Theories of Personality PDF (1)

THEORIES OF PERSON ALITY PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES I.

Psy Psychoana oanallytic ytic Theo Theory ry – Sig Sigmn! mn! "re!

“Turn your eyes inward, look into your own depths, learn to first know yourself.”  Psychoanalysis   Attempt to explain personality, motivation and psychological disorders by  focusing focusing on the influence of early childhood childhood experience experiences, s, on unconscious unconscious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges "OC#S$ unconscious – people are not aware of the most important important determina determinants nts of of their behaviour/b behaviour/body ody language language;; and such such contains contains the unresolved issues of one’s self  *the dynamic unconscious has the motivations or energies that can influence behaviour and experience "re!: "re!: sychoanalysis emphasi!ed unconscious forces, biologically based drives of sex and aggression agg ression and unavoidable conflicts in early childhood "atisfaction of the libido #eredity $ environment % personality  unconscious consists of sexual and aggressive instincts that are unacceptable to the conscious personality  •

• • •

%e&els o' Personality (The ICE)ER*+ &' Conscios  (ncludes all the sensations and experiences of which we are aware at any given moment   A portion above the surface of of the water – tip of the iceberg "re! "re!$$ conscious is a limited aspect of personality because only a small portion of our thoughts, sensations and memories exists in conscious awareness at any time )' Preconscios  etween the conscious and the unconscious  +he storehouse of memories, perceptions and thoughts, of which we are not consciously consciously aware at the moment but that we can easily summon into consciousness J AD

06/2 06/2014 014

Page 1

' #nconscios  #ome of the instincts, those wishes and desires that direct di rect our behaviour  -ontains the driving power behind all behaviors and is the repository of forces f orces  we cannot see or or control

Instincts$ The Pro,elling "orces o' Personality  Instincts  +he motivating force that drives behaviour and determines its direction  (t aim to satisfy the need and thereby reduces tension  #omeostatic approach – people are motivated to restore and maintain a

condition of physiological e.uilibrium or balance, balance, to eep the body free of  tension Ty,es o' Instincts &' %i'e Instincts  0or survival of the individual and the species by seeing to satisfy the needs for food, water, air and sex %i-i!o  a form of psychic energy which is manifested by the life instincts, that drives a person toward pleasurable behaviors and thoughts

' #nconscios  #ome of the instincts, those wishes and desires that direct di rect our behaviour  -ontains the driving power behind all behaviors and is the repository of forces f orces  we cannot see or or control

Instincts$ The Pro,elling "orces o' Personality  Instincts  +he motivating force that drives behaviour and determines its direction  (t aim to satisfy the need and thereby reduces tension  #omeostatic approach – people are motivated to restore and maintain a

condition of physiological e.uilibrium or balance, balance, to eep the body free of  tension Ty,es o' Instincts &' %i'e Instincts  0or survival of the individual and the species by seeing to satisfy the needs for food, water, air and sex %i-i!o  a form of psychic energy which is manifested by the life instincts, that drives a person toward pleasurable behaviors and thoughts

Catheis  an investment of psychic energy in an ob1ect or person )' Death Instincts  +he unconscious drive toward decay, destruction and aggression – Tanathus  Aggressi&e Dri&e Dri&e  one of the components of death instincts that compels us to destroy, con.uer and ill Strctres o' Per Personal sonality  &' I!  2eservoir of the instincts and libido and vitally and directly related to the

satisfaction of bodily needs  3nly nows instant gratification – it drives us to what we want, when we  want it, without regard for anyone anyone else’s wants  4o awareness of the reality   3perates in accordance with the  Pleasure Principle – increase pleasure and avoid pain  +he ways that it can attempt to satisfy it needs are through reflex action and  wish5fulfilling hallucinations or fantasy experience labelled as Primary  Thoght Process )' Ego  re5conscious  2ational master of personality   urpose: to help the id obtain the tension reduction it craves  6oes not prevent the id but it i t postpone, delay or redirect the id in terms of the demands of reality   (t perceives and manipulates the environment in a practical and realistic manner so that it will operate in accordance with the Reality the Reality Principle Principle  6etermines the appropriate and socially acceptable times, places and ob1ects that will satisfy the id impulses i mpulses which involves the Secon!ary Thoght Process ' S,erego  (nternal morality of conscience   A powerful and largely unconscious set of beliefs – we ac.uire through our experience, childhood, rules and regulations, do’s and don’ts do n’ts  urpose: to inhibit the id and the ego completely, particularly to those demands concerning concerning sex and aggression

Parts$ Parts$ a' Conscien Conscience ce  contains the behaviors for which a child has been punished  where guilt comes comes from  b' Ego/i! go/i!eal eal  consists of the good or correct behaviors for which children have  been punished "re!$ +he three parts of the psychic structure are in a  perpetual conflict – the continuing conflict between the id, ego and superego +he dynamics of personality involve a continuous interaction and clash between id impulses which sees to be released and the inhibitions or restraining forces against such impulses – these urges or impulses and counter5forces motivate personality  •

•

+he inevitable result of the friction between the id, ego and superego, and the ego is severely strained, is the development of aniety ' "re!$  Anxiety is the fundamental fundamental development of neurotic and psychotic psychotic behaviour +he prototype of all anxiety is the -irth the -irth trama • •

Three Ty,es o' Aniety  &' Reality or O-0ecti&e Aniety   (nvolves a fear of tangible dangers in the real world )' Nerotic Aniety   +he unconscio unconscious us fear fear of being being punished punished for impulsivel impulsively y displa displaying ying id5 dominated behaviour  6oing without thining ' Moral Aniety   +he fear of one’s conscience *oals o' Psychoanalysis  +o maintain and regain an acceptable level of dynamic e.uilibrium that maximi!es pleasure and minimi!ing tension Role o' Psychoanalysis  "trengthen the ego; to mae it independent of the overly strict concerns of the superego, and to increase its capacity to deal with formerly repressed  behaviour hidden in the id

De'ense Mechanism Against A n.iety  &' Re,ression  +he unconscious denial of the existence of something that causes anxiety  )' Denial  2efusal to admit the existence of an existence of an external threat or traumatic event '  Asceticism  +he renunciation of needs   A person renounces his interest in what other people en1oy  7' Isolation 1 Intellectali2ation  "tripping the emotion from a difficult memory or threatening impulse  "omething that is to be treated as a big deal is treated as if it was not – deadma 8' Reaction "ormation  9xpressing an id impulse that is the opposite of the one that is truly driving the person ' #n!oing  agical gestures or rituals that are meant to cancel out unpleasant thoughts or feelings after they have already occurred  ' I!enti'ication 3ith the Aggressor  0ocuses on the adoption of negative or feared traits   A person can partially overcome the fear of another by becoming more lie them ?' Pro0ection  +he attributing a disturbing impulse to someone else &@' Altristic Srren!er   A form of pro1ection; when a person attempts to fulfil his own needs  vicariously, through other people &&' Regression  2etreating to an earlier, less frustrating period of life and displaying the usually childish behaviors characteristic of that more secure time

&)' Rationali2ation  2einterpreting our behaviour to mae it more acceptable and less threatening to us &' Dis,lacement  "hifting id impulses from a threatening ob1ect or from one that is unavailable to an ob1ect that is available &7' Trning against the Sel'    A form of displacement wherein the person becomes his own substitute target, i'e' suicide &8' S-limation   Altering and displacing id impulses by diverting instinctual energy into socially acceptable behaviors Ho3 to ta, the nconscios$  0ree Association – spea freely about anything  6ream Analysis – manifest and latent contents of dream/s  9veryday life – little mistaes, slips of the tongue, body language, lapses in

memory   #umor – what has already been repressed thoughts in a society at approved manner; what a person finds humorous Psychoseal Stages o' Personality De&elo,ment "re!$   A person’s uni.ue character develops in childhood largely from parent5child relationship  6evelopment consists of several stages and each psychological stage is defined by  an erogenous !one of the body  Erogenos 2ones   Areas of the body that are sensitive to pleasant and sensual feelings, hence giving rise to sexual feeling when simulated *the conflict that exists in each developmental stage must be resolved before the infant/child can progress to the next stage *if the conflict has not been resolved or when the needs have been supremely  satisfied by the parent, the individual is said to be fixated at his stag e of  development "iation   A portion of the libido or psychic energy remains invested in a that

developmental stage, leaving less energy for the following stage

 A'

Oral Stage  @5&> months  9rogenous !one: outh   Activity: sucing, biting and swallowing  rimary 3b1ect of ibido: mother or caregiver  -onclusion/6evelopmental ilestone: time of weaning  0ixations: a' Oral Passi&e Personality – oral incorporative behaviour Btaing inC  b' Oral Aggressi&e )eha&ior – oral aggressive or sadistic behaviour Bbiting or spitting outC

'

 Anal Stage  )5 years old  9rogenous !one: anus   Activities: retention of feces and wilful defecation  6evelopmental ilestone: Toilet Training – gratification of an instinctual impulse is interfered with as parents attempt to regulate the time and place of  defecation  0ixations: a'  Anal E,lsi&e1Aggressi&e Personality – defying attempts at regulation, anal expulsion  over generous  b'  Anal Retenti&e Personality – holding the feces in  problem with discipline, perfectionist, orderly, stingy 

-'

Phallic Stage  )5 years old  9rogenous !one: genitals   Activities: exploring and manipulating the genitals, i'e' masturbation  Oe!i,s Com,le – the unconscious desire of a boy for his mother accompanied by a desire to replace or destroy his father; he interprets his fear to his father as becoming fearful that his father will cut off the offending organ BpenisC  castration anxiety  Electra Com,le – the unconscious desire of a girl for her father accompanied by a desire to replace or destroy her mother; she comes to envy  her father and transfers her love to him because he possesses the highly   valued sex organ  penis envy   Phallic Personality – strong narcissism, difficulty in establishing mature heterosexual relationships,  Se,aration In!i&i!ation – separation of the child to the mother, with the help of the father; establishing own identity which may results to promiscuity  seductivity or masculinity 

6'

%atency Stage   years old – puberty   "ex instinct is dormant, sublimated in school activities, sports and hobbies, and in developing friendships with members of the same sex  -onflict: social interaction with others

9'

*enital Stage  &) years old – adulthood  9rogenous !one: genital area  Genital Personality – person en1oys a satisfying adult sexuality  full development; reciprocity   being capable of genuine love, the narcissism on the pregenital stages is overcome and the individual begins to love others for altruistic behaviour  0ixation: exhibitionist behaviour/sexual deviant behaviour

(('

I n!i&i!a l Psy ch olog y – Al're! A!ler “The goal of the human soul is conuest, perfection, security, superiority. !very child is faced with so many o"stacles in life that no child ever grows up without  striving for some form of significance.# 

*Adler’s theory focused on the ni4eness of each person, and not by the  biological motives and goals as ascribed by 0reud  A!ler$  9ach individual is primarily a social being  ersonality is shaped by people’s uni.ue social environments and interactions  +he conscios is the core of personality  people are actively involved in creating themselves and directing their future The Sorce o' Hman Stri&ing &' In'eriority "eelings  otivating forces in behaviour  D+o be human being means to feel oneself inferior )' Com,ensation  (ndividual growth results from people’s attempt to overcome real and imagined inferiorities ' In'eriority Com,le  oor opinion of one’s self and feels helpless and unable to cope with the demands of life Three Sorces$ i'

Organ In' eriority   defective parts or organs of the body through person’s efforts to compensate for the defect or weaness

ii'

S,oiling or Pam,ering  this child naturally develops the idea that he is the most important person in any situation and that other people should always defer to him  when confronted with obstacles to gratification, a spoiled child comes to  believe that he has some personal deficiency that is thwarting him  delayed gratification, tolerance and no sense of autonomy 

iii'

Neglect an! Re0ection  lac of love and security   this child develops the feelings of worthlessness, or even anger, and  view others with distrust, i'e' street children

7' Mascline Protest  (nferiority was ain to femininity, however, Adler widened and strengthened it to include the generali!ed idea that all manind is inferior at birth and that inferiority has nothing to do with femininity, but it is the result of hereditary condition, followed after "irth "y a feeling of "eing incomplete 8' S,eriority Com,le   A person may tend to overcompensate; the exaggeration of opinions of one’s capa bility   oasting, vanity, self5confidence and a tendency to denigrate others Stri&ing 'or S,eriority or Per'ection S,eriority   +he ultimate goal towards which a person strives   An effort to perfect one’s self and to mae his self complete or whole  A'

"ictional "inalism  eople have an ultimate goal, a final state of being and a need to move towards it according to their cognitive constructs  DAEAAF – own understanding

'

Teleology   otivation is a matter of moving towards the future  eople are drawn towards their goals, purposes and ideals

-'

Style o' %i'e  +hrough many different behaviour patterns  eople develop a uni.ue pattern of characteristics, behaviours and habits i'

The Creati&e Po3er o' the Sel'   choose personality and character  the person creates the style of life – creates himself, his personality and his character

 the way a person interprets his heredity and environment form the

 basis of the creative construction of his attitude towards life ii'

Mista5en Styles o' %i' e  people develop strategies for improving their situations that are mala!a,ti&e a' Rling Ty,e  see to dominate others, may actively confront life’s problems in a selfish way    becoming delin.uents, tyrants, sadists  !e,recation com,le – people express their sense of superiority over others by belittling them  b' *etting Ty ,e  leaning on others; dependent  adopt a passive attitude towards life  becoming user5friendly  c'  A&oi!ing Ty,e  try not to deal with problems, thereby, avoiding the possibility of  defeat  tends to be isolated and nay strie others as cold  avoids commitments

iii'

The Healthy Style o' %i'e  the lifestyle is adaptive therefore, the person is said to be the socially  useful type  the person must act in ways beneficial to others – those persons who taught us how to see, how to thin and how to feel  such persons have a well5developed sense of social interest

Social Interest 