TIP 0404-07( Paper Machine Dry Rate)

TIP 0404-07 OLD TIP NO. 014- 17 ISSUED – 1970 REVISED – 1984 REVISED – 1989 REVISED – 1991 REVISED – 1994 REVISED – 2000 REVISED – 2004 REVISED - 2005 REVISED - 2010 © 2010 TAPPI The information and data contained in this document were prepared by a technical committee of the Association. The committee and the Association assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the use of such information or data, including but not limited to any liability or responsibility under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user is responsible for determining that this document is the most recent edition published.

Paper Paper machine dry ing rate Scope This TIP outlines procedures for calculating paper machine drying rates for coated and uncoated papers and   provides drying rate curves. The objective objective of the TIP is to define rate of water removal on a common basis for mills to use to compare a particular machine to past performance and to other machines. The definition of drying rate and  its calculation are simple to permit widespread use. These procedures cannot be used for machines with auxiliary drying equipment such as infrared dryers and impingement dryers unless these auxiliary dryers are shut off. Data points on the curves represent observed performance of existing machines. Lines represent calculated  average and two-sigma variation of plotted data. The calculation does not identify or account for factors that affect drying rate. There are many variables that can affect calculated drying rate. These factors include: • Sheet furnish • Siphon design • Use of dryer bars • Pocket ventilation • Dryer fabric application

• Dryer configuration • Dryer felting • Dryer surface scale • Hood humidity • Reel moisture content

• Type of pressing • Amount of pressing • Breaker stack 

Safety Safety p recautions This TIP outlines a calculation procedure. No safety precautions are required.

Definition Definition o f drying rate The drying rate ( RW ) as applied to drying on the machine is defined as the amount of water evaporated per  hour per unit area of drying surface. Drying surface is defined as the total circumferential length of steam-heated  dryers that are in contact with the sheet multiplied by the width of the sheet at the reel. Drying rate is expressed as  pounds per hour per square foot in customary units and as kilograms per hour per square meter in SI units, and  reported at the average steam temperature.

TIP Category: Automatically Periodically Reviewed (Five-year review)TAPPI

TIP 0404-07

Paper machin e dryi ng rate / 2

Drying rate for unc oated papers Equations 1 and 2 are used to calculate the drying rate for uncoated papers:

 M  =

 L  E 

−1

 RW  = 60

(1)

SBM 

(2)

 NAπ   D

where the factor 60 is minutes per hour and the variables are defined as:  RW  S   B  M   N   A

π  D  L  E 

drying rate, amount of water evaporated, kg/h•m2 (lb/h•ft2) machine speed, m/min (ft/min) basis weight of the sheet as it leaves the dryer section as dried (wet basis), kg/m2 (lb/ream) weight of water evaporated per unit weight of paper as dried (wet basis) number of steam-heated dryers that contact the sheet area of standard ream, 1.0 m2 (ft2) 3.1416 diameter of dryer cylinders, m (ft) percent dryness (wet basis) of sheet leaving the last cylinder (the larger number) percent dryness (wet basis) of sheet entering on the first dryer (the smaller number).

= = = = = = = = = =

Dryers that do not contact the sheet include bottom unorun dryers, top dryers of inverted unorun sections, felt dryers, and Feeney dryers. Dryers that are not heated include cooling dryers, sweat dryers, and dryers that are valved  off. None of these dryers should be counted in the number of dryers. An accurate value for the dryness “E” of the web entering a dryer section must be available in order to calculate the drying rate. An error of 2% dryness (say 38% dry instead of 40% dry) can result in a 9% error in the calculated drying rate. The entering dryness often is not readily available, is difficult to determine accurately, and is a cause of inaccurate rate calculations. The dryness can be determined by carefully taking and testing samples of the wet web before the dryer section, according to TIP 0404-01. Pulp air dryers do not have dryer cylinders. Area used in these drying rate calculations multiply the length of  a dryer pass times the number of passes times the sheet width off the machine. An example of these equations is given in both customary and SI units as follows: Customary units S  =  B =  L =  E  =  A =  N  =  D =

 M  =

94 40

 RW  = 60

2000 ft/min 43 lb/ream 94% dry leaving 40% dry entering 3300 ft2/ream 45 paper dryers 5.0 ft diameter 

− 1 = 1.35 ( 2000)(43)(1.35) ( 45)(3300)π  (5.0)

 RW = 3.0 lb water/h/ft

2

3 / Paper machin e dryi ng rate

SI units S   B  L  E   A  N   D

 M  =

94 40

 RW  =

 RW

= = = = = = =

TIP 0404-07

610 m/min (63.6/1000) kg/m2 94% dry leaving 40% dry entering 1.0 45 paper dryers 1.52 m diameter 

− 1 = 1.35

60(610)(63.6 / 1000)(1.35) (45)(1.0)π  (1.52) =

14.6 kg water/h/m2

Drying rate comparison Calculated drying rate can be compared to other paper machines by referring to the following Fig.s: Fig. 1E Fig. 1M Fig. 2E Fig. 2M Fig. 3E Fig. 3M Fig. 4E Fig. 4M Fig. 5E Fig. 5M Fig. 6E Fig. 6M Fig. 7E Fig. 7M Fig. 8E Fig. 8M Fig. 9E Fig. 9M Fig. 10E Fig. 10M Fig. 11E Fig. 11M Fig. 12E Fig. 12M

Corrugating Medium (English units) Corrugating Medium (metric units) Woodfree printing and writing (English units) Woodfree printing and writing (metric units) Linerboard (English units) Linerboard (metric units) Bleached board (English units) Bleached board (metric units) Newsprint (English units) Newsprint (metric units) Kraft papers (English units) Kraft papers (metric units) Wood-containing paper (English units) Wood-containing paper (metric units) After-size press drying (English units) After-size press drying (metric units) Pulp (cylinder dryers) (English units) Pulp (cylinder dryers) (metric units) Pulp (air dryers) (English units) Pulp (air dryers) (metric units) Paperboard (English units) Paperboard (metric units) Gypsum wallboard (English units) Gypsum wallboard (metric units)

Fig.s 13E (English units) and Fig. 13M (metric units) show average curves for all machines listed above. Saturated steam temperatures are shown in Table 1 (English units) and Table 2 (metric units). Calculated drying rate and average steam temperature establish a point on the appropriate drying rate curve. The average steam temperature used for these comparisons is the average saturation steam temperature, weighted for  the number of dryers operating at the respective temperatures, as follows:

TIP 0404-07

T avg =

1

Paper machin e dryi ng rate / 4

 N 

∑ (T  )

 N  i =1

i

(3)

where: Tavg Ti  N

= = =

average saturation steam temperature, °C (°F) saturation steam temperature of dryer (i), °C (°F) number of steam-heated dryers that contact the sheet

Saturation steam temperatures can be determined from measured dryer steam pressures using common steam tables (1, 2). Abbreviated excerpts from these references are included in this TIP.  Note that a weighted average steam pressure is not necessarily equal to the corresponding weighted average steam temperature. This is because steam pressure and steam temperature are not linearly related. Also note that the temperature of the saturated steam in the dryer is higher than the temperature of the condensate leaving the dryer. This is because the pressure inside the dryer is higher than the discharge pressure.

Drying rate for c oated papers Equations 1 and 2 can also be used to compute the drying rate for coated papers. However, entering dryness E  must generally be calculated from information on coating weight and moisture, while reel basis weight  B can be either used directly or computed from the raw stock basis weight. The equations for these calculations are as follows:  B =

 Bc ( P / 100) + W 

( L / 100)

⎡ Bc (1 − P ) + W (100 − 1) ⎤ 100 C  ⎥  E = 100 − 100⎢ (100W ) ⎢ ⎥  B + c C  ⎣ ⎦

(4)

(5)

in which the variables are defined as:  Bc W  P C 

= = = =

basis weight of the sheet entering the coater (wet basis), kg/m2 (lb/ream) dry coating weight applied, kg/m2 (lb/ream) percent dryness of sheet entering the coater  percent coating solids in coating solution as applied to the sheet (wet basis).

Equations 4 and 5 can also be used to calculate the drying rate after a size press, where W is the dry weight per ream of the starch picked up and C is the percent starch solids in the size solution. An example of these equations follows in both customary and SI units: Customary units S   Bc  L P  A  D  N  W  C 

= = = = = = = = =

2000 ft/min 43 lb/ream into coater (includes moisture) 96% dryness (fiber and coating) leaving the dryer section 94% dry (wet basis) entering the coater  3300 ft2/ream 5.0 ft diameter  6 coater dryers 8 lb of dry coating applied per ream 60% coating solids

5 / Paper machin e dryi ng rate

94 ⎡ 43(1 − 100 − 1) ⎤ ) + 8( 100 60  E  = 100 − 100⎢ ⎥ (100 (8) 43 + 60 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

=

 E 

 B =

86% solids (fiber and coating) entering the dryer section

43(94 / 100) + 8 (96 / 100)

 B

=

50.4 lb/ream out of dryer section as dried 

 M   M 

= =

(96/86) – 1 0.116 lb water evaporated per lb coated paper (wet basis)

 RW  = 60

 Rw

( 2000)(50.4)(0.116) (6)(3300)π  (5.0)

=

2.26 lb water evaporated/h/ft2

= = = = = = = = =

610 m/min 63.6/1000 kg/m2 into coater (includes moisture) 96% solids (fiber and coating) leaving the dryer section 94% solids (fiber and coating) entering the coater  1.0 1.52 m diameter  6 coater dryers 11.8/1000 kg/m2 of dry coating applied  60% coating solids

SI units S   Bc  L P  A  D  N  W  C 

94 ⎡ 63.6(1 − 100 ) + 11.8( 100 − 1) ⎤ 60  E  = 100 − 100⎢ ⎥ (100(11.8) 63.6 + 60 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

 E 

 B =

=

86% solids (fiber and coating) entering the dryer section

(63.6 / 1000)(94 / 100) + (11.8 / 1000) (96 / 100)

TIP 0404-07

TIP 0404-07

Paper machin e dryi ng rate / 6

 B

=

(74.6/1000) kg/m2 out of dryer section as dried 

 M   M 

= =

(96/86) – 1 0.116 kg water evaporated per kg coated paper (wet basis)

 RW  = 60

 Rw

(610)(74.6 / 1000)(0.116) (6)(1.0)π  (1.52)

=

11.1 kg water evaporated/h/m2

Keywords Dryers, Drying, Computation, Water removal, Corrugating medium, Linerboard, Wood free papers, Free sheet, Printing papers, Writing papers, Fine papers, Bleached board, Newsprint, Kraft papers, Bags, Mechanical  papers, After dryers, Pulps

 Ad di ti on al inf or mat io n This revision of TIP 0404-07 incorporates the drying rate curves from the following former TIPs (now withdrawn): TIP 0404-08, TIP 0404-09, TIP 0404-12, TIP 0404-14, TIP 0404-15, TIP 0404-16, TIP 0404-40, TIP 0404-42, and TIP 0404-56. Effective date of issue: April 30, 2010 Working Group: Jeff Reese, Chairman, International Paper  Rejean Audet, AstenJohnson Joel Cason, Albany International Al Genereux, AstenJohnson Ken Hill, Kadant Johnson Pekka Kormano, Deublin Corp. Dick Reese, Dick Reese and Associates Stacy Sharp, Voith Greg Wedel, Kadant Johnson

Literature cited 1.

Steam Tables. Thermodynamic Properties of Water Including Vapor, Liquid, and Solid Phases (English Units), Keenan, J. H., Keyes, F. G., Hill, P. G., and Moore, J. G., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1969.

2.

Steam Tables. Thermodynamic Properties of Water Including Vapor, Liquid, and Solid Phases (International System of Units — S. I.), Keenan, J. H., Keyes, F. G., Hill, P. G., and Moore, J. G., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978.

7 / Paper machin e dryi ng rate

TIP 0404-07

Table 1. Saturated steam temperatures (English units). Press. (psia) 1

°F 101.70

Press. (psia) 41

2 3 4 5

126.04 141.43 152.93 162.21

6 7 8 9

°F 268.76

Press. (psia) 81

42 43 44 45

270.22 271.66 273.07 274.46

170.03 176.82 182.84 188.26

46 47 48 49

10 11

193.19 197.73

12 13 14 15 16

°F 312.93

Press. (psia) 121

°F 341.93

82 83 84 85

313.78 314.62 315.46 316.29

122 123 124 125

342.55 343.17 343.78 344.39

275.82 277.16 278.47 279.76

86 87 88 89

317.11 317.92 318.72 319.52

126 127 128 129

344.99 345.59 346.19 346.78

50 51

281.03 282.28

90 91

320.31 321.10

130 131

347.37 347.96

201.94 205.87 209.55 213.03 216.31

52 53 54 55 56

283.52 284.73 285.92 287.10 288.26

92 93 94 95 96

321.87 322.64 323.41 324.16 324.91

132 133 134 135 136

348.54 349.12 349.70 350.27 350.84

17 18 19 20

219.43 222.40 225.24 227.96

57 58 59 60

289.40 290.53 291.64 292.73

97 98 99 100

325.66 326.40 327.13 327.86

137 138 139 140

351.40 351.97 352.53 353.08

21 22

230.57 233.08

61 62

293.81 294.88

101 102

328.58 329.29

141 142

353.63 354.18

23 24 25 26

235.49 237.82 240.08 242.26

63 64 65 66

295.93 296.98 298.00 299.02

103 104 105 106

330.00 330.71 331.41 332.10

143 144 146 148

354.73 355.28 356.35 357.42

27 28 29 30

244.37 246.42 248.41 250.34

67 68 69 70

300.02 301.01 301.99 302.96

107 108 109 110

332.79 333.47 334.15 334.82

150 152 154 156

358.48 359.52 360.56 361.58

31 32 33 34 35

252.23 254.06 255.85 257.59 259.30

71 72 73 74 75

303.91 304.86 305.79 306.72 307.63

111 112 113 114 115

335.49 336.16 336.81 337.47 338.12

158 160 162 164 166

362.59 363.60 364.59 365.58 366.55

36 37 38 39 40

260.96 262.59 264.18 265.74 267.26

76 77 78 79 80

308.54 309.44 310.32 311.20 312.07

116 117 118 119 120

338.77 339.41 340.04 340.68 341.30

168 170 172 174 176

367.52 368.47 369.42 370.36 371.29

TIP 0404-07

Paper machin e dryi ng rate / 8

Table 2. Saturated steam temperatures (S. I. units). Press. (kPa) 10 15 20 25 30

°C 45.81 53.97 60.06 64.97 69.10

Press. (kPa) 210 215 220 225 230

35 40 45

72.69 75.87 78.73

50 55

°C 121.78 122.53 123.57 124.00 124.71

Press. (kPa) 420 430 440 450 460

235 240 245

125.41 126.10 126.77

81.33 83.72

250 255

50 65

85.94 88.01

70 75

°C 145.40 146.26 147.10 147.93 148.74

Press. (kPa) 820 830 840 850 860

°C 171.46 171.97 172.47 172.96 173.46

470 480 490

149.54 150.32 151.10

870 880 890

173.94 174.43 174.90

127.44 128.09

500 510

151.86 152.60

900 910

175.38 175.85

260 265

128.73 129.37

520 530

153.34 154.06

920 930

176.31 176.78

89.95 91.78

270 275

129.99 130.60

540 550

154.78 155.48

940 950

177.24 177.69

80 85

93.50 95.14

280 285

131.21 131.81

560 570

156.17 156.86

960 970

178.14 178.59

90 95 100 105

96.71 98.20 99.63 101.00

290 295 300 305

132.39 132.97 133.55 134.11

580 590 600 610

157.53 158.20 158.85 159.50

980 990 1000 1020

179.03 179.47 179.91 180.77

110 115 120 125

102.31 103.58 104.80 105.99

310 315 320 325

134.67 135.22 135.76 136.30

620 630 640 650

160.14 160.77 161.39 162.01

1040 1060 1080 1100

181.62 182.46 183.28 184.09

130

107.13

330

136.83

660

162.61

1120

184.89

135 140

108.24 109.31

335 340

137.35 137.87

670 680

163.21 163.81

1140 1160

185.68 186.46

145 150

110.36 111.37

345 350

138.38 138.88

690 700

164.39 164.97

1180 1200

187.23 187.99

155 160

112.36 133.32

355 360

139.38 139.87

710 720

165.55 166.11

1220 1240

188.74 189.48

165 170

114.26 115.17

365 370

140.36 140.84

730 740

166.67 167.23

175 180

116.06 116.93

375 380

141.32 141.79

750 760

167.78 168.32

185 190

117.79 118.62

385 390

142.26 142.72

770 780

168.86 169.39

195 200

119.43 120.23

395 400

143.18 143.63

790 800

169.91 170.43

205

121.02

410

144.53

810

170.95

9 / Paper machin e dryi ng rate

TIP 0404-07

TAPPI Drying Rate ‐ Corrugating Medium 8.00

7.00

     )     a     e     r     a     e     c     a      f     r 6.00     u     s     r     e     y     r      d      t 5.00      f     q     s      /     r      h      /      d     e      t     a 4.00     o     r     p     a     v     e     r     e 3.00      t     a     w      b      l      (     e      t     a      R 2.00     g     n      i     y     r      D

1.00

0.00 260

280

300

320

340

360

380

Average Steam Temperature (°F)

Fig. 1E.Corrugating medium (English units)

TAPPI Drying Rate - Corru gating Medium - Metric 40.00

35.00

   ) 30.00   m   q   s    /   r 25.00    h    /   r   e    t   a   w   g20.00    k    (   e    t   a    R15.00   g   n    i   y   r    D10.00

5.00

0.00 120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

170.0

 Aver age St eam Te mp erat ur e (deg C)

Fig. 1M. Corrugating medium (metric units)

180.0

190.0

200.0

TIP 0404-07

Paper machin e dryi ng rate / 10

TAPPI Drying Rate - Woodfree Printing and Writing 10.00

9.00

8.00

7.00    )    t    f   q   s 6.00    /   r    h    /    b    l    ( 5.00   e    t   a    R   g 4.00   n    i   y   r    D3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00 200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

 Aver age St eam Temp erat ur e (deg F)

Fig. 2E.Woodfree printing and writing (English units)

TAPPI Drying Rate - Woodfree Fine Paper - Metri c 50.0

45.0

40.0

   )   m 35.0   q   s    /   r    h    /30.0   r   e    t   a   w 25.0   g    k    (   e    t 20.0   a    R   g   n    i 15.0   y   r    D 10.0

5.0

0.0 90.0

100.0

110.0

120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

170.0

 Aver age St eam Tem per atu re (d eg C)

Fig. 2M. Woodfree printing and writing (metric units)

180.0

190.0

360

11 / Paper machin e dry ing rate

TIP 0404-07

TAPPI Drying Rate - Linerboard 9.00

8.00

7.00    )    t    f   q 6.00   s    /   r    h    /   r   e    t 5.00   a   w    b    l    (   e 4.00    t   a    R   g 3.00   n    i   y   r    D 2.00

1.00

0.00 270

290

310

330

350

370

390

 Aver age St eam Tem per atu re (d eg F)

Fig. 3E. Linerboard (English units)

TAPPI Drying Rate - Linerb oard - Metric 45.0

40.0

35.0    )   m   q   s 30.0    /   r    h    /   r   e    t   a25.0   w   g    k    ( 20.0   e    t   a    R   g15.0   n    i   y   r    D 10.0

5.0

0.0 130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

170.0

 Aver age St eam Tem per atur e (deg C)

Fig. 3M. Linerboard (metric units)

180.0

190.0

200.0

TIP 0404-07

Paper machin e dryi ng rate / 12

TAPPI Drying Rate - Bleached Bo ard 7.00

6.00

   )    t    f 5.00   q   s    /   r    h    /   r   e 4.00    t   a   w    b    l    (   e 3.00    t   a    R   g   n    i   y 2.00   r    D

1.00

0.00 230

250

270

290

310

330

350

370

 Aver age St eam Tem per atu re (d eg F)

Fig. 4E. Bleached board (English units)

TAPPI Drying Rate - Bleached B oard - Metric 35.0

30.0

   )   m 25.0   q   s    /   r    h    /   r   e20.0    t   a   w   g    k    (   e15.0    t   a    R   g   n    i   y   r10.0    D

5.0

0.0 110.0

120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

 Aver age St eam Tem per atu re (d eg C)

Fig. 4M. Bleached board (metric units)

170.0

180.0

190.0

13 / Paper machin e dry ing rate

TIP 0404-07

TAPPI Drying Rate - Newsprint 7

6

   )    t    f   q   s    /   r    h    /   r   e    t   a   w    b    l    (

  e    t   a    R   g   n    i   y   r    D

5

4

3

2

1

0 210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

 Aver age St eam Temp erat ur e (deg F)

Fig. 5E. Newsprint (English units)

TAPPI Drying Rate - Newsprint - Metric 35.0

30.0

   )   m25.0   q   s    /   r    h    /   r   e20.0    t   a   w   g    k    (   e15.0    t   a    R   g   n    i   y   r 10.0    D

5.0

0.0 95.0

105.0

115.0

125.0

135.0

 Aver age Steam Temper atur e (deg C)

Fig. 5M. Newsprint (metric units)

145.0

290

300

TIP 0404-07

Paper machin e dryi ng rate / 14

TAPPI Drying Rate - Kraft Paper  10.00

9.00

8.00    )    t    f   q   s    /   r    h    /   r   e    t   a   w    b    l    (   e    t   a    R   g   n    i   y   r    D

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00 230

250

270

290

310

330

350

370

 Aver age St eam Tem per atur e (deg F)

Fig. 6E. Kraft papers (English units)

TAPPI Drying Rate - Kraft Paper - Metric 45.00

40.00

35.00    )   m   q   s 30.00    /   r    h    /   r   e    t 25.00   a   w   g    k    ( 20.00   e    t   a    R   g 15.00   n    i   y   r    D 10.00

5.00

0.00 110.0

120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

 Aver ageSt eam Tem per atu re (d eg C)

Fig. 6M. Kraft papers (metric units)

170.0

180.0

190.0

15 / Paper machin e dry ing rate

TIP 0404-07

TAPPI Drying Rate - Wood-Containi ng Paper  7.00

6.00

   )    t    f 5.00   q   s    /   r    h    /   r   e 4.00    t   a   w    b    l    (   e 3.00    t   a    R   g   n    i   y 2.00   r    D

1.00

0.00 210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

 Aver age St eam Temp erat ur e (deg F)

Fig. 7E. Wood-containing paper (English units)

TAPPI Drying Rate - Wood-containing Paper - Metric 35.0

30.0

   )   m25.0   q   s    /   r    h    /   r   e20.0    t   a   w   g    k    (   e15.0    t   a    R   g   n    i   y 10.0   r    D

5.0

0.0 90.0

100.0

110.0

120.0

130.0

140.0

 Aver age St eam Temp erat ur e (deg C)

Fig. 7M. Wood-containing paper (metric units)

150.0

160.0

TIP 0404-07

Paper machin e dryi ng rate / 16

TAPPI Drying Rate - After-Size Dryers 10.00 9.00 8.00    )    t    f   q   s    /   r    h    /   r   e    t   a   w    b    l    (   e    t   a    R   g   n    i   y   r    D

7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

 Aver age Steam Temper atur e (deg F)

Fig. 8E.  After-size press drying (English units)

TAPPI Drying Rate - After-si ze Dryers - Metri c 50.0

40.0

   )   m   q 30.0   s    /   r    h    /   r   e    t   a   w 20.0   g    k    (   e    t   a    R 10.0   g   n    i   y   r    D 0.0 90.0

100.0

110.0

120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

-10.0

 Averag e Steam Temp eratu re (deg C)

Fig. 8M. After-size press drying (metric units)

170.0

180.0

17 / Paper machin e dry ing rate

TIP 0404-07

TAPPI Drying Rate - Pulp (Cylinder Dryers) 6.00

5.00    )    t    f   q 4.00   s    /   r    h    /   r   e    t   a   w3.00    b    l    (   e    t   a    R   g 2.00   n    i   y   r    D

1.00

0.00 240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

 Aver age St eam Temp erat ur e (deg F)

Fig. 9E. Pulp (cylinder dryers) (English units)

TAPPI Drying Rate - Pulp (Cylinder Dryers ) - Metri c 25.0

20.0    )   m   q   s    /   r    h    /   r 15.0   e    t   a   w   g    k    (   e    t   a10.0    R   g   n    i   y   r    D 5.0

0.0 110.0

120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

170.0

 Aver age St eam Tem per atu re (d eg C)

Fig. 9M. Pulp (cylinder dryers) (metric units)

180.0

190.0

200.0

TIP 0404-07

Paper machin e dryi ng rate / 18

TAPPI Drying Rate - Pulp (Air Dryers) 3.00

2.50    )    t    f   q 2.00   s    /   r    h    /   r   e    t   a   w1.50    b    l    (   e    t   a    R   g 1.00   n    i   y   r    D

0.50

Note that area is defined as sheet width times dryer length times number of passes.

0.00 240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

 Aver age St eam Tem per atu re (d eg F)

Fig. 10E

Pulp (air dryers) (English units)

TAPPI Drying Rate - Pulp (Air Dryers) - Metric 14.0

12.0

   )   m10.0   q   s    /   r    h    /   r   e 8.0    t   a   w   g    k    (   e 6.0    t   a    R   g   n    i   y 4.0   r    D

Note that area is defined as sheet width times dryer length times number of passes.

2.0

0.0 110.0

120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

170.0

 Aver age St eam Tem per atu re (d eg C)

Fig. 10M. Pulp (air dryers) (metric units)

180.0

190.0

200.0

19 / Paper machin e dry ing rate

TIP 0404-07

TAPPI Dryin g Rate - Paperboard 6.00

5.00    )    t    f   q 4.00   s    /   r    h    /   r   e    t   a   w3.00    b    l    (   e    t   a    R   g 2.00   n    i   y   r    D

1.00

0.00 240

260

280

300

320

340

360

 Aver age St eam Temp erat ur e (deg F)

Fig. 11E. Paperboard (English units)

TAPPI Dryin g Rate - Paperbo ard - Metric 30.0

25.0    )   m   q   s 20.0    /   r    h    /   r   e    t   a   w 15.0   g    k    (   e    t   a    R   g10.0   n    i   y   r    D 5.0

0.0 110.0

120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

 Aver age St eam Temp erat ur e (deg C)

Fig. 11M. Paperboard (metric units)

170.0

180.0

190.0

TIP 0404-07

Paper machin e dryi ng rate / 20

TAPPI Drying Rate - Gypsum Wallb oard 6

5    )    t    f   q   s    /   r    h    /   r   e    t   a   w    b    l    (

  e    t   a    R   g   n    i   y   r    D

4

3

2

1

0 260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

 Aver age St eam Temp erat ur e (deg F)

Fig. 12E. Gypsum wallboard (English units)

TAPPI Drying Rate - Pulp (Can Dryers) - Metric 30.00

25.00    )   m   q 20.00   s    /   r    h    /   r   e    t   a   w 15.00   g    k    (   e    t   a    R   g 10.00   n    i   y   r    D 5.00

0.00 120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

160.0

 Aver age St eam Tem per atu re (d eg C)

Fig. 12M. (Gypsum wallboard (metric units)

170.0

180.0

21 / Paper machin e dry ing rate

TIP 0404-07

TAPPI Drying Rate ‐ Average Lines 8.00

7.00

6.00 Corrugating      )      t      f     q     s       /     r 5.00      h       /     r     e      t     a     w      b 4.00      l      (     e      t     a      R     g     n      i     y 3.00     r      D

Fine Paper Linerboard Bleached Board Newsprint Kraft Wood‐containing After‐size Pulp (Cylinders) Pulp (Air Dryers)

2.00

Paperboard Gypsum Wallboard 1.00

0.00 200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

Average Steam Temperature (°F)

Fig 13E. Average curves for all machines (English units)

TAPPI Drying Rate - Average Lin es - Metric 40.0

35.0

   ) 30.0   m   q   s    /   r 25.0    h    /   r   e    t   a   w 20.0   g    k    (   e    t   a    R 15.0   g   n    i   y   r    D 10.0

Corrugating Fine Paper  Linerboard Bleached Board Newsprint Kraft Wood-containing  After-size Pulp (Cylinders) Pulp (Air Dryers) Paperboard Gypsum Wallboard

5.0

0.0 90

110

130

150

170

190

 Aver age St eam Tem per atu re (d eg C)

Fig 13M. Average curves for all machines (metric units) g