TIP 0502-01

TIP 0502-01 OLD NUMBER 014-9 ISSUED - 1963 REVISED - 1980 REVISED - 1992 REVISED –1998 REVISED - 2002 2002 TAPPI The information and data contained in this document were prepared by a technical committee of the Association. The committee and the Association assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the use of such information or data, including but not limited to any liability under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user is responsible for determining that this document is the most recent edition published.

Paper machine vacuum selection factors Scope The purpose of this Technical Information Paper is to provide a reference basis from which paper machine vacuum system airflow requirements may be calculated. Air flow sizing requirements for fourdriniers, press sections, tissue formers and cylinder machines are presented. Selection factors given in this TIP are only guidelines. Vacuum system suppliers, machine builders, or application specialists should be consulted for accurate sizing and for specific applications. Safety precautions Mill safety requirements and other precautions should be taken when working with vacuum pumps and other paper machine equipment. General comments Standard vacuum system sizing factors can only be applied to conventional paper machine geometries using typical operating practices. Vacuum sizing factors are used to simplify the vacuum sizing process. All vacuum levels shown are measured at the paper machine service. Conversion factors multiply lb oz oz/ft2 in. in. in. in. Hg in. Hg in. Hg kPa

by 0.454 28.35 305.6 25.4 2.54 0.0254 13.6 0.489 3.386 0.295

to obtain

multiply

by

to obtain

kg g g/m2 mm cm m in H2O psi kPa in. Hg

ft/min (fpm) cfm cfm/in. cfm/in.2 cfm/in.2/1000fpm

0.305 1.669 0.669 0.263 0.0863

m/min (mpm) m3/hr m3/hr/cm m3/hr/cm2 m3/hr/cm2/100mpm

psi psi psi

27.77 2.315 6.895

in. H2O ft H2O kPa

TIP Category: Automatically Periodically Reviewed (Five-year review) TAPPI

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TIP 0502-01

Paper machine vacuum selection factors / 2

Influence of temperatures and altitude I. Temperatures Airflow carried from the paper machine into the vacuum system consists of air and water vapor. If the vacuum system is composed of liquid ring pumps, temperature differences between the water vapor in the air stream and the seal water used for the vacuum pumps should be taken into consideration. If vacuum pump seal water is cooler than incoming vapor, the vapor will be condensed. The degree of condensation depends on pump design and seal water piping configuration. The volume of dry air that the pump will handle increases in proportion to the volume of vapor that is condensed prior to the vacuum pump. This condensing affect of liquid ring vacuum pumps increases the air handling capability of the vacuum system by 5 – 20%. The amount of increase depends on the differential between the seal water and process temperatures. It also depends on the operating vacuum level. When selecting a vacuum system to match the airflow requirements determined by the selection factors in this TIP, consult vacuum system suppliers for recommendations on the influence of temperatures on the system selected. II. Altitude Equivalent barometric pressure decreases as elevation above sea level increases. This reduction in barometric pressure reduces vacuum gauge readings on paper machines. The selection factors in this TIP can be used for system sizing at any elevation. However, vacuum gauge readings (and power requirements of the vacuum pump) will be lower at elevations above sea level. Vacuum system suppliers should be consulted concerning the influence of elevation on system selection. Influence on gauge readings and power requirements is negligible for elevations below 3000 ft., and can be ignored. Suction roll vacuum box open area In this TIP, vacuum selection factors for suction rolls are based on suction box open areas measured as shown in ILLUSTRATION 1:

ILLUSTRATION 1

1.

For Suction Box MD Widths ≤ 12 in., use chord length of suction box at Inside Diameter of suction roll shell (bwC).

2.

For Suction Box MD Widths > 12 in. (and ALL tissue machine suction rolls), use arc length of suction box extended to Outside Diameter of roll (including cover) (bwA).

Paper and board grades The following comments, descriptions and formulae refer to the forming and press sections on machines producing paper and board grades.

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3 / Paper machine vacuum selection factors

TIP 0502-01

Forming section It is important to understand that vacuum system requirements for any forming section are developed through calculations which take into account key sizing parameters. The following descriptions apply to forming section vacuum units located in Figures 1, 2, and 3 following this write up. Unit Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Description vacuum assisted pulsative foil suction boxes low vacuum area of foil suction boxes medium vacuum area of foil suction boxes "wet boxes" - low vacuum area of flat suction boxes "dry boxes" - high vacuum area of flat suction boxes low vacuum area of couch roll high vacuum area of couch roll

Particular attention should be paid to: 1) specific configuration of the forming section; 2) desired vacuum levels; 3) open area in high vacuum drainage elements; and 4) forming fabric caliper, style and permeability. All of these factors can suggest an increased air flow demand, especially on lightweight grades. A thorough system analysis should also ensure that proper piping and pump sizing are addressed. The rate at which air is drawn through various grades of paper illustrates that sheet weight, furnish type, freeness and sheet moisture (or consistency) affect results. The amount of air drawn through a sheet is inversely related to its moisture content. No air is drawn through the sheet prior to the dry line. Airflow increases as the sheet is successively dried beyond the dry line. For a given grade and furnish, airflow is inversely related to sheet weight. This is clearly illustrated on the broad weight ranges of linerboard and bleached paperboard. On traditional lightweight grades the relationship of airflow to sheet weight is not so apparent. Stock freeness variation is also significant. Large freeness variations between (high freeness) 42-lb linerboard and (low freeness) 30-lb newsprint is evident in the sizing factors. Although there is a 4:1 basis weight ratio between the two grades, similar airflows are required due to the offsetting freeness values. The largest air flow requirements occur after the dry line on lightweight, free-draining paper grades. Velocity of the air produces drainage as it strips water from the capillaries of the sheet. However, the actual amount of water removed is very small. Thus, in a "dry" position, a suction box cover having a small open area and lower total air flow can achieve the same dewatering as a cover with greater open area. This same drainage mechanism occurs at the couch. Hence, the use of two suction zones operating at successively higher vacuum and airflow levels on light to medium weight applications. Figures 1-3 reflect current industry averages for the applications shown. All references to airflow are in ACFM (actual ft3/min) at the recommended vacuum level. They represent the current norm for the vacuum capacity of modern paper machines in each grade category. Some existing machines may be operating satisfactorily at lower levels. However, the values in Figures 1-3 should be considered if a production upgrade is contemplated. In such instances, careful attention must also be given to pressure drop, sizing of vacuum piping and valves, seal legs, suction roll journal open area, etc., to ensure that the pressure drop between the vacuum source and the point of application does not exceed 1 in. Hg vacuum. Figures 1-3 reference two different factors for high vacuum flatbox capacity - one based on a cfm/in. of wire width, and the other based on a cfm/in.2 of open area. The first provides a quick total capacity requirement based upon modern machine speeds and tonnage. The latter should be used for more accurate calculations of needed airflow, and reflects vacuum density needed to develop a desired vacuum level. The implication for mill engineering is that production changes demand evaluation of total cfm needs as well as the suction area through which it will be applied. It also is important that a study of paper machine drive loads and installed drives be undertaken any time additional vacuum capacity is considered.

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TIP 0502-01

Paper machine vacuum selection factors / 4

When using equations to calculate required airflows, the following nomenclature is used in this paper: Equation 1: Q = ww × Vf × #u × sw × #b Where: Q ww Vf sw md cd #b #u

total air flow (ACFM @ in. Hg vacuum) wire width vacuum factor (ACFM/in.2 or ACFM/in.) slot width (inches) machine direction length (inches) cross machine direction (inches) number of boxes number of slots/box

ILLUSTRATION 2

Note: The vacuum service location numbers in the following examples refer to Figures 1-3. Low vacuum foil & suction box requirements Airflow and differential pressure requirements for the units in locations #1 and #2 are very low as no air is actually being drawn through the sheet. For units in location #3, higher vacuum levels are generally applied as these units operate near the "dry" line and some airflow is starting to occur. Only slotted cover designs are utilized on these units. To determine airflow requirements for units in these locations, multiply wire (fabric) width × vacuum factor (cfm/in.) × number of units = total flow required per location. Example 1A Calculate requirements for a 240in. SBS paperboard machine operating at a maximum speed of 1,500 fpm with four units in location #1, two units in location #2, and one unit in location #3. Location 1:

Q = ww × Vf × #b = cfm @ 38 in. H2O Q = 240 in. × 1.5 cfm/in. × 4 units = 1440 cfm @ 38 in. H2O

Location 2:

Q = ww × Vf × #b = cfm @ 38 in. H2O Q = 240 in. × 1.5 cfm/in. × 2 units = 720 cfm @ 38 in. H2O

Location 3:

Q = ww × Vf × #b = cfm @ 54 in. H2O Q = 240 in. × 3.5 cfm/in. × 1 unit = 840 cfm @ 54 in. H2O

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5 / Paper machine vacuum selection factors

TIP 0502-01

The equations above give required airflows at respective vacuum levels. However, since one vacuum source is often used for servicing all three locations, required airflows will have to be expanded to the highest required operating vacuum level (Location 3 vacuum level in this example). This is done by expanding airflow (volume) at the lower vacuum levels to the equivalent airflow (volume) at the highest vacuum level. Boyle’s gas law (P1V1 = P2V2), with vacuum levels (P) converted to absolute pressures is used to determine the total expanded airflow requirement. For Example 1A: Convert operating vacuum levels to absolute pressure – (atmospheric pressure = 0 in. H2O vacuum = 408 in. H2O absolute pressure) Location 1: P1 = 38 in. H2O vacuum = 408 in. H2O absolute - 38 in. H2O = 370 in. H2O absolute Location 2: P1 = 38 in. H2O vacuum = 408 in. H2O absolute - 38 in. H2O = 370 in. H2O absolute Location 3: P2 = 54 in. H2O vacuum = 408 in. H2O absolute - 54 in. H2O = 354 in. H2O absolute Calculate the airflow requirement (V1) at Locations 1 & 2 expanded to the highest vacuum level (P2) P1V1 = P2V2 ∴ V2 = V1 × (P1 ÷ P2) Location 1: V2 = 1440 cfm × 370/354 = Location 2: V2 = 720 cfm × 370/354 = Location 3: V2 =

1505 cfm @ 54 in. H2O 753 cfm @ 54 in. H2O 840 cfm @ 54 in. H2O 3098 cfm @ 54 in. H2O

Therefore, the vacuum source for this example should be capable of providing approximately 3,100 cfm @ 54 in. H2O vacuum. High vacuum suction box requirements Airflow requirements are much greater in locations #4 and #5 - the traditional "wet" and "dry" suction box or flatbox region. Slotted suction box covers are more widely used in these locations. Their requirements may be calculated in a similar way: multiply [wire (fabric) width] × [number of slots per box × slot width (MD)] × [vacuum factor (cfm/in2)] × [number of boxes]: Q = ww × #u × sw × Vf × #b For suction boxes with "drilled" covers, multiply [wire (fabric) width] × [overall cover width (MD)] × [percent open area of the cover's drilled pattern] × [vacuum factor (cfm/in2)] × [number of boxes]: Example 1B

Q = ww × bw × % OA × Vf × #b

Using the SBS paperboard machine with three "wet" suction boxes and four "dry" suction boxes, the airflow requirements for locations #4 and #5 are: Location 4:

Slotted Covers: eleven 0.75 in. wide slots Q = ww × #u × sw × Vf × #b = cfm @ 10 in. HgV Q = 240 in. wire × 11 slots × 0.75 in./slot × 0.6 cfm/in.2 × 3 boxes = 3564 cfm @ 10 in. HgV

Location 5:

Drilled Covers: 15 in. wide boxes with 42% open area Q = ww × bw × % open area × Vf × #b = cfm @ 15 in. HgV Q = 240 in. wire × 15 in. cover × 0.42 open area × 1.2 cfm/in.2 × 4 boxes = 7258 cfm @ 15 in. HgV Licensed to KAKATI KARSHAK INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD./sarveshwar rao ANSI Store order #X314000 Downloaded: 1/4/2007 1:53:17 AM ET Single user license only. Copying and networking prohibited.

TIP 0502-01

Paper machine vacuum selection factors / 6

Should these airflows be combined, then 3564 cfm @ 10 in. HgV must be expanded to 15 in. HgV for proper sizing of the vacuum source (see Example #1A). For comparison, a calculation using cfm/in. of wire width is shown below. Based upon the cfm/in. guidelines, vacuum specifications for this example would be: Location #4: 240 in. × 16 cfm/in. = 3840 cfm @ 10 in. Hg Location #5: 240 in. × 32 cfm/in. = 7680 cfm @ 15 in. Hg It is important to understand that vacuum capacity and the number of flatboxes both increase in proportion to design production rate. Suction couch requirements Actual couch box widths are determined in relation to roll size and wrap angle for a particular machine. The cfm/in.2 values listed for locations #6 and #7 indicate current industry averages used on couch rolls. It should be noted that this cfm/in.2 is applied to total couch suction box open area. This active suction area is determined by multiplying the MD length of the suction box (bw) by the width of the forming fabric (ww). Couch roll shell % open area is not used in determining the required airflow. Example 1C Continuing the SBS machine example for a 42 in. O.D. couch roll with a single 45° suction box, the required airflow is: Location 6:

Q = ww × bwA × Vf = cfm @ 20 in. HgV. Q = 240 in. × [(45° ÷ 360°) × (π × 42 in)] × 7.0 cfm/in2 = 27,710 cfm @ 20 in. HgV

Couch vacuum factor adjustments vs. speed The influence of machine speed is an important consideration in sizing the vacuum source for the couch. The low and high vacuum factors (locations #6 and #7 on Figures 2 & 3) should be corrected whenever machine speeds exceed the maximum speed listed for the grade. Correction factors are shown following table: Couch vacuum factor adjustments for speed

First (Low) Box; or Single Box Only Second (High) Box

Operating Vacuum in. Hg

Adjustment Factor cfm/in2/1000 fpm

10 15 20

0.25 0.50 1.00

20

0.50

If the SBS machine in the example is designed to run at 2000 fpm, this speed exceeds the maximum speed listed in the sizing tables by 500 fpm. The vacuum factor shown in Figures 2 and 3 would be increased by 1 cfm/in.2/1000, or 0.5 cfm/in.2. The adjusted sizing factor becomes 7.5 cfm/in.2. Considerations should also be made for low speed applications (machine speeds under 1000 fpm) often found on narrow machines having small diameter couch rolls. Journal open areas are often insufficient to handle increased airflows without exceeding allowable journal air velocity limits. At machine speeds below 1500 fpm, a higher percentage of water drained by the couch enters the shell rather than being thrown out. This additional water must exit through the couch journal. Increased Licensed to KAKATI KARSHAK INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD./sarveshwar rao ANSI Store order #X314000 Downloaded: 1/4/2007 1:53:17 AM ET Single user license only. Copying and networking prohibited.

7 / Paper machine vacuum selection factors

TIP 0502-01

water volume further reduces the effective open area available for air passage, and increases journal losses. Machinery builders and vacuum system suppliers can provide assistance for addressing these conditions. “Super high vacuum” flatbox These high vacuum boxes are in the developmental stages as this TIP is written. They are used following, or in place of, the suction couch. They have become particularly popular on certain twin wire machines following the suction couch roll. Cover design is normally 3 – 5 slots, each ½ in. wide. Covers are typically premium ceramic strips. Current selection factors are 14 – 16 cfm/in.2 @ 20 – 22 in. Hg. Press section suction rolls Figure 4 A – C reflects current industry averages for press section vacuum factors. For convenience, typical suction roll and press configurations are illustrated. These show roll nip geometry and vacuum box locations. The corresponding tables indicate box width, vacuum level and air flow recommendations. Press suction roll airflow requirements are determined by the same criteria as couch roll airflow requirements - active suction area (i.e. [suction box MD length x felt CD width) x vacuum factor (Vf)]. Active suction area is the total suction box open area (suction roll shell % open area is not used in determining the required airflow). Q = ww × bw × Vf = cfm @ 20 in. HgV Individual vacuum factors are specific to a particular press configuration. Note: the term "Standard" under GRADES applies to all paper grades that would be produced using that configuration. Special cases or grades are indicated separately. Care should be taken when applying vacuum factors to press configurations not shown. Key sizing parameters such as angle of wrap (around the suction roll), felt weight, nip dwell time, sheet weight, press load, etc. should be considered. Machinery builders and press felt suppliers should be consulted for proprietary press configurations and for machine speeds above 3,500 fpm. Fabric conditioning The primary performance objective for fabric suction boxes is to uniformly remove water and foreign contaminants from fabrics. Basic guidelines in good fabric dewatering and conditioning are provided in TAPPI TIP 0404-27 “Press felt conditioning and suction box (Uhle box)vacuum requirements.” Consult this TIP for fabric conditioning guidelines. Tissue machines The sizing information shown in Figures 5A, 5B, and 5C, covers conventional fourdrinier, C-Wrap and crescent tissue formers with yankee dryers. The sizing factors cover a range that is typical of current design practice. As noted in the figures, sizing factor values increase with machine speed. There are many proprietary tissue formers and machine configurations. This paper does not address proprietary designs. The specific machine builder should be consulted for vacuum system capacity information on these machine designs. Twin wire formers There are many unique or proprietary configurations for multiple wire forming. This paper does not address supplier specific designs. The machine builder should be consulted for vacuum capacity information on their specific machine design. Cylinder machines Factors for conventional cylinder machine press and fabric conditioning sections will be the same as those listed for the Fourdrinier. The difference is in the forming section. The selection factors for Suction Drum applications were specified in the 1980 version of this TIP (then numbered TIS 014-9) and are reproduced below:

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TIP 0502-01

Paper machine vacuum selection factors / 8

Suction Drum With Press Box Width (in.) 13-21

Suction Drum No Press

in. Hg

cfm/ in.2

22

1.0

Box Width (in.) 13-21

in. Hg

cfm/ in.2

20

1.5

Felt & Sheet cfm/ in.2 ″Hg 3

10

Slice cfm/ in.2

in. Hg

2

3

Some cylinder machines have two or three Sheet Boxes instead of a Suction Drum. These boxes are the same as felt suction boxes (usually with 0.5 in. slots) but apply vacuum between the cylinder vats and the first press. They are used to aid forming and to carry the sheet. The average vacuum factor being used for these sheet boxes is approximately 3.0 cfm/in.2 @ 20 in. HgV. There are also various “hybrid” cylinder type formers in operation on multi-ply grades today. The manufacturers of these units should be consulted for vacuum system recommendations for their specific formers. Conclusion Proper vacuum system designs are critical for maximizing paper machine production and efficiency. All machine installations are unique. Therefore, when designing a vacuum system, one should review all of the system parameters – vacuum factors (existing versus industry standards), machine age, and any part of the process (from the suction point on the paper machine to the vacuum source) that contacts the airflow. It should be noted that most vacuum suppliers’ performance curves conform to industry standard conditions for inlet temperature, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity. Some suppliers’ performance curves may be published at slightly saturated conditions. Saturated data should be derated to the industry standard conditions before being compared against data published at standard conditions. In actual paper mill applications, condensing corrections must often be made for proper pump selection. Consult your vacuum system supplier for assistance. References TIP 0404-27 – “Air flow requirements for conditioning press felts at suction pipes” TIP 0404-47 – “Paper machine performance guidelines” TIP-0404-55 – “Performance evaluation techniques for paper machine vacuum systems” TIP 0404-60 – “High vacuum sheet dewatering” TIP-0404-61 – “Paper machine shower recommendations” Keywords Vacuum, Suction, Vacuum boxes, Couch rolls, Suction presses, Forming fabrics, Vacuum rolls, Pressure roll, Crescent formers Additional information Effective Date of Issue: September 1, 2002 Working Group Members: James Nelson, Chairman – Nash Engineering John Eklund – OVER Meccanica Finn Flood – Voith Paper Tony Jelley – Metso Paper Juha Kivimaa – Metso Paper Dean Miller – Johnson Foils/AstenJohnson John Neun – Kadant AES Doug Rounds – Voith-Andritz Doug Sweet – Doug Sweet and Associates Brian Worcester – OVER Meccanica

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9 / Paper machine vacuum selection factors

TIP 0502-01

FIGURE 1

GRADES Licensed to KAKATI KARSHAK INDUSTRIES PVT.LTD./sarveshwar rao ANSI Store order #X314000 Downloaded: 1/4/2007 1:53:17 AM ET Single user license only. Copying and networking prohibited.

BASIS WEIGHT

MAXIMUM SPEED

lb/30002

FPM

NO. UNITS

CFM/IN UNIT

IN. H2O

NO. UNITS

CFM/IN UNIT

IN. H2O

NO. UNITS

CFM/IN UNIT

IN. H2O

2000 1500 2000 2000 750

---------------------

---------------------

---------------------

1-2 2-3 2-4 1-2 2-4

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

26. 26. 26. 26. 26.

---------------------

---------------------

---------------------

0-1 0-1 0-1

3.5 3.5 3.5

26. 26. 26.

LIGHT WEIGHT SPECIALTIES MG & MF PAPERS GLASSINE, GREASEPROOF CARBONIZING WAXING BASE CIGARETTE, CONDENSOR TISSUE

LOW VACUUM FOIL [1]

LOW VACUUM FOIL [2]

LOW VACUUM FOIL [3]

NAPKIN, TOWELING NAPKIN TOWEL, TWO PLY TOWEL, SINGLE PLY

12-18 14-20 28-39

4000 4000 2500

-------------

-------------

-------------

0-1 0-1 1-2

1.5 1.5 1.5

26. 26. 26.

FREESHEET HEAVYWEIGHTS

65-104

1500

3

1.5

26.

2-3

1.5

26.

GROUNDWOOD PRINTING DIRECTORY ROTO, CATALOG SC MAGAZINE LWC PUBLICATION

18-45 35-45 22-45

3000 3000 3000

-------------

-------------

-------------

2 2 2

1.5 1.5 1.5

26. 26. 26.

0-1 1 1

3.5 3.5 3.5

38. 38. 38.

NEWSPRINT

28-33

3000

-----

-----

-----

2-3

1.5

26.

1

3.5

38.

UNBLEACHED KRAFT BAG SATURATING LINERBOARD/26 TO 42 lb LINERBOARD/42 TO 90 lb

30-70 65-150 78-126 126-270

2500 1500 2500 2000

2-3 4-5 3-4 4-5

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

26. 38. 38. 38.

2 2-3 2-3 2-3

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

38. 38. 38. 38.

0-1 1 1 1-2

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

54. 54. 54. 54.

CORRUGATING MEDIUM/26 lb

66-108

2500

3

1.5

26.

3

1.5

38.

0-1

3.5

54.

BLEACHED KRAFT SBS PAPERBOARD PACKAGING SPECIALTIES

120-300 25-100

1500 2000

4-5 -----

1.5 -----

38. -----

2-3 1-2

1.5 1.5

38. 26.

1 0-1

3.5 3.5

54. 38.

750

4-5

1.5

38.

2-3

1.5

38.

-----

-----

-----

PULP

TIP 0502-01

Paper machine vacuum selection factors / 10

FIGURE 2

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GRADES

BASIS WEIGHT lb/3000 ft2

LIGHT WEIGHT SPECIALTIES MG & MF PAPERS GLASSINE, GREASEPROOF CARBONIZING WAXING BASE CIGARETTE, CONDENSOR TISSUE

MAXIMUM SPEED FPM

LOW VACUUM “WET” FLATBOX [4] NO. CFM/IN2 CFM/IN BOXES OPEN FAB. AREA WIDTH

2000 1500 2000 2000 750

1-2 2-4 2-4 1-2 1-2

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

“Hg

HIGHER VACUUM “DRY” FLATBOX [5] NO. CFM/IN2 CFM/IN BOXES OPEN FAB. AREA WIDTH

“Hg

LOW VACUUM COUCH [6] CFM/IN2 “Hg SURFACE AREA2

HIGH VACUUM COUCH [7] CFM/IN2 “Hg SURFACE AREA2

1. 1. 2. 2. 1.

6. 10. 6. 6. 6.

2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3

3. 3. 3. 6. 3.

6. 10. 6. 6. 6.

3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

10. 10. 10. 10. 10.

3.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 3.0

15. 22. 20. 15. 15.

NAPKIN, TOWELING NAPKIN TOWEL, TWO PLY TOWEL, SINGLE PLY

12-18 14-20 28-39

4000 4000 2500

-------------

-------------

-------------

-------------

0-1 0-1 1-2

0.7 0.7 0.8

4. 4. 12.

6. 6. 6.

3.0 3.0 3.0

10. 10. 10.

3.0 3.0 6.5

20. 20. 20.

FREESHEET PRINTING & WRITING BOOK PAPERS HEAVYWEIGHTS

28-55 30-73 65-104

3000 3000 1500

0-2 0-2 1-2

0.4 0.4 0.4

4. 4. 4.

10. 10. 10.

3-4 3-4 3-4

0.7 0.7 0.7

11. 11. 11.

10. 10. 10.

3.0 3.0 3.0

10. 10. 10.

8.5 8.5 7.0

20. 20. 20.

GROUNDWOOD PRINTING DIRECTORY ROTO, CATALOG SC MAGAZINE LWC PUBLICATION

18-45 35-45 22-45

3000 3000 3000

0-2 0-2 0-2

0.4 0.4 0.4

4. 4. 4.

10. 10. 10.

3-4 3-4 3-4

0.7 0.7 0.7

11. 11. 11.

10. 10. 10.

3.0 3.0 3.0

10. 10. 10.

8.5 8.5 8.5

20. 20. 20.

NEWSPRINT

28-33

3000

0-2

0.6

6.

10.

3-4

1.0

14.

10.

3.0

10.

8.5

20.

UNBLEACHED KRAFT BAG SATURATING LINERBOARD/26 TO 42 lb LINERBOARD/42 TO 90 lb

30-70 65-150 78-126 126-270

2500 1500 2500 2000

0-2 1-2 1-3 2-4

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6

22. 10. 22. 30.

10. 10. 10. 10.

4-5 2-4 4-5 5-6

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2

42. 20. 42. 50.

10. 15. 15. 15.

3.0 -------------

10. -------------

9.0 7.0 7.0 7.0

20. 20. 20. 20.

CORRUGATING MEDIUM/26 lb

66-108

2500

2-4

1.0

16.

10.

4-5

1.5

24.

10.

-----

-----

7.0

20.

BLEACHED KRAFT SBS PAPERBOARD PACKAGING SPECIALTIES

120-300 25-100

1500 2000

2-4 0-2

0.6 1.0

16. 10.

10. 10.

4-5 4-5

1.2 1.2

32. 20.

15. 10.

----3.0

----10.

7.0 7.5

20. 20.

750

2-4

0.6

20

10.

2-4

1.2

40.

15.

-----

-----

7.0

20.

PULP

11 / Paper machine vacuum selection factors

TIP 0502-01

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BASIS WEIGHT

MAXIMUM SPEED

lb/3000 ft2

FPM

NO. UNITS

CFM/ IN/ UNIT

IN. H2O

NO UNITS

CFM/IN UNIT

IN. H2O

NO. BOXES

CFM/IN2 OPEN AREA

CFM/IN FAB. WIDTH

28-55 30-73 65-104

3000 3000 1500

3 3 3

1.5 1.5 1.5

26. 26. 26.

1 1-2 1

1.5 1.5 1.5

26. 26. 26.

2-4 2-4 2-4

0.7 0.7 0.7

18-45

3000

-----

-----

-----

1

1.5

26.

2-4

35-45 22-45

3000 3000

---------

---------

---------

1 1

1.5 1.5

26. 26.

28-33

3000

-----

-----

-----

1

1.5

UNBLEACHED KRAFT BAG SATURATING LINERBOARD/26 TO 42 lb LINERBOARD/42 TO 90 lb

30-70 65-150 78-126 126-270

2500 1500 2500 2000

2-3 4-5 3-4 4-5

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

26. 38. 38. 38.

1 1 1 1

CORRUGATING MEDIUM/26 lb

66-108

2500

3

1.5

26.

BLEACHED KRAFT SBS PAPERBOARD PACKAGING SPECIALTIES

120-300 25-100

1500 2000

4-5 -----

1.5 -----

38. -----

GRADES

FREESHEET PRINTING & WRITING BOOK PAPERS HEAVYWEIGHTS GROUNDWOOD PRINTING DIRECTORY ROTO, CATALOG SC MAGAZINE LWC PUBLICATION NEWSPRINT

LOW VACUUM FOIL [1]

LOW VACUUM FOIL [2]

HIGH VACUUM “DRY” FLATBOX [5]

LOW VACUUM COUCH [6]

HIGH VACUUM COUCH [7]

“HG

CFM/ IN2

“HG

CFM/ IN2

“HG

11. 11. 11.

10. 10. 10.

3.0 3.0 3.0

10. 10. 10.

8.5 8.5 7.0

20. 20. 20.

0.7

11.

10.

3.0

10.

8.5

20.

2-4 2-4

0.7 0.7

11. 11.

10. 10.

3.0 3.0

10. 10.

8.5 8.5

20. 20.

38.

2-4

1.0

14.

10.

3.0

10.

8.5

20.

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

38. 38. 38. 38.

4-5 2-4 4-5 5-6

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.2

42. 20. 42. 50.

10. 15. 15. 15.

-----------------

-----------------

9.0 7.0 7.0 7.0

20. 20. 20. 20.

1

1.5

38.

3-4

1.5

24.

10.

-----

-----

7.0

20.

1 1

1.5 1.5

38. 26.

4-5 4-5

1.2 1.2

32. 20.

15. 10.

----3.0

----10.

7.0 7.5

20. 20.

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Paper machine vacuum selection factors / 12

FIGURE 4A BOX WIDTH CFM / SQ. (IN.) IN.

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GRADES

BOX

STANDARD LIGHTWEIGHT SPECIALTIES

A

4-5 8 - 12

ALL

B

5 - 10

STANDARD LIGHTWEIGHT SPECIALTIES

A

STANDARD

A

VACUUM ("HG)

5.0 5.0 1.5 0.7

20 20 10 10

4-5

5.0 3.5

20

4-5

4.0 - 5.0

20

SUCTION PICK UP

SINGLE FELTED NIP

DOUBLE FELTED NIP

COMMENTS

BLED FROM "A" SEPARATE OUTLET

13 / Paper machine vacuum selection factors

FIGURE 4B

TIP 0502-01

BOX WIDTH CFM / SQ. VACUUM (IN.) IN. ("HG)

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GRADES

BOX

STANDARD

A

4-5

ALL

B

70 - 80 deg.

ALL

B

70 - 80 deg.

STANDARD

C

4-5

A

4-6

B

70 - 80 deg.

C

4-6

4.0 - 5.0 0.5 0.3

COMMENTS

20 10

BLED FROM "A" SEPARATE OUTLET

10

BLED FROM "C" SEPARATE OUTLET

(2) FELTS / (1) NIP

1.0 - 2.0 0.5 - 1.0 5.0 - 6.0

20

(1) FELT / (1) NIP

STANDARD

(2) FELTS / (2) NIPS

4.0 - 5.0 0.5 - 0.6 0.3 5.0 - 6.0

20 10 20

BLED FROM "A" SEPARATE OUTLET

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Paper machine vacuum selection factors / 14

FIGURE 4C

GRADES

BOX

STANDARD

B' C

BOX WIDTH CFM / SQ. VACUUM (IN.) IN. ("HG)

90 - 120 deg. 4-6

0.75 - 1.0 5.0 - 6.0

10 20

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(2) FELTS / (2) NIPS

STANDARD

A

10 - 24

0.5 - 1.0

10

STANDARD

A

3 - 10

3.0

10

SUCTION TURNING ROLL

SUCTION FELT ROLL

COMMENTS

SEPARATE OUTLET

15 / Paper machine vacuum selection factors

TIP 0502-01

FOURDRINIER TISSUE FORMER Fourdrinier Former Service

cfm/sq in *

cfm/linear in *

" Hg

MD Suction Opening **

- Forming Zone (A)

-

23 - 28

5 - 10

9 - 12"

- Holding Zone (B)

-

13

4

3-6

Pick-Up Shoe

-

8

10

(1) 1/2 - 3/4" Slot

Pick-Up Roll

-

25

10 - 15

2 - 3"

- Speed < 6000 fpm

2 - 2.5

-

10 - 12

110 - 140 deg

- Speed > 6000 fpm

2.5

-

10 - 12

110 - 140 deg

- Speed < 6000 fpm

2 - 2.5

-

12

- Speed > 6000 fpm

2.5

-

12

1.25 - 1.5

-

5-6

2.25

-

10

Suction Breast Roll

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Pressure Roll - Single Box

Pressure Roll - Double Box: - High Box Geometry Dependent Geometry Dependent

- Low Box -Bled from High Box -Separate Outlet

* Factors increase with speed ** Suction box measured @ roll O.D.

FIGURE 5A

Geometry Dependent Geometry Dependent

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Paper machine vacuum selection factors / 16

C WRAP TISSUE FORMER

C Wrap Former cfm/linear in " Hg cfm/sq in * *

Service

MD Suction Opening **

Suction Forming Roll - Low (A)

0.55

-

2.5

50 - 80%

Suction Forming Roll - High (B)

2.5

-

9

50 - 20%

4

-

3

0.5 - 1"

Pick-Up Shoe

8

10

(1) 1/2 - 3/4" Slot

Pick-Up Roll

25

10 - 15

2 - 3"

Transfer Box (C)

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Pressure Roll - Single Box - Speed < 6000 fpm

2 - 2.5

-

10 - 12

110 - 140 deg

- Speed > 6000 fpm

2.50

-

10 - 12

110 - 140 deg

- Speed < 6000 fpm

2 - 2.5

-

12

- Speed > 6000 fpm

2.5

-

12

1.25 - 1.5

-

5-6

2.25

-

10

Pressure Roll - Double Box: - High Box Geometry Dependent Geometry Dependent

- Low Box -Bled from High Box -Separate Outlet

FIGURE 5B

* Factors increase with speed ** Suction box measured @ roll O.D.

Geometry Dependent Geometry Dependent

17 / Paper machine vacuum selection factors

TIP 0502-01

CRESCENT TISSUE FORMER

Crescent Former cfm/linear in " Hg cfm/sq in * *

Service

MD Suction Opening **

Pressure Roll - Single Box

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- Speed < 6000 fpm

2 - 2.5

-

10 - 12

110 - 140 deg

- Speed > 6000 fpm

2.50

-

10 - 12

110 - 140 deg

- Speed < 6000 fpm

2 - 2.5

-

12

- Speed > 6000 fpm

2.5

-

12

1.25 - 1.5

-

5-6

2.25

-

10

Pressure Roll - Double Box: - High Box (A) Geometry Dependent Geometry Dependent

- Low Box (B) -Bled from High Box -Separate Outlet

FIGURE 5C

* Factors increase with speed ** Suction box measured @ roll O.D.

Geometry Dependent Geometry Dependent