timber 1 of 4

BUILDING CONSTRUCTI ON II WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC CONSTRUCTION

2. WOOD FRAME FRAME AND L IGHT RC CONSTRUCTION 2.1 TYPES OF WOOD FRAMING

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems 2.1 Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construct Construction ion Posts Wood Floor Framing Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Fram Framing ing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing Framing System & Roofi Roofing ng Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware

1. Light Wood Framing 2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing 1. Light Wood Framing a). Balloon Frame. Frame. This the lightest form of framing, in which the studding and corner posts are set up in continuous lengths from first floor line or sill to roof plate. Boards called ribbons are notched and nailed into the studs and corner posts at the proper height to support the second story joists. A joist is brought against a stud wherever possible. This type of frame is lacking in rigidity and is liable to sway and tremble in heavy winds.

2. WOOD FRAME FRAME AND L IGHT RC CONSTRUCTION 2.1 TYPES OF WOOD FRAMING

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems 2.1 Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construct Construction ion Posts Wood Floor Framing Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Fram Framing ing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing Framing System & Roofi Roofing ng Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware

1. Light Wood Framing 2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing 1. Light Wood Framing a). Balloon Frame. Frame. This the lightest form of framing, in which the studding and corner posts are set up in continuous lengths from first floor line or sill to roof plate. Boards called ribbons are notched and nailed into the studs and corner posts at the proper height to support the second story joists. A joist is brought against a stud wherever possible. This type of frame is lacking in rigidity and is liable to sway and tremble in heavy winds.

b) Combination Frame. Frame. A modification of the old braced frame which was of heavy timbers with every joint mortised and tenoned. The modification consists of lighter timbers and less mortising and pinning to save material and labor.

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction

Girts are framed into the corner posts at the second story level joists as well as to brace the whole frame. The girts which support the floor joist are called drop girts; those parallel to the joists are called raised or flush girts. The studs run from sill to girt and from girt to roof plate. Diagonal braces run from sill to corner posts and from the corner posts to the roof plate. This type of construction is more rigid than the balloon frame.

Combination Frame.

Types of Wood Framing Systems 2.1 Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construct Construction ion Posts Wood Floor Framing Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Fram Framing ing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing Framing System & Roofi Roofing ng Braced Frame, Frame, Full Full Frame – 1. The The frame of a building in w hich the resistance to lateral lateral forces or to frame instability is prov ided by diagonal Wood Stairs bracing, K-bracing, or other type of bracing. 2. 2. Heavy, Heavy, braced braced wood framing for a struct ure which uses girts that are mortised into solid posts; the posts are full frame height, with one-story-high studs between, usually diagonally braced. Doors & Door Hardware Girt –A horizontal structural member in the framing of a timber-framed timber-framed house, typically support ing the ends of the ceiling joists and acting Windows & Window as the main main horizontal support for the floor or roof above. Often preceded preceded by an adjective adjective indicating i ts position; f or example, front girt, Hardware

Platform Frame.

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c) Platform Frame. A system of framing for a building of wood construction several stories high, in which the studs are only one story high; the floor joists for each story rest on the top pl ates of the story below or on the sole plate of the first story. Also called Western Framing.

2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing - This is the type of framing used in the Philippines in which the floor joists are carried by girders, and the roof trusses or rafters by girts which frame into the posts. Studs rest on floor sills and extend up the girder or girt in every floor. Top Plate – 1. The top horizontal member of a frame building to w hich the rafters are fastened. 2. The horizontal member at the top of the partition studs.

2.2 JOINTS AND SPLICING 2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

1. Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware

Plain Joint (Lap Joint). The plain joint is used in very hasty construction for temporary framing and is made by lapping one piece over the other and nailing then together. It is not a very strong joint.

PLAIN LAP

LAP JOINT

2. Butt or Square Joint (End Joint). The butt joint is made by placing full thickness of wood directly against the second piece. The butt end should be squared and the sides against which it butts smooth so that the pieces will b e perpendicular to each other. The joint is toe-nailed.

END JOINT

SCARF JOINT

SQUARE SPLICE

FINGER JOINT

3. Oblique Joint. This type of joint is made when the two pieces do not meet at right angles, e.g. bracings. One piece is cut at an angle to fit the other and the two pieces nailed securely together.

Easement

Stop Chamfer  Joggle

Eased Edge Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware

Dap CHAMFER

4. Spliced or Scabbed Joint. (See Splices) 5. Scarf Joint.  A joint by which the ends of two pieces of timber are united to form a continuous piece; the mating surface may be beveled, chamfered, notched, etc. before bolting, gluing, welding, etc.

Scarf Joint

In welding, a butt joint between tow pieces of metal whose ends are beveled. In electrical systems, a joint in electrical

6. Mortise and Tenon Joi nt. This type of joint is used for building w ooden framework where great strength and rigidity are all important. It is made by cutting a hole or mortise in one piece and a tenon or tongue in the second piece to fit the hole in the other. The tenon may extend fully through the other piece or only part of the way. Mortise

Stub Tenon

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BLIND MORTISE

OPEN MORTISE

CHASE MORTISE Undercut Tenon

Through Tenon

MORTISE JOINT

Key FOXTAIL WEDGE

Haunched Tenon  Articulate KEYED JOINT DRAWBORE

BRIDLE JOINT

7. Halved Join t. This joint is made by cutting half the thic kness of the wood from each piece at the ends to be joined so as to bring the sides flush. The purpose of this type of join t is to maintain a level surface at the joint.

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware

END-LAP JOINT

CROSS-LAP JOINT

MITERED HALVING

8. Rabbet Join t. This joint is made by cutting a shoulder or edge from one piece to receive the other piece. It is used in windo w or door frames, or in shelf and drawer construction. Rabbet

RABBET JOINT

9. Dado Joint. This is similar in shape and purpose to the rabbet joint. In the dado joint a groove is made in one piece at right angles to the grain of the other board. If nails are used, they are needed only at the end piece since the groove will provide the necessary strength to hold the other piece in place. Dado Stopped Dado

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware

DADO JOINT

10. Miter Joint. The miter is a joint between two pieces which come together at a corner. It is a finish joint and should not be used where strength is an important requirement. It is made by cutting the two ends at a ngles complementary to each other, usually 45 , and then butting them together. The joint is secured by clamp nails or finishing nails, corrugated fasteners or dowels, or by gluing. 

MITER JOINT SHOULDER MITER

TONGUED MITER

quirk

COPED JOINT

11. Dovetail Joint. This type of joint, used for cabinet work and furniture work, is strong and durable. It is made by cutting a pin in the shape of a dovetail in one piece to fit a groove similarly shaped in the other piece.

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware

DOVETAIL HALVING

SECRET DOVETAIL

LAP DOVETAIL

COMMON DOVETAIL

DOVETAIL JOINT

12. Coped Joint. The coped joint is used when fitting one piece of moulding at right angles to the second piece. Other types of joints include the shiplapped joint and the tongue and grooved joint

 ANGLE JOINT

EDGE JOINT

TONGUE AND GROOVE

SPLINE

BUTTERFLY WEDGE

Shiplap, shiplap boards, shiplap siding – Wood sheathing whose edges are rabbeted to make an overlapping joint. Tongue and Groove Joint, T & G Joint – A joint formed by the insertion of the tongue of one member into the

COMMON WOOD JOINTS FOR FURNITURE

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VARIATIONS OF LA P JOINTS

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VARIATIONS OF MORTISE-AND-TENON JOINTS

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2.2.2 SPLICES

The function of a splice is to connect two or more pieces of timber in such a way that the joint will be as strong as a single timber of equivalent size. Splices are of three types: for compression, tension and bending.

 A. Spl ices for Compr ess ion Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware

1. Scabbed or Fished Splice. Two pieces of timber are squared at their ends and fitted together. Two short wood pieces called scabs or metal plates called fishplates are fastened on either side of the pieces to be joined. The scabs or fishplates serve to keep the splice straight and to prevent buckling.

Scabs or Fish Plates

Scab

A short flat piece of lumbe

2. Halved Splice. The halved splice is better for direct compression, and when combined with scabs or fishplates, may be used where there is some tension. This splice is made by cutting half the thickness of each piece to the required length and putting the halved sections together.

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware

B. Splices for Tension 1. Square Splice. This is a modification of the compression halved splice. It has an extra notch to keep it from slipping and is usually used in combination with scabs or fishplates.

C. Splices for Bendin g 1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in a

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware

horizontal piece supporting a weight, the upper part is subjected to compression while the lower half is under tension. A splice for bending should, therefore, combine the features of the tension and compression splice. The upper part should be cut square to offer the maximum resistance to compression while the lower half is beveled on the end, since there is no tendency to crush the timber. To overcome the tendency to pull apart at the bottom, a fishplate or scab is placed at the bottom and bolted securely

Fish Plate

2.3

TIMBER CONNECTORS

Timber connectors are metal devices used to provide added strength at bolted joints. They eliminate complicated framing of joints, simplify the design of heavy construction, and save much time and labor.  Among the various types of timber connectors are: Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors 2.3 Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware

1. Split Rings. These are made in sizes of 2-1/2, 4 and 6 in. in diameter. They used for heavy construction.

2. Toothed Rings. These are toothed and corrugated. They are made in 2, 2-5/8, and 4 4 in. dia. They are used between two timber frames for comparatively light construction.

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors 2.3 Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware

3. Claw Plates. One side is clawed and other smooth. They are used either singly, in timber to metal connections, or in pairs in timber to timber connections. The female plate is adaptable for use when the connector must lie flush with the timber surface.

4. Shear Plates. When installed these lie flush with the timber surface. They are used singly or in pairs. In timber to metal connections the plate is placed with its back towards the metal.

Shear Plate – In structural steel, one of the reinforcement plates added to the web of a steel beam to increase the web capacity to

2.4

MASONRY WALLS

Masonry walls consist of modular building blocks bonded together with mortar to form walls that are durable, fire-resistant, and structurally efficient in compression. Masonry walls may be constructed as solid walls, cavity walls, or veneered walls . Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls 2.4 CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous

SOLID WALL

CAVITY WALL

VENEERED WALL

Masonry walls may also be classified as unreinforced or reinforced. Unreinforced masonry walls , also called plain masonry w alls, incorporate horizontal joint reinforcement and metal wall ties to bond wythes of a solid or cavity walls.

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls 2.4 CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous

SOLID MASONRY

CAVITY WALLS

MASONRY

Reinforced masonry w alls, utilize steel reinforcing bars embedded in grout filled joints and cavities to aid the masonry in resisting stresses.

Wythe – refers to a continuous vertical section of a wall that is one masonry unit in thickness. Grout – 1. Mortar containing a considerable amount of water so that it has the consistency of a viscous liquid, permitting it to be poured or pumped int o joints, spaces, and cracks within masonry walls and floors, between pieces of ceramic tiles, and

2.4.1 TYPES OF MASONRY UNITS

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The most common types of masonry units are bricks, which are heat-hardened clay units, and concrete blocks, which are chemically hardened units. Other types of masonry units include struct ural clay tile, structural glass block, and natural or cast stone.

CONCRETE BLOCK

GLASS BLOCK STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE BRICK

2.4.2

MORTAR

Mortar  is a plastic mixture of cement or lime, or a combination of both, with sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction.

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls 2.4 CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous

TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO MATERIAL CONSTITUENCY 1. Cement mortar  is made by mixing portland cement, sand, and water. 2. Lime m ortar is a mixture of lime, sand, and water that is rarely used because of its slow rate of hardening and low compressive strength. 3. Cement-lime mortar  is a cement mortar to which lime is added to increase its plasticity and water retentivity. 4. Masonry cement is a proprietary mix of Portland cement and other ingredients, as hydrated lime, plasticizers, airentraining agents, and gypsum, requiring only the addition of sand and water to make cement mortar.

TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO STRENGTH 1. Type M mortar is a high strength mortar recommended for use in reinforced masonry below grade or in contact with the earth, as foundation and retaining walls subject to high lateral or compressive loads; compressive strength is 2500 psi (17,238 kPa). Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls 2.4 CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous

2. Type S mortar is a medium-high-strength mortar recommended for use in masonry where bond and lateral strength are more important than compressive strength; compressive strength is 1800 psi (12,411 kPa). 3. Type N mortar is a medium-strength mortar recommended for general use in exposed masonry above grade where high compressive and lateral strength are not required; compressive strength is 750 psi (5,171 kPa). 4. Type O mortar is a low-strength mortar suitable for use in interior non-load bearing walls and partitions. 5. Type K mortar is a very low-strength mortar suitable only for use in interior non-load bearing walls where permitted by the building code.

2.5

CHB WALL CONSTRUCTION

Concrete Block or Cement Blo ck is a hollow or solid concrete masonry unit (CMU) consisting of Portland cement and suitable aggregates combined with water. Lime, fly ash, air-entraining agents, or other admixtures may be included.

2.5.1 TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories

 A stretcher  is a masonry unit laid horizontally with its length in the direction of the face of the wall.

2.5.2 LAYOUT OF CHB

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2.5.3 WALL FOOTING

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The wall footing or strip footing is a strip of reinforced concrete wider than the wall which distributes the load to the soil. Reinforcements for wall footings shall equal 0.2% to 0.3% of the cross sectional area of concrete, except for unusual cases.

*MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer, Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction

To provide anchorage of CHB to concrete, the following are used:

a) Hook or hooked bar  – a steel reinforcing bar, for use in reinforced concrete, with the end bent into a hook to provide anchorage. Used in joint with the wall footing.

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b) Dowel-bar reinforc ement  – short, reinforcing bars of steel which extend approximately equally into two abutting pieces of concrete, to increase the strength of the joint. Used in joint with columns or beams.

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2.5.4 STIFFENER COLUMNS AND BEAMS

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CHB partition walls are ideally supported against lateral movements vertically by stiffener columns and horizontally by stiffener beams. A stiffener column is located at the intersections of CHB walls and at regular intervals (of about 3 M) for a long partition wall. Stiffener columns are in the form of an I, T or an L.

In low cost construction, however, stiffener columns may be substituted for a grouted cell (or, a CHB cell compacted with grout) while stiffener RC beams for bond beams.

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories

Bond-beam block

A hollow concrete masonry unit with portions depressed to form a continuous channel in which reinforcing

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories

Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories

 A lintel is a horizontal structural member (such as a beam) over an opening which carries the weight of the wall above it; usually of steel, stone, or wood. In CHB construction, a lintel is constructed with lintel blocks or U-blocks , which have a single core with an open end; usually placed with its open end upright; such blocks form a continuous beam when filled with grout and proper reinforcement. Wood Frame & Ligh t RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories

2.6

ON GRADE CONSTRUCTION

2.6.1 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE

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Concrete slabs on grade require the support of a level, stable, uniformly dense or properly compacted soil base containing no organic matter. When placed over soil of low bearing capacity or expansive soils, a concrete ground slab must be designed as a mat or raft foundation, which requires professional analysis and design by a qualified structural engineer.

2.6.2 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTS Three types of joints are done in order to accommodate movement in the plane of a concrete slab on grade:

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