The Wonder Book of Engineering Wonders
Short Description
Descripción: Libro sobre la construcción de diez impresionantes obras de de ingeniería del hombre. Con ilustraciones....
Description
THE
WONDER
BOOK
OF
WONDERS "Man
is
a
animal." tool-making DR.
AND
EDITED
WARD,
COLOUR
TWELVE
WITH
300
BY
PLATES
ILLUSTRATIONS
GOLDING
HARRY
"
LOCK LONDON
JOHNSON.
AND
CO., MELBOURNE
LIMITED
OTHER
WONDER UNIFORM
EACH
WITH
BOOKS THIS
WITH
PLATES 12 COLOUR ILLUSTRATIONS.
Book
VOLUME OF
HUNDREDS
AND
of Aircraft.
WONDER
all the The and describing the market illustrating only volume on hundreds of wonderful developmentsin aviation since the War. With uniquedrawingsand photographs.
of Motors.
Book WONDER
Tells of the open Aptly described as "the Rolls Royce of giftbooks." road and the countryside, of every well and about motor-cycles as cars as
description. THE
WONDER
BOOK
q-1 X I1C11
OF
:
N
" OC
-^OW.
:
Young and old are alike fascinated by this unique and handsome the "good old days and now. contrasting
volume
"
of the
Book
WONDER
Wild.
The Romance of Exploration and Big Game Stalking. Articlesby the famous living of wild life. and wonderful pictures explorers
most
Book
of Nature.
WONDER
Every child is at heart a lover of Nature and the of allages will be delighted with this volume. girls THE
WONDER
BOOK
W1 VV
OF
:
:
LiJ
of
all sorts
with hundreds of subjects,
Wonders.
WONDER All the most marvellous illustrated
Boys and
" (X
Answers to children'squestionson of wonderful pictures.
Book
air.
open
described things in the world fascinatingly
and
Book
of
WONDER
Crowded and the
Ships.
that make with pictures
an
instant appealto all who
love ships
sea.
WONDER Book
of Children.
Gives glimpsesof children in allparts of the world and they dwell.
of ths people
with whom
Book
of
WONDER
Empire.
wonderful than the "Arabian A story more Nights beautiful book is a mine of information and interest.
of
Book WONDER
Has
" "
and
true
!
This
Railways.
of interesting articles about railwaysand locomotives in all
scores
parts of the world.
Book
of
Animals.
WONDER
A
Zoo
in every
WINDER
home.
of Pictures
Book FOR
All young
AND
Stories
GIRLS.
people agree that there 13 no present for Christmas or the volume is equal the Wonder Book, of which an entirely new
Birthday to publishedevery
Printed
BOYS
and
autumn.
in Great
Britain
by Butler
" Tanner
Ltd.. Frome
and
London
[By courtesy of A
HAMMER-HEAD
200-TON
IN
CRANE
COLOUR A
Forging The
of Skyscrapers.
Crossing the Niagara
Building
a
Erecting
the
A
Girders R.
Cracker
of
Engineers Tapping The The
at
By
a
Young
Steel
on
Endpapers
H.
(not
Wm.
Beardmore
a
Frank
H.
.
R.
Mason
.
Shuffrey
to
H.
Mason .
Davis
Mountain
By be
Woollev
.......
Frank
.
Frank
Francis taken
By Francis
Ropeway. H. E. too
Mason
Hiley
5
E.
Hiley
....
.
seriously)by
Thomas
Frontispiece Faces
.
Allen
By Harry
Store.
new
Cover
.
.
By
"S- io", Lttt.
Front
--~
Mason
.
Furnace.
Engineer.
H.
Shuffrey
By G.
Work
'.
By
By
Car.
Frank
huge
a
Allen
Ball.
by Cable
By
Shipping Locomotives. A
large Liner.
a
Sir
SHIPYARD.
Luker, Junr.
Lighthouse.
By
Tank.
Mason
By Harry Woolley
Falls
By W.
Steam.
H.
for
NAVAL
PLATES .
Propeller Shaft
a
King
King
Frank
By
Floating Crane.
A
Maybank
p.
16
48
[E.N.A.
A
TRANSPORTER
BRIDGE
AT
ROUEN.
TWO
OF
A
PRINCIPAL
[Sport" General.
TRADE.
CONTENTS PAGE
The
of the
Work
Engineer Bridges Biggest Locomotives
9
......
Some
Famous
.
The
World's
The
Eiffel Tower
.
.
*7
.
53
.....
70
.......
Elements of Engineering Building the Big Dams The Lighthouse Builders The Engineer as Builder Wonderful Waterways
The
73 81
.....
......
95
......
.
.
.
.
106
.
H5
.......
Some
Wonderful for
Locomotives Are
You
Sure
Railway The How
in
Great
The
Steel of
.
Can
The
Electric
"
Raw
Power
A
Railway Tunnels Giant Planing Machine Sun-Power
Visit to
an
Launching a Making Water A
Four-Hours'
.
.
.
193
.......
:
be
Material
"
of Engineering
205 212
......
2I7 223
......
.'
.
.
Engineering Works
.
.
225 232
238
Liner Work
.
......
?
Used
151
163 169 178
....
Levers
Engineers'
Wonders
146 158
Air
the
Long A
....
....
.
and
Wonders
144
.
of Engineering Fallacies Cities
of the
in
:
Wireless
.
.
Instances
Lifting Magnet Engineer Helps the Miner
the
Cranes
Some
Engineering
129
......
Overseas
?
Romance
Ropeways
Iron
Docks
245
.......
Toilet for Giant
Locomotives 7
254
[Sport
FLOOD
WATERS
RUSHING
BURRINJUCK
DOWN
ONE
DAM,
OF NEW
THE SOUTH
SPILLWAYS WALES.
AT
THE
"
General.
GREAT
BUILDING In was
order
removed
beneath
to at
them
!
of the
THE
workmen
ZAMBESI
RAILWAY
BRIDGE.
who
might fall a large net the request of the men themselves, who complained The bridge is 420 feet high.
save
any
THE
WORK
placed
was
that
it made
OF
across
them
the gorge. nervous
Later, this to
the
see
net
THE
ENGINEER
IF of of
take
the
word
"
"
engineering in the broad sense, we shall find that the engineer is to-day at the back of almost form every human in writing is the product the pencil we use activity. Even and assure an delicatelyadjusted engines which shape the wood
even are
turns
we
thickness of
products
the
out
of the a raw
score
lead ; the of
The
or
a
steel to
the
spade for the
first tools in the
and
forks
engineeringmarvels,
nearly finished product. So, in of human back activity,whether scientist
knives
from
furnace
the
we
eat
which
that
polishesthe direction, the engineer is at the every in constructinga microscope for the wonderful
machine
which
with
navvy.
history of
the
human
race,
probably, were
THE
a
off
cudgelbroken or
to
which
to
scratch the Then
of
tough cudgel,a
came
much
that evolved
THE
better
the stone
ENGINEER
the hunter, who
by
tree
enemies, and
from
discovered
and
creeper,
a
used
it to attack
pointed stick
the tillerof the soil wanted
ground when a geniuswho
stout
or
grass
dead
a
himself
defend
game
his seed.
OF
WORK
tying a
that
with
to
sow
by takinga length
stone
the
to
available for
end
of the
hunting and out of which was primitiveman's chief arm fighting.A long while after someone
was
weapon
hatchet
either
"
hunting or turn of mind with an engineering thought out the firstbow and arrows, indeed and he was a a mighty weapon great genius,for the bow was until gunpowder arrived to render it obsolete. And some thoughtfulsoul, in those dark days before history began, found that if he flattened the end of his stick a bit he could soil : out of that discoverywas evolved the spade, turn more over he went
when
which
great tool, since
is still a
it enables
a
to
man
do
about
ten
accomplishwith a mere pointedstick, and do it better. The plough came long after, when certain races horse train either bullock in their work ; to help them had learned to or learned to train animals at all,but merely most primitiveraces never regarded them as possiblefood to be hunted except that nearly aid in hunting. took in and trained the dog as an race every plified The world kept growing wiser, and engineerafter engineersimhuman labour, and every device which could replaceman's of the lever, the strengthby machinery was based on the principles discoveryof compressing pulley,and the screw, until the tremendous it replacemuscular to make steam effort was more made, not many than hundred a And, with that discovery,the engineer years ago. into his own, reallycame occupying the positionthat is his to-day. of electricity The followed that of steam, and, last of all use to arrive as a engine was prime mover," the internal combustion the engineer,working in a perfected. Within century, practically, times
much
as
work
as
he could
"
"
various
directions,has contrived
it is estimated the to
help
of
depend The
to-day that machinery do
one
one.
In
some
form
or
that
each
man,
nearly every
many
that
taking
would
this estimate
industry the one
that
industry,can requireforty had
with
is
simple
any
they
strength.
which
other, and when
muscle
aids to human
in almost
man,
work
their unaided
on
calculation upon
so
worker
all industries
with
are
is based
very
"
horse-power in averaged,it is reckoned
uses
another, directs and 10
a
"
controls
four
A
Descending
a
mountain
SWING
INTO
SPACE.
railway 9,600 feet
11
up
in
the
Bavarian
Alps.
THE "
WORK
get tired, and
horses
ENGINEER
horse-power (a rather misleadingterm, since enginesdo not unless they are badly handled)
One
horse-power."
THE
OF
of ten that in conso trolling strong men, equal to the power is putting forth the energy of forty four horse-powera man is doing work and a factoryemploying, say, a thousand men, would have required40,000 men a couple of centuries ago. Not that four horse-powerrepresents the work done by each man,
is about
men,
that
for
use
some
Two
less.
some
more,
driver
a
men,
and
[By courtesyof OF
MEETING
THE
TWO
BORING
PARTIES
AT
THE
IN
control
PIERCING
FINAL
OF
fireman,
a
the Swiss
Federal
an
control
who
lift and
swing
concrete
which
same
rate or
as
the
if it
a
into
great
place great
would were
the navvy
while
crane
need
not
with
or engine-drivers It apiece. averages
steel
hundreds
for the
his
crane.
out
12
three
buildingis being constructed girdersand loads of brick and of
to
men
On
the
crane-handlers, at four
sible responor
a
them
move
other hand
spade, though they
the
TUNNEL
1911.
them they are express locomotive, so that between for the direction of hundreds of horse-power. The two
men
Railways.
LftTCHBERG
THE
do
are
justas
not
horse-power per
use man
at
the
the bricklayer, necessary power horseone all round.
[G. P. A.
CRANE
MEN
AT
WORK
ON
A
13
NEW
YORK
SKYSCRAPER.
THE
WORK
OF
THE
ENGINEER
directions that Engineering activityhas developed in so many for the specialist. A hundred to-day it is a matter years ago, it was to comprehend all the various principles at the possiblefor one man back of engineeringprocesses, but that is so no longer. The man who can tell you all about the scientific production of iron and steel, who knows of furnace construction, forced draught,and the principles the compositionof steel alloys, would be hopelesslyat sea, probably, if he were asked to explain the principles governing the design of a modern locomotive. The locomotive designerwould be equallypuzzled if he had to design a blast furnace, and neither of them could lay "
[Fleet. LOG-SAWING
out to
"
on
make
the
paper a
hobby
designof
MOTOR
BY
a
of wireless.
thermionic Yet
POWER.
valve
all three
"
are
unless
he
happened to
necessary
each
equallyimportant factor in engineering. for The bridge-builder, calculatingstresses, making allowance and choosinghis materials with regard to atmospheric wind-pressure, conditions and the possibility of corrosion,is justas much an engineer who modern the man as a designs railway engine. Similarly,the
other, and each
brains behind
water-power
simply a
of them
is
an
the construction are
matter
great dams
for the
for building a engineers, wall : it means a putting down
those of of
of
conservation
modern
dam
of
is not
putting in great
THE
WORK
OF
THE
ENGINEER
sluices controlled
by machinery,estimatingthe pressure of thousands of tons of water the length of the main on wall, and allowingfor variations in seasonal accordingto rainfall, pressure always with the of that an margin safety engineerallows in every design. Modern is not building merely a bricklayingjob. The designer of first for the buildings must that line the streets all,an engineer, be, of our cities to-day owe their strengthto massive girdersand pillars of steel, concrete-embedded to strengthenand them, and preserve before the big steam shovels begin to dig for the foundations great foundries are the steel framework that when so busy forging truly "
"
A
"TOOL"
IS CAPABLE
WHICH
OF
DOING
THE
WORK
OF
OVER
FIVE
MILLION
MEN.
it is calculated has in twenty-fourhours Illinois power station which an output of energy comparable with the work periodby the entire slave populationof performed in the same the United States at the time of the Civil War. A
it
monster
generator
to be fitted
comes
every
steam
be
piece must It is
an
old
in
an
togetherevery rivet-hole of exact
sayingthat
"
must
accurately, register
dimensions. the farmer
feedeth all,"but the modern
implements and machines, would be nowhere without the engineer; similarly, navigationis dependent on of shipsand the instruments not only in the construction engineering, for their guidance,but in the buildingof the lighthouses by which they find their way from port to port. On earth and sea, and in the mines under the earth, as well as in the air above it, the engineer farmer, with
has
both
his
multitude
the first word
and
of
the
last. 15
of
[By permission
A One
NEEDLE
loftiest church evening and is visible for miles the on spire itself. of
the
OF
LIGHT,
spires in
the
around.
124
565
world,
at
FEET
10
Curtis Lighting Co.
HIGH.
Chicago, is
projectors are
the
mounted
with
flooded on
the
tower
light each and
72
"
"f
v
-"
"'""
11
-j
KING
THE The
projectedLarkin
Tower, New t
1,,.1.,,,
York. TV,o
"""
It will
K,,;iri;^rr
soar
,,r;i)
SKYSCRAPERS.
OF to V^",,a
a
height of -,
rv^
^^^"=
1, 208 ^
feet,and rr^r.
contain
u/inH^uru
onrl
108 firt
stories above lifts
the
street
and
[By courtesyof the DESIGN
OF
THE
WONDERFUL
BRIDGE
IN
SHORE
The
bridge
will
have
single
a
for
arch
achievements
asked
Channel
have
never
to
undertake
the
river
of
the
famous
traffic to will
be
above down
be
carried
the
water
be
both W.B.E.
level to
the
3,770 feet. 450 feet.
The
way head-
offered
to
of
wonderful
difficulties, bridge have
they
structure
any
distance
a
bridge the English 20
over
the cantilever
Firth
the
height shipping. At
banks
a
on
of
the
above
the
the
have
level
impracticable and
to
miles !
unobstructed
of the
17
to
In
such
case
the
bridge river
to
must
be
of
ships up exceedingly costly.
bring
bridge, and
uneconomical.
bridge
passage
prove
the the
when the
in the
enables
river that
when
be made
as
which
times,
other
high-levelbridge would would
type,
Forth,
side, and
either
allow
to
the river, a
ground
be
NORTH
sion being employed as occagenerally being local conditions. be bridged, a high-levelbridge is
bridge of
a
such
at
Very long approaches the
even
is to
across
with
low
will
Government.
THE
the most
among
build
have
factor
tall banks
bridge
has
arch
Wales
types of bridges,each
may
interfere
not
crossed
well and
be
approaches
Whatever
to
Calais,
deciding
with
This
necessary.
and
the
top of the
being
as
failed
they
"
several
are
a
with
South
OVER
BRIDGES
engineer.
yet
Dover
demands, When
of 1,600 feet and measure span under will be 170 feet,to the
of the
between
There
SYDNEY
rightly regarded
are
been
CONSTRUCTION HARBOUR.
FAMOUS
BRIDGES
Neu'
OF
passing
vessels
SOME
engineers
OF
COURSE
the
traffic from
generally this cases
would
it is better
to
FAMOUS
SOME
use
a
up
or
movable
that it will open when shipsrequireto pass in the case of the Tower Bridge at London.
bridge,so the river,as
down
BRIDGES
the case, the river to be crossed is too wide occasionally a to make an transporter bridge is used opening bridge practicable, Rouen. Thus we see the difficulty, to overcome as at Middlesbroughand that the type of bridge chosen to span any river is governed largely requirementsand local conditions. by particular The English word bridge is derived from the Scandinavian
When,
is
as
"
"
[Short 6THE
A
good example of
a
double
weigh "
BRYGG,"
suggests
that
name
were
bridge.
tons.
The
two
great leaves
as
the used
bear
in its wider
they
use.
In this connection
it would
for their 18
is
river traffic
to pass
under
rarelyused.
in the
Viking ships,the
board
ship.
The
before stone
seem
to allow
used
and
such
the
wooden
structures
had that
ancient
shows
Before
to-day.
sense
and
to-day,bridgesof
wood exclusively
open
of wood
earlybridgeswere
constructed, however,
which
but bridgeis for pedestrians,
name
narrte
used
The
upper
General.
LONDON.
BRIDGE,
for the gangway being stillin use to-day on
word
same
the
the
bascule
1,200
TOWER
word
originof bridges
received
probably long been the Celts and
and bridges,
the Latin
the in
vians Scandinaraces
stone.
SOME The a
river.
simply of
Later, bridges of this type, known timber
is the famous
and
stone.
RIVER
DELAWARE
THE
on
BRIDGES
first bridgesprobably consisted
of both
ence
FAMOUS
"
"
One
"
as
tree
thrown
lintel,"were
of the oldest
SUSPENSION
clapper bridgeacross
a
across structed con-
bridgesin exist-
BRIDGE.
the River
Dart
at
Postbridge
Dartmoor. In
in stone
later and
used, and bridgesthe arch was metal, is perhaps the commonest
the arched form
of
bridge,both bridge to-day.
FAMOUS
SOME The
Romans
one
of the
width
and
example at
in bridge-building, principle earliest examples being the bridge built by the Emperor It was the Danube. 4,500 feet in lengthand 60 feet in
the first to
were
Trajan across
stone
a
Chester, which
span
John
the arch
use
had twenty arches,each of
has
Bridge at
a
having a
span
bridgein England
arched
in the
of its kind Creek
BRIDGES
of
span
200
of 170 feet. The finest is the Grosvenor Bridge
This
feet.
is the second
largest
world, the largestbeing the arch of the Cabin Washington, in the United States, which is 20
[E.N.A. THE
One
feet
longer.
British
The
Other
Isles and
of the most
stone
many
VECCHIO,
PONTE
picturesquebridgesin Europe.
arched
bridgesare
of them
largestbridges in
the
FLORENCE.
are
world
of are
in which "cantilever,"or bracket, principle,
to
be found
all
over
the
great historic interest. built the
on
what
weightof
is called the one
side of the
bridgeis so arranged that it balances the weight of the other,the whole of the .weightof the bridge and of any traffic upon it being carried by massive supports. A cantilever bridge is reallya succession of brackets, each
arm
of which
is
composed of
a
half -span.
In
the
case
such two Quebec Bridge,with which we shall deal presently, joinedby a central span, while in the Forth Bridge there spans are three cantilever spans joined by two central spans. are
of the
20
SOME
THE
FORTH
FAMOUS
BRIDGE
IN
BRIDGES
COURSE
OF
CONSTRUCTION.
Building the great cantilevers.
Cantilever in which
which built up of girders, bridge-building.Girders are of several spans
depends upon
are
the
size of the
bridgeand
are
of great importance
types, the
use
of
the
particular ments requirethat it is to fulfil. For spans of 125 feet or less a solid,built-up plate girderis used, as in short railwayand road bridges. For larger an open-work girderor built-uptruss is employed, for in this spans form greater strength is obtained for the weight of the material used. A truss depends for its strength on the fact that the metal in it is
[Valentine" Sons, Ltd.,Dundee. THE
BRIDGE.
FORTH 21
SOME
FAMOUS
BRIDGES in the form
constructed
of
triangle. This gives the great rigidity, for triangleis the only geometrical a
figurethat be
cannot
distorted without the
form
length or
its sides.
ing alter-
In other
of
words,
the
closed enshape of the area by the sides can only be changed by actually breaking or separatingthe members. The triangleis
known
as
figure and rigidityto [By courtesyof the
generally used of
to
truss."
inverted known
the
There
is the
in
is the the
In "
ren War-
the
Two
ren War-
combined
form
ties.
or
lattice girder," which
the
INDIA.
bracing is angles, triinto equilateral the sides acting as
trusses
a
as
"
truss
much
Co.,Ltd.
houses.
and
barns
bridge construction
a
IN
support
type often used
Another
struts
structure
HAMMERS
it is this type that
truss," and
divided
any
"
is known
truss
gives great
simplest form of truss the as triangular king
The
"
Tool
it
it is introduced.
into which
roofs
Pneumatic
RIVETING
CONSTRUCTION
BRIDGE
FOR
Consolidated
LONG-STROKE
USING
NATIVES
"stable
a
"
is
stiffer girderthan
simple are
Warren
truss.
many
other
[By courtesyof the A
RIVETING
HAMMER SYDNEY
22
IN
Consolidated
Pneumatic
OPERATION
HARBOUR
BRIDGE.
ON
Tool
Co., Ltd.
THE
NEW
SOME
FAMOUS
BRIDGES varieties and
combinations
of trusses, but there is not
deal
to
space *
with
them
the
most
here. Two
of
famous
bridges cross
Menai
Strait and
the of
are
particularinterest.
In the
first
has
a
story attached
to
place, each
romantic
it, and
in
the
place, although has
been
century
second the
erected
and
the
one
for
other
a
for
nearly three-quartersof that period, they are both in use to-day,and to all intents
and
purposes
re-
[SpecialPress. LOOKING
A
UP
ARM
CANTILEVER
OF
THE
FORTH
BRIDGE.
main
good
as
they
first built.
were
Before
from was
London
bridges journey Ireland
to
The
roads
and
Wales
bad
very
state
taking. under-
through were
and
"
sail from
than lers travel-
many
to Ireland
in
indeed,
"
little more
they were tracks
a
considerable
a
England a
these
constructed
were
when
as
preferredto
Bristol
or
pool Liver-
instead of from
head, port is to
Holyalthough the last nearer considerably
Ireland
than
either of
[SpecialPress. UNUSUAL
ANOTHER
VIEW
OF
BRIDGE. 23
PART
OF
THE
FORTH
SOME the former.
In 1810
make
a
road
work
so
new
a
FAMOUS
BRIDGES
Thomas great engineer,
well that what
Telford,was
Shrewsbury and Holyhead, been a rough track became
between
had
engaged
and an
to
he did his
excellent
to-day is one of the best in the country. for some improvement of the highway led to a demand of crossing other than a primitive the Menai Strait. ferry-boat, means, the Strait,and his plans to build a bridgeacross Telford determined for a suspensionbridgewere accepted. The bridgewas to be at least road, which
even
This
THE The
loo
feet above
the water, and
Strait is 800 After we
has
can a
see
suspended
Telford's time. shore.
across
the
was
BRIDGE, built
to be built at
BENGAL
AND
NORTH
wells,26 \ feet in diameter,sunk
a
point where
the
Telford built his bridge,and difficulties, left it.
A
wonderful
sightit is,too.
It
of 550 feet, the largestever span attempted before Two main piers, each 153 feet in height,stand one on
Over
them
waterway
in
are a
carried
gracefulcurve "21
massive and
chains, which rest
WESTERN
on
feet in width.
overcoming many it to-day as he
each
it
IZAT
piersare
on
four
hang
saddles
of
90 feet 1
SOME cast-iron
FAMOUS
BRIDGES
the top of the piers. In all there are sixteen of these suson pended of iron chains, containingover and 33,000 pieces weighing From
anchorage to another they measure 1,710 feet, The is a bridge,which nearlya 30 feet in width, was the and of peopleassemcrowd on 1826, a 3oth January, opened bled huge the first crossing. to see a stage-coach make after the Menai Soon Suspension Bridge was completed, there for another the Strait to carry the raila demand came bridgeacross 2,187 tons.
third of
one
mile.
[By courtesyof Me CROSSING
THE
f the river.
There
RIVER are
GANGES
fortyspans,
AT each
ALLAHABAD. 150 feet in length.
constructed who Stephenson,the son of the man in and built what and called the Stockton DarlingtonRailway, was the the Britannia Tubular is known as Bridge. This bridge crosses of the SuspensionBridge,at a pointwhere Strait about a mile south it is 900 feet in width. Fortunately,in mid-stream, there is a way
line.
solid
rock, called the Britannia
for the
Robert
Rock, which
gives an
excellent support
central
pier. Stephenson conceived
the
brilliant idea 25
that
iron
tubes
might
SOME
FAMOUS
BRIDGES
Hauks. [Ellison THE
MENAI
STRAIT
SUSPENSION
Built by Telford and
BRIDGE.
opened in 1826.
sufficiently rigidto support themselves and to allow trains to be run experimentshe decided to through them, and after many In all there are six tubes, two of which build his bridgein this way. stood on end in St. are 460 feet in length that is to say, if they were Paul's Churchyard they would each feet above tower the great 100 be made
"
cross
230
on
the
feet in
top of the dome.
length,for
the
There two
are
land
also four
shorter tubes, each
All the
spans.
tubes
are
con-
[Valentine" Sons, Ltd. THE Built by Robert
Stephenson
and
BRITANNIA
opened in 1850.
TUBULAR It carries
Holyhead. 26
BRIDGE. the
main
London
Midland
and
Scottish line
to
SOME
FAMOUS
BRIDGES
[GreatWestern CLIFTON
THE Brunei
Designed by The
chains
came
and
opened in 1864. from
the
old
Has
SUSPENSION a
span
of 702
Hungerford Bridge which
feet at used
a
height of 275 feet above low water level. at Charing Cross. the Thames
to cross
of boiler
structed
strengthened at Over
1,500
rivets plates,riveted together by 2,000,000 the corners by angle girders. workmen were employed in the construction of
[Great Western THE
Designed by
Railway.
BRIDGE.
Brunei
and
ROYAL
BRIDGE,
ALBERT
opened in 1859.
Each 27
of the
SALTASH. two
main
spans
is 445 feet long.
and
the
Railway.
SOME
FAMOUS
BRIDGES
(CentralPress. TESTING While
a
heavy locomotive
bridge and
A
RAILWAY
ERIDGE
OVER
THE
TYNE.
the bridge,the experts, perched on the temporary platform on recordingthe stress with delicate instruments.
crosses
the
can
imagine "
to
of
left,are
activity.The tubes, which were assembled shore near where the bridgewas to be, were on into floated as positionon rafts,or pontoons they are called,and raised to the top of the towers were by hydraulicjacks. On the 5th March, 1850, the bridgewas completed,and was subjectedto a severe and test by sending over it three coupled locomotives twenty-four loaded coal wagons. These were followed by a heavy train of several hundred tons, which crossed the bridgeat a speed of 30 miles per hour. has a total length of 1,841 feet,is stillin use The bridge,which Midland and Scottish line to-day,being situated on the main London to Holyhead. It carries its traffic quitesafely, notwithstandingthe stock. locomotives and rolling great increase in the weight of modern The Britannia Bridge remained the largestbridge in the British Isles for over fortyyears, and was only outclassed in 1890 with the opening of the Forth Bridge. This bridge,the most famous bridgein the country, held prideof placeas possessing the longestspan of any bridgein the world until its record was beaten in 1917 by the Quebec Bridge and in 1926 by the Delaware River SuspensionBridge referred we
well
the
scene
"
later. 28
SOME construction
The
laying of driving of
a
a
was
and
thus
of
number
the
made
BRIDGES
Bridge was
mid-river.
timber
were
watertight. Then massive
high-water and
feet in thickness
on
this
accomplishedby
was
in piles,
as
the circle
filled with
clay and
the
They are
This
1883, with the
When
built
inside
water
was
was
are
covered
heavy
with
masonry
the form
complete
the structure
pumped
foundations, which
masonry
mark.
in
begun
baulks, known
of the river.
the baulks
laid
workmen
Forth in
heavy bed
between
30 feet below
of the
foundations
the
circle into
the spaces
FAMOUS
go
out, down
several
concrete
piers70
feet in
taperingto the top, where the diameter is 49 feet. These piersare arrangedin three groups of four, and to each is bolted a huge bed-plateweighing 44 tons. each 680 feet in length,and two six cantilever arms, There are suspended spans of 350 feet each. From tower to tower, therefore, the approach each 1,710 feet in length. With the main are spans viaducts, the total lengthof the bridgeis 8,295feet (aboutij miles). rise to a heightof 342 feet and each consists of four tubes The towers from steel platesriveted together. feet in diameter, constructed 12 feet the track, being 120 towards each other over The columns come inwards that they are only 33 feet so apart at the base and inclining diameter
apart
at
at the
the base, and
top.
AN
In the
EXPRESS
construction
TRAIN
CROSSING 29
of these towers
THE
FORTH
BRIDGE.
over
6,500,000
SOME rivets
used, and
were
FAMOUS
BRIDGES
consequentlysome
holes had
13,000,000
to
be
drilled. construction
The
tons
50,000
of the
of steel,was
bridge,which
begun
in
1883
contains
altogetherover requiredseven years to were employed in the
and
though some 5,000 workmen It was VII, then Prince of Wales, on opened by King Edward ing March, 1890,in a terrificgale. The bridgeis capableof stand-
complete, even work.
the 8th
wind
a
this
part
gang
of
of
pressure
56 Ib.
of the world,
men
who
are
to
the square inch, a force unknown in often there is so much wind that the
though employed day
in and
day
out
all the
year
in
[Fox. BERWICK
A good
BRIDGE,
specimen
LONDON
of the arched
AND
type
NORTH
of
EASTERN ARCHES.
bridge,designedby
RAILWAY, Robert
ITS
WITH
Stephenson
and
TWENTY-EIGHT
dating from
1850.
paintingthe bridge have to retire for safetyinside one of the columns. It is an impressiveexperienceto cross the Forth Bridge by train, and after the tripit is not difficult to understand how the bridgecame the to be regarded as one of greatest engineeringfeats in the world. of girderstoweringhigh overhead, Looking upwards, we see a great mass the with hollow dashes Over as a across. train, rumbling roar, the waters of the Forth, perhaps with some see 150 feet beneath, we anchored beneath or great battleships shippingsteaming out to sea. We that as far as length of span is conhave alreadymentioned cerned, the Forth Bridge is exceeded by the Quebec Bridge,a bridge of the same type as the Forth, carryingthe Canadian National Railway
Floatingthe
central
640
span,
feet in
lengthand
weighing
5,500 tons,
over
up-river.
McLaren. [Chesterfield
The
central
span
collapsingafter
it had
been
raised
40 feet above
some
the
river
as
described in the article.
[By courtesy of the Dept. of Trade, Ottawa. The
This famous
BRIDGE,
THE
QUEBEC
cantilever
bridge has
the
two
longest
completed bridge. THE
ACROSS span
in the
previousattempts
had
31
RIVER
world, 1,800 ended
ST. feet.
in disaster.
LAWRENCE. It
was
completed
in
1917
after
the River
across
Halifax
St. Lawrence
and
decreasingthe
so
Winnipeg by 200 miles. buildingof this great bridgewas
distance
between
and
The years
BRIDGES
FAMOUS
SOME
the
work
proceeded until,on
disaster occurred. the south with itover
bank a
The
cantilever
the
begun
2Qth August, 1907,
workmen, who
had
that
arm
its
suddenlycollapsedunder
hundred
in 1902, and
own
terrible
a
built out
been
on
weight,and dragged in the river beneath.
drowned
were
for five
This
awful
tragedy made a profound the impression on world engineerin g the general and on mission public,and a Comwas
pointed ap-
gate investi-
to
the matter. a
As
the Canadian result,
Government
took under-
complete the bridge,and in 1908 entirely new plans to
prepared and
were
work
begun
was
again. It
was
build
to
cantilever the [St.Lawrence
The
tangled heap of wreckage during the second arm,
Bridge Co.
BRIDGE.
QUEBEC after
the
attempt
shores, when
collapse of the at
north
south
arranged first
the
arms
and and
they
on
south
then, were
cantilever
buildingthe bridge.
finished,to float the central'
span
into
to be built on shore, at a position. The central span itself was the Cove, about 3! miles below the bridge. When placecalled Sillery was ready it was placed on massive pontoons and taken up span the river by five powerful tugs. In the meantime the two cantilever of the had built and in been readiness arms bridge out, everythingwas the span, which was manoeuvred into position for receiving below the
cantilever
arms.
Massive
steel chains 32
were
lowered
and
connected
to
SOME the the
span,
which
span
was
weighed be
to
FAMOUS
lifted to
"
"
until the
from
the
load
taken
was
cantilever
The
5,000 tons.
over
hydraulicjacks working at
BRIDGES
the
level of
arrangement
the
was
cantilever
arms
that
by
of 4,000
Ib. to the square inch pressure off the pontoons and it remained suspended a
arms.
Everything had worked but
time, disaster and
made,
well up to this point, and nothingremained final its but now, for a second position, to overtake the engineers. Four lifts had been
the span
jack up
to
"
was
the
to
"
raised
some the river,when, 30 feet above terrible crash,it fell, all its shearing supports and causingterrific vibrations to the
with
span
was
a
cantilever
arms.
Investigation showed
that
the steel
castingsin
the
cantilever
had
broken,
unable
of
one
arm
being
stand
to
the
great strain imposed
by hauling up suspended span. Once
the
again
therefore, the
,
pletion com-
of the great
bridge was for
the
delayed,
span
ZAMBESI
not
be
from
the river and
new
span
[By courtesyof the
could
recovered
had
Placing a
Cleveland
Bridge Company.
BRIDGE.
centre
girderin position.
a
to be built.
This could
not
be
ready until 1917,
but
then,
hoisted into position and the September,it was successfully traffic for the December on 3rd following. bridge was opened regular total of has and tons The bridgecontains over steel a length 66,480 of 3,240 feet,the length of the main or 1,800 feet, 90 feet span being greater than that of the Forth Bridge. The length of the suspended is 640 feet. The bridge carries two railway tracks,a road for span vehicular traffic, and two footpathsfor pedestrians. of the the construction Another wonderful engineeringfeat was This bridge, the gorge of the Zambesi. great steel arch bridge across which made possiblethe Cape to Cairo Railway, is one of the loftiest on
the 2oth
W.B.E.
33
SOME in
the
by
1855. Here into
a
It is situated
world.
discovered
David
the
BRIDGES
close to
famous
the
Victoria
rushes
The
over
missionary and explorer,in falling great precipice, 400 feet
a
bridge is
so
close to the
Falls that
[E. N. AN
UNUSUAL
often
feet. arch
The
delayedby chasm
500 feet in
TAKEN
VIEW, THE
are
Falls,
Livingstone,the
river
canon.
narrow
FAMOUS
CAPE
FROM TO
the columns
is here
two
length. Naturallythe buildingof
of spray,
which
34
a
rise to
is
and
shorter spans such
A.
ON
BRIDGE
RAILWAY.
CAIRO
650 feet in width,
length,and
A
OF
BELOW,
trains
62^
bridge in
a
heightof
spanned by feet and
so
remote
a
300
main
87^ feet a
in
district
SOME
a
was
of
matter
in
made
were
being sent
England,
out
bank
BRIDGES
great difficulty. Actuallythe members to
the gorge, by this means.
across
FAMOUS
and
were
On
Africa.
first erected site itself a
the
half the materials
and
at
Ledges excavated
of the
bridge Darlingtonbefore
cable way
erected
was
transportedto the
were
in the face of the rock
eastern
provided
[E.ft. A. THE main
The
"
a
arch
to
is 500 feet long.
foothold
by
"
out
largenet
bridge is one
"
on
of the
false-work." the
of the
RHODESIA.
FALLS,
VICTORIA
BRIDGE,
highestin
the
world, 420
spans, the main All material was
ledges,and
as
the
work
feet above
water
level.
girdersbeing supported lowered
by
progressedthe
cranes cranes
along the bridge.
In order to a
The
for the ends
timber
the erectors
moved
RIVER
ZAMBESI
was
save
any
of the workmen
placed across
the
gorge 35
might fall off the bridge, beneath the bridgewhilst it
who
\Valentine 6- Sons, Ltd. TRANSPORTER Crosses the River
Usk
and
has
a
clear
span
between
the of
was
being constructed,
was
later removed,
as
shown
however,
at
(MONMOUTH).
NEWPORT
BRIDGE,
1
80
towers feet.
in the
the
of 592
feet and
them
of
to
the
water
This
level
net
themselves,
men
it
that
complained nervous
high
9.
page
the
across
them
height above
pictureon
request who
a
see
the net
gorge
made pended sus-
beneath
!
]Valenlin4 " Sons, Ltd. TRANSPORTER
Crosses
the
River
Mersey
and
the
BRIDGE, Manchester
Ship
RUNCORN. Canal
and
has
a
span
of 1,000
feet.
SOME The
two
structure
was
members
it would
with bear
sides of the arch then
chief,who
the
even
the
River car
trains pass that
The breadth over
had
weight of
Tees. travels
CAR,
The
bridge has
at four
the
over
held
up
600 tons
with the train
TRANSPORTER a
the
water
of 571 level.
bridge and
feet and
a
It will hold
carries
the parapets, was
speed of
not
a
on
it the structure
own
tracks
two
tested
15 miles per
at
its
buildingof
of the
the
bridge
slender to
too
was
when
height above
clear 600
people and
he
saw
that
it
was
feet.
tramcar.
fingerof
the
strength!
of rails and
hour, and one
of 160
water
one
by sending across
onlysagged 37
any
MIDDLESBROUGH.
bridgehe reverentlysaid the
attack
rust
structure
BRIDGE,
clear span
high
the whole
contrast.
however, Subsequently,
man.
feet above
bridge, which between
a
by
up
the
in 1905, and
should
watched
great interest,predictedthat
The
God
connected
were
paintedgrey, so immediately show
TRAVELLING Crosses
BRIDGES
that
old native
An
FAMOUS
inch
it "
was a
is 30
feet in
it
train of
a
found
that
trulyremark-
SOME able result when
we
FAMOUS
We when
local conditions
make
them
Built
that of the
trolleyfrom
runs
level
it
on
bridge(420feet)
St. Paul's Cathedral.
transporter bridges are
BRIDGE,
SUSPENSION
the
hangs
"
used
These bridges consist necessary. the river fixed at such a heightthat
Rails shippingbeneath. which f rom a trolley a car of the platform of the car
in 1903.
approachesto which
cross
the
of the
WILLIAMSBURG
as
that
carryinggirdersacross
they clear the tallest masts these girdersand on them by vertical cables. The
heightof
top of the
the
already mentioned
have
of towers
that the
remember
is considerably greater than
BRIDGES
Has
a
span
fixed to
is suspended is the
same
YORK.
of 1,600 feet.
bridge.
is moved
NEW
are
The
across
car
"
the
and, of river
course,
by
steam
the or
electric power.
designedto cross long ago as 1872 a transporter bridge was not built. The first the Tees at Middlesbrough,but the bridge was built in 1893 at Portugaleti, near Bilbao, and transporter bridge was the Seine at Rouen. erected across four years later a similar bridgewas The former has a span of 528 feet and is 148 feet above the water, the As
latter has
a
span
of 472
is 280
feet and 38
feet above
the water.
JV. A. .
TRANSPORTER
BRIDGE
ACROSS
THE
HARBOUR
AT
MARSEILLES.
[E. N. A. TRANSPORTER
BRIDGE
89
AT
ROUEN.
FAMOUS
SOME In
and
England there the
crosses
BRIDGES
three transporter bridges. One
are
Mersey and
is at Runcorn
the Manchester
Ship Canal, having a span feet and a height of 82 feet. Another, at Newport (Monthe Usk, and mouth), crosses
of 1,000
built in 1903, with a span of 592 feet and a height of 182 feet ; the third is at Middlesbrough, was
across
the
1911,
with
and
a
height of
A
transporter bridge is of
use
for
In
these
Tees, and a
built in
of
feet
571 feet.
span
160
railway or
tunnel
a
no
traffic.
heavy
if
cases,
was
or
a
high-level bridge is not possible, is it usual to employ a bridgeof a
movable
type, such This
bridge. the
weight
of which the
at
bearings
in
it
the
arise
of
Each
cable
196 strands.
BRIDGE
ACROSS
HUDSON
olden
certain
a
river
the
struction ob-
an
navigation,and
also
type of bridge, is bascule," which
another "
the
where
river
is
be
to
row nar-
a
bridged.
is
composed of thirty-sevenlayers of The total length of wire used is 7,500
-,-,
"
days drawbridge. To-day no
castle the
was
busy
f
i
-BndgeS modern
In
of
centre
generallyselected
PEEKS-
THE
in
called
[Topical.
occupies
requires a large when opened. space disadvantagesdo not
These
THE
of small
wheels
bridge
amount
OF
roller
on
consequently forms
the
CABLES
span,
"
to
THE
a
is either supported
centre
on
or
carries
and
ASSEMBLING KILL VEHICULAR RIVER.
swing
swing bridge has disadvantages the pier
several
space
a
of
A
diameter.
that
as
consists
OI
4(J
has
"
thlS
revival of
complete world
,-,
without no
time
type an
i
are
old
its for
DUt
a
principle.
moat
and
castles
or
SOME
BASCULE
LARGEST
THE
Carries the
Canadian
FAMOUS
Pacific
Railway
leaf weighs 400 tons Each apart from electrical power in seventy-fiveseconds.
the
OR across
concrete
BRIDGES
LIFTING the
BRIDGE
Sault
Ste
Marie
counterbalances.
IN
THE
WORLD.
Canal, Ontario, into the United States. The bridge is fullyopened or closed by
moats, except, perhaps,as objectsof historic interest. of mediaeval
times
The
drawbridge
although in its modern
remains, however,
form
it
and appearAlthough changed both in name ance, of the bascule the principle and improved beyond imagination, that of its forerunner, the drawbridge. as bridge is the same two The modern bascule bridgeconsists of either one or spans, or leaves as they are called,each hinged at one end and capableof being drawn up into an almost vertical positionto allow shippingto for the the river. Although there is no war-like use pass up or down modern drawbridge,it forms an important link in everyday life. raised by men In the old days the drawbridgewas haulingon rusty has
"
re-christened.
been
"
A
DOUBLE-LEAF In the
BRIDGE
BASCULE
background 41
is
a
AT
TOLEDO,
girderbridge.
OHIO.
FAMOUS
SOME modern
bascule
consistingof
electric
The
chains.
is
mechanism
kept
allowed
never
clean and
BRIDGES
ism, bridgehas a powerfulelevatingmechanmotors driving through gearing. This to go
it is well cared
rusty "
for, and
is
well oiled.
bridgesare of two types, singleand double. The former to the other, and bank consists of a singleleaf extending from one the elevatingmechanism is placed. A end, where hinged at one double bascule consists of two leaves, each of which extends half-way in the centre. Each leaf is pivotedhorizontally the river,to meet across at the river bank are and, as separate elevatingmechanisms Bascule
[Sport " General. A Concrete The
is
more
CONCRETE and
more
photograph shows
lorries,weighing 300
tons.
ACROSS
BRIDGE
the The
THE
THAMES
AT
CAVERSHAM.
widely used nowadays in all sorts of constructive work, includingbridge-building. bridgebeing tested with the weight of twenty-eighttraction engines and motor bridge gave only a quarter of an inch. "
"
both may be raised or employed, each leaf may be raised individually, together. A notable example of the double bascule type is the Tower at London, which has two great leaves,each the Thames Bridge across 60 feet in length and weighing (with their counterpoises) tons. 1,200 This great weight is carried by a bar of solid steel 21 inches in diameter and 48 feet in length. The Tower Bridge is operatedby hydraulic of 850 Ib. to the square inch. a pressure power, the machinery exercising The largestbascule bridge in the world is that which carries the Canadian
Canadian and
has
Pacific to two
trains
United
across
States
foldingleaves
the
Sault
territory.The which
open 42
to
Ste
Marie
Canal, from
bridge is 356 feet long permit of vessels passing
[Sport "" AN
ELECTRICALLY
OPERATED
SWING NORTH
AT
BRIDGE, EASTERN
BECCLES, RAILWAY).
NEAR
YARMOUTH
[Sport "" A
TRAIN
PASSING
OVER 43
THE
BRIDGE.
General.
(LONDON
AND
General.
through the Canal, and span
by
from
pierto
close in such
pierfor
and electricity
BRIDGES
FAMOUS
SOME
can
use
be
manner
a
of the trains.
opened
and
to form
as
The
bridge
closed
in
less
rigid
one
is
operated
than
two
minutes. "
lift rolling bridgebelongingto this type is the In this Scherzer. engineernamed bridge,"designedby an American bridgethe placeof the fixed trunnions at the land end of the girderis taken by segments of steel. Thus the bridgeto a certain extent resembles flat the segments moving over the rockers of a rocking-chair, a Another
form
of
[E. N. A. HAWKESBURY The
RIVER
largestbridgeof its kind
surface land end
justas
the
RAILWAY
in Australia.
rockers
Has
NEW
BRIDGE, seven
spans
of the chair
of the
and
move
SOUTH
is 2,900
over
feet
WALES.
long between
abutments.
the floor.
At
the
girdera counterweightis so poisedas exactlyto balance the bridge,and this considerably lightensthe task of opening. A rolling lift bridge may carry a singleor a double track, and if several these of bridgesmay be placed side by side and necessary operated togetheror independently. A double Scherzer bridgeacross the Chicago River spans 275 feet and when fullyraised the span is feet higherthan the Nelson Column in TrafalgarSquare. many There is a rolling lift bridgeover the River Towy at Carmarthen. Built in 1908,it has a total lengthof 385 feet,although the rolling lift 44
[Fleet.
[E. LOWER
AND
UPPER The
Falls
STEEL are
also
ARCH
crossed
BRIDGES
by
a
cantilever
OVER
THE
NIAGARA
railway bridge.
FALLS.
N.
A.
[". THE
Opened
in
SUSPENSION
RIVER
DELAWARE
illustrations
Other
1927.
given
are
on
pages
19
and
49.
[". LOWER
VIEWED
MANHATTAN,
THROUGH
THE
SUSPENSION The
bridge
was
built
in
1883
NETWORK
OF
CABLES
ON
OF
MANHATTAN
N.
A.
BROOKLYN
BRIDGE. and
has
a
span
of
1,595
feet.
[Special CONSTRUCTION
fr. A.
U.S.A.
BRIDGE,
SUSPENSION M
BRIDGE,
NEW
YORK.
Press.
SOME itself is
only 50
FAMOUS
feet in
BRIDGES
length.
The
moving span is operated by oppositesides of the bridge. On the outer side of each main girderthere is a curved rack, driven by pinions, which, in turn, are driven by a train of gear-wheels The leaves are balanced by counterpoise coupledto an electric motor. weights,and as the bridgeopens these weightsdescend into pitsat the side of the bridge. The longestsuspensionbridge in the world, completed in 1927, the Delaware River at Philadelphia, crosses U.S.A., connectingthat city with Camden, New Jersey. Although five years were required, span
two
sets
of
gear-wheels,mounted
AN
Showing the bridges over
the
Hudson
AERIAL
VIEW
OF
and
River.
Three
are
the
bridge was
It is 3,450 span
feet
trestles at
on
East
within
completed in in lengthover
a
mile
record the
NEW
of each
YORK.
other.
time
cable
largest suspensionbridgesof the world
of the
for
such
an
anchorages, and
undertaking. has
a
centre
of 1,750 feet.
When
the erection of the
bridgewas has
being considered, the United all navigablerivers, over way. to be placedin the fairwere
control
Department, which that no piersor obstructions stipulated River the Delaware is the bridge crosses At the point where rendered necessary nearly 1,800 feet in width, so that this stipulation a bridge with a centre span of record length. The roadway is held by suspensionrods that hang from two ton cables, which are 30 inches in diameter and weigh one per foot States War
47
very are
cable
Each
run.
is
BRIDGES
FAMOUS
SOME
composed
of 18,666 separate wires,
a tightlyand enclosed 89 feet apart, are supported at
the top of these towers pass over rise from The towers land behind.
and
steel tower
river
side of the
each
compressed
cables, which
The
protectingsheath.
in
by
tall
ages anchor-
massive
to
a
granitepiers to a in width at the base. They height of over 347 feet and are 40 feet so are designed that they will bend as required to compensate for perature. of the cables, due to changes in temthe expansion and contraction the
on
deck
The
of the
bridge is
135
above
feet
the
is thus
river and
,;;
WHAT
THE
according to
allow
sufficiently high to It carries
vessels.
for
laid side are
on
a
a
a
ample of
concrete
HUDSON
WILL
the A rchitect's
Journal.
ACROSS
THE
drawing publishedin
centre
lines
reinforced
Above
these
LIKE,
roadway
for the passage of the 57 feet in width, with
traffic,and base.
are
LOOK
clearance
This
paved with wood roadway is flanked
elevated
largest modation accom-
is
by an electric tramway track, whilst rapid transit tracks used by the electric
Underground. for
six
BRIDGE
NEW
PROPOSED
outside
the
trains of the
foot walks
10
blocks on
each
line of cables
Philadelphia feet in width
pedestrians. Before closingthis article we two must brieflymention great in of is construction. The course one a monster bridgesnow suspension which will when two bridge, completed tramways, two railways, carry
CROSSING
THE
NIAGARA
FALLS
BY
CABLE
CAR.
THE
VICTORIA
Crosses the St. Lawrence
[E. N. A.
JUBILEE
River
BRIDGE.
justabove Montreal.
Rebuilt in 1898.
[E.N.A. THE
SIX-TRACK
WAY
OF
THE
DELAWARE
RIVER
and the bridge carries In addition to vehicular pedestriantraffic, trains of the Philadelphia Underground Railway. A million people can capacityin the least. Other views on pages 19 and 46.
SUSPENSION an cross
BRIDGE.
and electric tramway it per day without
the electric its straining
[E.N.A. A A
BRIDGE
SEVEN
MILES
LONG
THAT
"GOES
TO
SEA."
section of the Florida East Coast Railway connectingthe mainland and the long stringof islands to Key West. The line is sometimes referred to as the eighth wonder of the world."
extending
"
W
B.K.
49
D
BRIDGES
FAMOUS
SOME
and
road
a
Kingsway
This
at
great
.
is to
structure
be
thrown
Hudson
the
across
than
wider
River and
York,
New
althoughit will not be the longestit will certainlybe the largestbridge in the It may world. possiblybe last
the
bridge to
be built, for the
of such
cost
structures
heavy
ONE
OF
to
present
MASONRY PIERS
CONCRETE
NEW
THE
GREAT
THE
AND
metal
is becoming prohibitive.
According
PORTALS
iron
massive
OF
HARBOUR
SYDNEY
BRIDGE.
the bridge arrangements in will be feet 6,600
length. It into two
will be
divided
shore spans,
each
1,710 feet in length,and of 3,240 central a span The
feet.
distance
the
anchorage Island
Manhattan
anchorage
tween be-
on
and
on
the
the mainland
7,460 feet. The new bridge will not only accommodate vehicles and pedestrians,
will be
[CentralPress. TWO
PHOTOGRAPHS IN
CONNECTION
SHOWING WITH
BRIDGE
CABLES
BEING
TESTED
but
CONSTRUCTION. 50
will also carry
trams
SOME trains.
and
It
FAMOUS
will have
deck will be
decks, each
two
divided
BRIDGES
220
feet in width.
The
into two
roadways, one for motors, the roadway will be a tramway track, beyond which will be two footpaths17 feet in breadth. Access to the upper deck of the bridge will be gained by a central lofty arch, with two smaller side arches to admit the traffic to the bridge approach. The lower deck of the bridgewill be used only by trains, and it will carry ten lines of railwaytrack. The bridge will be of the suspensiontype, the two decks being upper other
for vehicles.
On
each
side of this
wj^f^t^1
BIRD'S-EYE
VIEW
OF
HARBOUR
SYDNEY
BEING
The
design of
the
suspended from
bridgeitselfhas been
four
steel
SHOWING
POSITION
OF
THE
GREAT
"
BRIDGE
NOW
CONSTRUCTED. It will be
altered.
cables, two
on
an
arch
bridgeas
shown
either side.
on
page
These
17.
cables
will consist of 80 lines of in
arranged in three banks and enclosed eye-bars, tubular bronze casings15 feet in diameter. the tremendous Giganticanchorages will be requiredto counteract
pull of and
the
cables, which
in order
to
obtain
it is calculated sufficient
will amount
to
25,000
tons,
heightto give the suspensioncables for the suspendingtowers necessary
curvature, it will be requisite will measure tower to be 840 feet in height. Each 400 feet in breadth at the ground-level, taperingto 200 feet at the top, and will contain will be constructed of steel, 35,000 tons of steel. Although the towers the
51
FAMOUS
BRIDGES
granite,and
will thus
SOME
they
will be
faced with
appear
to
be columns
of solid masonry. each On anchorage it is
proposed to erect large rectangular provided by which will help to replace buildingsthe accommodation for the approaches. to make the property demolished room is that now The second bridgeto be mentioned beingerected across Sydney Harbour, the arch of which at its highestpoint will be 450 arch feet above high-waterlevel. The bridgewill be by far the largest bridge in the world, its nearest rival (HellGate Bridge,New York) having a span of about 1,000 feet. The Sydney Harbour bridge will total width of 150 feet and will carry four lines of railway, have a a road 57 feet in width, and two footpaths,each 10 feet in width. The total lengthof the arch and bridgespans is to be 3,770 feet, and
the central i,6oo-footspan
of 170 feet above all largeshipswill be practically
will have
a
clearance
high tides,so that able to pass beneath the bridge on their way to the docks. The masonry pylons are to be 83 feet by 50 feet at deck-level, taperingto 75 feet at their summit, which will reach 285 feet above high-waterlevel. In all there will be over 50,000 tons of steel work, and the bridge will not be completed until about 1931. the water
at
mean
close this article it may
To
be convenient
to set
out
a
list of the
The
longestbridgespans and their types and dates. and River Sydney Harbour bridges are included, though last The four the East River cross complete. bridgesnamed York and are other. to each comparativelynear
world's
LONG-SPAN
River
Quebec Bridge, Canada River Bridge,U.S.A. Delaware Forth Bridge, Scotland Bear Mountain Bridge,U.S.A. Sydney Harbour, Australia Williamsburg Bridge, U.S.A. Brooklyn Bridge, U.S.A. Manhattan Bridge, U.S.A. Queensboro Bridge, U.S.A. .
.
.
.
The
is
over
feet in
.
.
Cantilever .
Suspension Cantilever
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
New
Length of Span.
.
.
at
from
Date.
Main
Suspension
....
far
BRIDGES.
Type. Hudson
Hudson
.
Arch
Suspension
.
.
.
1632
1926 .
.
Under
1600
Suspension 1595s Suspension 1470 Cantilever (two) 1280 and 984 ..
1917
.
..
1710 1600
..
construction .
1750
(two) .
Under
.
..
Suspension
3240 1800
.
construct .
.
famous
.
.
1924 ion 1903
1883
""
-
.
1890
.
1909 1909
to note, Tay Bridge,rebuilt in 1887, it is interesting miles long,but of its eighty-seven two over 245 spans few are ELLISON HAWKS. length. 62
A
MONSTER
LOCOMOTIVE
4-10-2
THE
ON
THE
SOUTHERN
WORLD'S
RAILWAY.
PACIFIC
BIGGEST
LOCOMOTIVES
ENGINES
of many
affections for the
railwaylocomotive, and
are
But
minded.
Certainlyno those
other
branches
with
concerned
types, and all are
articles to the
book
with
reference
some
world's A
to
of
us
the especially
of
this volume Book
because
most
so
placein
our
big locomotive.
wide
able
it is
of Railways,which
the title of this could the
leave the warmest
engineeringmake railways,but we are not
subjectin in the companion Wonder already possess. No
most
of interest to the mechanically
to
an
appeal as
devote
many
alreadyfullytreated many
boys
and
girls
be
complete,however, without the fascinatingof all engineeringwonders "
biggest locomotives. locomotive
It may be that it big for several reasons. lines which are very heavy loads at high speed over far adverse as only moderately hard, so gradientsare concerned, or to deal with loads where inclines and other routes more over ordinary hindrances render the ground at the requiredspeed it difficult to cover by a smaller engine. More usually,the need is to pull heavy loads which routes over are severelygraded, and for which, otherwise, it would four engines. three be necessary two to use or even or may
be
is requiredto haul
53
BIG In many
LOCOMOTIVES
parts of the world
there is no
need,
nor
is it
desirable,to
largenumber of trains,so that if a big load can be taken by a singleengine it is better that it should be so than that several trains in the United States should be operated. In other cases, particularly and Canada, there are mountain lines where, until very bigengineswere introduced, it was necessary to divide trains into two or three, working each separately the hard stages,and combining them when the over
run
a
[Topical. A
GREAT
WESTERN
"
KNIGHT
MOUNTED VISITING
became
route
easy
once
big engine,a great
very
only one
THE
FOR
can
or
PUBLIC
be avoided
deal of time is saved, and
train instead of two
OF
a
thus
BOYS
three.
There
are
very
by using one
the line has to carry also many instances
big engineis providedto act as "pusher" enablinga big train to be got over the troublesome
where
SCHOOL
SWINDON.
If this
more.
INSPECTION
or
"banker," section
"
in
once." All now
or
any
of these
in service in many
explainwhy very big enginesare may of the world, but it does not follow that parts
reasons
54
BIG
LOCOMOTIVES
they can be used with equal advantage in other places. A big engine the lengthand distria buting heavy one, but by increasing is,of necessity, of axles, the amount the weight over a number each pair upon of wheels no
6 inches The
not
exceed
allow the width or
13
last
But 17 to 23 tons per axle. the difficulty that, if bridgesand tunnels
over
to exceed
about
feet,the enginemust
9 feet and the height12 exceed those limits.
not
is of special difficulty importancein
of the lines
many
limit of from
a
of skillwill get
amount
will not
so
need
THE
built with
were
"LORD Total
weight,engine and
Britain because
tunnels
narrow
SOUTHERN
NELSON,"
Great
feet
and
low
over-
RAILWAY.
tender, 140 tons.
bridgesin days when these limits were thought to be ample. As a have result,although we may largeengines,we could not run many enginesas big as those found in other parts of the world, even if there need to do so. of engineshave been built were Indeed, largenumbers in Great even
for
built to
Britain for a a
trial
use
abroad
trip,apart
from
which
could not
run
on
our
own
lines,
the fact that, frequently, the lines
are
different gauge.
therefore,British Speaking generally, obligedto be the smallest of the world's 55
"
"
"
biggest biggest "
locomotives locomotives
are
;
in
BIG
THE
"
KING
GEORGE
LOCOMOTIVES
V
"
(4-6-0), GREAT
France, Germany, Australia, South
WESTERN
America
and
RAILWAY.
India
they can be bigger,but not to a very great extent ; in South Africa they can be but by no means so big as the very big for the 3 ft. 6-in. gauge, in and it is only the United States and enginesin use in other parts ; that be made twice or Canada they can very big indeed, sometimes locomotives. three times as big as our own largest Another for the reason largedimensions of American locomotives is that,on many of the longjourneysof 2,000 miles or so, it is practicable in trains mile and if one to run a or even more freight length; with banking assistance over the mountain or enginewill suffice, steepworth it is well motive. a building sufficiently gradientsections, powerfullocoIn Great Britain journeys are short, and signals relatively
A
BIG
FOUR-CYLINDER
4-6-4
TANK
ON
ENGINE RAILWAY. 66
THE
LONDON
MIDLAND
AND
SCOTTISH
BIG
"
A
PACIFIC
"
TYPE
LOCOMOTIVES
(4-6-2), LONDON
LOCOMOTIVE
AND
NORTH
RAILWAY.
EASTERN
frequentlythat it would be impossibleto run one of those if there were for a demand tremendouslyheavy and long trains,even other reasons. But in parts of Europe, in India and South Africa, in occur
so
South
America, and
a
few
very
long trains
Hence, while the than
to
worked
have
we
biggestexpress
in
extent
some
efficientlocomotives, even
of the most locomotives
in Great
parts of the world, while
those in many
exceptional engineswhich we a long way down the list of
idea of
by largeenginesis adopted.
some
passenger
Australia,the American
can
the
Britain
smaller
are
if the three
even
or
four
produce are included, they stillcome world's biggestlocomotives.
Press. [Special
"GARRATT" Some
rather
smaller
LOCOMOTIVE, "
Garratts
"
are
AND
LONDON
NORTH
now employed on the London hauling heavy freight trains.
also
67
EASTERN Midland
RAILWAY. and
Scottish
Railway
for
BIG
A
CLASS
"CASTLE"
LOCOMOTIVE
LOCOMOTIVES
WESTERN
(4-6-0), GREAT
RAILWAY,
WITH
LARGE
TENDER.
So far
present in
train locomotives are express British railwayare the a on
as use
used
by
the London
two
classes of these.
but
there
also take
enginesare
North
standard
are
Eastern "
the
also five built for the late North
are a
The
and
concerned, the largestat motives "Pacific," or 4-6-2, loco-
share the
There
Railway.
Great Eastern
Northern
banking
class,
Railway,which
working East Coast Express trains. The former lighter, 92^ tons against97 tons, but as they have larger
[W. for
are
in
TEN-COUPLED used
"
purposes
on
the
FOUR-CYLINDER
steep Lickey Incline 58
Leslie Good.
LOCOMOTIVE on
the
L.M.
" S. line from
Bristol to
Birmingham.
BIG tenders the combined classes
have
These
three
have
to
LOCOMOTIVES
weightsbecome cylinders. compare WHEEL
with
148 tons against143
the famous
DIAGRAM.
"
Castles
NUMERAL
"
on
Both
the Great
TYPE.
0-4-0
..
.
.
2-2-2
.
.
2-4-0 0-4-2
..
.
.
06-0 4.-2-2
..
440
..
.
.
.
.
0-4-4 2-4-2
2-6-0
..
.
tons.
.
(Mogul)
0-6-2 0-8-0
..
4-4-2
..
(Atlantic)
4-60 .
.
.
.
.
.
4-6-4 0-6-4
2-8-0 SYSTEM
OF
LOCOMOTIVE
DESCRIBING (Continued on
next
(Consolidation)
TYPES.
page.)
from the front,or chimney, end. It is considered that every engine has wheels of three kinds,starting these the carrying or behind next the drivingor coupled wheels, and there are the carrying-wheels, For wheels wheels. that are not used a nought is put.
First, trailing
been put in the shade by Railway, which again,have now the known as a King George V." This enginehas Super-Castle," less than 67^ tons on the coupled wheels, and as it has the very no high steam pressure of 250 Ib. per square inch it is now the most powerful Western "
"
69
LOCOMOTIVES
BIG
in the British Isles.
locomotive
express
biggest,though it weighs 89 tons with it in working order. On the Southern Railway the WHEEL
It is not,
without
"
Lord
the
Nelson
however, quitethe
tender, "
18
135!
also has four
NUMERAL
DIAGRAM.
or
tons
cylin-
TYPE.
0-8-2
0
19
"
20 21
2-6-2
0
Q CO CO
a
4-6-2
Q
"COCO
Q
2-6-4
22
2-8-2
0
23
Q
QCO""
0-10-0
a"""""
25
(Mikado]
4-8-0
""""Q
24
(Pacific)
2-10-0
26
2-10-2
0
27
0-8-4
28
"-"")
29
0-6-6-0
30
24-6-0
31
2-6-6-0
32
2-6-6-2
QG)QG)
33
0
35
QQQ"
0-8-8-0
QCDQQft
2-8-8-2
Articulated
Types
0 SYSTEM
OF
DESCRIBING
LOCOMOTIVE
TYPES.
(Continuedfrom previouspage.)
another 56! tons. ders,but weighs 83! tons, with a tender representing It has a number of specialfeatures,and has been doing marvellous work
with
showing The
steep main-line very heavy trains over very fine speed capabilities.
biggestexpress
enginesof CO
the London
gradients,besides
Midland
and
Scottish
BIG
Railway are the 4-6-0 's. These be
to
"
lines of Great The
concerned. North
Eastern
trains
over
design,in
a
there
frame, the boiler and
the
two.
By
are
two
frame
the
length, while
working
this
can
be
made
the
two
being
very
sets
much
"
FRENCH expresses
there
the
articulated
an
each and
in its
own
connecting
4-6-2 between
Calais,Boulogne
weight is distributed coupled wheels can are
is
"
boat
of
This
coupled wheels, bridged between
BIG
the
as
on
traffic is passenger is the London and
of
sets
heavy
means
Further, it
of all,however,
power.
powerful
most
express
and
locomotive, used for assisting heavy mineral
A of the type
as
steep line in Yorkshire.
very
that
dimensions
largestand far
Britain, so "
Garratt
of notable
the
are
biggestengine
"
"
classes of four-cylinder Hughes big as the enginesmentioned, but are
design to
"
and
quiteso
not
are
by a new enginesreferred
four main
"
Claughton
followed
The
LOCOMOTIVES
no
wheels
and
considerable
a
over
follow
under
a
the
if appliedin the
largerthan eight-coupledwheels,
Paris.
curve
pendently. inde-
boiler itself,
ordinaryway.
each by three enginehas two sets of cylinders. It has no separate tender, so that the whole of the 178 tons ranks as engine. in service smaller engine is now similar but slightly A somewhat Scottish Railway, for heavy coal traffic. and the London Midland on It has two sets of six-coupled wheels, but with two cylindersonly to
The
driven
BIG
LOCOMOTIVES
total
weight is about tons.
142
kado "Mi-
2-8-2
The "
of
locomotives
the
and
London
way Rail-
Eastern
North
also
must
have
a "
EXPRESS
LOCOMOTIVE
SMOKE-DEFLECTING
WINGS.
2-8-2
GERMAN
FITTED
on
under
the
WITH
firebox,
steep gradients. They
ter boos-
enginedriving to
additional
startingand
"
small
the wheels BIG
be
These
mentioned.
A
the
set, while
each
weigh
power
tons
100
provide at
without
tender.
powerfullocomotive for assisting trains up
is the
ten-coupledenginebuilt a few the terrific Lickey incline,on the years ago Scottish line from Bristol to Birmingham. London and Midland This has a gradientof I in 37 for 2 miles, and most ordinarytrains of weight had to be assisted by two six-coupledtank enginespushing any The enginedescribed does the work of such a pairby itself. behind. It is of further interest as being the only engine in Great Britain with and weighs without It has four cylinders its tender ten-coupledwheels. (an ordinary and comparatively small one) 73 J tons. The largestexample of a big tank engine for heavy passenger Another
A
SPANISH
4-8-2
MOUNTAIN
LOCOMOTIVE,
WEIGHING
156$ TONS
WITH
TENDER.
BIG
train
is the
the
London
on
use
in
duty
4-6-4 four-cylinder Midland
Crossingthe Railway of France
Channel
to
enginedesignin Railway. It weighs 100 tons
Scottish
tank
the Continent,
64
tons
be
must
heavy boat-train expresses Paris Lyons and Mediterranean the
locomotives
of the
we
find
big 4-6-2 locomotives, the
many
95 tons, to which The
and
main-line
order.
working
work
LOCOMOTIVES
between
on
ing weighThese
tender.
Calais,Boulogne and Paris.
Railway
class,while
same
latest class
for the
added
the Northern
on
also has
that line,and
some
also
very
big
the
Est,
on
bigger4-8-2 express locomotives in service. In Germany the most up-to-dateexpress enginesare 4-6-2 and notable for the peculiarscreens 2-8-2 designsof the class illustrated,
there
even
are
ARTICULATED
LOCOMOTIVE OF
in
CHILI
(2-8-2-2-8-2) USED i87i TONS). (WEIGHT
front,designedto direct the air currents
down
over
the
Quite a
enginecab
and
of other
number
obstruct
so
ON
"
Beyer, Peacock
[By courtesy of Messrs. "GARRATT"
that steam
Co., Ltd.
RAILWAYS
NITRATE
THE
does
not
blow
the driver's view.
European locomotives
could
be
classed
ten-coupledengines biggest,"includingmany in Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, besides France, Belgium and It will be classes. some big tank engines of the 0-8-8-0 and other some large 4-8-2 engines in use in sufficient, however, to mention Spain,weighingioij tons (engine)or 1564 tons with tender, besides country. some large4-8-4 tank engines in use in the same with regardto be estimated to have In Africa the biggestengines is only 3 feet 6 inches, as compared with the the fact that the gauge the South on Yet there are enginesin use British 4 feet 8J inches.
among
the
world's
"
"
83
BIG African with
LOCOMOTIVES
Railways,of
Government
of the
tender, 151^ tons, and
tender
i66f
States, but various
built in the United particularengineswere in England. constructed In nearly as large were These
tons.
others
Africa
parts of South
articulated locomotives
4-8-2-2-8-4
"
Africa.
two
of
sets
there
These
also
on
wheels eight-coupled
and
be
must
number
a
the
England
3
weigh
too, of
made, in
enginesrecentlybuilt
"
big the
2-8-2 's tenders
weigh
used
"
MOUNTAIN
built for the South
The
"
"
Garratt
ft. 6-in. gauge, but have less than 158 tons. no
for the South
100
; while
Australian
CLASS Government
tons, to which the
LOCOMOTIVE
Australian
Sir
Railways.
G. Armstrong Whitworth, Ltd.
W.
(4-8-2)
lines,with
must
2-8-2
4-6-2, 4-8-2 and
some
[By courtesyof A
of
largesize. The largestare, however, some enginessuppliedto the Benguella Railway, run
Mention
also
are
of "
Garratt
in West
4-6-2 type, weighing 86 tons, or, 4-8-2 type weighing loij tons, with
the
5 feet 3 inches gauge.
be
added
J
tons
with
84
72
4-8-2*3weigh 134! tons,
for the tons
for
tenders. In South
America
the
biggestenginesare
"
some
Garratts
"
used
wheel Railways of Chili. These have the 2-8-2-2-8-2 weigh 187^ tons. They are the largest Garratt arrangement, built for ft. the 4 engines yet 8|-in.gauge. In Canada the biggestenginesof all are some 4-8-4 locomotives the National in service Canadian recentlyplaced by Railways. These weigh no less than 173 tons without tender, and nearly300 tons with their tenders. steam They are further notable because they use at the high pressure of 250 Ib. per square inch. On the Canadian
by
the Nitrate
and
"
"
KING
STEAM.
BIG
4-8-2
EXPRESS
LOCOMOTIVES
LOCOMOTIVE,
CANADIAN
NATIONAL
RAILWAYS.
Pacific
Railway the biggest4-6-2 express passenger locomotives weigh That line also uses some 2-10-2 137 tons and the tenders 85 J tons. the mountain for trains pushing gradients. engines up When to the United States we find much sions we come largerdimenthan
any
locomotives
hitherto mentioned.
which
from
There
are
4-6-2
many
and
4-8-2
upwards, weigh 150 includingthe tenders, but the biggest have ten- or even twelve-coupledwheels. 2-io-o's weighing Thus, on the PennsylvaniaRailroad, there are some the Southern Pacific. on 172^ tons, with 87^ tons tender, also some The biggest of all is a three-cylinder recentlybuilt for the 4-12-2 Pacific Railway,this weighing no Union less than 22 if tons, or 349 This engine, added. tons with the huge tender by the way, challenges honours in the world for being the largestlocomotive with other later. engines to be mentioned tons
not
[C. K. LMelury. A W.B.E.
CANADIAN
PACIFIC
2-10-2
"PUSHER
USED
FOR
MOUNTAIN
SERVICES
BIG
A
SOUTHERN
PACIFIC
OIL-BURNING
LOCOMOTIVES
2-8-8-2 CAB
On
the
left is
It is,however,
an
Southern with
the
arrangement shows
one
The
The
be
of the
these
the
is
above.
a
and
attention
It is
oil is used as as practicable early single-driver engines of
WITH
provide the
behind
tender
WORK
THE
of contrast.
2-8-8-2
is
"then
TO
mentioned, but
first of
front, with
which
contrast striking
could
Railway, illustrated
in
cab
DESIGNED
designswhich
the articulated
three.
Pacific
LOCOMOTIVE FRONT.
early single-driver engine of the line by way
biggestengines. Many restricted to
IN
actual
must
be
class for the
designed to work the chimney, an
fuel. the
The
view
also
line,affordinga
now."
second, illustrated below, is
a
double
ten-coupled engine
less than
for the
VirginianRailway, weighing no 305 tons, or 401 tender. including of the few articulated engineswith The third (page67) shows one road, wheels. This was built for the Erie Railthree sets of eight-coupled has ranked as the largestlocomotive the Triplex, as and, known tons
VIRGINIAN
RAILWAY
'MALLET"
2-10-10-2
66
LOCOMOTIVE.
BIG
"TRIPLEX"
ARTICULATED
LOCOMOTIVES
COMPOUND
LOCOMOTIVE,
EIGHT-COUPLED
Weighs 348
tons
and
ranked
as
the world's
locomotives
in the claim
world
for
some
for distinction is
ERIE
WITH
largest locomotive,though the titleis now
illustrated or described
years
RAILWAY,
THREE
SETS
OF
WHEELS.
challengedby
other
in this article.
past, though, as mentioned
above, this
challengedby other enginesmentioned. The Triplexweighs 348 tons, the tender being included as part of the engine,in that one set of coupledwheels is under it,so that it is a matter for argument which is actuallythe biggestof these engines. This article would be incompletewithout reference to big some of these now electric locomotives. Some vie with steam enginesfor size,and in various parts of the world many interesting designsare in The biggestin Great Britain is the 4-6-4 express locomotive use. built some Eastern Railway for test purposes, years ago by the North though as there is not yet any substantial length of electrified main which to try it, the engine remains line upon purely experimental. now
[Fleet. A
MOUNTAIN
TYPE
PASSENGER
(4-8-2) ON
LOCOMOTIVE RAILWAY. 67
THE
BALTIMORE
AND
OHIO
BIG
LOCOMOTIVES
[Fleet. A
By
reason
locomotives. and North
through
and
the
Simplon
actual
These that
facts
Finally,mention several of which
enable it to round
have
intended
three
enginesare
been
152 feet of their
idea be
built
to haul
notable the
electric
Lotschberg
made
of
worked
togetheras one. in length and weigh 570 size will be gained.
steam
duringrecent
3,ooo-ton coal trains,
turbine
years, and
[By courtesyof Messrs. consists of
unit
many
are
some
may
11
This
Each
curves.
one.
in Switzerland.
Tunnel
three sections aggregate about which
to
reallysix engines in
motives, large and notable electric locolargestbeing those recentlyintroduced by the
America, too, has
VirginianRailways. and are designed so tons, from
sections are
Italy,there are many powerful are used on
of the most
Some
the
The
LOCOMOTIVE.
of its great length,152 feet,it is built in three contains two motors, so that there
In Switzerland, France
route
ELECTRIC
HUGE
a
LJUNGSTROM
locomotives, some
Beyer, Peacock
TURBO-LOCOMOTIVE.
"
vehicle boiler-carrying 68
and
a
turbine-driven
condenser
vehicle.
of which
"" Co., Ltd.
BIG
are
in
in
use
Great
in Sweden, Britain
Germany
have
been
engine illustrated
strom
A
LONDON
AND
NORTH
LOCOMOTIVES
has
EASTERN
and
South
for trial purposes only. The Ljungbeen tested on the London Midland and
MIXED
TRAFFIC
Scottish
the
"
America, though those built
used
ENGINE
WITH
SMOKE-BOX
OPENED.
bined Railway. As the tender forms part of the engine,the comthis locomotive to be included among weightof 143! tons requires world's biggest." J. F. GAIRNS, M.Inst.T., M.LLoco.E. 69
THE
EIFFEL have
always exercised
from
time
buildings HIGH people, and
ever-greater heights. The and
the In
TOWER
to
Tower
time
great fascination for many
a
attempts
made
to
build
Colossus
of
Rhodes,
are
of Babel, the
to
earlyexamples. modern times the heights of these have passed. easily been surCologne Cathedral, for example, is 528 feet high, the Washington Monument 555 feet, Pyramids
of
Egypt
were
and
the famous New
"
1913, been
by
but
which
tallest
is
will
be
planned
to
Tower, 1,208
to
soar
(or,if basement
feet
built
buildingin surpassed
projected Larkin
the
The
tower
dimes," has, since
the
America,
the
as
nickels and
ing, build-
feet.
York, 792
last, known
by
Woolworth
and
5o-feet 1,308
flagpole and comprise no fewer than feet), stories. no (See coloured plate facingpage 16.) included,
are
As
the
to
regards Europe, however,
famous
Eiffel
Tower
is still
by far the tallest structure (984 feet),and likelylong to remain It is now so. tury nearly half a censince Gustave Eiffel proposed for the Paris Exhibition
to erect
steel tower
that would
other structure
built
dwarf or
every
conceived.
His
ridiculed proposal was prominent engineers,who that
such
tower
a
a
by dicted pre-
would
an speedilycollapse. Eiffel was of engineer experience,however,
and
had
He
success.
[Photopress. THE
WOOLWORTH The
tallest
BUILDING, buildingin
America
NEW
two
absolute
years
confidence
persevered,and
confounded
his
in in
critics
YORK.
and
(792 feet). 70
astonished
his
friends
by
THE
EIFFEL
THE
TOWER.
EIFFEL
Europe's tallest building(984 feet).
TOWER
The
base
covers
an
area
of
completingthe structure. To-day, in the Champs by the banks of the Seine, may be seen this famous of interest to all visitors and the pride of every 71
z\
de
acres.
Mars, and tower,
Parisian.
an
close
object
THE The construction even
at
EIFFEL
by
was
foundations.
the
no
TOWER easy, and
means
are These, naturally,
for the
difficultiescommenced massive
most
in character,
6,500 tons in all. The weight of the tower is enormous foundations of the two piersthat stand farthest from the river presented but the foundations of the two no difficulty, pierson the river side of had to be taken down to a depth of 33 feet. These foundations are of solid concrete, the pedestalof the tower and rest on a mass masonry being fixed to them by huge anchor bolts. The tower itselfconsists of a series of girders, braced togetherby elaborate
"
Two
trellis-work.
the total cost
of the
and
structure
half million
a was
over
rivets
"260,000.
used, and
were
There
are
three
the first 186 feet,the second 377 feet,and platforms,reached by lifts, the third 924 feet above the ground. It is interesting to know that, until the time
of his death
floor of the tower, where
in 1903, Eiffel maintained he would retire to think
a
of
flat
on
the third
the past and
to
schemes for the future. plan new During the War the tower proved to be of the greatest value as an anti-aircraft observation-post, enablingwarnings to be sounded on the To listeners-in the Eiffel Tower approach of Zeppelinsor Gothas. of the most is familiar as one powerfulradio stations in the world, and its call-sign F L is always a welcome sound. "
"
"
"
E. H.
[E. N. A. PARIS This view
was
taken from
an
aeroplane.
THE
FROM The
views 72
from
AIR. the
Eiffel Tower
are
of
equal interest.
A
A
DEVELOPMENT
giganticfloatingcrane
OF
THE
the lifting
THE
old
PRINCIPLE
landing stage
OF at
New
THE
LEVER.
Brighton,weighing 150
ELEMENTS
tons.
OF
ENGINEERING SOME
invented
who
know
WE
MECHANICAL
SIMPLE
locomotive, but who
Perhaps them
a
wheel.
day,
every
They regard them from
as
that
are
so
who
the first machine familiar
with
so
simple and but
of
invented
they
see
course
a
complicated and
so
had
obvious, too, that machine
what
and
wheels,
it is difficult to realize that
machines,"
lever
telephoneand
invented
We
seem "
the
DEVICES
to
the
first
was
it ? of
many be
"
it is hard
vented." into
be
anything powerful engine. may
a simple of the Stone some Age noticed primitiveman day, possibly, that a log,or even a whole tree-trunk,could be rolled along the ground, downhill, with very little effort. Perhaps he had some spoil especially a
to
One
to his prelarge deer, to take proudly home historic It was wife to a hungry tribe. or heavy, too heavy to be tired. So he tried the expedient of placingthe lifted,and he was trophy on a tree-trunk and rollingit along. Gradually, stage by stage,
of the
he
chase,
brought
a
the
bear
or
a
preciousburden
to
his
cave.
He
had
deserved, and
SIMPLE
MECHANICAL
DEVICES
excellent dinner, but
won,
an
very
much
principleof
had
he
:
more
he
had
done
discovered
the
the wheel.
On
these pages are few elementarymachines
of
simple sketches of which
we
a
all ought
to know
something,for they may be said to be the very keystones of engineering science,all our present-day machinery so wonderful, so powerful,so apparently complicated and Axle. The Wheel Fig. a being but development, or extension, of these essentially simple contrivances. "
"
"
i.
"
"
Fig.
"
Lever
of the
first
b
"
Lever
of the second
order.
c
Lever
"
of the third order.
order.
Figure I allows
the
is the
wheel
to
wheel
and
revolve
axle.
the
axle bears
freely. In Fig. 2a,
downward the
The
the
on
object,and long arm "
the other
end
"
the
the
weight and force is applied
of the lever farthest from
end
rapid movement is changed into the short
arm.
at that
end"
slow motion
Fig. zb
at
works
is but the movement principle, upward. Fig. 2c is an ordinarypair of tongs such as sugar-tongs the gripbeing obtained The levers. by pressing together the two and in Figs. 2a 2b show where arrows on
the
same
"
Fig. 3.
"
The
Rope Twist
"
Lever.
Fig. 4. "
74
The
Inclined Plane.
how
and
SIMPLE
MECHANICAL
is
applied
in
(Fig.3)
shows
force
DEVICES
these
two
cases.
The
rope
twisting the becomes
twist rope
with
shortened
and
which
it is attached
nearer
to
of
each
stick,
a
the
two
rope
parts
to
graduallypulled
are
This
other.
how, by the
is another
form
lever, often used by builders in putting
scaffolding. Fig. 4, the inclined plane, is simply a An flat surface raised at one end. object Fig. 5. The Wedge. end raised will slide at the towards placed the low end ; in other words, we have of the a simpleapplication law of gravity. The important feature of the wedge (Fig.5) is that the full force of a blow on the broad end is brought to the point, and the object "a tree-trunk, perhaps is graduallysplitin two as the wedge is up
"
"
driven
in.
The small arms
lazy-tongs(Fig.6)
arms
opens
are or
so
fastened
that
a
closes all the others.
preferto
language may of the movements
close and
which
take
rapidlybecause
open who
that the end
say
of the
singlemovement Those
placeat
each
all the
have
a
two
for technical
taste
receive the
arms
angle.
One
end
sum
advantage of like a piece of
fold into a small space, lazy-tongsis that all the arms ordinarygarden trellis-work. Lazy-tongs are much used in offices for be brought close telephone extensions, so that the telephone can to the speaker's mouth, while when no longerrequiredit can be pushed out
of the
way.
Ball-bearingsare
ever
such
things,as every boy has a bicycle sooner There is hardlya discovers.
and
who
which
Fig. 6. "
The
top figureshows
the
tongs almost
does
not
make
use
or
75
figure the
girl later
machine
of
The
Lazy-tongs. closed, the bottom
ful use-
tongs extended.
these
SIMPLE
MECHANICAL
DEVICES
Fig. 8.
The
"
valuable
has
wheel Fig.7.
"
Ball-bearings. Part
machine
has
been
cut
of Ihe
there
like
been To
cut
out
look
silver.
is very little The wheel with
As "
steel marbles, but
axle
the
friction
"
Compare this works
on
and
"
pinion fit exactlywith
and
a
Two
the
the teeth
movements
slide the rack
are
along,or
the pinionto rotate. along and cause this with Fig. 9, which shows a form of rack motion ; but is rather more elaborate. principle exactlythe same for opening and closingthe sliding It is used of valves. doors The pinion moves the racks down alternately. up and is known the piston and as Fig. 10 and forms the most familiar part of the cylinder, steam-engine. Steam enters the cylinderand pushes the pistonto the farther end, from which it is returned The by other means. pistonis fastened
the
steam
The as
the rope
pull of Rack
Motion, ""'"-The
"?"*,.
arrows
crank
for
the
press with
mechanism
diagram in As
tongs causes
great force upon
them.
which
show
side. out-
where
escapes.
the
chain
of
means
to the
shown
cranes.
to which
by
the
and
grip tongs
upon
between
a
in
enters
used
are
to
is transmitted
The
A form
so
is wasted.
slide
rod
"-The
too, and
"
as
may
just like that they
smooth
so
little power
but
(Fig.8) is known
the teeth
its motion
Fig. 9.-
you
are
revolves, they go round
"
may
they
at,
straightpiece(which also has teeth, made to rack." belonging to the pinion)is called a : either the pinion may go round and possible the rack
that
so
away.
small shine
only they are always sight. Fig. 7 a part of the In
them.
see
Pinion.
and
servants, from
hidden
Rack
Fig.
the are
crane
are
such
winds
up the suspended,
the any
n
two
grips
to
objectplaced
MECHANICAL
SIMPLE
Fig. 12 mechanical
DEVICES
is
a
very device known
familiar
interestingand the
as
It
fly-wheel.
is
chieflyused on engines,such as locomotives, wheels. to equalizethe speed of two or more The movements of a reciprocating necting-rod pistonand conwould be jerky if the fly-wheelwere The fly-wheel not fitted. corrects these variations in speed. b, and Figs. 130, show
c
how
transmitted from
place, or has
its
level, method in
advantages a
tain cer-
The
conditions. shows
one
one
Each
to another.
is
power from
simple
first
of
form
belt transmission, the Fig.
10.
and
The
"
Piston
direction.
same
136
the
that
A
an
belt is
is
crossed, or
pulley,which
anti-clockwise
pulley to
revolve
"
diagram
you
will
In
is shown
other
soon
Fig.
revolving
direction, shall the
the
fouled," in order
way.
in B
cause
Fig. study
if you grasp the idea.
complicated,but
more
in
pulleys revolving
Cylinder.
two
of
130 the Fig. ii.
the
shafts
two
a big one pulleys,
Various
results this
from
is
belt
can
placed the
of the belt is and
at
A
Fig. 12.
"
The
Fly-wheel,as
used
for Locomotives,
the
the
pulleyto
instead of
etc. 77
a
on
If the
each
end
the
at
once.
same
end
one
pulley
fixed
end each
pulley B go round
on
size, both
the small
other
one.
obtained
be
same
large pulley B, of
small
however,
When,
rate.
two
carries
and
pulleyswill revolve
the
Grip Tongs.
arrangement.
pulleys of
A,
The
"
Each
on
tion revolu-
causes
the
several times
Figs.130;, 136, and
The seen
a
DEVICES
MECHANICAL
SIMPLE
and sprocket-wheel bicycle. The teeth
130.
"
Various
chain in the
of Belt Drives.
methods
(Fig.14)are familiar to all who have sprocket-wheelare engaged by the
holes in the chain.
turbine, is a development of the ordinary 15, the water in the country turning water-wheel which we stilloccasionally can see
Fig.
the same as
villagemill. In the turbine, however, water is enclosed and the of work, quantityof water is made to do a much greater amount in another article. explained In Fig. 1 6 the littlewheel with the pins in it (thepin-wheel) "
is fixed in such
which
revolves
wheel
a
that
way
it will not
revolves, each pin in
while it
can
go
"
round
and
round, the shaft
allow it to shift its turn
enters
the
position. As the pincorrespondinghole in the
slotted
pinion,thus causing it to rotate. clutches, especiallyin Nowadays we are always hearing about connection with motor-cars. Figs,ija and ijb show two very simple forms or
to
of clutch.
stop motions
Fig. 14. "
similar purpose, particular part of the machine
All clutches in
a
a
serve
Sprocket-wheeland Chain.
Fig. 15." 78
The
which
without
Water
is to start
stopping
Turbine.
SIMPLE
MECHANICAL the machine
DEVICES
itself. In
(notshown) on correspondinggears the right-hand gears and at
do
not
the
turn
the
diagrams the gears right-handshafts drive the
the
on run
the left-hand ones,
looselyon
the others
right are
until the
pushed along
the left-hand clutches. engage In Fig. 18 the wheels "
Fig. 16.
"
Pin-wheel Pinion.
are
clutches
make
them
known
as
"
the teeth, instead spiral gearing because of going straightacross, are arranged at an angle. The result is that they revolve at
Slotted
and
to
but
their shafts
Figs.I7a and 176. "
Simple Forms
Two
of Clutch.
different
anglesto one another, the size of the angle depending upon of the teeth. the positions The link-belt (Fig.19) serves similar purpose to the sprocketa wheel and chain (Fig.14). It is often used instead of leather belting, owing to its superiorlastingqualities. is sometimes
Fig. 2oa there to the
is
no
mechanical
weight of
called
"
a
gain,the pullon
the most
the rope
being exactlyequal advantage,however, in the sheaf, or block," changes the direction of motion that the pull can from the be made so convenient position.Fig. 206 shows an arrangement
the load lifted.
that
lever of the firstorder," because
It has
one
"
of three blocks,which a
much
greater power
but pull,
with
The
last
a
decreased
gives to
the
speed.
diagram (Fig.21) gearing, spur where the small gear the pinion fore drives the ring,which there-
shows
internal
"
"
revolves Fig. 18. Spiral Gearing. "
at
a
much
rate.
slower Fig.
79
19.
"
Link-belt.
Figs, 2oa
When
understand
and
2ob.
you
Block
"
DEVICES
MECHANICAL
SIMPLE
Fig.
Pulleys.
studied
have
will
them, you
these
have
to find out
such
learned
how
a
they
"
Internal
Spur Gearing.
great deal about
a
will
for all who
fascination
"
diagrams carefully,and
and elementary engineeringprinciples
subjecthas
21.
realize
perhaps
like
"
to
make
{By courtesy of Sir Wtn,
can
certain
why the things or
work."
ELECTRIC
They
"
fully
take
TOWER 8
to
CRANES 10-ton
loads 80
IN at
a
A
SHIPYARD.
radius
of
120
feet
Ami
Q- Co., Ltd.
Press. [Central MAIN
OF
SLUICES
GREAT
THE
MAKWAR
such
is no
there in
countries the
year,
need
fact,for
to
therefore
and
SENNAR
ON
THE
BIG
BLUE
NILE.
DAMS
England and Scotland, where rain falls throughout it is almost the to of realize value water impossible ; for is available too save water, plenty always much, as
"
of
some
AT
THE
BUILDING
IN
DAM
in many
But
us.
parts of the world
is scarce,
water
of the greatest of precious,and some wet engineeringfeats have to do with saving the rains of the in time of drought. for use In South farm Africa, for instance, practically on every very
modern
"
has
veldt a
its
dam,
valley,strong down
flows rain
the
falls,and
a
dams the
to seasons
never W.BE.
a
built
wall
stone
high enough to trap hill-sides in the rainy season.
then
the
water
cases,
the rainfall and
when
tiny cloud
the as
sun
in the
saved
is used
earliest times,
the hold
or
and
alive,and, in many From
mud
promise of
and
hold For
dam the
all the months
as
their
down
rain.
crops,
and
from pitilessly It is then
that
high
end
at
a
time
and
of
that
water
keeps cattle crops
the
lower
no
sheep
well. have
hot, dry countries, men
save
blazes
water
to
in
the
across
"
season
even
day
built
in life itself, to
day,
with
the real value
of
BUILDING
water
known, when
is
life and
between
In
DAMS
perhaps a singlecupfulmay
times
garden
a
BIG
the difference
mean
death.
modern
desert and
THE
realizingthat
men,
is
justthe presence
the
difference between
or
a
of water, have
absence
set
great barragesof the Nile, which to irrigate thousands of acres of land, transforming it possible have made barren waste into fertile, useful soil on which it from crops can
to
work
to
such
where, without In
the
and
works,
and
towns
would
man
be
can villages
unable
the
engineerswho
last and greatest of these
planned and
iL
been carried
undertakings,the mighty dam
Sennar r*"
I
springup
live.
to
difficultieshave
dams, tremendous
by
overcome
The
the work.
kept, and
of the Nile
case
encountered out
cattle
sheep and
be grown,
like the
dams,
construct
Nile,
begun
was
1921, and four years
took
in
Work
on
it
only
was
from with
sible pos-
of
months
for
during months
flood- waters,
come
a
granitebeing
three
down
than
its construction.
year,
other
April,
more
for nine each
in
Blue
build, over
to
million tons of used
the
on
the
the
sweeping Upper Sudan,
such
force that
[H. J. Shcpstone. AT
ON
WORK
THE
SENNAR
the
DAM.
stone
had
of
placing the
had to be abandoned.
blocks could be laid in place, the engineers Before any of the granite to build suds," or earthen walls, both up-stream and down, on "
either side of the work
work
until it
site for the finished.
was
granite dam Between
to protect the main itself,
the
two
"
suds
"
block
after
lowered into place,and year by year the vast granitewas wall grew, with openingsin it protectedby sluice gates, which could The giantbarrier to control the flow of the river. be raised or lowered was begun on both banks, and year by year the two ends neared each block
of
other, though in the force had could
that
it washed
ceased, these go
had
season
away to be
of flood the
the
water
came
down
protectingsuds, and, when over again before the
built all
on. 82
with
such
the
floods
main
work
BUILDING Over
20,000
THE
laboured
men
BIG the
at
DAMS
task
of
barrage; 30 miles distant, the great quarry of industry,for there the massive granite carted
down
excavated to
and
provide
floods and
the
to
a
dam
itself,where
lifted earth safe bed them
turn
of the
the
at
.for the to
real
the finishing of Segadi was
blocks
gigantic
of five tons
rate
granite wall
that
a
minute,
There, in the middle
use.
and "
steam
should
hive
a
hewn
were "
a
Sennar
navvy in order
imprison the of the
desert,
wonderful
most
machinery ever constructed, steam canal navvies, cutters, a complete cement factory,miles of railway and for handling the stone engines trucks, giganticcranes necessary to build a wall nearly4,000 yards in lengthacross the river,and to hold back its waters in such a way that nearly 3,000,000 of desert acres was
some
[E.N.A. THE
will
be
turned
into
ASSIOUT
DAM
ON
profitableland,
THE
NILE.
on
which
thousands
of
the
Sudanese
mills of Lancashire. for the cotton people will grow is the greatest Finished and formallyopened in 1925, the Sennar dam in the world, and a triumph of British engineeringenterprise. Lower down the Nile, in Egypt itself, is the great Assouan dam, a wall of stone stretching from bank of the historic river,storing to bank up
formed on
which
water
by
which
the
were
irrigates many Assouan
built
dam some
is
thousands
of
submerged
the ancient
of the
most
acres.
In the island
vast
of
magnificenttemples of
basin
Philae,
ancient
and Egypt. Columns pillarsrisingout of the waters alone remain of to-day to tell of the ancient gloriesof Philae,but countless acres of the the use fertile land, in placeof empty stretches of desert,show 83
BUILDING
BIG
THE
DAMS
great work, wide to
a
enough
carry
and width
of
four then
of stone
wall at
its summit
lines
leave
footway
on
of
way, rail-
good
a
either
side. Western land
America,
the
of
bigthings,has been of the provided with some
[Photopress. A
WARNING
NOTE
OPERATIONS
WHEN
ARE
BLASTING PROGRESS.
IN
world's greatest dams
irrigate parched country, and Work," and
of
stretches
"Making provide
to
for the
power
districts.
those
to
also,as explained in
article
the
in order
Water
electric
light
inhabitants
Even
the
of
mighty
itself has been Mississippi
trapped
and
through
harnessed
The
wall
back
2j with
that
the
holds is
waters
in
miles a
as
of Iowa.
State
the
it flows
length, height of 53
feet, and
it
is
42
feet thick at its base,
slopingto thickness
29 feet in
at the
top.
A
great lock, no feet in width, lets
through and
steamers
other
vessels
travelling updown-stream,
fPholopress. A
or
and
Blasting stone
for the
Bradford's 84
BIG
construction new
water
BANG.
in connection of the great dam supply from the River Nidd.
with
BUILDING
THE
BIG
DAMS
[Keystone. THE
It is built
"
the lock
of
WILSON
entirelyof
lift
"
in the
concrete
AT
DAM, and
of the lock Panama
is
MUSCLE
SHOALS,
ON
THE
TENNESSEE
4,640 feet in length. Over half a million generation of electricity.
is 40
feet,which
is 8 feet
Canal, previouslyconsidered
RIVER.
horse-power is providedfor
more
than
the
the
the world's
biggest triumph
lock-building. Fifteen
worth work
miles
of
railway,50
miles
of
and pipe-lines, machinery nearlya quarter of a million sterlinghad to be providedfor the of buildingthis colossal dam, which cost well over "-5,000,000
[James.
The
great lake formed
by the
THE
ELEPHANT
dam
is 45 miles
BUTTE
long and 86
DAM. holds
over
800
million
gallonsof
water.
BUILDING
THE
BIG
DAMS
[CentralNews. THE A
beautiful
example of curved
DON
PEDRO
It is
work.
CALIFORNIA.
DAM,
283 feet high and
176 feet
thick
at the base.
At the top is a wide
road.
before it was made
to
completed. The waters provide power for dynamos
for all the
current
with
dam,
lightand
of towns
needs
Here, after the
a
district from
has
water
desert
a
California
boasts
of concrete,
containingwall, are Assouan
this curved
work
at its
base,
to
into
a
have
to
the
dam.
which
provides electric
end
volume
transformed
of these
built in Sennar
is the
it is let loose generate electricity,
a
dams,
which
huge
curve,
walls.
stone
dam irrigation
barrier is
end
less than
no
parapetson
of water
86
the
among
283 feet it
to
in
hills of
height,
withstand
the
top of the wall has been either side,so that it is possible
and to
means
structed usually con-
The
torrents.
of the dam
are
strength for the instead of being straight A beautiful example of
feet in thickness, to enable
to
surrounding
get additional
to
Pedro
Don
the
smiling countryside.
and, in order
wide road, with
drive from
of this vast
which
176 rushingmountain
force of the made
to
many
and
is
served
waste
California ; this concrete
and,
vicinityof
its base
power-house at
irrigationchannels
like the
in the
are
generate sufficient electric
for many towns and mining camps, the power being power from the great force of the water flowingthrough the sluices.
obtained
into
which
sluices
west, in the mining district of El Paso, is the Elephant
Farther
Butte
emerging through the
appreciatewhat the storage the surroundingcountry.
BUILDING
is
Butte
6 or
BIG
of beauty Though, in the matter challengescomparison with any
dam
far
a
largerconstruction.
artificial lake
an
THE
miles
45
in
of
DAMS
the surroundings,
in the
The
world, that
water
length,and
which
with
an
Don
Pedro
Elephant
at
it stores
up forms width of
average
half million cubic feet of water, and two a miles, containingover than 800,000 millions of gallons. Nearly a quarter of a million more of land
have
of this dam,
which
acres
over
vast
In
areas
reclaimed
been
plantedthrough the building surpluswater of the Rio Grande
distributes the
of Texas
Arizona, the
and
"
and
Mexico.
New
sage-brushcountry,"in
which
it used
to be
sidered con-
nothing but useless shrub would grow, the United States series of great dams has planned and is constructing a transformingthe whole face of the land. One of the best
that
Government which known
are
of these
example nearly a
is the
of the curved million
Roosevelt concrete
the sterling,
the Salt
dam
on
wall
construction.
dam
Roosevelt
River, which
forms
is
Built at
a
fine
cost
a
of
its wall
behind
a
IE. N. A. THE
DAM,
ROOSEVELT
ARIZONA.
feet high, and This semi-circular structure is 280 impounds equal to the county of Lancashire. loot, 1,284,000 acres, an area thorny desert have been turned into fertileland. 87
sufficient water
By its
means
to
cover,
extensive
to
the
tracts
depth of
of what
was
a
BUILDING lake
than
more
30
in
miles
feet from
its base.
DAMS
length,containingover
gallonsof water from the hills of the The curvingwall of concrete is 1,125 of 280
BIG
THE
Like
Tonto
National
feet in
length,and rises to
the
dams, the top of the Roosevelt forms a wide the Salt River, so that the dam can pass over America's on
biggest,however,
the Tennessee
is the Wilson
; it is second
River
Forest
of Arizona.
height Elephant Butte roadway by which traffic serves as a bridge.
Pedro
Don
million
500,000
a
and
dam
at Muscle
only in size to the Sennar
Shoals, dam
[Sport"" A
FLOOD
GREAT Water
Egypt,
and
is greater than
ON
the is
vast
a
dyke.
work
of concrete,
the Wilson
dam
height,and
it ranks
the greatest
General.
MISSISSIPI.
THE
breaking through
in
4,640 feet
at
in
Assouan.
Built
length,and
142
entirely feet in
hydro-electric plant ever power waters planned. Eighteen great turbines are driven by the harnessed of the river,providingover half a million horse-powerfor the generation of electricity. Three to cross great national highways converge the
Tennessee Section
River
by
as
by
section
the
the
parapet of the dam.
giant
concrete
wall
was
raised, openings
being left at the
"
built in
was
this
the
case
TOWN
IN
ARKANSAS
the
inhabitants
for
so
of
In the
Blue
Mountains
use
wall in
gorge
floods, the
sides
establish had
to
London million
deep
of the
workshops be to acres
carried
gorge
upon a
Newcastle, and of
parched
Wales
there
the
great Burrinjuck
building of river subjectto impossibleto
bed
was
a
by
the
of
miles, equal
distributed It
Iso
meant
so
of 266
RIVER.
THE
is the
steep that it Furthermore, the
them.
land.
OF
farms.
across
being
distance
the electric energy
now
Its erection
and
was
surrounding cities,and
to
South
of New
as
the United
of power
source
FLOODING
complete.
neighbouring high ground.
American
on
was
originatedby every
THE
power
massive
a
when
BY
Empire.
a
plan was
refuge on
highest in the
the
dam,
of unfertile land irrigation
SWAMPED
for
fertilizers
after
one
much
structure
while explosives,
to take
and
vast
War,
providing lightand
making
damaging stage of filling
final
whole
; the
the
had
The
completed.
the
not
during
All
is used
until
manufacture
for the
A
"
of the river
called for the greatest care,
electric power
Government
tapped
be
wall
object was
provisionof
States
for
it could
in the
blocks
open
another
the
before
structure
in the
In
intervals to prevent the flood-waters
a was
water
to
miles
a
stored
journey
of canals
project that
called
here from
over
a
for all
BUILDING the
THE
BIG
DAMS
of the engineers. It entailed pluck,and determination five years of constant an expenditureof "3,000,000,and demanded toil on the part of an army of men, during which stern battles had to be waged with raging floods which frequentlyswamped the works. Such was the strengthof the current that on several occasions cranes, heavy piecesof machinery and valuable tools were carried 50 miles and more down-stream, whence they were only salved with great difficulty. The dam is 236 feet high,or 34 feet higher than the monument resource,
[Sfort " General. A
FLOOD
commemorating
SCENE
AT
THE
BURRINJUCK
the Fire of London.
DAM,
NEW
SOUTH
WALES.
It is 186 feet thick
at
the
base,
taperingto 18 feet at the top. By holdingup the waters of the Murrumthe mountains, having bidgeeRiver, it created an artificiallake among a
surface
area
Another
of 12,740 acres, with a depth of 220 great Australian work is the Cordeaux
feet.
dam, completed
in 1927, forming one of the three huge new reservoirs which will ensure the water of for The supply Sydney capacity many years to come. of this particular reservoir is 20,600,000 gallons. 9U
BUILDING
THE
BIG
DAMS
India, the land of great desert spaces, used in the Deccan
Desert," but has
which the
construction
to possess
the maps of dam after dam
this desert out
nearlywatered
the construction
marked
was
on
of existence.
"
the
as
by The
a
largetract
Great
the
Indian
Government
last great project,
of the
Lloyd barrage at Sukkur, involves a cost oi and twelve millions sterling, fertilizes an area as big as five English counties put together. Here the wall carries two bridgesacross the than five times as long as London Indus, each of them more Bridge
[Sport S Gereral. MILLIONS
OF
TONS
Beginningwith
OF
WATER
BEATING
the littlemud
AGAINST
walls
which
BURRINJUCK
THE
enabled
a
DAM.
small
farmer
dams his crops and cattle in time of drought,the art of building has grown but for supplies, year after year, not onlyfor conservingwater of power the provision for electric current, until these vast erections of
to
save
stone
and
Some
are
serve
to
"
thus
both make
concrete
are
to be
seen
in
nearly every
part of the
world.
for power only,while some irrigation only,some purposes of them for irrigation and electric power, but every one helps of blades where only one two before," and grew grass grow
for
helps
on
the
world's
progress. 91
E.
C. VIVIAN.
[E. N. A. THE
FIGHTING The
Dutch
great
have
stone
and
always been concrete
great
dam
masters
of the
in connection
with
art
the
ZUYDER of
ZEE.
dam-making.
reclamation
Laying
of 3,000,000
a
brushwood from
acres
foundation the
Zuyder
IE. N A The
DYKE
timber
AT
WESTKAPELLE,
pilesprevent
the stones 08
HOLLAND. from
shifting.
for Zee.
A.
a
AS
knows, the
everyone
dangerous
Waterloo
Bridge
necessary of a
BUILDING
THE
WATERLOO
TEMPORARY
Placing the 600
centre
tons
span
in
of
state
has
dered ren-
the
struction con-
temporary
girder bridge, in itself a considerable engineering
BRIDGE.
feat.
position.
The
central
span,
[ErnestMilner. A
FINE
weighing built and
600
WATERLOO
tons,
the old
on
up
OF
VIEW
then moved
AND
THE
TEMPORARY
BRIDGE.
was
bridge the
across
to the
90 feet of space
BRIDGE
new
of two bridge by means of railway tracks on sets the steel girders. When successfully span had been
hauled
above
the four
caissons cylindrical
gently few
"
"
bolted
to
at
the
a
time
ends
was a
and
of the
PREPARING SUPPORT BRIDGE.
TO
!
lesser
down
jacked
inches
great it
spans.
93
THE THE
IRON CENTRE
AND SPAN
CONCRETE OF
THE
CYLINDERS TEMPORARY
[By courtesy A
TRAIN
FERRY
ON
THE
WONDERFUL
EAST
FLORIDA
GOES
TO
SEA."
COAST
of
the Florida
RAILWAY,
"THE
East
Coast
LINE
Railway. WHICH
LIGHTHOUSE
THE
BUILDERS have LIGHTHOUSES been
"
well
described
as
the sailor's signposts,"
and
it
is
of
importance should
be
the
that
right positions and
they where
be
happens positions
that
n'eston
"
Son,]
CABLE
BEACHY
washed
and
praise too whom
magnificent of
enable
our
and
fro
occasions
the
lonely rocks,
con-
at
of
building
highest order,
parts
and
inaccessible
or
The
to
very most
the
by
calls
engineering skill
men
the
OF
lighthouses therefore for
generally
those
at
best
BY
STONE
submerged
high tide, cliffs.
get
can
LIGHTHOUSE.
HEAD
waves
OF
CONSTRUCTION
THE
stantly
are
is,
needed
[Eastbourne. BLOCK
A FOR
it
the
difficult to build upon,
either
LOWERING
that
most
they But
most
/.
are
seen.
difficult to
they in
placed "
where
utmost
and
greatly the in
world
ships to "
safety.
their in
the
owe
beacons
on
not can-
we
we
the
of the
all
that pass
"
to
lawful
tive compara-
/.
Wcston
"
[Eastlcvfite.
5o",l PLACING
STONE
IN
POSITION.
THE
The
LIGHTHOUSE
famous
most
of all
stone
Rocks, is the fourth
tower
was
it in
built
1698 ; that
storms
The
thick.
that English lighthouses,
that
has
built
been
began his
by Winstanley,who
on
work
the in
1694 and
height of
this tower, which
first
finished
damaged
by feet
nearly 20
ring of masonry 4 feet completed in 1700, finally
in
also encased
Eddy-
The
site.
had been so much year later the structure it solid for filled in to make the tower was
itself,and
the
on
a
rock
the
above
BUILDERS
a
was
In 1703 came a only three years. hurricane which destroyedit,taking to his death, by a strange fate, its The the lighthouseat the time. builder, who happened to be visiting of chief weakness that the tower instead was was being eight-sided,
feet,but it stood
nearly120
was
circular,to offer the Three
for
least resistance
later
to
the
waves.
architect and
engineernamed Rudyerd began the buildingof a second Eddystone lighthouse, mainly of oak, which bolted to the rock itself and ballasted with stone to givethe neceswas sary and This stood for weight. lighthouse forty-six only came years, end because it was to an burnt owing to the lantern catchingfire. Third in order on the ill-famed rock was Smeaton's lighthouse, in and in It the first finished structure was ever begun 1756 1759. years
built to withstand into each there
Although
floors,which
an
the shocks other.
of the
The
sea
stones
averaged
certain weaknesses
were
did not
in the
the stones a
ton
tailed dove-
were
in
each
design,such
weight. curved
as
Smeaton's famous structure strength, lasted till about it was 1880, when replacedby the present tower, designedby Sir James Douglass. Even then replacement was rendered rather by the undermining of the rock itself by the waves necessary than as
add
in which
to
the
weakness in Smeaton's tower, any from the photograph on page will be seen
newer
by
The
structure.
Plymouth Hoe, The
Bell
where
Rock
upper
part of
anyone
can
see
the lower
part of which,
98,stillstands beside re-erected the lighthouse was it to-day.
lighthouse,another
famed
structure,
12
of Forfarshire,is solid up to 21 feet above high-water and hcis a total heightof 100 feet. Over 2,000 tons of stone were in buildingit,the floors being dovetailed into the walls in such
was
they
add
to
the
strengthof the
first shown
in this tower
for
being the most
Noted
Bishop Rock light,which of the ScillyIslands, was
warns
in the
completed year
westerlyof
The
off
level, used a
way
light
1811. all
the Englishlighthouses,
sailors of the
built of iron
structure.
on
miles
the coast
that
the
dangerous ledges west In 1885 the eightyyears ago.
TJTTTT
TvTVrr-
A
T
If
^
U
TTjr\T
TCTT1
THE structure original
and
Bell
Rock
was
LIGHTHOUSE
lights,the
of its height,and
in
encased "
BUILDERS
a
graniteshell.
Bishop
"
is solid for
is dovetailed
Like the more
Eddystone
than
a
quarter
to its
neighboursas well as A sectional view is given on page 99. being held by cement. rock lights," These, and many others, are known as being built not on high pointsof the coast, but on the dangerousrocks themselves, covered of which Rock most at low tide. are by the sea even the greatest possiblestrength in their construction, lights demand every
stone
"
'
"
[Tofical. THE
owing winter
LONGSHIPS
to the
LIGHTHOUSE,
they throw
up
may
COAST
THE
force of the
enormous
gales. The
OFF
OF
CORNWALL,
DURING
A
STORM.
beatingagainstthem during galesand the force of the waves
waves
strengthof these be judged from the
fact that when
the Dhu
Heart-
being built, a they had depths,as away been marbles, stones weighingtwo tons apiece The same thinghappened the where Rock stones the the of Bell construction were light, during also of two tons weight apiece. water In some on it is found better to raise the lightabove cases ach
lighthouse,14 gale sprang up
miles
which
off the Scottish island of into
tossed
the
Mull, was
if
.
W.B.B.
97
"
LIGHTHOUSE
THE
BUILDERS
sunk deeplyinto the bed of the sea ; the openwork structure piles, of solid stone. This than a column givesfar less resistance to the waves of the sea floor admits form is adopted usuallywhere the yielding nature of sinkingthe supports to a great depth to give stability ; it is hardly is rocky in character. used where the bed of the sea ever modern Many lighthouses,especially
iron
those mark
which
shoals
dangerous
and of
areas
sand, are constructed First of
of concrete. all
steel caisson, or
a
is sunk
huge tube, endwise which
on
the
on
is
The
spot
the"
house lightstand.
to
is
caisson of
emptied and
sand
its
all
by
water
compressed air, and is
filled with
then
which
concrete, solidifies into column of
the diameter
the
base.
lighthouse's On
this
foundation
the
example "
somewhat than
are
the
some
cases
estuary
of
it is
even
River
the
is
as
long
longer. Weser,
is
as
The an
of this.
Coast
instead
it,while in
placed in lighthouse, on
Rothersand
crete con-
below
LIGHTHOUSE.
EDDYSTONE
water
the structure
house light-
the
column
[Topical. THE
often
firm
built,
is then and
solid
a
of
so lights,"
shoals
on
less
the
"
or
called because rocks
excitingeither rock
in the
they are placedon sea,
for the
lights." Well-known
are
builders
most or
the coast
itself
though lighthouse men
numerous,
the
examples are
the
Dungeness
THE This structure beam
is the
to
a
ROCK
LIGHTHOUSE,
SHOWN
IN
SECTION.
the dangerous ledges off the ScillyIsles. The iron westerly English lighthouse, and marks The in granite. in 1885 encased light (double flash every fifteen seconds) throws a was million candle*, and is visible eighteen mile*.
most
built in 1847
equal
BISHOP
THE
BUILDERS
LIGHTHOUSE
of Ushant and Gris Nez in France. lightin England,and the great lights A specially fine example of a coast lightis situated on a bold headland justto the north of Biarritz,warning shipsto keep off the fatal ledges which line this part of the Biscayan coast. To be of any use the lightshown to the sailor, by each lighthouse must declare what it is and where it stands, and this is done by varying of a clockwork of the flashes. By means the lengthand number appara-
/.
Weslon
6-
Son,] CONSTRUCTION Work
tus, either the
revolve, and kind
each
of flash.
seconds.
minute.
a
the
itself
HEAD
LIGHTHOUSE.
generally only possibleat low
or
a
screen
lighthousehas its own
Thus
ScillyIsles and quarter of
lamp
BEACHY
OF was
with rate
tide.
apertures in it is made of revolution
and
special
about lighthouse, half-waybetween Lizard, givesa flash of two seconds' duration
minute.
the
Wolf
South
Foreland
flashes every
two
and
100
the
every half a
Islands,givesone flash every Longstone, in the Fame alternate and short flashes, and every one give long
Some
to
halfhas
THE
its distinctive sort
LIGHTHOUSE of
that
flash,so
lightis
warning them, and, by
of the
danger.
BUILDERS
navigators are
able to tell which
the chart, to know consulting
the nature
Harbour
channel certain
port
/.
or
Weston
act as beacons to guide shipsalong the lights, similarly, into harbour tell how ; the sailingdirections long one be in with must line and where to turn to another, light kept starboard and when certain a by the positionsof the lights, "
""
"
Son,]
[Eastbourne. THE
CABLE
LINE
FROM
CLIFFS
TO
LIGHTHOUSE.
lightmust be kept on either beam of the vessel. All these lightsmust either give different flashes,or else be of different colours,so that the from another without one pilotcan distinguish difficulty. the lens or lamp, is a marvel The real working part of a lighthouse, of ingenuity. Beginning with coal and wood fires flaringto the sky, next were lighthouses lightedwith candles, as in the earlyEddystone constructions,and by oil burners. years
ago
since coal fires ceased
It is very littlemore to be used. 101
than
a
hundred
LIGHTHOUSE
THE
Next
came
silvered After
to increase
used reflectors,
definite direction.
The
first
record
on
and glassfitted together,
this
arranged
in
came a
silvered
used
metal
circle,each with
BUILDERS the
a
lightin
reflectors,a its
own
the
number
burner,
throw
it in
a
of small
made
was
in
lightand
to show
piecesof Mersey in 1763. of which
were
lightall
round
twenty-fourof these reflectors were fitted in the Eddystone lighthouse.In the modern lamp,glasslenses and concentrate used from and the light, which comes to intensify prismsare a singleburner in the centre of the arrangement of prisms and lenses. is known invented in 1822 by Fresthe steppsd lens was What as nel, and this was developed by several scientists,includingThomas author of Treasure Island, Stevenson, the grandfatherof the famous who made came James Chance, who improvements. Then many In 1810
the horizon.
Stage
no
fewer than
Stage
i.
STAGES
IN
THE
EVOLUTION
Stage
2.
OF
THE
LIGHTHOUSE
3.
LENS.
designed the dioptricmirror in use to-day,and John Hopkinson, who made the important invention of flashinggroup lights. An ordinarylamp sheds its rays in all directions,lighting the area all round it ; lighthouselenses are and above to collect all designed the rays and in one throw them direction only. Improvements in direction of the rays design have been made with a view to accurate and a reduction of the number of opticalagents used to collect and direct the lightin the requireddirection. Metal reflectors had to be abandoned, since they tarnish in sea atmosphere and get scratched in cleaning. Glass prisms succeeded them, since glasswill neither tarnish nor scratch if properlycleaned. There are two main classes of lenses,the fixed and the revolving. Since the fixed type has to shed lightall round, the problem in making it is that of deflecting or bending all the rays which would normally "
"
THE shine
LIGHTHOUSE
downward,
BUILDERS
and
forcingthem in the direction of the accomplishedthis to a certain extent, and was a solid designedin steps by breakingup the solid form of lens (since lens big enough for lighthouse work almost impossibleto make) was into a series of rings, each larger than the one inside it,so as to get the effect of a solid lens and permit one lightonly to be used, with the upward
horizon.
or
Fresnel's lens "
"
Press. [Special
A
LIGHTHOUSE The
lenses its
own
LANTERN
WITH
lantern
revolves
disposedround it,instead
of
GROUP on
a
mercury
having a
FLASHING
LENSES.
float.
series of burners
each with
reflector.
only refracted the rays, to catch the light which would otherwise have been lost upward and downward. Next, far more however, he invented reflecting prismsof glass,which caught the doubled the of value of the lightfrom the burner, and practically Fresnel's
first invention
103
THE
LIGHTHOUSE
All these
BUILDERS
for fixed
and it was left to Thomas lights, Stevenson to design the first reallypowerful revolvinglights. By of his means dioptricmirror," which was altered and perfectedby to catch all the lightfrom the burner James Chance, it became possible and send it in one direction,as is done with modern revolvinglights. the is of clear mirror n o perfectly glass, lightat all comes Although through it from the burner if you stand at the back and look through, in the one since it is designed to catch all the rays and send them requireddirection. Dr. Hopkinson'sinvention of the group flashing Then came system, in which lenses are arranged in groups to give flashes varying in intervals far more between difference lightand darkness. By this means is given to each light, that it is easier to distinguish of character so between tell at once, even dark on them, and navigatingofficers can and part of the coast they are passing. stormy nights,what
original lamp.
were
"
Then
of the metal
of the mercury
the invention
came
which
revolvinglightshad previouslybeen set for turning. A good example of the mercury-floated lightis that at Fastnet. the of lenses and their framing Although revolvingweight is no less than six tons, with three-quarters of a million candle-power, yet the revolution is swift enough to give a flash every five seconds. This could
rollers
float,to be used in place
for the As
have
never
on
been
done with
revolvingportion of
regardsthe burners
the old metal
the
roller form of mounting
lamp.
used, oil burners
with incandescent
mantles
the
principal type to-day,this form having superseded the old wick burner. There is also a speciallighthousetype of gas-filled electricburner ; and a 4-kilowattlamp, working at 80 volts and giving8,000 candle-power,has been adopted. Since the diameter of the flame is are
far less than have
to
be made
be
must
A
set
to
determine
for these
new
one
beam
from
Gris
threw
such
a
as
beard
!
anglesat
lenses and
which
prisms
of lighthousebeams was power of the keepersof the South Foreland light,near Dover.
keeper had
house
the
types of burner.
instance good practical
given by This
that of older types of burner, fresh sets of calculations
he
And
of the
long beard, and about Nez light, 25 a
clear shadow stood
on
miles
of the beard
in front of it that
yet Gris
Nez
is not
so
lights. 104
clear
on
he
nights he
distant the white
could
that
the French
on
wall of the
count
powerful as
found
some
the
coast,
keeper's
hairs
of the
the
in the
English
[IHustraticnsBureau.
THE
STATUE
OF
LIBERTY,
WITH
UPLIFTED
HARBOUR.
106
TORCHLIGHT,
NEW
YORK
THE
WHENof
NEW
BANK
OF
ENGLAND.
look at any of the great buildingsthat line the streets London and other largecities,and study the grey or white you
frontage,you get the impressionthat those layersof stone were another until the whole on buildinghad risen skyward, placed one and that it was justlike buildingan ordinaryhouse on a largerscale, with But when see great blocks of stone in place of bricks. you and study the erection of an office block," a huge "Store," or the discover that the stone great company, headquarters of some you front is only a shell,and that the real strengthof the concrete or of mighty steel girderswhich structure is in the network are entirely from In ing hidden fact, a big buildsightwhen the buildingis finished. of to-day presents as problems to the engineer as to the many that it has to be equipped with when architect,especially you remember liftsand radiators and probably miles of electric cables and water-pipes. the walls has to be very carefully Moreover, the wind-pressureon and girderwill have calculated, as well as the stress which every beam stone
"
to bear
under
all conditions. 106
THE
First,of
to
the
sink
which
great actual
be cleared and
to
to rest the
of
blocks
the foundations
sunk
completed structure, and
subsidence, or sinkingof the walls into the ground,
huge weight of steel and
foundations
BUILDER
the steadiness of the
assure
also to prevent any
AS
the site must
course,
deeplyenough under
ENGINEER
a
very
great
Sometimes
stone.
depth,in order
weight ; in other cases, after
granite
or
concrete
buildingis begun,and,
in
are
set
nearlyevery
it is necessary
to find solid rock
reachinga
under case,
certain
the earth the
to on
depth,
before the
of giantbuilding
fTofical. STREET
REGENT
several
to-day has floors above With for the
the
cranes
REBUILT.
storeysunderground,which
help to keep rigidthe
them.
clearing away and
derricks
buildingson the site,placeis made into their will swing great steel girders
of old that
placesas easilyas you would lift a stick and turn it in the air. The ing, buildolder form, a three-legged structure as high as the intended rising and carryinga crane and engine on the platformat its top, is still it as a used ; builders know Scotchman," for some mysterious largely of a central steadyinggirder, But the newer reason. form, consisting "
107
THE
ENGINEER
AS
BUILDER with
the
does
anchored takes
work
at its
the
is
floor
SKELETON
THE
OF
BUILDING
NEW
FOR
LLOYDS,
begun,
buildingitself.
bank
under
where
it was
these
are
by floor allows everything to be lifters are central-pillar
all
the
on
"
floor
is
the
has
finished off under used
lifted,a floor
But
no
with
in at
a
top storey, swingingmasses
the
of
big stop exactly
to
longer needed. the building, gets it.
inside
room
picturebelow
"
Scotchman
steel
out
Two
construction
the
newer
of the or
of
a
way
more
of
building, time, by the others, until they of stone
or
a
giantbuckets
of
great steel loads of bricks,
concrete, beams
from
see
may
first erected, until it is
each of them
and
you
construction, the
form, going up and
As
the
are
no
up the
floor
swung thus ing takplace,
into
LONDON.
when
from
as
girders THE
of
building
travels up
[Pholopress.
set down
basement
work
to
less
man," "Scotch-
a
and, the
base,
far
up than
room
in
that
arm
the
or
or
requiredpositions.
into the
Once
the
cranes
in
are
beginto place,steel girders in
arrive for the first,and some
the most
ways
stage of
important, buildingoperations.
Before
began
cranes some
task
their
work,
foundry began the of castingand drilling
the steelwork of which and
the
ever
support
calculated
to
ing, of the buildevery has
the
beam to
be
utmost Tiollope"" Colls,Ltd.
[By courtesyof Messrs.
exactness
as
regards
"SCOTCHMAN 108
"CRANES
AT
WORK
ON
A
BANK
BUILDING.
THE
ENGINEER
AS
BUILDER
the rivet holes bored at length and other dimensions, and even And, when you look at pointswhere one section joinson to another. and think that every steel girderhad to be shaped a finished building, to
the
fiftieth part of
an
inch
and
less,so
exactlyoppositeeach other, you
come
exactness
of this
that
the rivet holes
will understand
the
care
taken
in the
ARRAY
OF
CRANES
WHEN
THE
LONDON
holes will
foundry,two
[By courtesyof Messrs. IMPOSING
little of the
stage of the work.
in spiteof Possibly,
AN
a
would
COUNTY
HALL
Holland
WAS
"
Hannen, Ltd.
UNDER
CONSTRUCTION.
is in exactlyoppositeeach other when the business of riveting In that case and driven through a taperingtool is inserted progress. forced into their correct position, after which the until the beams are riveter gets to work with the pneumatic hammer, with which he finishes him at his work, if you watch off the joints. You the steelwork see may in a position of a modern buildinggoingup ; standing in rnid-air, to the ground, where a step or slipto either side would send him hurtling not
be
109
AS
ENGINEER
THE
BUILDER
proceedscalmly with his work, while with a pair of tongs his mate slipsthe red-hot rivets into place,ready for the he
hammer
clinch
to
of the
man
"
known
as
on
pushed
formed
girders which together. In nearly every
the
of steel
networks the
from
earth,
displaceolder and
room
is
the
possibleto
a
main
the
order
concrete
cover
Cathedral
as
blocks
are
hollow
three "
to
sides of
well
of
squares,
"
on
or
of the
"
to
concrete
well," so that be
to
Usually, stone, highly
used for the walls as
much
lightas
reflected into the
possiblemay from the oppositewall. Where ground is or York) (as in New 110
formed
face.
or are
or
many office
with a square, which the inner
a
their windows
glazedwhite bricks
column.
and
give lightto as modern possible, many
rooms
instead
calmly demolishing a church
support of the
in, say, St. Paul's
walls with
workman
ever
Pyramids.
central
A
hardly
is
cover
FAME.
But, when
there
In
OF
to
there
the
HEIGHT
buildings give more
line of it,and, to all appearances, is no steel in the walls than more
every
THE
"
head
line of the steelwork
structure, for stone
[Pliotopress.
"
modern
as
finished, it is see
pneumatic
constantly rising
are
convenience.
forms
which
it will
great city these
structures
more
work
keeps
as
second
a
is
a practically part of it helps to hold
it
made
it and
far
as
until the
hole
through its has
what
dollie,"a tool which
a
hammer
with
hammer
the red-hot bolt go
third
holds the rivet
rivetinggang
against the
up
The
them.
very
the
rooms
valuable, area
for
THE
ENGINEER
buildingis restricted,as as possibleare piledone to make
order
available.
the best
London,
AS
BUILDER
storeys another, in
many on
use
and
of the space other many
restrict the heightto which largecities, rise, lest the streets buildings may should be deprivedof too much light, and also because very high buildings, traffic holding so many people,cause congestion. In this connection it has been shown that if all the people employed in end
of
Fifth
tried to
there
would
though narrow
street.
as
it is
on
a
be
But
is
by
New
at
for
room
Avenue
no
once
them,
means
a
York, built
peninsulawith
cither side,must
York
New
into the street
not
Fifth
in
Avenue
out
get
lower
buildingsat the
the
water
on
either raise itsbuildings
higherand higheror else stop growing. London can spread in all directions, while
New
York
cannot.
plate facingpage 16 shows New York's latest project in as skyscrapers." It is to be known the Larkin Tower Building,and is planned to rise to a height of 1,208 three than feet,or considerablymore times the heightof St. Paul's Cathedral. The
colour
"
With
no
storeysand
no
fewer
than
"
sixty elevators,"it will proudlyclaim to be the tallest structure built by For nearlyfifty man years the Eiffel "
"
.
Tower, in Paris,has held that distinction
heightof 984 feet. Some idea of the engineeringproblems involved be gained from the fact that 55,000 can tons of steel will be requiredfor the
with its
frame and
8,000,000 bricks.
There
will Ill
\Photopte-s. AT A
WORK
GRAND
ON STAND
STANCHION
THE FOR
A
FAMOUS
OF COURSE. RACE-
THE
ENGINEER
BUILDER
AS
indulgedin
be 4,500 windows, all outside,and if you all the elevators you would be whizzed
"
"
buildingsof
American
is "in
on
the
one
outer
piece,"as
buildingthe
mammoth
walls,which
the outer
are
inner form
constructed
The
built
are
one
Council
on
NETWORK
Chamber
another.
Larkin or
Tower, the upper steps, without which
the street of
level enclosed
keeping London of lightness
York
streets have
every A
roofs the
of
different
a
girderwork
walls support the floors,and
the whole
structure a
the
But
be called.
it may
in the American
dependent in
is not
any
way floors the
separateshell,inside which
BEAMS
Lont'on
AND
County
In the
Hall
i.i
hardly any
lightat
a
series of
all would
such
at
to be illuminated
day of the year, as they are so problem that has to be borne
Ltd.
construction.
street
level,which
"
the
setbacks,"
reach
towering walls. risinghigheris shown by
apartments
"" H
high buildingslike
storeys are between
of
course
of very
case
Holland
GIRDERS.
arranged in
from
on
steel
OF the
"
miles.
10
on
[By courtesyof Messrs. A
joy ride
of
distance
a
British office block, in which
from the principle is so planned that structure
this type
"
a
down
The
to
wisdom
the comparative in
some
New
by artificial lightat midday nearly shadowed around. by the buildings
112
in mind
is the chemical
action
of
ERECTING
THE
GIRDERS
OF
A
HUGE
NEW
STORE.
THE the
the
atmosphere on of smoke
to
it has
been
and
in the end
and
air, which has
altered
that
used.
Cities add
alters its character the
character
useless,by the action easilyaffected,but the stone
are
are
of
much
coming of
fumes
let
loose,
corroded, definitely air. Reinforced city
of which
badly
so
great quantities
; the
of the
kinds of stone
some
composed has suffered replacementsare necessary and
Parliament
BUILDER
rendered
is not
concrete
found
AS
buildingmaterials
the
vehicles petrol-driven and
ENGINEER
that
of the
the Houses
of
repairs
constant
carved
work
has
11
[By courtesyof Messrs. THE
lost its such
state
a
before
Westminster
originalbeauty. that
it could
city air, and
be many
fears
a
"
Hannen. L'd.
Abbey
long
not
be
ago
reached
altogether spoilt
of modern resist the ravages of pounds had to be raised for the
condition
thousands
Holland
PICCADILLY.
felt lest it should
were
put in
IN
HOUSE
DEVONSHIRE
NEW
to
by urgent appeals to the public. stone is not resistant enough Again, some
purpose
buildingson the coast, while it to crumble. a dry air causes \\.B.E.
another
kind
Each
kind
113
to
sea
of stone has
its
own
air to be used
for
is useless because and properties,
THE
AS
ENGINEER
BUILDER in
atmosphere in in which certain kinds of acid are present, while granitewill give way cities. Lately, time under the influence of gases in the air of some have been built entirely of structures, includinglarge bridges, many architects concrete. All these little things make problems which and engineershave to solve in determining the materials of which buildingsshall be contructed. Wherever iron or steel work is exposed,instead of being covered in by stone or concrete, it has to be specially painted to withstand marble, hard
even
though
will crumble
it seems,
an
the action of the air. a
of
little army
instance,
paintersis
work
at
For
Forth
the
on
stantly con-
Bridge ; when they have painted the bridgefrom end to end, they and go back to the starting-point begin all over again,or else the lasted have bridge would never until to-day, since it is exposed to
the
air of the North
corrosive
Sea. Even to
frontagesrequire
stone
be
cleaned
"
and
dressed such
intervals,for without the
"
at
tion atten-
would
eventually requirereplacing. From the settingup of the first crane for swinging materials last coat into place,to the of crumble
and
varnish of
a
stone
a
on
minutest
the
represents
MODEL The
OF "
new
ONE
Cathedral
OF of
Learning
"
at
the
his
of
play
to
Science
r
whom
in
structure Can
make
has
rendering
J
efficient
as
it. E.
114
for
chemist, each finished
Pittsburg.
problem
a
and
the
r
LATEST.
AMERICA'S
care,
engineer,the architect, and part
[CentralNetcs.
buildingis planned
modern
with
rail,every detail
stair
C.
VIVIAN.
the as
WATERWAYS
WONDERFUL tomb
Tutankhamen's
WHENrepresenting
ancient
the
of
one
which
visited
Polo, who
Marco
the
is said to have
been
in
China
in
begun
thirteenth
the
Grand
world, the
in the
found
pictures were
Egyptians engaged
of the
wonders
opened
was
seventh
canal
ing. build-
century, of
Canal but
century
covered dis-
China, not
was
[Central News. H.M.S.
"RENOWN
PASSING
DUCHESS
completed familiar canal
those
until
with
construction
The
great
of
to-day
OF
six centuries such
difference is
YORK
;
between
that, whereas
The
indeed,
old
as
the
CANAL
as
the
WITH
THE
DUKE
AND
BOARD.
ON
later.
waterways is almost
PANAMA
THE
THROUGH
Greeks in
and
Romans
flat countries
the
were
art
of
history. canal
ancients
builders
had
to
of
relyon
history and slave
labour
engineershave all the advantages of simplestof tools, modern powerful machinery and scientific appliances; drag-lineexcavators to do the digging,dynamite and rock-drills to blast the rocky strata, and
the
WONDERFUL
WATERWAYS
huge locomotives to carry away the earth and rock as it is excavated, to transport heavy weights,reinforced concrete, steel mighty cranes wonderful of all, stresses, and, most capable of bearing enormous electricity. A contrast indeed to the slaves and whips of antiquity. Canals may be regarded as rivers made by man, in contrast to This is not at all an exaggeratedview, because rivers made by nature. canals in their way the finest are as as grand and almost as inspiring Often they are much of nature's work. useful because, while more just where There
fall of the land carries them, canals
the
rivers flow where
they
be built
wanted.
are
kinds
various
are
can
according to the canals, connectingcentres exist, and suitable only
of canals, and
it is convenient
class
to
(i)Ordinary inland no navigablerivers for small vessels,barges,etc. ; (2) Lateral two canals, which either connect placesin the same valley,or two adjoiningriver systems, or provide a waterway in place of a portion of a river, where, owing to waterfalls,cataracts, shallows or tidal currents, navigationis difficult or impossible ; (3)Ship canals, providing an inexpensive of means transportation them
between or
the
between
some
and
ocean
they serve : purpose of population where
ocean,
and
ocean
inland centre.
Canals
capableof taking the largest liners and battleships.During of this class
the
recent
Duke
H.M.S.
and
of
tour
Renown
H.M.S.
the
of York,
Duchess
through the and
are
passed
Panama
Canal, the
Hood,
built, largestwarship ever has also been through. Ship canals are by far from the most interesting an engineering point of ,
r
[Topical.
,i
V1GW"
A
problems Which
arise
STEAM
crossing" lie
desert
NAVVY
WITH
in the Sudan
CATERPILLAR to
take
WHEELS
part in canal construction.
WONDERFUL from
construction
large
scale.
a
on
WATERWAYS
so
Sometimes
they are reasonably often straightforward ; they are very complicated. The Suez Canal is a simple channel
out sea-level,with-
at
locks, open
The
freely
sea-water.
Panama
Canal,
on
other hand, consists of
the an
and
with
supplied
both
at
to the sea,
ends
t
intricate series of small
canals
joininga built
lakes,
A
canal
breadth of the to be
at
sea-level and this canal
largestboats
by
with
stonework
a
of the channel
that
to
are
WORK
ON
locks.
THE
for Canada.
WELLAND
SHIP
worked
or
mountain.
concrete
should
the
a
Every ship that
flat bottom
a
navigatethe
few feet greater than
Huge excavators, A
connected
is constructed
the bottom
a
AT
has, in effect,to climb
usually have
at least
SHOVEL
various
channel
sides, which
GIANT
CANAL.
at
heights above goes through
[By courtesyof High Commissioner A
of
number
be
more
canal
"
mounted
are
on
sloping facing." The
than
; the
twice that
depth requires
draught of the heaviest
are by electricity, employed
series of scoops
and
an
to
do
the
endless chain, and
boat .
ging. digwork
gradually deepening slope. Going empty on the downward journey,they collect their fillon the upward journey,usuallytwo to three hundredweights of material to each scoop. Having reached the of the end journey,each scoop in turn is automaticallyturned upper and down upside emptiesits load into railwaytrucks waitingunderneath. As each truck is filled the locomotive draws it clear and bringsthe next and when all the trucks are full the train moves off. empty truck into place, on
a
the soil is not
Where
have
to be
"
puddled
"
with
gravel,the aim being to burrowing of animals.
and
Canals
which
consist
level,like steps up means
of
section.
the
the bottom
retentive
of
and
sides of the canal
clay,tempered and well mixed with sand of water and the prevent the percolation a
number
side of
a
of
sections,each
hill,must
a
different
necessarily possess some section to the adjoining
raisingor loweringa vessel from one This is accomplishedby locks, inclines,or 117
on
lifts.
WATERWAYS
WONDERFUL
is
lock
The
of
of
masonry contain the
the
water-tightenclosure
a
sufficient dimensions
largestvessels is
canal, and of
the
placed
water
end
of
in
the
the
is
the
mination ter-
surface
closed
by heavy
swinging gates, in pairs,which open the centre againstthe direction of These
current.
double
order
form [". N. OF
CONQUEROR
REAL
THE
A
the
.
PANAMA.
them
drip barrel which automaticallyspreads and prevents pools in Panama It mosquitoes from breeding in the water. was headway with the impossibleto make A
oil
until with
had
means
the
Sluices, which
of dealing
of water,
the passage
boat
in
first
closed, then
canal
ascending a
in, and
the
from
above,
near
the
though
the
arrives
at
lower
again
sluices in
to
flow
through
the
a
side
culvert
dischargesfrom
the
structed con-
the lock in
and
when
lock, the to
opened gates
the
Water
gates
When
upper
gates, and
upper
the
shut.
allow
entered.
upper
the
in
gates remain a
controlled
are
inserted
bottom,
it has
when
are
opened
ones
closed
the
they may meet before they a straightline. The pressure of thus water causes against them to be the more tight. watercompletely
mosquito plague.
allow
come
found
been
are
in
that
over
work
gates
wider than
somewhat
of
Each
level.
upper
lock
the
navigate
at
level, its top
lower
reaching slightlyabove the
that
to
the
are
boat
is
to
allowed
sometimes
level into
a
also
lock.
As
the water-level rises to equal that of the upper section of fills, canal. Whereupon the upper gates are opened and the boat is
the lock the
able
to
lock
on
The
lift of
is
or
2
to
who
9 feet.
takes
a
Thames
familiar
their
and
feet,
12
by rowing-boat soon
the
the
higher level. a singlelock
usuallyabout
Anyone up
of
out
from
ranges and
pass the
with
trip
launch comes belocks
of
manner
working. On
some
canals
A
95-TON STEAM 118
SHOVEL
HANDLING
ROCK
IN
[E.N.A. PANAMA.
[Fleet. A
GIANT
CRANE
AND
CONVEYER
AT
WORK
ON
THE
PANAMA
CANAL.
[". THE
GREAT
GUARD
GATES
OF
PEDRO
MIGUEL
118
DOCKS,
PANAMA
CANAL.
N.
A.
WATERWAYS
WONDERFUL inclined
level to another, the boats
one
carriageswhich
run
is confined
of these
locks
of
instead
used
planes are
on
rails and
to
the
are
hauled
consist
of two
enough
water
float
a
Two
boat.
The
inclined
as or
lifts. These
caissons, each
lines of rails
holding employed, one
are
[E GATUN locks
The
caisson
by the
are
ropes
or
other
chains
sunk Let
canals. which
is
running on Caissons
constructed
at
will.
us
now
that
one
vessel
chat
The
chief and
over
50 miles
about most
may
descend
another
a
famous more 120
that
manner
of the
some
A.
more
is,of than
are
ascenc's.
connected
so
when
water-tightboxes,
in such
long,cost
as
the caissons
that guide-pulleys are
N
CANAL.
each line of rails ; and
descends.
sheet-iron,and or
arranged in pairs so
running on
PANAMA
LOCKS,
or use
canals.
smaller
employ what are known counterbalancingtroughs
to
from
cradles
cables.
by
up
boats
wheeled
being placed upon
canals
Other
transfer
to
ascends
one
built
usuallyof
they may
be floated
important of
course,
the
Panama
the
ship
Canal,
"75,000,000to construct,
WONDERFUL and
unites
has
conferred
the
and
Pacific and
the Atlantic.
was
Then
stripof
It
builder of the
Suez
Canal
at
its
company,
head, started
an
the Isthmus of Panama. projectfor a sea-level canal across begun, but the mismanagement of the company's funds terrible plagues, yellow fever and malaria, soon called a halt. took the lead, bought the canal site the narrow America
those
French
the
greatest oceans,
immense
famous
ambitious Work
two
benefits upon civilization. historyof the canal is well known. First,a French
The with
the
WATERWAYS
"
land had
the Isthmus
across
planned a
and
"
started
sea-level canal such
the
work
The
anew.
the Suez, which
as
would
[E. AT. A. AN
"ELECTRIC
FOR
USED
MULE,"
TOWING
VESSELS
PANAMA
have in
necessitated
places,across
excavation
material mile. Well
chain
a
is
themselves feet above
excavation
alone
had
excavated
But
might ever
Another
be
to
this
was
Panama
was
onlyone be
carried out well-known
a
LOCKS
OF
THE
hundred
some
Americans, with
the
a
to
save
feet
deep.
enormous
lock canal, the
upper
sea.
huge problem. 360,000,000 tons moved
and
problem
referred to
by
channel,
a
of hills ; the
80
over
THE
CANAL.
cuttingof
work, contented
level of which
The
the
THROUGH
the
distance of a average hundreds of others. were
an
; there "
as
of
prise greatest engineerirgenter-
man." canal
about 121
which
much
has
been
written
WONDERFUL is the
Suez.
Like
WATERWAYS
the Panama,
it will
standing always be regarded as an outachievement. the at will see how Anyone looking a map neck of land joinsWest narrow Asia to Egypt. Small as it is, that strip of land compelled ships travellingfrom Europe to Asia to sail round almost the entire continent of Africa, so that a journey of MEDITERRANEAN
several
SEA
thousand
rendered
was
by
neck
a
than
necessary
of land less
hundred
a
In
across.
the
across
the
on
the
of
and
is cut that can
locks
ocean-goingliners steam straight from
Sea.
has, of sides ;
the
course, across
THE
SUEZ
the
been
sloping the
top feet
at
the
tom bot-
maximum
CANAL.
width
The
canal
300
the
[E.N.A. OF
VIEW
and
the
to
The
it is about
BIRD'S-EYE
it
;
sea-level,so
to
Mediterranean
wide
since
improved. long
no
through Red
was
miles
100
has
a
years
it has
much
It is
Ten
canal
and
opened
to
Ferdinand
Lesseps.
been
A
canal
a
designs
later
work
Isthmus,
Frenchman, de
miles
1859
begun
was
miles
is 260
feet.
In
of material
excavated. were 80,000,000 cubic yards of the canal is but recentlya proposalhas present depth 30 feet,
construction
brought
vessels
having
with
vessels
Suez
Canal
The
a
of a
to increase the
forward
draught of 36 feet. this draught. About
year,
Welland
depth
or
Canal
more
than
a
in Canada 122
in order
The
Panama
that
it may
Canal
can
take
deal
ships pass through the dozen a day. was opened in 1829, and is now 5,000
STEAMERS A
strict
speed limit
is
imposed
to
PASSING
prevent
IN
damage
THE to
the
SUEZ sand
CANAL. banks
by
the
wash
of
large vessels.
[E. N. ON
THE
SAULT
STE 123
MARIE
CANAL.
A.
WONDERFUL LAKE
WATERWAYS
ERIE
LAKE
ux*.t
ONTARIO
LOCK,
DIAGRAM
LOCKS
SHOWING
ON
THE
WELLAND
SHIP
CANAL.
being reconstructed for the third time. This reconstruction is perhaps in hand. the most endeavour The now importantpieceof engineering the Niagarapeninsula, canal crosses almost parallel to the Niagara runs It forms a vital link River, and joinsLake Erie with Lake Ontario. the ports on the Great Lakes and the the shippingroute between on Atlantic.
certain sections
When
the St. Lawrence
on
quitelargeocean-goingvessels enlarged, to Duluth, the grain port at the head
will be
River
have
been
journey direct of Lake Superior,the most of the Great Lakes. This will save westward transferring cargo from and will reduce considerably small shipsto big ones the cost of transporting Canada to Europe. Lake Erie is 572 grain from Western sea-level,whereas
feet above means
that
there is
the canal, and
Lake
rise of 330 this includes the a
Ontario
able to
is but
feet between
Niagara Falls. using the canal
the
effect,liners a
climb
*,
journey.
Instead
locks which
were
them
will
variety;
usable usable
will
of
do
to
the
this
each
length
800
width
of
80
to
lift
able
A Some
HUGE
idea of the
STEAM
SHOVEL.
size of modern
rate
steam
shovels
"
' '
as
"
124
a
feet, they vessel
a
height 82
will at
of
feet.
pump such
a
level 5-7 feet per lock will therefore
to raise the
minute. take
locks
the
is
holds thirtyconveyed by the fact that this Bucyrus Its working capacity is 15 cubic yards and at each truck-load go." up a whole
four men. it scoops
machinery
into
water
the
feet and
The 47 feet. lock walls will be
Powerful Fleet.
in
possessinga
of
be
forty
reconstructed
nearly the
the
possess only seven. locks will be all of the
These lift
will
thought necessary
originalcanal, canal
In
Falls in their
famous
these
to enable
sections of
the various
equivalentof
This
feet.
242
but
Each some
ten
minutes
to fill.
WONDERFUL various
The in the
same
in
of the
sections
canal
will rise
Panama
the
as
manner
WATERWAYS
one
above
Canal.
Everyone magnificentall-British
the
draught
a
up
To reconstruct at
time
one
spent
at
to
the canal
certain
; 41,000,000
feet will be
23
as
cubic
able to
bottom
at
feet and
use
ested inter-
canal 200
vessels
it.
have
been
employed 60,000,000 dollars have so far been earth and 8,000,000 cubic yards of
;
yards of
3,000
as
many
seasons
other,
will be
followingfacts about this it will be when as completed : Length 25 miles, width feet,at water-level 310 feet. The depth will be 25 having
the
men
Canada. [By courtesyof the High Ccrr.tnissicnerfor
CONSTRUCTING
rock
will have
will be
to be
will be We
excavated
which
one
have
seen
that
the
Canals.
American to overcome,
These
from
overcame
quitefavourablywith
go
twin
Lake
from
will need
to
use
lie
canals
builders had them
in 126
a
well be
in
many
most
the Panama
with
able to pass
Superiorto one
one
regard
of the
concrete
in about
lake to another
one
British
To
ONTARIO.
CANAL,
3,160,000cubic yards of
; and
pass
SHIP
race may in future will ships
territory.Their and
WELLAND
THE
This canal will compare
Superiorto the Atlantic. the adjoininglake, they Marie
FOR
LOCKS
required. Ships will
eighthours. and
TWIN
pride.
from
Lake
two
Canadian
Lake
Huron,
Sault and
one
Ste in
engineeringdifficulties
ingeniousmanner.
WONDERFUL
WATERWAYS
[E. N. A. A
draw
of
IN
A
TUNNEL.
The is five miles tunnel Rove Underground Canal, Marseilles. long and is perfectlystraight. of foot passengers and the horses which side,supported by the tall arches, are paths for the use the barges.
The
Along
CANAL
Great
each
Europe contains no its importance and
affair from
a
Here
there
The Kiel Canal, in spite very largecanals. the part it played in the War, is a small
pointof view. It is,however, second only to the Suez in length. Another the Elbe as long canal is that known is 42 miles long,but only 10 feet deep. and Trave, in Germany, which It is reallyonly a barge canal. A remarkable canal which, though short, is one French of the world's greatest engineering the Rove feats,is that known as Tunnel, beneath the Rove a Hills,near Marseilles,to connect carrying waterway that port with the Rhone Canal system. It is the longestcanal from tunnel in the world, being five miles end to end, and took fifteen years to complete,at a cost of "25,000,000. Our picturegives fair idea of its appearance when How a faintlyilluminated. many of us would reallyenjoy a journey on its dark waters ? In Great Britain,with plenty of navigablerivers and with the seacoast comparatively close to all parts,we are not so familiar with canals should be if we lived in Holland as we or Belgium, or even in France. and
canal,but
on
constructional
we
come
the whole
we
across
have
a
little waterway
and
christen
greatlyneglectedthe making 120
it
a
of canals.
WONDERFUL It is tiue
the
Mersey
Caledonian
Ship
Canal
direct to Manchester.
Canal
which
The famous
STEAMER
canals
ON
A
of the
WATERWAY
you
allows
cotton
for
to
Manchester
the material and
compare
of
shipsto proceed
the construction
at
followingtable will enable
the middle
across
Before
Liverpooland railwaysconveyed extra Manchester, causing much expense
unload
A
the
have
Canal, ships bearing raw
Manchester
to
we
the Manchester
Scotland, and via
that
WATERWAYS
of the had
from
to
there
delay. of the
some
more
world.
IN
LADEN
TENNESSEE SHIPPED
TO 127
ENGLAND.
WITH
4,000
BALES
OF
COTTON
TO
BE
FLOATING
A
FIRE-ENGINE
lives in
who
EVERYONE fire-engines held
that
they Not
minute.
of
the of
use
from
the
the
reach
may
is
everyone
Thames these
inaccessible
to
order
enables
of the
building
whilst
fire without that
to
the
traffic is
the
loss of
London
the to
river-side attack
a
Fire tents con-
buildings. flames
the
of course,
positionthat,
a
the
protect the valuable
firemen "
thrill of excitement
a
streets
also
and
fire-floats
water-side
the
however,
aware,
warehouses,
felt
has
of the
scene
in floatingfire-engines
Brigade uses The
dash
the
as
large town through
a
is
ordinary fire-engine.
the
One recent
of
floats
fire-
these
is
twin-
a
70 feet length,and 3 feet
screw
in
of the most
vessel
9 inches
in
extreme
draught, fitted with two six-cylinder internal -combustion
engines. engines are [By c-mtlesy of Messrs. A
FIRE-FLOAT
BEING
TESTED
ON
Mcrryreatker THE
""
Sons, Ltd.
by
is then
some
cut
five minutes
off and
started
compressed
air,
THAMES.
and
petrolfor
These
then
run
on
until
The petrol thoroughlywarmed up. paraffinsupplied,and on this fuel they develop and
their full power.
maintain Each
of special engine develops no horse-power,and by means clutches the enginesmay be used either for propellingthe vessel or for There are water to the fire. on driving the machinery7used to pump each two capable of discharging1,350 gallons per minute. pumps, deliver occasion arise they can Should even over 2,000 gallonsper minute by alteringthe pressure at which they work. When the vessel was tested at Charing Cross a short time ago she remarkable a display of pumping. At one time eight powerful gave at work more a together, but an even jetswere impressivesightwas single3j-inchjetwhich rose to an enormous heightand seemed to reach the river. The pumping tests were continued for four half-way across
hours
without
a
hitch
of any
kind. HI
A
TANK.
[By courtesyof the Mersey GRAIN
DISCHARGING
LINERS
AT
A
LIVERPOOL
DOCK
BY
MEANS
OF
Docks
"" Harbour
PNEUMATIC
Board.
SUCTION
ELEVATORS.
WONDERFUL
SOME the AMONGincluded
DOCKS
must important engineering wonders certainly be the great docks that play so largea part in the life and work of the world. They are an essential feature of every country with them it would be impossibleto feed the a seaboard, for without cities or to conduct vast extensive populations of modern foreign any docks Yet and commerce. are so frequently situated in obscure unattractive quarters that many boys and girlsscarcelyever see them,
and
know
involved
most
little either of the
in their
of their work
romance
construction
and are
docks.
chieflyused
docks
two
of the difficulties
maintenance.
Roughly speaking,there Wet
or
classes of docks, wet for
and
docks
and
are dry loading unloading docks for that have the examination of vessels been repairor ships,dry damaged in collision or that require reconditioning. Pages could be given to a descriptionof the docks at such great to mention only ports as London, Liverpool,Southampton and Hull British ports. At Liverpool,for instance, there four of the best-known Ian ding-stageby and a marvellous miles of docks are over seven floating "
W.B.B.
129
WONDERFUL which
the
DOCKS
traffic is
for the stage enables brought to the river-edge, liners and other shipsof the deepestdraught to comesafelyalongside, their passengers at low water, to discharge and mails. From these even of the earth, returning able docks vessels sail to the four corners with valutobacco, and hundreds cargoes of cotton, wool, bacon, sugar, grain, of other
necessaries.
first dock, Liverpool's the first enclosed, or
when
the
begun.
The
"
Old
of the
It
present docks
recentlycompleted
most
completed in 1715,
Dock,"
dock, in the world.
wet
construction
the
was
filled in in
along the
dock
is the
[By courtesy of the Mersey THE
GREAT
LANDING-STAGE
FLOATING
Dock, opened by the King and in
is the
length and It
offered
was
many the
years
Queen
in
AT
of such
mechanical
Gladstone
new
"
Harbour
in
It is 1,100
Board.
feet
Europe.
authorities realized the
before dock
was
LIVERPOOL.
July,1927.
of its kind
largestdock
1826,
riverside
Docks
was
advantages
of power labour of
as sources employment the substitute for men a as steam, electricity and horses. Nowadays, however, every appliancethat ingenuitycan provideis used to expeditethe handlingof dockside cargo, for the speed of unloading and turning a ship round," is a vital loading,or factor in other words time is money." A dry dock, or well be termed as it is called,may gravingdock
by
water
and
"
"
"
"
"
130
"
-,^-J
.%/
[By courtesy of the Mersey OVERHAULING
A
LARGE
LINER
IN
181
A
GRAVING
DOCK
AT
Docks
LIVERPOOL.
"
Harbour
Board.
WONDERFUL
DOCKS
[Sport" CRANES
ROOF
ABOVE
THE
TREBLE-STOREY
STORE
DOCK,
a
for ship'shospital,
at
but
sea,
also with
it deal with
ailments
is caused
THE
NEW
GLADSTONE
as
affect
a
the result of accidents
ship.
and collision,
Sometimes
siderable con-
it is wonderful
ship by repairand patching. In these days ship by way has reached extent due to some a high stage of perfection, in repairing wide and varied experience obtained duringthe War damage
what
such
AT
LIVERPOOL.
only does
not
SHEDS
General.
a
"
of
be done
can
to
"
surgery to the
of submarines
the ravages ship is due
the
to
her hull becomes
growths retard and
also add
and
mines.
fact that after she has covered
progress
to the fuel
with barnacles
One been and
of the chief ailments at
sea
marine
for
a
As these
by creatingadditional friction with the
hospitaland have them scraped off. it enters When a ship is ready for treatment guided by tug-boats. Having passed through the
for
a
few months
weeds.
bill,it is periodically necessary
of
a
water
shipto
go
into
made out
the
dock, carefully
massive
gates, it is
is pumped fast to the wharf, the gates are closed and the water of the dock. As the level of the water graduallydecreases,wooden "
props,
or
shores," are
inserted between 132
the
ship and
the sides of the
[Sport"" General. CRANES
AND
MORE
CRANES
AT
THE
GLADSTONE
DOCK.
keep the vessel vertical,and as she settles down her keel to rest on When comes specialblocks set in the bottom of the dock. all the water has been pumped out and the ship stands high and dry it is possibleto examine her without difficulty. with the rapid increase The size of docks has grown to keep pace in the dimensions of ships. Amongst the those are largest docks at Belfast (850 feet in length); Tilbury (873 feet); Glasgow (880 feet); Southampton (1,700feet); and Liverpool(1,100feet). With the is about of these docks 100 exceptionof the last named, the breadth feet, and the depth from 50 to 60 feet. of a dry dock is an It might be supposed that the construction is far hole in the earth." It from a being easy matter, just digging of often and great engineering presents problems simple, however, earth has to be excaof In first the vated, place,a large quantity difficulty. then strong watertightwalls have to be built to keep out the As the work water that is found in nearly all ground close to the sea, dock.
These
"
133
WONDERFUL earth behind
proceeds,the pressure
they to
Then
bulge again. again,the
tendency to which to
the dock
the thrust
is not
of
all the
massive
inverted
an
arch
the
was
due at
case
will have
work
for
the
that
reason
such
it has the
on
behind
also If
them.
precautionstaken
Aberdeen, where
disaster
dry dock being in use
after for
a
floor,
to resist it,and
the walls of the earth
on
increasing
stronglyconstructed
a
carefully planned and
certainlyresult,as
been
huge tank, and as is considerable upward pressure
be built in the form
must
not
be
must
masonry
There
float.
counteract
will
have
dry dock is,after all,but
empty
an
if
and
tremendous
a
they perhaps collapse,and
and
done
be
the walls exerts
them, and
upon
will
DOCKS
a
eleven
years and
cracked,
cost
"68,000 to repair. More recently the floor
the
of
dock
a
Tyne
found
was
to be unable
on
stand to with-
the
exerted
[By courtesyof the Mersey A
Moving
into
LEAF
positionone
IS
THAT
taken
out
dock
was
removed.
hull
as
closed of the
for
to
the Gladstone
it and
one
type have been is
by
half
so
lay submerged. the water were
forerunners
of
floatingdocks
Board.
A
inside
no
it has
means
the
out.
several
disadvantages,and used. These are largely new,
for
In its earliest form
gate in the
pumped
uses
Dock.
long ago as 1795. merely an old ship'shull with The ship to be docked was
course,
latter
lock
the idea of which
docks, floating
Harbour
LIGHT.
docks of another
years
"
Docks
"30,000 had to be expended to make it right. the Although dock has its graving
leaf,weighing 500 tons, of the three pairsof
steel gates at the river entrance
in recent
NOT
pressures it and upon
stern
cut
steered stern
patent
a
the
off and
floating
the decks
carefullyinside of the hull
These
was
was
the next
docks, earlyfloating only able to deal with small craft, but they were of the great floating docks of to-day. Not until the the nineteenth the great advantages of century were fullyrealized. 134
(Alfieri. ALBERT
DOCK
EXTENSION,
OF
PORT
LONDON.
[Sport " General. CONSTRUCTING
A
DRY
DOCK
135
AT
SWANSEA.
DOCKS
WONDERFUL docks floating
Modern
lifted.
vessel to be and
their
buoyancy and
lifting power
are
The
built of steel pontoons
are
filled with
when
which
water
water
reasserts
the dock
cause
is then
pumped
itself. Docks
out
to
hollow
or
of the
construction
a
capableof raisingthe largest warshipsand
of this great system of docks, considered
the finest in the
the
pontoons
of this type have
THE
The
bers, cham-
sink below
great liners.
GLADSTONE
world, occupiedmany
years
SYSTEM and
cost
docks in different parts of the world that floating of 20,000 have lifting tons or more. capacities docks L be divided into two as classes,known Floating may also called off-shore U are shape. The former shape and for the wall of the pontoon (corresponding to the downdocks, upright
There
are
at least ten
"
"
"
"
136
"
"
about
OF
E
"7,51
WONDERFUL of the
DOCKS
letter
be attached to an L) must anchorage on shore vessel is being lifted,otherwise the dock would when a heel over. docks of two The are box-docks that are U-shaped types : (i) and not (2) those that are self-docking. The former self-docking, type must be placed in a graving dock when it is desired to repaintor stroke
[By courtesyof the Mersey rERPOOL ter area
BEFORE is
55^ acres
Docks
"" Harlcur
Board.
FLOODING, and
the floor
area
of the sheds
57
acres.
The
sheds treble-storey
are
shown
and
Branch
Docks
Nos.
i
and
2.
repairthe underwater parts. The largestdock of this type is the dock in the of floating Medway, which is designedto lift battleships tons displacement. up to 33,000 The second or self-dockingtype are divided into sections,each self-contained. being Any of these sections may be detached from
WONDERFUL the main dock
itself
of of
and
lifted
the
to
on
other
sections
the constituting
"
for
paintingor repairs. docks is that they can great advantages of floating constructed more quicklythan gravingdocks. In the construction the latter type a great deal of time is occupiedby the excavation dock A firm of shipthe site,but with a floating this is saved. owners with in at short notice dock feet once a length required 510 "
One
be
dock
DOCKS
of the
lif tin
a
g
of
capacity
tons.
11,000
The
working
drawings and specifications were prepared within eight a days and later
week
ion
construct
had
begun.
Within
seven
and
half
a
the
months dock
was
launched, and month
a
later
(eightand months
half
the first
from
mention [By courtesyof Messrs. GIANT
DOCKSIDE
CRANES
AT
THE
They look strangely like the birds from
PORT which
was completewith machinery and fittings,
In another
Sea to its destination.
capacityof of A
11,000
tons
was
case
built and
a
towed
been
distant, within
five and
constructed, several years
complete each
a
to
the at
order
half months.
at least would
of them. 138
with a
a
lifting
distance
being received.
destination, 4,500
Had
have
the North
Havana,
its
dock,
across
floatingdock
of 6,500 miles, within eleven months dock for Lagos was built and delivered
miles
the
its way
on
f
subject)
the
is taken.
name
o
Pitt,Ltd.
LONDON.
OF
their
Stotherl "
a
been
graving docks necessary
to
[Stffln,Hunter BRITISH
ADMIRALTY
32,ooo-TON
FLOATING
DOCK
BEING
TOWED
[Stt-an,Hunter LIFTING
THE
OLD
BATTLESHIP
"
SANSPAREIL
"
DOCK. 139
(10,000
TONS)
IN
"
Wigham
FROM
THE
THE
""
Wigham
BERMUDA
Richardson. TYNE.
Richardson.
FLOATING
DOCKS
WONDERFUL have
Floatingdocks fact that
should
the addition at
work.
In
either that would
dam
Then
of
other
it be desired a
of
case
it had have
section,and
new
the
advantages,the to lengthenthem,
to
be be
to
meanwhile
chief of which this
be
can
the dock
is the
done
be
may
graving dock, lengtheningwould
a
temporarilyput built
dock again,a floating
of
out
use
or
that
by kept
mean
costly
a
it.
across
has the
great advantage over
a
graving
dock
that it is open at both ends, and can accommodate a ship even longerthan itself by the bow and stern of the ship being allowed to dock has been known projectbeyond the ends of the dock. A floating to lifta shipwith an overhang of no less than 107 feet at each end. A a graving dock, of course, could not accommodate ship exceedingits A floating few inches. a dock, too, can be towed to lengthby even traffic to the favourite any part of the coast and so follow the ocean dock harbours. This advantage enables a floating to be used in conjunction
with
a
base, the dock sufficient to
fleet,for if
can
enable
be towed it to be
crippledwarship is unable to reach its to it and repairs carried out to an extent taken to a convenient place for a more
a
thorough overhaul.
[By courtesyof the LIFTING
THE
"
MAJESTIC
The
"
photograph
(56,551 TONS) was
taken
from
FLOATING
IN
THE
one
of the decks
140
of the
DOCK "
AT
White
Star Line.
SOUTHAMPTON.
Olympic."
WONDERFUL As is
DOCKS
there
port
no
within
a
thousand miles
of
muda Berwhere
a
damaged
vessel
could
be
repaired,
and
as
it
was
considered
import
ant
Britain
that should
have
dock
accom-
modation in
the
West
Indies
a ,
floatingdock 381
feet
[By courtesyof the
in THE
"MAJESTIC"
ENTERING
DRY
DOCK
HAULED
White
BY
Star
Line.
TUGS.
lengthand 84 feet in width able was
to
towed
was
out
from
lift vessels of 10,000
believed
it would
that
England
tons, and be
in
when
large enough
1869. it to
was
This
dock
constructed
lift any
ship
is it
that
might be built in the future. The dimensions of warships increased out of date, and it was so rapidly,however, that the dock was soon replacedwith a new one, 545 feet in lengthand 100 feet in breadth, at dock, which has a lifting a cost of "250,000. The capacityof 17,000 built in England and towed tons, was nearly 4,000 miles to its the dock is being used it is submerged until only destination. When 2| feet of its then
walls
manoeuvred
remain
into
above
water.
positionand
when
The
vessel to be the
lifted is dock
the exactlyover the such water at rate a centrifugal discharge pumps of the water. that within three and a half hours the ship is lifted out be separated The dock is composed of three pontoons, which may for cleaningand repair. from each other and dry-docked themselves the dock was tested in the Medto Bermuda Before being towed it was when tons required to lift a battleshipof over 10,000 way, displacement. She was moored above Sheerness and at 11.30 a.m.
eight 1 6-inch
141
WONDERFUL
DOCKS
of charge by three tugs and brought to the entrance the dock. The battleship then centred on the keel blocks and was by 2 o'clock was judged to be in a favourable position. Pumping in fiftyminutes out the water from the dock then began and the dock raised and the ship had of the been 13 feet. By the end afternoon the great ship was high and dry. is that at Southampton The largestfloating dock in the world belongingto the Southern Railway Company. It is 960 feet in length and has a lifting It contains 16,000 tons of steel power of 60,000 tons. held togetherby 4,000,000 rivets,and cost over plates, "1,000,000. It is able to accommodate the largest vessels afloat and has alreadybeen employed to lift the White Star Majestic,the world's heaviest liner (56,551 tons). On was
taken
in
this
occasion
dock
was
the
said
to
performed the
have
"world's
greatest
feat." weight-lifting The
that
news
the
be
Majesticwas
to
lifted
sands thou-
drew of
spectators. the
They saw shipleave
her berth
at
a.m.
11.30
fine
day,
of
nine
great one
in
charge powerful
tugs,which
appeared
be
dwarfs
to
under
mere
her
towering They saw the tugs busy speedily swing the tion great liner into posisides.
and
minutes
thirty leaving [By courtesyof the VIEW
OF
STARBOARD ENTERED
SIDE THE
OF
FLOATING
THE
"MAJESTIC" DRY
DOCK. 142
While
Star Li,v.
AS
,
,
within
,
her Pntprpd
of berth thp
SHE
dock
Walls.
She
WONDERFUL
was
then
fast and
made
of
a occasionally ran or nimbly
men
were
foreman up
the
drawing
was
of the
the keel blocks at the bottom
Little groups
DOCKS
clustered moved
short
situated at the top of the dock.
35
dock
feet
were
along
6 inches 39
the
of water
feet below
walls
quickly from one round stairway into the shiphad When
of the
;
water.
dock, and
group
to
another,
the
Valve
House
been
trulycentred set to work and the dock began the keel blocks, the pumps were over with it the great vessel. The process of pumping to rise,gentlylifting o'clock in the 19,000 tons of water out began at 1.25, and by seven the world's largest liner standinghigh the evening the spectators saw the water, having been raised 40 feet into the air in and dry above A truly marvellous ! feat of engineering less than five hours. ELLISON
[H. THE
'
MAURETANIA 143
IN
DRY
DOCK.
Aslm.
HAWKS.
OF
SHIPMENT
A
LOCOMOTIVES
FOR
LOCOMOTIVES
INDIAN
FOR
RAILWAYS.
OVERSEAS
fine locomotives running on our girlswho see the many that these are the only ones not home railways must suppose sent abroad, and made are on Large numbers by British firms. many of the railwaysof the world you will find British engineshard at work, have been laid out and even the railwaysthemselves by British may engineers. has now become The export of locomotives so frequentthat a fleet One of of ships has been speciallybuilt for their accommodation. G. Armstrong, these vessels is the motorship Beldis, built by Sir W. in This vessel, 303 feet Whit worth " Co. Ltd. length and 45 feet in dead She has a single breadth, is able to carry a weight of 3,440 tons. deck, with two large holds for cargo, the hatchways being specially
BOYS
and
arranged
so
derrick
as
cranes,
On
a
to
be clear of all obstructions.
each
recent
operated by
occasion
the Beldis
seventeen
Birkenhead
are
six three-ton
winch.
steam
a
There
locomotives
and
be
tenders
were
cules, Herexported and Harbour the large crane belonging to the Mersey Docks motive Board, made light work of the job, however, and although each locoslung aboard with ease and weighed about 70 tons, they were speed.
loaded
The Vulcan
on
to
locomotives
Foundry
at
and
at
tenders
Newton-le-
had
to
been
to
brought in parts
Willows, where 144
India.
they
had
from
been
the
made,
SHIPPING Great
Britain
builds
many
fine
locomotives,not
LOCOMOTIVES.
only t
"
for "
herself,but for service abroad. .1
i
"
The
pictureshows
the
method
of
LOCOMOTIVES and
being loaded
before
Thirteen others
of
and
the the
FOR assembled
were
locomotives tenders
OVERSEAS
then
were
for the
on
whole
the quay
loaded
seventeen
on
on
a
track. special
deck, and
stowed
four
below.
The
all at shipsafelyreached her destination,and the locomotives are now of lines known the East the important network work Indian as on Railway. the s.s. Belray,has taken twenty-five More recentlya sister-ship, from the Tyne to Queensland. The order for these 4-8-0 locomotives in the face of severe obtained and it was locomotives was competition, that they should be dispatchedwithin seven months. stipulated They Whitworth W. and G. " Co. built Sir were Ltd., Armstrong, by despite the handicap of the coal strike of 1926 and the consequent shortageof material, the locomotives were completed,fullyassembled in readiness able for running and shipped,within the stipulated period,a trulyremarkperformance. locomotives So complete are the arrangements under which are shippedoverseas to-day that it is only necessary to liftthe enginesfrom the deck of the carrying-ship to the quay for them to be immediately on
available
for service. E.
H.
[Fox. A H.R.H.
the Duke
W.B.E.
of York
ROYAL
drivinga miniature
"
ENGINE Pacific
"
on
145
DRIVER. the
Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch LightRailway. K
[Sport"
*
WIRELESS
TESTING
TUNNEL,
90
BELOW
FEET
THE
STEEL-LINED OF
SURFACE
THE
Genera'..
HUDSON THE
RIVER.
SURE
YOU
ARE SOME
IN
RECEPTION
INSTANCES
?
ENGINEERING
OF FALLACIES
TO
possess to
be
in fact is not, you
of your which information
a
chance
will not
will
naturallyuse unfortunatelyhappens ticn is in
than subjectis far worse that subject. If you are entirely gainingcorrect information, but if
about
entirelyignorant of
ignorant,there is already have you and
information
wrong
the that
circulation,and
any
you
seek for
think
the practically
(wrong) information a
considerable
it often
is correct, but
has
such
you
which
information,
same
Now
possess.
it
of wrong informasemblance of truth that
amount a
if it is of long standing and unlikelyto question it,especially believed by many people. An excellent example is the revolution of about the Sun. For centuries it was the Earth thought that our Earth in the solar system, and that the Sun, planets, was all-important we
and
are
all revolved
stars
natural, and
in those
about
the
Earth
as
centre.
This
was
very
disprove. All the appearances But then dealt with the Copernicus and Newton caused the former the doubt to long-believed explanation days
difficult to
in its favour.
were
matter.
I do
What not
know, but
the
result
was 140
that
we
now
know
our
Earth
ARE
is
YOU
SURE?
small
planet of the Sun, and that we are mere specks on small planet. Moreover, we know that the Sun itself is merely of myriads of stars, many far larger. There is nothing of them
merely a
that one
like astronomy
to
make
one
feel small
and
to realize the
stupendous
total eclipseof the The magnitude and splendour of the universe. millions of people the Sun in June, 1927, must have impressed on wonderful
of our solar system, and the regularityof the motions skill which enabled astronomers to triumph knowledge and three the of calculate the time (to within two or seconds) passage in of the edge of the shadow over point England. any particular The rotation of the Earth on its axis givesus the division of Time, which in solar days or stellar days,the latter being slightly we measure the subdivisions of this periodof For recording shorter than the former. day^we use clocks and watches, and in connection with the latter there I have It is is one of those widely believed errors referred. to which that watches because their lose time in summer thought by many balance-wheels expand then owing to the higher temperature. A perfectlynatural idea, which is true as far as it goes. The balanceof human
wheel
does
expand
with
a
rise of
temperature, but this is not the whole
story. The
balance-wheel
is controlled
the
of steel,which
is elastic.
motion of the oscillating which is usuallymade hair-spring,
becomes
less elastic
as
its temperature
when rises;consequently,
[By courtesyof the CONSTRUCTING
ESCALATORS
AT
THE 147
BANK
STATION,
London
LONDON.
by
Steel the
Underground Railways.
ARE is hair-spring have
a
weakened
oscillates
C. V.
warmed
its
effect
SURE?
is reduced, elasticity
on
slowly,and
more
YOU
Boys, F.R.S., tells me
the
and
this
it to
causes
balance-wheel, whereupon the latter the watch
causes
that this
lose time.
to
Professor
slowingeffect due to the change of elasticity of the is eleven hair-spring times due
great as that
as
the
to
sion expan-
of the balancewheel. To
the
overcome
M. difficulty,
Guillaume
C. E.
invented
alloy (a mixture of metals) called elinvar,the elasticity
an
of
which
is
very
little affected
by change
moderate
a
of
S
temperature.
o
effective is this when
hair-springs made is
now
not
it
found
better
make
what
to
known
are
are
of it that
as
pensated com-
balancewheels
for watches.
As
coveries dis-
new or
made,
are
so, [Fox. FELLING
A
FEET
200
CHIMNEY
alas !
example,escalators
in understanding
STACK.
country, such
the stand
and
some
!
matters
on
of
"
that
"
electric motor still
moving people think, or
stairs
one
if you walk up that drives it to
stair,because
in
are
a
who
moving more
walking up
148
occur.
comparativelynew
those
do
takes mis-
new
them
For
vention in-
new
think
at
escalator work
it is
than
in this
all about you
cause
when
thought that
you
you
ARE harder
tread
wish
you
to
put
way
from
step up
to press harder
do have
SURE?
in this
the stairs,and
on
When
motor.
YOU
work
more
stair to
one
the
on
the it is
next
the foot which
temporarilyremains to give upward This extra pressure is necessary behind. to motion your body, but while this is happening, your leadingfoot does not true
you
hard
so
press
on
the
stair as upper result is that while
on
standingstill. The speed up the escalator,the is the
same
when
as
the
on
are
you
lower
when
were
you
walking at
a
uniform
average pressure of your feet on the stairs were standing still that pressure of course
you
"
being exactlyequal to your weight. is thus unaffected The power rate of doing work) of the motor (i.e. but the total work done by the by your walking up or standingstill, is its power motor multipliedby the time it is exertingsuch power, and than you that walk
when when walk the
walk
you
the escalator you are on it for a shorter time still. Hence, the work done by the motor when
up
stand
you
when
is less than
up
decrease
is
stand
you
exactly equal
still,and
the work
to
it
can
do
you
be shown when
you
up. As
example, I
another
are
the smoke
made or
very
wonder
400 feet ?
tall,even
fumes
high people in
whether
into
the
air
you
Some
so
as
to
know
why
think
that
cause
as
some
neys chim-
it is to carry littlenuisance
the
neighbourhood. Fortunately,a tall possiblyon rare occasions it may chimney may tall for this reason, but the usual reason for building have been made a tall chimney is to produce the necessary draught. A column of hot of cold air. Consequently, flue gases weighs less than a similar column the cold air pushes itself through the boiler fire to get to the place(in the chimney) where the pressure is less. This difference of pressure is the weights of the equal columns, as regard the difference between dimensions, of cold and hot columns of air and flue gases respectively, and the taller these columns, the greater their difference of weight,and consequentlythe greater the draught. as
possibleto
have
A.
S.
this effect,and
E.
ACKERMANN,
B.Sc.
F.C.G.I., (Engineering), A.M.I.C.E.,
149
M.Cons.E.
G.P.O. [By courtesy of the Engineer-in-Chief ,
MECHANICAL The
These
upper photograph shows chutes on to conveyer open their loads
for further
CONVEYERS
the central bands
sorting and
FOR
a sorting fitting,
which
radiate
despatch.
A
to
150
MAILS.
of twelve apertures leading to chutes below. charge points in the hall beneath, where they disof such installed in London and are conveyers
nest
different
number
the Provinces.
PARCEL
V TUBE
TUNNEL
BY
EXCAVATION
MEANS
OF
GREATHEAD
BORING
SHIELD.
within the shield)breaking down the face of the earth in front of the (in the chamber to the rear. Around the shield may be seen the hydraulic rams shield,and men hand-shovelling the spoil which force the shield forward, and, to the left of the chamber, the gear by which the rams controlled. are
Showing
the
miners
"
(Photographsnot
otherwise
"
acknowledged are
reproduced by courtesy ofthe
London
Underground Railways.)
MANY
railway lines
much
were
involved case no
and
to
than
smaller
placed well
away
now,
from
therefore
were
to-day,though To
many take
built when
were
and
in
the central not
our numerous
areas.
nearly so
of the works London
cities and cases
The
when
the
were
stations
lems engineeringprob-
difficult
undertaken
towns
as
even
the
would then
be
the
by Metropolitan were
example, easy. ties, MetropolitanDistrict Railways were built,in the 'sixtiesand 'sevenmade of the tunnels were most structing by opening up the roadways, conthem the tunnels, and then buildingthe roads again above ; meant often and partially having to purchase pass under buildings means
a
151
DIFFICULT
RAILWAY
ENGINEERING To
rebuild them. such
construct
line
as
the
a
sion exten-
of the
Great
Eastern
Railway from Bishopsgate to Liverpool Street, passing under the passenger
and
goods stations then in use,
was
formidable ROTARY
TWO
OF
VIEW
FRONT
EXCAVATORS,
SHOWING
another and
CUTTING
expensive
DEVICES.
"
"
taking. under-
however, most of the earlier great engineerSpeakinggenerally, ing with works associated railways,notably big bridges and long in country districts. Others, such as the Newcastle tunnels, were High much day, Level Bridge,were than they would be tosimplerpropositions far as so complicationsare concerned, though the appliances available
the
ing engineer-
demanded
work a
fewer, and,
were
in that sense,
was
higher order. it is
But
a
ent differ-
very
thing to-day to carry big engineeringworks
out
limits of great
within
the
cities.
Thus
it
was
complicatedand business
a
the
Station
(Brightonsection)in and
the
Station, the
ago,
former
of the
a
about
century
latter
cently. quite rethe Great To bring Railway (now part
the
Central
don, Lon-
Waterloo
new
quarter of
very
expensive build
to
present Victoria
a
of
London
and
North
REAR 152
VIEW
OF
A
ROTARY
EXCAVATOR.
DIFFICULT
Eastern)into part of the
was
Lord's
and
tunnel
London
then
in
1899 meant,
of the
outside
other
system
of
under
Station, for dealingwith Chalk
at
Farm.
The
and
over
empty carriage system of
wonderful
in
underground lines
Glasgow may also be mentioned. Tube railwaysare, however, the best example
"
London
among
marvellous
Euston
trains,engines,etc., and The
ENGINEERING
things,passingunder Cricket Ground, this being done by digging out the Another replacingthe surface. great undertaking
construction
connections
RAILWAY
"
of
[SpecialPress. CUTTER
ROTARY
AT
WORK
IN
THE
ENLARGED
TUBE
RAILWAY
the
difficultiesand
in a*
great city. The
buildings at
a
considerable
of
rings of metal
and boring-shields
frequentlyserious treacherous
material
with
passed through
but
is
difficulties due be
SOUTH
LONDON
overcome. 153
railwayconstruction
the lines to pass under and foundations sewers,
that
depth, so
the
together,after is by no appliances,
must
AND
enables
bolted
other
of the material
method
be avoided,
water-mains, etc., can up
tube
"
CITY
LINE.
associated complications "
THE
OF
an
to
construction a
way
has
made itself,
been
simple.
means
made The
by
acter char-
important consideration,and water
The
and
to
insecure
effects upon
and
buildings
ENGINEERING
RAILWAY
DIFFICULT
of
above, and
vibration, taken
into
where
the
also to be
have
and
account,
is
Thames
is often
there
and
tube
the
river. of
Some lines
of
top of
the
between
the
tively rela-
only a
thickness
small earth
under
passed
of
bed
the
tube
these
marvellous
have
systems of connections and inter-connections, particularly those
Town
and
while
at
the
Bank,
Court and
HEAD
FOR
GREAT-
chief
not
plicated, com-
various
make
actual
Kennington the tubes themselves
small
and
straightand
angular tubes.
problems
encountered. is
There, connection made
with
the
and
escalator
tunnels at
pretty
that
the stations
are
the
is, however,
It
the
large and
of
combinations
at
and
Circus
and inter-connect,involvingspecial designsfor junctions,
and
connect
Town
is
though the
SHIELD.
Camden
At
Tottenham
PiccadillyCircus
lines do connections.
Kennington, Charing Cross, at
Road, Oxford
situation FACE
PREPARING
SHOVELS
PNEUMATIC
Camden
at
an
face, sur-
(necessarily angle), liftalso
shafts,etc., are
These
involved.
interfere with sewers, water-mains
,
pipes, electric
g
a s
con-
-
JUNCTION
OF
SMALL 154
RUNNING
TUBE
AND
LARGE
STATION
TUBE.
DIFFICULT
duits, etc., not the
that
into
they
to
only
every step be taken
building affected,
are
be
and
ings, build-
to
If
must
rebuilt
not
at
account.
foundations
made
of
has
something
ENGINEERING
to mention
foundations so
RAILWAY
partially
arrangements
provide support after
the
work
is
finished but also while it is in
Sewers and progress. mains be shifted and must sometimes and must
entirelyrebuilt,
all the be
Press. [Special
ELECTRIC
time
taken
to
GAUGE
LOCOMOTIVE LINES
CUTTERS
TO
FOR
AND
CONVEYING
TRAIN
ON
"SPOIL"
NARROW FROM
THE
LIFTS.
measures
allow
existingtraffic to
go
on
safelyand
without
interference.
[Sport" AT
Pneumatic
WORK hammers
ON and
THE
NEW
pickssave 155
TUNNEL.
MERSEY much
heavy
manual
labour.
General.
DIFFICULT
ENGINEERING
RAILWAY
It
will
be
bered remem-
that, while and
South
London
railway was and
a
was
being enlarged, making new at Kennington,
one
tube outside and
the
old
taken BORING
THE
NEW
TUNNEL
THE
UNDER
A.
cuttingshield jacks
is
30
over
exert
a
pressure
of
The
6,000
thirtyhydraulic
tons.
new
while could
no
trains
round
or
were over
running, in the
being
was
and
could
while
be
before
the
carried
by
HUDSON
the
feet wide.
tube
old
lines
the
carry
out
track
RIVER. The
the
specialsupports
on
[G. P.
to
build
to
necessary
new
City Tube
in
also
connections it
the
the
cases
many
while running-lines
men
trains
tube.
Moreover,
of
some
the
work
only be done when were actuallyworking
were
moving.
[E.N.A.
Chicago believes
INTERSECTION
IN
A
TUNNEL
in
conveying heavy freightbetween the streets.
The
tunnels
THE
CHICAGO
FREIGHT
RAILWAY.
stations,warehouses, etc., under are
about 156
50
feet below
street
ground
level.
rather
than
along
DIFFICULT In connection construction station at where and
with
of
build water
-
public subways the
being made,
-
cables,etc., and
shaft, or station
be
to
alternative In
provided. of
many mucn
.
these 1
involved
is
preparationand .
of the
-i
as
a
interfered with,
was
fact, in
tal
at
lift-
a
section
a
temporary
in
one
to jobs was tunnel a solelyfor mains, gas pipes,
publicpassage-way,
works 1
face sur-
stage, if part of
every
had
new
first
electric
a
the
the
stairwaysto the
ENGINEERING
Circus, Piccadilly
also
are
of
RAILWAY
[Sport" General.
,J
in
Carry-
DRILL
A
SHAFT
MERSEY
incidenThe
tunnel
one
of the
.
Operations aS
TO
BEGINNING
be
FOR
THE
NEW
TUNNEL.
will connect and will Liverpool and Birkenhead largestin the world, taking two lines of traffic each way. have
Over to be
ing
million
a
of
tons
rock
will
hewn.
the
out
actual
work.
Of other greatengineering reconstruction be
may York
made
Central terminals
mention
of the and
phia Philadel-
in New
with
their
their
under-river
New
York,
double-storey below-groundstations and But
enough
to show
has
tunnels. been
said
that,while
railway volves engineeringeverywhereindifficulties the
become
[SporiS- General. SOMETHING
Tighteningthe huge
nuts
LIKE
A
in the tunnel
WRENCH beneath
!
and
the costs
the
work
OUt ,
the Hudson
River.
""gC
has
most
lems prob-
extreme,
greatest,when to
be
carried
within
the
limits
fown^ LUWIlb
anrl dlKl
CILlCb.
ritipcj
J. F. GAIRNS, M.Inst..T., M.I.Loco.E. 157
of
[By courtesy of Igr.inicElec'ric Co., Ltl. LIFTING
TOY
A
A
HEAVY
THAT
ROMANCE
and
oddments
watched
the
objectswe regardlessof the
could
many
chunks
day
an
of scrap
piece engineer work
had
time
some
of
nails, keys, iron We
dangle
with
other
or
from
have
all tried
it,and
piledon
thing'sfeelings. a engineer watched gang iron from truck. a railway and
smash
can an
at
antics
MAGNET
LIFTING a
small
magnet
other and filings, to see just how
article after
article,
poor
time-consuming work, of metal
THE
its influence.
under
One
played
BECOME
TOOL OF
has
EVERY boy
CASTING.
HAS
A THE
STEEL
idea.
often a
Why
it
of
was
for
was
respectabletoe should
unloading great
men
heavy, laborious, dangerous, quite a small It
not
a
or
break
magnet
be
an
made
elbow. to
The do
this
?
To-day
in every
progressiveiron 158
and
steel works
liftingmagnets
LIFTING
are
in
and
they
constant
One
use.
do with
firm
labourers
brawny, hefty other jobs.
in Scotland
tasks disagreeable
ease
of
MAGNETS
who
could
that be
many like
liftingmagnet is simply a bundle housing and suspended from a crane
are
works
to
down
a
study
in
of its
largeto
too
are
to
melted
be
into
charged
the have
and be
first to
broken.
convenient
most
doing this is drop a large steel of
"
ball,called
skull
a
cracker/',on
the
to
pieces.
The
skull
cracker
ball
may
weigh
to
twenty
up An
tons.
overhead is
magnet lift it to
used
then
to
sufficient
a
height, and ic
hoist,but
or
enclosed
metal
brought
furnace
to
wire
on
the
scrap
which
way
of copper
employed
fa;ry story.
a
piecesof
A
better
is almost
uses
Sometimes
be
sixty of them, formerlyrequiredscores over
much
The steel
has
the
ball bV
released
[By courtesy of Messrs. Dorm.in, Long STEEL
MASSIVE
cutting rent
,
the
on
c
form
"
HANDLED
BY
FROM
SUSPENDED
the
colour of
EASILY
,1
from Down
Our
cur-
A
PLATES,
OF
TWO
MORE
OR
SPREADER
WHATEVER
6-
Co., Ltd. ARE
LENGTH,
RECTANGULAR
MAGNETS
BEAM.
net. magthe ball and
comes
160
plate facingpage cracker," which
is
as
the broken
metal
givesa good different
as
flies in all directions.
idea
of this very useful Christpossiblefrom the mas
variety. Magnets
(bitswhich would steel
be
are
also
used
have
been
cut
awkward
works,
as
to
to
end
off the
in any in another
handle
described
hot
handle
159
billets and
"
"
crop ends of billets). These hot pieces
other
way.
article,may
The be
products in
the
form
of
a
ol
LIFTING
plates,sheet sections,or these small
to other
sent
are
bar
Any They are
MAGNETS billets
rails,or
steel works
to be
only
be
may
rolled into
produced,
and
wire, hoop iron, or
iron. of these
forms
also used
by
of steel
dock
easilybe
can
harbour
and
handled
by magnets.
authorities to load and
unload
iron
been employed to lift iron ships. They have even cargoes from from the bottom of a river. A barge carryinga cargo of nails in casks sunk. The nails were was wanted, and nobody only nails,but they were knew A
up.
quitehow
magnet
all the
nails
to
get them for and
sent
was
raised
were
without
unpacking the casks, and without even using chains to sling them. As such magnets are absolutely harm is done waterproof no by their
submersion.
Irregular-shapedcastings, would be difficult to sling," handled. For are easily handling and steel long plates pipes two and three rectangular sometimes magnets fixed to a spreaderbeam "
which
are
used. A
magnet
drop its
OVERHEAD HEAVY
up
at
CASTING
and
once
To
CRANE
ELECTRIC BY
put There
constructed.
by
the
The
on.
insulated
with
circular
body fixed
the
within, the
a
be
picked
be very strongly circular for lifting
plates,pipes,rails, rectangularfor lifting
plate magnet body
wound This or
of
consists
magnet
asbestos ribbon
bottom
six may
distinct types, the
part of the magnetic circuit. and
by
duties the magnets must
arduous
pig iron, scrap, etc.,and
to
into different trucks.
one
two
so
or instantly,
plates,when
are
and
A
MAGNET.
one
perform their
LIFTING
load
made
it be special controller may demagnetized slowly so that the load is dropped gradually. This is particularly useful in loading
[EllisonHawks. AN
be
may
on
coil is
to
a
180
steel bobbin
clamped
coil shield.
is connected
coil of
a
to
which
forms
between
the
the
coil has
After an
strap copper magnet been
impregnatingsystem,
A Used
for
breaking bulky scrap metal. such
that the ball descends
When with
CRACKER the
BALL. is switched
off the terrific force,reducingthe most current
releases the
magnet solid
"
junk
"
to
ball.
Its
fragments.
weight is
LIFTING
MAGNETS is
current
put
maintained that
the
on
is produced. time
After
flow
the of
part
for
reason
MAGNET
FIVE-TON
FROM
REMOVING
A
RAILWAY
from
to
of
stacks
other
metal.
will, if excited the the
the before
and
Ib.
per
applied
every
care
in the hands
manual
labourers
in the rain and
The
and snow.
is that of
rough
are
left over, More-
they are
TRUCK.
subjectedto heavy shocks when being
heighton pig iron or The pig iron a
magnet it
is
touches
strike
into the
heavy blow. other Magnets have
magnet
such
a
Where
uses. as
foodstuff,
rice, oats, etc., is
shipped from abroad to not always possible scraps metal from
of iron
or
it is vent preother
gettingin, but
magnet will get them out. Sometimes, too, such of as nails, pieces iron, the
bolts, etc., find their way W.B.E.
to
LIGHT
pile,actuallyleap air
magnet,
100
to enter.
all this
are
mechanical
dropped
is
interior, leaving no
magnets out A
so
pound com-
into
compound
the
hot the
into
for moisture
room
same
pipe
a
allows
pressure inch is then
square force
hours
of
a
the
kept up all the moisture.
which
to
tigrade Cen-
is
three
opened, and
At
high vacuum
a
to extract
as
strength
a
of 200"
temperature
a
is
coil,and
such
at
LIFTING 101
PIG
IRON
IN
AN
ENGINEERING
WORKS. L
LIFTING
MAGNETS into
material
raw
to be
worked
forms.
If
is
in various
up
they
in
which
not
moved re-
they
will
are
time
perhaps damage machinery worth thousands of pounds. The magnets are suspended above passes the
conveyer, the material
and
STACKS RAILWAY
A
"
ator
be enormous
same
works
and
value. the
"
refuse,
AT
the
This, means
destructors, to of
the
For "
nose
chance
considerable
of
"
of
magnet has a
detective
for articles of metal would
IRON
metal.
nothing
finds
household
saving of municipalsalvage
at
"
is often
process
Electric Co.
imagined,
labour
say
net mag-
SIDING.
other
can
an
PIG
extractingall
tin and as
OF
pieces
electro-magnetic "separ-
an
[By courtesy of the General
any to the
safelyremoved.
are
appliedto
HANDLING
under
magnet, and
of iron adhere
The
which
a
never
which
otherwise
be
brought to light but by a prolonged and costly process of siftingand sorting. There is, in fact, scarcely any end to the tool that was
uses
of this
[By courtesy of Messrs. A
once
a
toy.
30-INCH
DIAMETER
MAGNET "
162
ROUNDS."
E. G.
HANDLING
Appleby
"
FIVE
Co., Ltd. HEAVY
[Keystone. A
UNDERCUTTING" Note
the
SEAM electric
people MANYdepths
have
of the
of the older
an
earth
dim
lamps carried
on
and
At
MEANS the
under
OF
men's
AIR.
COMPRESSED
caps.
ENGINEER MINER
idea
that
coal
is
obtained
from
by men working with pick and safety lamps. This may be true
lightof badly equipped mines,
idea of the conditions
present time.
BY
THE
HELPS
the
COAL
THE
HOW
guided by
OF
which
much
but is far from of
our
givinga
coal is obtained
the
shovel, of
some
correct at the
large modern colliery you will find that a great deal of the work is now done and that all by the kindly aid of electricity of clever manner machinery is employed both underground and at the surface. This is all to the good, for coal-mining is a difficult and the often a dangerous occupation and anything that tends to make work less irksome is deserving of encouragement. of from endeavour the beginning the process Let us to follow obtaining coal from a largewell-equippedmodern colliery.We will a
163
ENGINEERING that
suppose
pit shaft
the
arrived
have
we
and
traversed
in all directions from
several
of which
means
is cut "
away
for,it may
layer
After
the
forms
coal
of 6 feet
operation has
weight
of
the
When
A
mechanical
on
These
are
tubs."
roughly
laid
locomotives
is then
to
by
is often
will be
sufficient
seam
is called for
out
a
sufficient to a
particularly
drilled in the
depth,
"
a
shot," a
little trucks
of
means
with
of the older and
loads
a
belt, whence mounted tubs
on
being
wire rope
to
it is wheels hauled
the loosened
conveyed
to
the
and
running on either by small
the foot of the shaft.
The
placed in the cage and raised to the surface,where the coal is tippedout and the tubs sent down to receive ing workother loads. We men shah1,perhaps,find in the smallest seams in seams than with not more pick and shovel, although even wide coal-cutting 1 8 inches machinery can now be employed. In some tubs
their
carried
been
the
This
more.
placedin positionand
endless
an
railway lines, the or
of
if the coal is of
a
being armed
coal.
conveyer
is shovelled
of
is
distance, the force of the of the
spread perhaps of
placed within and exploded from explosionbeing sufficient to bring down
charge,of blastingpowder
largemasses
is of
hole
which
bottom
or
holes
descended
machines, coal-cutting
coal above
the
the
seam.
of
the
at
"
face of the
coal
of
instead
men,
Or, body of the seam. undercutting," shot nature, after
hard
safe
various
"
shaft,for distances
the
be, a distance
the
distance it from
loosen
"
thin
a
undercutting."
certain
or
that
having
roads
many
of the
the bottom shall- find
"
of the
one
MINES
THE
coal face after
the
at
are providedwith pickaxes,
with
by
We
miles.
IN
poorer machinery, small
tubs
from
are
then
mines, where
ponies are
it would
still used
the coal face to the foot of the
up-to-date mines
cuttingand
pay to install expensive little trains of pull the
not to
shaft,but in all modern
hauling machinery
The
is
and
ployed. extensivelyem-
owing atmosphere in a coal mine is often highlyexplosive, other gases given off by the coal. Hence naked to fire damp and a is flame and locomotive a lightor strictly prohibitedunderground, coal such the to as burning railway,could produce steam, you see on used be used. not possibly Instead, we shall find that the locomotives in coal mines driven either by electricity are or by compressed air. is rather liable to produce a spark, and Electricity consequentlyin at least at the coal compressed air is preferred, very dangerous mines face. It is used not only for driving the conveyers, but for operating 164
ENGINEERING
IN
justas pneumatic picksand drills, of to
large towns laying a new
breaking up roadway. The
the workers
are
which
it issues
as
in the streets
foundation
preparatory
these
after the cool stream
a
in the
using them
use
them, because
and
warm
machines
ground under-
compressed
air has
of pure air,which often noxious atmosphere
air is also
Compressed the various
work
who
men
pleasedto breathe
of the mine. the motors
of
fond
in the machine
MINES
you see men the concrete
when
rather
are
its work
done
THE
largely employed for driving machines. coal-cutting
[Fleet. AIR
COMPRESSED
LOCOMOTIVE
HAULING BOTTOM
In this
The situated the the
case
air
compressed
the
from
the
as
at
various
bottom
what
is called or
100
lengthsof flexible hose
can
FACE
TO
THE
the locomotive.
"air
compressor," of the
the
square side of the
the both
shaft,
inch.
In
shaft, in
system of of the shaft in all directions,carrying At
points,valves be
an
on
at the bottom
Ib. to
parts of the mine. other
COAL
THE
cylinders carried
employed being case a large pipe is fitted down In compressed air is led below.
the air to the remotest as
FROM
SHAFT. four
of the mine about
"
TUBS
THE in the
requiredis compressed in
pipes radiates well
OF
air is contained
either at the surface
pressure former
which
the
"
THE
attached, 165
are so
cases
the ends
a
of these
provided to which
that
the machines
pipes, long can
be
used the
at
shaft
of the
bottom
the compressors for
motors, the electric current
underground, being led
operatedby
are
of the coal from
performed by
the distant
workings If
electric motors.
forms
various
locomotive
of
of the
installed at
are
by large electric all other requirements mine by a cable both
underground as a source machines of coal-cutting
of small
means
for
as
the bottom
to
forms
Numerous
power.
driven
are
these, as well
the shaft. passing down is extensively used Electricity
lightand
air compressors
position. When
desired
any
MINES
THE
IN
ENGINEERING
electric motors, and
examine
could
employed
the
for
the
veyers con-
haulage
of the shaft is often
to the bottom we
and
of
carefullythe should
we
purpose,
probably find that those operatingfarthest from the shaft were worked by means storage batteries, while
of the
larger
shaft
receive
from
an
in much
as
tramcar.
a
course,
the
their
due
the
same
the
nearer
PICK.
it is
along
the
the
to unlikely
it is
a
of
source
prove roads underground
various
shaft so
the
that
it
lay the electric in
When
position
a
are
laid
current
for
cables
danger. to provide electric
to arrange that these simple matter in many and workings shall also be lighted electrically, the miners' hand worked by means lamps are themselves motors
is, of
,,
trolley wire where
way
fact that
to the
is possibleto PNEUMATIC
trolley
This
bigger the roads, A
current
overhead
wire
the
near
ones
roads
a
and
collieries of small
electric batteries.
Before round.
look
We
ones.
the
elaborate
placingof
In
one
us
arrangements
the full tubs
known colliery
take are
in the cage to the writer
another made
and
ing remov-
the
shaft
for
is
feet
deep and 300 tons of coal are raised every hour, the weight coal lifted during each wind The time of a complete being 7^ tons. wind is only ninetyseconds, one set of full tubs beingraised while
3,000 of
empty
light of day again, let
shall find that
dealingquicklywith the
the
ascendingto
another
"
set of
empty
ones
"
is lowered. 166
Then
we
should
probably find
ENGINEERING
a
of
number
powerfulpumps
;
driven
the
depth,
mines
would
THE
MINES
these, like the air compressors electric motors.
by gear, being install a very complete pumping
haulage to
IN
equipment,
become
soon
flooded
through the earth into the workings. the water through pipes passing right up the where, before being dischargedinto the nearest is used Let
us
for various
now
step
the
These
stream
allow ourselves
and
their which
water
deliver
surface, river,the
or
includingthe washing
purposes, into the cage
to
pumps to the
shaft
the
necessary
owing
as,
with
trickles
water
and
It is often
of the
to be
coal.
lifted to
[Topical. A
AT
INSTALLED
MACHINE
THE
BOTTOM
OF
A
COAL
MINE
FOR
COMPRESSING
THE
AIR. The
the
air,at
a
pressure
of about Ib. to the square 100 inch, is led by for operatingthe picks, cutters, conveyers,
surface,in order
to
discover
some
pipes to all parts of the mine, where and other machinery.
of the
uses
of
it is used
machinery above
ground. As we step from the gloom of the cage into the welcome the winder house, inside light of day, we shall find ourselves near is the powerful machinery for working the cages up and down which shaft. This the of by means machinery will probably be worked electric mine these in exceed motors motors : a large powerful 2,000 horse-power. We for
shall
find
by
near
screeningthe coal
as
an
elaborate
it is delivered 107
arrangement
from
the
tubs
of
machinery
at the
pit-head.
ENGINEERING
of littleor
matter
it may
dust, and
small
all the
remove
be
MINES
from
the
of
with
mixed
The
value.
no
larger lumps
the
THE
below, the coal is in all manner
As raised from to
IN
a
of
process middle-sized
"
sizes,from largelumps
large quantity of earthy screening is to separate "
and
the
the latter process
earthy matter,
small, and
also
to
being performed by
washing. grades of
various
The
We
coal
then
are
transferred to trucks
by means drawing-
thus
purchasehigh-gradecoal for the room fire,while the small and low-grade material is sold for use in The earthy matter and so on. and the very low-grade boiler furnaces at the pitcoal, being generallyunsaleable, gradually accumulates head, shall far from the and we probably see not screeningmachinery which the to is being autoand waste matically a ever-increasingheap huge of conveyers.
can
conveyed. for drivingall supply electricity
To
these
various
machines
there
boilers,turbines and electric large power house, with steam be generated so cases can electricity generators complete. In many cheaply,owing to the low cost of coal at the pit-head,that current but to the villages and towns is suppliednot only to the mine around will be
where A
a
the miners
live with
mile
from
pit-head
the
and
we
families.
shall find another
shaft, at the
These fans, which will probsystem of huge fans. ably be electrically as driven, are used to suck as much possibleof the
impure a
so
of which
head
of
or
their wives
a
is
air out
a
of the
are
therefore
arranged
the
bottom
possiblefrom
shaft.
As
far
as
through through of light day, do
drawn
They
ventilatingshaft communicating with
point as
shaft
mine.
up and
main
the
at
of the the
the mine
impure
top at
air is
the
shaft,pure air passes down the main ventilating the workings. Thus the miners, while cut off from at least obtain
supply of fresh air,without which, be impossible. indeed, life below ground would remarkable These which there is not more appliancesand many have the power of man multiplieda thousandfold space to describe the
working deep
down
with
the maximum
tons
of coal
British
which
Isles alone
a
of the
in the bowels of
safetyand are brought every
earth, enabling him
the minimum to
the
surface
to obtain
of effort the 250,000,000 from
the
mines
of the
year. ALFRED
B.Sc.
REGNAULD, (Eng.Lond.),A.R.C.Sc., M.I.E.E. 188
[By courtesyof Ropeways, Ltd. MONO-CABLE
A
ROPEWAY
THE
IN
OF
REPUBLIC
COLOMBIA.
ROPEWAYS NEW
USEFUL
A
MODE
half
than
LITTLE usuallycalled, more
were
first aerial
of Northern the
be
the
the
cables
a
he
also
by
a
the
rope
gradients of
invented
a
method
carried
instead This
is
known
now
from
ores
British
a
as
the mines
ports themselves. is
rope the
up
the
ropeways
that
latter
of
the
being
invention
as
of wire
that
truck, and
In
constantlymoving
other
that
side, so the
returns
it
empties
much
as
the
grouping so
rope
all
the 169
more
foot
one
that on
one
about
slippingon rise in two
supporting the
load
a
Roe
greasy
of travel
wheels
was
were
sixteen
J. P.
Mr.
a
on pended sus-
was
the trucks
But,
from
truck
weight
also that
constructed,
were a
simply hung
were
all the
them.
conveyed
thrown was
trucks
meant
singlepoint for each
a
trestles which
the
wire
years after the first aerial ropeways would invented a clipwhich prevent rope,
other
unloading-pointand
singleclip,which
on
genius of what
on
to
even
supports, and
to the
first wire
on
even
built
discovered.
were
again.
slip
to
inventive
were
endless
one
line of
these
from liable
Hodgson,
cables
or
ropes
the
to
railwaysand
to
full trucks
loaded
With
into
due
system
side of
one
carries to
Spain
Mono-Cable
down
wire
system, for carrying tin and
Mono-Cable
the
TRANSPORT
OF
as century age aerial ropeways, they are not until 1868 that the unknown, for it was
ropeways, Charles
engineer named
AIR
a
of twistingsteel possibilities The
THE
IN
on
evenly
the tributed, dis-
point.
important, for
;
it rendered
IN
ROPEWAYS increase in the
possiblean three
four
or
tackle
to
times
far
difficult be
trestle system could before
had
it had
what
more
the
expensive than
length of
AIR
as
to
the be
great gulfsand at
ravines, which
bound
a
possible
truck-clip. The complicated and
new
far less
spanned
be
trestles to
two
It also became
before.
and
early ropeways,
between
span
gradientswith
could impassable,
been
the
been
arranged
so
THE
carryingits
rope
mineral
ores
About
trucks
other
or
wire
the
by
of
goods.
the time
of this
/
invention,experimentswere made
being
with
known
now
what
the Bi-Cable
as
system, in which wire
is fixed
trucks, trestles,while
drawing station
loads
it
early stages
from In
the
was
sible posBi-Cable
heavier carry the Mono-Cable
to
system loads
the
its
for
used
station.
for
to
the
separate
a
is
rope the
to
porting supis not
carrying
but
hauling
the
cable
and
moving
is
than
type of
it and ropeway, is probably for this reason that
Continental have
ropeways
Bi-Cable
the the
earlier
MODERN
MONO-CABLE ORE
ROPEWAY
FROM
A
MINE
CONVEYING IN
IRON
Now, Mono-Cable
system
capable tons more
an
hour
and
500 tons
an
hour
of rope, spans Picture to with
their
more,
and
its trestles.
between
are
since
can
be set up
With
carried the
rather
SPAIN.
on
with
spans
of
of
developed
type. however,
[Ropeways, Ltd. A
makers
than
the is
carrying 150 yards or
of 1,000
specialconstruction,loads some
trucks
yourselfthe rough deep valleysand high
have
ropeways, to travel
mountain cliffs. 170
but
fairlyclose together.
ranges In the
up to even this is with shorter
of India
or
sunlighttwo
America, thin
lines
ROPEWAYS
of
shiningsteel leapsof hundreds
be
IN
THE
AIR
from stretching
peak to peak, spanning in of feet the rushing rivers,or hugging the steep ascents of the snowclad mountain-caps. On these steel tracks one can faintly discern the tiny dots which are moving cars, one rope moving down laden with towards stone and causinga deep sag in the mighty us ore or or quarry span of wire, the other rope moving upward empty to a mine in
the
can
seen
distance.
[By courtesy of Adolf BleicJiert" Co. IN
SUCH
A
SITUATION
THE Note
Near
us
the
valleybelow
huge
mountains
CAN
BE
RUN
BY
GRAVITY.
long span.
runs
the
main
railwaytrack
to
the
impassable barrier to the out over railway line,which, winding bridgesand embankments, tunnels be and seen disappearingin a neighbourthrough cuttings,can ing The steel takes line from mine to a straight gorge. rope, however, railway. No steep gradientneed deflect its path, no bridgesare needed, no tunnels, cuttings,or embankments, and yet that endless procession coast.
These
in the
TRUCKS
present
an
in and
of loaded
and
empty
cars
continues. in
We
can
see
those
loaded
cars
ROPEWAYS their discharging
empty
to the
disappear
and
mine,
we
for the
route
en
into the
contents
THE
IN
can
below
railwaywagons
train of
the loaded
see
for
coast
AIR
shipment
Such
working
in all
the
miles.
the
continuous
the
another
to
the
at
kinds
carried
of
ores,
"
sand,
sugar-cane, merchandise dealt
that
of 3
ropes the
from
one
without
junctions.
material
are
systems of this stone, timber,
on
coal,
are
lengths
arranged pass through
pausing
for
distance, being into
section
long
Mono-Cable
so
cars
kind
such
miles, but
5
and
40
travelling ropeway
whole
All
ally occasion-
the
is not
are
distances
In
lines,with
to
parts of the
between
to
divided
are
"
amount
system,
ways tram-
rope
railways
world, and covered
or
mills.
wire or
"
the
country
in home
use
50
returning
railway wagons
another
to
for
and
gravel, tea, and general of
every and
with,
sort
single
loads of four tons are
per truck handled. successfully One
of the
chief
in
tials essen-
is production cheapness in handling and [AdolfBleicheii " CABLE
PASSENGER
SPITZ
ROPEWAY IN
UP
THE
BAVARIAN
THE
FAMOUS
costs
conveying material, and
Co.
ZUG
broken
ALPS.
or
country have
been Their
untouched
found use
more
has
before
economical
opened
ropeways
up
than
fields of
were
known, 172
any
commerce
since
which the
mountainous
aerial
other
in
means
had
ropeways of transport. to remain
rugged country
ROPEWAYS the
between it not
point
of
while
to
worth into
came
a
is
line,either in
the
if
hour,
the
tons
transport
once
rendered
the
ropeway
easilysolved.
was
of
case
is
broken
up
size, coal,
ores,
the number
etc.,or
But,
problem. of
market
nearest
per
of any
into truckloads in the
the
first
material
capableof being as
problem
and
AIR
has
the
on,
the
THE
point to be the capacity of
important settled
tackle
ropeway
decided
been
production
existence,the
When
IN
of
logs,
packages, in the of timber or case general a general goods. Then or
cases,
of
survey
the
is
route
made,
ascertaining the
lengthof
the
terminal
fall between
and
stations, and
the
diate intermehills
points where have
gorges
and
detailed
a
route, work
of the
or
crossed.
points of lengthof
strengthand needed,
be
to
these
With
rise
line, the
the rope
plan be
can
begun. Electric,steam, and oil power
all used
are
trucks
the where
on
necessary,
simply
the
rope
though
returning
trucks the
porting transRopeway EngineeringCo., Ltd. [British
material and
in
it is
of
matter
a
drive
where
cases,
many
to
to
power,
the
downhill
PASSENGER-CARRYING RESORT
the
ROPEWAY IN
THE
hauls
steep gradesthere
A
HOLIDAY
empty
top of the line, the weight of the loaded
and
AT
TYROL.
is
empties back to enough surplusenergy the
173
trucks
supplies their starting-point.On developed by the loads
AIR
THE
IN
ROPEWAYS
moving downhill which dynamo
light
or
the
mine
is
the
the
down
of
earlier lines
port, transtainous moun-
The
cable
and
carrying rails,but
the
is
Ropeway EngineeringCo. [British SUPPORTING
TRESTLES
ROPEWAY
AT
at
KOHLERN.
BOZEN
a
mountain can
Blanc, from
peaks, including Mont
be
obtained,
served
now
are
It
with
by has
as
passenger
it
a
railwayservice, constructed
be
can
of the
fraction
cost
views
wonderful
which
ropeways,
cf
notable
railway. Many
passenger been even
way rope-
efficient
safe and
the finest
while
Ltd. ,
PASSENGER-CARRYING
A
in addition
rack
the modern
as
all built
were
ground, with either haulage or toothed
the
to
of
development
of passenger
districts.
wheel
the
loads
especiallyin
on
a
ropeway.
recent
is that
one
derived
power
running A
in
entirelyby
surplus of ore
provides
machinery
run
a
run
and
power,
case
from
to
and that
are
the
suggested working great success. in of traffic cities congestion great problem might be solved by ropeways termini from thus to railway lesseningthe running busy points, for
need
a
countries
for there
Magdalena
in
Dorada two
the streets
of
principalmeans Cauca, while there
the
difficulties of construction installation
first ropeway
Colombia
linked
the
and
enormous
The
on
themselves.
Republic of Colombia, in South America, was to apply itself seriously to the construction
The
the
of vehicles
multitude
up
the
was
the
valley
railway.
distinct
This
ranges
of
the
of aerial ways, ropetwo rivers,the
very few railways,owing to in such mountainous regions.
of
Cauca
line has the
are
of the first
importance which was constructed Railway Ropeway Extension, which
Dorada of
are
transport
one
a
Andes
River
with
Mariquita,on
length of 47 miles, and in 174
its course,
crosses
the over
traversingcountry
ROPEWAYS it
which
in
would
IN
never
lay
to
pay
THE
AIR
down
ordinary railway
an
line. The
Ropeway line to adopt
Dorada
was
so
successful
aerial ropeways Government of productionin the Republicwith the nearest decided
railwaylines.
main
or
Two
construction, will be
under
will rank
completed,and A
good example
respectively 75
of
distance
a
8J
the
55
miles
from
Mines, across
Ltd., in North
the
the nearest
centres
waterways at
country,
longest ropeways saving effected by this form
of the
miles
and
Colombian
joining up
the
among
.is the line set up for the Asturiana road winds and twists a mountain for
the
pointson
in the
great ropeways
that
for
present
long
in the of
when
world.
transport
Spain.
Here
up the hill-sides railwayto the mine among
valleysand
mountains, and, until the ropeway engineerscame, this was the of transport between mine and only possiblemeans railway. Now, which, cuttingstraight crossingthe same country, there is a ropeway the
the hills and
since it length altogether, over flies, valleysand hills alike. It needs no cuttings, goes as the crow no or bridges,or embankments, nalling shunting,lighting, complicatedsigattendance the terminal between at no points apparatus, stations. Its service can or fog, by floods, snow, go on, unaffected of the trestles night and day alike,and, apart from periodical inspections across
and
carryingrope, Since the mine
WHERE
ROPEWAY
THE PUT
UP
TO
PROTECT
valleys,is only
there is
is
2,600 feet
CROSSES THE
A
ROAD
FREIGHT
in
"
track." upkeep for the higherthan the railwayat the
cost
no
4 miles
of
OR FROM 175
RAILWAY DROPPING
"PROTECTION AND
SCREENS"
CAUSING
INJURY.
other
ARE
ROPEWAYS end
of the
line,the construction
rope
pointswould
THE
IN
involved
have
of
AIR
railway between
a
track
of not
the
two
less than
layinga 24 miles, w ith in ing, embankcost enormous gradientspossible, constructingbridges and excavating cuttings,while the possibility of making the full trucks pull the empties back, as can be done
in order
with
the
to make
the
would
ropeway,
have
been
out
of the
question altogether.
Moreover, the provisionof fuel for railwayengines, togetherwith have involved such cost that it would not maintenance, would
paid
lay the Ropeways,
their
have
line.
to
both
the
on
Mono-Cable
and
Bi-Cable
systems, have
been
that there is hardly any brought to such perfectionnow regulartransport to which they cannot be adapted. Often it
form
convenient
railway
to
erect
a
mill
or
factoryat
OF
A
some
distance
from
a
is
of
more
[By courtesy of British Ropeway Engineering Co. Ltd. ,
DIAGRAM
SHOWING
COURSE Note
or
port, and in these
raw
material
the
cases
to be used
long span
ROPEWAY
IN
TEA-CHESTS.
CARRYING
feet,including a river.
of 4,200
solves the
a
ropeway in the mill
INDIA
problem of transporting
factory,and carryingthe
or
finished
Where the journeyto the markets. road or railway protection screens are crosses a put up, ropeway either and to prevent anything from to the causing dropping injury road beneath to people using it. or Among the specialinstallations, apart from regularlines erected for permanent service,an important branch of use is that of conveying material for buildings the coast, where the descent of high cliffs round has to be negotiatedand rail or road transport is practically impossible. The buildingof the lighthouseunder Beachy Head, illustrated by the in article The a our on Lighthouse Builders," was photographs
products on
the first stage of their
"
"
"
case
the
in
point,for
here
while there cliffs,
the tides was
often
prevented
any
road
enough depth
not 178
being of
water
built under to
bring
ENGINEERS
AT
WORK
ON
A
MOUNTAIN
ROPEWAY.
ROPEWAYS materials of the
for the
solved load
by load, on
their
task
by
the
site
on
THE
sea.
A
which
the
lighthouseby to the
down cliff,
IN
problem,
the
and
the wire rope, while method. the same
AIR from
ropeway
the
lighthouse was materials
the workmen
to
summit be
down, swung to and from
were
travelled
Ordinary lines have the advantage of taking up only the no requiredfor the trestle standards, thus causing practically with traffic, while in tropical countries with cultivation or little clearingneed
structed, con-
room
ference intervery
path of the trucks or buckets on the the height of trees and vegetationon the line can be lifted well above be made stations can on altogetherautomatic ground. Intermediate long lines,so that the trucks requireno attention after leaving the
loadingstation requiredis never
be
until so
done,
as
the
they arrive
at the
and the power unloading-point, requiredfor a land line,while, where
great as that
gradient admits of pull the empties back, of rolling stock the
the cost
loaded of
trucks
running
providing power
is reduced
of the ropeway
and
and
the
to
its
^Topical. ELECTRICALLY-DRIVEN One The the
coal
amount
W.B.E.
man
can
machine on
of
TRUCK
empty
a
coal
an
endless
in
BEING about
EMPTIED. a
minute.
bodily and turns it over, releasing chain feed, thus saving an enormous
grips the truck to
truck
TIP
labour. 177
mere
to
tenance main-
supportingtrestles. E.
AN
enough
C. VIVIAN.
[Photo Werf A For
journey
the
the
FLOATING
jib has
READY
CRANE
A
FOR
VOYAGE
specially strengthened by pontoon.
been
the
FROM braced
two
Gusto
:
A. F. Smulders.
HOLLAND.
girders connecting
it with
the
CRANES THE
ENGINEERS'
LEVERS
always a centre of attraction, for there is something very impressivein watching it hoist a heavy load it into the desired position. It high into the air and then manoeuvre in to work seems so easily,obeying the slightestwish of the man wish they could be a crane charge, that nearlyall boys and girlstoo LARGE
A
is
work
at
crane
"
man
"
! In these
construction
play
a
of the
busy days in
cranes
almost
be
may
high up on buildingsunder in all engineering work they adaptations of the principle
seen
city, and important part. They are very lever, as explained in the article, any
"
enabling great forces
to
be
The with
exerted
of
Elements
ing," Engineer-
comparatively
little
effort.
Curiouslyenough, cranes to the
long
types,
each
neck
of the
suited
to
are
so
bird of that
some
called name,
because the
particularpurpose, 178
of their resemblance
Crane.
There
ranging from
are
the
many
simple
CRANES crane giant hammer-head be broadly divided, however, into of the naval shipyard. They may and (2)Bridge or girdercranes. two classes : (i) Jib cranes, In its simpleform the jibcrane is supported on a post fixed firmly in in the ground ; in the revolvingtype it pivotson a pin embedded this post. Another form, which is in generaluse at dock-sides,is the
hand
crane
in
used
A
It is
a
builder's
FINE
EXAMPLE
at the assisting
yard
OF
A
construction 179
to
the
DERRICK of
a
CRANE.
crane. large travelling
CRANES ways specially designed for lifting goods from the hatchthe quay. For this purpose of shipsand depositing them a on tall is enable the to to crane easily negotiatehighjib necessary very be These sided vessels. dockside cranes operated by electricity, may but often hydraulicpower is used. The hydrauliccylinderis contained in the revolvingsteel mast, water by being conveyed to the crane with a hydrant on the quay-side. of a flexible hose connected means Dockside cranes are designedto occupy as little space as possible, for it is of the first importance that the quays should be left clear for
portable jibcrane,
accommodation
the
of material unloaded from
the
ships. in order
Sometimes, to
economize
the
crane
on
the
is mounted
and
runs
along
one
end
construction side
Designed
John
Co., Ltd.
of
CRANES.
to occupy
little space
as
load
possible.
as
cranes
the
jib
has been difficulty the
introduction
is moved
overcome
of
the
load
into
Another
hinged at appearance not
the
means
jib may
alter
lems probto
in
be the
of dock-
is that
the
or
lowered
radius.
The
the
LuffingCrane, by device couplingthe jiband the loadthe heightof the load is kept constant, be raised or lowered when getting as
position. form
of the
their bases
they are
vertical.
this
By how
matter
automatic
an
mechanism. lifting no
to up or down in a form known
has
preventing the from being
lifted whenever
pp. 132-3.
of the
with
dealt
[By
other
rails as in the illustrations
that
DOCKSIDE
from
to the
on
"
the
warehouse,
One
Brown
of
roof
dockside
on
courtesyof Messrs.
space,
Known
and not
dockside
a
Sheer
consists of two
their tops
inclined
legs,
by a pivoted bolt. camera tripod,except that they Legs," they are generallyused
joinedat unlike "
as
crane
180
In are
at
CRANES
heavy weights,such as quay-sidefor unloadingshipsor for lifting the water, the rear ships'boilers. The front pair of legs lean over legbeingfurnished with a thread that works on a rotatingwormshaft. in the rear this is operated, it draws When leg and so the sheers are pulledin to allow the load that has been hoisted from the hold of a In some the quay. vessel to be depositedon types of sheers a steel cable and a drum are employed in place of the rear leg. and of the derrick type are developmentsof the jibcrane, Cranes constructed of timber and suitable cranes, may range from lighthand of steel that loads of one for lifting ton weight,to the heavy cranes the
[Shepstont. HUGE
lift loads up Derrick cannot beams
to 150
cranes
turn
that
are
or
CRANES
through a support the
A
DUTCH
SHIPYARD.
largelyused in ship-building. As they employed buildingconstruction. complete circle,owing to the presence of the from which the jibis suspended by wire mast
200
often
AT
tons
and
are
in
such cranes to use two or more on necessary ropes, it is generally The and capacities of the jibare always the movements of careful calculation with.
cranes
arrangement
the
before
their erection is
ing. build-
subject
proceeded
jibis a very important part, and is generally braced girdersthickeningin the middle, for it is here that are greatest,justas is the case at the middle of a bridge.
In all
built up of the stresses
and
a
181
CRANES ings giant derrick cranes employed in the erection of high buildThese generallystand on great triangularplatforms of timber. designedbeforehand, and their erection platformshave to be carefully and removal, after the buildinghas been built up around them, must also be planned well in advance.
The
A
to
cranes,
"
much
were
of the "
"
several
loudly as
as
were
still without
brain
wave
was
not
was
until
obtained, and
the
from
and
which s-cuttle, It
for
high up
that
fact
Cuttle
Captain Cuttle
too
of the
their workmates
whom
horse named
told
story is
humorous
had
desired
men
of the
work
on
Derby.
AT
of the
lowered
ON
The
crane
LONDON
THE 182
men
spite joinedtogetherand shouted above that they signified Then
stillwithout
had
someone
ground
COUNTY
to
HALL.
a
a
coal
the desired effect.
great derrick
to the
a
in
neighbouringoffices brought
in the air,but
WORK
that
news
the street,and
[By courtesy of Messrs. CRANES
of these
one
the
convey
from
information.
assistance
its bucket
mates
the possible,
to
the
won
voice to carry
of their
one
waved the
a
wished
"
at
men
itself
crane
pick up
Holland
"
a
was
special
Hannen, Lid.
CRANES
[By courtesyof Messrs. A
CRANE
BLOCK-SETTING
paper,
that
Cranes
the workmen be
on
HUGE
CONCRETE
the
crane
IN
Stothert " Pitt,Ltd.
POSITION
A
ON
WATER. BREAK-
the result of the
knew
operated by hand, by steam,
5,000 foot-lb. per minute.
to be about
BLOCK
race
!
by hydraulicor be mentioned that the effective work It may in lifting capable of performingby turninga handle is calculated
may
electric power. is that a man
A
PLACING
raise I ton through 9 feet in one thus see that minute. We one
In other
minute
or
words, four
could
men
foot in
through I can only be used for power is largelyused loads of moderate crane weight. The steam lifting where is required,for it can be moved a by its own portablecrane if necessary and works satisfactorily. very power found the block-setting The largestcranes are cranes ployed emamong in harbour construction. They have been designedfor handling the
great blocks of
harbour "
walls.
Goliath,"
type
of
Such
and
both
cranes
used are
they may
9 tons
in the construction of two
types possess
in that jib-crane
in stormy A
concrete
or
manual
an
types, the
advantage
be moved
out
of breakwaters "
Titan
"
the
over
of reach
and
and
the
ordinary
of the
waves
weather.
Titan
crane
has
a
largecarriagemounted 183
on
wheels
running
CRANES
a
on
track
wide-gauge railway, the water being laid on the breakthe work
as
wheels
the
track.
braced
The
generallysprung so as of inequalities any Two huge girders,
are
minimize
to
proceeds.
together
and
placed
mounted
are
zontally, horithe
across
carriageand pivoted on a pin. This pivot pin is placed at the centre of a circular table-top mounting, supported by a similar but inverted circular mounting, the two being divided by rollersmooth and bearings to ensure "
The
movement.
easy
girderis mounted is to say
it has
length than overhang,"
one
other. it
as
of
arm
the
from
measured Stotheri ""
double
unequally,that
"
[By courtesy of Messrs.
"
the
greater The
is called, is centre
of the
Pitt,Ltd.
limit to which pin to the extreme the hoisting be moved A specialform of hoisting gear for liftingthe huge can carriage construction. blocks used in harbour concrete outwards along the longer arm. It varies accordingto the design of the crane, a largeTitan having "FIDDLER'S
of
overhang
an
On
GEAR."
feet.
100
the short
of the
arm
girderis placed a
the load is balanced.
with which
movable
Here, too, is situated
counterweight the steam
boiler
enginesupplyingthe motive power for swingingthe arm around the crane and bodily operatingthe hoistingtackle. It also moves forwards backwards the or nected breakwater, through gearing conalong the
and
to
of 50
circle of to
in
from
wheels.
track
largeTitan, with an and tons depositit
A
"
the
200
feet.
A
for engineers,
steps,"and
in
crane a
overhang of 100 feet,is able to at any point except the centre "
such
with
breakwater
deep
water
the
water.
reach
is of the
is constructed bottom
"
step
"
within
ance greatest assist-
by layingthe "
a
blocks
is situated farther
in than is the case top of the finished breakwater its full load not able to handle Thus, if a Titan were
the line of the
shallow
a
lift a load
184
CRANES
of, say, 50 tons, to such it would
necessitate
a
range,
smaller
blocks
being used, and these are not as as satisfactory large blocks, no how matter carefullythey may be joined. One
of
Titan
a
illustrations shows
our
of
capable
crane
lifting
blocks up to 35 tons at a radius of It is fitted with slewing 50 feet. and
motions, and is jib-derricking all the machinery self-propelling, being operated by one pair of is mounted engines. The crane on
a
massive
truck
sections,and
runs
apart. mounted
steel
a
the
of
steel
flanged
ten
on
rails 19 feet on On top of the
wheels,
path,
built
inches
3j
truck
circular roller four
slewing on arranged in a ring.
rollers
is
crane
The
superstructure consists
of
two
main
of
steel
beams
sections
built
and
connected
stretchers. lattice
ing
The
of
has
25
at
minute
per
cross
up of derrick-
a
50 feet.
to
lifts its load
feet
by
jibis built
bracingand
range
crane
10
up
The
speed
a
and
of [Sir Wm.
slews
SNATCH
BLOCK
FOR
TRAVELLING
through
complete
a
3j
minutes.
age
is
The
providedon
level of the The "
rails.
second
Goliath,"
mainly across
and
the tackle
the
of
laterally upon
brakes
employed
crane
"
called
type
located
it.
The
on
of the
tracks
CRANE.
an
loweringof harbour
the
the load.
work,
the
consists travellinggantry." horizontal a connectinggirder
horizontal
185
on
80 feet below
It
inverted
for this
the
sufficient coil-
and
rope
to descend
control
vertical columns, with
top, in the form are
by steel wire
for the hook
Hydraulic
"" Co., Ltd. OVERHEAD
in
is lifted
the drum
type
is of
of two
load
circle
Arrol
TONS
200
crane
"
U."
The
girderand may
are
hoistingblocks free to
be laid upon
move
rows
of
CRANES
pilesdriven
in
the
the
site
of
The
laid and
proposed thus
crane
where
area
either side of
on
the
blocks
water. breakthe
spans
be
to
are
its
directlyover
moves
work.
Gantries
each
tons
100
as
may
they may
a
carry
much
weigh as
unladen, and load
of 50
as
tons
in
addition, they requirestrong support. In the case of the Dover Harbour Works, in which gantries
employed, great iron-shod piles100 feet in length,and 20 were
inches
square,
pileswere six, at
used.
were
These
arranged in a
distance
of groups of 50 feet and
and 70 feet apart laterally, half and a million cubic one of timber I
The [Sport" General. FAR
CRANE
advantages
THE
over
the
employed in
the
considerable
breakwater
to
a
putting
before
layers,
"
or
Titan,
not
it may
be
for
the
possibleto lay portion of the certain height the
on
a
upper
of
matter
"
with
case
DERRICK
bed
importance,for when a lengthis employed the
several
courses," of blocks.
is itself
This
has
crane
it is
Also
blocks.
in all.
preliminaryoperations, the face levelling sur-
as
form
to
a
is that
the
such
A
gantry
feet
STREET.
ABOVE
of which
least
OF
APEX
THE
ON
PERCHED
used
were
over
a
some
short working is generally
as
Titan
"
cracks [Sport"" General.
sometimes "
may
occur,
settle
"
on
or
the breakwater
THE
TIONS
its foundations. 186
DIRECTS
FOREMAN FROM
A
CRANE
BUILDING 200
FEET
OPERA-
HIGH.
CRANES Cranes
employed
at
all
It is able
to
deal
largeseaports, not only for unloading other purposes, of the shipsbut for many includingthe maintenance docks themselves and their equipment. At Liverpool, the Port authorities equipment that renders possible possess a splendidrange of modern the quick unloading of ships,the rapid transport of cargoes and the efficient warehousing of imports. Owing to the necessity for a highto deal with the heavy loads that have to be handled capacitycrane from time to time, the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board have installed that goes by the name of the a largeself-propelling floatingcrane "
are
Mammoth/'
can
170 The
hoist feet
to
height
a
above
crane,
with
loads up
to
200
tons, which
it
of
water-line.
built
on
self-
a
propelling pontoon, can slew through a complete circle with
the full load without
tons
200
of
any
counterweightbeing special added
jibthus ricked
loaded
that
construction crane
angle of
an
degrees.
40
the
skill
It
is
successful
of
calls for
the
be der-
can
through
nearly clear
removed, and
or
such
high
and
a
[Sir Wm. A
nical tech-
able consider-
designed for The
a
HAMMER-HEAD
working
crane
is
load
Arrol "
Co.,Lid.
CRANE, of 250 tons at a radius with a load of 312
being tested
of
100
feet.
tons.
experience. The
"
dimensions.
Mammoth It rests
"
is of the
on entirely
derrickingjib type a
tower
about
and
66 feet in
is of
huge
heightand
is
stronglysecured to the deck of the pontoon. This tower is in the shape of a truncated cone and is providedwith a bearingon the upper the consists of an upper platformresting on portion. The framework the centre rollers of the top bearing and a lower platform in which tower are by a substantial placed,the two platformsbeing connected at the front of the upper The jibis fixed to the framework structure. of two horizontal pins,and to the rear by two links platformby means the movable to connected counterweight on vertical wormshafts, the this counterweight is lowered When by rotatingthe wormshafts jib rises and vice versa. 187
CRANES
[By courtesy of the Mersey CRANE
FLOATING
"MAMMOTH
LIFTING
THE
links enable
the highestpositions, centre
line of the
feet above
240
other
distance in the
crane
water-level.
be
from
derricked the
from
Harbour
Board.
WEIGHING
end
extreme
of the
to
the
jibto
the
being 200 feet and in the latter total weight of the jibis about 280
former
The
framework
was
services of three
two
are
blocks
of
and
the lowest
the
There sets
jib to
Docks
LANDING-STAGE,
placingof such a structure on the crane an operationof some magnitude,requiringthe floatingcranes
tons, and itself
the
BRIGHTON
TONS.
152
The
NEW
and
hooks, each of which is
capable
100
of
lifting
and
tons
of
pendently. being operated indeOne
of
the sets is fixed, but the
other
of
is
capable
traversed
being throughout the length of the When
full
jib.
it is desired
to lift the maximum
load
of
200
tons
[By courtesy ofthe Mersey THE
"MAMMOTH
LIFTING
WEIGHING 188
SANDON 200
Docks
HALF-TIDE
TONS.
and
Harbour
DOCK
Board.
GATE,
CRANES the
hooks
two
The
whole
of the movements
controlled
are
cabin
from
situated
framework
at
clear view
he
is
deck of
the
simple is
is
top of the the
operator
of the load with well
which
of
as
jib has
the
pontoon, the handling
load
is
a
and
matter
required to
heaviest
the
the
dealing,as of the
central
a
justbelow
and
hinge-pins.As a
connected.
are
comparatively only one man
handle
even
the
load.
Although the "Mammoth" a splendid specimen of
pontoon type
of
crane,
the
it is not
the
largestexample of its class. THE HUGE is BUILDING fine floating Another crane SHOWN ON Crane LighterNo.4," the property of the British Admiralty. Capable of lifting a maximum tons over radius of 100 feet and to a height of 77^ a "
level of the water, this
crane
has
been
to lifta
tested The
of
load of 250 feet above the
load
of 312
tons.
slightly
amidship,the pontoon in length and 86J
feet
being 242 feet
CRANE
191.
is mounted
crane
forward
FLOATING p.
in
breadth.
dimensions
make
loads
These it
great
to possible
with
lift
of a heavy of the deck. tipping pontoon's or By raising lowering the jib, the
reach
thus up
of
the
at, say,
the deck a
altered,
be
picked
the pontoon
100
feet.
round into The
at
a
STAGES. 180
as
right
place at crane,
possible,picks up in line load, swings round erect
"
Ltd. [By courtesyof The Engineer," FINAL
of
of
to
is
reach of 70 feet,whence
they can be swung angle and lowered
THE
crane
enabling loads
from
reach
minimum
a as
its with
CRANES
ADMIRALTY
largestfloatingcrane
The
in Great
It is to
load
the
placewhere the extendingthe reach the
over
The to
at
at
a
a
radius
of
100
from
this
240
feet.
The
the
crane
which
crane,
is
121
The
feet to
a
are
nuts
illustration these
driven from in the
the
are
the
100
feet
minimum
top of the
motions
are
operated by
seen
enginesthrough a
at the
crane
works
feet,
is imately approxnine sets of
link motion
back
train of
lift 350
radius of 50
the
on
out
supervisionof being derricked
heightto
to be
sent
designedto
jibis capableof
-cylinderengines,which are fitted with gear to that used gear, a similar type of reversing jibis raised and lowered by two largesteel screws our
of
at the makers'
under
Japan,
double
in
radius
built in this country and
later in
country.
in this condition
a
jibis then lowered, it comes immediately
erected partially
feet,was
radius of
the maximum
when
and
from
over
the
it
one
This
Carlisle,being re-erected
engineerssent
as
is
ago.
4. tons
height of 77$ feet
hangs,until finallydeposited.
it is
time
short
NO.
LIGHTER
of 250 a load capable of lifting
is being dropped,and
crane largestfloating
Japan
tons
a
of the load
spot where
CRANE
FLOATING
Britain.
reversing
locomotives.
The
49 feet in of the
gearingand
length,and crane. They engage
with
crosshead.
lowering of the loads is controlled by specially-designed is controlled hydraulicbrakes, and the whole of the working of the crane beneath the by one operator from a cabin situated immediately is mounted jib foot and clearlyseen in the illustration. The crane has plentyof deck space and is able to carry a largepontoon which on The
190
CRANES
a
of about
load
deck
300
tons.
The
propelling machinery is placed
amidship. It
owing
not
was
to
the
an
easy
enormous
matter
to
build
size of the
such
structure
a
large crane
and
the
as
this,
weight of the
increased by the fact that the was difficulty base. had to be assembled ing on a floating crane However, another floatto the assistance of the builders and by itsaid the work crane came into existence. was completed and its big brother came successfully is situated at PhiladelphiaNavy Yard, The world's largest crane and is the property of the United States Navy. Costingover "200,000 tons of steel and tons of machinery, and containing some 2,000 1,000 the Delaware and this giant stands on a pierextendingout towards Its heightto the top of the is thus able to operate over two docks. and electric passenger liftis provided observation tower is 250 feet an
various
The
members.
[By courtesy of Messrs. A
350-TON
SELF-PROPELLED
FLOATING
CRANE
BUILT
IN
ENGLAND
Cowans,
Sheldon
AND
SENT
Co.,Ltd.
"
OUT
TO
JAPAN. The at the
crane
will
revolve
feet radius. When is 240 feet. crane
121
through a complete circle with jib is fully raised (itis not
the
191
a so
feet radius load of 350 tons at 100 in the picture) the overall height to
300 tons the top of
or
CRANES the upper part of the structure. No photograph can idea of the tremendous size of this crane, beside which
to reach
give any
true
a
ship battle-
The immensity of the great framework completelydwarfed. when stands beneath of steel can one it, onlybe adequatelyunderstood the steps of the central stairwayto the platform200 feet above. or climbs is of the hammer-head The crane type and its total weight with load (about 4,000 tons)is carried on an elaborate pilefoundation, driven in the gravel below the overlyingmud. well down for buildingthis great crane the increased size of The reason was the various parts of modern battleships.It was desired to handle such is
elements to
as
as
rather
than
have
to
dis-assemble
in order
them
into
lift them
board,
whole
a
a
before the
makes it possible to place on position. The crane complete unit, such heavy equipment as gun-turrets,which crane
built had
was
to be assembled
on
board
ship.
ELLISON
[McMyler A
It is the world's
HUGE "
largest
"
and
dwarfs
AT
CRANE
HAMMER-HEAD a
battleship. The passenger
PHILADELPHIA tower
lift to the 102
is 250
top.
NAVY feet
high
HAWKS.
Inter State Co.
YARD. and
there
is
an
electric
[Topical. TRANSMITTING
AT
PLANT AT
wireless
important part
for communications and
number
a
between
of
coastal
and
purposes,
of them.
some
with
is familiar
other
in
to New
As you
shipsat stations
sea,
have
weather.
This
called
position in foggy Direction Finding (D.F.
"
")
many
smaller
minute
York.
broadcasting,but wireless the engineer plays a very know, wireless is freelyused and between shipsand shore, established for giving been
ships their
ones
STATION
RUGBY,
WONDERS
EVERYONEto-day many
G.P.O.
telephony service
WIRELESS serves
GREAT NEAR
HILLMORTON,
in the
used
THE
are
for short
fitted
now
with
D.F.
branch
and
most
big
with
gear
"
wireless
of
is
liners and
which
in
a
"
get their bearings from the nearest they can coastal station. aerials are Rotating frame usually employed in the system ships for D.F. purposes, being based on the well-known fact that the strengthof wireless signalsvaries according to the angle of the signals. such aerial points to the source at which an Now are
that
so
of.
On
latest news,
of the
news
from W.B.B.
ships are
many
possiblewhich
dreamt the
two
or
the
when
the
has
broadcasting London
or
New
wireless
all sorts
of
things hardly century began were daily papers are publishedcontaining
twentieth
great liners
which
fitted with
been
by wireless from Passengers dance to
received
stations.
Business
York. 103
men
keep
one
or
music
in touch
other
lessed wirewith
WIRELESS
WONDERS their officesby
and wireless,
travellers in
lonelyseas are by the same Even shipsin the agency. Arctic regions have managed to keep in touch with home "
"
called up
under
conditions
formerly meant
which
year-long
spellsof dreary isolation. What "
business wireless in
on
chieflyby
[CentralPress. LEAD-IN
FROM
THE
AERIAL
MASTS Note
Post
the
TOP
the
Office
Marconi
AT
those
both
be
of
with
powerful capable of
picked
which sands thou-
up
of miles away. Rugby station is much and largest,
has
finest
most
installation few
in
all three
messages
and
by
Northolt,
and
apparatus can
great
either
of
Leafield and
equipped
sending
worked
Hillmorton,
Harrow,
are
few
portant im-
most
at
Oxfordshire, near
Britain
GREAT
stations
ried car-
skilful
and
Rugby,
near
a
is
Office stations
Post are
THE
Great
called
the
keep large staffs
operators. The
OF
HILLMORTON.
by
or
highly trained
A
ONE
"
giant insulators.
Company,
whom
OF
be
may
in
The the
indeed
the
efficient the
details
world. be
may
interesting,especiallyto those
who
realized
have what
not
immense [Photopress,
power
is
requiredto
main-
LOOKING a 94
UP
ONE
OF
THE
820
FEET
MASTS,
WIRELESS tain what
is called that
service,one,
conditions which
Australia
nightand
or
those
as
often
all
hear
and
even
all hours
at
ried car-
able favour-
America
but
"
under
such
"
be
to
amateurs
signalsfrom day
is to say, which
only
not
on
under
commercial
a
communication
enables
WONDERS
of the of the
seasons
year. In
connection the
restricted
to
exceed
lengthof
a
if
"earth,"
he
waterpipeor
a
seldom For
height.
does
not
use
tube
copper
is
feet,
100
masts,
or
feet in
40
casting, broadaerial
amateur's
his mast,
and
with
a
driven
into the
ground, he may lay down perhaps 50 yards of wire as "
counterpoise."At
a
mile
apart, each
the
and
Rugby
masts, placed a quarter of
12
are
a
there
earth
miles
820 feet
wires
high, about
are
in
length! The masts are triangularin shape, the three vertical posts being spaced 10 feet 100
apart, and
the base
terminates
in
tripod,the
a
portionof which This
extremity. that the in
200
"
of
amount
forms
the
gives weighs about
play
of
10
tons
"
with
wind at
Accidents
which certain
a
without "
and
[Topical. LOOKING
ing say-
stresses
these
pressure the top. have
lower
its lower
at
questionof
carefullystudied,
a
tons,
mast
socket.
mast,
It goes
connection
withstand
of each
B.B.C.
UP
to
MAST
FEET STATION
AT
AT
THE
DAVENTRY.
"
it is calculated
happened
500
HIGH-POWER
tremendously
of 140
A
miles
tall
that per
the
hour
tall aerial masts 106
has
structures
Rugby
and
a
masts
horizontal
in the
been will
pull
past,causing
WIRELESS which
damage has
it has
electric
an
watchful
a
The of it may
will carry
both
persons
namely, yieM a supply of 1,500
The
so
is
gigantic. Some
that
sends
Daventry
at which
the
kilowatts for the
it to
idea
high-
its transmission,
out
Rugby can be linked valves ! transmitting
at
generators
mast
makes
structure.
station used by this wonderful power be gatheredfrom a comparison with
25 kilowatts.
and
mending operationsand
to
broadcastingstation at
power
three
out carry all parts of the
on
eye
each
repair. At Rugby
difficult to
lift which
comparatively easy keep
been
WONDERS
up
to
".
[Sport" General. "BEAM" On the left are
five masts
RECEIVING for
receiving from
Nearly everythingelse fixed condensers an
ounce
measured
; those
at
in tons.
STATION
Canada,
at
measure
Rugby But
AT
Rugby a
are
there
on
BRIDGWATER, the rightfive masts
as
is
is
square tall
the
on
inch as
a
or man
SOMERSET. for
receiving from South
scale.
same
two
and
and
An
Africa.
teur's ama-
about
weigh weight is
their
important gadget at this station which is quite absurdly small, a little tuning-fork monster which oscillates at a regularspeed of about 2,000 vibrations per second and serves master as a oscillator,"keeping the wave-length (18,740 metres)to its exact dimensions whatever the atmosphericdisturbances one
"
may
be. 100
very
WIRELESS what
And
does
do and or
of
money
expended it
the
and
thought so
it ?
on
this colossal
justifyall
to
Dominions
In
first
the
and
winter
day,
in and
of the
been
place
British
the Mother
great Overseas
kept
are
care .
have
the
and
Country
stallation in-
half-million
by its means
and
the
which
the wireless hub is.
Empire,
WONDERS
in touch
night
summer,
year
and
Rugby is specially year for broadcasting in messages out.
useful
it is desirable
which
or peace that all
war
parts of the Empire should
receive
simultaneously.
day, too, it broadcasts which
of
corner
every what
be
can
boon
a
a
Twice news
vice ser-
in up Think
picked
the
world.
this
is
a
British
to
in
colonists
comparativelysmall and out-of-the-wayplaces,who in the have to wait ordinary way would for
their
several
papers
Rugby
too,
transmission and
arrival
till the
news
weeks
old.
only
to
Zealand, but
New
ship fitted
Then,
accepts messages not
of
for
Australia
also to any
wireless apparatus,
with
it may happen to be. is also a very There complete
wherever
less equipment for Trans-Atlantic wiretelephonybetween England and America, which is proving a huge success.
Four
of the aerial masts
at
Rugby are set together with
aside for the purpose, transmitter which a
is about
times
than
400
that used
station.
While
at
an
the
more
powerful
ordinary B.B.C.
sending station 197
[Sport "" General. THE
B.B-C. STATION
AT
"AVENTRY,
WONDERS
WIRELESS
is at
station
is
being with
linked
similar
AT
HILLMORTON
(RUGBY)
that
means
to
a
friend
with
Manchester
To
it is
United
can one
centre
States
with
WIRELESS
much
not
more
than
trouble and
would
occur
if
that, since
should
phone tele-
wire
not
to
it
be
a
to
do
simple matter
submarine
by
cable
to
America. is
reason
with
with
in
Continent,
The
Glasgow talk
it may
some
by
so
telephone
tol. Bris-
possibleto
the
being
talk
or
odd
seem
a
a
America.
important
some
delay wished
in
and
in the
STATION.
he
London, in
out
ring up
BOARD
Telephone
in
subscriber
at
land-line
arrangement
carried This
by
Trunk
the
Exchange
CONTROL
receiving
Wroughton,
at
Swindon, both stations
near
[CentralPress.
the
Rugby,
that
telephony by
cable
limit is
a
soon
reached, owing to the resistance of the wire. This
be
can on
of
means
called you
come over-
land what
by are
relays,
but
have
lays re-
cannot
Press, [Central
SWITCHBOARD
in mid- Atlantic.
used
in connection 198
AT with
the
BODMIN "
Beam
STATION, "
system of wireless.
WIRELESS in
here, and
is
It
other
some
of
cases
marine trans-
communication and
marshy not polescan-
in which
be
fixed
cables laid
or
steps in
wireless
that
the
solves
and
phony tele-
of
spaces
ground
-
vening inter-
large
over
"
"
telegraphyand
of
WONDERS
problem completely. recent application
neatly and A
of wireless
S
developed by -.
.
.-
,
.
which
Marconi,
e n
"
signalsthat "
beam
for its to
act
t
a
RADI"
the
RECEIVING
STATION
AT
HOULTON,
right is the receiving unit, on the left tha telephone testand amplifier for the wire circuit to New York.
board
.
a a
with
compared
as
are
operation
On
TELEPHONE
portant im-
"
system is a
O r e
has
on
as
[centralNews.
i
,
advantages out
"
Beam
transmission
of
system
"
is the
"
radiated sort
of
number The
reflector.
like the wireless
the
latter
of
spokes
of a
sending
wheel.
The
searchlightwhich
aerials
of
method
arranged
focuses
in
a
depends
curve
so
the transmission
the
reflector
of
as
just as light search-
a
brings to a focus the by an electric rays emitted arc lamp, and sends them forth
in
more
and
narrow
less concentrated
or
beam. is
a
Concentrated, that
to
for
say,
certain
a
distance, for, of after it
a
time
the
beam,
splays
were,
course,
out
as
and
graduallyloses its strength. It
has
been that
aerials it is [Keystone. LONDON"
NEW
YORK
TELEPHONE
Putting through the first call
to
,
England
York. 109
by making the sufficient height
possibleto Deam
SERVICE. New
,
of
ever, found, how-
send
wire-
_
signals which
Can
irom
be
WIRELESS
Australia, and
read
in
value
of the
that
this
smaller
system
transmission
to
a
on
much
a
is needed
than
power
great
lies in the fact
be done
can
the
WONDERS
for
similar distance
radiatingaerial such as that at Rugby. Very short waves are 30 employed, only about with metres as Rugby's compared and experiencehas shown 18,700, from
a
that
messages be transmitted as
on
these
can
if not
almost
effectively by day
waves
as
quite by night,
ONE
OF
THE TO
VALVES
33
NEW
ORDINARY
VALVE.
which
is not
YORK
USED
IN
COMPARED
the
case
MITTING TRANS-
WITH
with
AN
wave long-
signals. If the beam
this, and
it
it may
what, use
do
system
of
cheaply and be
Rugby
can
?
do all
well,
asked, is the The
answer
is
easilyconveyed in a comparison between and a lighta searchlight house, like more especiallyone the Eddystone,which lights up the sea
all round is of
and
A
MAST
AT
BODMIN
"BEAM
"
from
STATION. 200
The
beam
tem sys-
in
broadcasting, sometimes, quite apart from
the music [CentralPress.
it.
no
and
use
speech transmissions
B.B.C. stations,broadcasting
WIRELESS is
a
wireless
of possibility
for instance,that
WONDERS
tremendous
it is desired to send
Let
advantage. out
to the
whole
us
suppose,
British
Empire
[Sport " General. WIRELESS A
racingpicturetaken copy
a
Message
from
the
London, who
transmits
relayed,and
in
a
PHOTO-TELEGRAPHY. at
Newmarket
reproduced at New
King.
The
it by land
fraction of
a
York
compared with the wirelessed shortly afterwards.
Message is handed -line to Rugby, where
second 201
it has gone
to
an
operator in
itis automatically
to all the four
corners,
WIRELESS
WONDERS
[Sport" General. BY
PHOTOS
of the earth.
WIRELESS
TRANSMITTING
Again, unless
you
know
AND
RECEIVING
APPARATUS.
pretty accuratelythe position
aerials are more ship and unless, which is much unlikely, your with that arrangedto send in that direction you cannot communicate with an beam," as you can ship by ordinaryradiatingsystem of of
a
"
sufficientpower. Other
wireless
developments
to
which
brief
reference
mission Television, and Wireless transPhoto-telegraphy, and the and control of Power. Wireless Photo-telegraphy, of photographs or of line drawings over transmission considerable distances, has been brought to a point at which it becomes tical pracfor the daily newspapers, and to some extent even graphs photohave been wirelessed across the Atlantic and reproduced in the Press the next occasions. The morning on several interesting rather is a complicated one, but it is gradually being process of the latest achievements in this direction are and some simplified very striking. Television,or seeingby wireless,is distinct from photo-telegraphy because you see at the receiving end what the transis happening near mitter, the the result of a deliberate process such as not as gradual of but the actual revolving a cylinder, simultaneouslywith happening. that at the of would Thu5 televisionary mean reproduction a race
must
be
recent
made
are
202
WIRELESS
WONDERS
receivingend it would be shown on a screen justas it was being run, vision Teleonly a fraction of a second being occupied in the transmission. shown has been to be possibleby a Scottish inventor, Mr. J. L. Baird, but it is immensely difficult owing to the enormous of lightchanges which have to be dealt with in lightning-like number succession. Wireless
Power
transmission
and
control have
also
yet
to be
fully by the
important work has been done developed,but here, too, some from considerable a Admiralty in moving vessels by wireless worked of wireless condemonstrations On a smaller scale striking distance. trol been have who has specially given by Major Raymond Phillips, has this and studied produced some subject, very effective apparatus guns can be fired and toy trains stopped,reversed,and moved at the will of the controller of a small transmitter. He has
with which forward even
succeeded
in
to the human
such
spoken
of control
applyinghis system voice,so that "
commands
as
a
by
littletrain will
Stop,"
"
Back/' and
of
means
"
Ahead." WHEELER.
[SportS- General. TENSION
IN
SWITCHBOARD
STATION,
AT
BRONX,
203
THE
NEW
LARGE YORK.
phone micro-
to respond instantly
OWEN
HIGH
a
POWER
IN
WATER
MOTION:
A
CONTRAST
[H. J. SJtepitone. THE The mounted
lightinginstallation on
a
candle-power. to play
consists
Each the
of
of
set
hour,
of
colour
ten
and
AT
NIGHT.
speciallydesigned scintillators of 36-inch diameter, output of the lamps is,approximately,1,320,000,000
combined
The a
ILLUMINATED
NIAGARA,
twenty-four
opposite the Falls. lamp is provided with white lights for half an
thrilling panorama
a
FALLS,
parapet
is usual on,
AMERICAN
then
screens.
When the Falls are illuminated, it red, yellow, amber, magenta, and so
to
change
OF
THE
GREAT
much
of her
to
moving light.
[E. N. A. WATER
POURING
THROUGH
THE
OPEN
SLUICES
ASSOUAN
DAM,
ON
THE
NILE.
One
of the
great dams
on
the
Nile water
to which at
Egypt
certain
owes
seasons
so
is
stupendous,
The fertility.
force
of
the
[By courtesyof Messrs. Dorman, Long "" Co., Ltd. CASTING The
is
metal
molten
IRON THE
"RAW
WE
The
with
story reminds
"
that
"
uses
depends for "
"
common
gold except minerals, on
of the most
ENGINEERING
into
gold
the
the
his
giftof unhappy
be
its value gold owes it to become plentifulthe so-called worth having. The real value of a
to
which
other
useful and
with
and
it
be
can
plate,jewelleryand
as
had
that
strikingway
a
were
uses
ingots.
STEEL
touched
hardly the
upon
into
to cool
story of the king who
variety of uses ; they are cheap fortunately for civilization,they One
moulds
OF
the
in
us
and mainly to its rarity, would preciousmetal mineral
sand
MATERIAL"
turning everythinghe
fate.
few
into
run
AND
all familiar
are
PIG-IRON.
hand, which and are
put, and
Man
coinage.
There
have
an
lightlyesteemed
almost
has are
endless
only because,
plentiful.
probably the
important
most
mineral
of all is iron.
Imagine, and
with
how
if you many
can,
useful
what
the
thingswe 205
world
would
should
have
be to
like learn
without to
it,
dispense.
IRON Now
let
"
the
us
"
material
raw
Iron natural
is not
of all in
be described
in
found
"
is mined
but
state
pure
as
as
large The quantityof pure The iron must cent, rarelymore. or
small
in which
ore/'
an
a
"
at quantities
the earth's surface.
up to 50 per from the material
varying
iron may
be
first be rated sepafor this purpose it
it is contained, and
iron- works.
the
to
almost
may
mighty engineeringappliances.
our
a
substance
anything is taken
get iron,which
we
found
mineral
depths below
how
see
STEEL
AND
iron-works
An
plenty of
needs for its in
coal
furnaces, and coal and
England
iron-ore
nately fortu-
are
found
together,so cost
of
less
than
close
that
smelting is in
parts of the This and
the
most
world.
superior
skill of British have land
steel
In normal this
men work-
givenEngleading
a
positionin and
the
the
iron
industry.
conditions,
country
duces pro-
thing annuallysome-
like 8,000,000 A
SET
OF
In
the
centre
BLAST
MODERN
FURNACES
SHOWN
IN
SECTION.
heating
the
blast.
tons the passage-way stove.
million
is the background at top leading from
of the
tons
the
When "
are
by
mechanical
to
decompose.
which
contain
the nature
to
the
other
steel in the reaches
to receive
air which
of
currents
for
furnace
one
best
iron-ore
ready
stove
the
it ;
Note to the
pig-iron,in
addition
to
eight
and
between
nine
world.
works
they are
forced
are
and
of
a
so
number
of
called because
through
them
from
"
naces blast fur-
of the fierce the
bottom
the iron-oxide The in the air causes pressure. oxygen To the earthy substances separate the iron from
it,a
of the
"
flux
"
is
required.
The
earthy substance, limestone 200
flux varies
according.to
being often
used
for the
IRON
purpose. furnace
A and
load shot
of
ore
AND
mixed
in ; then
STEEL
with
comes
a
flux is
layerof
brought fuel
(aspecialkind
[By courtesyof Messrs. WARM
Running off molten
being the usual fuel),then alternately.
iron
the top of the
to
Dorman, Long
of coke
"
Co., Ltd.
WORK!
for transfer
direct to the steel
load
another
207
of
ore
plant.
and
flux, and
so
on
IRON
AND
STEEL
On
206
page
is
pictureof a section nace. through a blast fura
Furnaces this
as
basins
have
they
measure
A
WHITE-HOT
INGOT
IN TO
ROLLERS
In the centre
day. is the
from
gases
right-handfurnace and
meltingzone, the
of moulds
rows
At
the- very
is
there
iron
but
also silicon and
of
the
feet,
100
pig-irona
right-hand furnace, the
purpose
The
body
waste
while
proper, the
molten
the
the top of the
top of the furnace
bottom
the
leadingfrom
gases
is called the it is the
beneath
crucible.
iron flows
In to
front
the form
"
are
pigs."
furnace, in the crucible, a temperature
centigradeis reached.
introduced
The
heat
is so
fierce that
into
only carbon,
not
harmful
of
bottom
the
waste
very which
into
i, 800"
of about
the
the
at
a
produce 700
can
tons
blast,using for the
the
is the
part below
throat,the
BARS.
the stove.
to
height
to
itself.
pipe for
the
rise of
and
behind illustration,
heats
the furnace
Notice
INTO
they
across,
often
25
Sons, Lid.
THROUGH
PASSING
OF
ROLLED
of the
which
stove
ACT
THE
BE
may to
up
feet
Cohille "
deep
; at the widest
part
[By courtesyof Messrs. David
such
other
substances.
On
this account be
cannot pig-iron from the directly
used
furnace, but
blast be
furnace
the
in
re-heated in order
must
another
to
remove
impurities. Iron and "slag"
the
"
earthy part both state
of
collect in the
the
in
a
ore
"
liquid A
crucible,which The .
haS
tWO ,
Openings. .
Slag, being
_
.
Converter
_
,
lighter
I lie
steel into Sometimes
a
,
than
the mouth 208
BESSEMER
"CONVERTER."
of freshly-made tips up to pour its contents travellingladle,which in turn will empty into moulds. the moulds are arranged in a chain travellingunder direct. of the converter, which then empties into them
TAPPING Fireclay plugs are thp
removed
infrrit mrnilHc
from
the
rtirprtlv
bottom VipnpptVi
A
STEEL
of the ladle Thf
larllp
by
means
i" r-arriprl
FURNACE. of levers alrincr
at
phnv-p
the side, and them
hv
an
the
molten
nvfrVifpH
r-ranp
steel
runs
into
IRON
iron,rises
to the
from
AND
STEEL
top of the liquidmass
the
is drawn
and
The
lower
off at
frequent
opening, the
tap-hole, opening. is and for only opened clay plug by running off the then iron, which flows, white-hot and glowing,along grooves in the ground and thence into sand moulds, where it cools and is presently intervals
is closed
removed The
upper
a
in solid bars. removed
impuritiesare
process, invented blast furnace to where furnace),
by Henry a
furnace
it is
is called
what
by in
of
different kind
a
brought to
puddling
iron is taken
1784. The
Cort
"
"
the
The
travellingladle is suspended by than
the
"
A
steel ropes
STEEL
from
metal, overflows
The
away.
remainder,
the
through powerful rollingmills liquidimpurities. for iron
So much iron
into
:
we
overhead
an
into
the
The
crane.
basin
squeeze
to meet
now
Co., Ltd.
on
the
"slag," being
when out
the
much
lighter
right.
by machinery the
almost
impurities
solid, is
of it any
magician who
run
remaining converts
steel.
Steel is
an
alloyof
iron and
carbon, with the phosphorus found in Steel, unlike iron, is malleable and tough, and is
pig-ironremoved. put to a largevarietyof W.B.E.
good part,
which
have
Long "
FURNACE.
but sometimes very hard work is usuallydone by a man, "stirs with an iron rod, causing the iron to collect, while flow
the
a reverberatory (called melting-point.The "puddler" this
[By courtesy of Messrs. Dorman, TAPPING
from
uses
for which 209
iron is unsuitable.
IRON
The 1860
STEEL of
process
into directly
receive it.
a
Bessemer
Or, to
to be
the
cupola furnace
a
when
conveyed, in in
converter
a
is
its
In this then
and
run
tipped horizontallyto is close at
blast furnace
a
liquidstate, directlyfrom
ladle,transportedby
bogie,
in
invented
was
its introduction.
"converter," which
alternative method
an
hand, is for the iron blast furnace
from
industryreallydates pig-ironare melted in
of
bars
steel
making
the steel
and
process
Bessemer
famous
AND
of
means
overhead
or
the a
travelling-
crane.
A
of
tons
15
metal
25 feet
about from
able to deal with
converter
at
high
made
will
and
It is
60 to 70 tons.
retort
thick
of
time
a
is
weigh large
a
sheet-iron,
lined inside with
work. brickrefractory verter capacity of a con-
The
of
must,
the volume
greater than with
of the
bubbling
which
take The
turned
a
the
into
poured
a
into
(theseare The
is
with
added
ladle
on
heavy
inside
moulds,
to the
about
a
"
of open
a
and
molten
and
steel boxes
"
of
from
roars
the
verter. con-
is
magician
at
allowed
its
tents con-
steel is
and 4 feet deep square to cool into solid ingots.
called,are
removed
furnaces ingotsare taken to the soaking pits,"small, gas-fired the ground, where they are heated to a bright redness and to 210
there
!
18 inches
are
mass.
huge, blinding
the monster
about
jets,
minutes
varying hues mouth
fierce
a
small
to pour egg is made this ladle the travelling-crane.From
and
measurements) the
twenty
-
steel boxes
as
vertical
grand sight
INGOT.
now
it.
having been liquid pig-iron,is
The work
Carbon
place within
through the
flame
ejections
the
is forced For
STEEL
and
air, in many
is
of metal
deal,because
to
of
blast
much
converter,
charged
170-TON
it has
which
be
course,
and
the
sunk an
even
in
This
temperature.
ingot and
picks up
the
rollers in
it,down
A
done,
lays the
rollingmill looks
like
having grooves sizes and
cut
overhead
an
which
in the
it
top
on
an
it and
force it
a
ingot runs a huge mangle
rolls
through,and
with
crane
of
grab
automatic
an
sloping plane having loose rollingmills.
to the
as
so
shapes along the line where ingot,guided straightto
comes
STEEL
AND
IRON
of entirely
steel and
present apertures of different
to
the rolls touch the widest
great
go
up
made
clouds
another.
one
aperture
Along
; the rolls seize
of steam
from
the cooling-water,
by the glowing ingot. Clang ! The mill is stopped, back, already appreciably thinner and reversed, and the ingot comes rise out of the floor and turn the ingot over on longer. Steel arms its side,and through the mill it goes again, and so on until it has all lit up
been
rolled out
into
a
bar
4 inches
about
square
and
perhaps 20
"
feet
"
three-high mill a mill long. By this time the ingothas reached a having three rolls,one above the other and all geared together. The bar, still red-hot, goes in through the lower pair of rolls,and as soon lifted up, and it is all through the end is caught by a steel arm, as forced in again,this time through the upper pair of rolls,which feed it back the way it came, without reversingof the mill. The bar any travels through very now rapidly,writhing and twistingalong the "
floor like
some
Sometimes of
a
to
be
serpent from the steel
the
ingots
are
regions.
nether
hammered
into
"
billets
"
by
means
they are flattened into steel plates, used, perhaps,for armour-plating a big battleship.
Nasmyth
hammer,
and
often
[Sport"" General. SHOP
TALK 211
!
[English Electric Co., Ltd. THE
through
OF
STATOR which
motor
a
AN is
GENERATOR,
being driven, with another
for
WONDERS
ELECTRIC
headroom
above
car.
ELECTRIC
OF
POWER were
the
in the
hands
MARVELLOUS placed as
were
indeed
puny
compared with
which
powers
the
old-world
of their fairies and the
storytellers magicians,they
placed in
power
hands
our
by
electricity. The form
some
first
of current
use
obtained
engine may be reallypracticableform
itself was,
of
of course,
known
from
a
said to date of
dynamo long before
battery having been in use for many obtained were comparativelysmall and
dynamo generator driven by back only to 1870, when the introduced. was Electricity that
date, the voltaic the
But
years.
of little
were
cell
thus
currents
tific scien-
than
more
or
interest. The was
invention
of the
originallycalled
"
in
"
filament
1879
when
"
first introduced. 212
glow lamp or possiblethe use "
rendered
lighton a general scale. Except that is replacedby one of metal, the lamp as
"
the carbon is
filament
the substantially
"
lamp of
as
it
electric
at first used same
to-day
OF
WONDERS the small
From the
of
use
all
of
manner
Britain
alone
increased
there
by
cooking,but for
machinery and are
POWER
the latter years
beginningsof
has electricity
heatingand lighting,
ELECTRIC
leaps and
of the last
bounds,
not
century,
only for
operatingrailways, tramways,
for innumerable
other purposes.
and
In Great
nearly 600 generatingstations,producingsome
is rapidly 8,000,000,000 units of electricity every year, and this amount mous growing. Such figures,however, fail to give a real idea of the enorthat quantityof electricity understood
if
we
state
that it is
operate 25 electric lamps, each
is
beingused to-day ; it will be better equivalentto the current requiredto of 40 candle-power,for three hours
and winter, for every evening throughout the year, summer familyin the country. Of course, a great proportionof this electricity but for the productionof power is not used for lighting by purposes We electric motors. put thingsin another way by sayingthat may every
[Sport" General. CONSTRUCTING
THE
STATOR
OF
A
HUGE THE
"
It
weighs 700 tons,
is 26
feet
GENERATOR
ELECTRIC NIAGARA
high, and
has
OBTAINING
FOR
POWER
FALLS. an
213
output
equivalent
to
87,000 horse-power.
FROM
WONDERS
OF
POWER
ELECTRIC
the
8,000,000,000
units
would year be sufficient to drive a
motors, each
100,000
of
35
for
10
300
horse-power, hours a day,
days How
a
year. is this vast of
quantity
LARGE
"CROSS-COMPOUND" POWER
ELECTRIC
STATION
IN
NEW
GENERATOR
AT
produced ? depends on the
Much
[central ,v"w. A
A
tricity elec-
Ci7^ MMJ
r"f
tV"A L11C
YORK. .
It is estimated
that
this machine in three
does the shifts of
working
men
work
in 24
million
a
hours
men
of 3,000,000
each.
the Kind *
-,
Of fuel -,
,
"
j
cheaply obtained,
,-,
the
Of the six hundred proximity to waterfalls,and so on. generating stations referred to, possiblyno have exactlythe same two type of machinery in every detail. In every case, however, we have what is form of steam, gas or oil engine, termed a generator,"driven by some though in other countries water-power is frequentlyavailable for the is produced by causing copper The conductors electricity purpose. mounted what is termed "to rotate at high speed "armature an upon of powerful electro- magnets, in the "field" produced by a number is not althoughwhy this should result in the generationof electricity that to confess to-day we are bound easy to explain. Indeed, even little about know what we electricity reallyis. But we do know that considerable force is requiredto move the conductors through the hence magnetic field," enginesof great power are employed to drive the generators, the power of the enginedepending upon the size and "
"
output of the generator it Electric units
generators in
are
serves.
made
in various
sizes,from
the
tiny little
producing justenough current to lightthe electric lamps on the car and requiringonly a fraction of a which loping have enginesdevehorse-powerto drive them, to huge monsters nearly one-quarter of a million horse-power. An enormous of the electric generator of this size has recentlybeen designedfor one you
may
electric power space
of
a
stations
available and
necessary space
see
the
motor-car,
in New enormous
York
cost
to install the
only 67
feet
City, where, owing of land
in the
the
small
it vicinity,
unit that could be largestpossible by 39 feet. The machine is of what 214
to
was
fitted into
a
is called the
OF
WONDERS
ELECTRIC
POWER
"
first doing a portionof its work cross-compound type, the steam turbine of 100,000 in a high-pressure horse-power,after which it passes it generates a further 115,000 horsepower. to a low-pressureturbine, where "
when
60
about A
tons
in
of the
similar
British
world-famous
this
In
turbines
two
passingthrough the
and turbo-generator,
Britain, is the 70,000
Great
size of these
of steam
them
is
hour.
per
somewhat
built a
idea gather some that the weight
will
You
it is added
firm
for the
view
of
horse-power Crawford
biggest unit
Avenue
which, taken
ever
constructed
set
Power
from
by
Station,
the
travellingin the power turbine station,is shown below, the high-pressure crane the fellow about little nearer wall) develops 21,000 horse-power, (the after doing its work the steam, in this casing, and to crosses over and low-pressure the the intermediate turbines,which are mounted on Chicago.
shaft
same
If
could
likelyto see there being in
in which
and
you
this
set,
any
watch steam
a
further this
respect.
A
46,000 horse-power is developed.
turbine
puffing
between
into
turbine
a
locomotive
into the
developingabout it has atmosphere when
engine,hence the clouds of steam it rushes as along. The turbines in provided with
would
working, you
escaping or
resemblance
no
puffsits steam
a
which
the
a
power
billow
the
be
atmosphere,
and
a
locomotive
horse-power
2,000
its work
done from
station
not
its
are,
in
chimney however,
"condensers," in
the
which is
verted con-
back
into
steam
then
being pumped
back
into
water,
boiler,and used over
the thus and
over
To
again.
deal
with
the ume vol-
enormous
of
steam
passing these
tnrougn
large turtWO
CBy courtesy of Messrs. C. A.
-i
,-,
COn-
LOOKING
DOWNWARD
ON
A
70,000
HORSE-POWER
Parsons
"" Co., Ltd.
TURBO-GENERATOR.
from an of turbines and alternators overhead crane bird's-eye view taken station. Some idea of the size of the unit can the floor of a Chicago power in the bottom right-hand corner. gained by observing the figure of a man A
215
on
be
WONDERS densers
are
often
OF
POWER
employed,each dealingwith
for the Crawford
condensers
ELECTRIC
Avenue
set
one-half shown
are
of the steam. to the
rightof
The the
picture. Each of them receives about 36,000 cubic feet of steam densed conevery second, coolingit until it is ultimately The electric generators are directly connected with into water. the turbines and will be seen to the left of the turbines in the picture. is the connection You will be wondering what between the power of of the turbines and the amount produced by the genelectricity erators. The bigunit of 215,000 horse-power to which we have referred of is said to have the kilowatt an 160,000 kilowatts, output being If all this electricity the unit of electrical energy. fed to electric were low-pressureturbine
in the
"
motors, the power if
we
developed would,
leave
40 a
of account
out
of course,
any
power, aggregate 215,000 horse-
losses which
might occur
the power station to the motors. if all the current of lighting, fed to electric were from
the current
in terms
"
candle-power(thatis,the household)the total number
Expressed lamps, each of
of lamps used in lighting average power of lamps it would be possible to light
if the
in a small area lightwere concentrated to that of 160,000,000 candles. it would produce a brilliance equivalent of this size are the exceptionrather than the rule,and Generators in the super-power stations that are now beingerected in various parts of 30,000 of Great to 40,000 kilowatts are Britain, turbo-generators would
be 4,000,000,
in transmitting
installed.
and
ALFRED
B.Sc., A.R.C.Sc., M.I.E.E.
REGNAULD,
[Sport " A
30-TON
CONDENSER
ELECTRIC Note
the
GENERATOR ends
of
the
small condenses
A
FOR BEING tubes the
STEAM HAULED
INTO
through which is pumped. steam
216
General.
TURBINE-DRIVEN
the
POSITION. water
that
[Great Western LEAVING
LONG boys,
the
and
and
There
for
to
railway
building
engineering
though
the
even
in the
there in the in
areas,
are
a
United
other
almost
the
been
"
long
very
made
construction
tunnels
of the
Indeed, many
of the
world
important
most
possibleonly by
ranks
the
among
a
or
624 yards. others
States
of
comparatively mile
and
of
tunnellinghas
small in
more
British
the
greatest
length,
been
the
called are
longest being and
for,
about
Italy,in
the the
of the world's
longest tunnels, though elsewhere, length including several
notable
Canada,
crossingmountain
Isles there
Switzerland, Austria
most
lands, all longer than
in
countries, or
amount
have, however, few
to
were
all the
have
their
greatest
tunnels
miles
Severn, 4
Alpine
there
in mountainous
that
fiftyrailway
went
care
achievements.
It is,of course, ranges,
of life,that
the
railways,just as bridges steel highway was long before the notable are bridges besides those many
communication
tunnels, and
of
all
"
roads
carry
there
by railway trains.
traversed
remembered
or
possibly loss
before
railway purposes,
in
knew
and
danger,
of, but, whereas
dreamt
Railway. SIDE.
many
tunnels
were
erected
links
ENGLISH
tunnel.
that
of
making
built
THE
consider a ride through a long tunnel girls, would be thrillingpart of a railway journey. You
and
most
thought
were
ON
TUNNELS
thrilled, perhaps, if you
more
of
TUNNEL
RAILWAY
MOST
are
SEVERN
THE
one our
in New own
217
Zealand, and
longest.
one
or
two
LONG
Until
seems
with
in the world. It
1905.
TUNNELS
when tunnel is built under the Straits of a day comes zerland unlikely that the Simplon Tunnel, connectingSwitItaly,will lose its place as the longestrailway tunnel This is I2j miles long and was completed in February, for a singleline,but a second tunnel constructed was
the
Dover, it
RAILWAY
was
completed in
Unlike
1921.
of the
some
older
Alpine tunnels, it
was
appliances. Even then, however, it difficulties had and expensiveundertaking,and many was a troublesome For to be surmounted. example, hot as well as cold springs were in the heart of the mountain, in places 7,000 feet above encountered could only work when the tunnel, and at times the men sprayed with with
constructed
cool
the aid of modern
tunnel, like
This
water.
of
number
a
others, involved
the
of many
callingfor cuttings of many
of
miles
approach
new
struction con-
railways,
expensive rock the
and
erection
bridgesand
shorter
tunnels. with
Compared
Simplon,the Tunnel
miles.
[By courtesy of AN
INRUSH
OF
HOT
WATER
OF
the Swiss
DURING SIMPLON
THE
THE
STRUCTION CON-
two
it
actually completed
was
millions, and constant
of
only
invention
to-day.
had
be
to
for
trains
constructed,
it
start
length, 9^ made
was
the tunnel
was
pierced right through
until
TUNNEL.
in
1872, but
not
Federal Railways-
A
St. Gotthard
old, though
next
comes
in
is
the
years
another
and
1880,
elapsed
before
It cost several pass. through hard rock and with to
springs, with the aid interruptionsdue to subterranean compressed-airmachinery, this being long before the of the wonderful applianceswhich are used for such work All sorts
of associated
famous
had
also to be
cluding constructed, in-
viaducts, and
reservoirs and the (including
works
"
172 miles of connecting railway spirals"),which themselves called for expensive
died
The engineerresponsible, short tunnels. M. Faure, many finished ; it is said as a result of the financial before the work was
and
worries political
viaducts
overcome.
and
For
many
experiencedand years
this route 218
the was
difficulties that
operatedby
had
steam
to
be
trains.
LONG
RAILWAY
TUNNELS
Next
the
comes
Lotschberg
Tunnel, 9 miles, opened in 1913. It connects
with
the
Simplon
route
Italy. Here, also, there are expensive connectinglines,though
to
the
tunnel
with
the
aid
America, where constructed,
Railway through and old
ances. appli-
longest tunnel
it
North
to
cross
is
tunnel
a
to
the
miles, by
modern
to
necessary
constructed
was
of
the next
For is
itself
being length 7! of
a
Northern
Great
of
U.S.A.
the
Cascade
This
is
Mountains,
displace the Tunnel, 2j miles in
is intended Cascade
length, built
to
many
years
ago.
[Swiss Federal Railways. PLACING
SUPPORTING
TIMBERS
SIMPLON
the
While
old
is
tunnel
short, it is reached
by
either
gradientson itself
IN
BAD
ROCK,
TUNNEL.
relatively severe
very
steep incline. difficulties are, indeed, so
that
electric traction
through ago
as
1909, due
when
route
about
the
expense reaches an
as
of the and
long culties diffi-
steam
hauling the
miles, but
old at
tunnel
a very long altitude about 500 feet
and snow
20
of
less,besides from
tunnel
line leaves
new
for
smoke
great duced intro-
was
engines were through it.
loads
The
the
because to
steam
heavy
The
a
on
is
side, and
siderably easing the route conreducingthe troubles
in winter.
[Swiss A
219
SECTION
OF
THE
ORIGINAL
Federal
SIMPLON
Railways. TUNNEL.
LONG
Not the
Mont
was
not
much
RAILWAY the
have
shorter, we
Cenis, barely 7^
TUNNELS
miles.
completed until 1870,and
of all the
oldest
It
first
was
Alpine tunnels, in
proposed
1857, but
opened for traffic in September, 1871. Here, also, the difficulties
was
great, while it was
were
very first tunnel built
to
in
the
world
the be
to
greater length than
a
3 miles.
about On
the
Arlbergroute, through the Tyrolean Alps (Austria), is the in Arlberg Tunnel, 6| miles in the
length,while to be found
same
area
the Tauern
(5jmiles),
and (5miles), (4 miles) Tunnels,
Woch-
Karawanken ner
shorter
many
In
of
U.S.A., another tunnel
Moffat,
6
over
The
173 miles. Peak
at
in
distance Salt
and
Denver
very
miles
lessens the
It
long
length. between
Lake
bore
City by James pierces
height of
a
ado, Color-
constructed, the
been
has
besides
ones.
mountains
the
are
than
more
9,000 feet. Otira
The Zealand and
CANADIAN
A
FROM
PACIFIC
RAILWAY
CONNAUGHT
miles, and On
in
the
three
Canadian
a
oi
the
South
railways with
the
Greymouth
Island
It is
coast.
with
traction.
On
there
seventeen
on
the
singleline,on
in 33, and
I
route
section
be worked
IN
THE
steel viaducts, one Pacific
1916, at Rogers Pass,
on
main
could
a
only
the aid of electric
EXPRESS
TUNNEL
SELKIRKS.
in 9
miles
connecting the
gradientof EMERGING
a
New
line
west
[E.N.A.
in
lengthof 5^ "1,500,000. It is
has
cost
Tunnel
to
Railway ease
the 220
a
are
236 feet notable
the
in
approach other
lines
tunnels
height.
tunnel
was
gradient difficulties
completed through the
II
ENTRANCE
TO
THE
SIMPLON
(12^
TUNNEL AND On
ENTRANCE
TO Another
the
THE and
older
old
GOTTHARD link
LONG)
CONNECTING
[E. N.
A.
[". N.
A.
SWITZERLAND
ITALY.
left is the
ST.
MILES
II I II I
II
between
821
mountain
road.
TUNNEL,
9*
Switzerland
and
MILES
Italy.
LONG.
LONG
It is 5 miles in
Selkirk range. was
circuitous
more
sheds and
snow
This
and
States
already mentioned. enables
construction
direct
London
Construction flooded
out
was
begun
and
for the
the
There
is
detail,but miles
Scottish and
950
need
no
:
Abroad:
to
ten
years
Eastern
a
to work
water
South
was
through,and main-line
standard
consider
the
3 miles
and
Totley (London
Wales
via
a
its from
Gloucester.
several
times
continual
hundreds in
more
three months
and
lengthmay
Midland
miles
and
57
60
Railway), 3 miles
later
train route. express of shorter tunnels in
and
be
Scottish
given :"
Railway),
Midland
Standedge (3 tunnels) (London
yards ;
Railway), 3
North
in
included
Britain
Great 3
next
list of those
a
estuary, and
to reach
going a long way 1873,but the workings were
to-day a 1886, goods trains began was
Severn
was surmounted, Eventuallythe difficulty is work. In Sepat pumping-plant continually tember,
even
tunnel
the
trains
.
Britain, the Severn,
round
in
of
of trouble.
expensivesource though
in Great
under
Western
of
4 miles
It passes under Mount Macdonald Tunnel is 4j miles in length.
.
passes
Great
instead
curves
longesttunnel
This
older route, which
harder, besides saving about
the Hoosac
to the
bringsus
lengthand replacesthe
much
having easier
United
In the
TUNNELS
RAILWAY
yards; Woodhead 13 yards.
(London
Norway, 3 miles 520 yards; Albula, 671 yards ; Sassago,Japan, 3 miles 293 yards.
Gravehals,
Switzerland, 3 miles
J.
AN
and
ELECTRIC OTIRA The
TRAIN
F.
EMERGING NEW
TUNNEL, tunnel
GAIRNS, MJnst.T.,
has
a
FROM
THE
ZEALAND.
length of si miles. 222
FAMOUS
M.I.Loco.E.
GIANT
A
PLANING
MACHINE the
article
dealing
with
A
GIANT
"Famous
Bridges" something is said of what will be the largestbridge in the world at Sydney, New of the approach South The total length of this bridge and Wales. for the greater part the bridge is being will be 3,770 feet and spans built of steel plates and girders of massive proportions. In order to produce these accurately and at as low a cost as possible,special machines of these is here illustrated. have been designed and one
IN
Smith
[By courtesy of Messrs.
for
constructed
work
in
connection
with
Bros.
"
Co., Lid.
MACHINE
PLANING the
bridge
nsw
across
Harbour.
Sydney
giant Planing Machine, planes steel plates up to 66 feet in length and over 2 inches in thickness as easilyas a joinerplanes wood. It is reallya development of the lathe, one useful machine of the most This,
tools
of modern
surface flat
a
true,
times. a
planing
surface, laborious
Whilst
the
machine
is
work
that
lathe
employed
tools
as
these
to
previously could
and even by hand-chipping and filing, is satisfactory. It largely due machine
is used
to
make
cylindrical perfectlytrue a
make
only
be
a
accomplished
then
the
results
to
the
introduction
were
not
of
gether altosuch
planing machines, together with large drills
giantriveting-machines,that
it is
possibleto 223
construct
bridges of
and
steel.
GIANT
A
This
or
that
which
part of the
centre
This
planing machine 40 horse-power which
of
motor
platform from in
carried
at each
edges,is able
the
a
of the
to cut
like the
direct-coupledelectric
a
saddle
of the
is the
"
with girder,
as
well
suppliedby
of overhead
wheel
that the
which
is tilted
tool,which as
wires that
and
to
a
runs
The
by
tool
is
zontally hori-
hand
has two
to
cutting stroke.
along the top
run
thing runningcontact, some-
a
electric tramcars.
gear-wheelson
special
a
the backward
on
rollers make
fixed to the underside
travels
machine, being able
box," which
or
plate,so is
the
man
machine,
portion in the is standing.
in either direction.
motor
the forward
on
trains of
three
rack
The
tool.
the
reverse
end
front side of the
through
by
operator controls
for the motor
Current
with
or
the
specialmounting
a
driven
is fixed to the "saddle"
carries the
which
stop,
or
is
MACHINE
photograph, on the right of where the travels along the machine, and with it
saddle
start,
PLANING
The
drives
motor
largepinion,which meshes the full lengthof practically
table.
By
smashing operates The
there
ingenious arrangement,
an
should as
the
soon
as
girder to
cylinders,shown main
member
and
is 7 feet
motor
the be
saddle
nears
is held
danger of the machine length,for a specialtripgear
the down
planed photograph, which
in the
of the machine. 2
its
overrun
is
inches in
This
no
end
of its
run.
by twenty-two are
housed
on
is in the form
member
depth.
hydraulic top of the of
a
E.
girder H.
[Undencood. A
PICTURESQUE
SUSPENSION
BRIDGE 224
AT
HAMBURG.
THE
YOUNG
ENGINEER.
A
SUN-POWER
PLANT
OF
The feet of
CAN
boiler
had
ii
feet
of
gallons
n
collected.
were
The
:
hundred
a
reflector
had
6
DAY
square diameter
PROBLEM BE
USED?
BE
ENGINEERING ONE
a
inches.
SUN-POWER
AN
SMALL
A
PRESS.
capacity
a
of sunshine
DRIVING
1878
PRINTING
OF
THAT
WILL
IMPORTANCE
VITAL
(With photographsby the Author)
HAVE
thought
ever
you
of this earth
were
oil and
ought to include engines,and hence no shut
would
be for
and
Some
by
in are
use,
the
electric
article
"
would for
am
sure
you
the
know of
Water
Work,"
if all the
for
no
and
be
steam-
no
for the would
houses
our
in winter, and
cold
few
houses
there offices
and
trains.
coal
we
could
do
to that
answer
It is true
coal. from
complete,
factories
Most
a lighting
the
is derived
energy
even
were
burning
be
effect
would
bricks
electric
and
that if there
Making
available,but,
everything
"
that
waterfalls, as that
water-power
in
still the
most a
tricity elec-
large
explained
larger amounts world
were
it would
this need and
I
factories
produced by
of
houses
most
the
steamers.
clothingand
our
Our
driving a few people think
is
to
There
gas.
or
little electric power
but electricity,
amount
for
down.
only a
trains
steam
of materials
to
natural
of the
people suddenly stopped and
happen
if all
we
have
would
suppliesof coal were again available? Perhaps, to make
never
making
what
and probably not satisfyour present need for power, is increasingdaily, of the rapid growth of population because
the rate W.B.B.
in
at which
we
are
increasingour
use
of mechanical
power.
SUN-POWER
CAN
BE
USED? There at
at
present
which
For
large
very
from
in
to
supply
it in PLANT
SUN-POWER diameter
sunshine
of
feet
163 square
OF
6J inches
of
feet
n
was
long.
collected.
were
years Falls
some
and
transmit of
Johannesburg, though the Company at
of about at
work
from
600
supplyingthe
the
Victoria
found
south.
miles
Rand
But
with
Falls, but
this power
power,
from
coal
burned
is not the
at
article made obtained
be
to
by
article may
of the
or
other
able
be
supplied must One day, one or
to
devise
great distances,possiblyby will be of
to
use
"
An
us.
of
wireless
; then
been
discovered
and
done
that
can
for
!
of the of
event
be ; but
you
course,
but
of the
cost
that
of this to
falls great water-
coal supplies
our
world
to
would
there that
gather
all such
means
need
It
great
so
greater than
being exhausted, would be for the peoplesof the round placeswhere water-power may be had. By no places are at present healthy for the white races, so other problems to solve. Some think peoplefoolishly has
is still
transmitting power
more
alternative,in the
tance dis-
a
obtained
of the readers
more
cheaper means "
be
not
power
means.
high-
Rand
impracticableto transmit electric energy distance it could be done, of 600 miles. a as Physically, to be practical engineeringschemes must pay, that is,the was
of
use
form
the
was
to the electricity pressure mines of the Rand, gold
1883.
and
River
Company
this
a
tained ob-
Victoria
many Victoria
the
formed
A
the
Africa, and
Power
boiler had
be
the Zambesi
on
ago
The
of
amount
could
water-power Falls
making largest example,
our
of the
some
waterfalls. a
rate,
any
prevent
of
use
difficulties,
are
be
everything
not
have
the
least
fear,there will be plentyfor you to discover,invent, devise, and to take your do, when part in the work of the world. you come Let of energy
tell you
me
which
Sun-power.
When
you
something concerning one help to make of use may we
use
waterfalls,we 220
are
of the to
possiblesources mankind, namely
reallyusing Sun-power
CAN
if there heat
is bottled
coal
even
"
were
to
rain
make
the
or
of the
energy
in and
for power
Sun
get from
But
well to learn
the
shall
million
for
Sun,
soon
the
before how
of the
of
million
Earth.
Hence
the
square
nearly two
million
feet
square
a
about
emits
(Note
denned
as
pounds one
second, lifted
tons
that
a
can
feet
in
shortage
of
coal,
fraction of
much
when
even
this
is about
presents
to
3,000
6,000" has
us
a
the
a
not we
small
enormous PASADENA
THE
energy.
Herschel,
roughly
a
one see
utilize
is about
in
we
us
Sun
times
roughly ij
or
oil,or natural gas will bother
it
surface
case.
hundred
as
Thus
minute).
which
is
the
of 550
foot
one
10
Sun's
obtaining.
being a
ject, sub-
possibleto
worth
of the
million
be
the
know, is
will
lifted
the
interesting
historyof
be
tunate for-
was
power horse-
weight
a
A
I
are
(a horse-power, most
on
the
use
square mile !)
10,000
of you
not
volume :
ago this
it would
energy
to
square foot of
(and there
this surface
in
This
half
over
million
Each
miles.
made
years
brief
givinga
quantity might
that of the Earth.
area
some
for four years
much
a
enormous a
and
purposes,
been
this is very far indeed from of the Sun is 863,600 miles, or about
diameter
times
for
lakes.
and
oceans
attempts have
year.) The temperature of and the glowing surface centigrade, day
the
that
see
diameter
the
from
being professionally engaged
it will be
The
be any
not
water
years,
important matter.
We
would
be any waterfalls rain if there were no
not
waterfalls.
intervals,for many
At
for there would
"
there
USED?
(thusgainingpotentialenergy),forms clouds, of this rain or snow some ultimatelygoes to
and
snow,
BE
!
evaporate
rises
evaporated water then
sunshine
rain, and
no
the Sun
from
SUN-POWER
SUN-POWER
Maximum
the
great
diameter, 33 feet 6 capacity of 83 " gallons. Maximum 150
square 227
feet of
radiation
were
PLANT inches.
OF The
1901.
boiler
had
a
4^ horse-power. required per horse-power. output,
SUN-POWER
CAN
of
radiant
that
if you it into
amount
know must
put
your
hand.
of
thought
astronomer,
novel
a
heat
BE
the
have
a
way is
Sun
of
making us realize what continuallysending out.
of ice and
lump
something warm, Suppose your lump
USED?
even
of ice
wish
if that
it
You you
something is only
in
were
melt
to
an
the
form
of
a
long
end of this into a bright coal that you pushed one melt at a certain rate, and you would fire. It would move your hand forward at that rate in order to keep on melting the rod of ice. Now
ruler,and cylindrical
make
rod
your
of feet
not
but
long
inch
an
45
millions
few
a
but
J miles
of miles
in
diameter, and
couple push slowly of speed light(186,000 not
long,and
a
it not
fire,but into the Sun at the chilly would miles per second) and what happen ? It would melt as fast as it was pushed in without loweringthe temperature of the Sun in the has been least ! The expression into the Sun used, but actually be melted the ice would by the radiant heat leavingthe Sun before
into your
small
"
ice
the
"
That
got into the Sun.
itself would
lowered
be
not
any
is more
why
the
temperature of the Sun it is
than
by
now
the
radiant
leavingit. Owing to the distance of the Earth from the Sun (about93,000,000 tions, miles)and the fact that its rays of lightand heat radiate in all direcof one-fifth than less a horse-powerper square foot reaches the
heat
surface of the Earth's
outer
feet in
an
acre,
is the on
noon
70
surface
of the
horse-power available. will an
43,560 square
6,000 horse-powerper
At
acre.
heat
the
at
we
so
about
4,000
is per In passing,it acre
help acre
of about
are
surface of the atmosphere
sphere atmo-
Earth,
that
say
the
there
about
the
arrives
and
may
of
cent
through
passes
power
day,
as
available at the outer
large amount
clear
a
per
the
atmosphere, but
you if I
visualize
to
that
say
a
sides are one square whose cricket pitchlongis exactly of
one-tenth
Consequently, rvf 01
fhp tne
an
acre.
the
THE'SHUMANSUN-POWER
heat
QiinQhinP sunsnine
PLANT
AT
U.S.A.
TACONY,
19". ThU
plant Produced for 223
8l6
Pounds of steam per neariy 40 horse-power.
hour
:
enough
CAN
such
on falling
than
less
no
a
SUN-POWER
BE
USED?
is
square
power. horse-
400
Here, therefore,is the
problem
for
solve.
How
are
this
convert
into energy will be of power main
to
use
which for
us
The
? that
small
the
one.
is a heat-fall?"
"What
A
of
form
a
a
to
source
is difficulty is
to
we
purposes
heat-fall
of you
some
of you
some
will be
asking. THE
waterfall may
be
SHUMAN-BOYS
SUN-POWER
PLANT
AT
MEADI,
EGYPT, 1913. high axis of the reflector The in glass, is encased boiler, with one comparatively and just above the pith helmet. Above thethat, in the foreground, main. is the gear for keeping the In front of the little water falling, yet its is the reflector facing the Sun. can easilybe used energy of water falling by an engineer. Or, it may have a large volume this feet is difficult two to : more use. Similarly only one or type of heat : if the source perature, in the case of the heat is at a high temthe problem is easy, but if the temperature is comparatively difficultand costly. Now, though the temperlow, the problem is more ature of the Sun is so high,the temperature of anything exposed to a
at
steam
sunshine Hence
the Earth
on
we
need
quantityof
for any
with
the
heat
of
a
largequantityof sunshine (comparableto water)to make up for its lack of temperature. the devices for
boilers,and
purpose.
Mouchot, who Mouchot
compared
a
Nearly all sun-heated
is low
man
took
One
once
of the
out
coal-fire. the
large
energy have taken the form of be used has been made it may
using solar
the steam
earlyworkers
at the
his first patent in 1861.
'sfirst solar
subjectwas August In 1866 Napoleon III
engineat work in Paris. The sunshine collector like a giganticlamp-shade, inverted, measuring 8 feet 6 inches was in diameter end. Its inside surface was lined with silvered at its larger boiler at its axis. copper, which reflected the sunshine on to a cylindrical His In 1878 W. Adams the subjectin India. at work was on boiler was second of copper J inch thick and held 12 gallonsof water, producing enough steam at a pressure of 10 pounds per square inch to yieldabout 2j horse-power. He used glassmirrors for the reflectors, saw
829
SUN-POWER
CAN
ANOTHER
Adams
VIEW
OF
also made
THE
BE
SUN-POWER
USED?
PLANT
SHOWN
ON
p.
229.
sun-cooker, not for cooking the Sun, but food.
a
of 80 per cent for his efficiency boiler. In 1883 Ericsson,that great engineer and designer of the Monitor constructed his second'solar engine. (theprototype of turret battleships), the subjectbetween A. G. Eneas, an at work on American, was erected at Pasadena, and produced 1898 and 1901. His boiler was for It collected about steam a enough 700 square 4 horse-powerengine. feet of sunshine, and the capacityof its boiler was 83^ gallons. Frank another American, started on the problem in Shuman, In
1880
it
1906, and inclusive.
Egypt
the
For
bottom
"
a
mirror
the
was
a
with There
of the
Then a
space was
This
boiler-unit
of also
boiler and
only J an
inch
the
lower
then
the
inch
one
of
with
lamellar
the back
between
plant produced 816 pounds of steam, at atmospheric hour ; enough for nearly 40 horse-power. 230
glass.
covered
was
sheet
double
a
sheets of
the two
air-spaceof
a
at its bottom
box, with
and
of
in the illustrations).
troughs seen
air space,
in 1911 lected plant col-
consisted
another
the inside of which an
twice, and
States
I tested.
inch between
one
1910 to 1913
plant erected
large flat wooden
wood,
was
the
The
of the
from
United
top edge and
part
of air-space
of the box
surface
at its
"
hot-box
boiler of thin copper, front for the water. upper
I visited
is the bottom
heat-insulatingmaterial.
the
associated
was
feet of sunshine.
square
glasstop having an The
I
photograph (p.228) shows Philadelphia,U.S.A., which
(thehot-box The
that
purpose
hot-box," having
edge
his work
an
The
once.
10,300 "
with
was
Tacony, near
at
Pifre claimed
Abel
and
between
glass.
This
pressure,
per
CAN
SUN-POWER
planterected
Of another
BE
USED?
Meadi, 7 miles south
of
Cairo, in 1913, trials. It collected 13,270 square I made feet of sunshine, thirty-five and produced 1,442 pounds of steam during the best run of one hour, i.e. enough for the
edge, at
14 feet
was
By
an
of suggestion
The
maximum
Professor
the sunshine and
across
automatic
which reflectors,
ran
200
boiler of this
C. V. to
on
feet
Boys,
both
long,and
and
sides there
of it.
steam
Well, that is power
:
now
a
carry
Each
reflector
five such
were
pressure
units.
only 8J pounds per square inch. experimental one (though obviouslyof was
only an plant was from the Nile, it but pumped water size), for irrigating the plant. crops near
used
plant was placed on the parabolicglass
worked arrangement, which admirably, the north and south, were kept always facingthe Sun.
This full
story of attempts
brief on,
for it is almost
to
certain
some
of
which
avail ourselves we
shall have
was
of to
Sunuse
it
day.
some
A.
The
55! horse-power.
reflected
mirrors
at
S.
E.
B.Sc.
ACKERMANN,
F.C.G.I., A.M.I.C.E., (Engineering), M.Cons.E.
[Fox. MOVING The
house
was
removed
A
BODILY.
HOUSE from
one
town
The dismantling a timber. photograph beginning of the lowering operations. 231
to
shows
another the
house
without at the
[William Beardmore STEEL
CUTTING An
operation technically known of inverted
arrangement very
castors
"
as
allows
shearing." plates to
the
VISIT
the
the
Long
outskirts
rightinto
railwayruns before
queer moved
AN WORKS
engineeringworks on
The be
TO
ENGINEERING but
Co., Ltd.
easily.
A
MOST
*
PLATES.
reach
we
are
situated, not
near
a
in the
centre
railway; indeed,
of
a
town,
in most
cases
the works. the
place,whether
by
rail
or
road,
we
shall
great buildingsin the distance, the glassroofs arranged in methodical, parallel lines,and the tall chimneys pouring out smoke.
probably see
the
countrysideit stands, surrounded by the workmen where houses live,skilled engineersand labourers alike. is a very different place from A great engineeringworks a big office in The is the City or elsewhere. building usually a singlestorey high, with a huge saw-toothed, glass roof, supported at intervals by tall, look in vain for an imposing entrance hall or a clean steel pillars. You for use. marble is staircase. white There Every object is intended and decoration no anywhere, everythingis plain,workmanlike dirty. roofs is often the colour slate. The in the of The hands, glass very their assistants overalls of the engineersand tattered faces and are is afraid of dirt and broken No boy who with dirt and grease. smeared should think of becoming a working engineer. finger-nails High
The cost
as
the
above
golden small
a
trees
of the
of
all works
rule
sum
as
is that
and possible, 232
to
ensure
every
machine
this every
made
must
detail is
care-
ROUND
AN
fullythought out so that employs, let us say, some Therefore a heavy one. accounted
to the
has
man
clock.
He
"
time
the "
"
at
will be
as
shops,"
with
each
Let
along
each
only
gun few
monster
lightsup
shown
as
through the large
a
the clock
on
a
face
of
material
raw
manufacture the
and
takingplace in each,
in
the
article
ing Stretch-
for on
until
customer.
occupiesa largearea.
series of furnaces
a
described
in
through them
passes
warehouse, ready for the
This
side is
one
several
re-melting "
Iron
and
of all sizes
ships'propellers,iron tall as a three-storied house the to guide liners across mountings, parts of locomotives, small castingsmeasuring all are made in this foundry. inches
as
As
passes
opening at the side of
an
into
the
ingots similar to those Steel." Castingsof all kinds
a
has also
card
The worker also stamp must space. he leaves. The process is known as
foundry.
the
rudders
and
of particulars
departments, technically duties. nected special undertaking They are con-
other, and
whole
the
The
engaged.
inside.
streams
trade, and
he enters
in
at the entrance.
the crowd
the time
which
divided
first visit the
us
he is As
day
articles at last reach
finished
ocean,
visiting
are
clockingoff."
or
works "
in the
prearranged order,a stage of
the
the
his
name,
which
on
lever and
pullsa
the card
on
clockingon The
a
of
shrill blast and
a
placeshis card
man
with
card
known
we
their wages bill is men's time must be
wait with the crowd
we
of the week.
day
then
is stamped
as
bearing his
card
a
for each
turnstile each
the
tick goes
job,or pieceof work,
space
works
and
men,
minute
every
The
waste.
no
six hundred
of this
reminded
are
Punctual
the
there is
WORKS
for.
We
Each
ENGINEERING
"
"
enter,
we
carrot
the
of
suspended peculiarshape.
we
see
foundry like
a
second
in the
air what
It radiates It is
sun.
intense
an a
seems
10-inch
gun the moulds
at
first
heat
a
and
casting,
and the Not long ago it came from tons. .weighingmany is going to place it on the cooling beds, where it will remain crane until it is cool enough to be handled. Castingsare always made too shrink in large,as they considerably cooling. Steel such as is used in shrinks one-fourth This casting of an inch to every foot. gun castings will therefore
be about
6 inches
shorter
when
it has
cooled.
Series of
coolingbeds. As the castingshrinks, so the rollers revolve in sympathy, thus lesseningthe risk of the castingcracking. from moulds of very fine sand, and we see both made are Many castings moulds and castingslying about on all sides.
rollers form
the
233
AN
ROUND
The machines
corner
one
men
are
boilers,while
locomotive
"
in scattered
made In
is the
section
next
ENGINEERING
erectingshop. The various parts of bled. shops are here brought to be assemhundreds rivets of into busy putting "
there
over
complete locomotives, ready
WORKS
for
on
rails
shipment
to
will notice little passage-ways the the rails. These to enable are
alike,but you between
from
locomotives
underneath, and
even
are
A
pair of
a tightening us
are
nut
overhead
on
which
rails on
moving
cranes
this
and
one
mammoth
shop
"
other.
ERECTING a
examine
all and the
engaged
are
men
G. Armstrong, Whiiworth
"
in
Co., Ltd.
SHOP.
completed locomotive
adjustinga overhead
They are the ground
engineersto now
dozen
a
brake
cranes
of
out
can
on
the
way.
another.
travel from
Above one
end
and move heavy locomotive it from one part of the shop to another as easilyas you carry a book. Another interesting objectis the largeturbine blading over there. tens of Fifteen feet high and perhaps 24 feet long, it contains many chief feature of teeth will the the of and form thousands engines the thousands of miles take liner of the a 2O,ooo-ton across employed to of the
to the
THE
India.
beneath
[By courtesyof Sir W. IN
than
more
They pickup
"
Atlantic. 234
a
AN
ROUND
Of
been the these as
a
is allowed
WORKS leave
to
for faults. examined Many carefully smooth and working of satisfactory
the works
human the
lives
until it has
depend
machines
which
upon leave
day. So a section is set apart large numbers every testingshop. All around us testingand examining is going on, ingenious instruments being employed. All very delicate and in
works
many machines
do.
machine
no
course,
ENGINEERING
For
tested
are
the
limits
which
is
beyond
example, a
crane
of the
guaranteed to
[By courtesyof Sir LOCOMOTIVES Part
of
a
consignment
will be tested
for 12-ton
movements.
Above
READY of
200
FOR which
work
SHIPMENT were
W.
they will lift up
to
G. Armstrong, Whitjforth
have 10
"
to
tons,
Co., Ltd.
OVERSEAS.
shipped in running
order.
weights,and cannot be passed unless it performs in a satisfactory this work way. Another section is the laboratory, where interesting experiments Here worked stresses are are continuallybeing made. out, metals inventions are prepared, and so on. are analysed,models of new of whirling to the machine shop, a maze Passing on, we come wheels and leather. in hopeless confusion, wheels Everything seems revolving one way and wheels revolvingin the oppositeway, belting follow the flyinground and round so quickly that the eye cannot all,noise ! 235
[By courtesy of Messrs. John A Low
ahead
pressure
the
In
HUGE
READY
TURBINE
and
turbine
astern
machine
for
TO
THE
great liner,with
a
all the
shop
LEAVE
upper
miscellaneous
turned
side of each
the
articles,the smaller floor is
whole the As
as
It is also
possible. we
will
You
wire
protectedby
Now
the works
the
we
being stored in shavingsof metal.
that
the
and
should
be
few
The
These, by the
scrap.
accidents
and
wheels
as are
necessary.
"
the
what
as
boxes.
with
down
revolvingbelts
electric
come
melted
parts of all
rough lumps of pileof finished
ordered
an
trucks
white
to
the
finishing shop, and
see
for.
there
wherever
screens
finished articles to
that
notice
watch, along
warehouse.
is
carpeted with chips and
important
tools and
screws,
carefully swept up said, nothing is wasted.
have
As
such
ones,
machine
Co., Ltd.
is done.
work
floor is littered with
will be
way, we
The
out.
"
part of casing raised.
small
small Screws, nuts, bolts,wheels, ball-bearings, are descriptions metal, and by
Brown
WORKS.
lines
the
remove
finished "
we
have
ones
partlyto
noticed
the all
indicate the roads
through the different shops," for the works is a largeplace,coveringperhapsseveral acres. In order that the vehicles which these roads use (trucksand small in travel quicklyfrom place to place, the main) may cranes travelling
over
are
They
"
the
space
between Woe
parts
in between
the white
betide
the
lines must
unthinkingman
the white
lines. 236
not
who
on
any
dumps
account a
be
pileof
structed. ob-
small
AN
ROUND
ENGINEERING
tired of the eyes and ears the machine on shop,we gladlymove Our
This the
thinkingis
with and are
old
is the
row
upon
row
The
When
the
brain
space of the of slopingdesks, which are
the
of
ink, and
and
of the
to the calm
whole
rules,bottles blueprints, busy here designingnew ones.
whirlingwheels
designingdepartment, done.
WORKS the
noise of
drawing office.
of the
works, where
department
is
littered with
occupied drawings
Many draughtsmen machines or suggestingimprovements to plans are completed they will be sent to the so
on.
experimentaldepartment and a sample machine will be constructed for testing. Or perhaps the plans will go to the laboratoryfor a model to the sample machine be built. If the model or gives the results the Of drawing office expect, the machines will be placedon the market. much ideas have often to be modified. the drawing-office course which the stalled inof the machines works turn out are Specimens here to in the demonstration come department. Customers test the machines they propose to buy and to learn whether they are capable of the results which they require. Then are
there
the
until
There
is a great deal
works
is
a
clever
customers
grime
placeof brains
and
the
warehouses, where
stored
learnt that,
very
are
can more
be
products of
found.
to be
seen
if we
had
time, but
we
have
modern a engineering notwithstanding, interest and givesemployment to some great
noise
very and many
skilful hands.
[By courtesy of Messrs. THE
works
the
TURBINE
BLADING
WITHOUT 237
CASING.
John
Brown
""
Co.,Ltd.
[CentralNews. MOTOR
"ALCANTARA,"
LINER
TO
BELONGING
ROYAL
THE
LAUNCHING
often
WE
of
DELICATE
see
in the
liner, but
a
usually performed by wine
the
on
down
the
bows, and
act
breadth
and
generally
stem
The
stern
keel
generally to
fixed
an
the
have "
slightly convex
f The
centre
slip
be
the
to
keel
the
many
apparently
is laid the
tide, and
depth
estimated
carefully considered.
be
blocks
the
and
of
gracefully
of the
this
before
act,
bottle
a
Only
positionsof
the
decided.
usually J inch per foot of length,but this is if the vessel is insufficient slope for the launching ways The down river. to the ground or rapid run necessary therefore often which the vessel are slides, on given a laid with a end, and are f inch per foot at the forward "camber," increasing the declivityto curvature, or declivityis
"
ways
declivityof about
on
the
understood
or
launch
final
slides
she
as
fall of the
launching weight of the ship, have then the can declivityof the keel and
name
before
river,the rise and
the
button, breaking
a
known
Even
than
more
forethought necessary
performed.
of the
little
pressing giving the ship her
careful
be
can
paragraphs describingthe
newspapers they mention
is
CO.
OPERATION
lady, of
Little
ways.
preparations and simple
a
PACKET
LINER
A
A
STEAM
MAIL
inch
per
next
point
line of the
foot to
ship.
for
be As
the decided
last
100
is the
the whole 238
feet. distance
weight
of the
of the
ways
from
ship is concentrated
the
[By courtesy of Messrs. MOTOR
belonging
to
LINER the Union
"CARNARVON Castle 230
CASTLE,"
Line, leaving the launchways.
Harland
""
Wolff
Ltd
LAUNCHING
LINER
A
these
just before and during the launchingperiod,there is danger damaging or strainingthe shell. It is consequently essential that they should be arranged directlybelow some strong of the and this such tates necessias a girder, part ship'sstructure, usually them well the of bottom under the being placed ship. At the time they must the centre, or there will be not be placedtoo near same when in the water. she is partially If over danger of the shipfalling in a suitable position for the purpose, it is necessary there are no girders to stiffen up the hull with internal shoring. Another important point to be kept in view is the weight of the ship relative to the area of the launchways. There is a tendency for the timber supportingthe latter to crush if overloaded, and a danger of the ways owing to excessive friction as the top way slides firing," on
ways of them
"
the
over
fixed
When built up
are
way.
pointshave been decided,the fixed or ground ways the requiredheight on baulks of timber, and the sliding placed alongside,ready to receive their coating of
these to are
ways
lubricant. If the weather from or
in hot
four
cold
very
to
weather
weather
the
of the ways,
for
comes
is
temperate the greasingof the ways may be performed six weeks before the launch, but in very warm the longer this process is delayed the better, as
grease
launching.
oil and tallow, with brushes hot, ; when
train oil is smeared
and
15 tons
of soft soap
3 tons
The
top
or
surfaces the and
keel thus
of
bottom
over,
refuse for
used
to
surfaces
when
move
faces sur-
greasingthe
the ways
and
said that
be
with
coated finally
for
magnitude a
of tallow and
largeliner train oil
a
of the a
layer task
quantity
mixture, and
required.
sliding ways
are
then
laid
the spaces ship is filled in with
together,and
of the
the
it freezes the two
impressionof the
tallow, 5 tons are
between
soft soap. First, the pure tallow is applied this has set hard a further coatingof a mixture
of soft soap. To give some of greasingthe ways, it may of about
lubricant
The
from
out
runs
while
train
of tallow
and
melts
in very cold weather the result that the vessel may
with together, time
is
the fixed ways cated ; the lubribetween the sliding ways, and on
a
layer of making-up
timber
wedges. closelyspaced hardwood this to the Up stage weight of the shipis stilltaken by the original and bilgeblocks, but the wedges are now gradually hardened up, the weight from the blocks to the ways, and the keel transferring 240
LAUNCHING
and is
bilgeblocks
A
LINER
until
removed, carefully the launchways. taken on Along the amidship, or flat bottom
consists
of
the
where
only
layer of timber,
one
becomes and
cut
a
much
fitted to
their fair share
take
section
transverse
making-up timber,
are
of the
of
but
the
towards
vessel
biggerjob. suit the shape
of the load.
the finally
These
"
a
It consists of
end
those at the forward
pets,"and only
not
have
to withstand
to
about
The
about
600
feet
waterborne)and you the
some
the forward
if you
can
THE
shape,
that
are
they
called
Brown
of will
"
pop-
"5- Co., Lid.
important,as they especially of the weight of the ship, but cradle when the vessel is partly
are
of
a
20,ooo-ton a
beam
long, supported at one end (as a the other end restingon the fore
liner would
be
of this
weight, and ship partly it will give poppets, and structure ship's is when
of the pressure on this part of the It is for this portion of the slidingways. 241
in
STOCKS.
imagine
idea
forward W.B.E.
on
launching weight
tons, and
14,000
end
support their share
the stress
waterborne.
ON
"AQUITANIA"
"
largebaulks
ship,so
supports
V
[By courtesy of Messrs. John THE
weight
ship,the making-up the ends of the ship,
resembles
of the
whole
reason
that
A
LAUNCHING is of the ways declivity extra ensures sharp declivity the
one-third
and
the
on
the
the
towards
vessel
having
she is about
is when
critical point,which
most
increased
LINER
water's
rapid
a
edge. The
two-thirds
the
over
run
in the water
ways.
the launching ways features about is interesting the system of triggers."These triggerslock the slidingway in positionover the ground way, and are kept in a vertical or cocked position by hydraulicrams. of the
One
most
"
before
Immediately
is launched
vessel few
keel
are
knocked
the
the
last
bilge blocks
and
out,
that
so
the triggersare now only things preventingthe
the
vessel
sliding
signalis lady performing
When
ways.
given the the
the
touches
ceremony
button the
triggers to
or
the position,and begins slowly to
vessel
into
slide order
the
that
In
water.
there
Honbt
no
slip
horizontal
the
closed
ing allow-
thereby
rams,
the
a
lever, releasing
or
into
the
down
be
may
ahnnt
lBy WMrtesJ, of Messrs. John A
thp
PNEUMATIC
RIVETER SIDE
it is usual starting, to provide a hydraulic ram that if the ship is so way, start by operating the rams.
OF
A
D"*
" Co., Ltd.
PORTHOLES
CUTTING
IN
THE
LINER.
vessel
cases
all the few
recorded
are
checks
inches
of
have
under
vessels
been
bound
the
the pressure
the low
tallow
and
slidingway
it is usual
to
forward
little
which
of
end
lazy,"she
have
of the
even
rams,
each be
can
refused then while
to
have there
sliding given a common,
move
after
only moved are
other
a
cases
the two
soft soap on to the fixed
keep
"
Although fortunatelynot
stickinghalf-way down usuallybe ascribed to one of
weather
very
a
the
released,and
of vessels can
at
fires under 242
slips. This failure to launch reasons. Firstly,in very frosty the
one.
the
have frozen and ways may When the temperature is
ship for
a
few
days
before
LAUNCHING actual
the
the
camber,
speed
to
the
and
At
her
sunk
the
This
the ways.
is due
centre,
time
is
until she A
heavy
the matter,
so
fullyafloat
vessel would
structure, and, of
quicklythan
point,just when
to the heat
a
course,
This
bringsus she
ship once
of the
start
and
way,
blue
see
lifts
stern
smoke
the friction
boilingthe tallow,
vessel
the moving down varies with the length and weight of the pick up speed more quicklythan a light
ship 300
attain the
to
possibly sufficient
the
generated by
feet
long will
The weather a liner 900 feet long. be anythingfrom that the time may
the vessel may
which
the
from
taken
or
the vessel to obtain
moving over the ground sometimes settingfire to it.
The
insufficient
or
the fore supports is greatest. on pressure it is not uncommon this periodof the launch to
even
ship.
ground
little in the
a
critical
soft
to
to enable declivity
over
LINER
sliding way
of the
ways
have
may
enough
carry
arisingfrom and
Secondly, owing
ways
had
have
not
launch.
A
a
speed of from
reach
the water
conditions
also affect
ing 65 seconds, dur-
35 to
10 to 14 miles
questionof checking the
more
per hour.
of the
movement
is afloat.
shipyardsin Great Britain where there is sufficient of deep water, to allow the vessel to run or a largeenough area room, be brought to a standstill by dropping her own free until she can the vessel anchor ; in the majority of shipyardsthe river into which has to be launched is narrow, be brought up as soon and she must as possible.To accomplish this,six or eightlargecoils of heavy chain cables or steel platesare placed at intervals on the ground, along each side of the ship; the coils or platesvary in weight from 80 to 100 tons each, the number varyingwith the size and weight of the shipand with it is desired to pullher up. the distance in which These pilesof plates chains are called or drags,"and are connected by heavy wire ropes, chain or cables, to strong eyeplatesriveted temporarilyto the sides of the ship. The lengthof check wire is so arranged that the aftermost pair of drags begin to operate immediately the stem of the ship drops the second the end of the ways, over pair when she has run about There
are
few
"
another
By
this
30
feet,and
so
on,
until the
vessel
is
arrangement the brake, or check, is put
inflict too
great
a
Immediately
shock the
charge,and the check basin her fitting-out
to
vessel
the
check
on
cables
or
tugs released,so
are
is at rest
ropes are for completion. 243
brought
to
standstill.
a
and gradually, connections
to the hull.
in attendance
that
she
can
does not
be
to
take
towed
to
EDWARD
KING
TRAINS
THAT
has LONDON carry passengers now
a
for and
transportingletter Railway Stations.
accommodates gauge.
The
RUN
Tube and The
WITHOUT
which
internal
between
diameter
for west-bound
interestingfact
about
the
operatedwithout drivers ! The position and destination of each wagon of levers in the cabin, sets points for by means certain proper
sections
section of the
of the
line with
platform,
or
runs
current.
DRIVERS
six and
few members
parcel mails
separate tracks most
STATION.
Railway,between
at all and
not
BUILDING
the
of the and
miles
seven
of the
long,which
publicever
principalDistrict Post Offices is only 9 feet, and this
tunnel
east-bound
line, however,
traffic,each is that
the
is notified to the control the The
does
It is used
see.
train then
through the station without
comes
to
feet
2
are
officer, who,
desired
route particular
of
trains
and rest
gizes ener-
at
the
further attention.
[By courtesyofthe Engineer-in-Clnef,G.P.O. A
DRiVERLESS
TRAIN
OF
THREE
WAGONS.
[E. ff. A. A A
station
hydro-electricpower in
EVER in
at
he had
there
for
From
of
Such
a
into
have
long
farm-house from
A the in
the
where
driving the century
or
a
form
crude
in
a
ago
wheel
and
But
they
the
use
drove
of water-wheels
in the
had
to
be
located
in the
is
other
water-wheels
obtain
"
across
employed machines
northern
the
near 245
counties
itself in that
way
meant
stream
for
drive.
water
converting engineering ioned old-fashwhat some-
grinding the
the
farm. for
of
driving England ;
part of the
driving the
that
could
to rotale.
improved for on
runs
ing consist-
an
largelyused
were
water-power old
in
of wonderful
"
that "
in the
wheel
the
come
to
in use,
immersed
caused
this age
at first used
possibleto
was
wished
been
picturesque water-wheel
cotton-spinning machinery it
he
heavy grindstones used
fact,the weaving industry established because
and
country ramble
chaff-cutters so
have
stream
to-day, in
even
perhaps,
may,
the
longingly
obvious
was
poet's phrase, the taking, provided he
implements
a
"
power
the
use
turbines
"
looked
It
the
through
passes front.
has
streams.
for
on
in
seen
advantages of using
to
the
to
the
turned
above
"
water-wheels
crude
lake
race
muscles, he
his
was
the
tail
many
which,
flowing of
the
flour, and
skill,you
or
of power
times
from "
the
swiftlymoving
harnessing it
that
way
wheels
corn
the
CANADA.
IN
water to
own
series of baffles mounted
a
in such
The thence
and
which
earliest
the of
and source
means
HOUSE
head."
of his
that
ever," and
devise
corn
of
a
house
POWER
recognizedthe
since Man excess
"
for low
power
waterfalls
the
on
the
GREAT
the
try coun-
looms.
machinery
itself,since the
power
WATER
MAKING
WORK
could
transmitted
only be
distance
by
pulleysand methods
of the
means
belts
which
rapid growth of other industry some the
had
NOZZLE
FROM
JET
AT
FULL
in the
districts in which small
While, however, rivers
and
streams
the swift
wheel,
and
by
rivers
With
the
cotton
of
source
nately, Fortucovered dis-
engine was
this
time
and
so
continued
industry
to
first established.
was
of power
amounts
could
from
obtained
be
the waterin the
waterfalls
the
it
the
were
found.
steam
about
PRESSURE.
the
develop
be
to
the
shafts,
available.
then
power
short
a
in
uplands the
could be not gorges in this way harnessed at all,since it was impossible,in the days mountain
railways, to establish industry (togetherwith homes the people employed in it)in before
far use
sive
of
from
Thus
towns.
water-power
scale remained
on
an
an
for tricts disthe
extenOF
SECTION a
NOZZLE
dream.
m
NEAR
posmON
BUCKETS.
With
(or to
rather
"
the
the be
electricity of
the
was
these
changed.
miles to
bladed
or
in turn
made
THE
FROM POWER
NOZZLE
DIFFUSED
DEVELOPED
TO BY
THE
be
wheels, to drive
which
transmitted
and
barren
industrial
areas,
over
country
driving
machinery, lighting and homes, performing
our
JET
can
of wild
the
and
waterfall
electrical generators from current
REGULATE WHEEL. 246
how
swiftlyrunning river can compelled to drive large
turbines"
and
of
knowledge
of
power
now
coming
it)all this
use
The of
the
our
in-
MAKING
tasks
other
numerable
it
Once
drudgery.
WATER
that
used
WORK
involve
to
that
realized
great deal of human
a
could electricity
be
easily of water-power, the science of cheaply generated by means correct title, hydrowater-power engineering or to give its more electric Instead of by leaps and bounds. engineering advanced and inefficient water-wheels have we now employing slow-moving turbine which, rotatingat high speed efficient forms of water various the utmost else drivingthrough gearing,enable or proportion of the was
and
"
"
"
"
of the
power
water
into
converted
turbines
water
less than
no
will
of
at
to
that
high speed strike the buckets, as thus the and cause previous page, will develop 15,000 horse-power. wheel
Jets of water the pictures on This
rotate.
at
idea
some
of
has
power
the
rapidity with
developed
the
first installation
the
first
America. there the
water-power
from
Canadian
to
The
States.
of
ing rushthese
stupendous
falls have
harnessed
both
Canadian
sides,and
been the
on
at
and you
the American will
gather
employment of waterit was only in 1895 that Niagara, this being indeed
the
that
down
in the continent kind of any of this earlystation was 15,000 horse-power, of
Put
of
To-day, on horse-power each. developed is approximately power
5,000
alone, the total
horse-power.
wheel
fact
the
from
in
shown
which
installation
total power three turbines side
the laid
was
The
being
1,000,000
WATER-WHEEL.
river
the
part separates
waters
TURBINE
the
on
Canada United
is
thoughts mighty
our
Falls
in
which
[By courtesy of the English Electric Co., Ltd.
ten
water-power
once
Niagara
PELTON
as
hard
men.
mentioned,
LARGE
taken
least
at
When
A
power horse-
the
representing strong
a
develop
each be
may
labour
are
power, 60,000 horse-
and
turn
there
in which
"
single"wheel
be
electrical
To-day
energy.
to
in another 247
way,
it may
be
said
that
this
labour
representsthe than
more
all,for Niagara has
eight-hourday,
or
be at least
figureshould
the
that
its surroundings.
and
seven-
no
considerably
or
men,
populationof London
day and all night,so
all
works
but
entire
that is not
Even
able-bodied
of 10,000,000
of the
that
WORK
WATER
MAKING
trebled.
or
If you are other any
enough
fortunate
place where
able
to be
is
water-power
to
Niagara Falls,
visit the
ling resemb-
machinery
any
in
slightestthe
the
old-fashioned wheel
water-
indeed, you
;
find
As
house.
fact, the
a
which
water
the
is led either
power of
matter
a
drive
to
is
turbines
through pipes
structed specially con-
along
or
covering dis-
buildingsat
suggestiveof
used
may
difficultyin
a
any all
find
will not
obtained, you
canals to the power
house, this usuallybeing a
statelyand
even
picturesque
building
in
which
turbines
water
electric drive
CONSTRUCTING This
leads
to the water this point a
the water turbines.
depth
of
Niagara
from
canal
The 140
is
for
48
a
distance
feet
the
CANAL.
QUEENSTON-CHIPPAWA
THE
General.
of
wide,
8J
and
or
feet.
the
Where,
as
is
water
Niagara, being erected, at
an
from
the
water
is led from
river
for about
for
a
where
actual
further
it falls
falls. a
height
has
to
Thus, for the
pointwell
above
the
be
built
Queenston
"
big a
of
of farther Power
be from
object being head," above
water
turbines,
number ever-increasing each
as
miles at
even
may
falls,the
to attain
has
The
installed.
house
the
they
considerable distance
a
[Sport"
and
generators
are
power
the
possible.
as
stations
using farther
and
Station, the
Niagara Falls along
a
natural
canal 4^ miles, thence along a speciallyconstructed miles the cliffs well below to a point on 8J Niagara, to turbines, placed in a power house through huge pipes 248
MAKING
the
at
river-level. "
under
a
head
Because above
the
"
this way of 305 feet.
of the
continual
falls it is feared
use
for
turbines
drawing of that
if the
enabled
are
from
water
to work
points
numerous
development
of
hydro-electric to continue unfettered, the falls would ultimately amounts to be taken are now regulated. carefully Niagara, but
only places near this energy
WORK
these
In
schemes were power be drained dry. The Not
WATER
cities several
their streets and lighting
hundred
miles
[Ronne THE
On
the
NIAGARA
side alone
Canadian
FALLS
million
one
VIEWED
FROM
horse-power is obtained
away
houses, doingtheir cooking,
AN
"
Washburn.
AEROPLANE.
by making
the
water
work
as
described
in
this article.
drivingtheir trams, distinct
Two
is
what
is known
high employed.
while
types of
water
hydro-electric power
in modern use
running
the
machinery
in
host
a
of farms
and
of all kinds.
factories
we
and
for
old-fashioned
"
heads
The
stations.
have For
developed
been low
"
"
heads
for
use
of watei
Francis, or reaction, type of turbine, the Pelton wheel, or impulse,type of turbine
as "
turbine
Francis
the
turbine
is not
greatly dissimilar
water-wheel, since it is the pressure 249
of the
from
water
the upon
MAKING the
vanes
is led to
blades
or
of the wheel
of which
The on
direction to
to the
on
of the
form of
number
The
huge snail,near
a
mounted
serve
at the
The
the wheel.
by
water
blades which
be altered to suit the load
can
the electric generator driven
of
guide
of the wheel
vanes
guide blades
it to rotate.
causes
in the
arranged a
are
to direct the water
WORK
which
somewhat
casingshaped
a
the middle
WATER
centre.
coming
vanes
wheel
the
on
are
ranged ar-
so
that
the
rotational
maximum
effect is obtained the
water
passes
them
over
as
it
before
reaches
is
what "
the
termed
tail
race," the largeopen outside
space
house
power
water
the
river
from
where, its work,
having done the
the
to
returns
stream
or
which
it
With
came.
the Pelton
type of turbine have
one
nozzles
more
direct
which
jet
a
or
of
we
water
at
high velocityon a
series of
vanes
buckets [E. N. A. A The
STATION
HYDRO-ELECTRIC "
tremendous
"
pipe-lines to
of water
and
to
that
MOUNTAINS
the water in the
the
OF
from
the
high-level lake
valley.
the
force,acting on
In
stations
"
some
of water
rushes
from miles
feet per second, or 320 speed of an express train.
the
where
nozzles
an
hour,
Some
250
at
which
idea
the
rim
wheel.
the
of
a
of
velocityof
more
jet is the
causes
this
feet is available
is five times
the
by
buckets, which turbines
Owing
great "head"
force exerted
exceeding 5,000 the
arranged
around
to the
nozzle
or
NORWAY.
it is this
"head
the water
station
above
rotate.
employed a
THE
conduct
power
available
enormous,
wheel
the
IN
to
type
; this
means
than
faster than
of the force exerted
by
are
this
500 the
jet
MAKING
will be
gainedfrom nozzle
is
the statement
90
horse-power. Unfortunately,there
one
country
is available
power
Britain
and
to
In a
the
of water
work
done
examples
many
owing
mountainous.
are
second
not
are
WORK
that if the amount
gallon per
by
the
waterfalls in Great
WATER
to the
fact that
Scotland
certain extent
is
it is to such mountainous but electricity, Norway, and certain parts of France that we
equivalentto
of the
harnessingof
few
parts of the
so
in North
and
discharged
is
Wales
being harnessed countries must
produce
to
Switzerland,
as
go to
water-
water-power
see
so generated on an extensive scale. In Switzerland widely is the used for so driving machinery in work-shops, electricity generated cooking,and for almost all purposes heating, operatingrailways,lighting,
that
water-power has
most
remote
villages you
In Great Nature When
has our
Britain been
not
black
coal
to be
come
we
called
will find electric have
generous becomes
abundant to
us
"
white
coal."
lightin the suppliesof
in the
exhausted,
in the
chalets and "
black of
matter
it must,
as
Even
"
shops.
coal," but
white
coal."
doubt
no
the
of harnessing the sluggish engineerswill developmeans rivers which flow through these islands,despitethe fact that the head it is possible that available may But of water not exceed 2 or 3 feet. of obtainingelectricity method new some totally may be devised which
ingenuityof
our
will render
us
ALFRED
of
"black
coal"
alike
REGNAULD,
B.Sc.(Eng.Lond.),A.R.C.Sc.,
NOT
A
and
SNAIL
coal."
"white
independent
BY
M.I.E.E.
ANY
MEANS.
of the Francis, turbine It is or reaction,type under construction. so big that the largest railway engines veloped decould through it. The run power is equal to the by such a machine A
giganticwater
manual
251
labour
of
thousands
of
men.
AN
TELEPHONE
AUTOMATIC
"ARE THE
THE
RECEIVER.
SWITCH.
THERE?"
YOU AUTOMATIC
NEW
DIAL
TELEPHONES "
phone," the telephoneswe have used so long are graduallybeing replaced in large cities,including London, by automatic telephones.With these we no longerneed to call ring Exchange," but can ourselves
AS
all children
know
homes
whose
are
the
on
"
"
"
the
up
number
required by merely putting a finger successivelyon the pulling figures, proper the revolving dial clockwise to
the
and After
round
finger stop letting go.
a
time
or
two,
it seems
very simple, if you could get behind the scenes
but
you
would
be
prised sur-
at the amount [Topical ASSEMBLING
THE
NEW
AUTOMATIC
DISTRIBUTION
TO
READY
TELEPHONES
FOR
.
* WOriC
the
SUBSCRIBERS. 252
,
.
,
mVOiVe"
,
.
Dy
change-over
AUTOMATIC and
by
the
of the
ness unerringcleverelectrical adjustments
which
establish
and
thousands many of connections without any interference. human cut
off
TELEPHONES
so
There
is not
to tell how
space here it is done, but
the
photographs give some idea of the preliminary of bringing the thouwork sands of labelled the
the number which is
over
of
have
to
In
frame. distributing
London
made
cables
nections con-
to
be
five millions!
Illustrations Bureau. ENDLESS
REQUIRED
When
DEALING
which
the
connection of
hanks
hook
is done what
are "
pre-selector "
selector pass
takes
the establishing
as "
SO
CABLES.
off
"
known and
of
ARE
WITH
subscriber
series
a
PATIENCE
OF
receiver
desired
over
IN
the
the work
by
AND
THOUSANDS
MANY
his
CARE
their of
"
switches
"wipers" contacts
"
nections representingpossible con-
then
and
first the
pick out "
thousands
the "hundreds
"
figure,then "and
"tens,"
Bureau. [Illustrations
FIXING
TAGGED
CABLES
TO
A
DISTRIBUTION
FRAME. 253
and
erringly un-
finallythe
unit.
A
AND
WASH
BRUSH
FOR
UP
THE
SCOTSMAN."
"FLYING
TOILET
FOUR-HOURS'
A
LOCOMOTIVES
GIANT
FOR
(Photographsreproduced by courtesy of the who
MANY
"
have
seen
The
London
North
and
Railway Co.)
Eas'.ern
Flying Scotsman,"
or
other
some
wondered have doubt no flyer,"leave the terminus well groomed. how it is possibleto keep these so giant locomotives is that every The secret day they undergo a four-hours' preparation before drawing up to the platform. fic At the depot outside King's Cross Station, where the great Pacialmost locomotives sleep when off duty, engines are to be seen The everywhere some coming in from duty and others going out. famous
"
"
"
"
"
"
difference
going to
between
the so
two
their toil and
First, the Then
the
by
the
the time
of 80 Ib. of steam.
marked
as
same
that
as
returning at
men
receive
engines
set fire-boys
that
the
is
attention
from
the
Every
two
or
three 254
days
the
end
the the
going by throwing live driver comes on duty the
fire
workmen
between
of the
coal into boiler has
boiler
day.
boiler-smiths.
is
the a
box, firehead
thoroughly
LOCOMOTIVE'S
A
of scale
barrowloads
cleaned,and
ordinaryhousehold are
power the
of these
3,800 feet to keep
cause
these
Each
of the
whole
the
bright parts "
driver
Scale,soot and
pipesof Pacific
by the
paint-work is
then
the
the
steel and have
his mate
and
for
axle-boxes, valve-motions
lubricatingthe
driver
receives the
Although occupation it
must
cleaners
the
that
engines enables
a
interior
other
in the
ties impuri-
locomotive, and
cleaningof be
a
as
it is very
there sary neces-
boiler itself.
over
gone brass
"
and
of oil
the
the
cleaners,
time, polished. Meanproceed to oil-upand is very used one "
great
and
accordingto his
on
for lubricating
working parts,
valve-chests
of oil
that
are
other
by
are
lubrication
locomotive
remembered
drivers
of the
and
of
certain ration
the future
working parts,and
a
locomotive
arrived
The
water.
"
steam
importance of hard-workingengines. Two kinds in
the other
in
The
the
a
that is found
impuritiesconsiderablyreduce the greater consumption of coal. At King's Cross about twenty minutes by an ingeniouswashing
is actuated
appliance,which
take
a
cleaned
pipes are
and
pipesin
"
"
fur
clean, for the
them
also
and
internal
"
(likethe
removed.
kettle)are
quicklycollect in the
TOILET
the
cylinders. day's run.
not appear a romantic may the ranks of the it is from
recruited. trains are Cleaning express driver to gain considerable knowledge of the of
he becomes
familiar
FINISHING
with
TOUCHES. 255
the controls.
From
being
A
he
LOCOMOTIVE'S
his way
a
cleaner
works
a
shunting fireman,
then
TOILET
through various goods fireman,
up local
grades, first becoming main
line
fireman
and
fireman. Before he becomes a driver, however, he passenger express in regard to the mechanism has to pass a stiff examination and working of the engine,and there are also sighttests,colour tests and so on "
to
say he will and the
nothing
control as
of the
a "
and
signallingtests
probably have
of passenger
beauty
of
to
spend
engines main-line
on
many
branch
passenger
routine
years
as
lines before
OUT
he
v
THE
256
is trusted
of engine,arid especially
Flying Scotsman."
CLEANING
then running. Even driver of goods engines
SMOKE-BOX.
with such
a
BJ
University of Toronto Library
00!
" DO
NOT
I REMOVE
THE
CARD
cvi
8
FROM
E3 CVi
THIS
POCKET
Acme
Under
Made
Card
Library Pat.
by
"Ref.
LIBRARY
Index
Pocket
File"
BUREAU
ill H
m
in JJH
MI
IN
I'M
in
1!*M'!!!!Ul!
!!!"!!!!;!."!! K"
'
!'!:'!! UM
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