The Use of Maxims in Jurisprudence

 

 

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PMA

QXA ON EG]KEX

YB IQVKXZVQ@ABHA.

K8

PMA QXA ON EG]KEX KB IQVKXZVQ@ABHA. " Egxkes gra tma hob`absa` Doo` Xabsa on Bgtkobs." -XKV IGEAX EGHCKBPOXM (Eotto ob tktlapgda on Frooe's Ladgl Egxkes). " 'G egxkea kb lgw.' G egxkea ks g proposktkob to fa on gll eab hobnassa` gb` drgbta` wktmout proona, grdueabt, or `kshoursa." - Ho. Lktt. >4 g. " Egxkeba, k.a., g sura noub`gtkob or Egxkeba,k.a., droub` on grt, gb` g hobhluskob on ragsob, so hglla` qukg egxkeg ast akus `kdbktgs at hartksskeg gutmorktgs, gkqua quo` egxkea oebkfus profatur, so sura gb` ubhobtrollgfla gs tmgt tmay oudmt bot to fa quastkoba`." - Ho. Lktt. Ko f-k K g.

MAVA

" Kt saaes to ea tmgt ladgl egxkes kb dabargl gra lkttla eora tmgb part mag`kbds on hmgptars. Pmay gra rgtmar ekbkes tmgb egxkes, nor tmay dkva bot g pgrtkhulgrly dragt fut g pgrtkhulgrly segll geoubkt on kbnoregtkob. Gs ontab gs bot, tma axhaptkobs gb` quglknkhgtkobs to tmae gra eora keportgbt tmgb tma so-hglla` rulas." I. N. XPAZMAB9 -XKV Mkstory on tma HrkekbglLgw Hrkekbgl Lgwon on Abdlgb`, vol. 6,;0, bota K. " Ta falkava tmgt bot g skbdla lgw egxke hgb fa pokbta` out wmkhm ks bot ofboxkous to ofiahtkob." - POTBXMAB@ ob Xlgb`ar gb` Lkfal, 0tm a`., s. ==, p. 47, bota K.

ks hartgkbly g raegrcgfla raegrcgfla`knnarabha `knnarabha on opkbkob. Pma

trutm ks, tmgt tmara gra egxkes gb` egxkes3 soea on dragt vglua, gb` soea worsa tmgb wortmlass. Gb` tma raglly vglugfla egxkes gra pahulkgrly lkgfla to fa put to g wrobd usa. G proposktkob, kb or`ar to dgkb hurrabhy gs g egxke, eust fa tarsalyaxprassa`. Fut tma vary fravkty wmkhm dkvas kt htkrrabhy, glso, kb egby kbstgbhas, dkvas rksa to ekshobhaptkob gs to kts eagbkbd gb` gpplkhgtkob. G pmrgsa kbtab`a` to pokbt out gb axhaptkob egy fa ekstgcab nor tma abubhkgtkob on g dabargl rula. Gb axprasskob orkdkbglly usa` obly to stgta g trutm egy fa ekstgcab nor g stgtaeabt on gll trutm3 gs hoeprkskbd kb mgln g `ozab wor`s g `kdast on tma abtkra lgw ob g dkvab topkh. Gs Gdgsskz wgs sgk` to fa gfla nroe tma vkaw on g skbdla foba or shgla to rahobstruht tma abtkra gbkegl on wmkhm tma nrgdeabt obha norea` g pgrt, so iurksts soeatkeas tragt oba frkan egxke gs hobtgkbkbd gll tma egtarkgls baa`a` to `avalop gb abtkra suf`kvkskob on tma lgw, " g hoeplata pohcat prahapt hovarkbd tma wmola sufiaht." K Mow hoeeob kt ks to eaat

wktm `ahkskobs ob keportgbt pokbts, wmara tma obly mkbt gt gb axprasskob on tma rgtko `ahk`ab`k hobsksts kb tma quotgtkob, wktmout hoeeabt, on g ladgl egxke Gb`, bot ubnraquabtly, g egxke keplkhktly ralka` ob " gs hovarkbd tma abtkra sufiaht " ks oba orkdk7

>

MGV^GV@

LGT VA^KAT,

084.

 

K0

MGVV^V@

LG T VA^KAT.

bglly kbtab`a` to mgva obly g vary lkekta` gpplkhgtkob, gb` wmkhm "h oul` obly `o `uty gs g dabargl axposktkob fy fakbd strgbdaly ekskbtarprata` gb` strgbdaly eksgpplka`." 7 Voub` buefars, kt ks sgk`, gra glwgys nglsa3 gb` puraly dabargl hrktkhkses gra gpt to fa ubnoub`a`. Pmosa wmo gra wobt to aulodkza egxkes egy bot ubragsobgfly raqukra tmakr hrktkhs to " nkla g spahknkhgtkob." Kb horbplkgbha wktm tmks raquast, wa prohaa` to nurbkksm spahknkh hrktkhkses on soea spahknkh egxkes. Gbk` tma ofiahtkobs to tmasa egxkes wkll fa stgta`, so ngr gs prghtkhgfla, kb tma wor`s on iurksts on ghcbowla`da` raputgtkob. Oba wmo mgs tma taearkty to gttghc populgr k`ols hgb mgr`ly axpaht avab to oftgkb g magrkbd, euhm lass to hobvkbha, kn ma ralkas solaly ob tma vkaws Pma hobvkbhkbd " avolva` nroe mks owb kbbar hobshkousbass." norha, kn gby suhm tmara fa, on tmks grtkhla wkll hobskst kb kts wgbt on orkdkbglkty. Pmara gra pmrgsas, solaeb gb` keposkbd kb nore, wmkhm sal`oe or bavar rab`ar gby ragl gsskstgbha kb tma solutkob on g ladgl puzzla3 fut ob tma hobtrgry ghtuglly ratgr` tmgt solutkob. Pmay gra eara trukses3 or eara k`abtkhgl proposktkobs3 or eorgl prahapts3 or prkbhkplas on ladkslgtkob3 fut bot worckbd rulas on lgw. " Xuhm sabtabhas gra bot g solutkob on g `knnkhulty3 tmay gra staraotypa` nores nor dlk`kbd ovar g `knnkhulty wktmout axplgkbkbd kt."6 Gb` yat, fakbd ekstgcab nor solutkobs on tma prghtkhgl ladgl proflae, tmakr usa mgs tma annaht on pravabtkbd g tmoroudm kbvastkdgtkob. Zroekbabt kb tmks hlgss ks tma ngeklkgr egxke, Xkh utara tuko ut kts hoepgbkob pmrgsa, Wukiktra XklO zu/ktur gb`kts glkakzue zobt l`gs, gb`

Wukiktra baekbaekk kw`kt. Zarmgps bo ladgl pmrgsa ks hkta` eora nraquabtly tmgb Xkh utara, &h. Kt ks bot ubhoeeob nor iu`das to `ahk`a kehgsas wktmout dkvkbd gby ragsob sgva tma quotgportgbt prghtkhglly ks avk`abtly radgr`a` fy tma hourt gs tkob on tmks egxke, wmkhm gnnor`kbd, fy kts vary tares, g sgtksnghtory rgtko `ahk`abk`k. [at kb tma vgst egiorkty on hgsas tmks usa on tma pmrgsa ks uttarly ngllghkous. zob av`gs, s eara varfkgda. G glkafzuezob " Pma egxke,Xkh utara uo ut glkafzue pgrty egy `gegda tma propartyon gbotmar wmara tma lgw parekts3 gb` ma egy bot wmara tma lgw promkfkts9 so tmgt tma egxke hgb bavar fa gpplka` tkll tma lgw ks gshartgkba`3 gb`, wmab kt ks, tma egxke ks suparnluous." 7 6 =

> MGV^GV@ LGT VA^KAT, 084. = Ge. Lgw Vav- 17;. Arla, I., kb Foboek v. Fghcmousa, Al. F7. & Al.

>66,

p. >08.

 

PMA "Pma

QXA ON EG]KEX

KB IQVKXZVQ@ABHA.

egxke,

. . . , ks bo malp to `ahkskob, tkll tma `ahkskob ks eg`a." 7 " Xkh utara tuo ut glkabue

bob Yg`gs9

gs kt hgbbot

K1 fa gpplka`

mow hgb tmks `uty fa ub`arstoo`

wktmout nkrst cbowkbd tma eagbkbd on tuue gb` kbiury? " K " Pma gttaepts to solva tmasa `knnkhultkas, wmkhm oba beaats wktm kb or`kbeaatswktm bgry lgw foocs, gra earaly k`abtkhgl proposktkobs, gb` geoubt to lbotmkbd9 fa eagbt `gegda Kn fy kgY`kt a.d., Wuk iura suo utktur barekbae la`kt. kgY`ktfa or avkl, kt ks nglsa (gb` kbhobskstabt wktm wmgt keea`kgtaly praha`as)3 bha tma axarhksa on g rkdmt ks ontab ghhoepgbka` wktm tma kbnlkhtkob on sk skbha tma proposktkob posktkva avkl kb gbotmar. Kn fy lhg`kt ma eagbt kbiury, geoubt to g wrobd9 geoubts to tmks3 tmgt tma axarhksa on g rkdmt hgbbot wmkhm ks puraly k`abtkhgl gb` talls us botmkbd3 skbha tma tmkbd wa wgbt to cbow ks ' wmgt ks rkdmt? (or wmgt ks tmgt wmkhm K egy `o wktmout wrobd?)3 gb` wmgt ks wrobd? (wmgt ks tmgt wmkhm woul` bot fa gb axarhksa on to g vkolgtkob on g rkdmt kb ey owb rkdmt, kbgseuhm gs kt woul` gbeoubt gbeoubtto gbotmar?).'" " Pma sgea ofsarvgtkobs gra gpplkhgfla to Xkh utara tuo ut glkabtb bob kga`gs."

" Pma egxke,Xkh utara tuo ut glkabue bob lw`gs, ks ktargta` gb` raktargta` kb our foocs, gb` yat tmara ks shgrhaly gb gpmorkse cbowb to tma lgw tma trua gpplkhgtkob on wmkhm ks eora vgdua gb` ub`ankba`. Kbtarprata` lktarglly kt woul` abiokb g egb gdgkbst gby usa on mks owb proparty wmkhm kb kts hobsaquabhas ekdmt kbiurkously gnnaht tma kbtarasts on otmars3 fut bo suhm ladgl prkbhkpla avar axksta`." " Tmkla, tmaranora, Xkh utara tuo, &h., egy fa g vary doo` eorgl prahapt, kt ks uttarly usalass gs g ladgl egxkkb. Kt `atarekbas bo rkdmt3 kt `ankbas bo oflkdgtkob." 0 "Pma egxke Xkh utara Kuo ut glkabue bob Yg`gs, gs hoeeobly trgbslgta` (' Xo usa your owb kbiura ks `ouftlass gb ortmoto too,gbotmar's'), kt nkb`s nraquabt gpplkhgtkob gb`gskbbot tmatolgw, `ox eorgl prahapt3 tma usa on surngha gb` rubbkbd wgtar, gb` kb`aa` dabarglly to agsaeabts gb` sarvktu`as. Fut strkhtly, avab tmab, kt hgb eagb obly, ' Xo usa your owb tmgt you `o bo ladgl `gegda to gbotmar's.' Ladgl `gegda, ghtkobgfla kbiury, rasults obly nroe gb ublgwnukl ght. Pmks egxke glso gssueas tmgt tma kbiury rasults nroe gb ublgwnul ght, gb` pgrgpmrgsa` eagbs bo eora tmgb9 ' Pmou smglt bot kbtarnara wktm tma ladgl rkdmts on gbotmar fy tma hoeeksskob on gb ublgwnul ght,' or ' Kbiury nroe gb ublgwnul ght ks ghtkobgfla.' Pmks gnnor`s bo gk` kb tmks hgsa kb `atarekbkbd wmatmar tma ght hoeplgkba` on ks ghtkobgfla, tmgt ks, ublgwnul.

Kt geoubts to bo

7 Xkr Te. Arla, kb Frgb` v. M. & H. V. Ho., L. V. 6 W. F. 668, p. 604. 6 6 Gustkb ob Iurkspru`abha, 8` a`. 4;1.

6 Gustkb ob Iurkspru`abha, 8` a`. =6;. 0 Xal`ob, I., kb Gufurb, &h. Ho. v. @oudlgss, ; Baw [orc, 000, p. 001, 00>. =

 

k>

MGV^GV@

LG T VA^KAT.

eora tmgb tma trukse9 Gb ublgwnul ublgwnulght ght ks ublgwnul. Pmks ks g eara earafadfaddkbd on tma quastkob3 kt gssueas gssueastma tma vary pokbt kb hobtrovarsy, b` hgbbot fa tgcab gs g rgtko `ahk`labY`k."

^grkous `anabhas on tmks egxke mgva faab gttaepta`. Kt ks sgk` tmgt tma ofiahtkob urda` fy Xkr TkllkgbeArla TkllkgbeArla " egy fa eg`a gdgkbst gll ladgl egxkes gb` rulas3 boba gra gfsoluta." 6

Qb`oufta`ly, avary ladgl prkbhkpla ks nraquabtly lkgfla to fa eo`knka` kb kts opargtkob fy tma hobhurrabt gpplkhgtkob on soea otmar ladgl prkbhkpla or prkbhkplas. Pma annaht on tma pgrtkhulgr prkbhkpla ks hurtgkla` or axtab`a` (gs tma hgsa egy fa) fy frkbdkbd gbotmar prkbhkpla kbto hoefkbgtkob wktm kt, " so tmgt tma two todatmar wkll pro`uha g rasult bot wktmkbk tma tares on aktmar oba globa3 gs two `kvarsa propallkbd norhas, gpplka` to gb kbart fo`y, wkll sab` kt to g pokbt wmkhm baktmar oba on ktsaln woul` `o."8 "Tmgt ks tmoudmt to fa gb axhaptkob to g prkbhkpla, ks glwgys soea otmar gb` `kstkbkht prkbhkpla huttkbd kbto tma norear3 soea otmar norha wmkhm kepkbdas gdgkbst tma nkrst norha, gb` `anlahts kt nroe kts `krahtkob." 0 Fut g ladgl prkbhkpla wmkhm `asarvas kts plgha wkll glvgys fa on gpprahkgfla vglua kb tma solutkob on proflaes ngllkbd wktmkb kts shopa, wmabavar kt ks bot hobtrolla` fy soea otmar prkbhkpla wmkhm, ub`ar tma hkrhuestgbhas on tma hgsa, ks abtktla` to suparkor wvakdmt. Gb` kt ks prahksaly mara tmgt tma `anabha on tmks egxke lgfors. Kt ks nraquabtly usa` gs gnnor`kbd g solutkob on g ladgl proflae, wmkhm kb nght kt bavar solvas. Kt ks glso gssarta` tmgt tmks egxke, tmoudm kt egy ontab mgva faab eg`a to `o " axtrg ladgl `uty," ks, raglly, " kb`kspabsgfla kb tma plgha wmara kt falobds, gb` tmgt ks kb hgsa on hobhurrabt rkdmts, wmatmar aqugl or `knnarabt kb `adraa, kb raspaht to tma sgea proparty." " Mara," kt ks sgk`, " tma egxke ks tma foub`gry, gb` `oas `atarekba tma rkdmt gb` `ankba tma oflkdgtkob on tma pgrtkas, gs fatwaab aghm otmar, kb tma usa on tmakr raspahtkva astgtas."1 Pmks grdtueabt ks bot wall noub`a`. Pma egxke `oas bot, avab kb tmgt hlgss on hgsas, " `atarekba tma rkdmt or `ankba tma oflkdgtkob on tma pgrtkas, gs fatwaab aghm otmar." Gt tma uteost kt earaly gssarts tmgt hartgkb rkdmts on proparty gra bot gfsoluta fut ralgtkva, tmgt tma rkdmt on oba egb ks lkekta` fy tma horralgtkva K Kbdarsoll, Xp. I., kb Zgyba v. T. & G. V. Ho., 78 Lag, Pabbassaa, 1:4, p. 164, 16=. 6 K Ge. Lgw Vav. 1. 8 Fksmop ob Trkttabk Lgws, s. kk= g. > 4 Glf. Lgw Iourbgl, 86. 0 Ekll ob Lodkh, Mgrpar's a`. on k=1:, p. 61;.

 

PKLA QXA ON EG]KEX

KB IQVKXZVQ@ABHA.

74

rkdmt on gbotmar. Fut kt `oas bot tall us mow ngr, or to wmgt axtabt, tma lkektgtkob doas. Kn kt fa sgk` (gs saaes to fa prghtkhglly gssarta` kb oba qugrtar) tmgt kt ks keposskfla to dkva gby sarvkhagfla, worckbd `ankbktkob on tmasa horralgtkva rkdmts, wmy bot nrgbcly hobnass tma kepotabhy on tma lgw kb tmks radgr`, kbstag` on `alu`kbd paopla kbto tma falkan tmgt tma lgw nurbksmas, kb tmks egxke, g rula hgpgfla on agsy gb` `ankbkta gpplkhgtkob? Kn tmks egxke eagbs obly, " @o bot tgca eora tmgb your smgra on g hoeeob rkdmt," wmy pgrg`a kt gs solvkbd tma quastkob wmgt tmgt smgra ks? Xgy, kn you plagsa, gs oba hourt mgs vkrtuglly sgk`, tmgt tma quastkob ks oba on ragsobgflabass on usa, gb` tmgt tmks ks g quastkob on nght nor g iury.7 Fut `oas kt nollow tmgt tma rahktgtkob on tma skh utara egxkek fy tma iu`da wkll hobstktuta gb gll-sunnkhkabt duk`a to tma iury? On wmgt vglua, tmab, ks tmks egxke3 wmgt ragsob ks tmara nor ratgkbkbd kt kb tma lgw foocs? Zronassor Parry gbswars9 Kt falobds to tma hlgss on " axtrg-ladgl prkbhkplas -wmkhm wa egy hgll ladkslgtkva, fahgusa tmay sarva gs duk`as

to smow

mow tma lgw oudmt

to fa eg`a.

. .

. Euhm

tma

dragtar pgrt on tma worc on tma hourts mgs faab `oba fy tgckbd wmgt wara raglly axtrg-ladgl prkbhkplas, on iustkha or polkhy propar nor tma hobsk`argtkob on tma Ladkslgtura, tragtkbd tmae gs rulas on -

lgw, gb` tmab, ub`ar tma pratabha bot glwgys hobshkously nglsa on kbtarpratkbd tmae gb` gpplykbd tmae to pgrtkhulgr hgsas, egc-

kbd baw rulas on lgw fgsa` upob tmae.

. . . Kn wa .

. .

tgca up gby

hollahtkob on ladgl egxkes, wa smgll nkb` tmgt egby, parmgps eost, axprass

prkbhkplas

egxke,

Xkh

ut/ara

on ladkslgtkob tuto ut glkabueb

rgtmar tmgb lgw. . . . Pma ngeklkgr bob

Yga`gs,

ks gbotmar

oba

on tma

sgea hmgrghtar. Pmara hgbbot fa sgk`, K tmkbc, to fa gby dabargl rula on lgw norfk``kbd g parsob to hgusa `gegda to gbotmar fy tma egbbar kb wmkhm ma axarhksas mks owb rkdmts. Fut tma prkbhkpla axprassa` kb tma egxke mgs faab tma duk`kbd prkbhkpla kb tma avolutkob on egby eora spahkgl rulas norfk``kbd vgrkous ckb`s on hob`uht wmkhm gra lkcaly to pro`uha mgre to otmars." 6 Gdgkb, tmara gra egxkes, wmkhm, kn trua gt gll, gra trua obly kb g pgrtkgl sabsa, gb` wmkhm eust fa assabtkglly lkekta` kb tmakr gpplkhgtkob. [at tmasa egxkes gra nraquabtly hkta` gs kn lktarglly trua gb` ubkvarsglly gpplkhgfla. Pgca, nor kbstgbha, tma pmrgsa, Aquktgs

K Xwattz. Hutts, Xo B. M. 08;3 Fgssatt v. X. E. Ho, 08 B. M 1>;3 Vkb`da v. Xgrdabt, >0 B. M. 6;0. 6 Parry's Lag`kbd Zrkbhkplas on Gbdlo-Gearkhgb Lgw, ss. K:, KK. 8

 

Ks XM

GV^GV@

LGT

saquktzr lad,>ae,wmkhm ks soeatkeas supraea gb` hobtrollkbd annkhghy." Pmks rula "kn nollowa` lktarglly,

VA^KAT.

gs kn kt possassa`

quota`

"g

lagva botmkbd nor tma hourts on aqukty to parnore." 7 Fut kb nght " tma egkb fuskbass on tma lgw." 6 " Pma aqukty ks gvowa`ly to horraht gb` supplaeabt quglknkhgtkob on tmks egxke ks botmkbd lass tmgb tma abtkra systae woul`

on iurk`khgl aqukty ktsaln, fotm iurkspru`abha

gb` proha`ura, fgsa`, gs

mgs faab saab, upob tma tmaory tmgt aqukty `oas bot nollow tma lgw wmara tma lgw `oas bot nollow iustkha or tma puflkh hobvabkabha." 8 Aqukty nollows tma lgw kb kts rulas on `ahkskob obly " wmab kt `oas bot hmoosa

to nollow `knnarkbd rulas on kts owb." 0

" Pmroudmout tma dragt egss on kts iurkspru`abha, aqukty, kbstag` on nollowkbd tma lgw, aktmar kdboras or opably `ksradgr`s gb` opposas tma lgw.

.

.

. Oba lgrda `kvkskob

on tma aqukkty iurkspru`abha

lkas hoeplataly

outsk`a on tma lgw3 kt ks g``ktkobgl to tma lgw3 gb` wmkla kt lagvas tma lgw hobharbkbd tma sgea sufiaht-egttar kb null norha gb` annkhghy, kts `ohtrkbas gb` rulas gra hobstruhta` wktmout gby ranarabha to tma horraspob`kbd `ohtrkbas gb` rulas on tma lgw. Gbotmar `kvkskob on aqukty iurkspru`abha ks `krahtly opposa` to tma lgw wmkhm gpplkas to tma sgea sufiaht-egttar3 kts `ohtrkbas gb` rulas gra so hobtrgry to tmosa on tma lgw tmgt wmab tmay gra put kbto opargtkobk tma gbglodous ladgl `ohtrkbas gb` rulas gra `ksplgha` gb` bullknka`. Gs tmasa hobhluskobs hgbbot fa quastkoba`, kt ks plgkb tmgt tma egxke, 'Aqukty nollows tma lgw,' ks vary pgrtkgl gb` lkekta`

kb kts gpplkhgtkob,

gb` hgbbot

.

.

.

fa radgr`a`

gs g

dabargl prkbhkpla."' Pmara gra mkstorkhgl ragsobs wmkhm ghhoubt nor tma nraquabt usa Gb` tmara gra, ub`oufta`ly, hgsas, on tmks egxke kb agrly tkeas.> baktmar naw kb buefar bor ubkeportgbt, wmara hourts on aqukty nol-

Fut " tma egxke ks, kb trutm, oparglgw gbglodkas.4 tkva obly wktmkb g vary bgrrow rgbda3 to rgksa kt to tma posktkob on g dabargl prkbhkpla woul` fa g pglpgfla arror." = Kt ks mgr`ly too euhm to sgy tmgt, gt tma prasabt `gy, tmara ks gs

low hoeeob

euhm droub` nor gssartkbd

tma ravarsa on tmks egxke gs nor gssart-

Gustkb ob Iurkspru`abha, 8` a`. >>=. 6 Zmalps' Iurk`khgl Aqukty, s. 684. 8 Zmalps' Iurk`khgl Aqukty, s. 68;. 0 K Fksmop, Lgw on Egrrka` Toeab, s. K>. 1 K Zoearoy's Aqukty Iurkspru`abha, kst a`. s. 064. > Xaa Zmalps' Iurk`khgl Aqukty, s. 6843 glso K Zoearoy's Aqukty Iurkspru`abha, Kst, a`. s. 0614 k Zoearoy's Aqukkty Iurkspru`abha, Kst a`. ss. 061, 06>. = K Zoearoy's Aqukty Iurkspru`abha, Kst a`. s. 064. 7 6

 

PMA

QXA

ON EG]KEX

YB IQVKXZVQ@ABHA.

K;

kbd tma egxke ktsaln. Lax saquktur aqkktgtae woul` gpply gfout gs ontab gs Aquktgs saquktur ladae. Egby `ohtrkbas on tma eo`arb hoeeob lgw " saae droub`a` ob tma nght tmgt skeklgr `ahkskobs mg` pravkously faab eg`a kb hourts on aqukty." Kt ks keposskfla to `aby " tma hobstgbt prodrass on lgw kb tma `krahtkob on aqukty ub`ar tma suparkor gttrghtkva norha on tma lgttar3 " g tab`abhy tma axkstabha gb` iustkha on wmkhm noub` rahodbktkob kb tma provkskob on tma Abdlksm Iu`khgtura Ght on K=489 Pmgt wmab aqukty gb` hoeeob lgw hobnlkht, aqukty smgll pravgkl.6 Kb`aa`, tma g`optkob fy tma hoeeob on so egby `ohtrkbas puraly aquktgfla, mgslgw faab tmgt wmkhm kt mgs wara ontab orkdkbglly faab sarkously, hoeplata tmoudm ubsuhhassnully, hobtab`a` tmgt tma iurks`khtkob orkdkbglly axarhksa` fy hourts on aqukty kb lkca hgsas smoul` bow fa radgr`a` gs gfrodgta`. 8 Kn tmara ks oba egxke hkta` eora nraquabtly tmgb gbotmar gs fakbd fotm nub`geabtgl kb kts bgtura gb` ubkvarsgl kb kts gpplkhgfklkty, kt ks tma pmrgsa, Ghtus bob nghkt raue, bksk eabs skt rag 3 or, gs kt ks soeatkeas axprassa`, Bob ast raus, bksk eabs skt rag. Bo lass g parsobgda tmgb tma lgta Hmkan-Iustkha Hohcfurb gnnkrea` tmgt

tmks egxke " ks tma noub`gtkob on gll hrkekbgl iustkha." 0 [at avab tmks pmrgsa mgs faab savaraly hrktkhksa` fy g iu`da wmo mg` eg`a g spahkglty on hrkekbgl lgw. Gb` mks hoeeabts nroe tma fabhm hgbbot fa radgr`a` gs eara spgrcs struhc onn kb tma magt on `kshusskob3 nor tma sufstgbha on mks vkaws mg` glrag`y faab dkvab kb gb algforgta worc, puflksma` skx yagrs fanora mks iu`khkgl uttargbha. Kb Vadkbg v. Polsob, `ahk`a` kb K==;,1 Er. Iustkha Xtapmab sgk`9 "Pmoudm tmks pmrgsa ks kb hoeeob usa, K tmkbc kt eost ubnortubgta, gb` bot obly lkcaly to ekslag`, fut ghtuglly ekslag`kbd, ob tma nollowkbd droub`s9 Kt bgturglly suddasts tmgt, gpgrt nroe gll pgrtkhulgr `ankbktkobs on hrkeas, suhm g tmkbd axksts gs g ' eabs rag,' or ' duklty ekb`,' wmkhm ks glwgys axprassly or fy keplkhgtkob kbvolva` kb avary `ankbktkob. Pmks ks ofvkously bot tma hgsa, nor tma eabtgl alaeabts on `knnarabt hrkeas `knnar wk`aly. 'Eabs rag' eagbs, kb tma hgsa on eur`ar, eglkha gnoratmoudmt3 kb tma hgsa on tmant, gb kbtabtkob to stagl3 kb tma hgsa on rgpa, gb kbtabtkob 7 Ikhclkbd ob tma Gbglody fatwaab Ladgl gb` Aquktgfla Astgtas gb` Eo`as on Glkabgtkob, Zrangha, x. xk.3 Zmalps' Iurk`khgl Aqukty, ss. 68;, K>4, 7>=. 6 8> gb` 84 ^khtorkg, hmgp. lxvk. s. 61. = k Zoearoy's Aqukty Iurkspru`abha, Kst a`. ss. 64>-64=, 7=6. 0 Vad. v. Xlaap, = Hox Hr. Hgs. 046, p. 044. 1 L. V. 68 W. F. @. K>=, p. K=1, k=>.

 

6:

MGV^GV@

LGT

VA^KAT.

to mgva norhkfla hobbahtkob wktm g woegb wktmout mar hobsabt3 gb` kb tma hgsa on rahakvkbd stolab doo`s, cbowla`da tmgt tma doo`s wara stolab. Kb soea hgsas kt `abotas eara kbgttabtkob. Nor kbstgbha, kb tma hgsa on egbslgudmtar fy badlkdabha kt egy eagb nordattkbd to botkha g skdbgl. Kt gppagrs hobnuskbd to hgll so egby `ksskeklgr stgtas on ekb` fy oba bgea. Kt saaes hobtrg`khtory, kb`aa`, to `ashrkfa g eara gfsabha on ekb` gs g 'ebhus rag,' or duklty ekb`. Pma axprasskob, gdgkb, ks lkcaly to, gb` ontab `oas, ekslag`. Po gb ubladgl ekb` kt suddasts tmgt, fy tma lgw on Abdlgb`, bo ght ks g hrkea wmkhm ks `oba nroe lgu`gfla eotkvas3 kb

otmar wor`s, tmgt keeorglkty ks assabtkgl to hrkea.... " Lkca eost ladgl Lgtkb egxkes, tma egxke ob eabs rag gppagrs to ea to fa too smort gb` gbtktmatkhgl to fa on euhm prghtkhgl vglua. Kt ks, kb`aa`, eora lkca tma tktla on g tragtksa tmgb g prghtkhgl rula." K Kb Xkr I. N. Xtapmab's " Mkstory on tma Hrkekbgl Lgw on Abdlgb`," puflksma` kb K==8, kt ks sgk`9 6 "Pma trutm ks tmgt tma egxke gfout 'rba3zs rag' eagbs bo eora tmgb tmgt tma `ankbktkob on gll, or bagrly gll, hrkeas hobtgkbs bot obly gb outwgr` gb` vkskfla alaeabt, fut g eabtgl alaeabt, vgrykbd ghhor`kbd to tma `knnarabt bgtura on `knnarabt hrkeas. . . . Mabha tma obly eagbs on grrkvkbd gt g null hoepramabskob on tma axprasskob ' eabs rag' ks fy g `atgkla` axgekbgtkob on tma `ankbktkobs on pgrtkhulgr hrkeas, gb` tmaranora tma axprasskob ktsaln ks ubeagbkbd." 8 Fghob's halafrgta` egxke ralgtkva to gkbfkzxuktgs lgtabs mgs glrag`y faab sunnkhkabtly `kshussa` kb tmks iourbgl. Pma egxke "nkdura` gs tma hmkan hoeeobplgha on tma sufiaht nor egby yagrs. Kt stkll parnores g dragt gb` hobnuskbd nukbhtkob kb our ladgl `kshusskobs." Fut Zronassor Pmgyar (wmo `oas bot stgb` globa kb tmks vkaw) proboubhas kt "gb ubpronktgfla suftlaty3" "kbg`aqugta gb` ubkbstruhtkva." 0 G egxke wmkhm ks raglly trua, gb` usanul kb kts plgha, egy fa ovarastkegta`3 gb` tma rasult ks to stknla kbqukry upob keportgbt pokbts. Pmus tma pmrgsa, Kb iura, hgusg proxkebg, bob raebotg, 7 Kb tma sgea hgsa, p. k=K, Hgva, I., spagcs on tmks egxke gs "soeawmgt ubhoutm,"

gb` Egbksty, I., p. 6:7, axprassas mks hobhurrabha wktm portkobs on tma hrktkhkses on Xtapmab, I. 6 ^ol. kk. p. ;1. 8 Fut hoepgra Er. Ab`lkhm's grtkhla ob "Pma @ohtrkba on Mabs Vag," K8 Hrkekbgl Lgw Egdgzkba, =873 gb` K Fksmop's Baw Hrkekbgl Lgw, ss. 6=4, 6==, 8:8 g, bota >, pgrgdrgpm 6. 0 > MGV^GV@ LGT VA^KAT, 0K4-00:3 aspahkglly 060, 08>, 084, 08=.

 

PMA

QXA ON EG]KEX

KB IQVKXZVQ@ABHA.

67

spahtgtur, ks fy bo eagbs to fa fgbksma` nroe tma lgw. Fut kt `oas bot nollow tmgt tma hktgtkob on tmks egxke, avab wktm tma g``ktkob on tma nkrst pgrgdrgpm kb Fghob's wall-cbowb dloss, wkll gnnor` gb gll-sunnkhkabt stgtaeabt on tma ragsobs nor avary `ahkskob upob g quastkob on iurk`khgl hgusa. Pma egxke egy proparly fa usa` gs g stgrtkbd-pokbt, fut kt smoul` bot fa ekstgcab nor tma dogl. Kt " `oas bot malp us to tall wmab g hgusa ks proxkegta, gb` wmab raeota." 7 Pgcab lktarglly, kt woul` saae to put egtarkgl gbtaha`abts ob gb aqugl nootkbd wktm volubtgry gb` raspobskfla muegb ghtors. Xo glso kt ekdmt fa ub`arstoo` gs keplykbd tmgt tma gbtaha`abt wlmkhm ks " bagrast kb tkea or spgha " ks kbvgrkgfly to fa radgr`a` gs tma ladgl hgusa.6 Egxkes ralgtkbd to tma kbtarpratgtkob on wrkttab kbstrueabts ohhupy (wktm tma hoeeabts upob tmae) eora tmgb oba-savabtm on Er. Frooe's fooc. [at tmasa egxkes, stgb`kbd globa gb` tglcab gs gfsoluta stgtaeabts, gra lkgfla to dross eksusa. Eost on tmae gra, gt tma uteost, obly prkegnghka rulas3 " doo` sarvgbts, fut fg` egstars." G rula on hobstruhtkob smoul` glwgys fa ub`arstoo` gs hobtgkbkbd tma sgvkbd hlgusa, " ublass g hobtrgry kbtabtkob gppagr fy tma kbstrueabt." 8 Xo, too, tmara gra egxkes kbtab`a` to fa gpplka` obly gs lgst rasorts kb aeardabhkas3 fut wmkhm purport ob tmakr ngha to hgrry hobtrollkbd wakdmt ub`ar gll hkrhuestgbhas. Gb kllustrgtkob kllustrgtkob on tmks hlgss ks gnnor`a` kb tma nollowkbd axtrght nroe tma opkbkob on Nkbhm, I., kb tma rahabt hgsa on Vgpps v. Dottlkaf.0 "G nurtmargrdueabt nurtmargrdueabtks eg`a noub`a` upob tma `ohtrkba tmgt, wmara oba on two kbbohabt pgrtkas eust sunnar nroeg sunnarnroe g wrobd, ma eust fagr tma loss wmosa ghtkob abgfla` tma wrobdto wrobdto fa `oba3 fut tmgt `ohtrkba gpplkas obly'kb gb aeardabhy. Kt solvas proflaes wmkhm mgva bo otmar g droub` solutkob3 kt supplkas supplkasg on `ahkskob wmara gll otmars gra gfsabt3 kt droub`on opargtas gs g ragsob wmab botmkbd alsa hgb egstar tma sktugtkob3 kt ks g rula on lgst rasort, gpplkhgfla obly wmara gll otmars ngkl3 kt ks g `ohtrkba sufor`kbgtagb` sufor`kbgta gb` bot `oekbgbt, wmkhm ravarsas bo otmar, fut sufekts to tma gutmorktyon gll, gb` ks g`aqugta to gb ultkegta `ahkskob obly wmab kt mgs tma nkal` to ktsaln. Gby wk`arvkaw on kt woul` egca kt g `ksturfkbd norha, tab`kbd to ubsattla gb` `astroy tma eost nkrely nkxa` `ohtrkbas on tma lgw. Kt ks doo` gb` usanul, kb kts plgha, fut wkll glwgys egca 7 0 Ge. & Abd. Abhyhlopga`kg on Lgw, 61, bota.

6

Xaa Pmoegs, I., kb Egrfla v. Torhastar, 0 Drgy, p. 0:;. Hoepgra Hoolay ob Ports, 6` a`. ==. = Xaa Zrangha to Mgwckbs ob Tklls. 0 706 B. [. K>0, K>=.

 

66

MGV ^GV@ LG T^VA^KAT^.

troufla kn bot capt wlmara kt falobds.

. .,.

Kn kt ks gl glwgys wgys raeaefara`

obly wmab otmar opargtasobly `ohtrkba gs to kbbohabha ob fotm sk`as opargtas tmgt tma `ohtrkbags solutkobs,vary vary euhm proparsolutkobs, or posskfly b gk` on propar solutkobsgra solutkobs gra bot gvgklgfla,or on baa`lass hobnuskob hobnuskobwkll wkll fa gvok`a`." Pmara gra pmrgsas to fa noub` kb soea hollahtkobs on so-hglla` ladgl egxkes wmkhm wara bot kbtab`a` fy tmakr orkdkbgl nrgears gs stgtaeabts on " lgw." Pmay gra " earaly eorgl rulas, wmkhm `o bot oftgkb gs posktkva lgw." 7 @ouftlass " tma lgw rasts kts noub`gtkobs ob eorglkty,

fut kt `oas

bot hovar gll eorglkty3

. . ." gb` wmkla

tmara ks "bo hobnlkht" fatwaab tma rula on lgw gb` tma rula on eorgls, "tma lgttar ks frog`ar tmgb tma norear." 6 G wrktar ob iurkspru`abha egy mgva abubhkgta` gs rulas " wmgtavar egxkes on iustkha or utklkty gpprova` tmaesalvas to mke gs gb kb`kvk`ugl eorglkst."8 Kt ks soeatkeas `knnkhult to `kshovar wmatmar suhm gutmors " gra `kshusskbd lgw or eorglkty3 " " wmatmar tmay lgy `owb tmgt wmkhm ks, or tmgt wmkhm, kb tmakr opkbkob, otudmt to fa." 0 Tmgt tmay falkava oudmt to fa lgw ks lkgfla to fa tragta` fy tmae gs kn ktwara lgw glrag`y3 gltmoudm kt mgs bavar faab eg`a tma fgsks on iu`khkgl ghtkob, gb` ks bot soob lkcaly to fa. Fut g proposktkob hgb proparly fa hglla` " lgw " obly wmab, gb` so ngr gs, kt ks abnorhagfla fy tma hourts. Kb tmks hobbahtkob kt smoul` fa botkha` tmgt " egby on tma sgykbds tmgt gra `kdbknka` fy tma bgea on egxkes gra botmkbd fut tma `khtg on gbhkabt iu`das wmo wara nob` on sabtabtkous pmrgsas, ofktar`khtg ofktar gb` soeatkeas sghrknkha` ghhurghy on `ankbktkob to tarsabass on axprasskob." 1 Eoraovar, g stgtaeabt kbtab`a` gs g egxke egy mgva dgkba` hurrabhy gs suhm out on `anarabha to tma raputgtkob on kts gutmor, rgtmar tmgb fy ragsob on kts kbtrkbskh horrahtbass gs g ngktmnul raprasabtgtkob on axkstkbd lgw. Pmus kt mgs faab sgk` on Fghob's ekslag`kbd egxke ralgtkva to gefk,uktzgs lgta3zs. " Pma dragt bgea on tma gutmor on tma egxke dgva kt hra`kt.

.

.

Tmab

tmks wgs noub` hlotma` kb Lgtkb, gb` ngtmara` upob Lor` Fghob, kt ekdmt wall saae to suhm gs `k` bot tmkbc hgranully tmgt mara wgs soeatmkbd to fa `apab`a` upob." > Kt ks bot ubragsobgfla to supposa tmgt tma ol` sgdas, kb soea kbstgbhas, kbtabtkobglly ovarstgta` g trutm nor tma purposa on gttrght7 Xaa I. X. Ekll's Vavkaw on Gustkb ob Iurkspru`abha, u= A`kbfurdm Vavkaw, K>K.

Fksmop's Nkrst Fooc on tma Lgw, ss. k> gb` K4. (Kt ks to fa radratta` tmgt tmks usanul worc smoul` mgva faab so lobd out on prkbt.) 8 K= A`kbfurdm Vavkaw, 0>K. 1 8 Baw Iarsay Lgw Iourbgl, K>o. 0 Egkba's Gbhkabt Lgw, Kst Abd. a`. ;=. > ; MGV^GV@ LGT VA^KAT, 084. 6

 

PMA

kbd gttabtkob.

QXA ON EG]KEX

KB IQVKXZVQ@ABHA.

68

"G hartgkb plagsgbt axgddargtkob, tma usa on tma

nkdura myparfola, g nkdura on bgturgl rmatorkh wmkhm Xhrkptura ktsaln `oas bot `ks`gkb to aeploy, ks g bot ubnraquabt abdkba wktm tma provarf nor tma grouskbd on gttabtkob gb` tma egckbd on g wgy nor ktsaln kbto tma ekb`s on eab." K Fut, kb egckbd prghtkhgl gpplkhgtkob on so-hglla` ladgl egxkes, sunnkhkabt hgra mgs bot glwgys faab tgcab to `kstkbduksm fatwaab tma axgddargtkob gb` tma raglkty. " Ladgl egxkes `o bot hmgbda3 tmay gra tma nub`geabtgl prkbhkplas on lgw, gb` tmaranora bo gltargtkobs kb tmae hgb fa bota`... ." Xuhm ks tma hlgke eg`a kb tma prangha to g rahabt hollahtkob on egxkes.6 Pmks stgtaeabt gppgrabtly gssueas, nkrst, tmgt gll proekbabt ladgl egxkes gra horraht raprasabtgtkobs on nub`geabtgl prkbhkplas on lgw3 sahob`, tmgt tmasa so-hglla` " nub`geabtgl prkbPma nkrst gssueptkob ks bot wall hkplas on lgw" bavar hmgbda. noub`a`, gs gppagrs nroe tma axtrghts wa mgva glrag`y dkvab nroe mkdm gutmorktkas. Bor ks tma sahob` gssueptkob horraht, ublass tma tare " nub`geabtgl prkbhkplas on lgw " ks so `ankba` gs to rastrkht tma hlgss to g vary segll buefar. Ob soea sufiahts tma lgw hrystgllkza` too agrly. Hourts gttaepta` to lgy `owb mgr` gb` ngst rulas, wmkhm kt mgs faab keposskfla to g`mara to. Botwktmstgb`kbd tma annorts eg`a fy soea trkfubgls to hobhagl tma nght tmgt tma lgw wgs fakbd gltara` fy tmakr `ahkskobs, kt ks ub`abkgfla tmgt tma lgw

mgs faab hmgbda` kb raspaht to pokbts norearly hobsk`ara` assabtkgl. Kb vary rahabt tkeas soea iu`das mgva mg` tma nrgbcbass to g`ekkt tmks. G " systae on ubwrkttab lgw," sgk` Hmkan-Iutstkha Hohcfurb, " mgs gt lagst tmks g`vgbtgda, tmgt kts algstkhkty abgflas tmosa wmo g`ekbkstar kt to g`gpt kt to tma vgrykbd hob`ktkobs on sohkaty, gb` to tma raqukraeabts gb` mgfkts on tma gda kb wmkhm wa lkva, so gs to gvok` tma kbhobskstabhkas gb` kbiustkha wmkhm grksa wmab tma lgw ks bo lobdar kb mgreoby wktm tma wgbts gb` usgdas gb` kbtarasts on tma dabargtkob to wmkhm kt ks keea`kgtaly gpplka`."8 Kt hgbbot fa quastkoba` tmgt soea egxkes wmkhm wara obha " lgw " gra so bo lobdar. Pmay draw out on g stgta on sohkaty bow mgppkly ofsolata. Pmay gra pgrgpmrgsas on `ohtrkbas nkrst g`opta` kb fgrfgrous gdas, fut wmkhm bo lobdar oftgkb. Or tmay gra `a`uhtkobs nroe tmosa hgst-onn prkbhkplas3 "gb` tma hobhluskobs gt wmkhm tmay grrkva 7 " Zrovarfs, gb` tmakr Lassobs," fy Grhmfksmop Prabhm, 4tm Abd. a`. 61. 6

Tmgrtob's Egxkes, 6` a`., Zrangha, vk. 8 Tgsob v. Tgltar, L. V. 0 W. F. 48, p. ;8. Hoepgra tma g`ekrgfla opkbkob on Lor` Mofmousa kb Xegrt v. Xegrt, L. V. (7=;6), Gppagl Hgsas, 0613 wmkhm ks tmroudmout gb kllustrgtkob on tma gfova stgtaeabt.

 

60

MGV^GV@

LG T VA ^KAT.

fakbd lodkhgl hobsaquabhas on tmakr keparnaht prkbhkplas, bahassgrkly pgrtgca on tma sgea `anahts." 7 Gt tma prasabt `gy, suhm egxkes gra bot sgna duk`as. Kn tma noradokbd hrktkhkses gra wall noub`a`, mow smgll wa ghhoubt nor tma nght tmgt vgrkous ofiahtkobgfla egxkes caap tmakr plgha kb tma foocs, gb` gra `gkly quota` fy aekbabt iurksts. Oba gbswar to tmks kbqukry ks suddasta` fy tma raegrc on Xkr Mabry Egkba, tmgt " ladgl pmrgsaolody ks tma pgrt on tma lgw wmkhm ks tma lgst to gltar." 6 Pma eost gr`abt lgw ranorears, kb spkta on tma puttkbld baw wkba kbto ol` fottlas, soeaXhrkpturgl wgrbkbd gdPgkbstputtkbld tkeas pranar to dkva g baw kbtarpratgtkob to gb ol` pmrgsa rgtmar tmgb gttaept tma gleost " keposskfla tgsc on flottkbd kt out on our