Theory.docx
Short Description
Download Theory.docx...
Description
THEORY PRONOUNS
1
a) Circle the right pronoun. Tick if you think both are poible. another/themsel emselves ves quit 0. They hurt one another/th quite e badl badly y when when they they fell fell o thei theirr motorbike.
1. One/You can often tell where w here people are from by the way they dress. 2. Can you put my case on the rack above yourself/you? . !ar"a and her sister look incredibly like each other/one another . #re they twins? $. #nna is very unsel%sh & she never puts her/herself %rst. %rst. '. (ither )u*ie or !ark has left her/their ba" ba" behind+ because there,s only one in the back of the car. -. hen a person "oes to live abroad+ it may take them/him a while to pick up the lan"ua"e. /. They/One say that eatin" tomatoes can help protect the body a"ainst certain diseases.
b) Co!plete the entence "ith a pronoun "here neceary.
0. n most circumsta circumstances nces sh should ould address address people people by their title and surname. 2
1. f anyone has not yet paidcourse should should "o "o to re"istration immediately. immediately. 2. sabel is very quicktempered. control
)he
%nds
it
very
fe e s +
hard
to
. wouldn,t stay in that hotel. say the rooms are tiny and the service is awful. $. There is a total lack understand understandat at all.
of
communication.
'. !ila "ets distracted too concentrate concentratevery very well.
easily.
They )he
don,t doesn,t
-. #re you "oin" to have the 3at repainted or will you do it? it? /. There are loads of bookshelves in ascan ascan never have to many?
the
3at+
which
is
"reat
c) Co!plete the entence "ith it or or there.
0. was a very interestin" article about modern lifestyle in The Times yesterday. 1. 4owadays,s ille"al to te5t from your mobile while you,re drivin". have have been a lot of accidents caused by this. 2. 6ook. ,s a should should be be j+ not g.
spellin"
mistake
in
this
word.
. 7ow many miles is is to to !anchester from here? $. ,s scorchin" today. must be at least ' de"rees. '. ,s ,s no need to hurry. hurry. The train doesn,t leave for a"es. -. ,s not worth buyin" the ,s ,s absolutely nothin" nothin" interestin" in it.
paper
today.
#RE$UENCY %&'ER(S #reuency
%*+erb #reuency
1008 908 :08 /08 '08 08 108 '8 08
always usually normally ; "enerally often ; frequently sometimes occasionally seldom hardly ever ; rarely never
of
E,a!ple Sentence
al"ay "o to bed before 11pm. uually have cereal for breakfast. nor!ally "o to the "ym. often surf the internet. o!eti!e for"et my wifeosition of of the #dverb in a )entence #n adverb of frequency "oes before a main verb e5cept verb e5cept with T@ A(B. Sub-ect a*+erb main verb
al"ay remember to to do my homework. 7e nor!ally gets "ood marks in e5ams. #n adverb of frequency "oes after the verb T@ verb T@ A( A(.. Sub-ect to be a*+erb
They are ne+er pleased to see me. )he isn't uually bad tempered. hen hen we use use an au5iliary verb verb have+ will+ must+ mi"ht+ could+ would+ can+ etc.B+ the adverb is placed bet"een the au5iliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be. Sub-ect auxiliary a*+erb main verb
)he can o!eti!e beat me me in a race. would har*ly e+er be unkind to someone. They might ne+er see each other a"ain. $
They could occaionally be heard lau"hin". e can also use the followin" adverbs at the tart of a sentence Uually/ nor!ally/ often/ freuently/ o!eti!e/ occaionally •
@ccasionally+ like to eat Thai food.
ADT we cannot use the followin" at the be"innin" of a sentence %l"ay/ el*o!/ rarely/ har*ly/ e+er/ ne+er.
e use har*ly e+er and ne+er with positive+ not ne"ative verbs •
•
)he har*ly e+er comes to my parties. They ne+er say #6 de la frase+ la construcciOn serPa asP Qerb T@ A( F sub=ect F complements como puedes ver+ no hay otro verbo despuRs del su=eto+ ya que el verbo T@ A( es el Snico verbo de la fraseB. e.". #re you u"ly? ; #ren,t you u"ly? e.". s he handsome? ; sn,t he handsome? e.". #m pretty? ; #m not pretty? -
P%ST S34P2E
5)
)ub=ect F verb in past F complements. e.". Gou played football. e.". 7e played football.
51) )ub=ect F didn,t F verb in present F complements. e.". Gou didn,t play football. e.". 7e didn,t play football.
567) Nid;Nidn,t F sub=ect Fverb in present F complements. e.". Nid you play football? ; Nidn,t you play football? e.". Nid he play football? ; Nidn,t he play football? 4@T#) (l au5iliar NN;NN4,T ya marca que es pasado+ por lo que el verbo que se escribe a continuaciOn debe ser in%nitivo )4 T@ presenteB.
PRESENT CONT3NUOUS
5) )ub=ect F verb T@ A( con=u"ated F 2
verb endin" in Jin"K F
nd
complements. e.". am playin" football. e.". 7e is playin" football.
51))ub=ect F verb T@ A( con=u"ated 4(#TQ( F 2
verb endin" in Jin"K F
nd
complements. e.". am not playin" football. e.". 7e isn,t playin" football
567) Qerb T@ A( con=u"ated #UUH!#TQ(;4(#TQ(B F sub=ect F 2 endin" in Jin"K F complements. e.". #m playin" football? ; #m not playin" football? e.". s he playin" football? ; sn,t he playin" football?
/
verb
nd
P%ST CONT3NUOUS
5) )ub=ect F verb T@ A( con=u"ated in >#)T F 2
verb endin" in Jin"K F
nd
complements. e.". was playin" football. e.". Gou were playin" football.
51))ub=ect F verb T@ A( con=u"ated in >#)T 4(#TQ( F 2
verb endin" in J
nd
in"K F complements. e.". was not playin" football. e.". Gou weren,t playin" football.
567) Qerb T@ A( con=u"ated in >#)T #UUH!#TQ(;4(#TQ(B F sub=ect F 2nd verb endin" in Jin"K F complements. e.". as playin" football? ; as not playin" football? e.". ere you playin" football? ; eren,t you playin" football?
4@T#) &3#ERENC3%S (4TH( E2 PRESENTE S34P2E G E2 PRESENTE CONT3NUO. (l presente simple se usa MCuando queremos decir al"o que hacemos habitualmente. M>ara e5presar verdades "enerales o hechos. M>ara planes futuros+ especialmente para referirnos a horarios o pro"ramas. (n la oraciOn debemos poner al"una e5presiOn temporal indicando tiempo futuro. M>ara contar chistes+ historias+ cuentos+ acontecimientos deportivos... MTambiRn podemos utili*ar el presente simple para indicar una acciOn indeterminada en el tiempo. (l presente continuo se usa M>ara acciones incompletas que estLn ocurriendo en el momento de hablar. (n estos casos suele ir acompaIado por e5presiones con now ahoraB+ at the moment en estos momentosB+ right now ahora mismoB. M>ara acciones incompletas que estLn necesariamente en el momento de hablar.
:
ocurriendo+
aunque no
M>ara preparativos o planes en un futuro prO5imo. (n este caso suele ir acompaIado por e5presiones de tiempo futuro. M>ara acciones que se repiten re"ularmente y que suelen llevar un sentido de que=a+ de monotonPa. MCuando se modi%ca la rutina o se rompe un hLbito. PRESENT PER#ECT
5)
)u=eto F 7#Q(;7#) F verbo en participio V columnaB F complementos. e.". have swum in the pool. e.". );he has swum in the pool.
51)
)u=eto F 7#Q(4,T;7#)4,T F verbo en participio V columnaB F complementos. e.". haven,t swum in the pool. e.". );he hasn,t swum in the pool.
567) 7#Q(;7#Q(4,T;7#);7#)4,T F su=eto F verbo en participio V columnaB F complementos. e.". 7ave swum in the pool? e.". 7as s;he swum in the pool? 4@T# 7#);7#)4,T se coloca en la V persona del )4D6#H. P%ST PER#ECT
5)
)u=eto F 7#N F verbo en participio V columnaB F complementos. e.". had swum in the pool. e.". );he had swum in the pool.
51)
)u=eto F 7#N4,T F verbo en participio V columnaB F complementos. e.". hadn,t swum in the pool. e.". );he hadn,t swum in the pool.
567)
7#N;7#N4,T F su=eto F verbo en participio V columnaB F complementos. 9
e.". 7ad swum in the pool? e.". 7ad s;he swum in the pool? 4@T# 7#N se utili*a en T@N#) las personas+ sin necesidad de cambiar la V persona del sin"ular. PRESENTE S34P2E 'S. PRESENTE CONT3NUO
hat is that noise? )omebody e e
playB the piano.
"oB to the cinema this Uriday. "oB on holiday every inter.
The days
beB lon"er in summer.
)he often
talkB to herself.
)he
haveB a shower at the moment.
Hi"ht now+ she @ak trees !y do"
runB down the hill. "rowB very slowly. not eatB ve"etables.
!y brother
not likeB animals.
!ost people
not likeB to visit a doctor.
n his =ob he usually
standB.
,m lookin" at the woman+ she
wearB a nice hat.
10
never
"oB out in the evenin".
7e usually
workB with paints and brushes.
No you know anyone who #t work+ he usually
sitB all day.
here is Wate? )he
speakB talian?
watchB TQ in the livin" room.
you;"oB to the party ne5t )aturday? you ever
hy
you ; ever ; workB at the weekend?
you
you driveB so fast today?
The water The duck
boilB now. )hall switch it o? smellB delicious. )hall take it out of the oven?
)ometimes+ Tom
doB his homework after lunch.
P%S%&O S34P2E 'S. P%S%&O CONT3NUO
)he
sitBon a chair and watchin" TQ.
e waved at him+ but he
hen was Goun"
not lookB.
wantB to be a pilot.
11
hat
happenB after that?
you ; seeB Xane last ni"ht?
)he
wearB her new =acket when saw her.
seeB you walkin" in the park this mornin".
"ot up at seven and then
haveB a bi" breakfast.
you;"oB to the restaurant yesterday?
left the cinema before the %lm ended.
hen
not en=oyB it.
she ; startB learnin" (n"lish? & Uive years a"o.
7ow much
it;costB to 3y to >aris?
!r. Arown
haveB a shower when knocked his door.
turn the radio o. 4obody
listenB to it.
)he was a beautiful woman. )he always
12
attractB a lot of men.
%&8ECT3'ES 5CO4P%R%T3'ES/ SUPER2%T3'ES/ THE &OU(2E CO4P%R%T3'E). POS3T3ON O# THE %&8ECT3'ES.
6os ad=etivos describen cualidades de sustantivos. #l"unas de estas cualidades pueden variar en el "rado o intensidad. #l i"ual que en espaIol+ cuando queremos hacer comparaciones contrastamos cualidades o atributos por medio de ad=etivos en sus diversos "rados.
El gra*o poiti+o de los ad=etivos+ que hemos visto anteriormente+ es la cualidad en el "rado mLs simple.
e.". Juan is fast . Xuan corre rLpido.B e.". Angela's room is clean. 6a habitaciOn de #n"ela estL limpia.B e.". I am tall . )oy alto.B e.". ew Yor! is big. 4ueva Gork es "rande.B
El gra*o co!parati+o #l hacer comparaciones+ podemos destacar la superioridad+ inferioridad o i"ualdad de calidad de uno u otro. 6a estructura de cada uno de estos "rados de comparaciOn es diferente. 1 Co!parati+o *e uperiori*a*. (n las comparaciones de superioridad+ el ad=etivo+ que estL en la forma comparativa vRase mLs adelanteB+ es se"uido por Y thanY. e.". Juan is faster than "ar!. Xuan corre mLs rLpido que !ark.B
e.". Angela's room is cleaner than #ue's. 6a habitaciOn de #n"ela estL mLs limpia que la de )ue.B e.". I am taller than $eth. )oy mLs alto que Aeth.B e.". ew Yor! is bigger than %os "randeque 6os #n"eles.B
Angeles. 4ueva
Gork
es
mLs
1 Co!parati+o *e inferiori*a* . >ara formar este tipo de comparaciOn podemos usar las con=unciones Y not a...aY o r Yle...thanY. (n ambos casos+ el ad=etivo estL en el "rado positivo. e.". "ar! is not as fast as Juan. !ark no corre tan rLpido como Xuan.B 1
e.". #ue's room is less clean than Angela's. 6a habitaciOn de )ue no es tan limpia como la de #n"ela.B e.". $eth is not as tall as me. Aeth no es tan alta como yo.B e.". %os Angeles is not as big as ew Yor!. 6os #n"eles no es tan "rande como 4ueva Gork.B
1 Co!parati+o *e igual*a* . Con el ad=etivo en el "rado positivo+ utili*amos la con=unciOn Y a...a Y para formar las comparaciones de i"ualdad. e.". "ar! is as fast as Juan. !ark corre tan rLpido como Xuan.B
e.". #ue's room is as clean as Angela's. 6a habitaciOn de )ue es tan limpia como la de #n"ela.B e.". %os Angeles is as big as ew Yor!. 6os #n"eles es tan "rande como 4ueva Gork.B
4@T# >odemos modi%car un comparativo con un cuanti%cador much+ a lot+ a little...B. e.". Juan is a lot faster than "ar!. Xuan corre mucho mLs rLpido que !ark.B e.". I am a little taller than $eth. )oy un poco mLs alta que Aeth.B
El gra*o uperlati+o denota la calidad en el "rado mLs alto y como en espaIol+ se usa Y theY delante del ad=etivo en la forma superlativa vRase mLs adelanteB.
e.". Juan is the fastest . Xuan es el mLs rLpido.B e.". Angela'a room is the cleanest . & 6a habitaciOn de #n"ela es la mLs limpia.B e.". I am the tallest . )oy el mLs alto.B e.". ew Yor! is the biggest city in the nited #tates. 4ueva Gork es la ciudad mLs "rande de los (stados Dnidos.B 4@T# )i el ad=etivo es posesivo+ no se usa Y theY. #demLs no se usa Y theY si comparamos al"o con sP mismo. e.". (is smartest student is %isa. )u estudiante mLs lista es 6isa.B 1$
e.". ew Yor! is coldest in January. 4ueva Gork es mLs frPo en enero.B
#or! 5#or!a)
7ay unas re"las para formar el comparativo y superlativo. 1. Para a*-eti+o *e una 9laba: Co!parati+o
Superlati+o
aIade YerY fasterB
aIade YetY fastetB
2. Para a*-eti+o *e una 9laba ue ter!inan en ;e;: Co!parati+o
Superlati+o
aIade YrY nicerB
aIade YtY nicetB
. Para a*-eti+o *e una 9laba ue ter!inan en cononante +ocal cononante: Co!parati+o
Superlati+o
aIade consonante hotterB
F
Y erY aIade consonante F Y etY hottetB
$. Para a*-eti+o *e *o ilaba ue ter!inan en ;y;: Co!parati+o
sustituye funnierB
Y yY
Superlati+o
por
YierY sustituye YyY por YietY funnietB
'. Para a*-eti+o *e *o o !S
ESP%?O2
>@N(H;>@NZ#>DN@;)(H C#>#E N(
C#4;C@D6N;A( #A6( T@
N(A(HZ#;4@ N(A(HZ#
)7@D6N;)7@D6N,T @D7T T@; @D7T 4@T T@
N(A(H;4@ N(A(H
!D)T;!D)T4,T
T(4(H [D(
7#Q( T@
>D(N(
!#G
>@NHZ#
!7T
4o con=u"an la tercera persona+ es decir+ no se pone J)K. Qan se"uidos de 4U4TQ@ )4 JT@K+ e5cepto J@D7T T@K. 4o tienen otro tiempo que no sea presente e5cepto JC#4 & C@D6NK. 4D4C# utili*an au5iliares. NOT% el JmustK es obli"aciOn si es a%rmativo ; el JmustK es prohibiciOn si es ne"ativo.
>oder ; podPa pudo ; podrPa ; ser Neber ; tener que capa* de NeberPa
>uede
NeberPa B
>odrPa
1:
19
20
21
USE& TO 5SO2ER)
(l verbo YueY si"ni%ca YusarY o Yutili*arY. )in embar"o+ cuando utili*amos este verbo en el pasado simple+ mLs la preposiciOn Y toY+ como verbo modal+ el si"ni%cado cambia. #demLs+ se puede utili*ar Y ue* toY como ad=etivo.
(l verbo modal Y ue* toY se emplea para indicar al"o que ocurrPa o sucederPa en el pasado de manera habitual. TambiRn+ se utili*a para al"o que antes era verdad pero ya no lo es. Como con los otros verbos modales+ Y ue* toY estL se"uido por la forma base del verbo el in%nitivo sin Y toYB.
5)
Su-eto ;ue* to; +erbo...
e.". 0e used to go to the beach every summer when I was young. Cuando era =oven solPamos ir a la playa cada verano.B e.". (e used to smoke a 1ac! of cigarettes a day2 but he ,uit last year. )olPa fumar un paquete de ci"arrillos al dPa+ pero lo de=R el aIo pasado.B e.". I used to like mushrooms2 but not anymore. !e solPan "ustar las setas+ pero ya no.B e.". There used to be a great restaurant here2 but it closed a few years ago. 7abPa un "ran restaurante aquP+ pero cerrO hace unos aIos.B
51)
Su-eto ;*i*n@t; ;ue to; +erbo...
e.". I didn't use to like mushrooms2 but now I do. 4o me solPan "ustar las setas+ pero ahora si.B e.". 3ood didn't use to be so e*1ensive. 6a comida no solPa ser tan cara.B e.". 0e didn't use to go away on holiday very often when I was young. 4o solPamos ir de vacaciones a menudo cuando era =oven.B 22
567);&i*; u-eto ;ue to; +erbo...7 e.". Didn't he use to smoke a lot4 \l solPa fumar mucho+ ]no?B e.". Did you use to live here4 ]QivPas aquP antes?B e.". Did they use to go to the beach in the summers4 ])olPan ir a la playa durante los veranos?B 4@T# 4o utili*amos Y ue* toY para acciones habituales en el presente. (n ve* de este verbo modal+ se usa un adverbio como Y uuallyY oYnor!allyY por e=emplo. e.". 0e usually go to the beach every summer. )olemos ir a la playa cada verano.B e.". (e normally smokes a 1ac! of cigarettes every day. 4ormalmente Rl fuma un paquete de ci"arrillos cada dPa.B e.". They usually play football on the wee!ends. )uelen =u"ar a fStbol los %nes de semana.B
4@T# TambiRn se puede utili*ar el verbo modal Y "oul*Y para eventos o acciones repetidas en el pasado. >ero ten en cuenta que sOlo se puede usar con acciones+ no con estados o hLbitos. Tampoco se puede utili*ar Y "oul*Y en el ne"ativo. e.". 0hen I was young2 we would go to the beach summer. Cuando era =oven )olPamos ir a la playa cada verano.B
every
e.". At the university2 they would 1lay football every wee!end. (n la universidad+ ellos solPan =u"ar a fStbol cada %n de semana.B (e would smo!e a lot. 0hen I was young we wouldn't go to the beach every summer.
TO (E USE& TO 5EST%R %COSTU4(R%&O %)
Cuando se utili*a Y ue* toY como ad=etivo si"ni%ca Yestar acostumbrado aY. )e usa para cosas que son familiares+ normales o comunes y se puede usar en cualquier tiempo verbal. Cuando Y to be ue* toY estL se"uido por un verbo+ el verbo tiene que estar en "erundio Y ingYB. 2
e.". #he's used to liv ing alone. (lla estL acostumbrada a vivir sola.B e.". 0e weren't used to traveling a lot. 4o estLbamos acostumbrados a via=ar mucho.B e.". I'm not used to this cold weather. 4o estoy acostumbrado a este frPo.B 4@T# Cuando utili*amos el verbo Y getY en ve* de Y beY indica el proceso de familiari*arse con al"o. e.". They divorced over 5 years ago. #he has gotten used to liv ing alone. )e divorciaron hace mLs de 2 aIos. (lla se ha acostumbrado a vivir sola.B e.". 0ith this new job I am getting used to traveling a lot. Con este nuevo traba=o me estoy acostumbrando a via=ar mucho.B e.". You need to get used to this cold weather if you are going to live here. 4ecesitas acostumbrarte a este frPo si vas a vivir aquP.B Co!plete the entence:
smoke when was in my 20s. smoke when drink. the smell of smoke because my husband smokes. There was a time when she always work late. 7e be a ve"etarian when he was a kid. They the silence when they built a restaurant ne5t door. )ally drink a lot of wine. tero cuando queremos dar mLs importancia a la acciOn y no a quien la ha reali*ado+ utili*amos la +oB pai+a. %a vo+ activa e.". (e ate all of the coo!ies. ComiO todas las "alletas.B %a vo+ 1asiva e.". All of the coo!ies were eaten. Todas las "alletas fueron comidas.B
=ra!!atical Rule 5Regla gra!aticale)
)e forma la vo* pasiva con el verbo au5iliar Y to beY y el participio pasado del verbo.
Su-eto +erbo au,iliar 5;to be;) participio paa*o.
e.". The s1eech is written for the 1resident. (l discurso estL escrito para el presidente.B e.". The house was built in =>6?. 6a casa fue construida en 19/'.B e.". "y wallet has been stolen . 7a sido robada mi cartera.B e.". The room will be cleaned while we are out. )e limpiarL la habitaciOn mientras estemos fuera.B >ara transformar una oraciOn activa a pasiva tenemos en cuenta los si"uientes puntos 1. (l ob=eto de la oraciOn activa pasa a ser el su=eto de la pasiva. 2. (l verbo principal se sustituye por el au5iliar Y to beY+ en su mismo tiempo+ =unto al verbo principal en participio. . (l su=eto de la oraciOn principal pasa a ser complemento a"ente de la pasiva. $. )i hacemos menciOn en la oraciOn del su=eto que reali*a la acciOn su=eto a"enteB+ este irL normalmente precedido por la preposiciOn Y byY. e.". "ar! Twain wrote the boo!. @ The boo! was written by "ar! Twain. !ark Twain escribiO el libro. (l libro fue escrito por !ark Twain.B
29
e.". The house!ee1er will clean the room. @ The room will be cleaned by the house!ee1er. 6a ama de casa limpiarL la habitaciOn. 6a habitaciOn serL limpiada por la ama de casa.B Ue 5Uo)
1. Dsamos la vo* pasiva cuando no sabemos quien ha reali*ado la acciOn. e.". A civilian has been killed . & Dn civil ha sido asesinado.B e.". The car was stolen. & (l coche fue robado.B 2. Dsamos la vo* pasiva cuando queremos dar mLs importancia a lo que pasO+ que a quiRn reali*O la acciOn o cuando no queremos decir quien la reali*O. e.". The letter was delivered yesterday. 6a carta fue entre"ada ayer.B e.". A mista!e was made. Dn error fue cometido.B 4@T# 4o podemos usar la vo* pasiva con verbos intransitivos como Y *ieY+ Yarri+eY o YgoY. Qerbos intransitivos son verbos que no llevan un ob=eto directo.
Change the entence fro! acti+e to pai+e +oice:
!ark Twain wrote YThe #dventures of Tom )awyerY in 1:/-. They make many movies in 7ollywood. The students will "ive a presentation tomorrow. )omeone has stolen my bike_ The Aeatles recorded YThe hite #lbumY over $0 years a"o. e receive the newspaper everyday. 0
The children have eaten the cookies. e will complete the renovations ne5t week. They pay us every Uriday. Nid they deliver your new sofa?
1
3N#3N3T3'ES %N& =ERUN&S El gerun*io y el in0niti+o son formas de los verbos que actuan como nombres. (l "erundio se forma con Y 1ingY "alking+ eating+ etc.B. (l in%nitivo se forma con la preposiciOn Y toY to "alk + to eat+ etc.B. =ra!!atical Rule 5Regla gra!aticale)
1.
Cuan*o un +erbo igue a otro +erbo/ ie!pre neceita!o uar el in0niti+o o el gerun*io. 4ormalmente usamos el in%nitivo despuRs de al"unos verbos y el "erundio despuRs de otros. TambiRn hay verbos con los que podemos usar el "erundio o el in%nitivo. 'erbo
=erun* 3n0niti+ io o
#ord
#"ree
#ttempt
Ae"in
Choose Continue
Necide Netest
(n=oy
(5pect
Uail
Uinish
7ate
7ope ma"ine
ntend Weep
2
6earn
6ike
6ove
!ana"e
4eed
@er
>lan
>refer
>romise [uit
Hecomme nd Hefuse He"ret
)eem
)tart
)u""est
Tend
Threaten
Tolerate
Try
Dnderstan d ant ish
o
e.". I can't aord to buy a new car. 4o puedo permitirme comprar un coche nuevo.B o
e.". (e began to
o
doubt himself./(e began doubting himself. Comen*O a dudar de sP mismo.B
e.". They decided to move to Australia in "ay. Necidieron mudarse a #ustralia en !ayo.B o
o
e.". I enjoy listening to music. Nisfruto escuchar mSsica.B
o
e.". #he hates studying./#he hates to study . @dia estudiar.B
o
e.". You love dancing./You love to dance. Te encanta bailar.B
e.". (e needed to leave class early because he had an a11ointment. TenPa que salir de la clase pronto porque tenPa una cita.B o
e.". #he can't tolerate complaining. 4o puede tolerar que=as.B
o
e.". I tried learning )nglish./I tried to intentado aprender in"lRs.B o
learn )nglish. 7e
e.". "y mother could retire2 but she !ee1s working. !i madre podrPa =ubilarse+ pero si"ue traba=ando.B o
o
2.
Po*e!o uar el gerun*io o el in0niti+o co!o ob-eto/ u-eto o co!ple!ento *e una frae/ pero en "eneral+ es mucho mLs comSn usar el "erundio como su=eto. o
ObjetoB
o o
o
e.". I li!e cooking./I li!e to cook . !e "usta cocinar.B e.". #he continued working./#he continued to work . ContinuO traba=ando.B
o
#ujetoB
o o
e.". Swimming is good e*ercise. 4adar es un buen e=ercicio.B
o
e.". Drinking and driving is dangerous. Aeber y conducir es
peli"roso.B o
-om1lementoB
o
e.". The best thing to do when you are sic! is to drink a lot of water. 6o me=or que puedes hacer cuando estLs enfermo es beber mucha a"ua.B o
e.". "y favorite e*ercise is swimming. !i e=ercicio favorito es la
o
nataciOn.B o
.
Con alguno +erbo/ cuan*o ua!o el gerun*io o el in0niti+o/ el igni0ca*o ca!bia. o forget/ !ean/ re!e!ber/ top... CerundioB
o
e.". I forgot writing that email. !e olvidR escribiendo ese correo electrOnico.B o
InnitivoB
o
e.". I forgot to write that email. !e olvidR de escribir el correo electrOnico.B o
o
CerundioB e.". #to1 watching the television. Ne=ar de ver las noticias.B
o o
InnitivoB e.". #to1 to watch the news. >arar para ver las noticias.B
o o
o
$.
Se ua el in0niti+o *epuD *e a*-eti+o. o
o
*iappointe*/ gla*/ happy/ pleae*/ relie+e*/ a*/ urprie*...
e.". I'm glad to see you. !e ale"ro de verte.B
o
e.". #he was sur1rised to nd the door unloc!ed. )e sorprendiO al encontrar la puerta abierta.B o
o
'.
&epuD *e prepoicione olo po*e!o uar el gerun*io. o
o
about/ againt/ at/ after/ before/ by/ on/ "ithout...
e.". (e's good at listening. (scucha bien.B
o
e.". I always read before going to bed. )iempre leo antes de acostarme.B o
e.". You can't leave without saying goodbye. 4o puedes salir sin despedirte.B o
o
-.
Se ua el gerun*io *epuD *e uno no!bre. o
o
a*+antageA*ia*+antage of/ *anger of/ e,perience in/ interete* in/ opportunity of/ reaon for/ proble!/ ue...
e.". 0hat is the advantage of waiting4 ]CuLl es la venta=a de
o
esperar?B e.". I am interested in taking an )nglish class. (stoy interesado en tomar una clase de in"lRs.B o
e.". (is 1roblem nding a new job was his lac! of e*1erience. )u problema para encontrar un nuevo empleo era su falta de e5periencia.B o
/.
Se ua el gerun*io *epuD *e una e,preione o +erbo fraale. o
o
to look for"ar* to/ to be "orth/ can@t help/ *on@t !in*/ feel like...
e.". 0e're really loo!ing forward to seeing you. Tenemos muchas "anas de verte.B o
e.". That movie was not worth seeing. 4o vale la pena ver esa
o
pelPcula.B e.". I can't hel1 falling in love. 4o puedo evitar enamorarme.B
o
o
o
Co!plete the entence "ith an in0niti+e or a gerun*:
o
hope "oB to (n"land ne5t year.
o
They en=oy workB to"ether.
o
Navid quit smokeB a year a"o.
o
No you want studyB with me toni"ht?
o
e were nervous takeB the e5am.
o
7e always takes a nap after eatB a bi" meal.
o
have no e5perience in workB with children.
o
erese nt Conti nuou s >rese nt >erfe ct >rese nt >erfe ct Conti nuou s >ast )impl e >ast Conti nuou s )impl e future Uutur e Conti nuou s Uutur e
o
REPORTE& SPEECH
3N&3 RECT SPEE CH
o
&3RE CT SPEE CH
7ere
o
o
o
o
o
This
o
o
o
These
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
This pron ounB
That pron ounB 4ow
Gester day Tomo rrow
6ast
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
3N&3 RECT SPEE CH
>erfe ct Conti nuou s o
Ae "oin" to form
week
o
o
o
Can
o
o
o
!ay
o
o
o
!ust
o
o
4e5t week
#"o The day befor e ; after Toni" ht
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
$uetion 5Reporte* Speech) &.S.: Qerb F )ub=ect )ub=ect F Qerb
3.S.:
a) [uestions introduced by a question word like 7ow+ what+ when. the question word remains in reported speech. b) [uestions that are answered by Jyes;noK. e have to use U or 7(T7(H in the report question.
o
o
o
o
Co!!an* an* reuet 5Reporte* Speech)
)DAX(CT F Q(HA F @AX(CT F 4U4TQ( T7 T@ in reported commands+ warnin"+ requests and advice. Commands and requests use the imperative in .). and are introduced by T(66 and #)W respectively in reported speech.
o
o
Change the entence fro! *irect to reporte* peech:
o
am happy
o
am sleepin"
o
was happy
o
have been happy
o
have been sleepin"
o
will have been happy
o
Yam said
o
YGou must drive slowly here+Y the police ocer said
o
o
o
o
$UEST3ON T%=S
(n in"lRs es frecuente terminar las frases con otra frase corta+ de si"no contrario+ la cual tiene la intenciOn de pedir la opiniOn o buscar la aprobaciOn del interlocutor son las llamadas uetion tag 5pregunta coletilla) . (stas frases equivalen a ]verdad?+ ]no es verdad?+ ]no?+ ]no es asP? ]en serio?
o
o
e.". You eat meat2 don't you? Comes carne+ ]verdad?B
o
e.". #he doesn't li!e to dance2 does she? 4o le "usta bailar+
]no?B e.". Ale* and #ergio are friends2 aren't they? #le5 y )er"io son ami"os+ ]no?B o
o
o
o
o
=ra!!atical Rule 5Regla gra!aticale)
>ara formar esta pre"unta corta utili*aremos el au5iliar de la frase principal y su su=eto pero de si"no contrario. )i no tuviera au5iliar entonces utili*arPamos el au5iliar Y to *oY. )i la oraciOn es a%rmativa+ la pre"unta coletilla es ne"ativa y viceversa. Oraciones armativas
e.". Your brother is older than you2 isn't he? Tu hermano es mayor que tS+ ]no es asP?B o
o
e.". You can hel1 me2 can't you? >uedes ayudarme+ ]verdad?B
o
e.". John is getting married2 isn't he? Xohn se casarL+ ]verdad?B
o
e.". You wor!ed yesterday2 didn't you? Traba=aste ayer+ ]no?B
e.". #arah li!es ice cream2 doesn't she? # )arah le "usta el helado+ ]no?B o
o
Oraciones negativas
o
e.". You're not from here2 are you? 4o eres de aquP+ ]no?B
o
e.". 8ate's not American2 is she? Wate no es americana+
]verdad?B e.". Deter never li!ed #usan2 did he? # >eter nunca le "ustO )usan+ ]verdad?B o
e.". They didn't go to class yesterday2 did they? 4o fueron a la clase ayer+ ]verdad?B o
e.". You can't dance2 can you? 4o puedes bailar+ ]no?B
o
o
o
4@T# Cuidado con los verbos Y to ha+eY y Yto ha+e gotY
o
o
To have gotB
e.". They've got a dog2 haven't they? Tienen un perro+ ]no?B
o
o
o o
To haveB e.". They have a dog2 don't they? Tienen un perro+ ]no?B
o
o
E,cepcin: con el verbo Yto beY en la primera persona de oraciones a%rmativas+ se usa la tercera persona Y aren@tYB en la pre"unta coletilla.
o
e.". I am not wrong2 am I4
o
e.". I am wrong2 aren't I4 o
o
Co!plete the entence:
o
Navid plays tennis+ ?
o
)he has "ot 2 brothers+ ?
o
Gou canrices have increased because production costs have risen *ue toB
o
CON&3T3ON%2 SENTENCES
3# 5SENTE NCE) o
o
o
o
1. >resente
o
2. >asado
o
o
o
. >asado perfecto
o
o
4%3N 5SENTENCE)
>resente ; futuro; mperativo ; Qerbos modales Condicional simple su=eto F would;wouldn,t F verbo en in%nitivo )4 T@ F complementosB Condicional perfecto su=eto F would;wouldn,t F have F verbo en participio `V columna F complementosB
o
o
e.".1.
f
study+
willB
pass
the
e5am.
&#i
estudio2
a1ruebo/a1robarE el e*amenF. o
e.".2. f studied+ would pass the e5am. &#i estudiara2 a1robarGa el e*amenF.
o
e.".. f had studied+ would have past my e5am. &#i hubiera estudiado2 habrGa a1robado el e*amenF.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
)i lees mucho+ aprenderLs nuevas palabras )i leyeses mucho+ aprenderPas nuevas palabras )i hubieras lePdo mucho+ habrPas aprendido nuevas palabras )i estoy en 4ueva Gork+ hablo ; hablarR en in"lRs )i estuviera en 4ueva Gork+ hablarPa en in"lRs
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
)i hubiese estado en 4ueva Gork+ habrPa hablado en in"lRs )i estuviera de vacaciones+ irPa a la playa )i hubiera sabido la respuesta+ te la habrPa dicho )i me pidieran ayuda+ te ayudarPa )i fuRramos pL=aros+ podrPamos volar
o
o
Co!plete the Con*itional Sentence 5Type 3/ 33 or 333) by putting the +erb into the correct for!:
1. f they haveB
time at the weekend+ they will come to see us.
2. f we sneak out quietly+ nobody noticeB . f we knowB $. f beB '. e arriveB
.
about your problem+ we would have helped you. you+ would not buy that dress. earlier if we had not missed the bus.
-. f didn
View more...
Comments
