Thesis in Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Laurel Batangas
Short Description
Thesis Bibeth1...
Description
EFFECTIVENESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PANTAWID PAMILYA THROUGH THE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT SESSION IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF LAUREL, BATANGAS; Basis for Progra I!s"i"#"io!a$i%a"io! a!& Po'(r") R(&#*"io!
I! +ar"ia$ f#$$$(!" of "-( *o#rs(
THESIS
Po$)"(*-!i* U!i'(rsi") of "-( P-i$i++i!(s S"a. M(sa, Ma!i$a
Pr(+ar(& /)0 BARBARA M. MACARAIG, RSW Mas"(r i! P#/$i* A&i!is"ra"io!
CHAPTER I 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING 2.2
1 INTRODUCTION
The Family Development Session of the Pantawid Pamilya Program is one of the program conditions that other other countries with Conditional Conditional Cash Transfer Transfer do not have and that goes beyond improving the economic aspect of the Pantawid beneficiar beneficiaries. ies. The program program is a human human development development approach approach which focus focus on values formation considering of the emerging problems in the community. This is to improve the health, nutrition and education of children aged 0!" which is e#pected to lift millions of people from poverty. $n less developed countries li%e Philippines, the cash grants from the gove govern rnme ment nt beco become me nece necess ssary ary as it oper operat ates es as a mean meanss for for the the poor poor to alleviate their adverse condition. &ut, in e#change of it, Family Development Session became a tool of educating the beneficiaries as it is intended to furnish the recipients with %nowledge and s%ills that are important to their everyday lives where it seems do not have or less. &rea%ing intergenerational poverty cycle is not easy as perceived by other people considering the government and the implementers are investing in the health and education of children's beneficiaries due to emerging problems in our country such as gender bias, increasing number of mortality rate, unimproved maternal health care and unachieved universal primary education. Filipinos were tired of hearing promises from different government officials and and polit politic icia ians ns in rela relatition on to thei theirr pers person onal al im impr prov ovem emen entt and and comm commun unity ity empowerment but still, to no avail. Still, filipino poor families are in vain. Still, many people are saying they could not feel the efforts of the government related to poverty alleviation inspite of so many programs that the government thoughts it will helps them. People sometimes tends to put the blame into government.
(owever, does they did their part as a filipino) Do they ta%e their part in nation building) Do they ma%e actions in achieving their goals in life) Poorest of the poor are the vulnerable sectors in our country and in the community where they are belonging to. They' re, oftentimes, contented on what they have at present and without thin%ing of the future. They are complaining how hard life is but, they are not doing anything on it or sometimes, doing something but, lac%ing motivation resulted to unimproved situation. $n line with the situation above, the researcher sought to investigate this study to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of Pantawid Pamilya prog progrram thro throug ugh h Famil amilyy Devel evelo opmen pmentt Sessio ssion n as basis asis for for prog progra ram m $nstitutionali*ation and Proverty +eductionn of the unicpality of -aurel &atangas 1.2– BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Conditional Cash Trans!r "ro#ra$ is a government government program that that aims aims to allevi alleviate ate poverty poverty.. $n the Philippines Philippines,, the CCT is %nown locally as Program /Ps, /Ps, which which was formally formally launch launched ed by Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program former Presid President ent 1loria acapagal2rroyo acapagal2rroyo in 3ovember 400" but was already implemented as early as 5anuary 400". 6nder the program, the poorest families nationwide will be the beneficiaries of the program. $n 40!0, President &enigno 27uino $$$ opted $$$ opted to continue the program despite the protest against it by no less than his allies in the Congress. The Pantawid Pamilya program has so far benefited more than one million families already. $t has a budget of P!0 billion in 40!0, and was later on increased to P4!.8 billion in 40!!. $n a effort to combat poverty in the Philippines, 2rroyo launched the pro9ect in 4008. $t was originally conceptuali*ed way bac% in 400: which were still %nown as the 3ational Sector
Support for Social ;elfare Development Program 3SSS;DP before being renamed to its present one.
The Pantawid Pamailya, thus, became the flagship pro9ect of the 2rroyo administration in poverty reduction and social development by providing cash grants to the poorest of the poor families. The Department of Social ;elfare and Development DS; DS;D D was was assi assign gned ed to im impl plem emen entt the the prog progra ram. m. $t has has an ob9e ob9ect ctiv ive e whic which h is to br brea ea%% th the e in inte terg rgen ener erat atio iona nall po pove verty rty cy cycl cle e th thro roug ugh h investments in human capital by providing Family Development Session FDS with the Pantawid beneficiaries at least once a month. The The goal of this pro9ect pro9ect is to support the government thrusts to educate the beneficiaries and eventually brea% the poverty cycle. oreso, the study aims to help parent better understand her( in addressing lagging human development outcomes. *oali6!d Soial R!or$ A#!nda is generally a local problem best dealt
with using local solutions. -ocali*ing the Social +eform 2genda means translating its policies and programs into areabased, sectorsensitive interventions will respond to peculiar poverty issues managed by local governments in partnership with civil society. -ocali*ation also re7uires the implementation of convergence or the synchroni*ation of the delivery of programs and resources to poorest priority areas and target marginali*ed groups.
-ocali*ed Social +eform 2genda focusestarget by area prioriti*ing Bth and :th class municipalities and convergence areas such as agrarian reform communities, and urban poor resettlement sites and by sector segregating poverty incidence and the magnitude according to basic sector. $ts policies and programs synchroni*es national and local policies identifying and resolving
operational gaps in policyprogram interface, and strengthening national program complementation of local antipoverty initiatives. $t allocates and utili*es local, national and international resources available for antipoverty programs for priority areas and sectors, and creating transparency and accountability in resource management. $t also ma#imi*es the utility of e#isting networ%s, enhancing venues for collaboration and consensus, and establishing definite accountabilities among %ey sta%eholders for social reform at all levels. Sin! its in!"tion in 27783 th! )anta/id )a$il%a has !9"and!d at a ra"id "a! and no/ o&!rs ao-t +7 "!r!nt o th! )hili""in!s5 !li#il! "oor ho-s!holds. Following the pilot program conducted at the end of 400Lin
which the household targeting system and basic operation of the Pantawid Pamilya were testedLthe Pantawid Pamilya was scaled up in arch 400" as a response to the food and fuel price shoc%s and global financial crisis. The Pantawid Pamilya has undergone two more phases of e#pansion since then. &y 5anuary 40!!, the program had about ! million beneficiary households, ma%ing the Pantawid Pamilya one of the largest social protection programs in the Philippines. The massive scaleup was made possible by pooling resources from the government and the ;orld &an%. The ;orld &an% and 2ustralian 2gency for $nternational Development 2us2$D provided considerable technical assistance. Subse7uent phases have also been supported by the 2sian Development &an% 2D& in coordination with the 1overnment, ;orld &an%, and 2us2$D. $n 40!!, the Pantawid Pamilya aims to cover 4.A million beneficiary households, or almost :0 percent of the poor households in the Philippines. The program has budgetary support of P4! billion, or about :0 percent of DS;D's budget, for 40!!.:
Th! )anta/id )a$il%a h!l"s to -lill th! o-ntr%5s o$$it$!nt to $!!tin# so$! o th! 'ill!nni-$ D!&!lo"$!nt Goals 0'DG. These D1s
include? eradicating e#treme poverty, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender e7uality, reducing child mortality, and improving maternal health. 1overnment estimates indicate that 4:.B percent of the population was living below the poverty line in 4008, which was lower than the baseline figure of AA.! percent in !88! but still far from the target of !:.: percent by 40!B. Progress in achieving D1 targets in education and health has also been slow. $n 400", the net enrollment ratio in primary education was "B.! percent, and only B./ percent of those in school were able to start 1rade ! and reach 1rade :. The number of maternal deaths per !00,000 live births was !:4 in 400:, more than three times the target of B4.A, while only 8.4 percent of oneyearold children were immuni*ed against measles in 400".
Th! Basi N!!ds 'od!l: A""roah is the emergence of the basic needs
model in the !80's was occasioned by hard data evidencing growing economic ine7uality within Third ;orld countries and by the perception that policies of distribution with growth might not redound to the welfare of the poor living in absolute poverty. $n !8:, the $nternational -abour >rgani*ation $-> gave impetus to the perspective by en9oining all countries to give priority to the basic needs of their population, defining basic needs to include minimal consumption re7uirements needed for a physically healthy population, certain minimal standards of access to public services and amenities, access by poor to employment opportunities to enable them to achieve target minimum income, and
the right to participate in decisions that affect their lives. The ob9ect of development is e7uity and the improvement of the 7uality of life.
$t prioriti*es primary re7uirements to ensure that the basic needs for survival, security, and enabling needs of the individual, family and community are attended to. $t see%s to ma#imi*e the use of the resources to secure common targets and provide a basis for convergence or areabased management. The &3 is being operationali*ed through -ocal 1overnment 6nits -16's.
The application of the inimum &asic 3eeds or &3 is aimed at improving the 7uality of life of the family and the community. This is indicated by reduced poverty, morbidity, mortality, assault against person and property, and by improved literacy and community participation. 2chievement of &3 is guided by such values as empowerment, indigeni*ation, e7uity and sustainability. DS,D ta;!s th! l!ad in i$"l!$!ntin# th! )anta/id )a$il%a3 /ith s-""ort ro$ ;!% a#!ni!s and loal "artn!rs. ;ith the creation of the
Pantawid Pamilya in 400, the government formali*ed institutional arrangements among the agencies involved. DS;D wor%s in partnership with %ey agencies such as D>(, DepGd, Department of the $nterior and -ocal 1overnment D$-1, and -and &an% of the Philippines -&P which help ensure the availability of health and education services as well as provide necessary support services in the targeted areas. DS;D created the Pantawid Pamilya 3ational Pro9ect anagement >ffice 3P>, which handles the daytoday operations of the program with assistance from +egional Pro9ect anagement >ffices +P> and City1+2 1>2-S? •
S>C$2- 2SS$ST23CG To provide cash assistance to the poor to alleviate
•
their needs Short Term S>C$2- DG@G->PG3T To brea% intergenerational poverty cycle through investment in human capital, i.e. health, nutrition and education -ong Term
The Philippines as a signatory to the illennium Development Declaration commits to achieve the illennium Development 1oals addressing reduction of poverty and worst form of human deprivation such as eradicating e#treme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender e7uality and empowering women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, ensuring environmental sustainability, and developing global partnership for development. Therefore, the concept of Family Development Session of Pantawid Pamilya program being regularly implemented in the unicipality of -aurel, &atangas as one of conditionalities that can be perceived by the beneficiaries as an effective transmission of %nowledge to them with regards to their pursuit in the alleviation of the difficult condition especially in the familial setting. -i%ewise, an effective tool in institutionali*ing the program towards poverty reduction. 1.> STATE'ENT OF THE )ROB*E'
The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the Pantawid Pamilya program of the unicipality of -aurel, &atangas through the Family Development Sessions. Specifically, this sought to answer the following specific 7uestions= a ;hat is the effect of Pantawid Pamilya Family Development Session in terms of ! +esponsible Parenthood such as Gducation of Children, 4 +egular visit to health center A $ncrease of household income, b oral +ecovery for Drug dependents and their family such as !. @alues formation 4. Spiritual counselling, c (ow does the Family Development Session strengthen the implementation of Pantawid Pamilya in terms of !. compliance of the beneficiaries 4. 2ttendance to regular FDS d (ow do the household beneficiaries attained the level of sufficiency in terms of !. S%ills and livelihood 4. income e ;hat are the level of effectiveness and attainment of goal of Pantawid Pamilyang beneficiaries of -aurel, &atangas !. (ealth and nutrition of the household beneficiaries 4. Gducation of the student beneficiaries A. Gconomic status of the household beneficiaries 1.8 SCO)E AND *('(TAT(ONS OF THE STUDY
The study focused on the Conditional Cash Transfer of the Department of Social ;elfare and Development which focus to the effectiveness in the implementation of Pantawid Pamilya Program through Family Development Session of the unicipality of -aurel as &asis for Program $nstitutionali*ation and Poverty +eduction. The respondents of this study were the members of Pantawid Pamilya in the locality of -aurel, &atangas with a total number of 4,AAB grantees from 4! &arangays
of -aurel. (owever, the results of this study were limited only to the effectiveness of family development session in the Conditional Cash Transfer of DS;D in -aurel, &atangas. The result of Social ;elfare $ndicator and beneficiaries compliance in terms of (ealth, Gducation and FDS are the tools that can be used to measure the effectiveness of this study. 1.? S(GN(F(CANCE OF THE STUDY
The study, which focused in assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of Pantawid Pamilyang Program through Family Development Session in the unicipality of -aurel, &atangas as basis for Program $nstitutionali*ation and Poverty +eduction. specifically sought to benefit the following? 2n estimated MMMMMM children in the Philippines were not schooling and MMMMMMM malnourished. $t is the leading cause why incidence of poverty stri%es Philippines.$t is a ma9or cause of concern for Gducation and (ealth as it affects the children grades and health condition. uch of the responsibility relies on each parent particularly on a mother. &eing a children careta%er, she is the first to respond to their needs. The main core of the program is the Family Development Session which is under the health condition being implemented by the program. Through the continuous education and value formation on a mother or her husband, parents is e#pected to be a responsible to their children. $f they became responsible enough definitely, they will have a good vision in life and possibly uplift their living condition. $n other words, they will no longer depend on the 1overnment support as they will be able to stand on their own.
1.@ DEF(N(T(ON OF TER'S verall, they yield a loose control over conditionality, although 7ualitative studies show that families overwhelmingly do comply. The second crucial tas% is the primary identification of potential beneficiaries and provision of information about them. 2lthough information must be recorded on a single Federal information form, it is up to municipal social wor%ers to select potential beneficiaries and all the information. $n 400/ there were more candidates than available benefits, although this situation has improved with the e#pansion of the program. Since beneficiaries are selected solely upon income and social wor%ers %now this, they also decide, in practice, who ultimately gets selected. The results we will present suggest that social wor%ers have been using wisely their discretion margin in the selection process. $n Chile, Solidario was created in ay 4004. $t is a social protection system targeted at people living in e#treme poverty. The goal is to assist the 44B,000 families living in e#treme poverty about !.BO of the total population of !: million people. Families are invited to ta%e part in this program on the basis of their score, according to a standardi*ed form, which generates a multidimensional inde# to ran% them. The higher the score the worse is the situation of the families regarding unmet basic needs that are grouped into / ma9or categories? housing conditions, education, labor mar%et insertion and income. Family support is delivered for two years, during which time families are visited by a social wor%er or a similar professional in order to set up with them a plan to tac%le the ma9or problems faced by them in several
areas, ranging from domestic violence to access to public services, identification id cards , health notions, and employment. &esides the family support, beneficiaries also are entitled to 2 po rte Solidario or &ono de Proteccion a la Familia, a conditional cash transfer that lasts as long as the family support does and is paid to females heading families or to the female partner of the head. $n order to receive the &ono de Protection, families have to comply with the conditionality embedded in some actions that they must ta%e in order to achieve the agreed targets of the plan. The aim of the &ono de Protection is to help the family to pay for a bas%et of goods, amenities and services that was considered as the minimum below which a family could not be considered as socially included. 2fter 4/ months, the family will continue to receive a financial support and will have priority in the access to C>3D$T$>32- C2S( T+23SFG+ $3 &+2Q$-, C($-G 23D GR$C> social protection programs or initiatives for another three years to help them out of poverty. $f the family meets the target before two years, it is automatically e#cluded from the program by the social wor%er responsible for the family. 2dditionally, households receive a food support transfer of K!"8 pesos K4/ PPP conditioned on attending training sessions on nutrition and health. The more substantive transfer, though, is the scholarship given to children and young adults in grades A to !4. Scholarships are conditional on school attendance and health chec% ups= schools certify the first while health clinics attest to the compliance with health chec%ups. For children in primary education, it goes up to K:0 pesos K8" PPP for females in grade !4. >n the whole, a household can receive a ma#imum of K!,08B pesos K!/! PPP in scholarships if the household receives only scholarships for students in primary and secondary education, but the ceiling is K!,"BB pesos K4A8
PPP if the household includes students in mediumhigh education. Transfers for the elderly started only in 400B and are received directly by them. 2rthur G. Fin% in his boo%, The Role of Social Work, captured the essence of social administration in claiming that it is social wor% in an administrative setting and not the administration in a social wor% setting which distinguishes the direction of the social welfare agency from other %inds of enterprise. (e further contends that the social wor% administrator is committed to the values and ob9ectives of social wor%. (e is responsible for nurturing the use of social wor% %nowledge and s%ills for the achievement of acceptable services. Theoretical and technical %nowledge applicable to administrative tas%s respecting such matters as organi*ational processes, fiscal operations and control, operational analysis and personnel administration are, of course, essential prere7uisites to successful social wor% administration. The most effective social wor% administrator, however, is one who uses social wor%'s own rich understanding and e#perience in human relationships in carrying out the administrative duties necessary to ensure acceptable services professionally acceptable purposes. People with needs and problems are the concern of social welfare. Policies, programs and services to meet needs and solve problems are made available as a matter of right or entitlement, to enable people to grow, develop and reali*e their potential to become participating and contributing members of society. 5ohn . +omanyshyn in his boo%, Social Welfare, defined the term Jsocial welfare as the e#pression of the collective responsibility for dealing with problems in society and a citi*en's right to at least the minimum provisions essential for well being and effective functioning in a society. There are also various definitions of
social welfare through the years that have been given in both local and foreign boo%s. These are focused on societal provisions to meet human needs and deal with social problems of a changing society. The goal of social welfare is the general well being of people through the provision of laws, institutions, programs, and services to support people who need them. ;hile the concept and scope of social welfare may vary in various countries, the definitions most often 7uoted included the following? Social welfare is defined by ;alter Friedlander in his boo%, Introduction to Social Welfare, as organi*ed system of social services and institutions, designed to
aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health, and personal and social relationships which permit them to develop their full capacities, and to promote their wellbeing in harmony with the needs of their families and community. 2nother encompassing definition for understanding the concept is given by Gli*abeth ;ic%enden in her boo%, Social Welfare in a Changing World: the Place of Social Welfare in the Proce of !e"elopment , which considers social welfare as
including laws, programs, benefits and services which assure or strengthen provisions for meeting social needs recogni*ed as basic to the wellbeing of the population and the better functioning of the social order. This provisions may be directed toward ! strengthening e#isting arrangements= 4 mitigating the hardships or handicaps of particular individuals or groups= A pioneering new services= / stimulating a better adaptation of the social structure, including the creation of new programs as needed= or a combination of all these approaches to social needs.
The 3ational 2ssociation of Social ;or%ers 6.S. defines social welfare as an institution that denotes the full range of organi*ed activities of voluntary and governmental agencies that see% to prevent, alleviate, or contribute to the solution of recogni*ed social problems, or to improve the wellbeing of individuals, groups or communities Qastrow!, !8"8. 2.2 – *OCA* *(TERATURE
$n 400, the Philippines implemented a conditional cash transfer for the poorest Filipino households. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or /ps, which also serves as the country's version of CCT, is the central of the many poverty alleviation tactics applied. >ther current povrty deduction programs include the subsi*ed health insurance coverage, supplemental feeding program, the food for wor% program, rice subsidy program, the selfemployment assistanceaunlaran SG2 and the %apit bisig laban sa %ahirapan comprehensive $ntegrated Delivery of Social Service 2-2($ C$DSS 1eron et al., 40!! 1lobal concern for the social concern of development has made human development the core of the 6nited 3ation $nternational Development Strategy for the !880's. (uman development has been defined as enlarging people's choices P$DS 4004. The choices include income, health, education, a good physical environment, and freedom of action and e#pression. $t emphasi*es the need to develop human capabilities, so that people can participate freely in social, political, and economic decision ma%ing, and wor% more productively and creatively for development. The basic principle is to put people at the center of development and 1 2
to focus on their needs and potentials. Gconomic growth is deemed to be essential, but only as a means, not the end, of human development. For the Philippines, these are the following components of human development? ! Selfreliance, or the ability to identify, develop and ma%e full use of capacities= 4 welfare, or the ade7uate provision of basic services= and A social 9ustice, or the e7uitable distribution of opportunities, income, and wealth. 2 more recent conception of human development has e#tended its parameter to the issue of sustainability, occasioned by the observed strains on the environment due to indiscriminate and untrammeled economic activity of man, and by the notion that future generations must be ta%en into consideration. Gconomic, fiscal, trade, energy, agricultural and industrial policies should, therefore, be designed to bring about development that is economically, socially and ecologically sustainable, thereby fulfilling present needs without limiting the potential for meeting the needs of future generations. The minimum re7uirements for achieving
sustainable
development are? ! elimination of poverty= 4 reduction of population growth= A more e7uitable distribution of resources= / healthier, more educated and better trained people= B decentrali*ed, more participatory government= : more e7uitable, liberal trading systems within and among countries, including increased production for local consumption= and better understanding of ecosystems diversity, locally adapted solutions to environmental problems, and better monitoring of environmental impact of development activities. The !880 (uman Development +eport came up with the human development inde# (D$, which combines indicators of national income, life e#pectancy and educational attainment, to give a composite measure of human progress. The (D$ is
conceded to still need improvement, but the !884 +eport carries suggestions to ma%e the (D$ gendersensitive, incomedistribution ad9usted and environment sensitive. 2ccordint to Social #dminitration and !e"elopment: $nit I Related Theorie and Concept% &''( , with the e#pand scope and coverage of social welfare and
social development institutions to meet the needs of the poor, marginali*ed and disadvantaged sectors of society, the importance of social administration has been highlighted. The demand for the social services has resulted in the e#pansion of e#isting agency programs, along with the emergence of new services. $n the social welfare system, the devolution of services from the Department of Social ;elfare and Development to the local governments has multiplied the service units so many times over, with each city and municipality re7uiring a complete program for social service delivery. Gach program is a microcosm or replica of the Department program as it aims at servicing families, the youth, children, the disabled, women, the community and the people affected by disasters. Gach service unit is supervised by a head social wor%er who should have the re7uired administrative capability. eanwhile, there is a demand for more people for administrative positions in retained institutions and special programs with new areas of service to meet emerging needs. -i%ewise, the nongovernment sector, which has grown in its role partner of government at the local, regional and national levels, are e7ually in need of trained people for administrative positions.
Social wor% practice has also e#tended to the social sectors, including schools, health agencies, housing, agriculture, labor and industry. This e#pansion has further increased the demand for trained people in administration to run the programs where social wor% practice has been found essential to enhance organi*ational goals. 1reater demands for trained manpower for leadership positions are e#pected as the country gets more industriali*ed by the year 400 and more. Social welfare and social development directly affect the lives of more than fifty B0 percent of the population, BB to 0O of which are made up of the poor in our country P$DS 400. The constant threat posed by natural disasters could worsen the state of affairs and the need will increase for services provided by the government and the nongovernment organi*ations. illions, if not billions of ta# money and donations go into these programs to meet these needs or promote social development. Competence in administration can ma%e the difference in providing effective and efficient, and honesttogoodness service. &oth in terms of the significance of social services to people and the costs for which accountability is re7uired, the administration of the programs re7uires training in the art and s%ill of administration. 2dministrators are needed S%idmore, !880 who both care and are competent in terms of %nowledge, abilities, and s%ills in administration. Gducators and practitioners recogni*e that caring is not enough. 2dministrative s%ills must accompany caring, in order to provide effective services. 2.+ – FORE(GN STUD(ES
&ae* et al. 40!4 found that political views could be reflected in cash transfer beneficiaries in Colombia's )amilia en #ccion, especially among women. (e
discovered that women beneficiaries tend to vote more compared to men and change their candidate choices given additional information on the significance of voting participation. This is because women are the primary recipients of the monetary transfers of the CCT. ;ith this, women became more supportive of candidates promoting social welfare pro9ects such as the cash transfer program. Through implementing CCT in a country, beneficiaries could be persuaded to e#ercise their voting rights. CCT could be the strategy to have greater support on the incumbent, hence the increase in voter turnout &ae* et al., 40!4. (owever, De -a >40!A noted that in e#ico's Progrea, CCTs act as a mobili*ing factor for citi*ens to vote rather than merely
persuading them. This means that beneficiaries are empowered to vote for the long run, as their civic participation improves. Qucco 40!! found in his case study of &ra*il's Bola )amilia Program &FP that the probability of reelection for incumbent officials that are %nown to provide &FP coverage is much higher regardless of the fact that benefits are distributed universally.
The $mpact of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program on Civic Gngagement? 2 Propensity Score atching 2pproach//oreover, nonbeneficiaries that live in areas with e#pansive &FP coverage are %nown to adhere to a proincumbent electoral stance as opposed to other nonbeneficiaries. The study concluded that election monitoring is not necessary in order to derive electoral returns for candidates= it is only re7uired that the benefits of the CCT program is observed and felt by the voters. +einforcing these results, &ae* et al. 40!4 found that the CCT program has driven
beneficiaries to register and reelect incumbent officials either as a reward for their services or from fear of losing CCT benefits. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a replication of the conditional cash transfer programs which are operated in different countries all over the world. Some of these are &olsa Familia of &ra*il, Familias en 2ccion of Colombia, Solidario of Chile, Family 2llowance Program of (onduras, Programme of 2dvancement Through (ealth and Gducation P2T( of 5amaica, Program eluarga (arapan of $ndonesia, Progresa of e#ico, i Familia Progresa of 1uatemala, UartlV 3a%it Transferi of Tur%ey, and Program inhet Gl>sra of Ggypt. These programs have two main ob9ectives? to provide poor households with a minimum edge of income or reduce poverty in the very shortrun and to improve the growth of human capital for the ne#t generation or reduce poverty in the longrun. There is a large group of evidence supporting the accomplishment of conditional cash transfer programs in most of the developing countries, particularly in the field of education de 5anvry and Sadoulet, 400/= Schult*, 400/. oreover, several assessments show that these programs are both technically feasible and are politically acceptable. $n this, successive governments are willing to continue and even e#pand the program coverage Das, Do, W*ler, 400B.
Par%er, +ubalcava and Teruel 400" review many studies that analy*e the impact of CCT programs on schooling in developing countries. aluccio and Flores 400/ estimate that 3icaragua's +ed de Proteccion Social raised enrolment by !. percentage points, daily attendance by !! percentage points, and retention rates by :.B percentage points, for 3icaraguan children in grades ! to /. (onduras' Programa de 2signacion Familiar had positive, but smaller, impacts on daily attendance and
enrolment, and a small negative effect on dropping out, for children age : to !A 1lewwe and >linto, 400/. 2ttanasio, Fit*simons and 1ome* 400B found that Colombia's Familias en 2ccion increased enrolment for children age !4! but had no effect for "!! year olds. Schady and 2rau9o 400" estimated a positive impact of Gcuador's &ono de Desarrollo (umano on enrolment. Two programs in 2sia focus on girls' education. hand%er, Pitt and Fuwa 400A found that a conditional cash transfer program in &angladesh raised !!!" year old girls' enrolment, while Filmer and Schady 400", estimated that the 5apan Fund for Poverty +eduction initiative in Cambodia raised secondary school girls' enrolment and attendance. any studies e#amine e#ico's Progresaportunidades program. &ehrman, Sengupta and Todd 4000 found that it raised !4 to !/ year old girls' enrolment but did not affect younger children= they attribute the latter to the already high enrolment rates for younger children. They also found a significant drop in the schooling gap for !!!B year olds. Schult* 400/ found a positive effect of Progresa on girls' and boys' enrolment, with a larger effect for girls. Dubois, de 5anvry and Sadoulet 400/ estimate that Progresa increased children's probability of staying in school, and primary level grade progression and completion, but reduced secondary grade progression. S%oufias and Par%er 400! found that Progresa significantly increased enrolment and reduced employment among both boys and girls. Cardoso and Sou*a 400A and Ferro and assouf 400B both estimate that &olsa has a large positive impact on enrollment. Xet both used crosssectional data and did little to control for selection into the program and omitted variable bias. 2lso, both used data from before &olsa's sharp e#pansion, the 4000 Demographic Census and the 400! P32D 3ational (ousehold Survey, respectively. -astly, de 5anvry,
Finan and Sadoulet 400 find that &olsa reduced dropping out by " percentage points but did not affect repetition. Xet the analysis is limited to B states in 3ortheast &ra*il, and they had many fewer schools than do the data used in this paper, reducing the precision of the estimates. Their data also lac% some %ey variables, such as race= we find that estimates vary by race. The ;orld &an% 4008 finds that conditional cash transfer programs led to large increases in school enrolment, particularly among those with low enrolment rates to begin with. (owever, evidence on the impact of educational transfer programs on final outcomes such as test scores, is not as encouraging iguel and remer, 400/= 1lewwe, remer, and oulin, 400". 2.< – *OCA* STUD(ES
Ten years ago, world leaders in 3ew Xor% signed the illennium Development 1oals and promised to build a more prosperous, 9ust and peaceful world. The promise has clearly not been achieved. The review of the D1 Country +eports, including those of the Philippines, has revealed some successes, and also many problems. 2s a result, an D1 2cceleration Framewor%, defined by the 63 as a J systematic way to identifying bottlenec%s and possible high impact solutions, leading to a concrete plan of action for government has now been developed to accelerate the reali*ation of specific D1 1oals. Two social protection programs N social security and social assistance N are now considered as the most critical interventions that can accelerate the achievement of the D1s by 40!B. Social assistance, through the conditional cash
transfers CCT, has thus become vogue in many developing countries eager to placate their suffering poor and at the same time claim D1 success. $t is in this conte#t that $ listened intently to the presentations of 63 Special +apporteur on G#treme Poverty agdalena Sepulveda and Christian 1ruenber of the $nternational Council on (uman +ights Policy in the panel JSetting 2nti Corruption 2genda for D1s? Challenges and >pportunities in the ongoing !/th $nternational 2ntiCorruption Conference in &ang%o%, Thailand. Since evaluation of CCT programs in developing countries are either few or none, $ was particularly interested in finding out whether former President 2rroyo's much maligned CCT measured up to international standards, and whether President 27uino's dramatic e#pansion of CCT beneficiaries from ! to 4.B households can actually wor%. Sepulveda echoed many of the arguments being used by CCT supporters in the Philippines. That giving cash to parents for %eeping their children in school and improving their own health is an effective intervention to achieve universal primary education D1 1oal 4, reduce child mortality D1 1oal /, and improve maternal mortality D1 1oal B.
She also agreed with the critics of the program that poorly designed and implemented CCT programs open vast opportunities for corruption, and fighting corruption must go handinhand with CCT and D1 interventions. Sepulveda also pointed out that CCT's wor% only when the education and health infrastructure are available in poor communities. >therwise, the Jconditions of the cash transfer can't be
met
and
become
an
added
punishment
for
poor
people.
Third, CCTs wor% best if access to information and transparency are imbedded in
the program. $nformation must be available and accessible on who will be implementing the program at the national and local levels, who are the beneficiaries, the criteria for their selection N not only to policyma%ers and the general public but to local communities. $nformation access is important, and difficult, because the poor particularly marginali*ed groups li%e indigenous peoples often have no access to information. The information has to be adapted to their needs, must be in a language that they understand, and must be genderaware. Fourth, a clear complaint mechanism must be established at all levels to address 7uestions of the Jincluded and Je#cluded poor households and to report the behaviour of authorities. Finally, Sepulveda asserted that implementation and monitoring systems must ensure the participation of the beneficiaries. 1ruenber adds that since human rights and human development are the main pillars of the 63 illennium Declaration, a monitoring system where women and the youth are involved in real time is re7uired. This monitoring system, adds 1ruenber, should be 9ointly owned by government and the communities and be technology based so complaints can be received and acted upon in real time.
;ere these necessary re7uirements present in the 2rroyo CCT program) $ don't thin% so. 2re these re7uirements for program success present in President 27uino's billionpeso CCT program) 2nd if not, can these be put in place in time to improve implementation) aybe the CCT supporters can ta%e a cure from Sepulveda who warned that the fi#ation of many developing countries to copy and e#pand their CCT programs simply because others are doing must best opened at all cost. >r maybe, they should 9ust go slower and do a serious evaluation of the program first before promising the poor that we can bring them out of poverty through CCT.
Philippine $nstitute for Development Studies defined conditional cash transfers as cash transfers to eligible beneficiary households in e#change for some conditionalities geared toward improving their children's human capital. The conditions are verifiable actions such as school attendance or use of basic preventive health care and nutrition services. $n these sense, cash transfers are used to induce beneficiaries to send their children to school or bring them to health centers on a regular basis. 2ccording to *conomic Iue of the !ay, +ol +II -o ., Iue /une 0112 of the Phillippine Intitute for !e"elopment Studie, conditional cash transfer belongs to
the family of social assistance or safety net programs. -i%e the usual cash transfer program, it provides assistance in the form of cash to poor or vulnerable households or individuals. $t is meant to increase to increase the real households' real income, thus helping e#tremely poor families meet minimum levels of consumption. $n a CCT program, beneficiaries have the discretion on how to use the cash. (owever, there is a string attached to the receipt of the cash. &eneficiaries are e#pected to comply with certain conditions as prere7uisite for receiving the transfer. The condition may vary from one country to another, depending on the desired outcomes that ranged from increased food consumption and dietary 7uality to reduced stunting to increased utili*ation of preventive health services e.g., immuni*ation, micronutrients supplementation, growth monitoring, etc. to increased school enrollments of the poor, lower dropout rates, and reduced child labor. For cash transfers aimed at health and nutrition outcomes, receipt of transfer is contingent upon compliance of participating household members to having a predetermined number of health center visits. $n contrast, cash transfers aimed at
education outcomes re7uire school enrollment and regular school attendance. $n both cases, the conditions are envisaged to improve the wellbeing of the beneficiaries and to empower the young and enhance their potential to earn income in the future. CCT programs are one of the few successful programs to combine social assistance with human development. -in%ing cash transfers to conditionalities tied to investment in human capital ma%es a doubleedged tool in fighting poverty and ine7uality in the short and long term. Thus, any CCT program has dual ob9ectives? immediate poverty reduction through cash transfers, and longer term poverty reduction through human capital formation. 3evertheless, it should be noted that CCT programs are not a panacea against poverty and ine7uality. They should, on the whole, form part of a comprehensive socioeconomic policy strategy. oreover, the success of these programs heavily depends on the availability and 7uality of health and education services. For the perspective of economic efficiency, cash transfers are deemed to be superior because they do not distort prices directly unli%e in%ind transfers which effectively lower the price of the transfer good for the poor. CCT also involves lower transactions cost because they do not necessitate transportation and logistical arrangements for handling and storing of commodities that in%ind transfers entail. Further, cash transfers give beneficiaries greater discretion and choices in allocating the money, be it on food consumption, clothing, housing or other needs. -eft to their selves, beneficiaries %now better what their own needs are and so, cash transfers also address the issue of information asymmetries.
Social services are provided free of charge by the government but consumption of the same is associated with outofpoc%et cost e.g., school supplies and materials, te#tboo%s, uniforms, daily allowance, transport, and medicines as well as with opportunity cost i.e., forgone earnings for households for sending children to school rather than to wor% or for missing a day's wor% to be able to go to a health center. These costs normally serve as barriers in accessing education and health services. 2lthough cash transfers can overcome these barriers, they may not be able to brea% the natural tendency of parents, nor reverse their decision, to underinvest in the human capital of their children. (ence, imposing conditions tied to human development upon the receipt of cash transfers can address this, thereupon boosting the demand for education and health care.
$n general, the appropriate benefit
level should be consistent with the depth of poverty i.e., the distance between the income of households and the poverty household being addressed. (owever, in the case of CCT programs, the si*e of transfer should be enough to offset whatever gains or incomes the households can obtain from other activities if they will not comply with the conditionalities attached to the receipt of the cash transfer. $n practice, the benefit level varies considerably across countries. For the education grant, though, it is assumed that it generally covers both the direct costs school fees and supplies, and transportation costs and opportunity cost i.e., income lost for children who drop out of the household's labor force. For the health and nutrition grant, meanwhile, it usually compensates for the beneficiary's travel time to and waiting time at the health center. 2.> – SYNTHES(S AND RE*E=ANCE TO THE STUDY
D!s"it! th! !arl% hall!n#!s3 th! #o&!rn$!nt s-!ss-ll% roll!d o-t th! )anta/id )a$il%a to r!ah th! "oor!st ho-s!holds in th! )hili""in!s. To date,
the Pantawid Pamilya is the largest social protection program in the Philippines and has been able to achieve the widest coverage of the poor. The concerted efforts and commitment of DS;D and its partner institutions in implementing the pilot program and establishing the household targeting system were critical to program e#pansion. The pilot program imparted several lessons that were essential in improving the core design of the Pantawid Pamilya and in preparing the systems for rapid scaleup. 2lthough the e#pansion brought several challenges for DS;D, the agency managed to get the program running and has continually improved the systems necessary for program operation.
Th! )'Tas!d tar#!tin# s%st!$ o$in!d /ith #!o#ra"hi tar#!tin# has h!l"!d $ini$i6! th! inl-sion and !9l-sion !rrors3+1 th!r!% !nhanin# "ro#ra$ i$"at. The combined approach of a standardi*ed targeting mechanism to
select potential beneficiaries for the program and a registration process to validate the information gathered have been %ey to the credibility and acceptance of the program. This process was complemented by the 1+S, which allows people to present complaints about inclusion errors, e#clusion errors, and program operations and which has clear guidelines for complaint resolution.
Th! tar#!tin# s%st!$ as!d on )'T has "rod-!d #ood tar#!tin# o-to$!s.
2bout 80 percent of Pantawid Pamilya beneficiaries belong to the bottom /0 percent of the population. This outcome has been achieved by combining geographic
targeting based on poverty maps with a rigorous and standardi*ed household assessment, including validation of poor households with local communities.
N!arl% thr!! %!ars sin! its la-nh3 th! )anta/id )a$il%a has alr!ad% sho/n "ositi&! i$"ats on !n!iiar% ho-s!holds. The cash grants increase the
household incomes of the poor, while the conditionalities have helped improve the education and health of their children. 2necdotal evidence shows that net education enrollment rates of children in beneficiary households have risen, and the number of children who underta%e deworming at schools and avail of vaccines from health centers has also increased. $n addition, field reports indicate that beneficiary households benefit from the seminars and development sessions in their communities.
Oth!r soial "rot!tion "ro#ra$s in th! )hili""in!s an l!arn ro$ th! !st "rati! $!thods d!&!lo"!d in th! )anta/id )a$il%a. 2 considerable amount of
resources has been invested in setting up the Pantawid Pamilya, in terms of financial resources as well as efforts to build technical and program implementation capacity within DS;D and its regional and local counterparts. Than%s to these efforts, the government has a pioneer social protection program that ta%es into account international best practice and methods. The Pantawid Pamilya is the only social protection program in the Philippines in which control and accountability mechanisms are embedded in the core program design. >ther government agencies implementing social protection programs can ta%e advantage of the investments made by DS;D in creating the Pantawid Pamilya and in improving the targeting and delivery systems of the program.
2s discussed previously, different countries all over the world and not only the Philippines are facing problems concerning social welfare such as poverty and hunger, gender ine7uality, child mortality and problems regarding primary education and maternal health. These problems led to the birth of the conditional cash transfer programs. Conditional cash transfer programs are a special form of social assistance schemes which provides cash to families sub9ect to the condition that they fulfill specific re7uirements. These conditions oblige individuals to satisfy some action associated with human development goals. This may include that parents must ensure their children to attend school regularly or that they utili*e basic preventative nutrition and healthcare services, such as vaccination programmes or maternal and postnatal chec%ups. Conditional cash transfer programs are usually targeted towards the poor through a meanstest, pro#y meanstest or geographical targeting. &ased on the reports and studies conducted, conditional cash transfer programs have been successful in helping to alleviate previously enumerated problems. These programs have been also a big help in achieving the millennium development goals in different countries which are a eradicating e#treme poverty and hunger= b achieving universal primary education= c promoting gender e7uality= d reducing child mortality= and e improving maternal health.
Philippines replicate these conditional cash transfer programs of different countries and dubbed as Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or /Ps. $t operates in 8 provinces covering !,4:! municipalities and !A" %ey cities in all ! regions nationwide. The program has A,0!/,B": registered household beneficiaries s as of
4 5une 40!4. (owever, the Philippines is the only country conducting Family Development Session to the beneficiaries and now this technology is being adopted by &angladesh. -i%e other countries, /Ps is e#pected to have positive impacts to the Philippines and to the program's beneficiaries. 2nd for now, there are no sufficient studies yet about the impacts of the program to its beneficiaries
CHA)TER ((( – RESEARCH 'ETHODO*OGY +.1 – 'ETHOD OF RESEARCH
This chapter presents the discussions of methods and procedure used in research. $t includes the research design, locale and population, data gathering procedure, research instrument and the statistical treatment of Data. $n achieving the purpose of the study the researchers utili*ed a none#perimental descriptive, survey type of research design. Descriptive, survey type of research is a fact finding with ade7uate interpretation. The basis caution here is that the descriptive method has to be something more and beyond 9ust data gathering. >therwise, it is neither reflective thin%ing nor research. Survey type of descriptive method is in organi*ed attempt to analy*e, interpret and report present status of a social institution. $ts purpose is to get groups of classified, generali*ed and interpreted data for the guidance of application in the immediate future. The research is trying to find the truth, merely trying to ac7uire %nowledge. $n this particular study, the research study was utili*ed to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of Pantawid Pamilya program through Family Development Session
as basis for program $nstitutionali*ation and Proverty +eductionn of the unicpality of -aurel. &atangas. +.2 – )O)U*AT(ON AND SA')*E S(E
The beneficiaries all over the Philippines have a total number of 4.4million registered grantees. (owever, the study covered only 4,AAB beneficiaries from the municipality of -aurel. +.+ – )ROF(*E OF THE RES)ONDENTS
The researcher's respondents are 4,AAB female household beneficiaries of pantawid pamilyang Pilipino program who are attending family development session in -aurel, &atangas. The average age of respondents was A0 years old. The actual ages of respondents ranged from A0 to :B years of age mothers, fathers, guardians, partners and unicipal -in%s.The Family Development Session has a wide campaign among members of the program across the whole country particularly in Set ! areas with visible impact that can be felt by the beneficiaries. +.< – RESEARCH (NSTRU'ENTS
The Social ;elfare $ndicator being the standard tool of measuring the impact of the program to the lives of Pantawid beneficiaries shall be used in determining the effectiveness of the program. $t is a form of interview based from the standard 7uestionnaire provided by DS;D. $t was conducted at the field by the unicipal -in%. The 7uestionnaires have three parts namely? (ealth Care !. Demographic data 4. aternal %nowledge, attitudes and beliefs A. Family practices
Gducation !. Gducational Status, %nowledge 4. Family practices, issues and problems A. @ision for the family For unicipal -in% !. >bservation 4. 1ood< bad practices A. Common issues and concerns encountered in the area +.> – OTHER GATHER(NG )ROCEDURE
>ther data were gathered from the research done based from e#isting information from ;orld &an%, Department of Social ;elfare and Development and other write ups for the program. +. – STAT(ST(CA* TREAT'ENT DATA
The presentation of percentages, the fre7uencies and the weighted means were the Statistical Treament of Data used in this study. The responses from the 7uestionnaire were sorted, tallied, tabulated and statistically treated.
The fre7uency and the percentage distribution were used for the demographic profile of the respondents. The formula shown below was used to compute the percentages
R(f(r(!*(s The ILO is the international organization responsible for drawing up and overseeing international labour standards which aims to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue on work-related issues (http!!www"ilo"org#
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (2011), Peso per US dollar rate, website: http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistis/spei!new/tab2".ht# $astaneda, %. (200&), '%he $onditional $ash %ranser Progra# o the Philippines, drat. *epart#ent o B+dget and anage#ent (2011), -eneral ppropriations t, website: http://www.db#.gov.ph *epart#ent o Soial elare and *evelop#ent (200a), perations an+al or the ational 3o+sehold %argeting or Povert4 5ed+tion. *epart#ent o Soial elare and *evelop#ent (200b), perations an+al or the Pantawid Pa#il4ang Pilipino Progra#.
*epart#ent o Soial elare and *evelop#ent (2011a), ational 3o+sehold %argeting S4ste# or Povert4 5ed+tion, website: http://nhts.dswd.gov.ph/ *epart#ent o Soial elare and *evelop#ent (2011b), Pantawid Pa#il4a, website: http://pantawid.dswd.gov.ph/ 6ernande7, 8. (200), '%argeting ehanis# Used to Selet Bene9iaries or the Pantawid Pa#il4ang Pilipino Progra#, Social Welfare and Development Journal, (1): 11;1. (200), Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present and Future Poverty , orld Bank, ashington, *$. 3oddinott and Sko+9as (200?) '%he i#pat o Progresa on 6ood $ons+#ption, conomic Development and Cultural Change,
"(1):&;ono#etria and S>@, (200
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