Thinking Skills and Problem Solving

 

VMWHMCM KRNM QBCORWRVMC IBVBDMKM^MC NMC IBVLEM^MC QBIBWHMMC I@N IRWVRV 8 VGVJ ==16 ^ELCILCO VILDDV MCN QW@GDBK V@DZLCO VBKBV^BW VBQ^BKGBW 71=<

CMKM C@. KM^WLIRDMVL

8 KREMKKMN EMKNL GLC LVKMLD 8 5?1=211= 5?1=21 1=

C@. IMN QBCOBCMDMC 8 5?1=2 C@. ^BDBJ@C MDMKM^ BB-KBD

8 1=6 - >=6517< 8 ku kuenemknlPnAyme``.f`k.ky

QRVM^ QBKGBDMHMWMC 8 @QBC RCLZBWVL^L IMKQRV VRCOML QB^MCL

=

 

LVL IMCNRCOMC

KRIM VRWM^

Qbcoemrommc

6

Qbcobcmdmc

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Kbcobcmd kmsmdme nmc kbcbrmcoimc kmsmdme

2-?

Mpdlimsl > pbrlcoimt pbcybdbsmlmc kmsmdme

?-=7

Iltmrmc kbkgumt ibputusmc

=6-=:

Ibslkpudmc

=:

Wuhuimc

=?

7

 

QBCOEMWOMMC

Mssmdmkumdmliuk nmc smdmk sbhmetbrm, syuiur ib emnrmt Ldmel ibrmcm nbcomc lzlc nmrlCy nmr lCymm tbd tbdme me kbkgbr kbkgbrll ibiumt ibiumtmc mc nmc ibtbcm ibtbcmcom comc c klcnm klcnm uctui uctui smym smym kbcylm kbcylmpim pimc c tuomsmc lcl gbrimltmc pbcourusmc ibsbdmkmtmc nmc ibslemtmc pbibrhmmc

Vmymm kbcouf Vmy kbcoufmpi mpimc mc sbtlco sbtlcool-t ol-tlco lcool ol pbcoem pbcoemrom rommc mc nmc ufmpmc ufmpmc rlgumc rlgumc tbrlkm tbrlkm imsle imsle ibpmnm ibp mnm sbkum sbkum lcnlvl lcnlvlnu nu ymco ymco tbrdlgm tbrdlgmtt sbfmrm sbfmrm dmcosu dmcosuco co nmc tlnmi tlnmi dmcosu dmcosuco co nmdmk nmdmk kbcoemsldimc tuomsmc lcl. Qbcoemrommc lcl sbfmrm ukukcym nltuhuimc ibpmnm plemi  @pbc Rclvbrsltl Imkpus Vucoml Qbtmcl ymco gbrtucoius dukus uctui kbkmstlimc sbkum pbdmhmr nmpmt kbcylmpimc tuomsmc sbfmrm dbcoimp nmc sbtbruscym kbcnmpmt sbouduco Lhmzme ymco nllkplimc.

Vbdmlc ltu, ufmpmc tbrlkm imsle huom nltuhuimc uctui tut`r smym ymco nle`rkmtl lmltu Nr Wmhmdbtfeukl m/p ^emdlme  nmc tut`r mdmk kmym smym lmltu Qc. Mjjbzme glctl Mdl

ib ibrm rmcm cm tbdme tbdme kbkg kbkgbr brll pm pmcn cnum umc c nm nmc c tu tuch chui ui mh mhmr mr uc uctu tui i sm smym ym kbcy kbcylm lmpi pimc mc nm nmc c kbdmcoimpimc tuomsmc lcl.

VBILMC, ^BWLKM IMVLE

6

 

Qbcobcmdmc

Vmym Vltl nmc sumkl smym gbrcmkm Mkmn, imkl mnmdme sbpmsmco ibimsle ymco tbdme kbchmnl sumkl lstbrl nmc tbdme nllhmgimgudimc pmnm tmeuc dbpms. Vmym nmc sumkl mkmtt gmemol mkm gmemolmm sbpmch sbpmchmco mco tbkp`e tbkp`e pbrime pbrimewlc wlcmc mc imkl. imkl. Vumkl Vumkl smym smym gbribr gbribrhm hm nl smtu symrlimt symrli mt ymco momi tbribkuim nl Kmdmyslm Kmdmyslm sbrtm kbkpbr`dbel kbkpbr`dbel pbdgmoml pbdgmoml omchmrmc omchmrmc nmc kmcjmmt tbrkmsui i`s sbwm rukme ymco nlglmyml `dbe kmhlimc sumkl smym. Vymrlimt tbrsbgu tbrs bgutt nlibcm nlibcmdl dl sbgmom sbgmomll MGM tbic`d tbic`d`ol `ol Vnc Gen nmc tuoms sumkl sumkl smym mnmdme sbgmoml sb`rmco hurutbrm. Rctui pbcobtmeumc sbkum smym mnmdme sb`rmco surl rukme sbpbcue kmsm. Vmym nmc sumkl mkmt gmemolm kbdmymrl gmetbrm pbrimewlcmc imkl. Cmkuc sbtbdme imkl nliurclmimc sb`rmco fmemym kmtm imkl nl uhl nbcomc smtu uhlmc ymco mkmt gbsmr lmltu symrl symrlim imtt su sumk mkll smym smym gb gbib ibrh rhmm kbcf kbcfmr mrll rbzbi rbzbill uc uctu tui i im imkl kl sb sbib ibdu dumro mromm sbdmk sbdmkmm lc lcll kbcomdmkl kmsmdme ibbwmcomc ymco sbkmilc kbrucnuk sbrtm mimc nltutup pmnm  gudmc emnmpmc. Emd lcl mkmt kbkgbrl ibsmc ibpmnm smym nmc sumkl ibrmcm smym mnmdme sb`rmco surl rukme sbpbcue kmsm ymco tlmnm pucfm pbcnmpmtmc sbrtm sb`rmco lgu ymco gmru nliurc nli urclmi lmimc mc fmemym fmemym kmtm kmtm ymco ymco kmcm kmcm tlmnm tlmnm pbcomd pbcomdmkm mkmc, c, gbrkmf gbrkmfmk mk emd gbrkml gbrkmlc c nljlilrmc smym kbklilrimc mpmime cmslg imkl sbibdumrom sbdbpms lcl ibrmcm imkl sbibdumrom pbrdu gbrplcnme nmrlpmnm rukme ymco imkl nlmkl sbimrmco, ibkmcmime imkl mimc tlcoomd sbdbpms lcl, sbrtm sbr tm nlkmcmime imkl ebcnmi kbcnmpmtimc wmco uctui  kbcbrusimc elnup imkl sbibdumrom. =.= Gbrnms Gbrnmsmr mrimc imc sltums sltumsll nlmtm nlmtmss sbrtm sbrtm gbrpm gbrpmcnu cnuim imc c tuomsm tuomsmc c ymco ymco nlgbrl nlgbrlimc imc gbgbrmpm kmsmdme nlibcmdpmstl. =.7 ^uomsmc lcl huom kbcuctut pmrm pbdmhmr uktui kbcybdbsmlimc kmsmdme nmc kbkgumt ibputusmc.

>

 

7. Gbgbr Gbgbrmpm mpm kmsmd kmsmdme me ymco ymco nlibcm nlibcmdd pmstl pmstl kbdmcn kbdmcnm m ibdumr ibdumrom om smym smym nmc sumkl sumkl mnmdme 8-

L.

Lgu gmpm ym ymco gmr mru u kbclkgmco fm fme emym kmtm

LL. LL.

Vymr Vymrli limt mt tbk tbkpmt pmt ssu umkl mkl g gbi bibr brhm hm mimc mimc nltu nltutu tup p

LLL LLL.

Lstb stbrl tl tlmnm pu pucfm pbcnmpmtmc

LZ.. LZ

Qb Qbrd rdu u gbr gbrpl plcn cnme me ibdu ibdumr mr nmrl nmrl ru rukm kme e sbi sbimr mrmc mco o

7.= Lgu gmpm ymco gmru kbclkgmco fmemym kmtm

Vbdmlc nmrl jmit`r jmit`r ibbwmcomc, ibbwmcomc, ldku tbctmco kbkgbsmrimc kbkgbsmrimc mcmi huom pbrdu nlfmrl kbkmcnmco kbkmc nmcoimc imc smym mnmdme lgu ymco gmru kbclkgm kbclkgmco co fmemym kmtm. Lgu gmpm kmcm ymco ymc o smcoou smcooup p kbdlemt kbdlemt mcmicy mcmicymm kbcmco kbcmcols ls ibdmpm ibdmpmrmc rmc,, kbcmco kbcmcouco uco ibsmil ibsmiltmc tmc mtms mtms ibfumlmc iltm. Glmrpuc pbrdu kbcolimt pbrut uctui kbkmstlimc mcmi ymco iltm hmom mimc mim c sbctlms sbctlmsmm kbcnmp kbcnmpmt mt kmimcm kmimcmc c nmc klcukm klcukmc c mpmgld mpmgldmm tlgm tlgm wmitu wmitu kmimc kmimc mcmi  mcmi  tbrsbgut. Vbdmlc ltu ibslemtmc mcmi huom pbrdu nltltli gbrmtimc sbrtm kbkmstlimc tmrlie tbkuhmchl nbcomc pbomwml pbrugmtmc nlpmtuel.

Qbrkmsmdmemc ymco kbclkpm ibdumrom smym nmc Mkmn, imkl gmru kbcnlrlimc rukme tmcoom nmc nliurclmimc sb`rmco fmemym kmtm nmc sumkl smym tbdme ibeldmcomc  pucfm pbcnmpmtmc sbrtm imkl tlmnm pbcomdmkmc sbgmoml s bgmoml lgu gmpm. Iltm sbnlm kmiduk  hlim iltm gmru kbclkmco fmemym kmtm, sbomdm i`s pbrgbdmchmmc uctui gmyl g`dbe nlimtmimc momi tlcool sbpbrtl pmkpbrs, susu, rmwmtmc pbrugmtmc nmc dmlc-dmlc pbrdu nlmkgld ilrm.

2

 

7.7 Vymrlimt tbkpmt sumkl gbibrhm mimc nltutup

Bi`rmc bi`c`kl sbkmsm nl cbomrm iltm ymco mnmcym pmsmco nmc surut symrlimt sumk sumkll smym smym huom huom kbco kbcomd mdmkl mkl kmsmd kmsmdme me ym ymco co sm smkm km.. Emd Emd lc lcll mi mimc mc kbkp kbkpbc bcom omru ruel el ibelnupmc ibeln upmc imkl sbibdumrom, sbibdumrom, ibkucoilcmc ibkucoilcmc bk`sl sumkl smym tbrhbhms tbrhbhms milgmt nmrlpmnm sltumsl lcl. Emd ymco ymco pmdlco pmdlco kbkglk kbkglkgmc gmcoim oimc c smym smym mnmdme mnmdme nlm kucoi kucoilc lc mimc mimc tbrhbru tbrhbrukus kus nmdmk mitlvltl hbcmyme hlim tbrdmdu kbklilrimc kbklilrimc nlkmcmime ebcnmi kbcnmpmtimc kbcnmpmtimc nult  gmol kbcmkpuco ibelnupmc imkl sbdbpms lcl. ^lnmi kunme uctui kbcnmpmtimc  pbibrhmmc sbimrmco tmkgmemc nbcomc ukur sbrtm ibimcomc ibbwmcomc momi susme kbcnmpmtimc pbibrhmmc sbfbpmt kucoilc.   Vbdmlc Vbdmlc ltu huom huom ibkuco ibkucoilc ilcmc mc lkbh lkbh ibdumr ibdumrom om imkl imkl tbrfmdm tbrfmdmr, r, pbrsbp pbrsbpsl sl `rmco `rmco tbremnmp ibdumrom imkl gbrugme ibrmcm sumkl smym tlnmi dmol kbkpucyml pbibrhmmc sbrt sbrtmm ibmn ibmnmm mmc c imkl imkl sb sbib ibdu dumr mrom om tl tlnm nmi i dmol dmol sm smkm km sb sbpb pbrt rtll nm nmeu eudu du.. Emd Emd lc lcll mkmt mkmt kbkglkgmcoimc smym.

7.6 Lstbrl tlmnm pucfm pbcnmpmtmc

Kbkmcn Kbk mcnmco mcoimc imc smym mnmdme mnmdme surl surl rukme rukme sbpbcu sbpbcue e kmsm kmsm sbkbstl sbkbstlcym cym smym smym tlnmi  tlnmi  kbkpucyml pucfm pbcnmpmtmc. Vbdmkm lcl sbkum i`kltkbc nltmcoouco `dbe sumkl sbpbrtl gld mlr, gld bdbitrli, gmymr nult ibrbtm nmc dmlc-dmlc dmol. Emd lcl kbchmnl smtu  gbgmcmc nmc pucfm kmsmdme ibpmnm sumkl ibrmcm symrlimt sumkl mimc nltutup sbrtm smym tlmnm pucfm pbcnmpmtmc. Nlsbgmg Nlsb gmgimc imc smym smym tlmnm tlmnm pucfm pucfm pbcnmp pbcnmpmtm mtmc c sbrtm sbrtm smym smym kbkpuc kbkpucyml yml mcmi mcmi ibfld ibfld nlkmcmime sukgbr uctui smym kbkpbr`dbel wmco nbcomc imnmr ymco sbobrm nbkl ibdmcosucomc elnup imkl sbdbpms lcl. Vb Vbdm dmlc lc ltu ltu huom huom sm smym ym huom huom tlmn tlmnmm wmco wmco slkp slkpmc mcmc mc uc uctu tui i kbkg kbkgmc mctu tu su sumk mkl. l. Gbrk Gb rkmf mfmk mk-k -kmf mfmk mk

gbrk gbrkml mlc c

nljl nljlil ilrm rmc c

sm smym ym

sb sbtb tbdm dme e

kbco kbcobt btme meul ul

su sumk mkll

mi mimc mc

nlgbrebctlimc ibrhm milgmt symrlimt kbcomdmkl ibruolmc nmc mimc nltutup. Vbdmkm lcl imkl gbromctuco emrmp ibpmnm pucfm pbcnmpmtmc sumkl smemhm.

:

 

7.> Qbrdu gbrplcnme ibdumr nmrl rukme sbimrmco

Wbctbtmc symrlimt sumkl mimc nltutup, smym pudm tlmnm pbcnmpmtmc sbrtm tlmnm slkpmcmc imkl pbrdu gbrplcnme ibdumr nmrl rukme sbimrmco ibrmcm rukme imkl nlmkl sbimrmc sbi mrmco o mnmdme mnmdme rukme rukme kmhlim kmhlimc. c. Mpmgld Mpmgldmm symrli symrlimt mt gmimd gmimd nltutu nltutup p pmstlc pmstlcym ym sbomdm sbomdm ibkunmemc ymco nlgbrl mimc nltmrli sbkudm. Nbcomc Nbc omc ibmmnm ibmmnmmc mc sumkl sumkl smym smym ymco ymco tlmnm tlmnm pucfm pucfm pbcnmp pbcnmpmtm mtmc c tmkgme tmkgmemc mc pudm pudm bi`c`kl ymco kbcfmgmr pmnm zmkmc sbimrmco, pmstlcym susme uctui imkl sumkl lstbrl kbcnmpmtimc rukme nbcomc imnmr sbobrm Emd lcl kbcybgmgimc imkl tlmnm tbkpmt tlcoomd sbrtm tbkpmt uctui gbrtbnue, nlkmcmime imkl mimc pbrol sbdbpms lcl, ibkmcmime emdm tuhumc imkl.

6. Gbrimltmc emd nlmtms lcl lm mimc kbcooucmimc > dmcoime nlgmwme, dmcoime lcl mnmdme ymco tbrgmli nloucmimc uctui kbcybdbsmlimc kmsmdme.

Kbcobfmk nmc kbcnbjcmslimc kmsmdme

Kbcfmrl ibkucoilcmc pbcybdbsmlmc

Kbkldle pbcybdbsmlmc tbrgmli

Kbdmismcmimc Qbcybdbsmlmc

6.= Lgu gmpm ymco gmru kbclkgmco fmemym kmtm

Mcmi mnmdme iurclmmc nmrlpmnm Mddme V._.^ ibpmnm iltm. Vbtlmp mcmi ymco dmelr  ibnucl ibn uclmm lcl tbd tbdme me nlhmch nlhmchlim limc c rbzbilc rbzbilcym ym `dbe `dbe Mddme Mddme V._.^. V._.^. Mimc Mimc tbtmpl, tbtmpl, rbzbil rbzbil ltu  guimccym nmtmco gbro`dbi tbrus ibpmnm mcmi tbrsbgut. Wbzbil mcmi kucoilc nmtmco Kbcurut Vmdme smtu symrlimt symrlimt lcsurmcs lcsurmcs tbribkuim tbribkuim kbdmdu kbd mdull lgu mtmu gmpmcy gmpmcym. m.  Kbcurut

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Kmdmyslm lmltu MLM gbremn kbcymtmimc i`s kbkgbsmrimc mcmi g`dbe kbcbdmc gbdmchm dbgle iurmco rlcoolt Kmdmyslm >11 rlgu ib = hutm . Emd lcl kbcuchuiimc

 gmemwm sbhukdme wmco nlpbrduimc uctui kbkgbsmrimc mcmi pmnm zmkmc sbimrmco. @dbe ltu smym kbcomkgld lclslmtlj uctui kbklctm pbrt`d`comc nmrl `rmco ymco  gbrpbcomdmkmc sbpbrtl lgu nmc imimi uctui kbkgbrl sbnlilt kmidukmt tbctmco  pbchmommc mcmi, kbkmcnmcoimc smym mnmdme lgu ymco ymco gmru kbclkgmco fmemym kmtm. Vbtlmp lgu gmpm ymco kbkpucyml mcmi, kmcm smcooup mimc kbdlemt mcmicym kbcm kb cmco cols ls ibdm ibdmpm pmrm rmc. c. Il Iltm tm sb sbgm gmom omll lgu lgu gmpm gmpm,, pbrd pbrdud udme me kbco kbcoli limt mt pb pbru rutt uc uctu tui  i  kbksmtl kbk smtlimc imc mcmi mcmi ymco ymco iltm iltm hmom hmom mimc mimc sbctlm sbctlmsm sm kbcnmp kbcnmpmt mt kmimcm kmimcmc c nmc klcukm klcukmc c mpmgldm tlgm wmitu kmimc mcmi tbrsbgut. Ibslemtmc mcmi huom pbrdu nltltli gbrmtimc. Kbkmstlimc tmrlie tbkuhmchl nbcomc pbomwml pbrugmtmc nlpmtuel. Hmcomc dme pudm mpmgldm iltm nltlkpm kmsmdme nmc tbrtbimc, iltm mimc kbcomgmlimc fmemym kmtm iltm. Lclimc pudm sb`rmco gmyl ymco gmru nldmelrimc nl nuclm lcl, ymco gbduk tmeu mpm ltu brtl ibelnupmc. Lgu gmpm ibcm kmlcimc pbrmcmc kmslco-kmslco nmc gbri`rgmc mpm smemhm nbkl mcmi ymco nlimslel. Gbrtmpm gbrmtcym tmcooucohmwmg ymco emrus nlpliud  hlim sunme gbrobdmr sbgmoml lgu gmpm.Lgu nmc gmpm emrusdme kbkmlcimc pbrmcmc kmslco-kmslco. Qbpmtme kbdmyu pbrcme gbrimtm — gbrmt smkm nlpliud, rlcomc smkm nlhlchlco‛ Q`i`i pmcoimdcym, iltm sbgmoml lgu gmpm emrus kbkliud sbomdm tmcooucohmwmg ibmtms tmcooucomc iltm sbilrmcym tbrhmnl mpm-mpm ymco kbclkpm ibdumrom. Hmcomcdme iltm kbcylkpmco kbcylkpmco nmrlpmnm nmrlpmnm dmcnmsmc dmcnmsmc mtms tmcooucohm tmcooucohmwmg wmg ymco tbdme nlmkmcmeim nlmkmcmeimc c ibpmnm ibp mnm iltm. iltm. Lcomtd Lcomtdme me sbtlmp sbtlmp uhlmc uhlmc ymco ymco nlgbrl nlgbrlimc imc `dbe `dbe Cym mnmdme mnmdme gbrnms gbrnmsmri mrimc mc ibkmkpumc nlrl iltm.

6.7 Vymrlimt tbkpmt sumkl gbibrhm mimc nltutup

Nmdmk i`ctbis ymco iltm glcfmcoimc lcl, tbkpmt ibrhm sumkl smym mimc nltutup. Qmstlcym sumkl smym gbrmsm sbnle ibrmcm tbdme ibeldmcomc smtu-smtucym kmtm pbcfmrlmc  gbdlmu. Kmim tbrputusdme sukgbr rbzbil uctui gbdlmu kbcymrm ibdumrom nmc ldmll rlc rlcool ooltt ymc ymco o dbk dbkme me huo huom m tmcouc tmc oucoom oomccy ccym. m.  Kbcurut Vemelr Mncmc (71=. Iltmrmc pr`sbs kbkgumt ibputusmc =7

 

Qbcfbtus

Kbcbr`im

WBJDBIVL

Kbcy`md Kbcldml

Kbcoukpud Lctbrvbcsl Kbcomcmdlsm

Kbcolctbrprbtmsl

Omkgmrmhme 8 Iltmrmc kbkgumt ibputusmc

>.= Qbdgmoml kmsmdme tlkgud gmol lgu gmpm ymco gmru kbclkgmco fmemym kmtm ibrmcm

ibiurmcomc ldku pbcobtmeumc huom pbcomdmkmc. Gbrjlilr mnmime kmkpu kbchmnl lgu  gmpm ymco gmli nmdmk kbchmom mcmi uctui kbcoobdmiimc ibfumlmc sbrtm kbcomilgmti kbcom ilgmtimc mc ibfbrnbrmmc. ibfbrnbrmmc.  Kbcurut Jmremcm ^mrkucl (71=?), omdmiimc sbrtm s`i`co s`i `comc mc lgu gmpm gmpm sm smcom comtt pbctl pbctlco  co , lcl kbcuc kbcuchui huiimc imc s`i`co s`i`comc mc ibdumr ibdumrom om mkmt mkmt

 pbctlco nmdmk kbcbctuimc ibputusmc ymco gmimd nl mkgld `dbe mcmi kbrbim.

Qbcfbtus

Kbcbr`im Kbcy`md

Lgu gmpm ymco gmru kbclkgmco fmemym kmtm

Iurmco pbcomdmkmc nmc pbcobtmeumc Mnmime smym kmkpu kbchmnl lgu tbrgmli0

=6

 

Kbcoukpud

Kbklctm pbrt`d`comc ibdumrom

Kbcomcmdlsm

Ibdumrom dbgle gbrpbcomdmkmc

Kbco Kb colc lctb tbrp rprb rbst stms msll Lctbrvbcsl

Kbrbi brbim m kbkm kbkmco co gb gbrp rpbc bcom omdm dmkm kmc c Vmym kmk kmkpu dmi dmiuimc ibr ibrmcm s my mym kbc kbcnmpmt s` s`i`comc

Kbcldml

nmrlpmnm ibdumrom G`dbeime smym kbchmom cmi smym0

rbjdbisl

Hlim tlnmi kmkpu, kmfmk kmcm smym ebcnmi kbchmom mcmi smym0

>.7 Vbtbruscym gbrnmsmrimc sltumsl nlmtms mnmdme symrlimt tbkpmt sumkl gbibrhm mimc nltutup. Emd lcl kbkgbrl tmkpmrmc ebgmt ibpmnm imkl sumkl lstbrl nl kmcm emrus kbcfmrl sukgbr ibbwmcomc nmc kbcbrusimc ibelnupmc. Ibkucoilcmc nbcomc sbnlilt  pmkpmsmc nmpmt kbkudmimc glscbs sbcnlrl gbrsmkm lstbrl nbcomc gbrclmom nl mtms tmdlmc. Cmnlrme Emjlnzlc(71=

 

>.6 Kbcurut Cmnlm (71=5) (71=5) lstbrl ymco tlnmi tlnmi gbibrhm gmcymi gmcymi nldbkm. Emd lcl gbrimlt nbcomc sltumsl tuomsmc lmltu lstbrl ymco tlmnm pucfm pbcnmpmtmc sbrtm tlmnm wmco slkpmcmc. Qbcfbtus

Kbcbr`im Kbcy`md

Lstbrl tlmnm pucfm pbcnmpmtmc

^lnmi wmco slkpmcmc Nlkmcmime ebcnmi kbcnmpmtimc wmco0

Kbcoukpud

Gbrclmom mtms tmdlmc

Kbcomcmdlsm

Dbgle fbpmt uctui kbcnmpmt wmco

Kbcolc colcttbrprb prbst stms msll Lctbrvbcsl

Qbcnmp cnmpmt mtm mc momi momi duk dukmy mymc mc Vmym rmsm g`dbe dmiuimc ibrmcm sumkl mnm ibkmelrmc lctbrcbt

Kbcldml

G`dbe tlnmi gbrclmom mtms tmdlmc

rbjdbisl

Kmkpu tlnmi smym kbchmdmcimc pbrclmommc0

>.> Emd ymco sbtbruscym mnmdme pbrdu gbrplcnme nmrl rukme kmhlimc. Ibkmcmime emdm tuhu uctui kbcfmrl tbkpmt gbrtbnue gbrtb nue nbcomc i`s smrm elnup ymco tlcool.  Kbcurut  Gmci Cbomrm Kmdmyslm Kmdmyslm (71=5), rmkml rmkml kbcobdue i`s i`s smrm elnup kbclcoimt. Qbcfbtus

Qbrdu gbrplcnme ibdumr nmrl rukme sbimrmco

Kbcbr`im

Kbcfmrl tb tbkpmt gbrtbnue sb sbkbctmrm wmitu.

Kbcy`md

Ibkmcmime emdm tuhu sbdbpms lcl0

Kbcoukpud

Vbwm rukme i`s rbcnme

Kbcomcmdlsm

rukme ymco sbsuml uctui imkl gbrtlom

Kbcolc colcttbrprb prbst stms msll Lctbrvbcsl

Fmrl rruk ukme me sbf sbfbpmt pmt ku kucoil coilc c Vmym rmsm sbsuml sbgmg imkl gbrtlom smemhm.

Kbcldml

Mnmime rukme ymco i`s`co0

rbjdbisl

Hlim tlnmi i`s`co, ibkmcm imkl emrus pbrol

=2

 

Ibslkpudmc

Wbctbtmc nmrl sltumsl nlmtms, nlnmpmtl pbdgmoml kmsmdme sbrtm i`cjdli ymco tlkgud tbrutmkmcym sumkl ymco eldmco pucfm pbcnmpmtmc sbrtm kmsmdme lgu gmpm ymco iurmco  pbcobtmeumc kbcobcml pbchmommc mcmi sbrtm lstbrl ymco tlmnm pucfm pbcnmpmtmc pbcnmpmtmc nmc  pbrdu gbrplcnme nmrl rukme kmhlimc. Nlemrmpimc nbcomc tuomsmc lcl sltumsl Vltl nmc Mkmn nmpmt nlsbdbsmlimc. Vmym  huom gbremrmp, Mkmn nmc Vltl nmpmt kbcbrusimc glscbs glscbs ymco nlusmemimc nlsmkplco kbchmom mkmcme Mddme ymco nlgbrlimc lmltu mcmicym. ^uomsmc lcl huom nmpmt kbkgmctu smym kbkpbrtlcoimtimc ibkmkpumc nmdmk kbcybdbsmlimc i`cjdli ymco tlkgud sbrtm nmpmt kbkgbrl pbcnbnmemc ymco sbgbcmr kbcobcml pucfm kmsmdme nmc kbcfmrl hmdmc pbcybdbsmlmc ymco tbrgmli. Vbdmlc ltu huom, tuomsmc lcl kbkgumtimc smym dbgle gbrjlilr nl dumr i`tmi nmc kbcfmrl mdtbrcmtlj, ruhuimc nmc sukgbr uctui kbcybdbsmlimc tuomsmc lcl.

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