Thesis Report on Maritime Complex

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

INTRODUCTION

[AUTHOR NAME]

1

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

PREFACE To showcase various facets of Indian Maritime Industry, it is proposed to have a National Maritime Complex at Chennai. To be set up by the National Institute of Port Management (NIPM). The Complex would act as a maritime hub of the region and act as a power house of the global maritime trade. It will preserve Maritime heritage and key ancient maritime traditions, which otherwise might get lost. Originally it is a mixed use project having institutional, commercial, cultural and recreational facilities. It was first proposed in 2005 later it updated in 2008. I will be picking its cultural part for my thesis. BACKGROUND Indian maritime history begins during the 3rd millennium BCE when inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiated maritime trading contact with Mesopotamia. The Cholas excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to China and Southeast Asia. Towards the end of the 9th century, southern India had developed extensive maritime and commercial activity. Mahabalipuram (60 km south of Chennai) had been the capital of this kingdom. So Chennai, one of the largest metropolitan in India, The second largest city and largest port on India’s eastern coast, become the potent location for National Maritime Complex. The proposed site for this complex is coal marshaling yard of the Chennai port. In 2011, to prevent pollution in north Chennai generated from this marshalling unit, Hon’ble Madras High court directed union shipping ministry, to shift dusty cargos to Ennore Port from 1 October 2011,. As the matter of fact presently there is no national level maritime museum is in India. This complex will house one national maritime museum too.

[AUTHOR NAME]

2

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

AIM To create an exclusive public space dedicated to Maritime activities encompassing its past, present and future.

OBJECTIVES  To preserve the rich maritime heritage of India.  Making people aware to the field of maritime, marine and navy.  To connect various fields of maritime-trade, education navy, travel, culture at one place.

PROJECT OVERVIEW Type:Cultural Program: Museum, Art gallery, Marine food court Promoter: National Institute of Port management Project Status: Proposed Site Location:Chennai Port Site area:157 acre Climate Zone: Hot-Humid

SITE LOCATION AND CONNECTIVITY Site is Coal Marshaling Yard located within Chennai Port boundaries facing Bay of Bengal. It is accessible from Gate no. 9 of Chennai port premise. Chennai International Cruise Terminal:

1 km

Chennai Central Railway Station:

4.5 km

Koyembedu Bus Terminal:

14 km

[AUTHOR NAME]

3

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI Chennai International Airport:

20 km

Marina Beach:

2 KM ( viaRajaiSalai)

Figure 1 Location of the site.

SITE PLAN

Figure 2 Site Plan

DIMENSIONS ARE IN METER Source: Chennai Port Trust Land Use Plan 2013

ARCHITECTURAL REQUIREMENTS [AUTHOR NAME]

4

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

At present the project is on proposal state. The detailed requirement couldn’t be found. As per proposal for cultural areas their expectations are as: 

Maritime Museum- Galleries for temporary and permanent exhibition Library AV rooms/Theatre Conference rooms

 Maritime Art Gallery  Marine Food court- Specialized in sea food.

(Source: National Maritime University, Chennai)

MOTIVATION  Multidimensional Context of the building.  Vast scope to play with form, circulation and spaces.  Exclusive Project in India- First National Maritime Museum. SCOPE  Being located at strategic location this project provides opportunity to deal with site and surrounding  It can be merged with city’s urban infrastructure as a public place.  Access from passenger terminal at port may be given.

CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS  Surrounding port and Navy area call for safety as the whole area falls under custom at present  Protection from Tsunami and cyclones will be most challenging factor as whole site lies within the range of 500 m from the coast, having frontage of 600 m length.

[AUTHOR NAME]

5

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

 History of coal handling altered the micro climate of the site. Restoring the site and creating vegetation  Defining site boundaries and utilizing the entire site.  Present railway line (used for coal transfer) blocks the most of the site from the main road.  Finding appropriate live case study. ADVANCE OBJECTIVES I propose these advance objectives for pursuing in my thesis.  Natural Lighting in interior Light being an important factor in exhibition spaces, give vast scope of study.  Landscape Regeneration Site has no vegetation. Top soil is polluted by coal and iron ore. In order to create healthy environment Landscape regeneration is primary step.  Marine Construction Project will need space to showcases large vessels in water. For that purpose docks, breakwaters, moorings etc. will need to be constructed.

REFERENCES Alexander, Christopher 1977. A Pattern Language. New York. Oxford university press Tzortzi Kali, Museum Building design and exhibition layout: Pattern of interaction, The Bartlett School of Graduate Studies. Nag, Neelanjana, 2012. Understanding Museums: for the visitors the staff and the collection: Advance objective report. Jaipur. MNIT [AUTHOR NAME]

6

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Jain Pulkit, 2014.International Cruise Terminal,Cochin: Thesis Report. Jaipur.MNIT Chennai Municipal Corporation By- laws Coastal Regulation Zone II guidelines IDENTIFIED LIVE CASE STUDIES 1.

2.

Odisha State Maritime Museum, Cuttack This state maritime museum opened in 2008. It will give the idea about nautical exhibits, their dimensions and management of these space. It also has machine and tools related to shipping. Submarine Museum INS Kurusra, Vizag This museum exhibits life of navy, various equipment Space proportions of a ship -Space in a submarine is premium, giving Importance to equipment, ammunitions, lifesaving systems taking priority.

IDENTIFIED LITERATURE STUDY 1.

Maritime Centre Vellamo, Finland It shows maximum similarity with my proposal. Location, site conditions, program and nature of the building match the reference for National Maritime complex, Chennai.

[AUTHOR NAME]

7

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

SITE ANALYSIS      

Location, connectivity and access Geography Key Climatic determinants By- laws Regional design features SWOT analysis

[AUTHOR NAME]

8

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

LOCATION, CONNECTIVITY AND ACCESS Location: Marshalling Yard, Chennai Port, Chennai, India Connectivity: Rail, Air, Bus

Access: Road access from gate no. 10 of port from War Memorial, RajajiSalai Road Access from port Access through beach (Coovam estuary) Access through sea

[AUTHOR NAME]

9

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Site Area ( to be designed):125000 SQM 30 ACRES Site Characteristic: The site is part of port campus, hence at present access to the site is highly restricted except for the workers. Site is opens directly on Bay of Bengal from longer side. Its Shoreline is aligned in NE –SW, (30 degree from North) direction and protected by boulders . Immediate Surroundings: North: Ware houses,port South: INS Adyar Headquarter East: Bay of Bengal West: Freight terminal, port. Context: Industrial; visually site sits amidst the industrial land.

[AUTHOR NAME]

10

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Existing Structures and land use: Site is used to hold cargo like Iron and steel, granite blocks and Fertilizers. Coal and Iron ore handling has

[AUTHOR NAME]

11

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

been restricted since 2011. Most structures are of temporary nature. Site has following existing structures. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Bubble structure- Damaged – temporary use Weighbridge huts – NOT IN USE Substation office Transit shed – under use Drains. Storage tanks.

Entry to site: 12 m road leads to site from Gate no. 10 Service: It has electrical line along the 12m wide central road. Port has its own 33/11 kv substation. Sewage lines are not developed. 3 Drains for rain water run across the site

[AUTHOR NAME]

12

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Conclusion 1. Site is well connected from transport terminals and located at prominent position suitable for tourist and locals. 2. Access route is need to be enhanced 3. Boundaries need to be well defined while planning the site. 4. Site is needed to develop for construction.

GEOGRAPHY Geographic location: a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains on the east coast of the Indian peninsula known as the Coromandel Coast in the Bay of Bengal The site was developed into the sea by natural progradtion and reclamation afterwards. It was formed between 1912 and 1998. Now land has been stabilized well to built

Longitude -80.2899°E Latitude-13.08441°N Altitude: 2 m from MSL Topography: Fairly flat. Rough surface with some slight depressions. Slope: gentle slope towards east although no visible slope.

Soil characteristics: Sandy. Granite, iron and coal ore are mixed with top soil. top soil is also contaminated by petro chemicals and coal dust.

Soil Bearing Capacity:~150 kn/m2

(NBC CLAUSE 7.1.2.2)

Ground Water Table: Pre-monsoon- 4-5 m, Post-monsoon- 2-3 m Vegetation: Vegetation is in primary stage. No large tree is present. Some small shrubs of Millettia Pinnata (Local name- Karanj) are planted near bubble shelter. Saltmarshes are grown along shoreline.

[AUTHOR NAME]

13

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Pro- gradation and Erosion Historically, the port was responsible for the shoreline changes in the region, where the area south of the port has accreted significantly, resulting in the formation of the Marina Beach, whereas the coast in the northern region has undergone severe erosion. Ever since the harbour was constructed, the coast north of the harbour has been experiencing erosion at the rate of about 8 m annually. On the other hand, the area south of the port is increasing 40 sq m every year due to the progradation. (Waste Load Allocation & Waster Assimilative Capacity Studies for Ennore Creek & North Chennai Coastal Waters, National Institute of Ocean Technology, retrieved28 September 2011 Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management Project Directorate, Chennai (November 2006). "Shoreline Management Plan for Ennore Coast (Tamilnadu)" (pdf). Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. Retrieved 29 October 2011.)

[AUTHOR NAME]

14

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Seismic Zone:

Seismic Zone III indicating a moderate risk of earthquake

View analysis

Conclusion 1. Site is safe from shoreline change and continuous erosion 2. Soil bearing capacity is weak, water table is high ; Preferred foundation type: pile foundation 3. Drainage should be primary focus. 4. Microclimate is needed to improve through landscaping.

Site-Sea interface - the shoreline

[AUTHOR NAME]

15

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

[AUTHOR NAME]

16

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

CLIMATE Chennai is situated on the thermal equator and is also coastal, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The area has a moderate climate with high humidity. Extreme

climatic conditions are not prevalent in the project area. In project area large-scale variations in temperature in various seasons are not observed.

Type of climate: Tropical, specifically Tropical wet and dry Temperature: Over the course of a year, the temperature typically varies from 21°C to 38°C and is rarely below20°C or above 41°C. The warm season lasts from April 30 to June 18 with an average daily high temperature above 36°C. The hottest day of the year is May 20, with an average high of 38°C and low of 28°C. The cold season lasts from October 26 to February 9 with an average daily high temperature below30°C. The coldest day of the year is January 21, with an average low of 21°C and high of 30°C.

Precipitation: The site gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the northeast monsoon winds, from mid-September to mid-December. The average annual rainfall in the region is about 1298.11 mm, with 443.5 mm during southwest monsoon (June–September), 753.1 mm during northeast monsoon (October–December), 37.3 mm during winter season (January–February) and 64.2 mm during hot weather (March–May).

Annual Rainfall: 1298.11 mm

Humidity: Humidity ranges from 63 to 83 percent during January–March, from 57 to 72 percent during April–June and from 70 to 81 percent during October–December.

Visibility: Visibility in the region is good throughout the year and low visibility is commonly associated with heavy rains during the northeast monsoon.

Solar Condition: The length of the day does not vary substantially over the course of the year, staying within 54 minutes of 12 hours throughout. The shortest day is December 21 with 11:22 hours of daylight; the longest day is June 20 with 12:54 hours of daylight.

Winds The most prevailing winds in the region are the south westerly between April and October and the north easterly during the rest of the year During the Northeast Monsoon viz., between October and January, the direction of wind is generally NE and NNE. During south west monsoon between March and September, the wind blows predominantly from the south.

[AUTHOR NAME]

17

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI During June, July and August, strong wind is experienced from south west direction in mornings from south during afternoons and from south east during nights. Wind direction: 153°-263° relative to the North and Wind speed: 2 -12 m/s.

Oceanographic data: The tides in the port area are semi-diurnal in nature, that is, occurrence of two high and two low waters every day.

Tide

Height (m)

Highest high water level (HHWL)

1.50

Mean high water spring (MHWS)

1.10

Mean high water neap (MHWN)

0.80

Mean sea level (MSL)

0.54

Mean low water neap (MLWN)

0.40

Mean low water spring (MLWS)

0.10

Indian springs low water level (CD) 0.00 Mean spring range

1.00

Mean neap range

0.40

Wave height and wave period Waves ranging from 0.4m to 2.0m in the deep water around Chennai harbour have been experienced and the predominant being 0.4 m to 1.2 m with wave periods predominantly in the order of 4 to 10 seconds.

Wave direction Predominant direction during South West Monsoon 145O from North Predominant direction during North East Monsoon 65O from North

Cyclone and Tsunami: [AUTHOR NAME]

18

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI Occasionally, cyclones in the Bay of Bengal hit the coast. During Cyclone season, waves of

height exceeding 2.5 m are common. During depressions in northeast monsoon, the wind velocity goes up to 50 km/h and up to 105 km/h during cyclones of duration 2 to 3 days. Gusts of 160 km/h have been occasionally experienced.

Cyclones at Chennai usually commence with the wind between NNW and NNE, the wind direction changing to the E or W according to whether the port is in the right-hand or lefthand semicircle of the storm. The Chennai coast is normally frequented by cyclones during May, October, and November.

[AUTHOR NAME]

19

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

[AUTHOR NAME]

20

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Conclusion 

The project area has a moderate climate with high humidity. Especially during October to December. Wind direction during this period is NE and NNE. That is required to utilize for cross ventilation.



Extreme climatic conditions are not prevalent in the project area. In project area large-scale variations in temperature in various seasons are not observed.



Wind pressure and waves are threats for the structure. Form and orientation of building are needed to curtail winds and waves.

  

Site is under tsunami prone zone. Buildings need to have proper shading for sun and rain protection. Large opening on preferable

BY-LAWS Chennai Municipal Corporation By- laws CMC designate the area in ecologically sensitive area. And puts under CRZ area. Permissable F.A.R. Max. F.S.I.- 1.5 Max. height- One and half times the width of the abutting road provided that the height may be exceeded to the extent of 1 metre for every 30 centimeters by which the building is set back from the street or 15.25 metres. Max ground covergae: 40%

Setbacks Front: 6M Side: 6m Rear: 6m

Coastal Regulation Zone II guidelines Clause (d) of sub-rule (3) of Rule5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, and all other powers vesting in its behalf, the Central Government hereby declares the coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action (in the landward side)up to 500 metres from the High Tide Line (HTL) and the land between the Low Tide Line(LTL) and the HTL as Coastal Regulation Zone Category-II (CRZ-II): [AUTHOR NAME]

21

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI The areas that have already been developed up to or close to the shoreline. For this purpose, "developed area" is referred to as that area within the municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas which is already substantially built up and which has been provided with drainage and approach roads and other infrastructural facilities, such as water supply and sewerage mains. 



Buildings shall be permitted only on the landward side of the existing road (or roads approved in the Coastal Zone Management Plan of the area) or on the landward side of existing authorised structures. Reconstruction of the authorised buildings to be permitted subject to the existing FSI/FAR norms and without change in the existing use

The site comes under CRZ zone II which will acknowledge and permit it as building under ‘public use’. For the purpose of this clause, 'public use' shall include use for purposes of worship, education, medical care and cultural activities. The activity will require environmental clearance from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.

ISPS code and Custom At present The International Ships and Ports facility Security Code is imposed all over the port. CISF is responsible for maintaining the security of port including this part. This area comes under custom. As soon the site would allot for Maritime complex, it will be excluded from the Code and custom.

NBC- It comes under Group D (Assembly buildings). Fire zone 1

REGIONAL DESIGN FEATURES

[AUTHOR NAME]

22

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

[AUTHOR NAME]

23

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

SWOT ANALYSIS Strength: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Good views of sea and port available. Proximity to port sets environment for the maritime museum. Proximity to Marina beach invites visitors. Good connectivity to city and other parts of globe.

Weakness: 1. Weak approach 2. Lack of vegetation and shading. Opportunities: 1. Its 400 m long shore provides scope for recreational and adventure activities related to sea and beaches. 2. It can be merged with ports other facilities like passenger cruise terminal in future. Threats: 1. It opens directly to Bay of Bengal, need of protection from cyclone and tsunami. 2. Its proximity to port and navy areas call for stringent security measures. 3. Surrounding areas used as storage of ores, fertilizers etc. create pollution. Barrier for this pollution will be required. 4. Development of existing land and demolition/ dismantling of existing structure. 5. Site has large area. Proper utilisation of entire land is a challenge.

[AUTHOR NAME]

24

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

CASE STUDIES  Odisha State Maritime Museum,Cuttack  INS Kurusra Submarine Museum, Visakhapatam

[AUTHOR NAME]

25

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Odisha State Maritime Museum,Cuttack

Justification: 1. One of the few maritime museums in India. It may give idea about Functional requirements of a museum in terms of space and area. 2. It has various galleries for Type of Exhibits their dimensions and space requirement. Introduction: One of the few maritime museums in India opened in 2010,run by Odisha government after converting a abandoned boat workshop into museum. Its renovation and extension done by an architecture firm "Intel". It has 10 nos of galleries along with its ancillary components, as required in a modern museum.

Location: Dock road, Cuttack, Odisha (India) Architecture Style: Colonial Material: Laterite stone block and brick. Site area: 6 acre Built up area: 5170 sqm Circulation: Loop (unidirectional) [AUTHOR NAME]

26

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Objective:  To know functional requirements, area program and display elements of a maritime museum.  To enquire visitor's response, requirement and expectations in a maritime museum

[AUTHOR NAME]

27

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Galleries

[AUTHOR NAME]

28

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Inferences  All functional requirement of the museum are fulfilled.  Composition of various zones ,Public collection- 60%, Public Non collection- 16%, and Non public collection- 3%, Non public Non collection- 7 %. Rest of area is circulation area belonging to all zones.  Non-public area (which consists stores, services and administration is too less (It should be 50% of total museum space - 2500 sqm instead of 500 sqm) *  97% of outdoor area is accessible to public. Outdoors is the most lively part of museum.

[AUTHOR NAME]

29

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

 Most of the galleries are naturally lit, have sufficient illumination. Artificial Lighting is not appropriately fixed. Its exposure, intensity and focus are not worked out properly. *Times saver standard building type/ Museums/Museum services

Area Analysis (All areas are in SQM)

[AUTHOR NAME]

30

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

INS Kurusra Submarine Museum, Visakhapatnam

Location: R. K. Beach ,Visakhapatam (A.P.) Type of Museum: Submarine Museum Circulation : Linear Procession Introduction: After decommissioning, the ship was towed to Ramakrishna Mission Beach in Vishakapatnam and was established as a museum ship, which is the first submarine museum in South Asia. she still receives the navy's "Dressing Ship" honor, which is usually awarded only to active ships. The Kursura has a length of 91.3 m (300 ft) overall, a beam of 7.5 m (25 ft) and a draught of 6 m (20 ft). Maintained and Operated by : VUDA ( Visakhapatam Urban Development Authority) Staff: 1 Curator 6 Guide Maintained staff Visitors : 500-600 daily (up to 1500 during peak season)

[AUTHOR NAME]

31

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

[AUTHOR NAME]

32

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

[AUTHOR NAME]

33

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Inferences

[AUTHOR NAME]

34

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

LITERATURE STUDY Maritime Centre, Vellamo, Finland Museum Circulation: Design consideration

[AUTHOR NAME]

35

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Maritime Centre, Vellamo, Finland

Justification:  



It has similar program that thesis project needs to cater. It is set in the similar context, proximity of port, site was part of dock of the port earlier. However it comes in different climate zone i.e. cold. still It will be good reference for the design in terms of zoning. Scale of the project also matches.

Introduction: ‘maritime centre vellamo’ is a cultural facility on the harbour of kotka, finland situated at the end of the planned culture harbour, the overall form of the maritime centre was influenced by the qualities and nature of water, resembling a gentle swell in its roofline. Featuring a wide approach, a ramp leads visitors up to a public square on the roof which is partially sheltered by a continuous curve that results as a a steel-and-glass overhang. Built in stadium seats offer a place for outdoor events to take place.

Location: Kotka, Finland Architects: lahdelma & mahlamäki architects, Helisinki Program: Maritime Museum of Finland, Museum of Kymenlaakso and Information

Centre Vellamo.Meeting and teaching facilities, a restaurant and a museum shop Structure type: Steel Frame Strutctre Material used: Exterior: Steel,Alluminium and etched glass Interior: Wood (Oak wood and veneered oak) [AUTHOR NAME]

36

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

[AUTHOR NAME]

37

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

[AUTHOR NAME]

38

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

[AUTHOR NAME]

39

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Museum Circulation

[AUTHOR NAME]

40

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Museum Typologies

Museum Typology examples

[AUTHOR NAME]

41

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

AREA STATEMENT

[AUTHOR NAME]

42

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

DESIGN CONCEPT  Circulation and built Form  Zoning  Blocking

[AUTHOR NAME]

43

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

[AUTHOR NAME]

44

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

ZONING

[AUTHOR NAME]

45

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

BLOCKING

[AUTHOR NAME]

46

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

ADVANCE OBJECTIVE Natural Lighting

[AUTHOR NAME]

47

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Introduction Light is the most important asset to define spaces and objects. Especially in architecture where quality of space is a crucial aspect of design. Natural Lighting provides good way to light the spaces, modify them, and preserving the energy. It revives the essence of the space. Museums are the public spaces containing various objects to display. People gather there in large numbers. They are frequent. It needs large spaces to accommodate them. These spaces need light and ventilation. Management of light in museum is the key issue.

Aim and Objectives Maximising the involvement of natural light in the spaces, curtailing it negative effects, utilising it as per requirement of a given space and function. Objectives:    

To use daylight as a tool to enhance visual experience. Utilising daylight to demonstrate the exhibits. To provide active and passive solutions for accommodating light in interiors. To provide solutions to control daylight.

Basics of daylighting Daylighting can be differentiated in two ways. 1. Sunlight 2. Skylight Sunlight It is the condition when sun is present in the sky. It is to approach to calculation Qualitative Approach We can study the solar windows through it. [AUTHOR NAME]

48

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI Quantitative Approach We can study sun hours through it. Skylight In this condition sun is not present in the sky or it is assumed so. Quantitative approach We can get Daylight factor through it.

Need for the daylight CHANGE/VARIETY Perhaps the most obvious and certainly the most important aspect ofDaylighting is its capacity for change, leading to the infinite variety inappearance of the daylit interior. Change is at the heart of daylighting,the human body has a capacity for adaptation, particularly in vision, andthe need to exercise this response.Perception reacts to a degree of change; it is the natural order of thingsthat the appearance of interior spaces alter with time; and if we haveconfidence in their continuing reality, it is because change in their litappearance allows us to continue an exploration of the spaces we inhabit;an entirely different measure of experience to the static qualities of spaceslit entirely by artificial sources of light during the day; or where there is no access to the daylight outside. There is a natural process of renewal inthe photochemical processes of the eye as it adapts to accommodatechanges in daylight MODELLING Modelling of a shape derives from its physical form, whether round,square or otherwise, coupled with the way in which light plays on itssurfaces. This is referred to as its modelling and when this derives fromdaylight or sunlight, giving light from a single direction, this provides aform which is perceived by the eye as having meaning, unambiguous. This is a different experience again from the form of an object or spaceresulting from a room lit by artificial light, where the overall light may bereceived from a multitude of light sources.The most usual daylight modelling is that derived from verticalwindows at the side of a room, giving light from a single direction; this may be helped by windows from an adjacent wall which adds to themodelling; as the light will still be from the same overall direction, butadding to the total modelling. ORIENTATION The importance of orientation in a building must be considered at theoutset, when the architect is planning the location of the building on thesite, the aim being to ensure the maximum availability of useful naturallight and sunlight to the interior.

[AUTHOR NAME]

49

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI There may of course be severe restrictions where the building is set intoa rigid street pattern, or where there are severe external obstructions; buteven in thesecircumstances the best use of the daylighting availableshould be considered. The architect will have the greatest flexibility to getthe building orientation right on a greenfield site, where he can plan thesite layout to take advantage of the sun path and the availability of thedaylight. COLOUR Whilst the colour of daylight will vary from morning to evening, and withchanges in the sky and weather patterns; it is always regarded as thereference by which colour is judged . . . daylight is regarded as ‘real colour.’ IMPORTANCE OF VIEW Although listed last amongst the environmental factors, the question ofview is of special importance. The view out from the window is ourcontact with the world outside; it provides the information, which forreasons already mentioned, allows us to experience the time of day,changes in the weather, sunlight and the seasons. At one level, a view satisfies the physiological need for the adaptationand readaptation of the eye to distance, providing a visual rest centre. Forthis reason any view is better than no view, whilst clearly some views willbe better than others. At a different level the importance of a view hasbeen recognized in research to show that a patient in hospital will recovermore quickly where a window with a view is available. The content of a view is clearly of importance, and it is the informationit provides which will determine its success. A view out to a blank wallmay be better than nothing but a view out to open countryside, or agarden will be a different order of experience. HEALTH Poor lighting can affect workers’ health, badly designed or poorlymaintained lighting can cause stress and lead to various forms ofcomplaint, eye discomfort, vision or posture. Dry or itching eyes,migraines, aches, pains and other symptoms, often known as SickBuilding Syndrome, can be caused by poor or inappropriate lightinginstallations. A purely energy efficient approach to workplace lighting,which pays little or no attention to user comfort, could turn out to be bothugly and ineffective.

[AUTHOR NAME]

50

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Definitions Daylighting is the practice of placing windows or other openings and reflective surfaces so that during the day natural light provides effective internal lighting. Particular attention is given to daylighting while designing a building when the aim is to maximize visual comfort or to reduce energy use. Luminance is the measured brightness of a surface and is expressed in candelas per square metre(cd/m2). Humans perceive light in logarithmic fashion along a vertical scale (a doubling of brightness isperceived as an increase of about 50 per cent). Candela (cd) is the intensity of the light source. A light source may emit one candela in a narrowbeam, or in all directions. The intensity of the light would remain the same, but the amount of lightwould be different. Lumen (lm) describes the amount of light produced by a light source. A 60-watt incandescent bulbproduces 900 lumens; a 36-watt T8 fluorescent tube produces around 3,000 lumens. The amount ofenergy that strikes a surface is usually measured in lux. Lux (lx) describes the amount of light that strikes a surface. A lighting designer may try to achieve alight level of 500 lux at desk height in an office. Lux is a unit of illumination equal to one lumen persquare meter. The imperial measure is footcandle, which is one lumen per square foot. Daylight Factor (DF) is a measure of natural daylight in an interior space, representing the amountof light at a given point in a space relative to the simultaneous amount of daylight available outside. Solar south is 180 degrees from true (not magnetic) north. Switchable glazing describes glazing materials that can vary their optical or solar properties under theinfluence of light (photochromic), heat (thermochromic) or electric current (electrochromic) Il luminance: The illuminance or light level is the amount of light energy reaching a given point on a defined surface area, namely the luminous flux (i.e. lumens) per square meter.

[AUTHOR NAME]

51

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI Contrast refers to the differences between luminances and is used as a factor or a ratio. The highest contrast ratio obtainable is the ratio between maximum and minimum luminance in an image. In plain language, it’s the difference between the maximum white and (minimum) black luminance level, expressed as a ratio between the two.

Quantity of day lighting is dependent upon •

Orientation, geometry and space planning

•

Dimensions and orientations of openings

•

Location and surface properties of reflectors

•

Location, form and dimensions of shading devices

•

Light and thermal characteristics of glazing material

Probable drawbacks of daylighting •

Increased Heat Gains

•

Increased cooling loads

•

Glare

•

Functional Interference

Important Notes The attitude, angle and colour of daylighting vary with compass orientation and time of the day. In the northern hemisphere: 

Daylight from NORTH facing windows tends to be shadow less, diffuse and neutral or slightly greyish in most of the day and year.



Daylight from EAST is strongest in the morning, it tends to be of low attitude with soft, long shadows and grey-yellow in colour.



Daylighting from SOUTH is dominant from late-morning to mid-afternoon, It tends to render colour accurately and cast strong crisp shadows.

[AUTHOR NAME]

52

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI 

Daylighting from WEST is strongest in late afternoon and early evening has a rich gold orange cast. It can penetrate deeply into buildings and occasionally be overbearing.

Calculations Typical Lighting Levels •

OFFICE : 50 fc, 500 lux

•

CLASSROOM : 30 fc, 300 lux

•

PARKING LOT : 1 fc, 10 lux

•

OVERCAST DAY OUTSIDE : 1500 fc, 15000 lux

•

SUNNY DAY OUTSIDE : 8000 fc, 80000 lux

Sun Angles

[AUTHOR NAME]

53

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Figure 3 Sun angle

Daylight Penetration

[AUTHOR NAME]

54

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Figure 4 Penetration of daylight into a window.

Figure 5 Daylight penetration from a skylight.

Daylight Factor

[AUTHOR NAME]

55

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Figure 6 Diagram showing internal and external Luminance.

•

Ratio of outside IL luminance to inside IL luminance DF= 100 * Ein/Eext 2% AND 5% ARE COMMON THRESHOLDS FOR DAYLIGHTING

•

DF = 0.1xp Where p= percentage glazing to floor area

Daylight factor in different spaces

Figure 7 Daylighting Factor in different spaces.

[AUTHOR NAME]

56

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI Daylight Factor Scale •

When DF is less than 2% room will seem gloomy. Electric lighting will be required.

•

When DF is between 2% and 5 %, room will be well lit. Although supplementary electric lighting may be required.

•

When DF is greater than 5%, room will feel vigorously lit. Electric lighting will not be required during day.

Scope of work We can imply various methods to invite and control the daylight. These are several method most of them are passive, which are suitable for my project.

i.

Light Shelves

Figure 8 Double height space lit by light shelf.

A light shelf is a horizontal surface that reflects daylight deep into a building. Light shelves are placed above eye-level and have high-reflectance upper surfaces, which reflect daylight onto the ceiling and deeper into the space. Light shelves are typically used in high-rise and low-rise office buildings, as well as institutional buildings. This design is generally used on the equator-facing side of the building, which is where maximum sunlight is found, and as a result is most effective. Not only do light shelves allow light to penetrate through the building, they are also designed to shade near the windows, due to the overhang of the shelf, and help [AUTHOR NAME]

57

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI reduce window glare. Exterior shelves are generally more effective shading devices than interior shelves. A combination of exterior and interior shelves will work best in providing an even illumination gradient. Limitations Light shelves may not be suitable for all climates. They are generally used in mild climates and not in tropical or desert climates due to the intense solar heat gain. These hot climates, compared to mild climates, require very small window openings to reduce the amount of heat infiltration. The distance into a space that light is cast is variable depending on both the time of day and the time of year. Light shelves also increase maintenance requirements and window coverings must be coordinated with light shelf design.

Figure 9 Light shelf technique

ii.

Skylights

Skylights are light transmitting fenestration (products filling openings in a building envelope which also includes windows, doors, etc.) forming all, or a portion of, the roof of a building space. Skylights are widely used in daylighting design in residential and commercial buildings, mainly because they are the most effective source of daylight on a unit area basis. An alternative to a skylight is a roof lantern. A roof lantern is a daylighting cupola that sits above a roof, as opposed to a skylight which is fitted into a roof's construction. Roof lanterns serve as both an architectural feature and a method of introducing natural light into a space, and are typically wooden or metal structures with a number of glazed glass panels.

[AUTHOR NAME]

58

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Figure 10various types of skylights in exhibition spaces.

Figure 11 various types of skylights

[AUTHOR NAME]

59

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Figure 12 Uniform distribution of light in a space.

iii.

Clerestory

Another important element in creating daylighting is the use of clerestory windows. These are high, vertically placed windows. They can be used to increase direct solar gain when oriented towards the equator. When facing toward the sun, clerestories and other windows may admit unacceptable glare. In the case of a passive solar house, clerestories may provide a direct light path to polar-side (north in the northern hemisphere; south in the southern hemisphere) rooms that otherwise would not be illuminated. Alternatively, clerestories can be used to admit diffuse daylight (from the north in the northern hemisphere) that evenly illuminates a space such as a classroom or office. Often, clerestory windows also shine onto interior wall surfaces painted white or another light colour. These walls are placed so as to reflect indirect light to interior areas where it is needed. This method has the advantage of reducing the directionality of light to make it softer and more diffuse, reducing shadows.

[AUTHOR NAME]

60

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Figure 13 Function of clerestory.

iv.

Light Reflecting Surfaces

Figure 15 Installed Light reflecting surfaces over working space.

Figure 14 Surface with the fixed electrical lights

[AUTHOR NAME]

61

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Figure 16 Diagrams of light reflecting surfaces.

v.

Glazing There is now a large amount of alternative glazing for windows, and it is necessary for the architect, in conjunction with his servicesconsultant, to write a detailed performance specification; this mustinclude the orientation of the window, its thermal and acousticcharacteristics, together with its capacity for solar shading. This is ofcourse in addition to the main function of the window which is theadmission of daylight and the introduction of the view to outside. Further factors which may need to be taken into account, are whether itis thought desirable to have windows which open or are fixed, and its relationship to ventilation. Glazing types which reduce the impression of daylight significantly,darken both the interior, and the view, whilst the view from the outsidetowards the building makes the facade look black. It is only whencomparisons are made between the view through a clear glass windowand one with a modifying glass that reduces the daylight, that the resultscreate disappointment . . . it is true to say that it is human nature toappreciate the natural environment, with all its variations of colour, lightand shade There are basically three main types of glazing as follows. 1. Clear glazing This can be single sheet, double or triple glazed or alternatively a ‘thick’ glass, but the more sheets or the greater the thickness of glass the more the daylight will be diminished, although the impression of the colour of [AUTHOR NAME]

62

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI the exterior will still be perceived as natural. Clear glass whilst allowing a high transmission of daylight, will at the same time and on certain building fac¸ades allow a high transmission of solar radiation. It is this fact that has led to the development of the more high-tech glasses designed to reduce solar gain, with their consequent loss of daylight transmission. Other means such as inter-plane blinds, located between the panes of glass, may present a solution. These would only need to be installed on fac¸ades subject to solar gain and then only activated when required. 2. Tinted glass This is of two types:the first where the clear glass is itself modified in such a way as to produce different radiant heat transmission characteristics, therefore the thicker the glass the lower the transmission ofdaylight, and the greater the control of radiant heat from sunlight. The second type of glasses are those coated with microscopically thinlayers of metallic oxides which reflect the heat away and out of thebuilding. These coatings are applied to the inside layer of glass generallyin association with other panes in a sealed double glazed unit as aprotection, since on their own they would be vulnerable to damage. 3. Miscellaneous glazing A number of different types of glazing are placed in this category, largely because they cannot be lumped together into a single category; they consist of the following: Patterned glass, wired glass, laminated glasses and glass blocks. Patterned glass Any number of patterns can be rolled into semi-molten glass, to provide decorative or diffusing sheets for various purposes, though rarely for windows, since their capacity for light transmission will be modified. Wired glass A similar process is used for the manufacture of wired glass, where a wire mesh is sandwiched within the thickness of the glass. This used generally 26 Daylighting: Natural Light in Architecturein security situations, and sometimes as a protection to vulnerableskylights. Laminated glasses Similar methods of manufacture are used for laminating sheets of plastic between sheets of glass, again used for security reasons as resistance to [AUTHOR NAME]

63

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI impact. These reduce the transmission of daylight. In museums where exhibits are exposed to daylight, it will be necessaryto control the entry of UV light. This may be done by the use of laminatedglasses, where UV absorbing filters can be laminated between the sheets of clear glass. Glass blocks These were a popular form of glass wall in the 1930s, having thermal characteristics due to the hollow nature of the blocks, which, because of their structural nature are still in use today for the introduction ofdaylight into new buildings, but special openings will be required toprovide a view. High tech glazing There are a number of glazing types which fall into this category, the most advanced of which are the photovoltaics, where the glass itself is designed to generate electricity from solar radiation on south facing exposures, which can then be used within the building to reduce the energy required for the artificial lighting. vi.

ATRIA Whilst the word atrium started as the central court of a Roman house, admitting light and air to the surrounding dwelling space, the word has taken on a wider meaning as described in the CIBSE LG10 daylight and window design. ‘An interior light space enclosed on two or more sides by the wallsof a building, and day-lit from a roof of transparent or translucentmaterial and, sometimes, from glazed ends or sides. It permits theentry of light to the other interior spaces, linked to it by glazed orunglazed openings.’ The atrium is therefore a further development of the dome or vault allowing daylight into the central areas of the great houses. The modern atrium will be covered by a glazed skylight, which, whilst slightlyreducing the amount of daylight, monitors the external atmospherekeeping out the rain, whilst contributing to ventilation, and reducing thenecessity for airconditioning

[AUTHOR NAME]

64

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Case Study i.

KimbellArt Museum.

Figure 17Gallery lit by natural light through vault in Kimbell Museum.

The Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, hosts a small but excellent art collection as well as traveling art exhibitions, educational programs and an extensive research library. Its initial artwork came from the private collection of Kay and Velma Kimbell, who also provided funds for a new building to house it. The building was designed by renowned architect Louis I. Kahn and is widely recognized as one of the most significant works of architecture of recent times. It is especially noted for the wash of silvery natural light across its vaulted gallery ceilings.

[AUTHOR NAME]

65

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI T h e s y m m e t r y o f Figure 18 Interior Elevation of gallery. Kimbell Museum. d esign is enhanced by the use of natural materials like travertine and white oak, combined with glass, concrete, stainless steel and aluminum.

The narrow skylights that are along the vaults are on the inside of aluminum reflectors, while the galleries provide a diffuse natural light

Figure 19Conceptual sketch of interiors. Kimbell Museum.

To express the differences and the inherent qualities of materials, the arc of the roof-deck concrete is separated radially from the curve of the adjacent wall covered with travertine.Although the creation of a space within, through the light, is achieved by the particularity of the roof to beam the light. This peculiarity has become the most popular of Kahn, distributors of natural light through a small slot into the sky and along the concrete vault.

[AUTHOR NAME]

66

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Inferences

Figure 20 Distribution of light after reflecting from a white surface; here horizontal walls are used to distribute light uniformly into the space.

Figure 21 Diversifying light quality and quantity: Light coming from different sides have different effect on interiors.

[AUTHOR NAME]

67

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

Figure 22 Reduction of shadow by reflecting surfaces. The wide space can be used to place object/sculpture. Its shadow will be deducted by the light coming after reflecting from the angled surface.

Figure 23 vertical zoning of the space according to lighting requirement.

[AUTHOR NAME]

68

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Daylighting : Natural light in Architecture; Derek Philips RkwArchitcture, Frankfurt. Daylit Buildings, Crisoph Reinhart, Ph.D. Wikipedia. Daylighting Guide d for Buildings,by Keith Robertson M. Arch, NSAA, Solterre Design. 6. Time saver standards: Building Type.

[AUTHOR NAME]

69

[THESIS REPORT] NAIONAL MARITIME COMPLEX,CHENNAI

FINAL DESIGN    

Site Plan Floor plans Elevation Sections

[AUTHOR NAME]

70