The vortex theory of matter

The vortex theory of matter Elements of dialectic thinking have been present since the Antiquity, especially for some Greek philosophers (Heraclit of Efes, Platon, Aristotel), who have not iced the universal connection of phenomena, the continuous movement and transfor mation of matter, of course, within the limits of the poor level of reality cogn ition at that time. The dialectic tradition in reality cognition was promoted by numerous other minds, among which Hegel particularly remarks himself, a persona lity of the classic German philosophy which presented the principles and general categories of the becoming of existence. Unlike metaphysics, which presents the reality phenomena unconnected to each other, immutable, lacking internal contra dictions, dialectics takes into account the dialectic diversity, the interdepend ency and interaction of the material systems, comprehending the becoming of exis tence from the perspective of some fundamental laws, expressed concisely through the unity and opposition of contrasts, turning qualitative changes into quantit ative changes, as well as the negation of the negation. The explanation for the becoming of existence must be reported to the universal dialectic law of unity a nd contrast conflict. The term of contrasts must be understood as aspects or opp osite internal tendencies of the structural elements and processes that coexist, but are mutually exclusive, being the causes of the becoming of existence. In t he 17th century, René Descartes developed a theory of vortices for cosmology and t he composition of the universe, where he presented the mechanism of the solar s ystem. The vortex theory of matter is an innovative scientific conception , whic h explains in a unified vision the elementary structures and fundamental intera ctions within Universe. As a starting point in the cognitive process, the known Gauss’s theorem is taken into account, which asserts that the intensity flow of t he electric field through a closed surface is directly proportional to the elect ric charge contained in the interior. Similarly, the intensity flow of the gravi tational field through a closed surface is directly proportional to the substanc e mass contained in the interior. These assertions can be easily proven, based o n the inversely proportional dependence with the square of the distance, the int ensities of the electrostatic and gravitational fields generated by elementary p articles. The in-depth analysis of the significance of these assertions highligh ts the field sources, which can be positive (springs) or negative (wells), howev er the “appearance”, respectively the “disappearance” of the involved particles remain u nexplained. It is a suggestion for the introduction of the vortex concept, as a bridge between matter and antimatter, but also as a unitary model for the struct uring of existence in a Universe characterized by dynamism, duality and symmetry . The vortex is travelled by the universal particles that quantify existence on its deepest level. By conceiving the vortex as a fundamental structure of existe nce, the concepts of substance and force fields are approached unitarily, as wel l as the fundamental laws of physics, which acquire a coherent explanation, both intuitive and abstract – through concise mathematical models. The universal part icles interact together merely through random collisions, in which the laws of p reservation of kinetic energy, mechanical impulse and kinetic moment are observe d. It should be reminded that the preservation laws accept an interesting approa ch within analytical mechanics, being intrinsically connected to the homogeneity and the isotropy of space, as well as to the uniformity of time, through the so -called symmetry operations (translation in space, space rotation, translation i n time). According to Noether’s theorem, in an isolated system, for each symmetry operation there is a corresponding preservation law for a physical quantity. For example, out of the invariance of Lagrange’s function towards the infinitesimal t ranslations in space, the infinitesimal special rotations and the infinitesimal translations in time, result the laws of preservation of the mechanical impulse, the kinetic moment, respectively of the total mechanical energy. In a classica l approach, one may consider that, between two consecutive collisions, the unive rsal particles move rectilinearly and uniformly at the speed of light in a void. The vortex theory is intrinsically connected to the theory of relativity, but a lso to the quantum theory, the collisions between the universal particles being random processes. When the quantum theory is applied, a more difficult but rigor ous approach, then the behavior of the universal particles is described in terms

of probability, the notion of trajectory loses its meaning, as it results from Heisenberg’s uncertainty equations. Due to the fact that the movement mass and the speed module of the universal particle are constant, the uncertainty in determi ning the components of the mechanical impulse and the space positioning coordina tes are connected to the uncertainties in determining the direction of movement. In other words, the universal particle is a unit of contraries, that expresses the continuity and discontinuity of the objective reality on a quantum level, an d the behavior overall, in terms of probability and statistical mediation, ensur es the homogeneity and isotropy of space, as well as the uniformity of time. How ever, for the simplifying of the equation, the classical approach is preferred, being intuitive and not significantly vitiating the results of the vortex theory of existence. It can be assumed that the shape of the universal particles is s pherical, when they do not have their own rotation movement, and respectively el lipsoid (a slightly flattened sphere), when they rotate around the central axes, as a result of the centrifugal force, which is a complementary inertial force, introduced in non-inertial reference systems so that the fundamental principle o f dynamics has the same shape as in the case of inertial ones. The rotation mo vement around an object’s own axis is characterized by the spin kinetic moment vec tor. The universal particles with non-zero spin kinetic moment have their rotati on axis displayed perpendicularly on the direction of movement, in which case th e frequency of frontal collisions reaches an extreme value of relative minimum, which ensures a state of stable balance. The plane perpendicular on the directio n of movement is preferential for the rotation axis of the universal particle, a ny orientation in this plane being possible. Of course, any other orientation of the rotation axis from the direction of movement is possible, but that state is unstable, having a negligible probability. The universal particles without spin kinetic moment are in a state of indifferent balance. By applying the known pre servation laws, it is found that, in the collision processes between two univers al particles they interchange the speed and mechanical impulse vectors. In the m anner stated in newtonian mechanics, the mass is a measure of a random particle’s inertia at the changing of the linear speed vector. Similarly, the electrical ch arge q of a universal particle, having the spin kinetic moment perpendicular on the direction of movement, can be interpreted as an algebraic measure of its ine rtia at the changing of the rotation axis direction in the preferential plane. T he + or – sign of the electrical charge is correlated with the two rotation direct ions of the rotation axis in the preferential plane. Furthermore, the u , u nota tions are used for the universal particles with positive, respectively negative electrical charge, and u is the symbol for a neutral universal particle. There is a diversified range of vortexes, which are different from each other through the type of universal particles involved, the manner of structuring and the dir ection of travelling of the space-time configuration. On principle, any combinat ion of universal particles (u , u , u ) is possible, however, its stability depe nds on the existence probability of the respective configuration. This explains the existence of some stable elementary particles, but also of the resonances wi th very short average life time. By all account, in electrostatics, the same sig n electrical charges mutually reject themselves, and in electrokinetics, the ele ctrical currents with the same direction mutually attract themselves. It is a su ggestion for the acceptance of the hypothesis that the probability of configurin g a simple vortex with universal particles of the same type is maximum, compared to other possible combinations. With reference to the structuring manner of a vortex, the configuration analysis must be correlated with the movement of the vortex. Hypotheses for the shaping of the resting elementary particles are proposed in order to simplify the equati on. Other than the simple vortex, characterized by a distribution with spherica l symmetry of the universal particles, there can be complex vortexes, made up of partial vortexes, convergent or divergent, with the same symmetry axis or with distinct symmetry axes. It is a challenge for the scientific research to find th e vortex associated with each elementary particle, through the thoroughness of k nowledge on a deepest level. The cognitive process is fascinating when another step is taken in the discovery

of the harmony of existence. It seems that the electron is an association of universal particles of the u type, in a simple divergent vortex, and the proton is a vortex made up of partial vortexes corresponding to the three p(uud) quark s. The vortex theory can offer a simple explanation for the strong interactions , without needing to introduce some virtual particles, for example, the virtual mesons for the interaction between nucleons. If the validity of the p(uud) and n (udd) structure models is accepted for the proton and neutron, then the hypothes is that the associated complex vortexes include convergent partial vortexes for the d type quarks and divergent partial vortexes for the u type quarks should be sufficient. Considering the fundamental principle that the convergent vortexes attract each other and the divergent ones reject each other, it can be concluded that in a combination of nucleons, that form an atomic nucleus, the neutrons en sure, overall, the force of attraction between the component particles. Moreover , the short range of action of the nuclear forces is explained, which are satura tion forces. Developing the reasoning, the enigma that the number of neutrons in a nucleus is equal or higher than the number of protons can be explained. By fo llowing this logic, one can find the explanation for the limited number of chemi cal elements in the Universe. The stability of the nuclei, assessed through the connection energy on the nucleon, increases by the mass number for light nuclei, reaches a maximum of approximately 8,5 MeV, in the area of intermediary mass nu clei, after which it decreases progressively down to uranium, where it reaches t he approximate value of 7,5 MeV. The weak interactions must be approached in a s imilar manner – through complex vortexes in which the weight of the convergent par tial vortexes is close to the weight of the divergent partial vortexes. Of cours e, on this level of approach of the vortex theory, only the simplified model of the fundamental hypotheses correlation can be presented. Ultimately, the experim ental research constitutes the validation of the innovative hypotheses in the de velopment of science, especially when this theory is open to troubling existenti al enigmas. In conclusion, this becoming of existence model is conceived in a di alectic vision of processes and phenomena connection on a large scale, without n eglecting the processes taking place at the border between matter and antimatter , where each particle in our Universe is the “mirrored reflection” of an antiparticl e in the complementary Universe. Prof. Vasile Tudor, [email protected]