Threat Overview

ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

JICA Project for Contingency Exercises Bali Int’l Int’l Airport Airport – 28 Feb 07

“Threat Overview”

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Crisis Management & Key Players

What am I going To do?

• Crisis: “an unstable state of affairs in which a decisive change is impending”

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Key Players

• Management: What’s Management?

•“the executive function of planning, organizing, coordinating, directing, controlling, and supervising any industrial or business project or activity with responsibility for results” 3

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

We are all involved

• Who does crisis management? • What are the essential components of crisis management?

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Some Key Players • Decision makers • Incident commander(s) • Containment security staff 

Let’s get Going Team

• CM Center Staff  • Negotiators • AFRS 5

Some Key Players

• Medical personnel • Communication personnel • Intelligence staff  • Visual data staff  • Aircraft servicing

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Types of Attack

• Sabotage of aircraft/airport • Acts of unlawful seizure • Acts of attempted seizure

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Types of Attack

In-Flight Attacks

Source: AP

Source: Getty Images

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Types of Attack

• Acts of facility attack • Acts against the safety of civil aviation

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Statistics Over 20 Year Time Frame Acts of Unlawful Interference

•

671 Incidents

• 2,317 Persons killed • 2,057 Persons injured

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Attacks at Airports/Facilities • Lod Airport, Tel Aviv, Israel (1972)

• Rome, Italy (1973) • Paris, France (1978) Pan Am Flight 110

• Manila, Philippines (1983) • Rome and Vienna (Austria) (1985)

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Attacks at Airports/Facilities • Seoul, South Korea (1986) • Algiers, Algeria (1992) • Johannesburg, South Africa (1994) • Heathrow Airport, England (1994) • Reus, Spain (1996) • Lahore, Pakistan (1996) 12

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Other Crisis Situations • Earthquakes • Fire • Flood • War • Cults 13

Characteristics of Offenders

• Criminals, refugees, psychotics • Limited resources • Limited technical expertise • Unpredictable

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Characteristics of Offenders INDIVIDUALS Examples

 – Extortionists  – Mental cases  – Refugees

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Characteristics of Offenders INDIVIDUALS Objectives:  – Criminal  – Personal  – Political asylum

Tim McVeigh & Terry Nichols Oklahoma City Bombing 16

Characteristics of Offenders Cults Objectives: Some resources

• Extensive technical expertise •

Special training

•

Goals are usually Religious/Ideological

Ashara Aum Shinrikyo Cult Leader  17

Hijackers/Saboteurs GROUPS Considerable resources

• Extensive technical expertise •

Special training

•

Objectives always political and/or Ideological

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Hijackers/Saboteurs State Sponsored

Considerable resources • Extensive technical expertise • Special training • Objectives always political

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Characteristics of Offenders State Sponsors Objectives:  – Against State  – Political Statement  – Undermine Stability of  opposing State

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Liquid Explosive Bomb

Batteries

C4 Explosive Blasting Cap

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

KAL BOMB

MOSCOW BUDAPEST VIENNA BELGRADE BAGHDAD

PYONGYANG

 AMMAN BAHRAIN

 ABU DHABI BANGKOK

TRAVELROUTEOF THEAGENTS POST-MISSION FLIGHT PLAN FLIGHTPATHOF THEILL-FATEDPLANE

LAST COMMUNICATION FROM KOREAN  AIR FLIGHT 858 WITH TH E CONTROL TOWER IN RANGOON AT 14:01, NOV.29,1987

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Hijacking Techniques BASIC TECHNIQUES • Smuggle arms on board • Collusion with airport/airline staff  • Arms assault

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Hijacking Techniques WEAPONS • Pistols • Explosive charges • Swords and knives • Inflammable material

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Hijacking Techniques

BASIC TECHNIQUES • Usually after take-off  • Groups  – high visibility  – flight deck  – control crew and passengers  – may be suicidal 25

AIR INDIA HIJACKING

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Hijacking Techniques BASIC TECHNIQUES Individuals  – quiet or  – may be violent  – unpredictable

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Sabotage Techniques Devices Toshiba Radio

• Explosive/incendiary

(Item #29) Radio/TapePlayer  Components

Triggers • Time (clock, chemical, mechanical)

 Antenna

RearView

TapePlayer 

Speakers

• Barometric • Vibration • Combination Batteries for  bomb

BlastingCap Digital Timer 

Batteries for Radio 2/3-1poundof  Plastic Explosive

BarometricSensor 

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PAA 103 December 21, 1988

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PAAPAA-103 Lockerbie TO NEW YORK

BOMB EXPLODES OVER LOCKERBIE

LOCKERBIE LONDON FRANKFURT

PAA-103 B-747 PAA-103A B-727

 AIR MALTA

MALTA

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Sabotage Techniques

Placing of devices • Infiltration into baggage/freight/stores • Collusion with airport/airline staff  • Subterfuge (unsuspecting dupe) 31

Sabotage of Airports • Electrical power • Air Traffic Control communications • Aviation fuel • Rescue and Fire Fighting Services

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Sabotage of Airports

• Runway and terminal building attacks, Heathrow 1994 • Air Traffic Control tower, Narita 1978

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Sabotage of Airports

• Navigational aids, Colombia • Diversion of Rescue and Fire Fighting Services

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Other Attacks at Airports • Cause maximum casualties

 – explosive devices

 – machine pistols

 – perpetrated in public areas 35

Other Attacks at Airports

 – weapons smuggled in  – intelligence and reconnaissance  – planned

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Crisis Management Approaches  – Individuals  – State Sponsors  – Groups  – Cults

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Incident Happening • Lack of data

What’s Happening?

• Confusion • Frustration • Conflict

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Crisis may mean the Failure of Prevention System • What happened? • When did it happen? • Where did it happen? • What needs to be done?

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Conflicting Requirements • Must manage crisis • Rescue hostages • Prevent injuries • Minimize damage • Protect State’s Interests • Need to fix system deficiencies 40

When do we plan for crisis management? • Time for contingency planning

What can I do?

• Time for policy considerations • Time for coordination • Time for resource acquisition

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When do we plan for crisis management?

• Time for Training

I think I finally understand

• Time for Testing • Too late if the event has happened

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Crisis Management Facilities • What are the facilities necessary for an effective crisis management response?

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Where do we do Crisis Management?

Fixed Command & Control Centers Mobile Tactical Command Centers

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Resources for good crisis management

¾ National

command and control structure

¾Clear and unambiguous national policies ¾Comprehensive communications systems ¾Integrated command and control facilities ¾Comprehensive contingency planning

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ASTP CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Resources for good Crisis Management

Effective intelligence/information collection system Police and/or military response resources Secure communications systems Periodic system exercises Sophisticated visual systems Comprehensive training system

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Incident Crisis Aftermath • Damage control • Restoration to normal operations • Follow-up actions • Interaction with key players • Interaction with peers

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Personal Life event • Substantially involved? • Problem or opportunity?

Why me?

• Criticism from others • Self criticism • Notorious or Famous

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