Thesis Proposal

Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

THE EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION IN THE SELF-WORTH OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER (LGBT) INDIVIDUALS

An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal Presented to The Faculty of Bachelor of Science in Nursing Program School of Arts and Sciences Aklan State University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject Nursing Research 1

LOURENZ SAUSA-BONTIA

April 2017

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

ENDORSEMENT FOR PROPOSAL EVALUATION

This research proposal entitled “The Effects of Discrimination in the Self-worth of Lesbians, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Individuals” prepared and submitted this April 2017 by Lourenz S. Bontia, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Nursing Research 1 is hereby endorsed for evaluation.

CAROL JOY PALMA-REMANESES, RN, MHSS Research Instructor

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………….. 5

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Table of Contents

Endorsement Sheet .................................................................................................... i Acknowledgment......................................................................................................... ii List of Figures................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION Background of the Study………………………………………………….. 1 Statement of the Problem.………………………………………………... 3 Specific Objectives……………………………………………………...…. 3 Conceptual Framework......................................................................... 4 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………. 6 Significance of the Study...................................................................... 10 Scope and Delimitations ………………………………………………….. 12 Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………… 13 CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Situations that place LGBT Individuals into Discrimination………...... 16 Types of Discrimination Experienced by LGBT Individuals………….. 19 Effects of Discrimination to the Self-worth of LGBT Individuals…….. 22 CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLGY Research Design……………………………………………………….... 24 Research Method………………………………………………………... 24 Locale of the Study………………………………………………………. 24 Respondents of the Study………………………………………………. 24 Sampling Technique…………………………………………………….. 25 4

Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing Sampling

Size…………………………………………………………….

Research

Instrument…………………………………………………….

25 25 Data

Gathering

Procedure……………………………………………...

25 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………….. 26 Methodological Limitations……………………………………………… 26 Ethical

Considerations……………………………………………………

26 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………… 28 APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………….. 31 A. B. C. 33 D.

Letter of Request for the Permission to Conduct the Study………… Letter of Validation of the Instrument…………………………………. Instruments……………………………………………………………….

31 32

Curriculum Vitae…………………………………………………………

35

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) people continue to experience various forms of oppression and discrimination throughout the world, despite the social, legal, and political advances that have been launched in an attempt to grant LGBT people basic human rights. Even though LGBT people and communities have been actively engaged in community organizing and social action efforts since the early twentieth century, research on LGBT issues has been, for the most part, conspicuously absent from the very field of psychology (Harper, 2003). 5

Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing According to Gallup (2016), the proportion of Americans who identify themselves as a member of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) is 4.1%. In the Philippines, the gay population has really skyrocketed. Experts are not sure about this growth but it is estimated that there are more than 804,000 gay men in the country. In other words, one out of every 16 men is gay (Insider Monkey, 2015). A 2009 study on transgender employees found that 97% of those surveyed experienced harassments or mistreatment in their workplace. Up to 43% of LGBT employees say that they’ve experienced discrimination in the workplace because of their sexual preferences, even though ¼ of them haven’t made their sexual preferences known. Up to 41% of LGBT employees say that they’ve either been physically or verbally abused by their co-workers or had their workplace vandalized (Gaille, 2015).

The only bill directly concerning the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community in the Philippines is the Anti-Discrimination Act. This bill seeks that all persons regardless of sex or sexual orientation must be treated the same as everyone else, wherein conditions do not differ in the privileges granted and the liabilities enforced. This study will be conducted because there is currently no law protecting individuals from discrimination based on actual or perceived sexual orientation. This means that at any time, someone can be discriminated against, fired or not hired simply because he/she is or is perceived to be gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. Being discriminated may affect the individual life and personality, thus if the individual perceived it as negative it will affect his self-worth that may lead to other psychological problems. That is why this study would like to identify the effects of discrimination in the self-worth of the LGBT people

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing Statement of the Problem The main objective of this study is to identify the effects of discrimination in the self-worth of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals. Specifically, this study would like to answer the following questions: 1. What are the situations that put lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals to discrimination? 2. What are the different types of discrimination experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals? 3. What are the effects of discrimination in the self-worth of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals?

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing Conceptual Framework Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework for the study The Effects of Discrimination in the Self-worth of Lesbians, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Individuals. The conceptual framework displays the relationship between the independent, intervening, and dependent variables on how discrimination affect the self-worth of lesbians, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals. The independent variables in this conceptual framework are coming out, same-sex relationship,

homophobia,

heteronormativity, and

religion

and

homosexuality. These variables displays the causes how discrimination occurs. The intervening variables, such as harassment, victimization, indirect and directs discrimination, act as the mode on how a discrimination occurs. With these variables, discrimination can occur and produce unnecessary effects towards the self-worth of LGBT individuals. The dependent variables shows the effects of discrimination in the selfworth of LGBT individuals. The variables are suicidal thoughts, social isolation, fear of being judged, and low self-esteem. These variables will serve as the effects from different situations that put LGBT individuals to discrimination. It was evident that there were limited research studies regarding the effects of discrimination in the self-worth of lesbians, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals. Therefore, this study was imperative to determine if the effects are alarming and if necessary actions are needed to be implemented.

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Conceptual Framework Independent Variables Situations that put LGBT Individuals to Discrimination  

Coming out Same-sex

  

relationship Homophobia Heteronormativity Religion and homosexuality

Intervening Variables Types of Discrimination Experienced by LGBT Individuals

Dependent Variables Effects of Discrimination to the Self-worth of LGBT Individuals

  

Harassment Victimization Direct sex

  

Suicidal thoughts Social isolation Fear of being



discrimination Indirect sex



judged Low self-esteem

discrimination

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework for the study The Effects of Discrimination in the Self-worth of Lesbians, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Individuals

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Theoretical Framework Labelling Theory1 Labelling Theory is sometimes referred to as 'social reaction theory' because of its emphasis upon society's reactions to the deviant rather than on the deviant as an individual. Becker (1963) makes the point: 'the central fact about deviance [is that] it is created by society… Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as 'outsiders'. This tells us that the ability to define another person's behavior as deviant stems from the differences in power certain groups exercise in society. Becker illustrates this through the example of the work of anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski who describes how a youth in the Trobriand Islands killed himself because he had been publicly accused of incest. Islanders expressed their disgust, yet upon further investigation Malinowski found incest was relatively widespread and not frowned upon providing it was discreet. The rule that was broken was that the youth had been indiscreet about his behavior. This case study illustrates the basis of labelling theory; it is not the act that is significant but the social reaction. Becker is thus putting forward an alternative approach to the structural explanations of deviance (such as functionalist, Marxist or subcultural theory) where the focus is upon the deviant or the system as the problem. Instead he focuses upon how those who commit acts of deviance - those who become seen as 'outsiders' are labelled deviant, not because of the act, but because of the reaction that defines them as deviant. Deviance is thus viewed as relative depending upon who commits it, who sees it and what the response is, not some universal category. Even with crime, labelling theorists would argue the law often 1

Labelling Theory and Howard Becker. (2012, October 06). Retrieved February 13, 2017, from NORTH WALES GOGLEDD CYMRU: http://www.14-19nw.org.uk/mod/page/view.php?id=8801

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing is seen to apply to some rather than others. It may be seen to be enforced more strongly on those with lowest status in society and applied more liberally to those in higher social positions. So the central questions for understanding the labelling process are how individuals become labelled as deviant and the consequences for that person of being so labelled. In addition, we need to understand how certain acts come to be defined as deviant in the first place. Although labelling theory (unlike Marxism) does not have a coherent theory of power to explain why some groups are more successful than others in getting laws passed, Becker saw the poor and powerless, whose behavior is most likely to be labelled as deviant, as 'underdogs'. Becker gives the example of how 'moral entrepreneurs' managed to get cannabis outlawed in the USA in 1937. A campaign by the Federal Bureau supported by Readers Digest magazine adopted a 'moral crusade' that 'plugged in' to values commonly held in society that drug-taking was wrong. Becker noted that deviance can easily become the 'master status' of an individual. Past and present actions become defined in terms of the deviant label that is a major feature of a person's identity. The significance of master status is that this can be internalized by the individual as their key defining characteristic too. When this happens there is a danger of an individual embarking upon a 'deviant career' whereby deviance is central to their experiences. This theory explains how the individuals behavior influenced by the terms use to describe or classify them. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals are often labelled as gay, faggot or homo, these labels along with harsh remarks may affect how are they going to behave in the society. If LGBT individuals took it as negative and start to live with it, it will affect their lives and can lead to mental health problems.

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Social Identity Theory2 Tajfel and Turner’s social identity theory explains that part of a person’s concept of self comes from the groups to which that person belongs. An individual does not just have a personal selfhood, but multiple selves and identities associated with their affiliated groups. A person might act differently in varying social contexts according to the groups they belong to, which might include a sports team they follow, their family, their country of nationality, and the neighborhood they live in, among many other possibilities. When a person perceives themselves as part of a group, that is an ingroup for them. Other comparable groups that person does not identify with are called outgroups. We have an “us” vs. “them” mentality when it comes to our ingroups and their respective outgroups. There are three processes that create this ingroup/outgroup mentality: 

Social Categorization. First, we categorize people in order to understand and identify them. Some examples of social categories include black, white, professor, student, Republican, and Democrat. By knowing what categories we belong to, we can understand things about ourselves, and we can define appropriate behavior according to the groups that we and others belong to. An individual can belong to several groups at the same time.



Social Identification. We adopt the identity of the group that we belong to, and we act in ways that we perceive members of that group act. For example, if you identify as a Democrat, you will most likely behave within the norms of that group. As a consequence of your identification with that group, you will develop 2 Turner, J. C., & Tajfel, H. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Psychology of intergroup relations, 7-24. 7

Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing emotional significance to that identification, and your self-esteem will be dependent on it. 

Social Comparison. After we categorize ourselves within a group and identify ourselves as being members of that group, we tend to compare our group (the ingroup) against another group (an outgroup). To maintain your selfesteem, you and your group members will compare your group favorably against other ones. This helps explain prejudice and discrimination, since a group will tend to view members of competing groups negatively to increase self-esteem. In social identity theory, LGBT individuals may view themselves as an outgroup. They view themselves as an outgroup because societal norms said that there are only two gender in this world. With this, the personality of LGBT individuals may change along with his or her view in life.

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Significance of the Study This study can benefit not just the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals but many personalities and organization as well LGBT individuals. The results of this study will give them awareness about the discrimination they received and they themselves would know what appropriate actions they will take to cope with discrimination. LGBT Party. To pass a law, there is a need to have an evidence. This study can provide the party necessary information that they may need to pass a law. LGBT’s families. It will give them awareness about how their LGBT family member is doing. With that, they will going to have an understanding and be more sensitive about them. Department of Health (DOH). The outcomes may be used as a basis that there is indeed necessary attention of mental health. Thus, DOH can implement a program about mental health. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). The gathered data may be used as a basis of wellbeing of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals in their community. It may also help them to identify the violence that the LGBT individuals are experiencing. Philippine Mental Health Association, Inc. PMHA can help LGBT individuals suffering from effects of discriminations to recover and adjust their way of living. And also with these data gathered, it may help them to strengthen up their programs like counselling and mental health education to the youth to educate them about the effects of discrimination.

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing Aklan State University. With this study and data gathered, it will help the school to become aware of the effects of discrimination in the self-worth of LGBT individuals and with that they can make necessary action if discrimination is present in the campus. And also it will help them to make a discrimination-free campus. Office of the Students’ Affairs. The data gathered in this study may help them to become aware of the discrimination experienced by LGBT individuals and thus they can help by making the institution a discrimination-free campus. BSN Program. This study could serve as a baseline data for future studies and reference in guiding related future researches. BSN Students. The nursing students will be able to gain knowledge on the effects of discrimination in the self-worth of LGBT individuals and will serve as a reference in conducting studies related to this research. Future Researchers. This study will benefit students who would conduct future thesis about this research. The knowledge that they will be able to extract will serve as a foundation for their study.

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Scope and Delimitation of the Study The study identifies the effects of discrimination in the self-worth of LGBT people. It would also show the cause why discrimination is still present. This study would cover the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender perception about the effects of discrimination in their self-worth and how it affects their daily lives, especially in their workplace, school, household, and in public places. And this study would like also to explore about the different types of discriminations and how the discrimination is being triggered. The study would be in qualitative form of research wherein the data gathered were in descriptive form. This study is limited only to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people, it does not covers any male or female respondents. There is only a limited number of respondents. The respondents were all within the province of Aklan.

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Definition of Terms Bisexual. A man or a woman who is sexually attracted to both men and women (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1998) In this study, it refers to a man or a woman who is attracted to both men and women Coming out. In this study, it refers to the process which an LGBT person accepts their gender identity as part of their overall identity Direct sex discrimination. In this study, it refers to treating someone less favorably because of their sex than someone of the other sex would be treated in the same circumstances Gay. A man who is sexually attracted to other man (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1998) In this study, it refers to a man attracted to other men Gender. The state of being male or female (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1998) In this study, it refers to the sex of the respondent (lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender) Harassment. The act of annoying someone in a constant or repeated way (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1998) In this study, it refers to any repetitive acts, such as making of harsh remarks, which bothers LGBT people in their daily lives Heteronormativity. Relating to the attitude that heterosexuality is the only normal and natural expression of sexuality (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1998) 12

Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing In this study, it refers to any lifestyle norms that persuade people to act according to their gender designated at birth Homophobia. Irrational fear or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1998) In this study, it refers to a feeling of strong aversion against homosexual individuals Indirect sex discrimination. In this study, it refers to the policy or practice which someone of a particular sex is less likely to be able to meet than and this places them at a disadvantage to the opposite sex Lesbian. A woman who is sexually attracted to other woman (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1998) In this study, it refers to a woman attracted to other women. Low self-esteem. In this study it refers to unfavorable impression of one’s self Religion and homosexuality. In this study, it refers to any doctrines, such as Mosaic Covenant and homosexuality, of the religion against gay people Same-sex relationship. In this study, it refers to the relationship between persons of the same sex Social isolation. In this study it refers to any act of avoidance of any social interaction Suicidal thoughts. In this it refers to any thoughts of ending one’s life Transgender. A person who identifies with a gender identity that differs from the one which corresponds to the person’s sex at birth (MerriamWebster Dictionary, 1998) In this study, it refers to people whose gender identity differs from that which they were designated at birth 13

Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Victimization. Treating someone cruelly or unfairly (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 1998) In this study, it refers to causing someone to be treated unfairly or made to feel as if he is in a bad position.

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Through the review of related literature and related studies, researcher was provided the knowledge and background on the topic or subject being studied. Reading these literatures and studies will help the researchers determine what has been done in the past and will give the researchers pointers on how to develop or make some progress on the status of its study.

Situations that place LGBT Individuals into Discrimination Coming Out Coming out refers to the process which an LGBT person accepts their gender identity as part of their overall identity. LGB people may be prevented from coming out by fears about career progression; lack of visible senior LGB staff; temporary employment status; previous negative experiences of discrimination and harassment; desiring privacy; “macho” or religious attitudes/behaviors of co‐workers (Wright et. al., 2006). According to Wong and Tang (2004), low level of psychological distress in Chinese gay men was linked to their coming out experiences, which were in turn related to TRA components of involvement and identification with gay communities and positive attitudes toward coming out. Despite the increased implementation of an equality agenda (e.g. equal access; widening participation) in UK Higher Education, homophobia on campus 15

Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing is still a significant problem and therefore universities are not perceived nor experienced by LGBT students as ‘safe spaces’ in which to be open about sexual orientation/gender identity (Ellis, 2009). Same-sex relationship Same-sex relationship refers to the relationship between persons of the same sex. According to the study of Russell et. al. (2001), youths with both-sex attractions were at a somewhat higher risk for substance use and abuse than were heterosexual youths. In the study of Gilman et. al. (2001), a total of 2.1% of men and 1.5% of women reported 1 or more same-sex sexual partners in the past 5 years. These respondents had higher 12-month prevalence of anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders and of suicidal thoughts and plans than did respondents with opposite-sex partners only. In other studies, same-sex couples were granted significantly fewer hotel reservations than opposite-sex couples, suggesting that there was indeed discrimination against same-sex couples (Jones, 2010). Same-sex couples experience minority stress as they interact with their family members, coworkers, and communities (Rostosky et. al., 2007). Homophobia Merriam-Webster Dictionary (1998) defined homophobia as an irrational fear or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals. Data from interviews and focus groups with young LGBT participants suggest a strong link between homophobia and self‐destructive behaviors (McDermott et. al., 2008).

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing In the study of Diaz et. al. (2001), where it assessed the relation between experiences of social discrimination (homophobia, racism, and financial hardship) and symptoms of psychological distress (anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation) among self-identified gay and bisexual Latino men in the United States. The study showed high prevalence rates of psychological symptoms of distress in the population of gay Latino men during the 6 months before the interview, including suicidal ideation (17% prevalence), anxiety (44%), and depressed mood (80%). According to the study of Wilson and Yoshikawa (2016), Asian and Pacific Islander (A&PI) gay men experience types of discrimination across a variety of contexts. Homophobia and anti-immigrant discrimination were linked to confrontation and social network-based responses whereas discrimination based in stereotypes of passivity / submission were linked with self-attribution. Heteronormativity According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary (1998), heteronormativity relates to the attitude that heterosexuality is the only normal and natural expression of sexuality. Internalized heterosexism fully mediated the relationships between both gender role conflicts around restrictive affectionate behavior between men and heterosexist discrimination and depression (Dawn and Ayze, 2013). According to the study of Cech and Waidzunas (2010) on homosexual engineering students, both pervasive prejudicial cultural norms and perceptions of competence particular to the engineering profession can limit the students' opportunities to succeed, relative to their heterosexual peers. In the study of Ferfolja (2007), it shows that despite an apparent broader societal ‘tolerance’ for non‐heterosexuality, as well as legislation that condemns anti‐‘homosexual’ discrimination in education in New South Wales, homophobic prejudice — often in the form of silence, omission and assumption — prevails. 17

Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing Both implicit discrimination that results from ‘heteronormative’ attitudes and explicit discrimination that causes LGBT sports-people to remain in the closet, become isolated and essentially silenced, have shaped a circle of silence on this topic (Symons, et. al., 2010). Religion and homosexuality In the study of Hariss (2008) among gay and lesbian adults, results indicated that : (1) levels of religious commitment did not predict positive adjustment and did not appear to interact with the other religious variables assessed; (2) scriptural literalism (i.e., interpreting Biblical scripture with comparatively little attention to historical context) was not related to internalized homophobia or sexual identity development; and (3) higher levels of postconventional

religious

reasoning

(i.e.,

making

religious

decisions

independently rather than in deference to other authorities) predicted lower levels of internalized homophobia and higher levels of sexual identity development. According to Hooghes, et. al. (2010), various religious denominations proved to have a strong and significant negative impact on tolerance, with especially high scores for Islam. Religious practice, too, contributes to a negative attitude toward LGBT rights.

Types of Discrimination Experienced by LGBT Individuals Harassment According to the Equality Act of 2010, harassment is defined as ‘unwanted conduct’ and must be related to a relevant protected characteristic or be ‘of a sexual nature‘. It must also have the purpose or effect of violating a person’s dignity or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for that individual.

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing Harassment and discrimination based on sexual orientation was studied in a sample of 121 undergraduate students between 19 and 22 years of age. Over three fourths of the respondents reported verbal abuse and over one fourth had been threatened with violence (D'Augelli. 1992). According to the study of Huebner et. al. (2003), thirty-seven percent of the respondents reported experiencing anti-gay verbal harassment in the previous 6 months; 11.2% reported discrimination, and 4.8% reported physical violence. Another study by Peters (2003), showed that 94% of the students surveyed hear anti-gay epithets “frequently” or “sometimes” in their schools; 86% of students say that anti-gay harassment is “rarely” or “never” confronted by school officials; and nearly 1 in 10 (9%) of students have been physically harassed based on their real or perceived sexual orientation. Victimization According to the Equality Act of 2010, victimization is when an employee is treated less favorably than others for: (1) making an allegation of discrimination, and/or, (2) supporting a complaint of discrimination, and/or, (3) giving evidence relating to a complaint about discrimination, and/or, (4) raising a grievance concerning equality or discrimination, and/or, (5) doing anything else for the purposes of (or in connection to) the Equality Act 2010. Data drawn from a survey of a diverse sample of 5,730 LGBT youths who had attended secondary schools in the United States showed that victimization contributed to lower academic outcomes and lower self-esteem; however, school-based supports contributed to lower victimization and better academic outcomes (Kosciw et. al., 2012). The sample consisted of 488 subjects older than 18 years (M = 25.1), who were interviewed during the 2007 LGBT Pride Parade in Santiago, Chile showed that approximately three fourths of respondents reported experiencing ridicule 19

Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing and almost 60% reported experiencing insults or threats. Transgender were significantly more likely than gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals to experience discrimination or victimization events (Barrientos et. al., 2010).

Direct sex discrimination According to the Equality Act of 2010, direct discrimination occurs where someone is treated less favourably directly because of a protected characteristic they possess, a protected characteristic of someone they are associated with, such as a friend, family member or colleague or a protected characteristic they are thought to have, regardless of whether this perception by others is actually correct or not. In the study of Tilcsik (2011), two main findings have emerged. First, in some but not all states, there was a significant discrimination against the fictitious applicants who appeared to be gay. Second, employers who emphasized the importance of stereotypically male heterosexual traits were particularly likely to discriminate against openly gay men. According to the study of Hunter (1990), 41% in the sample reported having suffered violence from families, peers, or strangers; 46% of that violence was gay-related. Indirect sex discrimination According to the Equality Act of 2010, indirect sex discrimination is where a provision, criterion or practice is applied equally to a group of employees/job applicants, but has (or will have) the effect of putting those who share a certain protected characteristic at a particular disadvantage when compared to others in the group, and the employer is unable to justify it.

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Aklan State University School of Arts and Sciences Bachelor of Science in Nursing In the study of Nadal (2010), results suggest that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals experience both conscious and unconscious microaggressions from heterosexuals and support that microaggressions negatively impact LGB individual's mental health. According to Hendren and Blank (2009), a person perceived as being a lesbian or a gay man received much less help, especially from men, than the same person perceived as being heterosexual. Effects of Discrimination to the Self-worth of LGBT Individuals Suicidal thoughts In the study of Remafedi et. al. (1991), forty-one subjects (41/137) reported a suicide attempt; and almost half of them described multiple attempts. Twenty-one percent of all attempts resulted in medical or psychiatric admissions. Compared with non-attempters, attempters had more feminine gender roles and adopted a bisexual or homosexual identity at younger age In another study of Remafedi et. al. in 1998, suicide attempts were reported

by

28.

1

%

of

bisexual/homosexual

males,

20.5%

of

bisexual/homosexual females, 14.5% of heterosexual females, and 4.2% of heterosexual males. For males, but not females, bisexual/homosexual orientation was associated with suicidal intent and attempts. According to the study of Clements-Nolle et. al. (2008) in multivariate logistic regression analysis, younger age (