxmbf b` narhfkf a pr`smþk atefsiírmna s` bmsu`lv` para bar uk iukbmbf b` narhfkatf `s`knmale`kt` `st`qumfe`trmnf. k las `snfrmas `snfrmas b` nal-smlmnatf, nal-smlmnatf, la sfluhmlmbab `s euy p`qu`ña y s` nu`kta nfk pfnas e`bmnmfk`s.  Tara uka nfepfsmnmþk b` `snfrma baba a la sfluhmlmbab s` mknr`e`kta al aue`ktar la pr`smþk NF8 y bmsemkuy` bmsemkuy` al aue`ktar aue`ktar la t`ep`ratura. Tara pr`smfk`s b` NF8 eayfr`s 184 ate s` ja fhs`rvabf emsnmhmlmbab lmqumba nfepl`ta `ktr` `l Na8^mF2 ] `l NaNF₎ (p.i. 18=4´N)  para l acua `s sfluhl` taktf `k `snfrmas `snk`utras frmas hásmnas hásmn nfef `k≊anmbas nfef y la sfluhmlmbab tm`k` uk eåkmef las b`kfemkabas `snfrmas nfkasNaF/^mF 1. 8 la sfluhmlmbab `s `l frb`k b` 04ppe b` jmbrfc`kf `k la `snfrma.

@snfrmas i`rrfsas

 

 

•

•

•

•

Las `snfrmas i`rrfsas s` ifreak taktf la iahrmnanmþk b` an`rf nfef burakt` la iusmþk b` e`kas b` nfhr` y b` plfef. @k `stfs prfn`sfs las nfkbmnmfk`s sfk eunjf eas fxmbakt`s qu` b`ktrf b`l altf jfrkf b` jm`rrf pfr lf qu` `stf qu`ba parnmale`kt` r`t`kmbf `k la `snfrma.  Lfs prmknmpal`s nfepfk`kt`s `k `stas `snfrmas sfk7 I`F, NaF, ] ^mF8 aukqu` alcf b` jm`rrf `sta pr`s`kt` sm`epr` nfef I`8F₎. Ab`eás , la `snfrma pu`b` nfkt`k`r EcF, EkF, Al8F₎, T8F0, WkF. Nuakbf s` iukb`k iukb`k las `snfrmas `snfrmas i`rrfsas i`rrfsas `k `qumlmhrmf `qumlmhrmf nfk jm`rrf e`tálmnf, `l jm`rrf `k la `snfrma s` `knu`ktra prmknmpale`kt` `k `stabf bmval`kt` aukqu` alcf b` jm`rrf jm`rrf trmval`kt` trmval`kt` s` `knu`ktra `knu`ktra taehmík pr`s`kt`, aså uk iukbmbf b` wustmta pura `k `qumlmhrmf nfk jm`rrf nfktm`k` aprfxmeaba `kt` uk 14% b` I`8F₎.

@snfrmas i`rrfsas

 

•

•

Nuakbf s` añab` la sålmn` , `l nfkt`kmbf b` I`8F₎ bmsemkuy` y s` vu`lv` mksmckmimnakt`e`kt` mksmckmimnakt`e`kt` para nfkt`kmbfs nfkt`kmbfs eayfr`s eayfr`s al nfrr`spfkbm`kt nfrr`spfkbm`kt`` b`l I`8^mF2, pfr `l nfktrarmf nuakbf s` añab` nal , al nfkt`kmbf b` wustmta , `l nfkt`kmbf b` I`8F₎ b` `qumlmhrmf nfk `l jm`rrf e`tálmnf aue`kta jasta `l 84% Lfs prfn`sfs b` iukbmnmþk i`rrfsfs y kf i`rrfsfs prfbun`k bmstmktas `snfrmas. Tfr `g`eplf, la iukbmnmþk b`l nfhr` y `l plfef, kf i`rrfsa, `stá bms`ñaba para `lmemkar `l jm`rrf y la sålmn` qu` su`l`k bars` `k `stfs emk`ral`s, y s` s`para `k ifrea b` `snfrma hasaba `k smlmnatf b` jm`rrf. Tfr ftrf labf, la `snfrma b` las an`råas, `k las qu` s` prfbun` uka iukbmnmþk i`rrfsa, s` bms`ña para taktf nfktm`k` prmknmpale`kt` nalnmf,emkmemzar eack`smflay pírbmba aluemkmf.b` jm`rrf y pfr

 

Nfepfk`kt`s

abmnmfkal`s

b`

las

`snfrmas

i`rrfsas



 Las `snfrmas ánmbas b` an`ranmþk nfktm`k`k ir`nu`kt`e`kt` alcf b` þxmbf b` eakcak`sf? Las `snfrmas hásmnas b` an`ranmþk nfktm`k`k þxmbfs b` eack`smf y b` iþsifrf, las `snfras b` nfhr` y plfef nfktm`k`k alcf b` þxmbf b` zmkn, y alcukas nfktm`k`k alcf b` al÷emka, aukqu` la al÷emka kf par`n` `knfktrars` iu`rt`e`kt` `klazaba taktf `k

`snfras ánmbas nfef `k las hásmnas aså qu` kf pu`b` nfksmb`rars` nfef bmluy`kt` mk`rt`. Lfs þxmbfs b` eakcak`sf, eack`smf y zmkn s` par`n`k a la nal `k qu` pfs``k altfs puktfs b` iusmþk y qu` ifreak smlmnatfs `stahl`s.  

 

Trfpm`bab`s iåsmnas b` las `snfrmas •

•

•

Ab`eás b`l puktf b` iusmþk, la vmsnfsmbab b` la `snfrma `s euy mepfrtakt` `k la qu` nfrr`spfkb` a su nfepfrtaem`ktf nfk la iusmþk. La vmsnfsmbab b` uk crak kue`rf b` `snfrmas b` smlmnatf ja smbf e`bmba pfr bmstmktfs mkv`stmcabfr`s nfef iuknmþk taktf b` las t`ep`raturas nfef b` la b`snfepfsmnmþk b` la `snfrma. @ktr` uka `snfrma hásmna y uka ánmba, `l valfr b` la vmsnfsmbab bmi`rmr pfr uk iantfs b` hásmnfs eml f eas, sm `k lucar b`pu`b` la nal s` utmlmzak ftrfs þxmbfs nfef EcF, EkF f I`F, la vmsnfsmbab kf s` v` euy ai`ntaba, sm alcf sun`b` `s uka bmsemkunmþk abmnmfkal.

   

Trfpm`bab`s iåsmnas b` las `snfrmas •

•

•

@l `i`ntf b` la t`ep`ratura `s euy bmstmktf `ktr` las `snfrmas ánmbas y hásmnas, `k `l nasm b` las `snfrmas hásmnas la vmsnfsmbab apar`kt` aue`kta sþlf lmc`rae`kt` al bmsemkumr la t`ep`ratura y lu`cf eás rápmbf a e`bmba qu` s` pr`nmpmtak las ias`s sflmbas. @l sfhr` `kirmaem`ktf b`l lmqumbf y la vmsnfsmbab b` la `snfrma aue`kta b`sb` su valfr para `l lmqumbf jasta su valfr para `l sflmbf våtr`f. Las `snfrmas b`kfemkak nfrtas anmbas larcas, lf qu`hásmnas mlustra `ls`nfepfrtaem`ktf b` lay las vmsnfsmbab burakt` `l `kirmaem`ktf.

 

B`ksmbab La b`ksmbab par`n` s`r uka iuknmþk eas f e`kfs lmk`al b` la nfepfsmnmþk b` laaltf `snfrma, `xmst`kmknr`e`kta b`svmanmfk`s , `k las `snfrmas b`l tmpf jfrkf,smlahm`k b`ksmbab al aue`ktar `l nfkt`kmbf b` nal, `k `snfrmas i`rrfsas.

R`ksmþk La t`ksmþk sup`rimnmal `s mepfrtakt`sup`rimnmal `k `l efgabf b` e`tal`s y r`irantarmfs para `snfrmas y para rapmb`z nfk la qu` bmstmktfs nfepfk`kt`s s` bmsu`lv`k la `snfrma.lmqumbas `s b`l frb`k 4.₎ a La t`ksmþk sup`rimnmal b` las`l `snfrmas 4.0 g/e[8, y `sta bmsemkuy` lmc`rae`kt` al aue`ktar la t`ep`ratura `k uk rakcf b` 844´N, y la bmsemkunmþk aprfxmeaba `s b` 14%, r`lanmfkaba nfk la t`ksmþk sup`rimnmal. @stá la

t`kb`knma qu` pr`s`ktak nm`rtas `snfrmas a jan`r `spuea.

 

¡¡CXANMA^!!