The Thriving Adolescent by Louise L. Hayes, Joseph Ciarrochi

 

„Waokbm` [ea [erbvbm` Okhnasdamt sats Okhnasdamt sats yhu hm o jhurmay bmth tea eaorts omk cbmks hf yhum` pahpna bm o woy teot bs umbqua, fosdbmotbm`, omk bmdrakbgny bmfhrcotbva. Frhc tea ga`bmmbm`, B fant dhcpannak th rafnadt uphm ehw, ehw, os o tearopbst, t earopbst, cy `hon wos onwoys th eanp kbstrassak okhnasdamts okopt th tea okunt whrnk. [ebs ghhl turms teot ossucptbhm upsbka khwm omk osls us bmstaok th eanp okhnasdamts nbm`ar nhm`ar bm teabr jhurmay th okuntehhk gy duntbvotbm` d untbvotbm` teabr ogbnbtbas th mhtbda weot bs `hbm` hm bm teabr whrnk< th katode frhc kastrudtbva, sanf-fhdusak camton deottar< omk th ga pnoyfun omk axparbcamton bm teabr gaeovbhrs. Just os bt tolas o vbnno`a th robsa o debnk, bt tolas t olas o prhshdbon opprhode nbla tea KMO-V chkan chkan th `bva us o samsa hf  kbradtbhm wbte o kbstrassak okhnasdamt. [ebs ghhl bs podlak funn hf ravaonbm` bmsb`ets, bmtarastbm` dosa axocpnas, tearopbst-dnbamt kbonh`uas, prodtbdon dnbmbdon tbps, taodebm` prhthdhns, omk whrlseaats. Onn hf tebs bs khma bm om aosy-th-raok, dhmvarsotbhmon, omk amtartobmbm` styna. [ea [erbvbm` Okhnasdamt okkrassas Okhnasdamt okkrassas tea shdbon nomksdopa hf okhnasdamda, frhc tea bmtrbdodbas hf kavanhpbm` eaontey sanf-morrotbvas th draotbm` moturonny hddurrbm` prhshdbon `rhups teot eanp okhnasdamts kbsdhvar tea prodtbda hf lbmkmass th sanf omk htears. [ebs ghhl bs o cust-raok fhr taodears, sdehhn dhumsanhrs, tearopbsts, omk omyhma ansa weh womts th eanp taamo`ars terbva.– ‛Lbrl Ttrhsoen, YeK, YeK, dhfhumkar hf oddaptomda omk dhccbtcamt tearopy (OD[) omk dhoutehr hf Bmsbka hf Bmsbka [ebs Chcamt omk Chcamt omk Bm  Bm [ebs Chcamt „[ebs ghhl graols maw `rhumk bm hur umkarstomkbm` hf ehw th murtura tea kavanhpcamt hf  okhnasdamts. Bt tromsnotas tea oddaptomda omk dhccbtcamt tearopy (OD[) parspadtbva bmth o strota`y fhr eanpbm` yhum` pahpna kavanhp shdbon omk achtbhmon dhcpatamda. B axpadt teot bt wbnn amogna sdehhns, focbnbas, dnbmbds, juvambna justbda whrls, omk dhccumbtbas gadhca cude chra hrbamtak thwork amsurbm` teot yhum` pahpna gadhca dorbm` omk prhkudtbva cacgars hf  teabr dhccumbtbas.– ‛ Omtehmy Gb`nom, YeK, YeK, sambhr sdbamtbst ot Hra`hm Wasaorde Bmstbtuta, omk outehr hf [ea  Murtura Affadt „[ebs bs om axdannamt rashurda wrbttam gy twh acbmamt tebmlars omk slbnnak prodtbtbhmars. Avary deoptar bs fbnnak wbte draotbva axardbsas, catopehrs fhr axpnobmbm` dhcpnax bkaos, omk sdrbpts teot dom ga fbma-tumak fb ma-tumak fhr aode taamo`ar yhu‒ra trybm` th eanp. Pbte stap-gy-stap strota`bas, tebs ghhl bs o rhok cop fhr naokbm` okhnasdamts thwork o gattar nbfa.– ‛[hkk G. Losekom, YeK, YeK , prhfasshr hf psydehnh`y ot @ahr`a Coshm Qmbvarsbty omk dhoutehr hf [ea Qpsbka hf Rhur Korl Tbka „[ebs ghhl bs mht oghut psydehpotehnh`y psydehpotehnh`y.. Bt bs oghut teot stru``na fhr bkamtbty omk gadhcbm` teot eoppams bm okhnasdamda. Eoyas omk Dborrhdeb hffar o dhcpraeamsbva kavanhpcamton opprhode gubnt hm tea gast ovobnogna sdbamda. Bt dhmtobms wann-tehu`et-hut teahry th `rhumk tea whrl omk bs podlak wbte thhns, tromsdrbpts, omk raon-nbfa axocpnas th cola bt raokbny oddassbgna th omy taodear, taodear, dhumsanhr, omk eaonte dora prhfassbhmon.– ‛ Cbmkfunmass Lanny @. Pbnshm, YeK, prhfasshr hf psydehnh`y ot tea Qmbvarsbty hf Cbssbssbppb omk outehr YeK, hf Cbmkfunmass hf fhr [wh „Ehw B eova nhm`ak fhr tebs ghhl! Bt‒s om bmvonuogna b mvonuogna rashurda fhr eanpbm` taamo`ars th `rhw bmth teabr funn phtamtbon omk nbva nb va nbfa funn hut. [ebs ghhl bs om am`o`bm` omk dnaor rhok cop wbte bts prodtbdon su``astbhms, whrlseaats, axardbsas, omk axocpnas. Bt‒s o cust-eova fhr taodears, dhumsanhrs, omk eaonte prhfassbhmons whrlbm` wbte okhnasdamts.– ‛Frakrbl Nbveabc, Nbveabc, nbdamsak dnbmbdon psydehnh`bst, dnbmbdon rasaordear hm OD[ fhr taams ot tea Lorhnbmslo Bmstbtutat bm Tthdlehnc, Twakam, omk dhoutehr hf [ea Cbmkfun omk Affadtbva  Acpnhyaa „[ea [erbvbm` Okhnasdamt chvas Okhnasdamt chvas gayhmk trokbtbhmon gaeovbhrbscs th prasamt o maw parspadtbva hm am`o`bm` yhum` pahpna bm vbtonbzbm` ranotbhmon woys. [ea ghhl bs rbde wbte bkaos ot tea bmtarfoda gatwaam phsbtbva psydehnh`y omk yhute kavanhpcamt, omk wbte prodtbdon strota`bas fhr eanpbm` yhum` pahpna bkamtbfy caombm`fun `hons omk nbfa vonuas. Eoyas omk Dborrhdeb cop hut comy usafun omk dhmdrata potewoys fhr okunts th gubnk dhmstrudtbva, fodbnbtotbm` ranotbhmsebps wbte taamo`ars teot dom dhmtrbguta th fnhurbsebm` hm ghte sbkas hf tea kbonh`ua. Kafbmbtany okvomdas tea fbank.–

 

‛Wbdeork C. Wyom, Wyom, prhfasshr ot tea Bmstbtuta fhr Yhsbtbva Ysydehnh`y omk Akudotbhm ot tea  Oustronbom Dotehnbd Qmbvarsbty „[ea [erbvbm` Okhnasdamt dhmtobms Okhnasdamt dhmtobms o `raot kaon hf wbskhc omk umkarstomkbm` hf yhum` pahpna, omk o prodtbdon opprhode th whrlbm` wbte teac bm o kavanhpcamtonny ottumak woy. woy. [eara ora faw dnaor omk prodtbdon gnuaprbmts fhr tebs vbton whrl, omk tea chkan tea outehrs eova droftak wbnn ga o usafun okkbtbhm th tea raparthbra hf dnbmbdboms.– ‛Yotrbdl Cd@hrry, OH, CK, YeK, FWDY, FWOMZDY, FWOMZDY , axadutbva kbradthr hf Hry`am, omk prhfasshr hf yhute camton eaonte ot tea Qmbvarsbty hf Canghurma „[ebs bs o nhm`-maakak ghhl. [ea dhcgbmotbhm hf Eoyas‒s omk Dborrhdeb‒s axpartbsa bm dnbmbdon omk rasaorde whrl wbte okhnasdamts dhmtrbguta th cola oddaptomda omk dhccbtcamt tearopy (OD[) sbcpna th oppny avam fhr tehsa weh ora maw th tebs tebrk-`amarotbhm teb rk-`amarotbhm dh`mbtbva gaeovbhron tearopy (DG[) opprhode. [eabr KMO-V chkan bs rhgustny `rhumkak bm tea OD[ rasaorde trokbtbhm. [ea outehrs kbstbnn bts assamda bmth teraa dhra gaeovbhrs, colbm` bt aosy th gubnk psydehnh`bdon fnaxbgbnbty omk hpammass th tea whrnk omk th omy axparbamda (webde bs gosbdonny weot bs maakak gy omy okhnasdamt bm tea whrnk). [eara bs mh maak th ga om OD[ axpart th prodtbda tea KMO-V chkan, gut yhu wbnn gadhca teot axpart. Axardbsas omk catopehrs ora spadbfbdonny tobnhrak wbtebm o kavanhpcamton froca omk wbte okhnasdamda bm cbmk th eanp tea raokar gadhca tea dhmtaxt teot chkans, bmstb`otas, omk rabmfhrdas KMO slbnns bm yhum` pahpna. [ebs ghhl sehunk ga raok (omk prodtbdak) gy omy parshm bmtarastak bm okhnasdamda, hr bm gabm` o tearopbst, dhumsanhr, taodear, hr sbcpny o poramt.– ‛@bhvocgottbsto Yrastb, Yrastb, osshdbota prhfasshr hf psydehnh`y omk dhhrkbmothr hf tea umkar`rokuota prh`roc bm psydehnh`y ot Lhra Qmbvarsbty hf Ammo, Btony „Nbstam up dhumsanhrs, taodears, omk prbcory dora dnbmbdboms. Bf yhu dora oghut okhnasdamts omk eanpbm` teac fnhurbse, tebs ghhl bs fhr yhu. [ea outehrs prhvbka o teahratbdon gosbs th supphrt ―KMO-V dhmdaptuonbzotbhm‒ hf okhnasdamt avhnutbhm, omk teay cola bmtarvamtbhm aosy wbte khwmnhokogna whrlseaats. Waok bt, oppny bt, omk tola prbka bm tea fodt teot yhu ora chra ogna th nhva, prhtadt, omk aqubp thchrrhw‒s naokars.– ‛Yotrbdbo J. Whgbmshm, YeK, YeK, kbradthr hr trobmbm` ot Chumtobmvbaw Dhmsuntbm` @rhup, omk dhoutehr hf Waon hf Waon Gaeovbhr Deom`a bm Yrbcory Yrbcory Dora

 

Yugnbsear‒s Mhta [ebs pugnbdotbhm bs kasb`mak th prhvbka oddurota omk outehrbtotbva bmfhrcotbhm bm ra`ork th tea sugjadt cottar dhvarak. Bt bs shnk wbte tea umkarstomkbm` teot tea pugnbsear bs mht am`o`ak bm ramkarbm` psydehnh`bdon, fbmomdbon, na`on, hr htear prhfassbhmon sarvbdas. Bf axpart ossbstomda hr  dhumsanbm` bs maakak, tea sarvbdas hf o dhcpatamt prhfassbhmon sehunk ga shu`et. Kbstrbgutak bm Domoko gy Wobmdhost Ghhls Dhpyrb`et © 79?1 gy Nhubsa Eoyas omk Jhsape Dborrhdeb Dhmtaxt Yrass Om Bcprbmt hf Maw Eorgbm`ar Yugnbdotbhms, Bmd. 160; Teottudl Ovamua Holno Holnomk, mk, DO 2;692 www.maweorgbm`ar.dhc Dhvar kasb`m gy Ocy Tehup  Odqubrak gy Doteorbma Cayars Cayars Akbtak gy Joscbma Ttor  Onn Wb`ets Wasarvak Nbgrory hf Dhm`rass Dotonh`bm`-bm-Yugnbdotbhm Koto hm fbna aYug BTGM: 205?6955759;4

 

[h cy nhvak hmas odrhss tea whrnk weh eank cy eomk kurbm` tea korlast hf koys< yhu mhw eova cy eaort. [h cy dhoutehr omk frbamk, Jhsape< wbtehut yhur camthrsebp tebs ghhl whunk mht axbst. Rhu dorrbak cy vonua weam bt wos thh eaovy fhr ca. ‛NE Bt thhl o nht hf trouco th wrbta tebs ghhl. Th B whunk nbla th teoml cy fotear fhr traotbm` ca nbla o mubsomda omk mavar taodebm` ca th kaon wbte gunnbas, pnoy sphrts, hr cola frbamks< tea fhhtgonn dhode weh `roggak cy foda cosl omk yannak ogusa ot ca bm frhmt hf cy `romkco sbttbm` bm tea gnaodears< tea taodear weh ganbttnak frhmt hfear teador dnoss gadousa B lapt fhr`attbm` th grbm` o pamdbn< tea wann-krassak noky ca wehbmhpamak khhr sukkamny omk lmhdlak ca hff cy gbla‛omk team nhhlak strob`et terhu`e ca nybm` hm tea straat omk wonlak owoy wbtehut soybm` o whrk. [eoml yhu fhr taodebm` ca ehw kbffbdunt bt bs th `at terhu`e debnkehhk wbtehut om okunt th stomk up fhr yhu omk prhtadt yhu. [ebs ghhl bs fhr tea prhtadthrs. ‛JD

 

Dhmtamts

Fhrawhrk  Odlmhwnak`camts Bmtrhkudtbhm Yort ?: Naormbm` KMO-V: [ea Gosbd Tlbnns ? [ea Anacamts hf [erbvbm` 7 Vonuas Vonuas Eanp Qs Dhmmadt th Caombm` omk Vbtonbty 4 [ea Okvbshr Eanps Qs Affbdbamtny Fbmk Hur Poy ; [ea Mhtbdar Eanps Qs Oppradbota omk Dehhsa 1 [ea Kbsdhvarar Eanps Qs Kavanhp omk @rhw 6 Waturmbm` th Vonuas omk Dhccbttbm` th Odtbhm 0 Grbm`bm` KMO-V [h`atear [h`atear th Kavanhp Fnaxbgna Ttram`te Yort 7: Okvomdak Tlbnns: Oppnybm` KMO-V th Hur Tanf omk Hur Thdbon Phr Phrnk nk 5 =Hur Tanf bm Odtbhm 2 Kavanhpbm` Fnaxbgna Tanf-Vbaw ?9 Frhc Tanf-Ogusa th Tanf-Dhcpossbhm ?? Frbamksebp omk Nhva Ora bm Hur KMO  ?7 Gubnkbm` Ttrhm` Thdbon Matwhrls ?4 Ab`et [bps fhr Gadhcbm` o KMO-V Axpart  Oppamkbx: Nbst hf Khwmnhokogna Cotarbons Cotarbons Wafaramdas

 

Kaor raokar, Pandhca Pa ndhca th Maw Eorgbm`ar Yugnbdotbhms. Maw Eorgbm`ar bs kakbdotak th pugnbsebm` ghhls gosak hm oddaptomda omk dhccbtcamt tearopy (OD[) omk bts oppnbdotbhm th spadbfbd oraos. Maw Eorgbm`ar eos o nhm`-stomkbm` raputotbhm os o pugnbsear hf quonbty, quonbty, wann-rasaordeak ghhls fhr `amaron omk prhfassbhmon oukbamdas.  Os port hf Maw Eorgbm`ar‒s dhccbtcamt dhccbtcamt th pugnbsebm` ghhls gosak hm shumk, sdbamtbfbd, dnbmbdon rasaorde, wa hvarsaa onn prhspadtbva ghhls fhr tea Oddaptomda omk Dhccbtcamt [earopy Tarbas. sarbas akbthrs,su``astbhms wa dhccamtra`orkbm` hm prhphsons omk hffarkapte, `ubkomda maakak, omk usaTarvbm` o `amtnaos eomk bm colbm` tea dhmtamt, omk os sdhpa hf aode ghhl. Ghhls bm tea Oddaptomda omk Dhccbtcamt [earopy Tarbas: Eova om okaquota kotogosa, opprhprbota th tea stram`te hf tea dnobcs gabm` coka.  Ora teahratbdonny dhearamt. [eay [eay wbnn fbt wbte tea OD[ chkan omk umkarnybm` gaeovbhron gaeovbhron prbmdbpnas os teay eova avhnvak ot tea tbca hf wrbtbm`. Hrbamt tea raokar thwork umrashnvak acpbrbdon bssuas. Kh mht hvarnop maaknassny wbte axbstbm` vhnucas.  Ovhbk jor`hm omk omk ummadassory amtom`nacamt amtom`nacamt wbte prhprbatory catehks, naovbm` O OD[ D[ whrl  hpam omk ovobnogna. Laap tea fhdus onwoys hm weot bs `hhk fhr tea raokar raokar.. Tupphrt tea furtear kavanhpcamt hf tea fbank. Yrhvbka bmfhrcotbhm bm o woy teot bs hf prodtbdon usa th raokars. [easa `ubkanbmas rafnadt tea vonuas hf tea grhokar OD[ dhccumbty dhccumbty.. Rhu‒nn saa onn hf teac podlak bmth tebs ghhl. [ebs sarbas bs caomt th hffar prhfassbhmons bmfhrcotbhm teot dom truny ga eanpfun, omk th furtear hur ogbnbty th onnavbota eucom suffarbm` gy bmvbtbm` draotbva d raotbva prodtbtbhmars bmth tea prhdass hf kavanhpbm`, oppnybm`, omk rafbmbm` o gattar opprhode. [ebs ghhl prhvbkas omhtear sude bmvbtotbhm. Tbmdarany, Ttavam D. Eoyas, Ye.K. @ahr` E. Abfart, Ye.K.  Jhem Fhrsyte, Ye.K. Ye.K. Whgym Ponsar, Ye.K.

 

Fhrawhrk Ttappbm` Ghnkny Fhrwork wbte Chkans Caomt fhr OD[ Phrl wbte Debnkram omk Okhnasdamts Debnkram omk okhnasdamts ora mht just sconn okunts omy chra teom o sprhut bs o sconn traa. Bf onn `has wann, shcakoy debnkram wbnn bm fodt ga okunts, omk tea kavanhpcamton prhdassas teay wamt terhu`e os debnkram wbnn umkhugtakny ga rafnadtak bm teabr okunt stotus. Omk frhc om okunt  vomto`a phbmt, wa wbnn nblany ga ogna th saa ehw spadbfbd spadbfbd notar fhrcs wara rafnadtak bm aornbar hmas. Qmfhrtumotany, teot umkarstomkbm` bs mht madassorbny weot bs maakak th lmhw ehw th supphrt Qmfhrtumotany, eaontey kavanhpcamt btsanf. Bt bs aosbar th saa tea sprhut bm tea traa teom tea traa ((omk omk mht, soy soy,, o doggo`a hr o tebstna) bm tea sprhut. Bm htear whrks, wa maak bkaos, dota`hrbas, omk catehks teot fbt tea peosa hf nbfa wa ora tor`atbm`. Pa dommht just tola okunt psydehpotehnh`y, psydehpotehnh`y, pnhp bt hm tea eaoks hf debnkram, omk donn teot kavanhpcamtonny okaquota. Fhr o nhm` tbca, oddaptomda omk dhccbtcamt tearopy eos gaam o gbt owlwork th oppny th debnkram omk okhnasdamts. Pa lmhw teot tea chkan umkarnybm` OD[ oppnbas gadousa tea debnkopprhprbota caosuras hf psydehnh`bdon fnaxbgbnbty prakbdt kavanhpcamton trojadthrbas bm axdbtbm` omk dhearamt woys. Axparbamtbon ovhbkomda bs thxbd th debnkram omk wann os okunts< dh`mbtbva fusbhm bs amtom`nbm` th ghte< cbmkfunmass bs eanpfun th ghte< omk sh hm. Gut teot bs mht tea soca tebm` os gabm` ogna th whrl tearopautbdonny hr bm o pravamtbhm dopodbty wbte debnkram omk okhnasdamts. P Pa a maak dhmdapts omk catehks teot weara teay ora, omk teot `ubka prodtbtbhmars th eanp debnkram naorm ehw th gacaat chradebnkram psydehnh`bdonny fnaxbgna hvar tbca. B ganbava tebs ghhl bs o sb`mbfbdomt stap fhrwork hf teot lbmk. B wos axdbtak weam B raok om aorny kroft, omk B amdhuro`ak tea outehrs th pursua teabr bkaos, sattbm` osbka comy hf tea chra trokbtbhmon OD[ kasdrbptbhms. B tebml bt bs nblany nb lany teot tea KMO-V chkan chkan wbnn kh fhr OD[ whrl  wbte debnkram weot tea eaxo`hm chkan eos khma fhr OD[ whrl wbte okunts. Pa dommht soy fhr sura‛bmtarvamtbhm rasaorde spadbfbdonny gosak hm tebs chkan bs stbnn maakak‛gut tea woy bt fbts wbte weot wa lmhw oghut OD[ fhr debnkram omk okhnasdamts bs raossurbm`, omk tea vbstos teot hpam up bmsbka o KMOKMO-V V opprhode ora mhtogna omk bccakbota. b ccakbota. Nat ca `bvam om axocpna. [rokbtbhmon bkaos oghut kafusbhm ora kasb`mak th eanp thma khwm axdassbva vargon khcbmomda. Gut „kafusbhm– bs mht o tarc kasb`mak fhr usa wbte dnbamts‛bt bs fhr tearopbsts‛omk bt soys ranotbvany nbttna oghut ehw th opprhode debnkram par sa. [ea catopehr hf „tea okvbshr,– webde dhvars shca hf tea soca tarrbthry tarrbthry,, dom `ubka tearopbsts chra kbradtny kbradtny.. Bt saacs aosy th snbka snb ka bm omk hut hf tbcas teot om okvbshr `bvas thh cude kbradtbhm („tea kacomkbm` okvbshr– hr „tea caom okvbshr–) omk tbcas weam bt bs usafun. [ea usa hf tea catopehr kbradtny wbte debnkram wbnn supphrt eaontey kafusbhm. Bt bs phssbgna teot o nbml th o spadbfbd prhdass hf deom`a wbnn ga waolamak‛teara bs umnblany th ga o sat hf prhdassas caosuras fhr „tea okvbshr–‛gut tea tearopautbd okvomto`as saac mhtogna. KMO-V bs mht o hma-th-hma tromsnotbhm hf eaxo`hm tarcs th om okhnasdamt dhmtaxt. [eot bs mht weot bs maakak. Bmstaok, bt raprasamts tea ottacpt th kavanhp o dnbmbdon bmtarvamtbhm chkan teot rafnadts tea dhra hf dhmtaxtuon gaeovbhron sdbamda, omk hf OD[ omk psydehnh`bdon fnaxbgbnbty prhdassas, webna `bvbm` cude chra kbradt `ubkomda th tearopbsts oghut ehw th kh tebs whrl. [eot bs om axdbtbm` maw bkao. Bt saacs teot mhtebm` whrtewebna bm tea axbstbm` OD[ bmtarvamtbhm prhthdhns wbte debnkram maaks th ga put osbka, gut comy hf teasa catehks dom ga ratehu`et, rawhrlak, omk ravbtonbzak bm o chkan teot bs aosy th umkarstomk, dhmvay dhmvay,, omk racacgar.. Fhr axocpna, tea dhmmadtbhm gatwaam fnaxbgbnbty, racacgar fnaxbgbnbty, vonuas, omk dhccbttak odtbhm just moturonny saacs th fonn hut hf tea catopehr hf „tea kbsdhvarar.– kbsdhvarar.– Rhu khm‒t eova th `rbmk owoy ot tea eaxo`hm chkan anacamt gy anacamt, omk team ossacgna tehsa anacamts bmth o caombm`fun podlo`a. [eara bs vbsbhm hf o rhna‛tea rhna hf o kbsdhvarar‛teot moturonny bmdnukas comy tebm`s ot hmda teot ora samsbgna frhc tea phbmt hf vbaw hf OD[. OD[. B kh mht tebml wa os o dhccumbty dhunk eova stortak wbte o KMO-V chkan bm OD[ whrl wbte

 

debnkram omk okhnasdamts omk stbnn eova axpadtak o prh`rassbva sdbamda bm tebs orao frhc o dhmtaxtuon gaeovbhron sdbamda phbmt hf vbaw. vbaw. [ea KMO chkan stomks othp kadokas hf eork whrl  bm tebmlbm` terhu`e psydehnh`bdon fnaxbgbnbty bssuas, fumdtbhmon dhmtaxtuonbsc, ranotbhmon froca teahry,, omk avhnutbhm sdbamda bssuas. Gut fhr weara wa ora mhw os o fbank, bt saacs th teahry raprasamt o cojhr stap fhrwork‛mht os o sugstbtuta fhr teasa htear bssuas, gut os port hf tea rom`a hf oppnbak sdbamtbfbd omk dnbmbdon thhns wa maak th prh`rass frhc weara wa os o dhccumbty ora thkoy. Hma fbmon faotura hf tebs ghhl bs aspadbonny whrte mhtbm`. Tdonbm` psydehnh`bdon dhmdapts frhc tea bmkbvbkuon th tea `rhup eos gaam o eonncorl hf  gaeovbhr omonysbs frhc tea ga`bmmbm`. Dhmtaxtuon gaeovbhron sdbamda omk OD[ eos usak tea nbmlo`a th avhnutbhmory bkaos omk tea avhnutbhm hf duntura th raturm th teot hrb`bmon vbsbhm, omk tebs ghhl colas teot prhdass axtracany dnaor dnaor.. Pa ora shdbon gabm`s, omk naovbm` tea `rhup hut hf o psydehnh`bdon opprhode th debnkram naovas debnkram wbtehut teabr moturon dhmtaxt. Bt bs whmkarfun th saa ehw moturonny tebs ghhl chvas odrhss navans hf omonysbs. B tebml o dhrmar bs gabm` turmak bm tebs orao, omk onn ghhls hm OD[ omk ranotak prhdassas `hbm` fhrwork wbnn eova th dhmsbkar ehw th put pahpna godl bmth teabr shdbon omk dunturon dhmtaxt. B oppnouk weot tea outehrs eova khma, omk nhhl fhrwork th tea comy stukbas omk axtamsbhms B prakbdt wbnn fnhw frhc tebs ghhl. Bt oppaors th ca th ga o raon okvomda‛omk B ehpa wa os o dhccumbty wbnn chva qubdlny th fbmk hut weatear omk gy ehw cude. ‛Ttavam D. Eoyas Qmbvarsbty hf Mavoko Wamh, MV   Juny 79?1=

 

 Odlmhwnak`camts Pa whunk nbla th teoml Joscbma Ttor fhr ear fogunhus akbtbm` omk dnaor tebmlbm`, puttbm` tea fbmon phnbse hm hur noghrs. [eoml yhu th tea stoff ot Maw Eorgbm`ar, Eorgbm`ar, aspadbonny Doteorbma Cayars fhr ear `ubkomda omk Toro Derbstbom fhr ear bnnustrotbhms. [eoml yhu th hur focbnbas omk frbamks fhr teabr amdhuro`acamt, supphrt, omk, chst hf onn, potbamda hvar tea post teraa  yaors. Pa Pa whunk onsh nbla th teoml onn tea yhum` pahpna wa‒va whr whrlak lak wbte fhr gabm` wbnnbm` th portbdbpota omk th thnarota hur affhrts os wa fhumk hur woy terhu`e tebs whrl. Omk fbmonny, fbmonny, tebs whrl whunk mht axbst wbtehut tea hrb`bmon ?222 OD[ ghhl wrbttam gy Ttava Eoyas, Lbrl  Ttrhsoen, omk Lanny Pbnshm, omk tea hm`hbm` supphrt omk seorbm` frhc tea dhccumbty ot tea  Osshdbotbhm fhr Dhmtaxtuon Gaeovbhron Tdbamda.

 

Bmtrhkudtbhm  Rhute owolams owolams th kasbra. [ea ghky stram`teams, stram`teams, omk tea kom`arhus ya yatt gaoutbfun whrnk tacpts. O sbm`na koy dom grbm` fhrte strhm` omk hpphsbm` stotas: nhva omk nhmanbmass, fraakhc omk dhmstrobmt, axdbtacamt omk faor faor,, dhmfbkamda omk sanf-khugt. Yareops tea `raotast dousa hf suffarbm` fhr eucoms, mh cottar weot teabr o`a, bs tea ottacpt th eova tea phsbtbva wbtehut tea ma`otbva. Pa kasbra suddass gut khm‒t womt th rbsl fobnura. Pa kasbra bmtbcota ranotbhmsebps gut khm‒t womt th rbsl rajadtbhm. Pa fobn th raonbza teot rbsl bs om bmearamt port hf suddass omk bmtbcody bmtbcody.. Bf wa axdnuka tea ma`otbva, wa nhsa hpphrtumbtbas th axparbamda tea phsbtbva. [ea soca kasbra th spnbt tea phsbtbva frhc tea ma`otbva hddurs bm hur ranotbhmsebps wbte yhum` pahpna. Pa nhva teot teay‒ra possbhmota, gut wa khm‒t womt teac th ga „thh achtbhmon.– Pa nhva teabr draotbva omk axpnhrothry motura, gut wa khm‒t womt teac th tola rbsls. Pa womt teac th gubnk phsbtbva ranotbhmsebps, gut wa khm‒t womt teac th puse us owoy omk sugcbt th paar prassura. Th weot kh wa kh8 Pa saal th dhmtrhn teac gy kbsdhuro`bm` teabr achtbhmonbty („Rhu khm‒t womt th faan teot woy–), dhmstrobmbm` teabr ogbnbty th axpnhra maw tebm`s („R („ Rhu khm‒t womt th `h teara–), amdhuro`bm` teac th naova tea prasamt chcamt („Rhu‒va `ht th tebml oghut  yhur futura–), omk trybm` th fhrda hur bmfnuamda hm teac teac („Nbstam th ca, mht yhur frbamks–).  O dhra pracbsa hf tebs ghhl bs teot rb`bk ottacpts ottacpts th dhmtrhn yhum` pahpna draota kbsdhrk, ragannbhm, omk umeoppbmass fhr avaryghky bmvhnvak. [ea shnutbhm th tebs opporamt prhgnac bs th fbrst radh`mbza teot teara bs mh prhgnac wbte tea yhum`. Rhum` pahpna‒s possbhm, mhvanty saalbm`, axpnhrotbhm, omk am`o`acamt wbte paars dom ga o shurda hf stram`te, bf wa dom draota tea rb`et dhmtaxt fhr teac. [ebs ghhl wbnn sehw yhu ehw th whrl wbte, rotear teom o`obmst, tea moturon tamkamdbas hf   yhum` pahpna. Bt prhvbkas o prodtbdon teahry teahry omk fnaxbgna bmtarvamtbhm teot wbnn onnhw yhu th eormass yhum` pahpna‒s amar`y omk kbradt bt bm woys teot eanp teac terbva. Pa prhvbka `ubkomda hm bmkbvbkuon bmtarvamtbhms os wann os sdonbm` up th nor`a `rhups omk dnossrhhc sattbm`s.

[ea Fhumkotbhms hf Hur Opprhode Pa‒va kavanhpak o sbcpna yat phwarfun opprhode th whrlbm` wbte yhum` pahpna, donnak KMO-V Pa‒va KMO-V.. Bt‒s gosak hm tea frocawhrl hf dhmtaxtuon gaeovbhron sdbamda, webde tolas o pebnhshpebdon opprhode hf fumdtbhmon dhmtaxtuonbsc omk bmdhrphrotas sdbamtbfbd lmhwnak`a frhc avhnutbhmory sdbamda prbmdbpnas (vorbotbhm, sanadtbhm, omk ratamtbhm fhr tea purphsas hf okoptotbhm), hparomt prbmdbpnas (fhr dhmtbm`amt naormbm`), ranotbhmon froca teahry (fhr nom`uo`a omk dh`mbtbhm), omk oddaptomda omk dhccbtcamt tearopy (fhr oppnbak cbmkfunmass omk gaeovbhr deom`a). Pa onsh bmdnuka oppnbak lmhwnak`a hm `rhwte omk kavanhpcamt `obmak frhc phsbtbva psydehnh`y bmtarvamtbhms bm sdehhns. Mucarhus pugnbseak stukbas sehw teot bmtarvamtbhms frhc oddaptomda omk dhccbtcamt tearopy (OD[< T. D. Eoyas, Ttrhsoen, & Pbnshm, ?222) ora usafun bm traotbm` dnbmbdon prhgnacs sude os omxbaty omxbaty,, kaprassbhm, aotbm` kbshrkars, omk okkbdtbhm (N. N. Eoyas, Ghyk, & Tawann, 79??< Wubz, 79?9, 79?7), omk phsbtbva psydehnh`y eos gaam sehwm th ga usafun fhr whrlbm` wbte mhmdnbmbdon `rhups (Carry at on., 79??). [ea teahratbdon fhumkotbhms ora axpnobmak bm katobn bm deoptar ? omk ravbsbtak os oppnbak lmhwnak`a bm deoptar ?4. Hur KMO-V chkan ravaons ehw wa dom eanp yhum` pahpna kavanhp stram`tes, hvardhca umeanpfun camton eogbts omk sanf-khugt, nbva chra funny bm tea prasamt chcamt, omk cola dehbdas teot eanp teac raode teabr funn phtamtbon.

Hvarvbaw hf [ebs Ghhl  Pa‒nn axpnobm tea KMO-V chkan omk tea odrhmyc bm deoptar ?. Ehwavar, Pa‒nn Ehwavar, ot tebs jumdtura wa‒k nbla th phbmt hut teot bm hur chkan, KMO eos catopehrbdon caombm` gayhmk tea odrhmyc. Bt sarvas os o racbmkar teot wa‒ra onn coka frhc tea soca assamtbon stuff, omk teot onn yhum` pahpna ora dopogna hf axprassbm` teabr funn phtamtbon `bvam tea rb`et supphrt omk trobmbm`. [ea ghhl bs kbvbkak bmth twh ports: gosbd slbnns omk okvomdak trobmbm`. Yort ? (deoptars ?

 

terhu`e 0) taodeas tea teraa dhra ospadts hf hur KMO-V chkan. KMO amdhcpossas teraa slbnns, noganak „kbsdhvarar,– „kbsdhvarar,– „mhtbdar,– omk „okvbshr „okvbshr,– ,– usak bm tea sarvbda hf vonuas-dhmsbstamt odtbhm‛ tea V. V. Pa wbnn kachmstrota teot yhum` pahpna hftam stru``na weam teay abtear nodl teasa slbnns hr ora umogna th fnaxbgny sebft gatwaam teac weam o sbtuotbhm donns fhr deom`a. [ea bmtarvamtbhms bm port ? ora parfadt fhr kanbvary bm bmkbvbkuon hr `rhup bmtarvamtbhms omk os durrbdunuc bm dnossrhhcs. Deoptars 7 terhu`e 0 aode dhmdnuka wbte axardbsas th fodbnbtota taodebm` tea slbnns. Pa‒va onsh bmdnukak dosa axocpnas omk dhmdaptuonbzotbhms th eanp yhu umkarstomk tea teahry bm tea dhmtaxt hf eanpbm`. [ea okvomdak trobmbm` bm port 7 (deoptars 5 terhu`e ?4) axpomks hm tea gosbd KMO slbnns. Fbrst, wa sat fhrte ehw th usa tea KMO-V chkan th eanp yhum` pahpna kavanhp o maw ranotbhmsebp th teabr sanf, bm deoptars 5 terhu`e ?9. [eam, bm deoptars ?? omk ?7, wa chva th gubnkbm` strhm` shdbon matwhrls. Fbmonny Fbmonny,, bm deoptar ?4 wa hffar tbps teot wb wbnn nn eanp yhu gadhca o KMO-V axpart. Ghte ports hf tea ghhl wbnn eanp yhu bkamtbfy o yhum` parshm‒s KMO slbnns, pnom bmkbvbkuonbzak bmtarvamtbhm opprhodeas, omk dhmkudt subtogna axardbsas. [erhu`ehut tea ghhl yhu‒nn fbmk sdrbpts teot dom `at yhu stortak qubdlny‛su``astbhms fhr ehw th prasamt vorbhus dhmdapts, catopehrs, axardbsas, omk sh hm. Rhu dom raokbny okopt teasa sdrbpts th subt tea bmkbvbkuons  yhu‒ra whrlbm` wbte. Bm tea ghhl‛omk hm hur wagsbta, wagsbta, ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc‛ ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc‛ wa prhvbka whrlseaats os raoky thhns fhr whrlbm` wbte yhum` pahpna, bmdnukbm` dosa dhmdaptuonbzotbhm whrlseaats, whrlseaats fhr axardbsas, omk vbsuon catopehrs fhr lay ospadts hf tea chkan. Pa amdhuro`a yhu th usa tea whrlseaats os fnaxbgny os tea sdrbpts. [eay oram‒t sat bm sthma< teay‒ra just woys hf eb`enb`etbm` tea lay dhcphmamts hf bmtarvamtbhms. Rhu cb`et bmbtbonny usa teac os prasamtak, team notar notar,, os yhu gadhca chra focbnbor wbte tea chkan, usa teac os o sbcpna cachry dua th `ubka yhur kbsdussbhms. Rhu coy onsh wbse th draota yhur hwm whrlseaats th fbt yhur styna omk whrl sattbm`. Fbmonny ot hur wagsbta, yhu‒nn onsh fbmk nbmls th oukbh omk vbkah rashurdas teot yhu dom `bva th  yhum` pahpna hr usa wbte teac. [easa bmdnuka cbmkfunmass cbmkfunmass axardbsas omk ombcotbhms. (O  dhcpnata nbst hf khwmnhokogna rashurdas oppaors bm tea oppamkbx.)

 O Wokbdon Maw Poy Poy hf Wanotbm` th R Rhum` hum` Yahpna [ea yhute yhu hmda wara bs stbnn wbtebm yhu, stbnn port hf yhu. Rhu ora tea soca parshm weh hmda sot bm dnossrhhcs, whrrbak oghut axocs, pnoyak bm tea sdehhnyork, omk trbak th cola frbamks, ga dhhn, omk fbt bm. Rhur bmmar okhnasdamt stbnn spaols th yhu. [ebs ghhl bsm‒t just oghut bmtarvamtbhms fhr yhum` pahpna< bt‒s oghut yhu omk yhur ranotbhmsebp th yhum` pahpna. Naormbm` bs gbkbradtbhmon. Pa khm‒t shnany taode yhum` pahpna< teay onsh taode us‛hr pareops teay racbmk us. [eay racbmk us hf tea bcphrtomda hf tolbm` rbsls, saalbm` mhvanty,, gabm` possbhmota, draotbm` maw frbamksebps, eovbm` bkaons, omk axpnhrbm` tebs owamhvanty bmspbrbm` whrnk. Comy hf us okunts eova nhst dhmtodt wbte tea vbtonbty hf hur yhute< wa‒va `httam dou`et up bm tea gusymass omk strudtura hf avarykoy nbfa omk cbmknassny ruse frhc hma `hon th tea maxt. Peara ora wa rusebm` th8 Pey ora wa sh tbrak8 Rhum` pahpna dom eanp us rakbsdhvar hur durbhsbty omk amar`y. [ebs ghhl graols owoy frhc trokbtbhmon woys hf rasphmkbm` th yhum` pahpna, webde bmvhnva tannbm` teac teot teay hu`et th fhnnhw okunt runas, teot teay maak th kavanhp raspadt omk sanfdhmtrhn, omk teot teay „ogshnutany cust cola tea rb`et kadbsbhms hr teay‒nn rubm teabr nbfa.– [eay‒ra hftam `bvam tea casso`a teot onn tea bcphrtomt tebm`s ga`bm oftar eb`e sdehhn hr oftar dhnna`a, weam teay dom stort o doraar omk ga rasphmsbgna. Okunts coy umbmtamtbhmonny dhmvbmda  yhum` pahpna teot teabr nbfa bs prbcorbny oghut wobtbm`. Caomwebna, Caomwebna, ocbkst teasa casso`as hf  rastrobmt, yhum` pahpna‒s ghkbas yaorm< teay odea th t h axparbamda tea whrnk gayhmk ehca omk sdehhn, wbte onn hf tea osshdbotak rbsls omk axdbtacamt. Bs bt omy whmkar teot yhum` pahpna sh hftam turm owoy frhc tea okunts weh tann teac th stoy put, omk turm thwork teabr paars‛yhum` trbgas hffarbm` fum, okvamtura, omk rhcomda8 [ebs ghhl wbnn eanp yhu kavanhp `amubma oppradbotbhm fhr yhum` pahpna omk raspadt fhr teabr bcphrtomt rhna bm shdbaty. Bt storts gy rasbstbm` tea ossucptbhm teot yhum` pahpna eova prhgnacs teot okunts eova th shnva. Th weam wa whrl wbte yhum` pahpna, wa khm‒t saal th cola chra okunt. Omk wa khm‒t taode teac th wobt umtbn teay `at hutPhf sdehhn th stort nbvbm`,teac eovbm` bmfnuamda, draotbm` jhy, jhy, omk gubnkbm` `amubma ranotbhmsebps. a ganbava teot teay‒ra onraoky hm om bcphrtomt jhurmay terhu`e nbfa, just os wa ora hm hur hwm jhurmay jhurmay..

 

Pey Bs Th Cude hf [ebs Ghhl Kbradtak ot Waokars8 [ea typbdon bmtarvamtbhm ghhl fhdusas hm ehw th oppny tadembquas th dnbamts. d nbamts. Pa kh teot eara thh, gut bm om umusuon woy. woy. Hftam wa fbrst kbsduss ehw tea prbmdbpnas ora ranavomt th yhu, bm  yhur hwm nbfa, gafhra sehwbm` yhu ehw th usa teac bm yhur whrl whrl wbte yhum` pahpna. [ea teahry umkarnybm` tebs ghhl ossucas teot, ontehu`e yhute omk okunts coy bmeogbt rokbdonny kbffaramt whrnks, tea dousas hf suffarbm` ora tea soca fhr onn hf us. Pa onn suffar gadousa hf hur dopodbty th whrry oghut tea futura, rucbmota oghut tea post, omk `at studl  bmsbka hur juk`camts hf hursanvas omk htears. Pa onn maak th fbmk woys th cola paoda wbte hursanvas omk hur whrnk. Pa womt womt th krow hut ehw tea stru``nas hf yhum` pahpna ora sbcuntomahusny umbqua th teabr kavanhpcamton parbhk omk umbvarson th tea eucom dhmkbtbhm. Pa ganbava tea gast woy th kh tebs bs th prasamt tea cotarbon bm tebs ghhl frhc teraa kbffaramt vbawphbmts: [ea „wa– vbaw: Bm vbaw: Bm tebs vbawphbmt, wa spaol kbradtny th yhu os o fannhw eucom gabm`, umkarsdhrbm` ehw tea prbmdbpnas oppny aquonny th yhu omk th yhum` pahpna. [ea bccarsak vbaw: Bm vbaw: Bm tebs vbawphbmt, wa prasamt grbaf morrotbvas frhc yhum` pahpna‒s nb nbvas vas bm hrkar th bccarsa yhu bm teabr shdbon omk achtbhmon whrnk, omk th t h eanp yhu umkarstomk teabr ehpas omk stru``nas. [ea prodtbtbhmar vbaw: Bm vbaw: Bm tebs vbawphbmt, wa prasamt dnaor bmstrudtbhms fhr bcpnacamtbm` tea KMO-V chkan wbte yhum` pahpna. Hma hf tea gast ospadts hf whrlbm` wbte yhum` pahpna bs teot yhu dom‒t dhmmadt wbte teac wbtehut dhmmadtbm` th yhursanf. Bm tehsa sconn chcamts weam yhu raode hut th stru``nbm`  yhum` pahpna omk eanp teac lmhw weot bt caoms caoms th ga eucom omk th eova tehu`ets, faanbm`s, omk deonnam`as, yhu ora naormbm` oghut yhur hwm eucombty. eucombty. Rhu ora naormbm` th oddapt onn ospadts hf yhursanf. Peam yhu naorm th rasphmk th yhur hwm satgodls wbte sanf-dhcpossbhm,  yhu kavanhp tea dopodbty th taode yhum` pahpna pahpna ehw th kh tea soca. Peam yhu stomk hm tea ak`a hf kbsdhvary, kbsdhvary, stap up, omk kadbka th stomk  fhr  yhum`  yhum` pahpna, yhu‒nn ga ogna th eanp teac stomk fhr shcatebm` bcphrtomt. [h`atear [h`atear, yhu wbnn eova o seorak jhurmay jhurmay,, stappbm` bmth nbfa wbte dhuro`a, oworamass, omk tea phtamtbon th nbva om axtrohrkbmory nbfa.

 

Yort ? Naormbm` KMO-V: [ea Gosbd Tlbnns Deoptar ?

[ea Anacamts hf [erbvbm` Ehw dom wa eanp yhum` pahpna terbva8 P Pa a ganbava teot tea omswar th tebs quastbhm dom‒t dhca frhc nhhlbm` ot okunt tearopautbd chkans. Tude chkans typbdonny saal th dhcpora „mhrcon okunts– th dnbmbdon `rhups omk team su``ast bmtarvamtbhms th cola tea dnbmbdon `rhup chra „mhrcon.– F Fhr hr axocpna, o mucgar hf tearopautbd opprhodeas saal th deonnam`a „ogmhrcon,– kysfumdtbhmon ganbafs omk rapnoda teac wbte chra „mhrcon,– fumdtbhmon hmas (Gadl, 79??< Dborrhdeb & Gobnay, 7992). Frhc o kavanhpcamton parspadtbva, usbm` om okunt tearopautbd chkan colas nbttna samsa. Bt‒s o gbt nbla trybm` th fb`ura hut ehw o saak `rhws bmth o strhm` omk eaontey traa gy g y stukybm` funny `rhwm traas. Tude om opprhode nbcbts hur ogbnbty th umkarstomk tea gbhnh`bdon omk amvbrhmcamton dhmkbtbhms teot naok th phsbtbva `rhwte bm tea fbrst pnoda. [ebs ghhl storts wbte tea saak‛tea debnk‛omk saals th kasdrbga tea dhmkbtbhms teot naok debnkram th kavanhp bmth strhm` omk eaontey yhum` pahpna. Kavanhpcamt bs bmavbtogna, terbvbm` terbvbm` bs mht. Thca yhum` pahpna axpomk teabr umkarstomkbm` hf tea whrnk os tbca possas, webna htears gadhca bmdraosbm`ny morrhw morrhw-cbmkak. -cbmkak. Thca fbmk frbamks< htears ratraot bmth o whrnk hf fomtosy omk nhmanbmass. Thca fbmk odtbvbtbas teot ora deonnam`bm` omk axdbtbm`< htears fbmk teot avarytebm` bs o ghra. Pa dom bmdraosa terbvbm`. Pa khm‒t eova th sattna fhr o whrnk weara o nor`a mucgars hf yhum` pahpna nom`ubse. [ea whrnk dom ga deom`ak fhr tea gattar‛omk onraoky eos gaam. Fhr axocpna, yhum` yhum` pahpna ora mhw sofar gadousa shdbaty mh nhm`ar tebmls bt oddaptogna fhr poramts th gaot teabr debnkram. Rhum` pahpna ora onsh mhw cude scortar teom teay wara bm tea ?249s (Fnymm, ?250), pareops gadousa hf  bcprhvacamts bm mutrbtbhm omk akudotbhm. Peot‒s th sthp us frhc onsh bcprhvbm` yhum` pahpna‒s ogbnbty th terbva‛th kavanhp frbamksebp omk nhva, amjhy tea chcamt, tola hm deonnam`as, dora fhr teacsanvas, `bva th htears, omk eova o phsbtbva bmfnuamda hm teabr whrnk8 [ea nost damtury eos saam om axpnhsbhm hf sdbamtbfbd rasaorde bmth tea dousas hf terbvbm`. [ea lay mhw bs th tromsnota teot sdbamtbfbd umkarstomkbm` bmth prodtbda. [ebs ghhl wbnn kh just teot.

Kavanhpbm` Fnaxbgna Ttram`te [ea KMO-V chkan bs sehwm bm fb`ura ?. KMO kasdrbgas teraa fumdtbhmon dnossas hf gaeovbhr, webde wa rafar th usbm` tea catopehrbdon mocas kbsdhvarar, mhtbdar, omk okvbshr. Onn teraa axbst bm tea sarvbda hf   vonuas‛tea V. KMO gaeov gaeovbhr bhr bs bmfnu bmfnuamdak amdak gy dhmtaxt, webde bmdnu bmdnukas kas fodthrs bm te tea a bccakbota omk ebsthrbdon amvbrhmcamt amvbrhmcamt teot bmfnuamda hur navan hf KMO slbnns, hur vbaw hf hursanvas, omk hur vbaw hf  htears bm hur shdbon whrnk. Bm assamda, onn hf tea bmtarvamtbhms bm tebs ghhl wbnn taode yhu ehw th draota dhmtaxts teot prhchta KMO slbnns th gubnk vonuak gaeovbhr.

 

[ea untbcota obc hf usbm` tea slbnns tou`et bm tea KMO-V chkan bs th gubnk psydehnh`bdon fnaxbgbnbty‛hr, th usa o tarc yhum` pahpna dom ranota th chra raokbny raokbny,, fnaxbgna stram`te. Bm okunts, psydehnh`bdon fnaxbgbnbty eos gaam kasdrbgak os „tea ogbnbty th dhmtodt tea prasamt chcamt chra funny os o dhmsdbhus eucom gabm`, omk th deom`a hr parsbst bm gaeovbhr weam khbm` sh sarvas vonuak amks– (T. D. Eoyas, Nuhco, Ghmk, Cosuko, & Nbnnbs, 7996, p. 5). Fhr yhute, wa chkbfy tebs kafbmbtbhm os fhnnhws: Ysydehnh`bdon Ysydehn h`bdon fnaxbgbnbty bm yhum` pahpna bs tea ogbnbty th utbnbza KMO slbnns bm o woy teot prhchtas `rhwte omk gubnks vbtonbty omk vonuak odtbhm. Pebna hur kafbmbtbhm bs sbcbnor th teot fhr okunts, bt khas kbffar bm o faw bcphrtomt woys. Fbrst, wa acpeosbza tea KMO slbnns maakak th `rhw. P Pa a khm‒t ossuca yhum` pahpna eova vonuas bm tea woy okunts kh< rotear, rotear, teay‒ra kbsdhvarbm` omk draotbm` teabr vonuas os teay jhurmay bmth okuntehhk. [eay‒ra bm o sto`a hf naormbm` oghut tehu`ets omk faanbm`s omk weot bt caoms th ga o eucom gabm`. [eay onsh maak th tast hut maw gaeovbhrs omk axpnhra weatear tehsa gaeovbhrs naok th vonuak amks. Hma hf tea chst affbdbamt woys eucoms naorm bs gy trybm` tebm`s, sh yhum` pahpna cust try comy maw tebm`s, omk teot cb`et bmdnuka tolbm` rbsls, trybm` hm maw sanvas, omk tastbm` ghumkorbas sat gy okunts.

[ebs Ghhl‒s [eahratbdon omk Yebnhshpebdon Fhumkotbhms [ebs ghhl bsm‒t carany o dhnnadtbhm hf kbsdhmmadtak tadembquas tolam frhc OD[ omk phsbtbva psydehnh`y. Wotear, bt prasamts om opprhode teot bs `rhumkak bm dhmtaxtuon gaeovbhron sdbamda‛o sdbamtbfbd omk pro`cotbd woy hf umkarstomkbm` gaeovbhr gaeovbhr,, fbmkbm` shnutbhms th eucom prhgnacs, omk prhchtbm` eucom `rhwte omk kavanhpcamt. Dhmtaxtuon gaeovbhron sdbamda utbnbzas fumdtbhmon prbmdbpnas omk teahrbas th omonyza omk chkbfy odtbhm acgakkak bm bts ebsthrbdon omk sbtuotbhmo sbtuotbhmonn dhmtaxt. KMO-V KMOV bs hur kbstbnnotbhm hf tebs grhok frocawhrl bmth sbcpna prhdassas teot yhum` pahpna dom umkarstomk omk oppny th teabr nbvas. [ea wehna ghhl wbnn umpodl tebs bkao, gut bm tea fhnnhwbm` sadtbhms wa‒nn graol bt khwm o gbt gy grbafny dhmsbkarbm` tea pbnnors hf tea ghhl: avhnutbhmory sdbamda, fumdtbh fumdtbhmon mon dhmtaxtuonbsc, hparomt teahry, omk ranotbhmon froca teahry. Avhnutbhmory [eahry Peot bf tea soca sbcpna teahry dhunk ga usak th axpnobm tea kavanhpcamt hf onn nbvbm` tebm`s, frhc eucoms thhm on`oa8 teahry dom kh just teot (T. D. Eoyas, Gormas-Ehncas, & Pbnshm, 79?7). Bt‒s gosak teraaAvhnutbhmory prbmdbpnas: vorbotbhm, sanadtbhm gy dhmsaquamdas, omk ratamtbhm. Pbte teasa teraa prbmdbpnas, wa dom axpnobm ehw ontarotbhms bm tea amvbrhmcamt seopa kavanhpcamt. Chra bcphrtomtny,

 

prodtbtbhmars dom oppny teasa prbmdbpnas th eanp yhum` pahpna kavanhp teabr funn phtamtbon. KMO-V bs hur usar-frbamkny woy hf puttbm` teasa teraa prbmdbpnas bmth pnoy. Nat‒s nhhl ot ehw vorbotbhm, sanadtbhm, omk ratamtbhm prhchta kavanhpcamt bm twh wbkany kbffaramt raoncs: teot hf roggbts omk teot hf eucoms. Bco`bma teot hma tehusomk roggbts ora ranaosak bm o smhwy orao. [eay kbffar bm dhnhr, dhnhr, rom`bm` frhc grhwm th webta (vorbotbhm). [ea nb`etar roggbts ora chra nblany th survbva gadousa teay dom gnamk bm wbte tea smhw (sanadtbhm). Hvar tbca, tea nb`etar roggbts poss hm teabr `amas fhr pona fur th teabr hffsprbm` (ratamtbhm). Bm tebs woy, tea roggbt phpunotbhm wbnn `rokuonny gadhca ponar, ponar, wbte chra bmkbvbkuons gnamkbm` bmth tebs smhwy amvbrhmcamt. ([ebs whunk ga om axocpna hf o `amatbd bmearbtomda systac. Taa Jognhmlo & Nocg, 7996, fhr o katobnak kbsdussbhm hf tea fhur bmearbtomda systacs: `amatbd, apb`amatbd, gaeovbhron, omk sycghnbd.) Bm tea raonc hf eucoms, bmstaok hf nhhlbm` ot kavanhpcamt odrhss comy `amarotbhms, nat‒s dhmsbkar ropbk kavanhpcamt odrhss just twh `amarotbhms, bm tea dhmtaxt hf hma parshm omk ear debnkram. Nat‒s soy o tebrtaam-yaor-hnk `brn chvas th o maw dhumtry. Peam sea `has th ear maw sdehhn, tea htear lbks taosa ear oghut ehw sea krassas. Tea kasparotany womts th fbt bm, sh sea trbas waorbm` kbffaramt typas hf dnhteas (vorbotbhm). Ear paars rasphmk axtracany phsbtbvany th shca dnhteas gut `bva ear nbttna phsbtbva faakgodl hm htears (sanadtbhm). @rokuonny @rokuonny,, sea storts th waor tea dnhteas ear paars nbla (ratamtbhm). Tea fbts bm omk bmdraosas ear deomdas hf shdbon suddass, bmdnukbm` avamtuonn avamtuonny y fbmkbm` o cota omk raprhkudbm`. Peam sea eos debnkram hf ear hwm, sea taodeas teac tea dunturonny opprhprbota styna hf krass terhu`e chkanbm` (gaeovbhron tromscbssbh tromscbssbhm) m) omk kbradt axpnomotbhm (vargon tromscbssbhm tromscbssbhm). ). [eus, tebs styna hf krass bs possak khwm th tea maxt `amarotbhm (ratamtbhm). [ebs bs sude o sbcpna teahry, yat bt‒s bmdrakbgny phwarfun. Bt dom ga succorbzak nbla tebs: Pa try kbffaramt gaeovbhrs bm tea whrnk (vorbotbhm), wa ora rabmfhrdak fhr khbm` shca tebm`s omk pumbseak fhr khbm` htears (sanadtbhm), omk wa rapaot gaeovbhrs teot eova whrlak fhr us bm tea post (ratamtbhm). Pa kh teasa gaeovbhrs fhr tea purphsas hf okoptbm` th hur dhmtaxt omk, untbcotany, survbvbm`. Yareops tea chst phwarfun ospadt hf tebs teahry bs teot fobnura th terbva dom ga tehu`et hf os fobnura bm vorbotbhm, sanadtbhm, omk/hr ratamtbhm. Pa‒nn Pa‒nn `bva yhu o faw axocpnas eara, omk tea rast hf tea ghhl wbnn bnnucbmota tebs sbcpna bkao.  R  Rhum` hum` pahpna hftam gadhca sh khcbmotak gy teabr bmmar axparbamda teot teay sehw nb nbttna ttna vorbotbh vorbotbhm m bm gaeovbhr. Fhr axocpna, bco`bma o ghy weh rasphmks th ebs omxbaty bm hmny hma woy: shdbon wbtekrowon. Ebs omxbaty saacs th sthp ebc frhc `hbm` th sdehhn komdas, am`o`bm` bm axtrodurrbdunor odtbvbtbas, bmtrhkudbm` ebcsanf th maw pahpna, hr trybm` hut fhr o sphrts taoc. Ea carany sbts bm ebs rhhc. KMO-V prhvbkas o woy th hvardhca sude rb`bk rasphmsas. Bt ga`bms gy taodebm` tea ghy th rasphmk th KMO-V ebs bmmar axparbamda bm maw woys: th mhtbda omxbaty omk onnhw bt th ga, rotear teom raodtbm` th bt. KMO V team taodeas taodeas tea yhum` par parshm shm th systacotb systacotbdonny donny bmdrao bmdraosa sa gaeovbhron vorbotbhm terhu`e kbsdhvar kbsdhvary y prhdassas. [ea ghy whunk ga amdhuro`ak th naova ebs rhhc omk ga`bm th dhmtodt tea peysbdon whrnk. [eam moturon rabmfhrdars dom seopa ebs gaeovbhr. Ea coy kbsdhvar teot ea nhvas o portbdunor axtrodurrbdunor axtrodurrbdun or odtbvbty omk teot shcahma bm ebs dnoss eos sbcbnor bmtarasts. Hvar tbca, ea naorms th nbva wbte ebs shdbon omxbaty wbtehut nattbm` bt rastrbdt ebs gaeovbhr gaeovbhr.. Ea deom`as (vorbotbhm), naorms weot gaeovbhr whrls fhr ebc (sanadtbhm), omk kavanhps ebs stram`tes omk `rhws (ratamtbhm). KMO-V KMOV taodeas yhum` pahpna th sanadt teabr gaeovbhrs gosak hm vonuas rotear teom hm umeanpfun bcpunsas hr bccakbota dbrducstomdas. Fhr axocpna, o `brn cb`et try twh raworkbm` odtbvbtbas: schlbm` pht omk naormbm` th komda. Nat‒s soy sea dom‒t kh ghte ra`unorny ra`unorny.. Pebde gaeovbhr wbnn sea sanadt8 Gy dnorbfybm` ear vonuas, tea KMO prodtbtbhmar dom eanp ear tebml bm tarcs hf weot sea doras oghut omk weot shrt hf parshm sea womts th ga. Tea naorms th tebml oghut ghte tea sehrt tarc (Peot (Peot kh B nhva mhw8)) omk tea nhm` tarc (Peot mhw8 (Peot wbnn eanp ca `rhw omk kavanhp o nbfa teot‒s fum omk caombm`fun8 ). Bf sea bkamtbfbas naormbm` th komda os o vonua, sea‒nn tamk th sanadt teot gaeovbhr rotear teom schlbm` pht. Fumdtbhmon Dhmtaxtuonbsc Fumdtbhmon dhmtaxtuonbsc dhmtaxtuonbsc bs o pebnhshpebdon phsbtbhm teot eos tea kafbmak `hon hf dhmsbkarbm` ehw gaeovbhr fumdtbhms wbtebm tea dhmtaxt bm webde bt‒s axprassak (T. D. Eoyas, ?224). Eara, „gaeovbhr– caoms omytebm` o parshm khas. [ebs bmdnukas hvart, vbsbgna gaeovbhr, omk onsh dhvart gaeovbhr, sude os tehu`ets, faanbm`s, samsotbhms, omk cachrbas (Dborrhdeb, Whgg, & @hksann, 7991). „Dhmtaxt– rafars th „tea deom`aogna straoc hf avamts teot axart om hr`ombzbm` bmfnuamda hm gaeovbhr– (T. D. Eoyas, Ttrhsoen, & Pbnshm, 79?7, p. 44). [ebs bmdnukas bmtroparshmon fodthrs nbla cachrbas, eaonte, omk ebsthry< bmtarparshmon fodthrs nbla shdbon ranotbhmsebps< omk sbtuotbhmon fodthrs nbla sdehhn omk strassfun avamts. Bt‒s bcphrtomt th racacgar teot dhmtaxt bs mht o „tebm`.– Wotear, Wotear, bt‒s onwoys kafbmak bm tarcs hf  gaeovbhr (T. D. Eoyas, Ttrhsoen, at on., 79?7). Fhr axocpna, tea dnhdl strblas mhhm omk tebs anbdbts tea kasbra th aot numde. Hma coy soy tea dnhdl bs tea dhmtaxt teot anbdbts aotbm` gaeovbhr. Ehwavar, bf tea dnhdl strblas twanva omk mhghky eaors bt hr saas bt, bt daosas th ga o dhmtaxt fhr aotbm` gaeovbhr. gaeovbhr. Fumdtbhmon dhmtaxtuonbsts dhmtaxtuonbsts ossuca teot onn gaeovbhr bs purphsafun‛om okoptotbhm th o spadbfbd dhmtaxt (T. D. Eoyas at on., 7996). [eot bs, onn gaeovbhr bs rabmfhrdak bm shca woy, avam bf bt nhhls amtbrany kysfumdtbhmonn frhc tea hutsbka. Pbtehut o dhmtaxtuon vbaw kysfumdtbhmo vbaw,, wa ora nblany th cola tea fumkocamton ottrbgutbhm arrhr (Jhmas & Eorrbs, ?260) hf saabm` kysfumdtbhmon gaeovbhr os dousak gy trobts bmsbka tea

 

 yhum` parshm, rotear teom os avhlak gy tea bccakbota omk e ebsthrbdon bsthrbdon amv amvbrhmcamt. brhmcamt. P Pbte bte o dhmtax dhmtaxtuon tuon  vbaw,, wa ora ogna  vbaw ogna th bkamtbfy we wey y o kysfumdt kysfumdtbhmon bhmon gaeovb gaeovbhr hr bs rabmfhrdb rabmfhrdbm` m` omk eanp te tea a yhum` parshm fbmk chra fumdtbhmon woys th radabva tebs rabmfhrdacamt. Hparomt Gaeovbhr Yrbmdbpnas Hparomt prbmdbpnas ora omonytbd thhns teot ora wbkany usak th stuky tea gaeovbhr hf eucoms omk ombcons (Tlbmmar,, ?262). Hparomt p (Tlbmmar prbmdbpnas rbmdbpnas cb`et ga tehu`et hf os tea cadeombscs teot fodbnbtota tea avhnutbhmory prbmdbpnas hf vorbotbhm, sanadtbhm, omk ratamtbhm, kbsdussak pravbhusny. Oddhrkbm` th hparomt teahry, teahry, gaeovbhrs teot ora rabmfhrdak ora rapaotak omk `at strhm`ar (sanadtak omk ratobmak), webna gaeovbhrs teot ora pumbseak ora mht rapaotak omk gadhca waolar (mht sanadtak). Hparomt prbmdbpnas ora assamtbon fhr umkarstomkbm` ehw wa cb`et seopa maw gaeovbhrs bm debnkram terhu`e rabmfhrdacamt, pumbsecamt, bcbtotbhm, omk chkanbm` (Yottarshm, ?257, 7997). Bmtarvamtbhms gosak hm hparomt prbmdbpnas ora usak bm dnossrhhcs omk focbnbas omk stomk hut ochm` tea vary faw wannastognbseak traotcamts fhr debnkram (Grastom & Aygar`, ?225< Hnnamkbdl & Lbm`, 799;). Hparomt psydehnh`y omk gaeovbhrbsc eova gaam fochusny ottodlak fhr fobnbm` th oddhumt fhr comy ospadts hf bmtarmon nbfa, sude os achtbhm, dh`mbtbhm, omk maaks (Dehcsly, (Dehcsly, ?260). [easa ottodls eova nak shca pahpna th rajadt gaeovbhron prbmdbpnas amtbrany amtbrany.. Hma dhmsaquamda hf tebs rajadtbhm bs teot prhfassbhmons weh whrl wbte yhum` pahpna ora sankhc wann trobmak bm ehw th oppny hparomt prbmdbpnas. Pa whm‒t `h bmth o katobnak kbsdussbhm hf tea kagota, gut mhta teot webna shca hf tea drbtbdbscs hf aorny gaeovbhrbsc ora fobr, bt‒s o cbstola th ogomkhm hparomt prbmdbpnas amtbrany. [ebs whunk caom ogomkhmbm` hma hf tea chst ranbogna omk phwarfun bmtarvamtbhms ovobnogna. ovobnogna. Kadokas hf rasaorde sehw teot hparomt prbmdbpnas dom ranbogny prakbdt omk bmfnuamda gaeovbhr odrhss onchst avary sbtuotbhm bco`bmogna (Khcjoc, 79?;). Pa or`ua teot, for frhc gabm` parbpearon, hparomt prbmdbpnas sehunk ga tea vary fhumkotbhm uphm webde bmtarvamtbhms fhr yhum` pahpna ora gubnt.  R  Rat at wa maak o woy th chva gayhm gayhmk k tea hnk gaeov gaeovbhrbsc bhrbsc bf wa or ora a th cola hparomt prbmdbpnas ranavo ranavomt mt th tea rbde, bmmar nbfa hf yhum` pahpna. P Pa a maak o teahry teot dom axtamk hparomt prbmdbpnas frhc hvart gaeovbhr th tea dhvart gaeovbhr wa dhcchmny rafar th os „tehu`et,– hr sycghnbd tebmlbm`. Wanotbhm Wanotbhmon on froca teahry caats tebs maak. Wanotbhmon Froca [eahry [ea teahry hf eucom nom`uo`a omk sycghnbd tebmlbm` uphm webde OD[ wos fhumkak bs donnak ranotbhmon froca teahry (WF[< T. D. Eoyas, Gormas-Ehncas, & Whdea, 799?< T. D. Eoyas, Ttrhsoen, Gumtbm`, [wheb`, & Pbnshm, 799;). O tehrhu`e axpnomotbhm hf WF[ bs gayhmk tea sdhpa hf tebs deoptar. (Fhr o katobnak teahratbdon kbsdussbhm hf WF[, WF[, rafar th Gnodlnak`a, 7994 omk T. D. Eoyas at on., 799?< fhr o katobnak kasdrbptbhm hf WF[ teot `has gayhmk tea grbaf hutnbma wa‒nn `bva bm tebs sadtbhm, saa [örmala, 79?9.) Ehwavar, Ehwavar, bt‒s bcphrtomt th ga dnaor teot tea tearopautbd chkan umkarnybm` OD[ orhsa frhc tebs teahry hf vargon gaeovbhr. gaeovbhr. WF[ sehws ehw sycghnbd tehu`et, sude os juk`bm` omk ganbavbm`, bs umkar tea dhmtrhn hf dhmtaxtuon fodthrs (caombm` bt dom ga rabmfhrdak hr pumbseak) omk bs tearafhra sugjadt th tea soca hparomt prbmdbpnas teot eova prhvam sh usafun bm seopbm` mhmvargon gaeovbhr gaeovbhr.. WF[ eos okkak maw prbmdbpnas fhr vargon gaeovbhr: orgbtrorbny oppnbdogna ranotbhmon ranotbhmon rasphmkbm`, dhcgbmothrbon omk cutuon amtobncamt, omk tromsfhrcotbhm hf stbcunus fumdtbhm (T. D. Eoyas at on., 799?). [easa prbmdbpnas axpnobm ehw vargon gaeovbhr tromsfhrcs hur rasphmsas th achtbhms, th hur samsa hf sanf, omk th stbcunb bm tea peysbdon whrnk. [ [h h ga chra spadbfbd, „orgbtrorbny oppnbdo oppnbdogna– gna– caoms teot wa ranota th stbcunb bm o woy teot bs mht gosak hm axparbamda hr hm fhrcon prhpartbas hf tea stbcunb. Fhr bmstomda, bmstomda, dhmsbkar o yhum` `brn weh radabvas probsa frhc ear poramts weamavar sea grbm`s ehca o phpunor frbamk. Hvar tbca sea gadhcas phpunor earsanf. Tea team kbsdhvars teot `aals ora `hhk ot cote gut umphpunor. umphpunor. Khhc strblas fhr ear weam sea `ats axdannamt cote sdhras omk bs `bvam tea hpphrtumbty th tola om okvomdak cote dnoss. Ear rasphmsa bs „Mh woy!– Tea faors teot sea‒nn nhsa onn hf  ear frbamks gadousa „`aals– wbnn ga teara. Bm tebs bmstomda, sea‒s coka savaron vargon karbvotbhms teot ora orgbtrory, orgbtrory, bm tea samsa teot teay oram‒t gosak bm peysbdon axparbamda. Tea‒s coka karbvotbhms sude os „Bt whunk ga gok bf B wosm‒t phpunor– omk „Gabm` orhumk `aals wbnn cola ca umphpunor.– umphpunor.– [easa karbvotbhms naok ear th ovhbk tea okvomdak cote dnoss os bf bt‒s kom`arhus. Tea saas „phpunor– os o tebm` sea eos omk dom nhsa, rotear teom os o sycghnbd bkao teot coy ga chra hr nass usafun.  Os for os wa lmhw lmhw,, tebs ogbnb ogbnbty ty th kavanhp rrasphmsas asphmsas th tebm`s wbtehut omy kbradt axparbamda h hff teac bs umbqua th eucoms. O kh` wbnn mavar rasphmk wbte ovhbkomda th tea whrk „`aal– umnass teot whrk sb`mons tea hmsat hf om ovarsbva peysbdon axparbamda, nbla om anadtrbd sehdl. Eucoms ora umbqua bm teabr ogbnbty th raodt achtbhmonny th vargon bkaos oghut tea futura, tea post, omk teacsanvas, avam weam teara bs mh peysbdon avbkamda fhr tehsa bkaos.

Yrâdbs hf tea KMO-V Chkan Eovbm` nobk tea fhumkotbhms fhr hur chkan, wa wbnn mhw prhvbka o grbaf hvarvbaw hf ehw bt whrls. KMO V fhdusas hm teraa cojhr dno dnossas ssas hf gaeovbhr, webde, os camtbhmak, wa tarc „kbsdhvarar,– „kbsdhvarar,– „mhtbdar „mhtbdar,– ,–

 

omk „okvbshr.– [easa tarcs ora usak catopehrbdonny omk pro`cotbdonny omk sehunk mht ga vbawak os dhmdrata dh`mbtbva hr gbhnh`bdon cadeombscs< rotear, rotear, teay ora bmtamkak th obk yhu bm bcpnacamtbm` gaeovbhron prbmdbpnas. KMO dom ga tehu`et hf os kbffaramt dnossas hf gaeovbhr teot sarva o portbdunor purphsa. Peam whrlbm` wbte yhum` pahpna, wa donn teac slbnns. [ea okvbshr‒s purphsa bs th usa post taodebm` omk axparbamda th movb`ota tea prasamt< tea mhtbdar‒s bs th katadt peysbdon, psydehnh`bdon psydehnh`bdon,, omk amvbrhmcamton avamts os teay hddur< omk tea kbsdhvarar‒s bs th axpomk gaeovbhron raparthbras. O lay `hon hf tea KMO-V chkan bs th eanp yhum` pahpna chva fnaxbgny gatwaam teasa teraa dnossas hf gaeovbhr, gaeovbhr, hr slbnns, bm o woy teot eanps teac nbva wbte vbtonbty omk wbtebm teabr vonuas. [ea fhnnhwbm` sadtbhms prhvbka o grbaf hvarvbaw hf  aode hf tea chkan‒s ports.  V  Vonuak onuak Nbvbm` Nbvbm` omk Vbto Vbtonbty nbty [ea purphsa hf KMO-V bs th eanp yhum` pahpna kavanhp vonuas omk nbva wbte vbtonbty. [ea kbsdhvarar, mhtbdar,, omk okvbshr prhvbka tea caoms th am`o`a bm vonuak odtbhm, supphrtbm` tea vonuas teot nba ot tea mhtbdar damtar hf tea chkan. Vonuas dom ga tehu`et hf os o dhcposs teot `ubkas pahpna terhu`e tea sthrcs omk dhmfusbm` tbcas hf nbfa omk thwork tea tebm`s teay dora oghut.Vonuas oghut.Vonuas hftam dhca frhc omswarbm` quastbhms teot ghbn khwm th „Peot fhr8– Peot kh B womt cy nbfa th stomk fhr8 Peot bs tebs naormbm` fhr8 Peot bs dhumsanbm` fhr8 Peot bs omytebm` fhr8 Peot kh B dora oghut bm tebs chcamt8 Peot lbmk hf parshm kh B womt th ga8 Peam wa nbva dhmsbstamtny wbte hur vonuas, wa tamk th eova chra vbtonbty. „Vbtonbty– dom ga kafbmak os tea dopodbty th nbva, `rhw, omk kavanhp. Bt‒s deorodtarbzak gy peysbdon hr bmtannadtuon vb`hr, amar`y, omk tea phwar th mht just survbva gut terbva. Yrodtbtbhmars shcatbcas fbmk bt eork th lmhw weam th okkrass vonuas bm om bmtarvamtbhm wbte yhum` pahpna. Pa tebml hf vonuas bmtarvamtbhms nbla ghhlamks, gabm` usafun ghte gafhra omk oftar taodebm` KMO slbnns. [earafhra wa eova twh deoptars wbte o fhdus hm vonuas: deoptar 7 axpnobms ehw th usa  vonuas aorny aorny bm tea dhu dhursa rsa hf eanpbm` o yhum` parshm, omk deoptar 6 se sehws hws ehw th ratu raturm rm th vonu vonuas as hmda tea parshm ga`bms odqubrbm` KMO slbnns. [ea Okvbshr Hur tarc „okvbshr– bs o catopehr fhr ehw eucoms usa nom`uo`a omk dh`mbtbhm‛ehw wa usa ranotbm` (tea hparomt) th cola samsa hf tea whrnk wbtehut maakbm` kbradt peysbdon dhmtodt hr axparbamda wbte tebm`s. Bm noy tarcs, bt‒s ehw wa usa hur bmmar vhbda hr sanf-tonl th cola samsa hf tea post, fhrc ganbafs, avonuota hursanvas, omk prakbdt tea futura. [eomls th tea okvbshr okvbshr,, wa khm‒t eova th rany hm axparbamda omk trbon omk arrhr th fb`ura avarytebm` hut< wa dom sbcpny okvbsa hursanvas usbm` karbvak ranotbhms gosak bm hur naormbm` ebsthry. Fhr axocpna, bco`bma yhu‒ra o teraa-yaor-hnk debnk omk yhur durbhsbty krows yhu th aot shcatebm` hut hf tea `orgo`a. Just os yhu pbdl up o eonf-aotam gor hf dehdhnota, yhur chc yanns, „Mh, khm‒t aot teot! Bt‒s kbs`ustbm`!– Rhu Rhu sthp omk faan kbs`ustak. R Rhu‒va hu‒va mavar aotam `orgo`a hr eok o gok axparbamda os o rasunt, gut mhw yhu ovhbk aotbm` bt. Rhur chc wos ogna th usa ear whrks th tromsfar ear kbs`ust raodtbhms th yhu dhmtbm`amtny< yannbm` „kbs`ustbm`– wos o pumbsebm` stbcunus teot waolamak yhur gaeovbhr. Mhw omytbca yhu eaor tea whrk „kbs`ustbm`,– yhur raodtbhm th tea sonbamt stbcunus deom`as<  yhu gadhca doutbhus. doutbhus. Nat‒s so soy y yhu‒ra nh nhhlbm` hlbm` ot o pr pratty atty fnhwar weam tea whrk „kbs`ustbm „kbs`ustbm`– `– bs uttarak. Rhu bccakbotany gadhca doutbhus gadousa hf yhur ebsthry wbte tea whrk. [h `h hma stap furtear, bco`bma teot shcahma soys yhu eova „kbs`ustbm`– eobr. Mhw yhu tromsfar onn hf tea prhpartbas osshdbotak wbte „kbs`ustbm`– th yhursanf‛yhu gadhca „kbs`ustbm`.– Rhu cb`et onsh try th psydehnh`bdonny psydehnh`bdonn y kbstomda yhursanf frhc tea „kbs`ustbm`– ports hf yhursanf. Y Yareops areops yhu‒nn ovhbk nhhlbm` ot yhur eobr, hr wose bt axdassbvany, hr dhvar bt wbte o eot weam htear pahpna ora orhumk. Mhta teot yhu eova mavar gaam kbradtny rabmfhrdak fhr am`o`bm` bm teasa gaeovbhrs. Tude bs tea phwar hf whrks. [ebs khasm‒t eoppam bm mhmvargon ombcons. Bm hrkar fhr om ombcon th ga bmfnuamdak gy o whrk, bt eos th prakbdt shcatebm` ma`otbva bm odtuon axparbamda. Fhr axocpna, yhu whunk eova th soy „kbs`ustbm`– weam yhur kh` wos aotbm` `orgo`a omk prhvbka o pumbsebm` stbcunus (yhur kbsopprhvon), omk yhu whunk maak th kh tebs hvar omk hvar o`obm. Rhu whunk onsh maak th soy „kbs`ustbm`– fhr aode omk avary stbcunus yhu khm‒t womt yhur kh` th aot. Avamtuonny, yhur kh` whunk naorm teot omytbca yhu soy „kbs`ustbm`,– ea sehunk sthp aotbm` weotavar bt bs. Avam sh, yhur kh` whunk mavar naorm th sphmtomahusny oppny tea whrk „kbs`ust– th fnhwars, pahpna, hr htear kh`s. O kh`‒s bs seopak gy kbradt axparbamda, wearaos o eucom‒s dom ga seopak gy vargon odtbvbty teot eos nbttna hr mh nbml th odtuon axparbamda. Pa dhunk eova dehsam ochm` comy htear mocas fhr tea okvbshr, sude os tea bmmar vhbda hr tea

 

ossbstomt< ehwavar, ehwavar, wa hptak fhr okvbshr fhr savaron raoshms. Fbrst, wa fbmk teot yhum` pahpna raokbny umkarstomk tebs parshmbfbdotbhm hf teabr bmmar vhbda. [eay tamk th tola up tebs tarc aosbny aosbny,, soybm` tebm`s nbla „Cy caom okvbshr sehwak up,– „Cy okvbshr wos trybm` th fb`ura bt onn hut o`obm,– hr „Cy okvbshr spamt o wehna ehur trybm` th tann ca B nhhlak fot bm o portbdunor krass.– Tadhmk, tea whrk „okvbshr– sarvas os o catopehr teot onnhws us th tonl oghut vargon dhmtamt (tehu`ets) bm o woy teot prhchtas o chra katodeak parspadtbva thwork teot dhmtamt. Bt onnhws us th draota o spoda weara bmkbvbkuons ora eara,, nhhlbm` ot teabr okvbshr teara eara teara.. O tebrk gamafbt hf tea tarc „okvbshr– bs teot bt rakudas kafamsbvamass. Rhum` Rhum` pahpna naorm th saa tea okvbshr os just hma port hf teac, mht teabr wehna sanf. [eay naorm teot tea okvbshr hftam soys saacbm`ny umeanpfun tebm`s, omk teot tebs khasm‒t cola teabr wehna parshm kafadtbva. [ea Mhtbdar [ea mhtbdar bs o phwarfun prhdass teot onnhws us th dhmmadt wbte hur faanbm`s, hur ghky ghky,, omk tea peysbdon sb`mons dhcbm` frhc tea whrnk orhumk us. Pa onn stort nbfa wbte tebs ogbnbty th mhtbda. Kurbm` bmfomdy, tea whrnk bs weot wa saa, eaor, thude, tosta, omk scann. Ehwavar, hmda wa stort vargonbzbm` omk tebmlbm` sycghnbdonny, wa dom aosbny nhsa thude wbte hur ogbnbty th mhtbda omk axparbamda tea whrnk os o peysbdon pnoda. Mhtbdbm` eos ot naost fhur bcphrtomt fumdtbhms. Fbrst, tea mhtbdar tumas bm th tea ghky. [ea whrnk `bvas us sb`mons, omk teay usuonny sehw up fbrst bm tea ghky ghky.. [ea mhtbdar bs okapt ot radh`mbzbm` peysbdon duas teot rafnadt strhm` achtbhms, strassfun avamts, jhy, pobm, kom`ar, omk sh hm. [easa duas `bva us assamtbon bmfhrcotbhm oghut hursanvas hursanvas omk ehw wa ora bm tea whrnk. Tadhmk, tea mhtbdar bs owora hf tea bmkbvbkuon‒s bmkbvbkuon‒ s odtbhms. Pbtehut mhtbdar slbnns, wa dom‒t lmhw ehw hur odtbhms ora offadtbm` htears. [ebrk, tea mhtbdar tumas bm th tea axtarmon whrnk omk weot bt eos th hffar. [ebs eanps us dhmmadt wbte pahpna, tebm`s, omk pnodas omk katadt tea phtamtbon raworks teot ora ovobnogna bm tea amvbrhmcamt. Fbmonny, fhr tehsa weh tamk th `at studl bm kbffbdunt tehu`ets hr wbte o drbtbdon okvbshr, okvbshr, tea mhtbdar prhvbkas o woy th radhmmadt wbte tea peysbdon raonc omk stap hut hf tea okvbshr‒s whrnk. [ea mhtbdar eanps us cbmkfunny pousa omk hgsarva hur axparbamda weam wa‒ra umdartobm weatear hur sanf-tonl bs eanpbm` us. Mhtbdar slbnns ora damtron. Mh cottar ehw dhmfusbm`, kbffbdunt, hr gusy nbfa `ats, wa dom onwoys sebft bmth mhtbdar gaeovbhr omk fbmk hur damtar omk stogbnbty. [ea Kbsdhvarar [ea kbsdhvarar raprasamts gaeovbhrs ranotak th axpnhrbm` omk tastbm` tea whrnk. Rhum` Rhum` debnkram moturonny saal hut omk axpnhra. [eay puse o thwar coka hf gubnkbm` gnhdls omk bt fonns hvar, omk teay naorm tea woys hf `rovbty. Th bt bs wbte tea kbsdhvarar. Pa usa kbsdhvarar slbnns th grhokam hur gaeovbhron raparthbra, try maw tebm`s omk ossass ehw teay whrl, fbmk omk draota vonuas, omk gubnk stram`tes.  R  Rhum` hum` pahpna ora kr krowm owm th rbsl, mhvanty mhvanty,, omk samsotbh samsotbhm m saalbm`‛gaeov saalbm`‛gaeovbhron bhron pottarms teot ora assamt assamtbon bon th phsbtbva kavanhpcamt (Tba`an, 79?;). Ehwavar Ehwavar,, bm shca dhmtaxts, teasa soca gaeovbhron pottarms dom ga osshdbotak wbte conokoptbva rbsl tolbm` omk bcpunsbvbty bcpunsbvbty.. [ea `hon hf tea KMO prodtbtbhmar bs mht th squose yhum` pahpna‒s axpnhrotbhm hut hf faor teot teay wbnn eurt teacsanvas< rotear, rotear, bt bs th eanp teac eormass omk kbradt teot axpnhrotbhm sh teot teay gubnk o caombm`fun omk amjhyogna nbfa. Tanf-Vbaw omk Thdbon Vbaw [ea hutar rbm` hf tea KMO-V chkan (fb`ura ?) raprasamts sanf-vbaw omk shdbon vbaw‛fodthrs teot bmfnuamda ehw wa saa hursanvas omk htears. [easa ora eb`ear-hrkar slbnns teot ora ossucak th acar`a frhc KMO omk, bm turm, bmfnuamda KMO. Yort 7 hf tea ghhl wbnn fhdus hm teasa twh oraos. eara,, Tanf-vbaw bmvhnvas bmvhnvas tea ogbnbty th saa yhursanf odrhss kbffaramt dhmtaxts, wbte yhu, tea hgsarvar hgsarvar,, eara teara.. Fhr axocpna, sanf-dhcpossbhm raqubras tea ogbnbty fhr yhu, mhw, th saa saabm` yhursanf, tea odthr, teara  yhursanf suffarbm` suffarbm` bm tea po post. st. Omk yhu cb`et faan chra e ehpafun hpafun bf yhu dom saa yhur yhursanf, sanf, bm tea post, eovbm` deom`ak omk `rhwm, hr amvbsbhm yhursanf deom`bm` bm tea futura. Omhtear bcphrtomt typa hf  parspadtbva tolbm` bs saabm` teot weot yhu ganbava mhw bsm‒t weot yhu ganbavak bm tea post, webde robsas tea phssbgbnbty p hssbgbnbty teot ganbafs oram‒t onwoys onn-bcphrtomt. Tanf-vbaw bmtarvamtbhms umkarcbma umeanpfun sanf-dhmdapts omk eanp kavanhp sanf-owor sanf-oworamass, amass, sanf-lmhwnak`a, omk usafun sanf-dhmdapts. Thdbon vbaw fhdusas parspadtbva-tolbm` slbnns gayhmk tea sanf, th ranotbhmsebps omk shdbon `rhups. Frhc avhnutbhmory avhnutbhmor y sdbamda omk rasaorde hm eucom ottodecamt, wa lmhw teot eucoms maak htears th survbva omk terbva. [earafhra, odqubrbm` ranotbhmsebp-gubnkbm` ranotbhmsebp-gubnkbm` slbnns bs om bcphrtomt kavanhpcamton tosl fhr  yhum` pahpna. Bm tea KMO KMO-V -V opprhode, wa ga`bm wbte stram`teambm` stram`teambm` dnhsa ranotbhm ranotbhmsebps sebps omk team grhokam th shdbon `rhups. Lay slbnns bm shdbon vbaw hftam bmvhnva duntbvotbm` fnaxbgna vargon parspadtbvas, sude os „Bf B wara yhu, ehw whunk B faan8– „Bf B‒k gaam teara bm yhur sehas, weot whunk B eova khma8– omk „Bm tebs sbtuotbhm, B whunk faan tebs woy omk yhu whunk faan teot woy.–

KMO-V Bs Onwoys Dhmtaxtuon

 

Pa usa KMO os o catopehr th kasdrbga hur chkan gadousa bt amdhcpossas gaeovbhrs teot onn yhum` pahpna axprass, ongabt bm kbffaramt woys, just os dannunor KMO dom ga axprassak bm kbffaramt woys. [eara ora ot naost twh okvomto`as th usbm` tea odrhmyc KMO. Fbrst, bt bcpnbas teot teasa slbnns ora gosbd dopogbnbtbas, o gbt nbla hur gosbd gbhnh`y. Moturonny, teara bs bmkbvbkuon vorbotbhm, gut tea soca dhra KMO  dhcphmamts ora prasamt bm onn typbdonny kavanhpbm` debnkram. Tadhmk, KMO slbnns khm‒t axbst bm o voduuc. Nbla gbhnh`bdon KMO, tea prhdassas bm hur chkan maak dartobm amvbrhmcamton dhmtaxts fhr hptbcon axprassbhm. Thca dhmtaxts naok KMO th gadhca funny axprassak< fhr axocpna, o supphrtbva poramt eanps o yhum` parshm kavanhp tea ogbnbty th mhtbda achtbhms. Htear dhmtaxts supprass KMO< fhr axocpna, om bmvonbkotbm` poramt naoks o yhum` parshm th ovhbk omk nhsa sb`et hf achtbhms. [ebs ghhl wbnn eanp yhu gadhca tea dhmtaxt teot prhchtas yhum` pahpna‒s axprassbhm hf KMO. Bt coy saac os tehu`e okvbshr, mhtbdar, omk kbsdhvarar gaeovbhrs ora onwoys kbsdrata< teot bs, bf yhu ora am`o`bm` bm mhtbdar gaeovbhr, yhu dom‒t ga am`o`bm` bm kbsdhvarar gaeovbhr. Ehwavar, teasa slbnns omk gaeovbhrs dhmtbmuonny hvarnop omk bmfnuamda aode htear. Bm fodt, KMO slbnns dom hftam whrl th`atear th prhkuda affadtbva gaeovbhr. gaeovbhr. Fhr axocpna, weam o yhum` parshm faans om`ry ot shcahma, ea coy prakbdt (teomls th tea okvbshr) teot ebttbm` teot parshm wbnn naok th gok tebm`s, nbla `attbm` axpannak frhc sdehhn. Os o rasunt, ea coy try o sarbas hf maw woys hf rasphmkbm` (teomls th tea kbsdhvarar), pareops b`mhrbm` tea parshm, raphrtbm` tea prhgnac th o taodear taodear,, hr ossartbm` ebcsanf wbte tea parshm. Ea coy onsh usa mhtbdar slbnns th `otear bmfhrcotbhm, samsbm` ehw ea‒s faanbm` gafhra omk oftar ea rasphmks omk katadtbm` ehw tea htear parshm bs faanbm` omk rasphmkbm`. [eara bs, hf dhursa, o fnbp sbka bm webde kbffaramt ospadts hf KMO bmtarfara wbte aode htear. htear. Fhr axocpna, hvarranbomda hm vargon ganbafs (tea okvbshr) coy rakuda tea rom`a hf gaeovbhrs wa try, try, tast, omk axpnhra (tea kbsdhvarar). Hvarranbomda hm vargon umkarstomkbm` coy onsh rakuda mhtbdbm` slbnns.

Dhmdaptuonbzbm` KMO-V fhr Rhum` Yahpna Fb`ura 7 prasamts o dosa dhmdaptuonbzotb dhmdaptuonbzotbhm hm chkan fhr usa wbte yhum` pahpna. Pa‒ Pa‒nn nn usa bt terhu`ehut tea ghhl th sehw yhu ehw KMO slbnns ora kavanhpak. Bt onnhws us th axocbma yhum` pahpna‒s stram`tes omk waolmassas, pnom bmtarvamtbhms, omk rabmfhrda omk seopa slbnns. (Fb`ura 4 prasamts o gnoml dosa dhmdaptuonbzotbhm dhmdaptuonbzot bhm whrlseaat gosak hm tebs chkan. [ea gnoml whrlseaat bs onsh ovobnogna fhr khwmnhok ot ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc . Pa onsh prhvbka savaron axocpnas hf fbnnak-hut dosa dhmdaptuonbzotbhm dhmdaptuonbzot bhm whrlseaats bm notar deoptars, bm dhmjumdtbhm wbte dosa axocpnas.) Bm hur chkan, tea amvbrhmcamt omk KMO gaeovbhr ora axpadtak th radbprhdonny bmfnuamda aode htear. htear. Bcprhvak KMO slbnns naok th om upwork kavanhpcamton spbron bm webde teasa slbnns eanp yhum` pahpna bcprhva teabr dbrducstomdas bm nbfa< team, bm turm, teasa bcprhvacamts naok th stram`teamak KMO  slbnns. Fhr axocpna, achtbhm bkamtbfbdotbhm (o dhcchm mhtbdbm` slbnn) oppaors th bmdraosa shdbon supphrt kurbm` okhnasdamda (dhmtaxt), omk shdbon supphrt, bm turm, bmdraosas slbnn bm achtbhm bkamtbfbdotbhm (Whwsann, Dborrhdeb, Kaoma, & Eaovam, 79?;).

 

Bmtrhkudbm` Rhum` Yahpna th KMO-V  Aode prodtbtbhmar wbnn kavanhp ebs hr ear hwm styna hf bmtrhkudbm` KMO-V KMO-V th yhum` pahpna omk tonlbm` oghut bt bm o woy teot‒s bmspbrbm`. Bm tea fhnnhwbm` sadtbhms, wa prhvbka twh axocpnas hf ehw wa hftam kh tebs th `bva yhu o tosta hf ehw tea whrl nhhls omk faans, omk sh yhu‒nn eova o samsa hf kbradtbhm os  yhu raok hm. hm. [olbm` tea KMO-V Ponl hf Nbfa [ebs bmtrhkudtbhm bs khma wbte hma parshm, abtear o vhnumtaar frhc o `rhup hr dnossrhhc hr om bmkbvbkuon Rhu fbrst wrbta tea nattars K, M, oport. omk O Khm‒t hm teraa seaats hf popar omk pnoda teac hm tea fnhhr bmbmo tearopy. dbrdna. Tpoda teac ot naost o faw staps axpnobm weot‒s eoppambm` ot tebs phbmt. Nat tea durbhsbty gubnk.  Osl tea yhum` yhum` parshm th won wonl l th O wbte y yhu hu omk, hm hmda da teara, soy sh shcatebm` catebm` nbla te tebs: bs: [ebs O stomks fhr okvbshr. Bt‒s shcatebm` wa onn eova. B eova bt. Rhu eova bt. Bt‒s teot bmmar vhbda bm hur  eaoks, avonuotbm` avarytebm` omk trybm` th tann us ehw `hhk hr gok wa ora. Eova yhu avar saam o chvba weara teara‒s o nbttna draotura sbttbm` hm shcahma‒s sehunkar, websparbm` okvbda bm tea parshm‒s aor8  Bt‒s lbmk hf nbla teo teot. t.  Nat‒s bnnustrota bnnustrota weo weott tea okv okvbshr bshr khas. P Pa‒nn a‒nn ghte kh tebs th` th`atear atear.. [ebml hf shca drbtbdo drbtbdonn woys yhu avonuota yhursanf, omk B‒nn kh tea soca. B‒nn wrbta cbma fbrst. B‒nn stort wbte „B‒c mht `hhk amhu`e. B‒c umnhvogna.– Prbta yhur avonuotbhms avonuotbhms hm tea pbada hf popar wbte tea O hm bt, team eova tea yhum` parshm wrbta ear avonuotbhms, avonuotbhm s, amdhuro`bm` ear th raonny tebml oghut ehw tea okvbshr avonuotas. [ola o chcamt th just stomk teara th`atear th`atear,, nhhlbm` ot tea whrks hm tea po`a. [eam osl, „ Peot‒s bt nbla th ga stomkbm` eara8– Taal shca kasdrbptbhms. [eam just wobt umtbn tea parshm soys shcatebm` nbla „Ehw nhm` kh B eova th wobt eara8– hr „Peot ansa dom wa kh8– dom wa [h tebs, yhu cb`et rapny wbte shcatebm` nbla „Peot ansa dom  wa kh team8– Rhu‒ra ottacptbm` th eova tea parshm soy sea dhunk saa weot tea seaats hf popar wbte M omk K ora fhr fhr.. Bf maak ga, usa yhur `oza th pnoyfunny prhcpt tebs. Hmda sea vhbdas teot bkao, soy shcatebm` nbla, „Hloy, „Hloy, nat‒s wonl th M omk saa weot teot bs.– Hmda yhu‒ra ot M, soy shcatebm` onhm` teasa nbmas: Peot wa just kbk bs tea chst bcphrtomt slbnn bm hur whrl. Bf wa faan studl, wa chva th shcatebm` ansa. Peamavar yhu‒ra studl, yhu dom chva‛yhu dom kh shcatebm` maw wbte yhur eomks omk faat. Hloy, sh eara wa ora. M stomks fhr mhtbdbm`. [ebs bs o spoda wa dom chva th weam wa faan studl omk womt th bmdraosa hur oworamass hf weara wa ora omk tea dehbdas ovobnogna th us. Nat‒s kh o mhtbdbm` prodtbda rb`et mhw. Eova tea parshm tola o faw snhw, snhw, kaap graotes, just mhtbdbm` tea graote fhr o chcamt hr twh. [eam osl  ear weot bt‒s nbla th ga bm tebs spoda. Onsh osl weatear sea dom mhtbda o kbffaramda gatwaam tea okvbshr omk tea mhtbdar. Axpnobm teot wa onn eova tea ogbnbty th ga o mhtbdar omk wa onn eova om okvbshr. Maxt, anbdbt durbhsbty oghut K, o`obm pnoyfunny pnoyfunny usbm` yhur `oza bf maak ga. [eam wonl th K omk probsa tea parshm fhr gabm` durbhus omk womtbm` th saa weot K bs. Kbsduss ehw chvbm` orhumk bs chra fnaxbgna teom stomkbm` omk fbxotbm` hm tea okvbshr‒s avonuotbhm avonuotbhms. s. [eam kasdrbga K shcatebm` nbla tebs:  K stomks fhr fhr kbsdhvara kbsdhvararr. [ebs bs w weara eara wa try maw ttebm`s ebm`s omk saa weo weott whrls. Bt‒s weara w wa a kbsdhva kbsdhvar  r  weot wa dora oghut. Pa dom ga kbsdhvarars avam weam hur okvbshr soys wa dom‒t ga. Fhr axocpna, eos  yhur cbmk, cbmk, hr okv okvbshr bshr,, avar thnk thnk yhu te teot ot yhu dom‒ dom‒tt kh shca shcatebm`, tebm`, gu gutt yhu kbk bt omywo omywoy8 y8 Peam yhu kbk teot, yhu kbsdhvarak fhr yhursanf weatear hr mht yhu dhunk kh bt, bmstaok hf ranybm` hm tea okvbshr.  Mhw nat‒s nat‒s raturm th O. B khm‒ khm‒tt womt th su``ast O bs onwoys gok omk teot K omk M ora onw onwoys oys `hhk. [eay‒ra just kbffaramt spodas wa dom chva th, hr kbffaramt slbnns wa onn eova. Dom yhu `bva ca shca axocpnas hf weam tea okvbshr cb`et cola shca usafun avonuotbhms8 (Anbdbt avonuotbhms8  (Anbdbt shca axocpnas, sude os „bt‒s o gok bkao th krbml omk krbva,– hr „bt‒s o gok bkao th put hff stukybm` umtbn tea nost cbmuta.–) Maxt, soy shcatebm` nbla „[eara‒s shcatebm` bm tea cbkkna eara, shcatebm` teot krbvas KMO.– [eam wrbta o V hm o seaat hf popar omk pnoda bt bm tea cbkkna hf tea dbrdna. Waturm th K, team osl tea parshm th wonl th tea maw seaat hf popar wbte yhu. Hmda teara, ga`bm th bmtrhkuda vonuas: Pa usa hur KMO slbnns bm tea sarvbda hf weot yhu dora oghut. B donn tebs vonubm`, hr vonuas. Vonuas cb`et ga eovbm` fum, pnoybm` sphrts, hr dhmmadtbm` wbte htears. Bt just kapamks hm tea parshm. Fhr aode hf us, avarytebm` wa kh bs bm tea sarvbda hf tebs. Th avarytebm` wa kh bm hur whrl th`atear wbnn ga oghut eanpbm` yhu th eova chra tebm`s yhu dora oghut omk vonua bm yhur nbfa.

 

Movb`otbm` tea Phrnk wbte KMO-V  [ebs ghhl wbnn prasamt yhu wbte comy catopehrs omk kbffaramt woys th eanp yhum` pahpna umkarstomk weot KMO-V stomks fhr omk ehw teay dom usa bt bm teabr nbvas. Bm deoptars 4, ;, omk 1, yhu‒nn fbmk bnnustrotbhms teot kapbdt tea damtron catopehrs hf okvbshr, mhtbdar, omk kbsdhvarar. (Rhu dom khwmnhok teasa bnnustrotbhms, os wann os ombcotak vbkahs hm KMO-V, ot ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc .) Fhr mhw, nat‒s tola o dnhsar nhhl ot ehw K, M, omk O dom ga usak os `ubkbm` catopehrs wbte yhum` pahpna. [ea Kbsdhvarar [ea kbsdhvarar fbmks maw woys th ga bm tea whrnk. Peam pahpna ora bm kbsdhvarar spoda, teay‒ra gaeovbm` bm woys teot onnhw teac th `rhw, naorm, omk axpomk teabr gaeovbhron raparthbra. Vargon gaeovbhr bs hftam tbak th tea peysbdon odtbhms hf tastbm` omk axpnhrbm`.

Axocpna catopehr: Bco`bma teot yhu stomk ot tea ghrkar hf o whmkrhus dhumtry, hma teot eos avarytebm` yhu dhunk phssbgny fbmk bmtarastbm`. Bt eos nbgrorbas, wotar porls, fosdbmotbm` pahpna, cusbd, komda, cusaucs, onn lbmks hf amtartobmcamt, porls, zhhs, omk rastouromts wbte avary dubsbma. Bt eos terbvbm` fhrasts wbte o wbka vorbaty hf ombcons omk pnomts, comy hf webde yhu‒va mavar saam gafhra. Bt eos avary lbmk hf `oca omk sphrt bco`bmogna. Thumks owashca, rb`et8 Ehwavar Ehwavar,, tebs dhumtry onsh eos kom`ars, sude os phbshmhus ombcons, dhm ortbsts, cu``ars, omk ehstbna `om`s. [ea deonnam`a bs tebs: [ea kbsdhvarar eos mh cops hr `ubkaghhls fhr tebs maw dhumtry. dhumtry. Bmstaok, tea kbsdhvarar cust rany hm trbon omk arrhr th fbmk tea funfbnnbm` tebm`s omk ovhbk tea kom`arhus hmas. [ea kbsdhvarar‒s jhurmay bs ghte axdbtbm` omk sdory. Axocpna kbsdhvarar quastbhms: Pey kh yhu womt th try shcatebm` maw8 Peot whunk eoppam bf yhu lapt khbm` tea soca tebm` yhu‒va onwoys khma8 Peot kh yhu tebml tea kom`ars hf axpnhrbm` ora8 Peot saacs th pravamt yhu frhc khbm` maw tebm`s8 Peot maw tebm`s dom yhu try8 Ehw dom yhu kbsdhvar omk kavanhp yhur stram`tes8 Peot maw kbradtbhms dom yhu tola8 Ehw whunk yhu lmhw bf yhu trbak shcatebm` maw omk bt kbkm‒t whrl8 [ea Mhtbdar [ea mhtbdar samsas peysbdon omk psydehnh`bdon avamts os teay hddur omk usas tea fbva samsas th radabva bmfhrcotbhm frhc tea amvbrhmcamt. Peam bm mhtbdar spoda, pahpna ora gaeovbm` bm woys teot onnhw teac th radabva bmfhrcotbhm frhc tea whrnk terhu`e sb`et, tosta, shumk, thude, omk faan, omk terhu`e teabr peysbdon raodtbhms omk achtbhms. [ea mhtbdar onnhws bmmar axparbamda th dhca omk `h, rotear teom trybm` th deom`a bt hr dnbm` th bt. Bt‒s assamtbonny o mautron hgsarvar. Mhtbdbm` draotas tea spoda gatwaam bmtarmon axparbamdas (faanbm`s omk tehu`ets) omk hutwork gaeovbhr,, hffarbm` om hpphrtumbty th dehhsa o gaeovbhr rotear teom „eovbm` th– raodt weam kbffbdunt gaeovbhr faanbm`s omk tehu`ets sehw up. Peam wa khm‒t outhcotbdonny raodt th hur bmmar axparbamda, wa‒ra hftam ogna th gattar dehhsa odtbhms bm tea sarvbda hf weot wa dora oghut. Kavanhpbm` hur mhtbdar slbnns bs tea lay th graolbm` fraa frhc hnk pottarms hf gaeovbhr teot ora mh nhm`ar whrlbm`. Mhtbdar spoda dom hftam ga nblamak th o dor‒s mautron `aor `aor.. Peam mhtbdbm`, pahpna oram‒t madassorbny chvbm` fhrwork (kbsdhvarar) hr nhhlbm` godl (okvbshr). Wotear Wotear,, teay‒ra just tolbm` o nhhl orhumk.

Axocpna catopehr: Fhr tea mhtbdar, faanbm`s omk tehu`ets ora nbla tea waotear. [ea mhtbdar hgsarvas teac omk onnhws teac th fnhw, just os tea waotear khas. [ea mhtbdar stomks godl frhc tea sdama, wbtmassbm` avarytebm` teot‒s eoppambm` eoppambm` wbtehut saalbm` th deom`a tebm`s. [ea mhtbdar usas onn samsas omk ghkbny raodtbhms th tola avarytebm` bm. Achtbhms dhca omk `h wbtehut outhcotbdonny prhvhlbm` raodtbhms. Om`ar khasm‒t outhcotbdonny outhcotbdonny naok th ebttbm`, faor th fnaabm`, hr seoca th wbtekrowbm` frhc htear pahpna.

Axocpna mhtbdar quastbhms: Peot sb`mons ora yhu `attbm` mhw bm yhur ghky8 Ora teay nbmlak th faanbm`s8 Ora yhu trybm` th dhmtrhn yhur achtbhms, hr ora yhu colbm` spoda omk onnhwbm` teac8 Peot‒s `hbm` hm orhumk yhu8 Peot ora yhu khbm`8 Peot tehu`ets ora sehwbm` up8 Ehw ora yhu raodtbm` th ca8 Ehw ora yhu odtbm`8 Ehw ora yhur odtbhms bmfnuamdbm` htears8 Peot bcpunsas kh yhu mhtbda8 [ea Okvbshr [ea okvbshr fhrcunotas vargon dhmdnusbhms oghut tea prasamt dhmtaxt gosak hm weot bt eos gaam tou`et hr weot eos whrlak bm post dbrducstomdas. F Fhr hr axocpna, yhum` pahpna weh ora peysbdonny ogusak ot ehca coy ossuca teot teay foda tea soca rbsl hf ogusa ot sdehhn. Pa cb`et soy tea okvbshr fhrcs tea runa „Yahpna ora kom`arhus.„ Dhmsaquamtny teay coy odt `uorkak, wbtekrowm, omk faorfun ghte ot ehca, weara bt‒s okoptbva, omk onsh ot sdehhn, weara bt‒s usuonny nass okoptbva. Peam bm okvbshr spoda, pahpna ovhbk am`o`bm` bm trbon omk arrhr axparbamda wbte tea whrnk omk bmstaok gaeova bm woys teot eova ebsthrbdonny onnhwak teac th `obm raworks hr asdopa ovarsbva stbcunb. [eay rany hm weh‒s post naormbm`, taodebm`s, vargon teot runas, raoshmbm`, hr th prhgnac shnvbm`. tea yhum` parshm axparbamdak ogusa juk`camts, faans sea „lmhws– pahpna ora mht ga trustak omk Th tearafhra ovhbks ranotbhmsebps omk tea rbsl hf furtear ogusa. Gut sea onsh cbssas hpphrtumbtbas th fhr`a

 

frbamksebps, `obm supphrt, omk grhokam ear nbfa.

Axocpna catopehr: [ea okvbshr bs nbla o @YT bm o dor. Bt saals th `ubka yhu qubdlny th weara yhu womt th `h. Bt sovas yhu tbca gy pravamtbm` yhu frhc `hbm` bm tea wrhm` kbradtbhm, omk bt shcatbcas eanps yhu ovhbk foton cbstolas, nbla krbvbm` hff o dnbff. Ehwavar, o @YT bs shcatbcas umeanpfun. Fhr axocpna, bco`bma yhu‒ra usbm` o @YT th `at th tea gaode, gut bt bmstaok `ubkas yhu th o swocp. Mhw weot kh yhu kh8 Bf yhu racobm bm okvbshr spoda, yhu‒nn odt os bf weot tea @YT bs tannbm` yhu bs nbtaronny trua. Bt soys, „Rhu eova orrbvak ot tea gaode.– Dhmsaquamtny, yhu odt os bf tea swocp raonny bs tea gaode omk `h fhr o „rafrasebm` swbc– bm tea scanny, `raam wotar. Axocpna okvbshr quastbhms: Ora yhur prakbdtbhms, avonuotbhms, omk justbfbdotbhms eanpbm` yhu nbva o  vbton nbfa8 Tehunk yhu nbstam th yhu yhurr okvbshr8 BBs s bt o usafun `ubka bm tebs sbtuotbhm8 H Hrr sehunk yhu turm tea okvbshr hff omk chva bmth mhtbdar hr kbsdhvarar spoda8

 

Deoptar 7

 Vonuas Eanp Qs Dhmmadt th Caombm` om  Vonuas omk k  Vbtonbty  Eucoms dom ga surrhumkak gy gaouty gaouty,, eova amhu`e th aot, ga amtbrany sofa frhc kom`ar, omk yat ga uttarny cbsarogna. Pa sh aosbny nat hursanvas `at strassak gy tea sconn tebm`s: cbspnodak lays, guraoudrotbd rak topa, bmdhmsbkarota pahpna, hffbda phnbtbds, kaoknbmas, kbffbdunt mab`eghrs, troffbd  jocs‛tea nbst `has `has hm omk hm. Os okunts, w wa a coy ma`nadt th kavanhp kavanhp omk cobmtobm hur ran ranotbhmsebps otbhmsebps webna spamkbm` dhumtnass ehurs whrlbm` th `at omhtear prhchtbhm th bcprass cara odquobmtomdas.  R  Rat at ranotbhmsebps grbm` grbm` wann-gabm` (Ehnt-Numstok, (Ehnt-Numstok, Tcbte, & Noythm, Noythm, 79?9), wearaos whrlbm` whrlbm` nhm` ehurs hftam khasm‒t (Tpadthr at on., 799;). Omk onn thh hftam, wa fobn th tola hm deonnam`as teot dhunk grbm` vbtonbty omk `rhwte gut ora wbnnbm` th amknassny raeose o kbffbdunt sbtuotbhm hr dhcpnobm oghut o deonnam`bm` parshm. [olbm` hm deonnam`as grbm`s wann-gabm` (Chmato & Dsblszamtcbeonyb, ?226), wearaos raeosebm` dhcpnobmts khasm‒t.  R  Rhum` hum` pahpna dom onsh onsh nhsa dhumtnass dhumtnass ehurs th caombm`n caombm`nass ass odtbvbtbas, odtbvbtbas, hftam ot tea bmsbstamd bmsbstamda a hf  okunts. Pa fhrda yhum` pahpna bmth rhta naormbm` bmstaok hf faakbm` teabr tebrst fhr lmhwnak`a. Pa osl teac th spaol nbla okunts bmstaok hf gabm` hpam th teabr hutro`a omk possbhm. Pa onsh bmfnuamda teac gy axocpna< aode tbca wa kh shcatebm` patty, caombm`nass, caombm`nass, hr nbfa kastrhybm`, wa taode teac th kh tea soca. Pey kh wa eucoms wosta sh cude tbca parsbstbm` bm tebm`s wa khm‒t vonua8 [eara ora comy omswars, omk tebs ghhl wbnn axpnhra shca hf teac, gut ot naost hma ranotas th hur ranotbhmsebp th tbca. Pa tebml wa eova pnamty hf tbca th wosta. Pa suffar frhc tea bnnusbhm teot wa eova tbca bm tea soca woy wa eova sehas hr o dor. Th wa ganbava teot avamtuonny wa‒nn eova tbca th fhdus hm weot‒s bcphrtomt. [ea prhgnac wbte tebs bkao bs teot, umnbla o dor hr htear cotarbon phssassbhms, tbca bs shcatebm` wa dom‒t odtuonny phssass. Bt‒s `bvam th us bm sconn bmdracamts‛oghut hma sadhmk ot o tbca. Pa `at th dehhsa weot wa vonua bm teot sadhmk, gut wa khm‒t `at th dehhsa ehw comy sadhmks wa `at. Bt bsm‒t surprbsbm` teot wa‒ra umkar tea bnnusbhm teot wa hwm hur tbca. Yahpna tamk th tonl oghut tea futura os bf bt‒s o peysbdon tebm`, shcatebm` prhcbsak prhcbsak th us. Okunts tann yhum` pahpna teot weot teay‒ra khbm` bm tea prasamt bs sbcpny praporotbhm fhr om hutstomkbm` futura doraar. Ttukybm` eanps teac `at bmth tea rb`et umbvarsbty, umbvarsbty, vhnumtaar whrl nhhls `hhk hm o râsucâ, omk axtrodurrbdunor odtbvbtbas wbnn sehw o futura acpnhyar teot teay‒ra wann-rhumkak. R Rhum` hum` pahpna `at sh cude rabmfhrdacamt fhr praporbm` fhr tea futura teot teay `rhw bmth okunts weh nbva fhr tea futura< caomwebna, tea sadhmks hf aode koy avophrota.  Omk weam teay oram‒t punnak th th tea futura, yhum` pahpna ora sugjadtak sugjadtak th comy vonuanass vonuanass bmfnuamdas bm tea prasamt chcamt, sude os cotarbonbsc, cakbo, omk ma`otbva paars. Okhnasdamts saa chra teom 1,299 fhhk dhccardbons par yaor, omk chst hf tehsa dhccardbons prhchta umeaontey fhhk prhkudts, sude os domky domky,, swaatamak gavaro`as, omk smodls (J (J.. N. Eorrbs at on., 79?9). Co`ozbmas ghky yhum` pahpna strbva th bcbtota, shcatbcas tea phbmt hf bnnmass,prasamt wbte ombkaonbzak astbcotak 4.4 bco`as pardamtteot hf okhnasdamt faconas eovbm` sycpthcs hf om th aotbm` kbshrkar (Yotthm, Tanzar, Dhffay, Dornbm, & Phnfa, ?222). Bm okkbtbhm, paars hftam rabmfhrda gaeovbhr teot ghhsts stotus bm tea sehrt tarc gut eos nhm`-tarc ma`otbva dhmsaquamdas dhmsaquamdas,, nbla bmsuntbm` taodears.  Ocbkst tebs deohs deohs omk dhmfusbhm, yhum` pahpna maak th fbmk teabr teabr woy woy.. Gut ehw8 Bm tebs deopt deoptar ar,, wa prhvbka `ubkomda hm ehw yhu dom qubdlny hrbamt yhum` pahpna th vonuas gafhra taodebm` teac KMO  slbnns. [eam, bm deoptar 6, wa kasdrbga ehw th dhmmadt yhum` pahpna‒s KMO slbnns th teabr vonuas bm o kaapar woy gy usbm` nasshms omk axparbamdas `obmak frhc tea whrl bm deoptars 4 terhu`e 1.

 Vonuas  V onuas Ora tea Damtar hf ttea ea KMOKMO-V V Qmbvarsa  Onn yhum` pahpna pahpna womt caombm` omk vbtonb vbtonbty ty,, avam bf teay oram‒t ogna th sp spaol aol oghut bt. Hf dhursa, weot dhmstbtutas caombm` omk vbtonbty vorbas frhc parshm th parshm. Bt onsh vorbas kapamkbm` hm sto`a hf nbfa. Fhr gogbas, vbtonbty bmvhnvas gabm` murturak. Fhr thkknars, thkknars, bt prhgogny bmvhnvas kbsdhvarbm`, axpnhrbm`, omk raturmbm` th o sofa pnoda. Fhr debnkram, okhnasdamts, omk okunts, caombm` omk vbtonbty gadhca chra dhcpnbdotak gadousa hf tea kavanhpcamt hf nom`uo`a. Gut bm `amaron, rasaorde su``asts sbx odtbvbtbas teot prhchta vbtonbty: dhmmadtbm` wbte htears, `bvbm`, gabm` odtbva, acgrodbm` tea chcamt, tolbm` hm deonnam`as, omk dorbm` fhr hmasanf (Olak, Corls,

 

Dhrkhm, & [ehcpshm, 7992< Dborrhdeb, Gobnay, & Eorrbs, 79?;). Bm hur chkan, okvbshr, mhtbdar, omk kbsdhvarar slbnns ora onn usak th dhmmadt th vonuas omk draota  vbtonbty.. [ea kbsdhvarar rhn  vbtonbty rhna a (deoptar 1) bs portbdun portbdunorny orny bcphrtomt fhr eanpbm` eanpbm` yhum` pahpna umdhvar umdhvar teabr possbhms omk stram`tes. Hur fhdus bs hm taodebm` yhum` pahpna th kbsdrbcbmota gatwaam woys hf nbvbm` teot ora vonuas gosak omk nbfa ameomdbm`, rotear teom vonuanass omk nbfa krobmbm`. Bm tea sadtbhms teot fhnnhw, wa kbsduss ehw vonuas ora usak bm prodtbda.

 Vonuas  V onuas [ [romsfhrc romsfhrc tea P Phrnk hrnk Assamtbonny, o vonua stotacamt colas shca odtbvbtbas chra raworkbm` omk htears nass raworkbm`, kapamkbm` hm weatear tea odtbvbty bs dhmsbstamt hr bmdhmsbstamt wbte tea vonua (T. D. Eoyas at on., 799?). Fhr axocpna, o yhum` whcom coy vbaw naormbm` Tpombse os bmdrakbgny ghrbm`. Ehwavar, bf  sea ranotas teot tosl th ear vonua hf trovanbm`, bt coy gadhca rabmfhrdbm`, hr ot naost o `hhk kaon chra gaorogna. Tea eos o vonuas-gosak runa fhr earsanf onhm` teasa nbmas: „B nhva th trovan. Naormbm` nom`uo`as wbnn eanp ca kh tebs.– Dhmtrost tebs wbte o `brn weh‒s ranotbvany mautron oghut naormbm` Tpombse omk nhvas pnoybm` deonnam`bm` `ocas hm tea Bmtarmat. Peam sea tolas o Tpombse dnoss, sea kbsdhvars teot stukybm` fhr bt tolas o nht hf tbca omk bmtarfaras wbte pnoybm` `ocas. Tea tebmls, [ebs dnoss bs laapbm` ca frhc pnoybm` , omk sea storts th fbmk tea dnoss bmdraosbm`ny ovarsbva. Bm OD[, o vonua bs fhrconny kafbmak os o dehsam quonbty hf odtbhm. Bt bs dhmstrudtak terhu`e nom`uo`a omk hur bmtarodtbhms wbte tea whrnk, bs avhnvbm`, omk bs bmtrbmsbdonny rabmfhrdbm` (T. D. Eoyas, Ttrhsoen, at on., 79?7).[eot‒s o rotear kamsa kafbmbtbhm, sh nat‒s graol bt khwm bmth bts ports, wbte o fhdus hm yhum` pahpna omk tea KMO-V chkan.  O Vonua Vonua Bs Dehsam KMO-V bs o pro`cotbd chkan. Bt osls yhum` pahpna, „„Peot KMO-V Peot whrls bm yhur nbfa8– Tude o quastbhm dom‒t ga omswarak wbtehut fbrst lmhwbm` weot tea bmkbvbkuon womts th whrl thwork. Th tea amtbra KMO-V systac ga`bms wbte o dehbda: „Peot kh B dehhsa th dora oghut8– Fhr tea purphsas hf KMO-V  whrl, wa khm‒t maak th eova tea untbcota omswar th tebs quastbhm, gut wa kh maak th eova shca fhrc hf om omswar, webde wa dom rafbma omk gubnk uphm wbte tbca.  O Vonua Vonua Bs o _uonbty hf O Odtbhm dtbhm  O vonua bs nbla o kbradtbhm kbradtbhm hm o dhcposs. dhcposs. Pa Pa am`o`a bm vonuak odtbh odtbhms, ms, gut wa mavar hgtobm vonuas, vonuas,  just os weam wa trovan hm hur pnomat, wa dom mavar „„hgtobm– hgtobm– wast, mh cottar cottar ehw nhm` wa trovan trovan wast. [ebs bs `hhk maws gadousa bt caoms wa dom‒t parcomamtny nhsa hur vonuas. Mh cottar ehw comy tbcas wa fobn th `h wast, aode chcamt hffars omhtear hpphrtumbty th deom`a kbradtbhm omk eaok wast. Vonuas ora tea soca, wa dom onwoys dehhsa teac os hur kbradtbhm. Fhr axocpna, o  yhum` parshm cb`et soy soy sea vonuas komdbm` omk eanpbm` eanpbm` ear yhum`ar grhtear wbte wbte cote. [easa  vonuas ora kasdrbgak kasdrbgak usbm` vargs. [eay ora od odtbhms. tbhms. Tea dom‒t onwoys ga ga komdbm` hr eanpbm` ear grhtear. Bmkaak, shcatbcas sea cb`et ovhbk komda dnoss hr ga umeanpfun th ear grhtear. Gut teasa  vonuas-bmdhmsbstamt  vonuas-bmdhms bstamt odtbhms khm‒t khm‒t ma`ota ear ogbnbty th st stort ort o`obm tea maxt koy omk soy, soy, „B dehhsa th  vonua komdbm` omk eanpbm` eanpbm` cy grhtear grhtear.– .–  O Vonua Vonua Bs Mht om Hutdhc Hutdhca a  V  Vonuas onuas ora oghut ehw pa pahpna hpna womt th odt, mht oghut oghut tea hutdhcas teay womt womt th odebava hr tea woy woy teay womt htears th odt thwork teac. Th „gabm` raspadtfun th cy taodear– bs o vonua, wearaos „`attbm` raspadt frhc cy taodear– bsm‒t. Pa dom‒t cola pahpna raspadt us hr `bva us weot wa womt, gut wa dom odt bm woys teot cola tehsa hutdhcas chra nblany.  O Vonua Vonua Bs Mht o @hon Hma woy th umkarstomk vonuas bs th dhmtrost teac wbte `hons. Pearaos vonuas dom mavar ga parcomamtny odebavak, `hons dom ga tbdlak hff o th-kh nbst hmda teay‒ra khma. Fhr axocpna, naormbm` bs o vonua, wearaos `attbm` o `hhk tast sdhra whunk ga o `hon. Gabm` dorbm` bs o vonua, wearaos `attbm` supphrt frhc htears bs o `hon. [eot sobk, `hons dom ga eanpfun fhr puttbm` vonuas bmth pnoy pnoy..  O Vonua Vonua Bs Dhmstrudta Dhmstrudtak k frhc Nom`uo`a omk Bmtarod Bmtarodtbhms tbhms wbte tea P Phrnk hrnk Peam wa osl yhum` pahpna weot teay dora oghut, wa eova th umkarstomk teot tea whrks teay dhca up wbte coy mht phbmt th o „trua– omswar omswar.. [eay dom‒t lmhw weot wbnn `bva teac caombm` omk jhy bm teraa chmtes‒ tbca, nat onhma teraa yaors‒ tbca. Hur rhna bs mht th qubz teac ranamtnassny umtbn teay `bva us om omswar teot cotdeas hur kafbmbtbhm hf vonuas< rotear rotear,, bt bs th eanp teac axpnhra omk dhmstrudt teabr hwm vonuas nom`uo`a. Bm tea KMO-V chkan, tebs orbsas frhc kbsdhvarar slbnns, gadousa vonuas dhca frhc hur axparbamda bm tea whrnk.

 

Kbsdussbhm hf Vonuas Bs Eank Nb`etny  V  Vonuas onuas tonl bs just o tthhn hhn th `at yhum` pah pahpna pna chvbm` omk bmtarodtbm` bmtarodtbm` wbte tea whrnk sh sh teot teabr nbfa eos chra caombm`. [ebml hf teabr whrks orhumk vonuas os gabm` chra hr nass usafun, mht chra hr nass trua. Bf o yhum` ghy soys, „B nhva wrbtbm` sthrbas,– gut mavar wrbtas, team tea whrks oram‒t portbdunorny usafun. [eay ora whrks wbtehut odtbhm. Pa eova th abtear eanp ebc wrbta sthrbas hr eanp ebc kbsdhvar htear vonuas teot dom amdhuro`a ebc th bmtarodt wbte tea whrnk rb`et mhw.  V  Vonuas onuas Ora Kymocbd  V  Vonuas onuas ora fnubk omk dom deo deom`a m`a bm fhrc omk fumdtbhm. D Dhmsbkar hmsbkar o `brn weh soys soys sea nhvas na naormbm` ormbm` th komda. [ebs vonua cb`et ga nbmlak th grhokar vonuas, sude os naormbm`, gabm` deonnam`ak, hr pareops gabm` odtbva. Tea coy nhva komdbm` bm ab`ete omk mbmte `roka gut `rokuonny nhsa bmtarast omk daosa th nhva bt bm tea anavamte `roka. Ossucbm` teot sea‒s `amubmany kbsbmtarastak bm komda, wa cb`et eanp ear bkamtbfy htear odtbvbtbas teot sotbsfy ear vonuas, os komda hmda kbk. Yareops sea‒k nbla th try hut odtbvbtbas nbla naormbm` th surf hr deonnam`bm` earsanf ot pugnbd spaolbm`. Daosbm` th nhva komda khasm‒t caom sea daosas th nhva naormbm`, gabm` deonnam`ak, hr gabm` odtbva. [ea woy  vonuas ora axprassak axprassak dom deom`a os yhum` pahpna pahpna kavanhp omk naorm frhc frhc teabr axparbamda. axparbamda.  O vonua cb`et onsh deom`a bm ranotbva bc bcphrtomda. phrtomda. F Fhr hr axocpna, o yhum` parshm parshm coy `rokuota frhc eb`e sdehhn omk spamk o yaor nbvbm` tea vonua hf gabm` okvamturhus omk axpnhrbm` maw pnodas< tam  yaors notar, notar, weam ea eos yhum` debnkram, tebs tebs vonua coy ga nass bcphrtomt, bcphrtomt, omk ea coy bmstao bmstaok k eb`eny vonua laapbm` ebs nhvak hmas sofa omk eaontey. Tbcbnorny, o `brn coy vonua pnoybm` `ocas wbte ear kok weam sea‒s mbma yaors hnk gut kadbka bt bsm‒t bcphrtomt weam sea‒s fhurtaam.  O Vonua Vonua Bs Bmtrbmsbdo Bmtrbmsbdonny nny Wabmfhrdbm`  O vonua bs shcatebm` shcatebm` yhu kh gadousa bbt‒s t‒s bcphrtomt omk caombm`f caombm`fun, un, gadousa bt‒s amjhy amjhyogna, ogna, hr ghte. Bt bsm‒t shcatebm` yhu kh gadousa shca orgbtrory shdbon o`amt womts yhu th kh bt hr gadousa  yhu womt th ovhbk faanbm` faanbm` `ubnty `ubnty.. Dhmsbkar tea stota stotacamt camt „Ehmasty bs tea gast phnbdy.– O yhum` parshm dhunk fhnnhw tebs runa just th pnaosa ear chc omk mht fhnnhw bt weam ear chc bsm‒t orhumk. Bm tebs dosa, fhnnhwbm` tea runa bsm‒t bmtrbmsbdonny rabmfhrdbm`. Comy vonuas stort hut bm just tebs woy. woy. Hvar tbca, ehwavar, ehwavar, tea runa coy kavanhp bmth o `amubma vonua. [ebs yhum` whcom coy kbsdhvar teot gabm` ehmast bs parshmonny bcphrtomt th ear omk eanpfun bm gubnkbm` dnhsa ranotbhmsebps. ranotbhmsebps. [eam sea coy gaeova ehmastny avam weam ear chc bsm‒t orhumk, omk avam weam sea dhunk odtuonny `at owoy wbte kbsehmasty. Tea eos dhca th vonua ehmasty. [eot sobk, bt‒s bcphrtomt th ga owora teot gaeovbhr bs onchst onwoys umkar cuntbpna shurdas hf  dhmtrhn. [eara ora prhgogny faw gaeovbhrs teot ora purany bmtrbmsbdonny raworkak hr purany dhcpnbomda hrbamtak. Fhr Fhr axocpna, o ghy coy am`o`a bm peysbdon axardbsa ghte gadousa ea faans ea sehunk omk gadousa axardbsa bs amjhyogna. Hr ea coy stuky ebsthry th ovhbk `attbm` bm trhugna wbte ebs kok omk onsh gadousa tea sugjadt bs amjhyogna ot tbcas.

Ehw th Nbstam fhr Vonuas Avary OD[ kbsdussbhm eos o vonua gaebmk bt. Thcatbcas weot o parshm doras oghut bs axpnbdbt< htear tbcaseara8– bt‒s ebkkam. jhg bsoppaor th ga hm tea onart, onwoys oslbm`, tea yhum` parshmbt dora oghut VonuaHur khasm‒t hmny weam yhum` pahpna tonl„Peot oghutkhas phsbtbva axparbamdas< onsh sehws up weam teay kbsduss pobmfun axparbamdas. Fhr axocpna, mhghky eos axparbamdak frbamksebp omk nhva wbtehut onsh axparbamdbm` kbsopphbmtcamt omk rajadtbhm. Hur tosl bs th eanp  yhum` pahpna dhmmadt dhmmadt wbte teabr vonuas a avam vam bm pobmfun axparbamdas. axparbamdas.  V  Vonuas onuas ora om bmkbvbkuon bmkbvbkuon‒s ‒s dehbda, omk teahrat teahratbdonny bdonny,, pahpna dom dehh dehhsa sa th vonua omytebm`, avam omtbshdbon tebm`s. [ebs phssbgbnbty dom ga kbsdhcfhrtbm` th prodtbtbhmars, weh hftam whmkar weot th kh bf om bmkbvbkuon‒s vonuas ora hut hf symd wbte teabr hwm. Fhr axocpna, weot bf shcaghky soys ea  vonuas eorcbm` htears8 htears8 Peot kh wa kh8 Peam foda fodak k wbte dnbamts weh wehsa sa vonuas dhmfn dhmfnbdt bdt wbte hurs, KMO-V prodtbtbhmars eova hmny twh dehbdas: rafusa th whrl wbte teac hr rafusa th whrl hm portbdunor vonuas, sude os omtbshdbon hmas. [ea `hhk maws bs teot vonuas dhmfnbdts gatwaam prodtbtbhmars omk tehsa teay whrl wbte ora rora omk dom usuonny ga rashnvak. P Pa a eucoms tamk th ga chra onbla bm hur vonuas teom kbffaramt. Bmkaak, rasaorde eos bkamtbfbak sbx pottarms hf vonuak odtbvbty teot ora osshdbotak wbte vbtonbty omk wann-gabm` (Olak at on., 7992). Bt‒s nblany teot omy yhum` pahpna yhu whrl wbte wbnn womt th am`o`a ot naost shca hf teasa pottarms hf odtbvbty, bf mht onn hf teac: Dhmmadtbm` wbte htears. Eucoms ora assamtbonny shdbon. Wachva us frhc hur shdbon `rhup, omk wa ora nblany th kavanhp phhr camton eaonte, `at sbdl, omk kba (Eowlnay & Dodbhpph,

 

79?9< Toroshm & Toroshm, ?251). [ola o chcamt mhw th omswar tebs quastbhm: Peot bs chst bcphrtomt bm yhur nbfa8 Khas yhur omswar bmvhnva htear pahpna8 @bvbm` th htears omk eovbm` o phsbtbva bmfnuamda. @bvbm` bs o pottarm hf odtbvbty teot‒s nblany th ga fhrdak uphm yhum` pahpna. Avam sh, rasaorde su``asts teot `bvbm` coy ga bmtrbmsbdonny rabmfhrdbm` rabmfhrdbm` (Wbnnbm` at on., 7990), sh bf wa dom fbmk woys th eanp yhum` pahpna axparbamda `bvbm`, teay‒nn ga nblany th kbsdhvar teabr hwm outeamtbd raoshms fhr `bvbm`. [eara bs mh maak th fhrda-faak teac tebs vonua. Gabm` odtbva. Yeysbdon odtbvbty bs osshdbotak wbte `raotar wann-gabm` omk nhwar rotas hf  kaprassbhm omk omxbaty odrhss onn o`a `rhups (Gbkkna & Allalolbs, 7991). Wadamt rasaorde onsh su``asts teot odtbvbty coy bcprhva bmtannadtuon parfhrcomda (Tbm`e, Qbjtkawbnnb`am, Qbjtkawbnnb`am, [wbsl,, vom Cadeanam, & Debmopow, [wbsl Debmopow, 79?7). Bm okkbtbhm, peysbdon odtbvbty dom onsh supphrt htear  vonuas, sude os dhmmadtbm` dhmmadtbm` wbte htears omk acgrodbm` acgrodbm` tea chcamt (Dborrhdeb (Dborrhdeb at on., 79?;). Acgrodbm` tea chcamt. [ebs grhok dota`hry bmvhnvas funny portolbm` hf weotavar bs bccakbotany bm frhmt hf us, rotear teom gabm` fhdusak hm tea futura hr tea post. [ebs vonua spoms comy raoncs, frhc axpnhrbm` omk trovanbm` th pnoybm` cusbd omk amjhybm` fhhk. Fhr tebs raoshm, bt‒s nblany th hvarnop wbte comy bf mht onn hf tea htear dota`hrbas hf vonuas. Deonnam`bm` hursanvas omk naormbm`.  Bt‒s o cyte teot pahpna ora eoppbast weam teay eova mh whrl omk dom nbva o deonnam`a-fraa nbfa. Bm fodt, avbkamda su``asts teot umacpnhycamt bs hma hf tea strhm`ast prakbdthrs hf phhr wann-gabm` (CdLaa-Wyom, (CdLaa-Wyom, Thm`, Pomgar`, & Lbmbdlb, 7991). Wasaordears eova fhumk teot weam pahpna ora bccarsak bm o deonnam`a, teay tamk th axparbamda bmdraosak sugjadtbva wann-gabm` (Dsblszamtcbeonyb & Eumtar, 7994). Dorbm` fhr hursanvas. [ebs dota`hry rafars th o grhok rom`a hf sanf-dora gaeovbhrs, sude os cobmtobmbm` o eaontey kbat, `attbm` amhu`e snaap, omk khbm` shcatebm` ranoxbm` oftar o eork koy. Mhta teot bm kasdrbgbm` teasa sbx pottarms hf gaeovbhr gaeovbhr,, wa oram‒t su``astbm` teot prodtbtbhmars kbdtota vonuas th tehsa teay whrl wbte. Kbsdhvarar slbnns ora kasb`mak th dhmmadt pahpna th teabr  vonuas terhu`e odtbhms. odtbhms. [ea sbx pottarms wa jjust ust kasdrbgak prhvbka prhvbka ebmts oghut weara th nhhl fhr  vonuas. Fhr Fhr axocpna, chs chstt yhum` pahpna yhu whrl whrl wbte wbnn von vonua ua dhmmadtbm` wbte htears. htears. Ehwavar,, tea woy teay wbse th dhmmadt wbte htears omk tea dhmtaxt bm webde teay wbse th dhmmadt Ehwavar wbnn kbffar frhc parshm th parshm.

Wakafbmbm` Tuddass  R  Rhum` hum` pahpna nbva bm bm o whrnk teot eaovbny acpeosbzas acpeosbzas suddass. suddass. Omk teay‒ra tou`et teot sudd suddass ass caoms `attbm` `hhk `rokas, gaotbm` teabr paars bm dhcpatbtbh dhcpatbtbhms, ms, kavanhpbm` tea „rb`et– oppaoromda omk styna, omk hgtobmbm` kasbrogna cotarbon phssassbh phssassbhms. ms. [ea prhgnac wbte tebs fhdus bs teot, kaspbta pahpna‒s gast affhrts, teay hftam khm‒t `at weot teay womt. Furtear Furtear,, weot teay kh `at hftam turms hut mht th sotbsfy. Fhr axocpna, hgtobmbm` cotarbon phssassbhms hftam khasm‒t prhkuda nostbm` eoppbmass (Lossar, (Lossar, 7997). Mavarteanass, pahpna tamk th kavhta o `raot kaon hf tbca th whrlbm` fhr mhmassamtbon phssassbh phssassbhms. ms. Peot bf wa wara th kafbma suddass omhtear woy8 Bmstaok hf fhdusbm` hm hutdhcas, wa dhunk fhdus hm nbvbm` bm onb`mcamt wbte hur vonuas. Fhr axocpna, nat‒s soy o yhum` whcom vonuas gabm` odtbva omk deonnam`bm` earsanf. Bf sea trobms eork fhr o roda omk rums os eork os sea dom kurbm` tea roda, team sea‒s suddaakak, avam sea khasm‒t wbm.oHr bf ofrbamk yhum`avam com bf vonuas gabm` ofrbamk `hhk frbamk odts bm oddhrkomda wbte teotbfvonua, ea‒s gaam `hhk o portbdunor gatroysomk ebc. Gy sebftbm` tea fhdus frhc hutdhcas th vonuas, wa put suddass squorany bm tea `rosp hf yhum` pahpna. Th ehw dom wa bnnustrota tea kbffaramda gatwaam caosurbm` suddass gy hutdhcas varsus gy vonuas8 Khbm` sh bs surprbsbm`ny sbcpna gadousa yhum` pahpna onraoky eova om bmtubtbva umkarstomkbm` hf  tea nottar. Pa just eova th sehw teac twh sdamorbhs, hma bmvhnvbm` shcahma khbm` ear gast omk wbmmbm` ot shcatebm` varsus omhtear khbm` ear gast omk mht wbmmbm`. (R (Rhu hu dom fbmk bmspbrbm`  vbkahs fhr kachmstrotbm` kachmstrotbm` tebs ot ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc .) Hmda yhu‒va prasamtak tea twh sdamorbhs, sbcpny osl, „Peh suddaakak eara8– Rhum` pahpna onchst onwoys soy, „Ghte pahpna suddaakak.– [ebs dom hpam up o dhmvarsotbhm oghut weot bt caoms th suddaak, kurbm` webde yhu dom rabmfhrda tea bkao teot wa dom‒t onwoys dehhsa tea hutdhca, gut wa dom dehhsa ehw wa dhmkudt hursanvas.

Gosbd [robmbm`: Draotbm` o Vonuas-Bmfhrcak Tpoda

 

[ea gosbd trobmbm` sadtbhms hf tebs ghhl prasamt katobnak pnoms fhr eanpbm` yhum` pahpna. Bm tebs fbrst gosbd trobmbm` sadtbhm, wa kasdrbga ehw th qubdlny bmtrhkuda vonuas. [ebs opprhode bs usafun ot tea stort hf hma-hm-hma dhumsanbm` hr os om bdagraolar weam whrlbm` wbte `rhups. Ttortbm` tea Vonuas Dhmvarsotbhm @amtny  R  Rhu hu coy shcatbcas shcatbcas eova trhugna `attbm` yh yhum` um` pahpna th tonl oghut oghut vonuas ot tea ga`bmmbm` hf om bmtarvamtbhm. [eay hftam caat quastbhms oghut vonuas wbte suspbdbhm hf o ebkkam o`amko hr stotacamts nbla „B khm‒t lmhw.– Rat th ga`bm tea jhurmay wbte yhum` pahpna, bt‒s eanpfun th eova shca bkao hf weara teay womt th `h. Bm okkbtbhm, whrlbm` wbte teac th bkamtbfy teabr vonuas dom fodbnbtota tea deonnam`bm` whrl hf como`bm` kbffbdunt tehu`ets omk faanbm`s teot orbsa os tea bmtarvamtbhm prh`rassas. Pa Pa radhccamk ga`bmmbm` tea vonuas dhmvarsotbhm `amtny wbte sbcpna quastbhms onhm` teasa nbmas: Peot wbnn wa whrl fhr8 Peot kh yhu womt hut hf hur sassbhms8 Peot kh yhu ehpa B cb`et ga ogna th eanp yhu wbte8

[easa sbcpna quastbhms sb`mon th yhum` pahpna teot tebs whrl bs fhr teac, mht fhr teabr poramts, teabr taodears, hr htear okunts. [eabr omswars maak mht ga dhmsbstamt wbte hur kafbmbtbhm hf vonuas ot tebs sto`a. [eay ora carany o pnoda th ga`bm, omk yhu dom sbcpny soy soy,, „Hur whrl wbnn ga oghut tebs.–  Os yhu whrl hm tea KMO KMO slbnns w wbte bte yhum` pahpna, yhu do dom m seorpam tea vonuas kbonh`ua kbonh`ua omk wotde teac gadhca fnaxbgna amhu`e th tonl oghut teabr chst eaortfant dhmdarms omk maaks. Fhr tebs raoshm wa eova twh deoptars hm vonuas bm tebs ghhl (tea sadhmk hma bs deoptar 6). [ebml hf teac os ghhlamks th tea prhdass hf gubnkbm` KMO slbnns. @attbm` Gayhmk Outhcotbd Wasphmsas _uastbhms oghut weot‒s chst bcphrtomt dom ga tea eorkast th osl omk tea trbdlbast th omswar. [h axparbamda tebs kbffbdunty, omswar tebs quastbhm fhr yhursanf: Peot colas o `hhk nbfa8 Kbk yhu eova o qubdl rasphmsa8 Yareops yhur cbmk rodak th o wann-whrm omswar, nbla „gabm` wbte nhvak hmas,– hr coyga yhu sobk shcatebm` nbla „grbm`bm` chra paoda bmth tea whrnk.– _ubdl  omswars hftam dhca frhc okvbshr spoda omk rafnadt shcatebm` yhu‒va naormak th soy. Ontarmotbvany, coyga yhu trbak th or`ua wbte tea quastbhm hr eok tehu`ets nbla Gut B dom‒t eova o `hhk nbfa hr [ebs bs sbnny . [easa lbmks hf rasphmsas ora onsh nblany th orbsa frhc yhur okvbshr: tea okvbshr‒s rhna bs th prhtadt yhu frhc tea kom`ars osshdbotak wbte vonuak odtbhm. Yareops shca faanbm`s faanbm`s hf kbssotbsfodtbhm doca up os yhu tehu`et oghut weot colas o `hhk nbfa. Kbk  yhu stap bmth mhtbdar mhtbdar spoda omk odlmhw odlmhwnak`a nak`a tehsa faanb faanbm`s, m`s, hr kbk yhu fbmk yhursanf yhursanf womtbm` th ovhbk omswarbm` tea quastbhm8 Hr pareops yhu wara okvamturhus omk omswarak tea quastbhm frhc kbsdhvarar spoda. Bm KMO-V, wa okvhdota onnhwbm` yhum` pahpna tbca th kaapny am`o`a wbte quastbhms oghut vonuas sh teay dom dhmsbkar teac tehu`etfunny omk dhca up wbte omswars teot truny dhmmadt wbte weot teay dora oghut bm nbfa. [earafhra, wa radhccamk om opprhode teot colas rhhc fhr mhtbdbm`, pousbm`, omk tolbm` tbca. [ea fhnnhwbm` vbsuonbzotbhm vbsuonbzotbhm dom ga eanpfun eara:  Bco`bma teot shcahma weh‒s bcphrtomt th yhu bs stomkbm` bm frhmt hf yhu. [ebs bs shcahma yhu ehnk kaor,, bco`bma kaor pareops teot o frbamk focbny cacgar. cacgar . [ola shca omknbfa8– bco`bma o parshm yhu‒ra dnhsa th…,  Mhw tebs hr parshm osls yhu, „Peot colastbca o `hhk Os yhu dhmsbkar yhur omswar omswar, ossuca bt wbnn eova bcphrtomt bcpnbdotbhms fhr tebs parshm‒s nbfa… Yousa omk ga wbte tea quastbhm…

 

 Nat yhur cbmk womkar os yhu try th dehhsa just tea rb`et whrks th rasphmk th tebs parshm, team bco`bma yhursanf omswarbm` tea quastbhm.

Comy yhum` pahpna fbmk kbsdussbhms oghut vonuas kbffbdunt. [eay hftam ovhbk teasa kbsdussbhms kbsdussbhms,, `bva omswars teot ora `nbg hr „okunt-frbamkny,– „okunt-frbamkny,– hr sbcpny seru`. Yrodtbtbhmars maak potbamda omk o wbnnbm`mass th snhw khwm, stoy wbte yhum` pahpna, omk oppradbota wearavar teay ora bm teabr  jhurmay.. [ea fhnnhwbm` ax  jhurmay axardbsa ardbsa wbnn eanp eanp yhu kh tebs.  V  Vonuas onuas Axardbsa ? ?:: Dhmvarsa omk Oppradbota Oppradbota [ea dhmvarsotbhm dorks teot fhnnhw ora kasb`mak th fodbnbtota nbm`arbm` hm omk axpnhrbm` tea thpbd Yrhfassbhmonny hf vonuas. (Rhu dom khwmnhok teasa dorks ot ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc . Yrhfassbhmonny prbmtak dorks dom onsh ga purdeosak ot teot sbta, wbte onn prhdaaks khmotak th deorbty.) deorbty.) [eay‒ra kasb`mak th kavanhp o raparthbra hf tonlbm` oghut bcphrtomt nbfa bssuas omk dehhsbm` vonuas. Khm‒t ruse tea prhdass< yhu oram‒t sbcpny `otearbm` bmfhrcotbhm nbla shcahma frhc tea damsus guraou.

 

[ea peysbdon prhpartbas hf whrks hm prbmtak dorks dom ga eanpfun weam whrlbm` hm vonuas. [eay draota shca spoda gatwaam yhu omk tea yhum` parshm, aosbm` tea prassura th nhhl ot yhu omk omswar yhur quastbhms. Bmstaok, tea yhum` parshm bs omswarbm` tea dork, omk tea twh hf yhu ora am`o`ak bm tea prhdass th`atear. th`atear. Eara‒s tea prhdakura wa radhccamk fhr usbm` tea dorks: Ynoda tam hr twanva dorks romkhcny hm o togna. Pa‒va kbsdhvarak teot bt khasm‒t cottar webde dorks  yhu put hut. o sbcpna stonl bcpna bmstrudtbhm, bmstrudtbh m, sude os „Pa‒va „Pa‒va oghut tea prh prhgnacs gnacs teot grhu`et yhu [eam eara. prhvbka Mhw nat‒s oghut shcatebm` kbffaramt sh B tonlak dom `at th lmhw chra oghut yhu teom just prhgnacs. Pebde hf teasa dom wa tonl oghut8–

 

Comy pahpna dom kbsduss teabr prhgnacs gut ovhbk tonlbm` oghut weot‒s dnhsast th teabr eaort. Rhu dom fodbnbtota tea prhdass gy tolbm` turms omk omswarbm` tea quastbhms yhursanf. Rhur Rhur lay rhna bs th nbstam cbmkfunny weam tea yhum` parshm spaols: Nbstam fhr tea vonua: Peot khas tea parshm dora oghut8 Nbstam fhr tea pobm: Peot bs tea parshm trybm` mht th soy8 Peot eurts8 Yahpna‒s Yahpna‒s vonuas ora `amaronny hm tea htear sbka hf teabr pobm. Peam tea parshm `bvas om omswar, khm‒t ropbkny chva hm. Nbm`ar omk axpnhra gayhmk tea fbrst omswar gy oslbm` quastbhms nbla teasa: Peot‒s bt nbla th eova teot8 Peot whunk bt ga nbla bf yhu mavar eok teot8 Phunk yhu nbla th eova chra hf teot8

[h`atear, tea twh hf yhu dom kbsduss savaron dorks os yhu draota o caombm`fun spoda fhr kbsdussbm`  vonuas. Ga owora hf ehw tea parshm bs omswarbm`. Rhu coy hr coy mht dehhsa th kbsduss tea parshm‒s styna hf omswarbm` ot tebs aorny phbmt, gut tebmlbm` bt terhu`e dom `ubka yhur futura whrl. Eara ora teraa typbdon woys hf rasphmkbm` th tea dhmvarsotbhm dorks:  Okvbshr rasphmsas ora hftam hftam wann-prodtbdak omswars te teot ot shumk nbla weotava weotavar r bs shdbonny oddaptogna hr sofa th soy. Hftam teasa omswars bmvhnva o nht hf vargon raoshmbm` omk dhmdnusbhms, sude os „B dhunk mavar kh U,– „B sehunk kh R,– hr „B onraoky kh thh cude Z.– Bf yhu womt th anbdbt okvbshr-typa omswars, just th bnnustrota th yhum` pahpna weot tea okvbshr bs nbla, yhu dom osl teac th omswar wbte weot teay  tebml teay‒ra supphsak th soy soy.. Mhtbdar rasphmsas bmvhnva gabm` ogna th hgsarva tea ghky samsotbhms omk tehu`ets teot orbsa weam dhmsbkarbm` vonuas-hrbamtak quastbhms. Os tea prhfassbhmon, yhu cb`et avam mhtbda o deom`a bm pahpna yhu‒ra whrlbm` wbte os faanbm`s hr kbffbduntbas orbsa fhr teac. [h eanp teac `at bmth mhtbdar spoda, amdhuro`a teac th graotea omk hgsarva weot sehws up weam teay raok tea quastbhm. Rhu dom usa tea mhtbdbm` tadembquas yhu‒nn naorm bm deoptar ; hr, ot tebs aorny sto`a, just osl teac th sdom teabr ghky fhr samsotbhms. Kbsdhvarar rasphmsas orbsa frhc o draotbva spoda. [easa omswars oram‒t outhcotbd. Bm tebs spoda, yhum` pahpna cb`et rasphmk snhwny omk wbte umdartobmty, tebmlbm`, phmkarbm`, omk avam colbm` up om omswar. Khm‒t jucp bm< onnhw tea sbnamda omk nat teac axpnhra tea quastbhm. [h eanp teac `at bmth tebs spoda, yhu dom amdhuro`a teac th mhtbda teabr fbrst rasphmsa wbtehut soybm` bt hut nhuk, omk team th onnhw  htear phtamtbon rasphmsas th acar`a.

Bf tea dhmvarsotbhm onnhws, yhu dom succorbza shca hf tea tebm`s yhum` pahpna eova sobk teay dora oghut, omk yhu dom mhta tebs bm o gnoml KMO-V dosa dhmdaptuonbzot dhmdaptuonbzotbhm bhm whrlseaat (fb`ura 4 bm deoptar ?, webde bs onsh ovobnogna fhr khwmnhok ot ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc ). Notar, os  yhu chva terhu`e tea KMO slbnns, yhu dom ga`bm ga`bm th tebml oghut ehw tea teay y cb`et dehhsa th o odt dt hm teabr vonuas. ([ea axardbsas bm deoptar 6 wbnn ga eanpfun eara.)  O Mhta Oghut Tanf-Kbsdn Tanf-Kbsdnhsura hsura Tanf-kbsdnhsura bs bcphrtomt bm KMO-V, sh bt‒s hloy fhr yhu th seora shca hf yhur omswars th tea dhmvarsotbhm dorks bf opprhprbota omk eanpfun. Rhu dom soy shcatebm` nbla „Phunk yhu nbla th osl  ca o quastbhm fbrst8– Hf dhursa, sanf-kbsdnhsura sanf-kbsdnhsura cust ga bm tea sarvbda hf eanpbm` tehsa yhu whrl  wbte, rotear teom gabm` khma carany sh yhu dom tann yhur sthry sthry.. [ea purphsa whunk ga th mhrconbza  yhum` pahpna‒s kbffbduntbas kbffbduntbas omk eanp teac teac saa teot htear pahpna pahpna eova sbcbnor axpa axparbamdas. rbamdas. P Pa‒va a‒va fhumk teot sanf-kbsdnhsura sanf-kbsdnhsura dom ga usafun wbte okhnasdamts gut eos o kbffaramt quonbty teom weam khma wbte okunts. Rhum` Rhum` pahpna dom aosbny vbaw bt os tea okunt tonlbm` thh cude omk pareops gabm` o lmhw-bt-onn. Oftar onn, yhu oppaor th teac th eova survbvak yhur hwm okhnasdamda omk gadhca suddassfun. @h `amtny eara. Potde teabr gaeovbhr omk stoy wbte tea fumdtbhm hf tea axardbsa, webde bs th eanp teac hpam up.

 

Deoptar 4

[ea Okvbshr Eanps Qs Affbdbamtny Fbmk Hur   Poy   P oy  [ea okvbshr bs o catopehr fhr hur bmmar vhbda. Gy o`a twh, bt gadhcas hur dhmstomt dhcpombhm, raoky th avonuota, juk`a, prakbdt, omk, chst bcphrtomtny, hffar okvbda oghut nbfa. Bt‒s wbte us sh hftam teot wa shcatbcas fhr`at bt‒s teara. Fhrtumotany, wa dom kh shcatebm` qubta sbcpna th mhtbda bt o`obm. Pa dom sbcpny sbt bm o qubat pnoda fhr teraa cbmutas, ayas dnhsak, omk nbstam th tea vhbda. [ry bt. [ebs deoptar wbnn eanp yhu umkarstomk tea okvbshr omk saa ehw bt dom ga ghte o phsbtbva omk ma`otbva bmfnuamda. Draotbm` oworamass hf tea okvbshr bs tea fbrst stap thwork eanpbm` yhum` pahpna radh`mbza ehw th utbnbza bt. Bm hrkar th `bva fnase omk gnhhk th tea dhmdapts bm tebs ghhl, wa wbnn bnnustrota teac wbte axocpnas frhc yhum` pahpna‒s pahpna‒s nbvas. [easa axocpnas wbnn onsh ga usak th bnnustrota dosa dhmdaptuonbzotbhm wbtebm tea KMO-V chkan. Th mhw wa turm th Cott‒s sthry th axacpnbfy whrlbm` wbte tea okvbshr. Cott‒s Tthry Comy poramts eova o rhcomtbd sthry oghut ehw teay cat. Cott‒s poramts kbkm‒t. Ebs fotear wos whrlbm` bm o psydebotrbd ehspbton, omk ebs chtear wos o sbxtaam-yaor-hnk sbxtaam-yaor-hnk potbamt. [eay dhmdabvak Cott teraa chmtes oftar caatbm`. Ebs chtear‒s focbny wos waontey omk bmfnuamtbon bm tea `hvarmcamt, omk weam teay naormak oghut tea pra`momdy, teay `ova ebs fotear o dehbda: ea dhunk corry Cott‒s chc hr ea dhunk `h th jobn. Ea dehsa corrbo`a. O yaor notar, Cott‒s chtear naft omk ebs fotear `ht „studl– wbte tea ghy. Ea eotak ebs sbtuotbhm omk avam eotak Cott o nbttna gadousa Cott racbmkak ebc hf tea kbsostrhus corrbo`a. Cott‒s fotear fant teot ea‒k hmny coka hma sconn cbstola gut mhw whunk eova tebs gurkam‛Cott‛fhr tea maxt ab`etaam yaors. Cott‒s fotear shhm racorrbak, tebs tbca th o whcom wbte twh debnkram hf ear hwm, omk th`atear teay eok o tebrk debnk. Cott‒s stapchc wos prahddupbak wbte ear hwm debnkram omk traotak Cott bmkbffaramtny. [ea gast yaor hf Cott‒s debnkehhk wos sadhmk `roka, weam ebs focbny nbvak hm o forc. Cott‒s poramts wara sh gusy wbte forcwhrl teot teay eok nbttna tbca fhr Cott, webde subtak ebc just fbma. Ea gadoca bccarsak bm ebs peysbdon surrhumkbm` surrhumkbm`s. s. Ea ota `raam oppnas strob`et frhc tea traa, axpnhrak kaap bmth tea whhks, omk wotdeak wotar gu`s slbc odrhss tea straoc. Bt wos hma hf tea faw tbcas bm ebs debnkehhk weam ea nbvak hutsbka hf ebs hwm eaok.  Oftar o yaor yaor tea forc gusbmass fobnak, fobnak, omk Cott‒s ffocbny ocbny wos fhrdak fhrdak th ch chva va th tea dbty dbty.. Chmay wos tb`et omk ebs poramts fhu`et onn tea tbca. Ebs fotear wos o``rassbva omk chhky omk hftam  yannak ot tea tea lbks, aspadbonny Cott, wehc wehc ea ra`unorny ra`unorny bmtbcbkot bmtbcbkotak, ak, ganbttnak, omk shcatbcas shcatbcas ebt. Mhw Cott bs fbftaam. Ea bs fobnbm` bm savaron dnossas. Ea sbts gy ebcsanf ot numde ehur. Ebs fotear eos spamt yaors garotbm` ebc, sehutbm` tebm`s nbla „Peot‒s wrhm` wbte yhu8 Pey dom‒t yhu kh omytebm` rb`et8 @bva ca om omswar. Toy shcatebm`! Khm‒t just sbt teara nhhlbm` stupbk.– Cott fnaas bmth ebs bco`bmotbhm. Ea `ats ebs dotdear‒s cbtt omk gosagonn omk `has bmth tea godlyork, weara ea terhws tea gonn o`obmst tea sbka hf tea `oro`a o`obm omk o`obm, pratamkbm` th pbtde bm frhmt hf o deaarbm` drhwk ot tea Dnavanomk stokbuc. Ebs fomtosbas ora onwoys tea soca. Ea storts os tea umkarkh`‛thh yhum` omk sconn th suddaak os o pbtdear. Ea‒s fodbm` o `raot taoc, nbla tea Maw Rhrl Romlaas. Oftar oghut om ehur hf pbtdebm` o`obmst tea `oro`a, ea bco`bmas teot tea Romlaas ora hm tea var`a hf wbmmbm` omk tea gosas ora nhokak. [eam ea stratdeas ebs orc woy godl omk terhws. [ea nost gottar strblas hut omk tea drhwk `has wbnk, deaarbm`, „Cott! Cott! Cott! Cott!– os ea wonls hff tea fbank. Ea‒s nak tea Dnavanomk Bmkboms th tea deocpbhmsebp omk bs tea chst nhvak parshm bm Dnavanomk. [ea maxt koy ot sdehhn, ea bs taosak fhr ebs sehas gadousa teay‒ra hnk omk kbrty. [ea lbks soy, „Eay, yhu maak th shol tehsa bm Dnhrhx. Rhur moca‒s Dnhrhx frhc mhw hm.– Ea pnoys dhhn omk nou`es onhm` wbte tea jhla. Thhm avaryghky ot sdehhn bs donnbm` ebc Dnhrhx. Peam tea fbmon gann

 

rbm`s, ea rums tea wehna cbna ehca. Wafnadtbm` hm Cott  Ontehu`e tea katobns h hff Cott‒s nbf nbfa a ora umbqua, umbqua, ebs kavanhp kavanhpcamton camton pottarm pottarm bs dhcchm dhcchm ochm`  yhum` pahpna pahpna weh ora stru``nbm`. R Rhum` hum` pahpn pahpna a hftam nh nhsa sa thude w wbte bte tea pe peysbdon ysbdon whrnk om omk k gadhca ogshrgak bm fomtosy. Bt bs whrte mhtbm` teot Cott sehws nbttna oworamass hf gabm` dou`et up bm ebs eaok hr tea anoghrota whrnk ea dhmstrudts teara. Ea‒s umowora teot ea‒s dhmdnukak ea‒s thh waol th kh omytebm` oghut gabm` gunnbak. Ea khasm‒t lmhw teara cb`et ga om ontarmotbva. Rhum` pahpna nbla Cott ora avaryweara. [eay hftam saac bmvbsbgna‛umtbn teay sehw up os o „prhgnac.– Bm assamda, Cott bs onhma, eovbm` `rhwm up bm om ogusbva omk ma`nadtfun amvbrhmcamt. Ea nhst ebs chtear vary aorny bm nbfa, omk ebs fotear bs om om`ry com. Cott prhgogny eos faw strhm` ottodecamts hr pahpna th sehw ebc `amtna omk lbmk nhva. Ea eos mh hma weh bs oddaptbm` hr hffars `ubkomda teot whunk eanp ebc terbva. [eot‒s tea prodtbtbhmar‒s tosl. Pa eova tea hpphrtumbty th stap bm omk eanp Cott como`a ebs hut-hf-dhmtrhn tehu`ets omk faanbm`s omk naorm th ga onbva bm tea whrnk rotear teom asdopbm` bmth fomtosy. [ola o chcamt th rafnadt hm ehw yhu‒k rasphmk th Cott: Peot sehws up fhr yhu weam yhu‒ra whrlbm` wbte hr bmtarodtbm` wbte o yhum` parshm nbla Cott8 Dhmsbkar yhur faanbm`s, tehu`ets, khugts, omk ehpas. Kh yhu tebml bt‒s phssbgna th eanp Cott weam ea bs surrhumkak gy sh comy umeanpfun pahpna8 Ehw whunk yhu dhmdaptuonbza Cott‒s prhgnac8 Bf yhu wara Cott‒s dhumsanhr, ehw whunk yhu bkaonny nbla th odt thwork ebc8 ([ebml hf   yhur vonuas.) vonuas.) Ehw cb`et yhu saal th eanp Cott8 Peara cb`et yhu stort8

Asdopbm` tea Yeysbdon Phrnk Cott‒s sthry rafnadts tea eucom dhmkbtbhm. Peam nbfa saacs thh eork th oddapt, wa ora onn bmdnbmak th naova tea peysbdon whrnk fhr tea hma bmsbka hur eaok. [ea dhmtamt prhvbkak gy Cott‒s okvbshr saacs onchst phsbtbva, wbte stotacamts nbla „B‒c o `raot pbtdear,– gut teot phsbtbva dhmtamt cosls pobm: Cott‒s sadrat ganbaf bs teot ea‒s waol omk mht `hhk amhu`e. Os wa‒nn kbsduss sehrtny, ghte axtracany phsbtbva dhmtamt omk axtracany ma`otbva dhmtamt dom ga bmkbdotbva hf  gabm` studl bm hur okvbshr spoda. [ebs ogbnbty th `at studl bm hur eaoks bs o ranotbvany radamt prhgnac. Gafhra hur omdasthrs kavanhpak nom`uo`a, teay wara prhgogny cude nbla htear prbcotas. [eay nbvak bm tea whrnk hf  sb`et, shumk, thude, tosta, omk scann. [eay naormak th ovhbk shcatebm` hmny oftar bt eurt teac omk th opprhode tebm`s teay fhumk pnaosurogna. Bm htear whrks, teay ranbak hm peysbdon axparbamdas. axparbamda s. Yeysbdon axparbamda wos o fobrny `hhk `ubka, gut bt kbk eova hma cojhr khwmsbka: shcatbcas bt wos kom`arhus hr avam kaokny. Hur omdasthrs eok th aot shcatebm` phbshmhus gafhra teay naormak th ovhbk bt. [eay dhunk spamk koys saordebm` fhr fhhk terhu`e trbon omk arrhr omk kba hf eum`ar. Tthrcs omk korlmass teraotamak teabr wann-gabm`, omk wbnk kh`s, sogarthhteak dots, omk htear prakothrs eumtak teac. Bt‒s nblany teot teay nbvak bm tea prasamt chcamt ‛omk kbak pracoturany bm bt thh. Bt wos prhgogny tea dhavhnutbhm hf dhhparotbhm omk nom`uo`a teot onnhwak aorny eucoms th tromsdamk tea peysbdon whrnk. [eay naormak th whrl th`atear, webde `ova teac chra ayas omk aors th nhdota kom`ar omk nor`ar, chra dhhrkbmotak `rhups th fb`et amacbas hr stova hff teraots. [eay `ht gattar omk gattar ot dhccumbdotbm` wbte aode htear. [eay prhgogny stortak wbte sbcpna dhccumbdotbhms, sude os „Aal– hr „Ehh,– uttarak bm o woy teot bmkbdotak kom`ar hr tea prasamda hf shcatebm` bmtarastbm`. @rokuonny, teabr dhccumbdotbhms gadoca chra dhcpnax omk usafun, umtbn hma koy, pareops hm shca kbstomt Ofrbdom sovommoe, teay stortak usbm` sycghns‛ shumks teot raprasamtak shcatebm`< o whrk sude os „dot– sthhk fhr teot twh-eumkrak-phumk, furry tebm` wbte seorp taate. Omk bf o trbga cacgar uttarak teot shumk bm o dartobm dhmtaxt, avaryghky lmaw th ga ofrobk. [eay naormak th rum owoy wbtehut avam eovbm` th saa tea dot, bmdraosbm` tea deomdas teay‒k survbva. Bt wos nom`uo`a teot onnhwak eucoms th khcbmota tea aorte. Tycghns onnhwak hur omdasthrs th naorm frhc aode htear‒s axparbamda bm tea sofaty hf o camton spoda. Fhr axocpna, bf o yhum` parshm wos oghut th aot o pbada hf rhttam caot, om ankar cb`et uttar o focbnbor whrk caombm` „rhttam.– [eam tea yhum` parshm dhunk axparbamda ravunsbhm omk

 

kbs`ust wbtehut eovbm` th odtuonny aot tea caot. Ankars dhunk onsh usa nom`uo`a th tann sthrbas gy webde yhum`ar `amarotbhms dhunk naorm th ovhbk kom`ar, fbmk fhhk, amtbda o cota, omk dhmquar hpphmamts‛onn bm o sofa omk dhcfhrtogna amvbrhmcamt. Tude sthrbas onnhwak tea maxt `amarotbhm th eova tea axparbamda hf teabr ankars wbtehut tea rbsl. Ankars ora just hma shurda hf okvbda bm tea chkarm o`a. Pa `at su``astbhms hm ehw th nbva frhc comy shurdas, bmdnukbm` poramts, [V, deurde, frbamks, `raot nbtarotura omk gok nbtarotura, tea Bmtarmat, rokbh, co`ozbmas, omk chra. Pa‒ra surrhumkak gy okvbda. Omk, bcphrtomtny, tebs okvbda khasm‒t racobm axtarmon. Pa bmtarmonbza teasa taodebm`s omk usa nom`uo`a th kavanhp runas fhr odtbhm. Assamtbonny, wa kavanhp tea okvbshr, o `ubkbm` bmtarmon vhbda teot fumdtbhms sbcbnor th axtarmon okvbda. Bm tebs woy, nom`uo`a omk tea bmtarmon okvbshr ora ot tea eaort hf hur eucom phwar‛omk onsh, os yhu‒nn saa sehrtny, ot tea eaort hf hur eucom suffarbm`. [ea Okvbshr Bs o Catopehr [ea yhum` pahpna yhu whrl wbte cb`et osl, „Peara bs tea okvbshr8– hr „Bs tea okvbshr raon8– Bt‒s bcphrtomt th dnorbfy teot tea okvbshr bs o catopehr, mht o kasdrbptbhm hf omytebm` peysbdon bmsbka tea eaok. [ea okvbshr sbcpny raprasamts tea eucom tamkamdy th juk`a, avonuota, bmtarprat, prakbdt, whrry, omk draota runas omk bmstrudtbhmon sthrbas. [ea okvbshr‒s prbcory purphsa bs th eanp us ovhbk tea kom`ars hf trbon omk arrhr. Bt khas sh vbo nom`uo`a prhdassas teot ottacpt th usa post taodebm` omk naormbm` th movb`ota tea prasamt. Mht onn nom`uo`a gaeovbhr dom ga dnossbfbak os okvbshr ranotak. Fhr axocpna, nom`uo`a dom ga hrbamtak thwork axparbamdbm` axparbamdbm` tea prasamt (ranotak th mhtbdar slbnns) hr thwork fbmkbm` maw potes bmth tea futura (ranotak th kbsdhvarar slbnns). Fhr axocpna, wa dom kavanhp o vhdogunory fhr kasdrbgbm` omk oppradbotbm` cusbd (mhtbdar), wa dom usa nom`uo`a th bco`bma phssbgna futuras, frhc `hbm` hm vodotbhm th dhcbm` up wbte woys th anbcbmota phvarty (kbsdhvarar), omk wa dom usa nom`uo`a th spaol hur vonuas hut nhuk omk amdhuro`a hursanvas th parsbst bm hur `hons. Peam whrlbm` wbte yhum` pahpna, yhu dom kasdrbga teasa teraa vorbatbas hf nom`uo`a prhdassas onhm` teasa nbmas:  Okvbshr whrks ora ora fhr movb`o movb`otbm` tbm` affbdba affbdbamtny mtny..  Mhtbdar whrks whrks ora fhr d dhmmadtbm hmmadtbm` ` wbte omk op oppradbotbm` pradbotbm` te tea a chcam chcamt. t.  Kbsdhvarar whrks whrks ora fhr bc bco`bmbm` o`bmbm` maw phssbgbnbtbas.

Qpsbkas hf tea Okvbshr  Thcatbcas tea okvbshr `ats o gok rop, os avbkamdak gy nogans nbla „tea bmmar drbtbd.– Rat bt khas eova comy usafun fumdtbhms, sh nat‒s nhhl ot tehsa gafhra dhmsbkarbm` tea khwmsbkas hf tea okvbshr. [ea prhtadts kom`ar. kom`ar. Pa khm‒t womt rany hm lbnn trbonus. omk axparbamda th naormokvbshr avarytebm`. [earaus orafrhc for thh comy  Pa tebm`s teot dom th eurt omk Osarrhr kasdrbgak aornbar, whrks onnhw us th naorm oghut kom`ar wbtehut eovbm` th axparbamda bt. [ea okvbshr prhchtas eb`e-spaak avhnutbhm. Nom`uo`a avhnutbhm. Nom`uo`a onnhws us th gubnk hm post naormbm` omk cola ropbk sdbamtbfbd omk tademhnh`bdon okvomdas. Fhr axocpna, tea Prb`et grhtears ga`om axparbcamtbm` wbte fnb`et bm ?526. Oftar maorny sbx yaors hf whrl, teay fnaw tea fbrst phwarak pnoma bm ?294. Nom`uo`a onnhwak teac th dhccumbdota teabr bmmhvotbhms sh suddassbva bmvamthrs whunkm‒t eova th rapaot teabr yaors hf noghr. Nblawbsa, mh hma eos th rabmvamt pambdbnnbm hr tea dhcputar. dhcputar. [ea okvbshr prhchtas fost omk affbdbamt fumdtbhmbm`. fumdtbhmbm`. Phrks  Phrks eanp us naorm qubdlny omk movb`ota hur whrnk wbte o eb`e ka`raa hf affbdbamdy. Fhr axocpna, webna sbttbm` bm yhur nbvbm` rhhc yhu dom radabva axodt bmstrudtbhms hm ehw th sobn o yodet. Rhu dom naorm tea fumkocamtons hf sobnbm` wbtehut avar dhmtodtbm` tea wotar. Rhu prhgogny whm‒t ga ogna th sobn wann wbtehut shca axparbamda, gut yhu wbnn eova o raon okvomto`a hvar tehsa weh cust naorm amtbrany gy trbon omk arrhr ar rhr.. [ea bm okvbshr prhvbkas eanpfun runas.kanb`et runas. Eanpfun  Eanpfunbmrunas ora prasamt ot avary omk avary eucom dhmtaxt. [hkknars sehwbm` htears teot teay kavanhpcamton lmhw tea runas.parbhk Anacamtory sdehhn debnkram naorm weam bt‒s pnoytbca omk weam th sbt qubatny. Gy tea amk hf 

 

anacamtory sdehhn, wa lmhw comy runas teot prhchta dhmmadtbhm omk dhhparotbhm. Pa eova runas oghut ehw th gaeova bm kbffaramt shdbon dhmtaxts omk ehw th rasphmk opprhprbotany weam shcahma soys, „Ehw ora yhu8– Bf yhu eova omy khugts oghut tea utbnbty hf tea okvbshr, bco`bma weot whunk eoppam bf avaryghky sukkamny nhst teabr okvbshr omk eok mh runas th fhnnhw. Phunk  yhu womt th ga krbvbm` hm tea fr fraawoy aawoy hr ga o possam`ar bm o pnoma8 P Phunk hunk yhu womt womt th ga ehspbtonbzak8

Khwmsbkas hf tea Okvbshr   Ontehu`e teara ora c comy omy upsbkas th tea okvbshr okvbshr,, bt bs onsh rasph rasphmsbgna msbgna fhr o `raot `raot kaon hf eucom eucom suffarbm`. Eara ora just o faw raoshms wey tebs bs tea dosa. [ea okvbshr dom naok th rb`bk runa fhnnhwbm`. fhnnhwbm`. Wuna  Wuna fhnnhwbm` bs mht onwoys usafun< bt eos o korl sbka thh. Vargon avonuotbhms omk runas tamk th cola us bmsamsbtbva th tea odtuon sbtuotbhms teot axbst bm tea peysbdon whrnk (T. D. Eoyas, ?252). Fhr axocpna, Cott‒s fotear ogusas ebs outehrbty gy ganbttnbm` Cott omk ebttbm` ebc< tearafhra, bt whunk ga moturon fhr Cott th karbva runas nbla „Okunts ora mht th ga trustak.– Rat weam Cott amtars amvbrhmcamts weara ebs fotear bsm‒t prasamt, fhnnhwbm` tebs runa coy dousa ebc th cbss hpphrtumbtbas th ga camthrak gy lbmk taodears omk th kavanhp trustbm` ranotbhmsebps. [ea okvbshr ogshrgs htears‒ umeanpfun bkaos. bkaos. Hmda  Hmda wa eova om bmmar vhbda, wa coy sthp colbm` dehbdas gosak hm hur hwm axparbamda. Bmstaok wa hftam rany hm shdbonny tromscbttak bkaos, sude os htear pahpna‒s okvbda omk hpbmbhms. Gut htear pahpna oram‒t onwoys rb`et. Thcatbcas teay `bva us okvbda teot‒s bm teabrgast bmtarast, mht hurs (fhr bmstomda, combpunothrs)< shcatbcas teay try th kadabva us th `obm om okvomto`a (nbla okvartbsars)< omk shcatbcas teabr okvbda bs just hutkotak hr khasm‒t oppny th hur portbdunor sbtuotbhm (weot yhu cb`et donn „eucom kbmhsours–). [ea okvbshr dom gadhca kadhmtaxtuonbzak. kadhmtaxtuonbzak. Yeysbdon  Yeysbdon amvbrhmcamts ora typbdonny eatarh`amahus omk deom`bm`, sh o vargon runa teot whrls ot hma tbca bm hma amvbrhmcamt coy ga amtbrany usanass bm omhtear. Onn thh hftam wa fhr`at tebs omk oppny tea soca runas odrhss wbkany  vorybm` dhmtaxts. dhmtaxts. Bf yh yhu u trovan th htear dhu dhumtrbas, mtrbas, yhu coy axparba axparbamda mda tea sukkam sukkam brranavom brranavomda da hf  comy hf yhur dunturon runas. Bm shca dunturas, ehmlbm` o dor ehrm ot omhtear krbvar bs hmny khma bm kom`arhus sbtuotbhms, omk bm htear dunturas bt‒s kaacak opprhprbota th ehml ot onchst avary dor yhu poss. [ea okvbshr dom kbsthrt bmdhcbm` bmfhrcotbhm. bmfhrcotbhm. [ea  [ea okvbshr bs nbla o co`bdbom. Bt dom tola omy bkao oghut omy parshm hr tebm` omk tromsfhrc bt bmth shcatebm` ansa. Fhr axocpna, nat‒s soy  yhu eova o fobrny mautron mautron ottbtuka oghut o maw dhwhrlar mocak Jhe Jhem. m. [eam y yhu hu eova nu numde mde wbte o frbamk weh tanns yhu „Jhem bs sanfbse. Khm‒t trust ebc.– [ea okvbshr dom usa teasa avonuotbhms th tromsfhrc ehw yhu faan oghut Jhem, naokbm` yhu th kbsnbla ebc avam tehu`e ea eosm‒t khma omytebm` th yhu. Omk weam yhu hgsarva Jhem khbm` shcatebm` bmmhdamt, sude os `attbm` stotbhmary frhc tea suppny dnhsat, yhur okvbshr coy dhmvbmda yhu teot ea‒s odtuonny khbm` shcatebm` umtrustwhrtey, nbla staonbm`. [ea okvbshr dom onsh kbsthrt tea futura omk post. Fhr axocpna, bt dom cola tea futura saac chra kom`arhus terhu`e whrry, omk tea post saac chra koco`bm` terhu`e rucbmotbhm. [easa tromsfhrcotbhms dom hddur bmkapamkamtny hf omy maw axparbamdas axparbamda s bm tea peysbdon whrnk.

Nbvbm` bm [wh Phrnks Pa onn nbva bm ot naost twh whrnks: tea mhtbdar‒s peysbdon whrnk omk tea okvbshr‒s sycghnbd whrnk. Dhmsbkar Cott. Bm ebs peysbdon whrnk, ea cb`et saa o ghy deosbm` ebc bm tea kbstomda, scann tea axeoust hf o dor, thude tea khhr eomkna th rum upstobrs th ebs rhhc, omk tosta tea krymass bm ebs chute frhc rummbm` sh for. Bm tebs peysbdon whrnk, tebm`s dom ga thudeak. Ebs fotear dom ebt ebc, hr o fannhw stukamt dom staon ebs chmay. Bm Cott‒s okvbshr‒s whrnk, ea dom ga o sphrts stor pnoybm` bm frhmt hf om okhrbm` drhwk. Chst hf  us eova mh trhugna kbstbm`ubsebm` tebs lbmk hf koykraocbm` frhc tea peysbdon whrnk, omk Cott lmhws ebs koykraocs oram‒t raon. Rat ea ossucas teot htear sycghnbd ports hf ebs whrnk ora just os raon os peysbdon tebm`s. F Fhr hr axocpna, Cott‒s okvbshr dom tann ebc teot ebs fotear bs ogusbva gadousa „teara‒s shcatebm` wrhm` wbte ca.– Os o rasunt, Cott dom spamk ebs nbfa trybm` th lbnn tebs „wrhm`– port. Peam Cott ossucas ebs okvbshr‒s vbaw bs trua hr raon, ea nhhls hut ot tea whrnk terhu`e tebs nams omk ganbavas teot fobnura bs bmavbtogna. Ebs okvbshr dhmvbmdas ebc teot avaryhma saas ebc os

 

bmearamtny fnowak, mht just ebs fotear. [ebs gbosak woy hf saabm` tea whrnk dom orbsa fhr comy raoshms gayhmk o deonnam`bm` debnkehhk. Bt eoppams avam th tehsa nudly debnkram weh eova eok o murturbm` debnkehhk. Pa ora onn prhma th gbos gadousa hf hur vargon dopodbtbas. Fhr axocpna, bco`bma o hma-yaor-hnk `brn aotbm` o pbada hf  dola. Tea eosm‒t odqubrak tea nom`uo`a th juk`a tea dola os gok hr ear ghky os „thh fot.– Bco`bma tea pura jhy bm ear foda os sea aots bt. Mhw bco`bma teot soca `brn os o twamty-yaor-hnk whcom wbte omhraxbo, stbnn womtbm` o pbada hf dola gut faanbm` `ubnty, team nhhlbm` bm tea cbrrhr omk saabm` om hgasa ghky, rotear team tea thh-slbmmy ghky avaryghky ansa saas. Tea‒s nhst bm tea okvbshr‒s whrnk. Th webna tea sycghnbd whrnk hf tea okvbshr‛tea whrnk hf avonuotbhm omk prakbdtbhm‛fraas us frhc tea dhmstrobmts hf tea peysbdon whrnk, bt dom onsh dut us hff frhc axpnhrbm` teot soca whrnk. Dhmsbkar ehw tebs pnoys hut wbte Cott. Bm om onn-thh-typbdon bmtarodtbhm wbte ebs fotear, ea‒s tebmlbm`, Kok tebmlbm`,  Kok bs yannbm` ot ca mhw ga gadousa dousa B dom‒ dom‒tt omswar tebs quastbhm fr frhc hc cy ehcawhrl. ehcawhrl. Ea tebmls B sehunk lmhw bt. Ea‒s stomkbm` hvar ca omk yannbm`, omk B‒c ofrobk ea‒s oghut th ebt ca. B  khm‒t womt th dry. [eam ebs fotear soys, „He, ora yhu `hbm` th dry8 Ora yhu `hbm` th dry nbla o nbttna `brn8 Rhu kbs`ust ca. @at hut hf cy sb`et.– Cott tebmls, Pey oc B sh stupbk8 Peot‒s wrhm` wbte ca8 Pey dom‒t B kh omytebm` rb`et8 Bm trybm` th dhpa wbte ebs sbtuotbhm, Cott tanns ebcsanf tebm`s teot cola ebc oppaor sconn omk pbtbfun th ebs fotear. [ebs cb`et ga ebs hmny kadamt rasphmsa bm tebs eanpnass sbtuotbhm, sh pareops ebs okvbshr bs eanpfun bm tebs chcamt. Gut weot eoppams weam Cott am`o`as bm tea soca gaeovbhr bm kbffaramt dhmtaxts8 Fhr axocpna, weam Cott faans teraotamak gy gunnbas ot sdehhn, ebs okvbshr bs nblany th `bva ebc tea soca runa, tannbm` ebc teot ebs hmny hptbhm bs th oppaor waol omk sconn. Ea khasm‒t tebml th kafamk ebcsanf. Mhr khas ea dhmsbkar tannbm` o taodear hr htear okunt, sbmda ebs okvbshr worms ebc teot okunts dom‒t ga trustak.

Qmehhlbm` frhc tea Okvbshr  Bco`bma teot yhu‒ra nbvbm` wbte just yhur okvbshr, wbtehut tea gamafbt hf mhtbdar omk kbsdhvarar slbnns. Rhu nbstam th tea okvbshr‒s dhmstomt straoc hf whrks tannbm` yhu ehw sdory tea whrnk bs omk hffarbm` okvbda teot‒s gosak hm bmtarpratotbhms frhc tea post rotear teom yhur durramt peysbdon raonbty. Avarytebm` tea okvbshr soys saacs sh raon. Bt‒s onchst os bf yhu‒ra eypmhtbzak gy tea okvbshr omk faan nbla yhu eova mh dehbda gut th nbstam th bt. Fhrtumotany, tea htear KMO slbnns ora onwoys ovobnogna, onnhwbm` us th stap bmth mhtbdar spoda omk deadl hut tea peysbdon whrnk orhumk us. Os wa kh sh, tea okvbshr wbnn dhca onhm` fhr tea rbka omk laap avonuotbm` omk okvbsbm`. [eam wa dom mhtbda weot tea okvbshr soys, gut onsh mhtbda weot tea whrnk orhumk us hffars. Hur vbaw wbnn axpomk, os wann os hur hptbhms fhr odtbhm. [h umehhl frhc tea okvbshr caoms naormbm` th mhtbda weam tea okvbshr soys shcatebm` nbla „B‒c mht `hhk amhu`e– omk team th sebft hut hf okvbshr spoda bmth mhtbdar hr kbsdhvarar spoda. Eara‒s hma axocpna hf ehw tebs coy pnoy hut bm tea KMO-V chkan: ?. Pa radh`mbza teot tea okvbshr coy mht onwoys ga umeanpfun. 7. Peam wa suspadt tea okvbshr bs gabm` umeanpfun, wa sebft bmth mhtbdar spoda hr kbsdhvarar spoda. 4. Bm mhtbdar spoda, wa axparbamda axparbamda tehu`ets os possbm` shumks, shumks, rotear teom nbtaron trutes. Bm kbsdhvarar spoda, wa try shcatebm` maw, avam bf hur okvbshr bs kbsdhuro`bm` us.

Colbm` @hhk Qsa hf Okvbshr Tlbnns Hmda wa naorm th umehhl frhc tea okvbshr, wa gadhca chra samsbtbva th weot whrls bm tea peysbdon whrnk. [ebs onnhws us th okopt th deom`bm` amvbrhmcamton kacomks omk onsh th kavanhp hur okvbshr. Fhr axocpna, axparbamda dom taode tea okvbshr eanpfun runas hf teucg, sude os „[ea okvbshr dom‒t onwoys prakbdt tea futura,– „Achtbhms oram‒t eorcfun,– „Bt‒s hftam gast th ga `ubkak gy vonuas rotear teom bcpunsas,– „[rybm` maw tebm`s bs madassory fhr kavanhpbm` slbnns,– omk „Tanf-bcprhvacamt bs onchst onwoys phssbgna.– [ea lay bs teot teasa runas oram‒t ogshnuta trutes< rotear, teay ora thhns th ga eank nb`etny‛usak weam teay‒ra eanpfun, omk put osbka weam teay oram‒t.

 

Bm KMO-V, wa usa spadbfbd strota`bas th trobm tea okvbshr omk eanp yhum` pahpna kavanhp eanpfun woys hf tebmlbm`. [ea fhdus hf KMO-V trobmbm` bs mht th usa whrks th parsuoka yhum` pahpna th ganbava eanpfun runas. Ochm` htear prhgnacs, tebs opprhode rabmfhrdas om axdassbva ranbomda hm whrks th `ubka odtbhm. Fhr mhw, wa‒nn sbcpny soy teot tea lay bkao bs th taode yhum` pahpna th ehnk teabr vargon ganbafs nb`etny omk ra`unorny deadl teabr axparbamda axparbamda th saa bf teabr runas ora whrlbm`.

Gosbd [robmbm`: [robmbm`: @attbm` th Lmhw tea Okvbshr 

Mhw wa turm th gosbd trobmbm` staps th eanp yhum` pahpna axparbamda teabr okvbshr bm odtbhm. Hftam wa kh just hma hf tea fhnnhwbm` axardbsas bm o sassbhm omk team kagrbaf gy ranotbm` bt godl  th teabr nbfa. Ehwavar, teasa axardbsas dom onsh ga khma os o sat. Bm tea nottar dosa, bt‒s bcphrtomt th racobm samsbtbva th tea rasphmsas hf tehsa yhu‒ra whrlbm` wbte. Taabm` tea okvbshr sh dnaorny omk dhcpnatany dom ga o sehdl hr faan hvarweancbm`. Qsbm` Vbsuon Catopehrs th Bmtrhkuda tea Okvbshr  Vbsuon catopehrs catopehrs dom ga o usafun woy th ga`bm dhmvarsotbhms dhmvarsotbhms oghut te tea a okvbshr okvbshr,, mhtbdar, mhtbdar, omk kbsdhvarar. [eay prhvbka ot naost twh gamafbts. Fbrst, teay hffar om ovamua fhr yhum` pahpna th tonl oghut omk nhhl ot teabr axparbamdas bm maw woys. Tadhmk, vbsuon catopehrs bmvhnva cbmbcon bmfnuamda frhc tea okunt gadousa teay onnhw yhum` pahpna th prhvbka teabr hwm bmtarpratotbhms hf  tea bco`as. Bm deoptars 4, ;, omk 1, wa prhvbka ghte cona omk facona vbsuon catopehrs fhr tea okvbshr, mhtbdar, omk kbsdhvarar. (Khwmnhokogna vbkah bs onsh ovobnogna ot ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc .)

Fb`ura ;. [wh vbsuon catopehrs fhr tea okvbshr. Bf yhu usa hma hf tea bco`as bm fb`ura ;, yhu cb`et soy shcatebm` nbla tebs:

 

 Eara‒s om bco`a. bco`a. Peot kh yhu mht mhtbda bda oghut bt bt8 8 (Onnhw shca tbca fhr tea parshm th rasphmk. [eam, bf madassory, prhcpt teot teara ora twh pahpna bm tea bco`a, hma gabm` nbla o seokhw.) Pa dom usa tebs bco`a os o catopehr fhr yhur bmmar vhbda. Bco`bma teot yhur bmmar vhbda bs o parshm weh fhnnhws yhu orhumk onn tea tbca, hffarbm` okvbda. Nat‒s donn tebs parshm yhur okvbshr. [ea okvbshr bs onwoys tonlbm`, juk`bm`, avonuotbm`, omk prakbdtbm`. Bts jhg bs th eanp yhu ovhbk gok stuff omk fbmk `hhk stuff. Thcatbcas yhur okvbshr bs ma`otbva, soybm` tebm`s nbla „Rhu dom‒t kh bt,– „Mhghky nblas yhu,– hr „Ga dorafun< teara‒s kom`ar eara.– Thcatbcas bt bs phsbtbva, soybm` tebm`s nbla „Rhu‒ra `hhk ot sphrts,– „Rhu dom odebava yhur `hons,– hr „Khm‒t whrry< mhtebm` gok dhunk eoppam.– Avary eucom gabm` eos om okvbshr.  Khas teot cola cola samsa8 P Peot eot kh yhu tebml ora shca dhc dhcchm chm tebm tebm`s `s pahpna‒s okvbshrs okvbshrs soy8 (Onnhw pnamty hf tbca fhr kbsdussbhm.)  Mh hma‒s hma‒s okvbshr `bvas u usafun safun okvbda o onn nn tea tbca. Omk bt bsm‒t just o cottar hf weatear weatear tea okvbd okvbda a bs phsbtbva hr ma`otbva. Thcatbcas ma`otbva okvbda dom ga usafun, omk htear tbcas mht. [ebml oghut tebs okvbda: „Ga dorafun< teara‒s kom`ar eara.– Dom yhu tebml hf om axocpna hf o tbca weam teot whunk ga usafun omk om axocpna hf o tbca weam bt whunkm‒t8 (Tpamk whunkm‒t8  (Tpamk shca tbca kbsdussbm` tebs.)  Ehw oghut phsbtbva okvbda, okvbda, nbla „Khm‒t whrry< mht mhtebm` ebm` gok dhu dhunk nk eoppam–8 Dom yhu tebml tebml hf  tbcas weam tebs whunk ga usafun omk tbcas weam bt whunkm‒t ga8 (O`obm, ga8  (O`obm, spamk shca tbca kbsdussbm` tebs.) Hloy, sh shcatbcas tea okvbshr bsm‒t vary eanpfun. [ebs caoms bt prhgogny bsm‒t o `hhk bkao th  fhnnhw bts okvbda okvbda onn tea tbca. Dom yhu yhu tebml hf o tbca w weam eam yhu tehu`et tehu`et y yhu hu dhunkm dhunkm‒t ‒t kh shcatebm`, gut yhu kbk bt omywoy8 [eot‒s om axocpna hf suddaakbm` gadousa yhu kbkm‒t fhnnhw tea okvbda hf yhur bmmar vhbda. Pa dom gadhca chra slbnnfun bm whrlbm` wbte tea okvbshr. Pa dom naorm weam th nbstam th bt omk weam th kbsra`ork bt. Oftar onn, wa‒ra tea hmas bm deor`a, mht hur okvbshrs. Axparbcamt omk Mhrconbza Bm tebs sadtbhm, wa‒nn hutnbma om axparbamtbon opprhode th bmtrhkudbm` tea okvbshr th yhum` pahpna ‛hma teot khasm‒t bmvhnva usbm` vbsuon catopehrs. (Rhu dom, hf dhursa, dhcgbma tea twh.) [ebs opprhode bmvhnvas teraa gosbd axparbcamts, gadousa tea gast woy th `at focbnbor wbte tea okvbshr bs terhu`e axparbcamts weara tea okvbshr dom ga saam bm odtbhm. [ea axparbcamts ora fhnnhwak gy o kbsdussbhm obcak ot mhrconbzbm` tea okvbshr. [h bmtrhkuda axparbcamts, yhu cb`et soy shcatebm` nbla tebs:  Kh yhu lmhw lmhw weot om axparbcamt axparbcamt bs, nbla tea lbmk hf tebm`s tebm`s yhu kh bm sdbamda dnoss8 (Hmda dnoss8 (Hmda yhu eova dhmfbrcotbhm, dhmtbmua.) Peot‒s tea cobm tebm` wa kh bm om axparbcamt8 (Onnhw axparbcamt8  (Onnhw tea parshm th omswar gafhra prhdaakbm`.) Peot wa khsbm om axparbcamt bs try shcatebm`, mh bkao oghut  Axparbcamt  Axparbcamts bmvhnva laa laapbm` pbm` om hpa hpam m cbmk. Th wbte tea tebm`s wa‒nn kh weot max maxt, t, wbnn omk eoppam. hftam bm hur whrl whrl th`atear, ora nbla teot. [eay‒ra axparbcamts. Tbmda B khm‒t lmhw axodtny weot wbnn eoppam fhr   yhu, yhur yhur jhg bs th tann ca weot kh khas as eoppam. Bt khasm‒t co cottar ttar weot e eoppams. oppams. [eara [eara‒s ‒s mh rb`et hr  wrhm`. Bt‒s just yhu tannbm` ca sh B dom lmhw ehw yhu axparbamda tea whrnk. Hloy8 Bt‒s hftam affadtbva th su``ast teot tea wabrkar tea axparbcamts, tea gattar tea bmfhrcotbhm wa `obm frhc teac. Peotavar opprhode yhu tola, ga sura th cola bt dnaor teot yhu oram‒t trybm` th hutscort tehsa yhu‒ra whrlbm` wbte. [eam prhdaak th grbafny bmtrhkuda tea okvbshr omk prhvbka om hrbamtotbhm th tea KMO-V chkan.  B‒k nhva th tonl th yhu thkoy oghut shcatebm` shcatebm` B donn tea ok okvbshr vbshr.. Bt‒s shcatebm` shcatebm` wa onn eova eova bm hur  eaok. Bt‒s o moca fhr tea woy wa tonl th hursanvas, nbla hur bmmar vhbda. Bf wa dom naorm th eaor  tea okvbshr, wa oram‒t os nblany th ga puseak orhumk gy bt. Phunk bt ga hloy bf wa kh o faw qubdl axparbcamts sh yhu dom axparbamda tea okvbshr8 Eovbm` nobk tebs `rhumkwhrl, yhu dom mhw prhdaak terhu`e omy hf tea axardbsas teot fhnnhw. Rhu maak mht kh onn teraa bm hma sassbhm< dehhsa webdeavar hma cb`et gast subt tea yhum` parshm gafhra yhu.  Okvbshr Axparbcamt Axparbcamt ?: @bva tea Okvbshr tea Cbdrh Cbdrhpehma pehma

 

[ea fbrst axparbcamt bs o teraa-cbmuta teraa-cbmuta wrbtbm` axardbsa teot raqubras pamdbn omk popar omk shcatebm` th laap tbca.  Bm tebs axparbcamt, axparbcamt, yh yhur ur jhg fhr tea tea maxt teraa teraa cbmu cbmutas tas bs th wrbta khwm avarytebm` avarytebm` yhur cbmk soys. Peotavar dhcas th cbmk, wrbta bt khwm, avam bf bt saacs trbvbon. Bt‒s fbma th wrbta tea soca tebm` hvar omk hvar bf teot‒s weot yhur cbmk bs soybm`. Fhr axocpna, yhu cb`et wrbta, „Ehw cude nhm`ar8 Ehw cude nhm`ar8 Bt‒s eht. Ehw cude nhm`ar8– Rhur tosl bs th just wrbta fhr teraa cbmutas wbtehut sthppbm`.  Khm‒t whrry whrry oghut `roc `roccor cor hr pu pumdtuotbhm mdtuotbhm.. Bf yhur te tehu`ets hu`ets ora fost, yhu d dom om doptura teac wbte just o whrk< teara‒s mh maak fhr dhcpnata samtamdas. Just wrbta weotavar sehws up. Rhu khm‒t eova th seora weot yhu wrbta wbte ca oftarwork bf yhu khm‒t womt th, omk yhu dom avam kastrhy bt bf yhu nbla. Th faan fraa th wrbta omy tehu`ets teot dhca th cbmk, mh cottar weot teay  ora. Bf, kurbm` tea teraa cbmutas, yhu mhtbda teot tea parshm eos sthppak wrbtbm`, amdhuro`a ebc th wrbta omytebm` weotshavar, avam just „B‒c studl– hr „B fhr`ht weot B wos tebmlbm` oghut.– Hmda tea tbca bs up, nhhl hvar weot tea parshm eos wrbttam bf ea‒s ocamogna th teot. Peatear hr mht  yhu raok bt, bt, soy shcate shcatebm` bm` onhm` te teasa asa nbmas: Peot wos yhur axparbamda hf teot8 Kbk yhu mhtbda ehw gusy yhur okvbshr bs8 B caom, yhu‒ra just sbttbm` eara wbte ca omk onn teasa whrks omk faanbm`s ora fnhwbm` terhu`e yhu. Rhu coy eova mhtbdak teot yhur okvbshr bs gusy noganbm`, avonuotbm`, juk`bm`, soybm` phsbtbva tebm`s, soybm` ma`otbva tebm`s, whrrybm`, omk hm omk hm. Kh yhu mhtbda ehw cude bs deottar, rapaotak hvar omk hvar8 Bt mavar sthps, raonny. Ocozbm`, bsm‒t bt8 Pa amdhuro`a yhu th kh tea axparbcamt ot tea soca tbca, wrbtbm` yhur hwm teraa-cbmuta chmhnh`ua. [eot woy, tea twh hf yhu dom seora weot yhu‒va ghte wrbttam, bf tea yhum` parshm bs dhcfhrtogna khbm` sh. [eam yhu dom aode tonl oghut tea quonbtbas hf yhur okvbshr. Rhu‒nn prhgogny mhtbda o nht hf sbcbnorbtbas‛rapatbtbhm, whrry, ghrbm` deottar, omk sh hm. Rhu coy ghte fbmk teot  yhur okvbshr okvbshr wos chstny gu gusy sy wbte um umbcphrtomt bcphrtomt tebm`s. Rhu‒nn Rhu‒nn onsh mhtbda mhtbda teot hma tehu tehu`et `et saacs th ga tea omtadakamt th omhtear, omk omhtear< tebs bs om axocpna hf ehw wa dom ranota sycghnbdonny.  Os om omtbkhta omtbkhta th tebs quonbty hf c cbmk, bmk, yhu c cb`et b`et team kh o grbaf gr graotebm` aotebm` axardbsa axardbsa th `at bmth bmth mhtbdar spoda: Peam wa nbstam th tea okvbshr omk tola bt ot bts whrk, bt‒s nbla wa naft tea rhhc. Pa wamt bmth tea okvbshr‒s whrnk. Nat‒s kh o qubdl axardbsa th grbm` hursanvas godl bmth tea rhhc. Just tola o faw snhw, kaap graotes omk mhtbda tea rbsa omk fonn hf yhur graote fhr o faw chcamts. (Kachmstrota chcamts. (Kachmstrota gy khbm` tebs yhursanf.)  Okvbshr Axparbcamt Axparbcamt 7: @h @hbm` bm` th Axtrac Axtracas as [ebs axparbcamt (bmspbrak gy T. D. Eoyas, Ttrhsoen, & Pbnshm, ?222) eanps kachmstrota ehw tea okvbshr bs onwoys juk`bm` us, tea whrnk orhumk us, omk htear pahpna. Peam yhu raok tea samtamdas, pousa fhr oghut twh sadhmks oftar aode:  Bm tebs axparbcamt, axparbcamt, B‒c `hbm` th soy o faw samta samtamdas. mdas. Oft Oftar ar yhu eao eaorr aode samtamda, samtamda, sbcpny tebml oghut weot B‒va sobk omk team mhtbda weot yhur okvbshr soys oghut bt. Rhur jhg bs just th mhtbda weot yhur okvbshr khas. [eara‒s mh rb`et hr wrhm` eara. Just mhtbda weot sehws up weam yhu nbstam th weot B soy. Bt cb`et ga gast th dnhsa yhur ayas sh teot yhu dom dhmdamtrota. Waoky8 B oc wabrk. Wacacgar, just mhtbda weot tea okvbshr soys… B oc grbnnbomt… B oc parfadt… B oc grhlam… B oc stupbk… B oc u`ny… B oc gaoutbfun…  Oftarwork, kbsduss weot tea parshm  Oftarwork, parshm‒s ‒s okvbshr kbk wbt wbte e tebs bmfh bmfhrcotbhm. rcotbhm. E Eara ara ora o faw quastbhms  yhu dom usa usa th `ubka tea kbsdussbh kbsdussbhm: m:  Kbk tea okvbshr try th avonu avonuota ota tea sam samtamda tamda os rb`e rb`ett hr wrhm wrhm`8 `8 (Rhu  (Rhu cb`et camtbhm teot tea okvbshr shcatbcas usas o strhm`ar whrk, nbla „gunnsebt.–)  Kbk tea okvbshr saa bco`as om omk k try th colas colas samsa hf ttebm`s8 ebm`s8

 

 Kbk tea okvbshr soy tebm`s ogh oghut ut ca, nbla „Pey bs sea soybm` tebs8– hr ogh oghut ut yhu, nbla nbla „ „Oc Oc B  khbm` tebs rb`et8– [eam dhmdnuka gy hffarbm` o krocotbd sebft bm parspadtbva:  Mhw eara‒s eara‒s tea chst bmtarastbm` ospadt hf te tebs bs axparbcam axparbcamt. t. Kh yhu racacgar racacgar c cy y bmstrudtbhms8 bmstrudtbhms8 B  oslak yhu th nbstam th shca samtamdas B wos `hbm` th soy, omk yhur jhg wos th mhtbda weot yhur  okvbshr kbk wbte teac. B mavar hmda camtbhmak teot teay wara oghut yhu. Bm fodt, teay wara oghut ca. B wos soybm`, „B oc wabrk,– mht yhu!  Bsm‒t teot bmtarastbm`8 bmtarastbm`8 Pa‒ra just sbttbm sbttbm` ` eara omk B soy shca sam samtamdas tamdas omk osl yhu th mhtbda mhtbda weot eoppams. [eam yhur okvbshr `has bmth hvarkrbva omk onn tebs kbffbdunt stuff sehws up.  Okvbshr Axparbcamt Axparbcamt 4: Bs R Rhur hur Okvbshr Okvbshr Onn-Yh Onn-Yhwarfun8 warfun8 [ebs axparbcamt colas usa hf hma hf tea phbmts acpeosbzak bm tea sdrbpt fhr tea vbsuon catopehr, sh bf yhu‒ra usbm` ghte opprhodeas, yhu coy womt th hcbt tebs phbmt weam kbsdussbm` tea catopehr. Dom yhu racacgar o tbca weam yhu eok th kh shcatebm` eork omk yhu waram‒t sura yhu dhunk kh bt‛o tbca weam yhur okvbshr wos soybm` yhu dhunkm‒t kh bt gut yhu kbk bt omywoy8 Anbdbt om axocpna. Tbmda yhu‒ra fhdusbm` hm shca faor tea parshm eos hvardhca, sea‒s nblany th ga prhuk hf bt. Eova ear kasdrbga tea sbtuotbhm (fhr axocpna, praporbm` fhr o tast), omk team kasdrbga osshdbotak faanbm`s omk tehu`ets (Rhu‒nn (Rhu‒nn mavar ga ogna th `at o `hhk `roka. Rhu dom‒t kh bt. bt.)) Th, weot whunk eova eoppamak bf yhu‒k nbstamak th yhur okvbshr8 Peot bf yhu‒k nat bt puse yhu orhumk8 (Ga sura th `at om omswar.) orhumk8 (Ga  Gut nhhl ot weot odtuonny odtuonny eoppamak. eoppamak. R Rhur hur okvbshr wos gabm` kbsdh kbsdhuro`bm`, uro`bm`, gut yhu kbk shcatebm` yhu dorak oghut omywoy. [eot‒s o `raot axocpna hf dhuro`a, gy tea woy, omk bt‒s shcatebm` yhu dom gubnk hm.  Mhw wa‒nn kh kh o qubdl ax axparbcamt parbcamt tth h bnnustrota ttebs ebs phbmt. W Waoky8 aoky8 Dnhsa yhur ayas omk tann yhursanf th stomk up, omk team bco`bma yhursanf stomkbm` up, wbtehut odtuonny stomkbm`. Waonny bco`bma yhur ghky naovbm` tea deobr omk stomkbm` up bm frhmt hf bt.  Bm tebs axocpna, axocpna, yhur o okvbshr kvbshr wos ot wh whrl, rl, tannbm` yhu yhu th stomk up os yhu bc bco`bmak o`bmak khbm` khbm` bt. Phunk yhu o`raa teara‒s o kbffaramda gatwaam yhur okvbshr tannbm` yhu th stomk up omk tea peysbdon raonbty hf stomkbm`8 Hloy, nat‒s kh omhtear qubdl axparbcamt mhw. Wapaot tebs samtamda: „B dom‒t stomk up. B dom‒t stomk up.– Pebna yhu soy tebs samtamda hut nhuk, raonny stomk up. Yeysbdonny chva yhur ghky  uprb`et.  Kbk yhu mhtbda mhtbda ehw y yhu hu dhunk eova eova kbsdhuro`b kbsdhuro`bm` m` whrks nbla „B dom‒t stomk up– omk stbnn stomk8 stomk8 [ea tebm` oghut tea okvbshr bs tebs: Peot bt soys bs just okvbda, omk bt dom ga qubta saporota frhc weot wa kh bm tea peysbdon whrnk. Pa eova th kadbka weatear tea okvbda bs `hhk hr gok, omk tea gast woy B lmhw th kh teot bs th dhmmadt bt th tea peysbdon whrnk omk weot wa vonua. Thcatbcas tea okvbshr soys, „Rhu dom‒t kh bt,– omk wa `bva up. Thcatbcas tea okvbshr soys, „Rhu dom‒t kh bt,– omk wa khm‒t nbstam‛wa just laap trybm`. Omk shcatbcas weam wa laap trybm`, wa suddaak. Bf opprhprbota, prhvbka om axocpna frhc yhur hwm nbfa. [eam raturm th tea parshm‒s axocpna omk usa bt th `amaronbza omk bnnustrota teot tea okvbshr bs hftam umeanpfun.  Okvbshr Axardbsa Axardbsa ?: Mhrc Mhrconbzbm` onbzbm` tea Ok Okvbshr vbshr  Om bcphrtomt bcphrtomt `bft yh yhu u dom `bva y yhum` hum` pahpn pahpna a bs th nat te teac ac lmhw teot teabr m ma`otbva a`otbva tehu tehu`ets `ets omk faanbm`s ora mhrcon. Bf yhum` pahpna ganbava teay ora ogmhrcon hr „gok,– teay‒ra nblany th gaeova bm kastrudtbva woys. [eay coy saal th asdopa tea „gok– ports hf teacsanvas terhu`e bmtarmonbzbm` bmtarmonbzbm ` strota`bas sude os sanf-eor sanf-eorc, c, usbm` kru`s, kbstrodtbhm, hr achtbhm supprassbhm. Hr teay coy rasphmk wbte axtarmonbzbm` strota`bas, sude os ottodlbm` pahpna teay vbaw os rasphmsbgna fhr colbm` teac faan gok. Gadousa tea okvbshr‒s dhmtamt bs hftam ma`otbva, wa su``ast o sbcpna kbsdussbhm hr axparbamtbon axardbsa th eanp yhum` pahpna umkarstomk wey teot ma`otbvbty bs moturon. [ea sonbamt cotarbon bm tebs axardbsa bmvhnvas tea avhnutbhmory okvomto`a hf 

 

o ma`otbva gbos‛eara dhmdaptuonbzak os om umgrhlam deobm hf omdasthrs hr o „survbvon `oca.–  R  Rhu hu dom usa usa tea fhnnhwbm` fhnnhwbm` bco`a tth h bnnustrota tea deobm hf omdasthrs omdasthrs bf yhu nbla. nbla.

Fb`ura 1. Omdasthrs deobm. Whna Ynoy tea Turvbvon @oca [ebs axardbsa wbnn eanp yhu umkarstomk wey tea okvbshr dom ga sh ma`otbva. Nat‒s stort wbte o drozy bkao: Rhu gabm` onbva bs om ocozbm` tebm`. Bt‒s o eu`a bcprhgogbnbty. [ebml oghut bt: Rhu‒ra tea rasunt hf o nhm` deobm hf omdasthrs weh kbkm‒t `at lbnnak gafhra teay dhunk eova debnkram. Bf  tea deobm eok gaam grhlam ot omy phbmt, yhu whunkm‒t ga eara. Th yhu eova eumkraks omk eumkraks hf omdasthrs, `hbm` godl tehusomks hf yaors, weh como`ak th mht `at lbnnak. [eot bs ocozbm`, bsm‒t bt8 Peot‒s aspadbonny ocozbm` bs teot eucoms kbkm‒t onwoys nbva bm ehusas omk sofa amvbrhmcamts. [eay kbkm‒t onwoys eova waophms omk htear thhns th prhtadt teacsanvas. [ehusomks hf yaors o`h, eucoms nbvak bm o whrnk teot wos axtracany kom`arhus, kom`arhus, omk teay spamt o `raot kaon hf tbca hutsbka. Eucoms ora snhw dhcporak th htear ombcons, omk teay khm‒t eova dnows hr seorp taate. [eara wara comy ombcons teot dhunk lbnn teasa omdbamt eucoms.  Nat‒s `h godl godl bm tbca, so soy y ab`et teh tehusomk usomk yaors, tth h o pnoda weara weara eucoms eucoms omk eum eum`ry `ry nbhms nbva th`atear. [eara, wa saa fhur eucoms sbttbm` bm tea `rossnomks weara tea nbhms fraquamtny rhoc. Hma hf teasa fhur wbnn survbva omk gadhca yhur omdasthr. Nat‒s fb`ura hut webde hma. [ea fbrst parshm eos om okvbshr teot‒s axtracany phsbtbva. Th weam o tom-dhnhrak gnhg oppaors bm tea kbstomda, tea okvbshr soys, „Hhe! Nhhl ot teot gaoutbfun draotura. Coyga B‒nn pat bt.– [ebs parshm kbas. [ea sadhmk parshm eos om okvbshr teot‒s o gbt chra ma`otbva. [ea parshm eotas tea okvbshr omk tanns bt th seut up‛webde tea okvbshr khas. Th weam o nbhm sehws up bm tea kbstomda, tea okvbshr  khasm‒t sehut o wormbm`. Bt‒s gaam seut up. [ea parshm `ats aotam. [ea tebrk parshm eos om okvbshr teot dom‒t ga seut up, gut tebs okvbshr bsm‒t onwoys ma`otbva. Bt eos o nobk-godl vbaw, saabm` kom`ars gut mht gabm` eb`eny tumak bm th teac, sh bt cbssas o faw kom`ars. Gut ehw comy kom`ars dom bt offhrk th cbss8 Hma. Just hma omk tebs parshm `ats aotam thh.  Fbmonny, teara‒s te  Fbmonny, tea a fhurte parshm, weh weh eos o suparsa suparsamsbtbva msbtbva ma`ot ma`otbva bva okvbshr okvbshr.. [ebs parshm eotas tea okvbshr thh omk tanns bt th seut up. Gut tebs okvbshr bsm‒t nobk-godl, nbla tea tebrk parshm‒s. Bt stbdls wbte avonuotbm`, juk`bm`, omk colbm` ma`otbva dhccamts. Mh cottar ehw eork tea fhurte parshm trbas th quose tea okvbshr, bt stbnn yoccars. [ea `hhk maws bs, weam o nbhm oppaors bm tea kbstomda, tea okvbshr sehuts bts wormbm`. [ea fhurte parshm rums owoy frhc tea nbhm omk survbvas.  Fhr yhu th ga eara, yhu  Fhr yhurr omdasthrs e eok ok th cola zarh foton cbstolas cbstolas gafhra teay prhkudak prhkudak debnkram‛zarh cbstolas odrhss tehusomks hf yaors. Bf yhur nbfa kapamkak hm colbm` zarh cbstolas, whunk yhu rotear eova om okvbshr teot‒s thh ma`otbva omk samsbtbva, hr hma teot‒s nobkgodl omk shcatbcas colas cbstolas8 Pa‒va naormak shca bcphrtomt fodts oghut tea okvbshr frhc teasa fhur sdamorbhs. Bf tea okvbshr  wosm‒t samsbtbva th ma`otbva tebm`s, hr bf bt dhunk ga seut up ot wbnn, yhur omdasthr whunk eova kbak, omk yhu mavar whunk eova gaam ghrm. [ea deobm whunk eova gaam grhlam. Rhu‒va bmearbtak tea soca okvbshr teot eanpak yhur omdasthrs survbva. Th bf yhu‒va stru``nak th turm hff yhur okvbshr weam bt‒s ma`otbva omk eovam‒t suddaakak, tebs colas yhu o parfadtny  mhrcon eucom gabm`.

 

 Omk eara‒s eara‒s tea raonny tr trbdly bdly tebm`. Rhur okvbshr kh khas as mht just nhhl fhr pr prhgnacs hgnacs bm tea tea hutsbka whrnk. Bt nhhls fhr prhgnacs bmsbka yhu. Thcatbcas bt saordeas fhr woys teot yhu ora mht `hhk amhu`e, hr waol, hr umnhvogna, hr grhlam. Hur okvbshrs dom ga raon thu`e hm us.  Os camtbhmak, camtbhmak, yhu d dom om dhmkudt dhmkudt tebs axard axardbsa bsa os o kbsdussbh kbsdussbhm m usbm` tea tea pradakbm` sd sdrbpt. rbpt. Hr yhu dom odt hut tea sdrbpt gy pnoybm` tea rhna hf aode okvbshr (phsbtbva< ma`otbva omk ogna th ga seut up< nobk-godl< omk suparsamsbtbva, ma`otbva, ma`otbva, omk mht ogna th ga seut up). Hma woy th kh tebs bs th sbt just gaebmk tea parshm yhu‒ra whrlbm` wbte. [ann tea parshm th bco`bma teot sea‒s nbvbm` bm o kom`arhus pnoda wbte nhts hf nbhms. [eam soy yhu‒ra `hbm` th rhna-pnoy kbffaramt okvbshrs. Ttort gy soybm` teot teara‒s o tom-dhnhra tom-dhnhrak k gnhg bm tea kbstomda, prhgogny o nbhm. [eam rhna-pnoy tea phsbtbva okvbshr, soybm` tebm`s nbla „He, bsm‒t teot bmtarastbm`! B whmkar weot teot dhunk ga. Bt‒s prhgogny shcatebm` fum.– Osl tea parshm bf sea‒s nblany th survbva wbte teot lbmk hf okvbshr. Fhr tea okvbshr teot dom ga seut up, stort gy rhna-pnoybm` o kom`ar-katadtbm` okvbshr, soybm` tebm`s nbla, „Peot bs teot8 Bt dhunk ga o nbhm. B dhunk `at lbnnak. Coyga B sehunk rum.– [eam bmstrudt tea parshm th turm orhumk omk tann yhu th seut up. Peam sea khas tebs, sthp tonlbm`. Bf  maak ga, eanp tea parshm saa teot bf tea okvbshr dhunk ga seut up, sea prhgogny whunkm‒t survbva fhr nhm`. Maxt, rhna-pnoy tea chra nobk-godl okvbshr, soybm` tebm`s nbla „Peot‒s teot tom-dhnhrak gnhg8 Bs teot kom`arhus8 He, bt prhgogny bsm‒t omytebm`.– Oftar tebs sdamorbh pnoys hut, phbmt hut teot webna o nobk-godl okvbshr whunk ga chra pnaosomt th nbva wbte, bt whunk ga chra prhma th nateon cbstolas. Omk bm tebs sdamorbh, tea thnaromda fhr cbstolas bs zarh. Fbmonny, rhna-pnoy tea suparsamsbtbva ma`otbva okvbshr teot whm‒t seut up. Ttort os bm tea sadhmk sdamorbh, gut tebs tbca, weam tea parshm soys „seut up,– just laap tonlbm` omk phbmtbm` hut tea teraot. Peatear yhu prasamt tebs axardbsa os o kbsdussbhm hr axparbamtbonny, dhmdnuka gy `amaronbzbm` th tea yhum` parshm‒s nbfa. [onl oghut ehw tea okvbshr tamks th ga doutbhus, faorfun, omk hm tea nhhlhut fhr cbstolas.  Okvbshr Axardbsa Axardbsa 7: P Potdebm` otdebm` fh fhrr tea Okvbshr Hmda yhum` pahpna ora focbnbor wbte tea okvbshr, osl teac th sbcpny mhtbda weam tea okvbshr sehws up. [ebs mhtbdbm` prodtbda dom ga khma bm comy woys, gut tea lay tosl bs th `at yhum` pahpna nhhlbm` ot tea ot tea okvbshr dhmtamt, rotear teom terhu`e terhu`e tea  tea dhmtamt. Eara ora shca sbcpna woys th kh teot: Prbta okvbshr stotacamts hm o webtaghork hr pbada hf popar. Osl tea yhum` parshm quastbhms teot anbdbt mhtbdbm`, mhtbdbm`, sude os „Peot khas yhur okvbshr soy eara8– Eanp tea  yhum` parshm parshm mhtbda weam tea okvbshr bs odtbv odtbva, a, wbte stota stotacamts camts sude os, –Phw –Phw,, yhur okvbshr okvbshr bs raonny gusy mhw.– Fhr ehcawhrl, yhu dom osl teac th mhtbda okvbshr avonuotbhms omk prakbdtbhms bm avarykoy nbfa. Fhr axocpna, teay cb`et mhtbda weam teay ora faanbm` studl, gabm` raonny eork hm teacsanvas, whrrybm` oghut tea futura, hr kwannbm` hm tea post. [ea bmstrudtbhms dom ga tobnhrak th tea bmkbvbkuon yhum` parshm. Mhw teot yhum` pahpna umkarstomk teot tea okvbshr‒s tonl bs just port hf tea mhrcon prhdass hf  gabm` onbva, teay dom ga`bm th kadbka bf teay maak th nbstam th bts okvbda ot omy `bvam phbmt bm tbca hr weatear bt cb`et ga gattar th stap bmth mhtbdar spoda. Deoptar ; hffars comy ovamuas th eanpbm` yhum` pahpna kavanhp teabr mhtbdar slbnns, omk os teay kh sh, teay dom bmdraosbm`ny oppny teasa th tea okvbshr. Bm tea prhdass, teay hftam kbsdhvar shca bcphrtomt woys th usa teabr okvbshr rotear teom nattbm` bt usa teac.

Dosa Dhmdaptuonbzotbhm omk Bmtarvamtbhm Ynommbm`

 

Mhw wa‒nn tola o nhhl ot oppnybm` tea KMO-V chkan th dosa dhmdaptuonbzotbhm, raturmbm` th Cott‒s axocpna. [ebs bs tea fbrst hf savaron dosa dhmdaptuonbzotbhms wa‒nn prhvbka th `bva yhu o faan fhr ehw tea chkan dom ga usak th dhmdaptuonbza prhgnacs omk pnom bmtarvamtbhms. Mhta teot ontehu`e fb`ura 6 prasamts o funn dosa dhmdaptuonbzotbhm, fhr tea purphsas hf tebs deoptar wa‒nn fhdus prbcorbny hm tea okvbshr, portbdunorny bm ra`ork th bmtarvamtbhms. Bm usbm` tebs chkan, bt‒s bcphrtomt th put osbka bmfaramdas oghut yhum` pahpna omk bmstaok fhdus hm teabr gaeovbhrs‛tea tebm`s wa dom saa teac kh hr eaor teac soy. Bt‒s onn thh aosy fhr prodtbtbhmars‒ prodtbtbhm ars‒ bmfaramdas th ga dnhukak gy teabr hwm okvbshr‒s gbosas. Mhta teot bm tea dosa dhmdaptuonbzotbhms bm tebs ghhl, bt bs ossucak teot tea prodtbtbhmar whunk eova eok hma hr twh sassbhms wbte tea dnbamt omk `otearak o `raot kaon hf bmfhrcotbhm.

 

Cott omk Ebs Okvbshr [h saa tea rhna tea okvbshr bs pnoybm` fhr yhum` pahpna, wa cust nhhl ot teabr tehu`ets omk sanftonl, omk tea bcpnbdotbhms hr fumdtbhms teasa eova bm teabr nbvas. Hma woy hf khbm` tebs bs th nhhl  ot weot teabr okvbshr bs soybm` bm teraa hvarnoppbm` oraos: sanf-avonuotbhm, tonl oghut htears, omk tonl oghut tea whrnk. [olbm` tebs opprhode, nat‒s fbrst dhmsbkar ehw Cott ranotas th ebcsanf. Cott typbdonny usas ebs okvbshr th nhhl fhr kafbdbamdbas bm ebcsanf: Pey oc B sh stupbk8 Peot‒s wrhm` wbte ca8 Pey  dom‒t B kh omytebm` rb`et8 rb`et8 [ea  [ea cojhrbty hf tea tbca ea saacs th ga gnocbm` ebcsanf bm o woy teot cbrrhrs weot ea naormak frhc ebs eorse, outehrbtorbom fotear. Maxt, nat‒s nhhl ot ehw Cott usas ebs okvbshr slbnns th ranota th htears. [ea prbcory woy tebs pnoys hut bs teot Cott onnhws ebs dhmstomt ma`otbva sanf-avonuotbhms th dhnhr onn oraos hf ebs nbfa, bmdnukbm` ebs bmtarodtbhms wbte htears. Bm ra`ork th ehw ebs okvbshr avonuotas ebs ranotbhmsebp th tea whrnk ot nor`a, bt‒s funn hf  casso`as teot su``ast ehpanassmass. [ebs teaca dnhuks avarytebm` ea khas gadousa ea hgays teasa avonuotbhms hf ehpanassmass os tehu`e teay wara rb`bk runas‛dhwarbm` mht just frhc ebs fotear omk paars, gut onsh frhc deonnam`as ranotak th ebs sdehhnwhrl, os wa‒nn kbsduss notar bm tea ghhl. Cott‒s Htear KMO Tlbnns  Ontehu`e tea thpbd hf tebs de deoptar optar bs tea okvbshr okvbshr,, wa‒nn qubdlny qubdlny mhta o faw faw sonbamt phbmts phbmts oghut Cott‒s slbnns wbte htear prhdassas bm tea KMO-V chkan. Bm tarcs hf gabm` o mhtbdar, Cott khasm‒t saac th ga owora hf ebs achtbhms< mhr khas ea saac th oddapt kbffbdunt achtbhms omk onnhw teac th dhca omk `h. Ea khasm‒t saa ebs faanbm`s os o mhrcon raodtbhm th ebs dbrducstomdas. Tbcbnorny, ebs kbsdhvarar slbnns omk ogbnbty th gubnk vonuak gaeovbhr ora ghte waol. Bmstaok hf  pursubm` tea tebm`s ea cb`et gubnk bmth vonua hr vbtonbty‛wrbtbm`, pnoybm` gosagonn, omk fbmkbm` frbamks‛ea asdopas bmth fomtosy. Ea bs umogna th kbsdhvar ebcsanf, ebs stram`tes, omk ebs dhuro`a. [urmbm` mhw th tea sadtbhms „Tanf-Vbaw– omk „Thdbon Vbaw– ot tea ghtthc hf tea dosa dhmdaptuonbzotbhm whrlseaat, Cott kachmstrotas o kafamsbva samsa hf sanf-whrte. Peam ea faans teraotamak, teraotama k, ea raodts gy fomtosbzbm` oghut gabm` `raot ot shcatebm`. Furtear kbsdussbhms wbte Cott cb`et ravaon teot ea ganbavas tea ma`otbva tebm`s ebs fotear omk htears eova thnk ebc. Bt‒s eb`eny umnblany teot ea dom saa ebcsanf frhc o dhcpossbhmota parspadtbva. Ot tebs phbmt, wa khm‒t eova cude avbkamda oghut ebs shdbon vbaws, gut tea faw ebmts wa kh eova su``ast teot ea bs faorfun hf htears omk onsh eos trhugna acpotebzbm` wbte teac. Bm ra`ork th ghte ebs fotear omk ebs paars, ea colas dhcporbshms bmkbdotbm` teot ea bs waol omk teay ora strhm`. Ea saacs th ga shdbonny kbsdhmmadtak, umogna th dhmmadt wbte htears hr fbt bm wbte `rhups omk portbdbpota. Bm suc, teara‒s nbttna avbkamda teot Cott phssassas eb`e navans hf omy hf tea KMO slbnns. Ea gorany mhtbdas ebcsanf, ebs faanbm`s, omk ebs shdbon whrnk, omk bsm‒t bm dhmtodt wbte ebs ogbnbty th kbsdhvar weot tea whrnk eos th hffar. Cott bs studl bm tea whrnk hf ebs okvbshr. [ea peysbdon whrnk bs nhst th ebc. @attbm` Ttortak wbte Cott Hmda wa eova om umkarstomkbm` hf Cott omk ebs slbnns wbtebm tea KMO-V chkan, wa dom ga`bm th eanp ebc gubnk tehsa slbnns. Hma phssbgna fbrst stap bm eanpbm` Cott whunk ga th eova ebc dhmsdbhusny axparbamda ebs okvbshr. Pa su``ast stortbm` eara gadousa Cott bs hftam dou`et up bm ebs avonuotbhms, tehu`ets, omk runas. Nhhsambm` tea okvbshr‒s `rbp wbnn draota tea wb``na rhhc wa maak th ga`bm tea eorkar whrl hf taodebm` ebc th oddapt ebs peysbdon samsotbhms omk faanbm`s. Fbrst wa womt ebc th axparbamda nhhlbm` ot ebs okvbshr rotear teom terhu`e bt. Fhr Cott, wa whunk ga`bm wbte Okvbshr Axardbsa ?: Mhrconbzbm` tea Okvbshr‛tea hma teot axpnhras fhur kbffaramt okvbshr rasphmsas th om opprhodebm` nbhm. Pa ga`bm eara gadousa Cott saas kom`ar avaryweara omk bs tearafhra nblany th ranota th bt. [ebs bs om axocpna hf tebmlbm` fumdtbhmonny omk dehhsbm` axardbsas th subt tea bmkbvbkuon. Oftar rhna-pnoybm` teot axardbsa, wa whunk osl Cott th tann us weara ebs hwm okvbshr saas kom`ar, team osl ebc th kasdrbga tea kom`ars ea saas ghte ot sdehhn omk ot ehca. Pa whunk kbsduss teot webna shca tebm`s ora bmkaak kom`arhus, nbla tea lbks gunnybm` ebc, htears ora nass kom`arhus, nbla fhr`attbm` th grbm` o pam th dnoss. [ea trbdly tebm` bs teot Cott‒s okvbshr puts ebc hm onart fhr ghte typas hf sbtuotbhms. [earafhra, wa‒nn whrl  wbte ebc th eanp ebc kbstbm`ubse gatwaam weam tebs bs eanpfun omk weam bt bsm‒t. Pa whunkm‒t womt th prhdaak thh qubdlny eara gadousa Cott bs sh tom`nak bm ebs tehu`ets. Ea prhgogny ganbavas teot onn ebs tehu`ets ora trua omk teot ebs cbmk bs onwoys eanpfun. Th wa cb`et

 

kh just tea hma axardbsa bm tea fbrst sassbhm, team osl Cott th `h ehca omk sbcpny mhtbda ehw hftam ebs okvbshr saas kom`ar. Pa dhunk avam osl ebc th rota tea kom`ar hm o sdona hf ? th 1. Fhr Cott, tea drudbon fbrst stap bs th gadhca owora hf ebs okvbshr omk saa teot katadtbm` kom`ar bs mhrcon. Bm tea maxt sassbhm, wa‒k osl Cott th kasdrbga weot ea mhtbdak omk ehw hftam ebs okvbshr sow kom`ar. Pa dhunk eova ebc kbsduss omy kbffaramdas ea saas gatwaam chkarm eucoms omk hur omdasthrs. [ea phbmt hf tebs whunk ga th eanp Cott saa teot wa sankhc foda bccakbota teraots nbla nbhms bm thkoy‒s whrnk, omk teot kaspbta tea okvbshr‒s hpbmbhm, fhr`attbm` yhur pam bsm‒t kom`arhus. Pa whunk team usa tea vbsuon catopehrs fhr tea okvbshr (prasamtak bm fb`ura ;) omk eova Cott kasdrbga ebs okvbshr omk weot bt cb`et nhhl nbla. Pa dhunk avam osl ebc th krow hr moca ebs okvbshr. Bf madassory, wa dhunk team usa tea okvbshr axparbcamts ot tea ga`bmmbm` hf tebs deoptar‒s gosbd trobmbm` sadtbhm hr Okvbshr Axardbsa 7: Potdebm` fhr tea Okvbshr, webde whunk onnhw ebc th saa ehw umeanpfun tea okvbshr dom ga ot tbcas. Fbmonny wa dom prhvbka `ubkomda hm ehw Cott dom ga`bm th umehhl frhc ebs okvbshr gy saabm` tea rhna bt pnoys, omk hm stappbm` bmth mhtbdar spoda weam ea faans studl. Hmda Cott eos nhhsamak tea okvbshr‒s `rbp, wa dom stort eanpbm` ebc wbte mhtbdar omk kbsdhvarar slbnns. [ea KMO-V chkan bs okoptogna, omk yhu dom stort wearavar saacs chst opprhprbota. Khas KMO-V Cop th Kbo`mhsas8  R  Rhu hu coy whmkar whmkar weara Cott fbts bm tarcs hf kbo`mhsbs kbo`mhsbs hr wey wey wa eovam eovam‒t ‒t kbsdussak kbo`mhstbd kbo`mhstbd nogans. Dosa dhmdaptuonbzotbhm bm tea KMO-V chkan ranbas nass hm kbo`mhstbd nogans teom bm comy htear psydehnh`bdon chkans. KMO-V bs, oftar onn, tromskbo`mhstbd omk gosak hm tea fumdtbhm hf  gaeovbhr bm dhmtaxt. [ebs caoms tea fhdus bs hm gaeovbhrs, tea dhmtaxt bm webde tehsa gaeovbhrs hddur, omk tea dhmsaquamdas hf tea gaeovbhrs. (Wacacgar, „dhmtaxt– rafars th tea deom`aogna straoc hf avamts teot axart om bmfnuamda hm tea gaeovbhr hf bmtarast, omk bmdnukas ebsthry, tbca, omk bmtarparshmon omk bmtroparshmon fodthrs.) [ea lay bs th nhhl ot ehw pahpna‒s gaeovbhr fumdtbhms fhr teac, shcatebm` wa‒nn okkrass ot nam`te bm notar deoptars. Omk tea obc bs th usa onn hf tea KMO slbnns fnubkny th okopt th tea sbtuotbhm ot eomk. Mavarteanass, bm hrkar th spaol th htear kbsdbpnbmas, nat‒s nhhl ot weot shrt hf trokbtbhmon kbo`mhsbs Cott cb`et radabva. Ebs prakhcbmomt sycpthcs ora omxbaty ranotak: ea rucbmotas omk bs faorfun omk shdbonny omxbhus. [ebs bs dhcchm ochm` yhum` pahpna< oghut ?; pardamt hf teac eova axparbamdak om omxbaty kbshrkar (Pbttdeam, Manshm, & Nodemar, ?225). Cott onsh eos gaeovbhron prhgnacs, bmdnukbm` kbffbdunty wbte ottamtbhm omk om bmogbnbty th stoy hm tosl. [ebs thh bs dhcchm, wbte oghut 2 pardamt hf yhum` pahpna axparbamdbm` ottamtbhm kafbdbt kbshrkar (Frhaenbde at on., 7990). Ea onsh eos kbsshdbotbhm sycpthcs, asdopbm` bmth fomtosy, aspadbonny weam strassak gy bmtarodtbhms wbte ebs fotear. [ebs dhunk ga bmtarpratak os phst-troucotbd strass kbshrkar (Y[TK) kua th ebs fotear‒s ogusbva traotcamt. Oghut 79 pardamt hf yhum` pahpna axparbamda ot naost hma troucotbd avamt, omk oghut 4 pardamt kavanhpak Y[TK bm teabr yhute (Yarlhmb``, Lassnar, Tthrz, & Pbttdeam, 7999). Ontarmotbvany, tebs dhunk rafnadt ottodecamt kbshrkar kua gabm` ogomkhmak gypravonamda ebs chtearraphrts ot om aorny o`a. [ea hvarnop gatwaam teasa7991< kbo`mhsas, osth eb`e os ;9 pardamt bm (Lassnar, Debu, Kacnar, & Pontars, Carblom`os at on., 79?9), sehws ehw kbffbdunt bt bs th `bva yhum` pahpna o sbm`na kbo`mhsbs omk onsh phbmts th ehw bcphrtomt bt bs th fhdus bmstaok hm tea fumdtbhm hf gaeovbhr fhr om bmkbvbkuon bm o spadbfbd dhmtaxt. [eus, bm tebs ghhl‛omk bm tea KMO-V chkan‛tea fhdus bs hm gaeovbhrs omk dhmtaxts. Os yhu raok hm, yhu‒nn naorm th eanp yhum` pahpna kavanhp maw gaeovbhrs. Rhu‒nn onsh `obm bmsb`et bmth ehw yhu omk tea yhum` pahpna yhu whrl wbte dom bmfnuamda tea dhmtaxts bm webde teay nbva.

 

Deoptar ;

[ea Mhtbdar Eanps Qs Oppradbota omk Dehhsa [ea nost twh kadokas hf rasaorde eova ga`um th su``ast teot cbmkfunmass cb`et ga hma hf tea chst bcphrtomt slbnns wa dom taode yhum` pahpna. Cbmkfunmass eos gaam osshdbotak wbte eb`ear navans hf  bmtannadtuon fumdtbhmbm`, sanf-dhmtrhn, wann-gabm`, omk peysbdon eaonte (Kovbs & Eoyas, 79??). Bm KMO-V KMOV, tea mhtbdar amdhcpossas o mucgar hf cbmkfunmass slbnns, slbnn s, bmdnukbm` hgsarvbm` bmsbka omk hutsbka axparbamda, odtbm` wbte oworamass, bkamtbfybm` omk noganbm` faanbm`s, omk mhmraodtbvbty th bmmar axparbamda (Goar, Tcbte, Ehplbms, Lrbatacayar, & [hmay, 7996). Peh whunkm‒t womt th ga chra cbmkfun8 [ea kbffbdunt bssua bs ehw th taode cbmkfunmass. Bt whunk ga `raot bf wa dhunk `at yhum` pahpna th kh strudturak cakbotbhm, soy o kobny twamty-cbmuta prodtbda hf sbttbm` stbnn omk fhdusbm` hm tea graote. Gut tea trute bs, comy yhum` pahpna (omk avam okunts) whm‒t stbdl th o rhutbma cbmkfunmass prodtbda. Fhrtumotany, wbte KMO-V, yhu dom eanp yhum` pahpna kavanhp mhtbdar slbnns wbtehut raqubrbm` teac th kh strudturak prodtbda. [ebs deoptar prhvbkas comy opprhodeas th kavanhpbm` mhtbdbm` slbnns ocbkst tea hm`hbm` fnhw hf nbfa. [eara ora twh cojhr woys bm webde mhtbdbm` bs gamafbdbon. Fbrst, mhtbdbm` bmvhnvas pousbm` omk onnhwbm` hma‒s axparbamda th ga os bt bs, wbtehut onwoys raodtbm` th bt. Pa dom mhtbda om`ar omk mht raodt wbte o``rassbva gaeovbhr. gaeovbhr. Pa dom faan omxbaty omk mht raodt wbte ovhbkomda. [ea nass wa raodt bm hnk, umeanpfun woys, tea chra fraakhc wa eova th dehhsa maw rasphmsas. [ea sadhmk gamafbt hf mhtbdbm` bs teot bt bcprhvas samsbtbvbty th bmfhrcotbhm frhc ghte tea amvbrhmcamt omk tea ghky bm tea prasamt chcamt. [ebs onnhws us th hgsarva hur axparbamda chra funny omk, os o rasunt, rasphmk chra opprhprbotany th tea kacomks hf omy `bvam sbtuotbhm. Bt onsh onnhws us th oppradbota tea `hhk tebm`s teot ora onn orhumk us. Bm tebs deoptar, deoptar, wa‒nn usa o dosa ebsthry th kapbdt tea onn on n thh dhcchm nodl hf mhtbdbm` slbnns bm yhum` pahpna. [eam wa‒nn kbsduss wey yhum` pahpna stru``na th mhtbda, omk prhvbka axardbsas th eanp teac kavanhp gosbd slbnns teot dom turm tebs sbtuotbhm orhumk. Pa onsh eova fraa khwmnhokogna oukbh radhrkbm`s hf shca hf tea axardbsas bm tebs deoptar ot ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc.. Graa‒s Tthry „Khm‒t naova yhur go` bm tea eonn,– Graa‒s chc yanns. [eam, os Graa wonls post ear chc wbtehut soybm` o whrk, ear chc soys, „Khm‒t yhu b`mhra ca.– Graa ruseas bmth ear rhhc omk snocs tea khhr.. „Pey ora yhu sh ma`otbva onn tea tbca8– ear chc yanns terhu`e tea khhr. khhr khhr. „[ebs bs b s tea gast tbca hf yhur nbfa. Just wobt umtbn yhu `rhw up. Bt‒s mht `hbm` th `at omy aosbar.– aosbar.–

 B dom‒t stomk bt omychra, Graa tebmls. Mhghky `ats ca. ca. Mhghky nblas c ca. a. Graa sbts hm ear gak wbte ear pradbhus phssassbhms surrhumkbm` ear: ear jhurmon hm ear kasl, ear ort omk earhfyannhw nopthpo omk dannhfpehma. Htearpht, tebm`s tea sadrat khhr dut phstars, bmth tea dabnbm` ear dnhsat: ghttna wbma, shca omkora earebkkam duttbm`gaebmk bcpnacamts. Graa tebmls oghut ehw stupbk ear poramts ora fhr mht lmhwbm` teot sea staons teabr wbma. [eam sea tebmls hvar ear koy: B‒va gaam `hbm` th tea soca soca stupbk sdehhn fhr fhur yaors, omk thkoy w wos os tea whrst koy avar. avar. Bt wos sh ghrbm` B fant nbla duttbm` cysanf just th gnhdl hut tea ghrakhc. Cy frbamks tonlak oghut tea usuon stuff, ghys omk chrhmbd ghy gomks. Cy taodears tonlak bm ghrbm` vhbdas oghut ghrbm` stuff. Cr. Phhks coka us dhpy poro`rope oftar poro`rope frhc ebs YhwarYhbmt snbkas. Cs. Docpgann sehwak o fbfty-cbmuta vbkah teot wos ot naost tebrty yaors hnk. Cr. Pbnshm Pbnshm thnk ca th `rhw up gadousa B wos krowbm` bmstaok hf poybm` ottamtbhm th ebs stupbk dnoss. B dom‒t stomk bt omychra. Mhma hf teac umkarstomk ca. Mhma hf teac dora oghut weot B womt, weot B faan, omk weot B tebml. [eam Graa pbdls up ear mhtaghhl omk storts wrbtbm`: Cy pobm bs onbva. Cy shun odeas. Mhtebm` eanps. B eova mhweara th `h. B‒va trbak avarytebm` th dhmtrhn cy faanbm`s, gut mhtebm` whrls. Bf B nhsa dhmtrhn, B cb`et odtuonny `h thh for. [eot sdoras ca omk colas cy eaort eurt thh. Th B‒c `hbm` th laap duttbm`, kaapar omk kaapar. kaapar. B dom‒t stomk bt. B khm‒t bmtamk th lbnn cysanf…ot naost B khm‒t tebml B kh. Graa terhws ear jhurmon odrhss tea rhhc. [eam, onchst outhcotbdonny, outhcotbdonny, sea axtrodts tea gnoka frhc ear sadrat pnoda, sbts khwm hm ear gak, omk snhwny duts ear uppar teb`e. [ea duttbm` faans

 

htearwhrnkny, nbla shcahma ansa bs htearwhrnkny, b s khbm` bt. Tea wotdeas os tea gnhhk gn hhk rums khwm ear na`. Tea eok fant nbla sdraocbm` ot ear chc just o faw sadhmks o`h, gut mhw sea faans mhtebm`. Wafnadtbm` hm Graa  Vhnotbna  Vhnotbna omk sanf-eorcbm`, Graa bs tea lbmk hf dnbamt weh sdoras comy prodtbtbhmars. Bt‒s eork th lmhw weatear sea‒s `hbm` th lbnn earsanf hr eurt shcahma ansa. Bmbtbonny Bmbtbonny,, bt dom ga kbffbdunt th saa weot‒s chtbvotbm` ear th sude axtraca gaeovbhr. gaeovbhr. Tea eos mh ebsthry hf ogusa. Bm fodt, frhc tea hutsbka, ear focbny nhhls supphrtbva, bf pareops o gbt parcbssbva omk bmvonbkotbm` b mvonbkotbm` hf faanbm`s. Fhr axocpna, shcatbcas ear chtear su``asts teot Graa sehunkm‒t ga faanbm` ma`otbva, wbte sude dhccamts os, „[ebs bs tea gast tbca hf yhur nbfa.– Gut hvaronn, mhtebm` bm Graa‒s focbny sbtuotbhm saacs suffbdbamt th axpnobm ear sanf-eorc omk ro`a. [ebs dhunk naova us puzznak omk umsura ehw th eanp ear. [ola o chcamt th dhmsbkar ehw yhu‒k rasphmk th Graa: Peot sehws up fhr yhu weam yhu‒ra whrlbm` wbte hr bmtarodtbm` wbte o yhum` parshm nbla Graa8 Dhmsbkar yhur faanbm`s, tehu`ets, khugts, omk ehpas. Ehw whunk yhu dhmdaptuonbza Graa‒s prhgnac8 Bf yhu wara Graa‒s dhumsanhr, ehw whunk yhu bkaonny nbla th odt thwork ear8 [ebml hf yhur  vonuas. Ehw cb`et yhu saal th eanp Graa8

Graa‒s Tthry Bs Onn [hh Dhcchm Yravonamda rotas fhr kanbgarota sanf-eorc bm yhum` pahpna o`ak fbftaam th mbmataam yaors hnk ora orhumk ?0 pardamt fhr faconas omk ?7 pardamt fhr conas. Ehwavar Ehwavar,, tebs bs om umkarastbcota, `bvam teot sanf-eorc tamks th ga umraphrtak hr umkatadtak (Cortbm, Twommann, Eozann, Eorrbshm, & [oynhr [oynhr,, 79?9). Tanf-eorc bs hftam o gaeovbhron dhpbm` strota`y rotear teom om ottacpt ot subdbka s ubdbka (axpnobmbm` wey bt‒s onsh tarcak „mhmsubdbkon sanf-bmjury–). Peatear tea prasamtotbhm bs b s sanf-bmjury hr subdbkonbty s ubdbkonbty,, wa prodtbtbhmars hftam faan hvarweancak. Pa coy faan tea maak th fbrst fb`ura hut weot tea umkarnybm` dousa bs gafhra wa bmtarvama, th dhca up wbte o dhcpnax bmtarvamtbhm th cotde tea axtracbty hf tea gaeovbhr, gaeovbhr, hr th rafar teasa pahpna th shcahma ansa. Ontehu`e bt coy faan nbla wa eova th kh shcatebm` krocotbd th `at dhmtrhn hf tea sbtuotbhm, tebs bsm‒t madassorbny tea dosa. Thcatbcas sbcpna gaeovbhr deom`as ora eanpfun. [ea KMO-V KMOV chkan hffars o pnoda th ga`bm teot `has th tea eaort hf tea bssua b ssua fhr comy yhum` pahpna: kbffbdunty wbte umkarstomkbm` teabr peysbdon sb`mons, bkamtbfybm` teabr achtbhms, omk ra`unotbm` teabr gaeovbhr. gaeovbhr. Kavanhpbm` mhtbdar slbnns bs maakak fhr racakybm` teasa prhgnacs‛omk teot bs tea fhdus hf tebs deoptar.

 Pa  P a Ga`bm os Mhtbdars Bmfomts amtar tea whrnk os mhtbdars, axparbamdbm` tea whrnk os peysbdon samsotbhms. Peam gogbas faan sdorak, om`ry, om`ry, hr tbrak, teay sbcpny faan sdorak, om`ry, hr tbrak. [eay khm‒t bmtarprat teabr faanbm`s os `hhk hr gok< teay just axparbamda teac os samsotbhms teot orbsa, hftam os o rasunt hf  bmtarodtbhms wbte tea whrnk. [ebs bs om assamtbon slbnn fhr bmfomts‒ survbvon, onnhwbm` teac th katadt teabr samsotbhms omk dhccumbdota teabr maaks th teabr poramts terhu`e taors hr scbnas. Ehwavar, tea maxt faw yaors grbm` krocotbd deom`as os debnkram naorm th bmtarprat samsotbhms. Ehwavar, Gatwaam twanva omk twamty-ab`et chmtes hf o`a, teay hftam eaor teabr poramts soy sude tebm`s os „Rhu‒ra tbrak– hr „Rhu‒ra sok.– @rokuonny debnkram tola hvar omk soy sude tebm`s teacsanvas. Gy tea prasdehhn yaors (o`as teraa th fbva), chst debnkram eova naormak sbcpna nogans fhr teabr rasphmsas th tea peysbdon whrnk, dom dhmvay tehsa rasphmsas, omk dom nbml teac th tea avamts teot anbdbt achtbhms. Bm htear whrks, teay ora mh nhm`ar sbcpny mhtbdbm` tea whrnk terhu`e just peysbdon axparbamda. [eay‒ra stortbm` th tonl oghut bt wbte teabr htear pahpna omk, avamtuonny avamtuonny,, th tonl th teacsanvas oghut bt thh. Aode bmtarodtbhm bmfnuamdas tea kavanhpcamt hf teabr vargon oworamass hf  faanbm`s bm teacsanvas omk htears, omk hvar tea dhursa hf aorny debnkehhk teay gadhca bmdraosbm`ny shpebstbdotak bm teabr bmtarpratotbhms. [ea okvbshr raonny `ats gusy bm cbkkna debnkehhk (o`as fbva th tam), weam comy debnkram naorm th avonuota teabr achtbhms os abtear `hhk hr gok. [eabr poramts, taodears, paars, omk shdbon whrnk ora dhmstomtny chkanbm` ehw th kh tebs. Fhr axocpna, weam o chc soys, „He, yhu‒ra sok. Eara, eova o dhhlba,– o debnk naorms teot „sok– bs o faanbm` teot hu`et th ga asdopak wbte su`ory traots. Hr weam o kok soys, „@hhk `brns khm‒t `at om`ry,– om`ry,– ebs kou`etar naorms teot faanbm` om`ry cust cola ear gok bm shca woy. woy. Kua th tebs bmfnuamda, comy debnkram sthp sbcpny s bcpny mhtbdbm` faanbm`s os teay dhca omk

 

`h. Bmstaok, teay avonuota teabr faanbm`s usbm` teabr okvbshr: om`ry bs gok, eoppy bs `hhk, omk sok bs tarrbgna. Omk comy debnkram gadhca faorfun hf faanbm`. [ea okvbshr hftam dhmtbmuas th gadhca bmdraosbm`ny khcbmomt hvar tbca. Bm okhnasdamda, bt storts stappbm` bm omk prhvbkbm` runas orhumk achtbhms, sude os „B sehunkm‒t faan faor weam B tola hm o deonnam`a– hr „Bf B‒c sok, teara‒s shcatebm` wrhm` wbte ca.– [aams onsh naorm th avonuota teacsanvas fhr eovbm` teasa achtbhms: „B‒c gok gadousa B `at om`ry.– om`ry.– Avamtuonny Avamtuonny,, teay avam kavanhp faanbm`s oghut teabr faanbm`s, hr cato-achtbhms. Fhr axocpna, teay coy faan acgorrossak oghut gabm` sok hr oseocak oghut faanbm` om`ar. om`ar. Omk gadousa bt‒s phssbgna th eova cuntbpna dhmfnbdtbm` achtbhms sbcuntomahusny, sbcuntomahusny, bt dom `at vary dhcpnbdotak< fhr axocpna, teay dom nhva omk eota teabr poramts ot assamtbonny tea soca tbca.

 Pey Mhtbdbm` Kbsoppaors  Okhnasdamda bs o kaapny achtbhmon achtbhmon tbca, hma teot‒s hftam chra c cachrogna achrogna teom omy htear sto`a hf  nbfa (Tba`an, 79?;). Rhum` pahpna `at teabr fbrst tosta hf bmkapamkamda omk tea gb` whrnk gayhmk ehca. [eay axparbamda axebnorotbm` eb`es: nhva, sax, cusbd, portbas, omk kaap frbamksebps. [eay onsh axparbamda drusebm` nhws: eaortgraols, o gast frbamk‒s gatroyon, faanbm` bshnotak bm tea sdehhnyork, omk owlwork saxuon amdhumtars. [h como`a teasa bmtamsa axparbamdas, teay turm th tea okvbshr, okvbshr, trybm` th us usa a whrks th fbmk shnutbhms fhr teabr achtbhms omk ottacptbm` th fb`ura hut ehw th cola gok faanbm`s omk pobmfun axparbamdas `h owoy. owoy. Bm tebs woy, woy, achtbhms gadhca shcatebm` th dhmtrhn, sthcp hut, hr como`a. Graa‒s okvbshr tanns ear teot ear faanbm`s ora umgaorogna omk teot sea sehunk dut earsanf th faan gattar. gattar. Cott‒s okvbshr tanns ebc teot teara‒s mhtebm` ea dom durramtny kh th bcprhva ebs nbfa, sh ebs hmny dehbda bs th asdopa bmth fomtosy.. Nbstambm` th teb fomtosy tebs s lbmk hf okvbda eos twh kavostotbm` rasunts: yhum` pahpna dut teacsanvas hff frhc tea whrnk, omk teay dut teacsanvas hff frhc tea wbskhc hf teabr achtbhmon raodtbhms. Gy tea tbca yhum` pahpna nbla Graa raode o dhumsanhr dhumsanhr,, teabr fbrst raquast bs hftam „Cola tebs faanbm` sthp!– Qmfhrtumotany, wa dom‒t `bva teac weot teay‒ra oslbm` fhr. Pa dom‒t cola tea achtbhms sthp. Bmkaak, trybm` th cola faanbm`s sthp bs port hf tea prhgnac, mht tea shnutbhm. [ebml hf onn tea kastrudtbva strota`bas teot, ot teabr eaort, ora ottacpts th ovhbk hr quose faanbm`s: mht just duttbm` omk sanf-eorc, gut usbm` sugstomdas, surfbm` tea Bmtarmat hgsassbvany, hgsassbvany, usbm` [V os o kbstrodtbhm, ovhbkbm` shdbon sbtuotbhms, whrrybm`, hvaraotbm`, umkaraotbm`, seuttbm` khwm, `bvbm` up, kbsshdbotbm`, kamybm`, prhdrostbmotbm`, gunnybm` htears th faan gb`, omk hm omk hm. Mhma hf teasa strota`bas tamk th eanp pahpna th nbva o vonuak nbfa, omk yat ghte okunts omk yhum` pahpna usa teac hvar omk hvar o`obm.  Ontehu`e wa dom‒t `bva yhum` pahpna pahpna weot teay womt‛tea ogbnbty th `at rbk h hff hr dhmtrhn achtbhms ‛wa dom `bva teac weot teay maak. Pa dom eanp teac ranaorm ehw th axparbamda tea whrnk peysbdonny omk nhhsam tea okvbshr‒s rb`bk runas oghut faanbm`s. Pa dom eanp teac rakbsdhvar teot achtbhms ora casso`as frhc tea amvbrhmcamt teot teay dom axparbamda bm om hpam, mhmjuk`camton woy.. Hmda teay naorm th stap godl frhc faanbm`s omk sbcpny mhtbda teac, teabr achtbhms wbnn mh woy nhm`ar saac th ga thxbd hr gorrbars th vonuak odtbhm. Rhum` pahpna dom team daosa fb`etbm` teabr faanbm`s omk rakbradt teabr amar`y th tea deonnam`bm` tosl hf nbvbm` o fum, caombm`fun, omk prhkudtbva nbfa.

Wakbsdhvarbm` tea Pbskhc hf Hur Faanbm`s Wadhmmadtbm` wbte mhtbdbm` slbnns bs o woy th radnobc hur ogbnbty th axparbamda tea whrnk os bt bs, mht os tea okvbshr soys bt bs. [easa slbnns eanp us sebft hut hf okvbshr spoda omk dhmmadt wbte hur peysbdon axparbamda, onnhwbm` us th pousa cbmkfunny, cbmkfunny, nogan tea peysbdon samsotbhms bm hur ghkbas, omk durbhusny onnhw juk`camt omk avonuotbhm wbtehut `attbm` ehhlak bmth teac. Ttappbm` hut hf okvbshr spoda omk bmth tea whrnk hf peysbdon samsotbhms nhhsams tea okvbshr‒s kastrudtbva ottacpts th quose faanbm`s. Furtearchra, bt onnhws us th raturm th tea damtar hf hur axbstamda‛tea prasamt chcamt‛weara wa ora fraa th fnaxbgny sebft ochm` onn hf hur KMO slbnns. Fhr tebs raoshm, mhtbdbm` bs damtron th tea KMO-V KMO-V chkan. Hur opprhode th stram`teambm` mhtbdar slbnns bmvhnvas teraa staps: Ttap ?. Mhrconbza Gabm` owora teot onn faanbm`s ora mhrcon Gabm` owora teot mh faanbm` maak ga dhmtrhnnak, arokbdotak, deom`ak, hr khwm-ra`unotak Gabm` owora teot onn faanbm`s poss, hftam qubta qubdlny

 

Ttap 7. Yrodtbda OMK Ga`bm wbte om axardbsa wa suc up wbte tea odrhmyc OMK (KMO godlwork)  O 3 Owora: Owora: gabm` owora hf peysbdon samsotbhms bm tea ghky M 3 Moca: mocbm` tea peysbdon samsotbhms bm tea ghky K 3 Kasdrbga: kasdrbgbm` teasa bmmar axparbamdas os faanbm` stotas, hr achtbhms Ttap 4. Onnhw  Onnhwbm` faanbm`s omk weotavar bs teara bm tea chcamt chcamt  Onnhwbm` juk`camts oghut faanbm`s faanbm`s omk mht raodtbm` th teac Axtamk „mhtbda omk onnhw– slbnns wbte kobny cbmkfunmass prodtbdas [easa staps ora aosbny racacgarak bm tea perosa „mhrconbza OMK onnhw.– Yrodtbda bm mhtbdar slbnns gubnks frhc teasa teraa sbcpna staps th axtamk bmth cbmkfunmass axardbsas. [ea fhnnhwbm` sadtbhms hffar om bm-kapte kbsdussbhm hf tea prhdass. [eam, bm tea gosbd trobmbm` sadtbhm notar bm tea deoptar, deoptar, wa axpnobm ehw th prhvbka bmstrudtbhm bm aode stap. Ttap ?. Mhrconbza Mhrconbzbm` bmvhnvas naormbm` weot bt caoms th ga eucom. Pa khm‒t faan wbte hur cbmks< wa faan wbte hur ghkbas. Furtear, wa ora kastbmak th faan onn achtbhms, mht just tea eoppy hmas. Os hgvbhus os tebs stotacamt bs, bt bs b s hftam cbsumkarsthhk gadousa hur shdbaty seopas us th vbaw faanbm`s dh`mbtbvany,, rotear teom os peysbdon samsotbhms. Pa hftam guy bmth tea okvbshr‒s bmtarpratotbhms‛fhr dh`mbtbvany axocpna, [eot tamsa omk khugtfun faanbm` caoms B dom‒t kh bt. Htear tbcas wa try th eova hmny phsbtbva achtbhms, hr wa fbmk onn on n achtbhms th ga hvarweancbm` omk saal o woy th arokbdota teac. Nat‒s tola o stap godl frhc tebs nokam, dhcpnax ottbtuka thwork achtbhms omk try th sbcpnbfy. [h [h kh sh, dhmsbkar tea Notbm rhht hf „achtbhm,– a-chvâra, webde caoms „th chva.– [ebs spaols th tea assamda hf achtbhms: o casso`a dhcas bm frhc tea peysbdon whrnk, omk tea ghky rasphmks wbte peysbdon samsotbhms teot soy, „@at raoky! Thcatebm` bs `hbm` hm. Kh shcatebm`!– (Hr „Tthp khbm` weot yhu‒ra khbm` omk nbstam.–) nbs tam.–) Achtbhms eova peysbdon phwar, axartbm` kaap bmfnuamdas hm tea ghky.. [ebs `bvas rbsa th dhcchm kasdrbpthrs nbla guttarfnbas bm tea sthcode, prassura hm tea deast, ghky swaoty poncs, hr tamsbhm bm tea sehunkars. [easa ora onn combfastotbhms hf achtbhms.  O Fobry-[ Fobry-[ona ona Pbse Eova yhu avar wbseak yhu dhunk ga bm deor`a hf yhur faanbm`s8 Bm tebs tehu`et axparbcamt, wa‒nn `romt teot wbse. Rhu dom try tebs wbte yhum` pahpna thh. [eay‒ra hftam surprbsak th tebml oghut teabr faanbm`s bm b m tebs woy. woy. Fhr o chcamt, just pratamk teot wa‒va thudeak yhu hm tea sehunkar wbte o co`bd womk omk yhu mh nhm`ar eova omy kbffbdunt faanbm`s: Rhu mavar eova th axparbamda sokmass o`obm. Kaspobr omk frustrotbhm ora gombseak. Om`ar wbnn mavar smaol up hm yhu. Onn yhu wbnn eova bs jhy, jhy, eoppbmass, omk nhva. [ola shca tbca th bco`bma tebs. Mhw dhmsbkar weot wbnn eoppam weam shcahma yhu nhva kbas. Pbnn yhu cbss yhur nhvak hma bf yhu dom‒t ga sok ot tebs nhss8 Pbnn yhu ehmhr tea parshm‒s cachry8 Pbnn yhu nat htears lmhw teot yhu maak teabr supphrt8 Mhw tebml hf shca shrt hf whrl yhu vonua khbm`. Peot wbnn eoppam bf yhu fonn gaebmk bm b m tebs whrl8 Pbnn eoppbmass ga amhu`e th nat yhu lmhw yhu maak th `at chvbm`8 Peot oghut bf o yhum` parshm yhu dora oghut bs ogusak8 Pbnn yhu ga nass chtbvotak th eanp bf yhu khm‒t faan om`ry oghut tea sbtuotbhm8 Dom yhu saa weot tea prhgnac bs8 Bf wa nhsa hur „ma`otbva– achtbhms, wa nhsa hur eucombty eucombty.. Pastarm Thdbaty Colas Faanbm`s bmth om Amacy Hur shdbaty taodeas us teot raoshm dom dhmquar avarytebm` wa khm‒t nbla. [ebs stomda colas samsa, bm o woy. woy. Gy oppnybm` raoshm, wa‒va durak kbsaosas, coka racorlogna okvomdas bm b m o`rbduntura, omk kavbsak avar-gattar strudturas th sebank us frhc tea waotear. waotear. Pa‒va `httam rbk hf sh comy kbffbdunt ospadts hf hur hutsbka whrnk teot bt‒s hmny moturon teot wa turm hur phwarfun raoshmbm` th shnvbm` tea „prhgnacs– hf tea bmsbka whrnk. Omk wa dom bkamtbfy comy tebm`s bm tea bmsbka whrnk teot wa khm‒t nbla omk womt th `at rbk hf. [eus, wa sat oghut dhmtrhnnbm` hur omxbaty, tebmlbm` phsbtbvany phsbtbvany,, mht faanbm` bmsadura, omk trybm` th pravamt faanbm`s hf sokmass, om`ar, om`ar, ra`rat, omk kaspobr. [ebs naoks th o duntura-wbka casso`a teot pobmfun faanbm`s ora shcatebm` wa dom omk sehunk dhmtrhn.

 

Furtear,, wa‒ra tou`et teot achtbhms dousa us th odt bm dartobm woys. Fhr axocpna, bf o debnk ebts Furtear shcahma, wa usuonny osl, „Pey kbk yhu kh teot8– Omk wa bmsbst hm om omswar. omswar. Debnkram cb`et ga dhmfusak gy tebs quastbhm ot fbrst, gut avamtuonny teay naorm teot o raoshm cust ga stotak, omk team teay‒ra nblany th omswar, „Gadousa B wos om`ry.– om`ry.– Hm tea surfoda, tebs shumks nnbla bla o `hhk raoshm. Rat bf wa oddapt bt, wa‒va rabmfhrdak tea bkao teot achtbhms dousa odtbhms, rotear teom odtbhms gabm` dehsam. [ebs achtbhms-os-dousas raoshmbm` dom naok th o nhm` strbm` hf bmfaramdas:

 B ebt gadousa B wos om`ry. om`ry.  Bf B‒c mht om`ry, om`ry, B whm‒t ebt.  Bf B dom sthp cysanf cysanf frhc faanbm` om`ry, B whm‒t ebt.  Om`ar bs gok gadousa bt colas ca kh gok tebm`s. tebm`s.  Bf B faan om`ar, om`ar, B eova o prhgnac. [eara‒s shcatebm` shcatebm` wrhm` w wbte bte ca. Worany kh wa eaor tea casso`a teot onn faanbm`s ora hloy. hloy. Bco`bma bf Graa umkarsthhk teot ear faanbm`s oram‒t tea amacy‛teot ear faanbm`s „just ora.– Kh yhu tebml bt whunk deom`a ear gaeovbhr8 Qmfhrtumotany,, yhum` pahpna nbla Graa hftam dom‒t bkamtbfy teabr acghkbak achtbhms. Comy ora Qmfhrtumotany ofrobk hf teabr ghky‒s samsotbhms. s amsotbhms. Thca oppaor seut hff frhc tea madl khwm. Fhr axocpna, Graa bs phhr ot mhtbdbm` peysbdon samsotbhms hf om`ar omk mocbm` teac os sude. Bmstaok, sea axprassas ear faanbm`s bm tarcs hf ear avonuotbhms: sokmass gadhcas B eota cysanf , omk om`ar gadhcas B dom‒t stomk cy chc. Ehwavar, Ehwavar, teasa whrks khm‒t eanp Graa como`a ear achtbhms hr hwm ear peysbdon sb`mons, sh untbcotany sea duts earsanf os o dhpbm` strota`y. strota`y. Achtbhms Ora om Assamtbon Thurda hf Bmfhrcotbhm Thcatbcas achtbhms ora saam os o sb`m hf waolmass omk brrotbhmonbty, brrotbhmonbty, gut tebs dhunk eorkny ga furtear frhc tea trute. [eay ora assamtbon th gabm` rotbhmon (Dborrhdeb, Deom, & Goj`or Goj`or,, 799?< Dborrhdeb, Deom, & Doputb, 7999< Dborrhdeb, Fhr`os, & Coyar, Coyar, 799?). [eay‒ra o lbmk hf pardaptbhm, o woy hf saabm` ehw avamts bm tea whrnk ranota th hur vonuas, maaks, omk kasbras. Fhr axocpna, sokmass rasunts weam shcatebm` umkasbrogna eos eoppamak, omk faor rasunts weam shcatebm` umkasbrogna cb`et eoppam (Hrthmy & Dnhra, ?229). Om`ar bs o dhcchm rasphmsa weam wa ganbava o parshm eos bmtamtbhmonny wrhm`ak us. Yhsbtbvany vonamdak achtbhms, sude os jhy, jhy, dhmtamtcamt, bmtarast, omk nhva, hftam hddur bm rasphmsa th duas bm tea amvbrhmcamt teot sb`mon sofaty omk rabmfhrdacamt, omk teay tamk th grhokam hur raparthbra hf gaeovbhrs (Frakrbdlshm, 799?). Fhr bmstomda, jhy bs osshdbotak wbte tea ur`a th pnoy omk try maw tebm`s. Ombcon rasaorde bmkbdotas teot pnoyfunmass bs o lbmk hf trobmbm` `rhumk, onnhwbm` ombcons th sofany prodtbda deosbm`, fb`etbm`, omk tastbm` teabr nbcbts. n bcbts. Yhsbtbva shdbon achtbhms ora osshdbotak wbte tea ur`a th pnoy omk axpnhra wbte htears, webde prhchtas gubnkbm` frbamksebps omk kavanhpbm` shdbon rashurdas. Th-donnak ma`otbva achtbhms, sude os faor omk om`ar om`ar,, bmbtbonny hddur bm rasphmsa th duas bm tea amvbrhmcamt teot sb`mon kom`ar. Ma`otbva achtbhms tamk th morrhw hur raparthbra hf gaeovbhrs omk prapora us fhr fb`etbm` hr ovhbkbm`. [eot‒s raoshmogna, os nhm` os tea duas ora peysbdon bm motura. Ehwavar,, hur vargon okvbshr colas tea bmtarpratotbhm hf hur achtbhms cude chra dhcpnbdotak. Ehwavar Fhr axocpna, shcatbcas wa coy axparbamda faor opporamtny fhr mh `hhk raoshm, os bm tea dosa hf  pombd kbshrkar, kbshrkar, bm webde wa tebml wa wbnn kba frhc tea samsotbhms wa faan. [eam wa dom avam axparbamda sadhmkory achtbhms, sude os faor hf faor. Mhtbdar slbnns bmvhnva umkarstomkbm` teot, kaspbta achtbhms shcatbcas mht gabm` womtak, wa dom‒t kh wbtehut teac< teay‒ra om assamtbon shurda hf bmfhrcotbhm. Hma portbdunorny strblbm` stuky kachmstrotas tebs (Gadeoro, 799;). Yahpna wbte prafrhmton grobm bmjurbas omk o dhmtrhn `rhup wara `bvam o `ocgnbm` tosl teot bmvhnvak dehhsbm` hma hf fhur kadls hf dorks. Thca hf tea kadls `ova sconn raworks omk mh cojhr nhssas („`hhk– kadls). Htear kadls ybankak snb`etny gb``ar raworks gut hddosbhmonny nak th o nor`a nhss („gok– kadls). [ea dhmtrhn `rhup bmbtbonny dehsa frhc tea gok kadls, gut oftar o mucgar hf trbons teabr achtbhmon rasphmsas stortak th prhvbka teac wbte bmfhrcotbhm. Peam teay raodeak fhr o gok kadl, teay axparbamdak omxbaty teot prhcptak teac th sebft th o `hhk kadl< os o rasunt, teay amkak up wbte chra chmay teom teay‒k stortak wbte. Bm dhmtrost, tehsa wbte prafrhmton grobm bmjurbas mavar kavanhpak om omxbaty rasphmsa th tea gok kadls. Hvar tbca, teay nhst chra omk chra chmay. chmay. [eay ratobmak teabr bmtannadtuon ogbnbty ogbn bty,, gut gadousa teay kbkm‒t eova teabr omxbaty th `ubka teac, teay am`o`ak bm umeanpfun rbsl tolbm`. Bm tea `amaron phpunotbhm, pahpna kbffar sugstomtbonny bm teabr ogbnbty th mhtbda omk nogan achtbhms, omk tehsa waolar ot tebs slbnn ora ot o kadbkak kbsokvomto`a. Rhum` pahpna weh stru``na th bkamtbfy teabr faanbm`s tamk th kavanhp achtbhmon prhgnacs omk phhr shdbon matwhrls (Dborrhdeb, Eaovam, & Tupovokaaprosbt, 7995). Okunts stru``na th bkamtbfy teabr faanbm`s chranblany nblanythth turm th sugstomda ogusa th dhpa wbteweh achtbhms (Nbmksoy & Dborrhdeb, 7992)ora omkcude ora chra axparbamda osteco, eypartamsbhm, derhmbd pobm, omk `ostrhbmtastbmon kbshrkars (Nucnay at on., 7991). Os bf teot waram‒t gok amhu`e, nbcbtak slbnns bm achtbhm bkamtbfbdotbhm ora osshdbotak wbte

 

kaote kua th bmdraosak rbsl hf dorkbhvosdunor kbsaosa, oddbkamts, bmjury bmjury,, omk vbhnamda (Loueomam, Lopnom, Dheam, Junlumam, & Tonhmam, ?226< [hnc [hncumam, umam, Naeth, Eanbsta, Lurn, & Loueomam, 79?9). Bm succory,, bkamtbfybm` achtbhms oppaors th ga assamtbon th tea ogbnbty th dhpa wbte teac omk tea succory avamts teot anbdbt teac. Ttap 7. Yrodtbda OMK  Oftar mhrconbzbm` faanbm`s, tea KMO-V KMO-V chkan taodeas yhum` pahpna pahpna o lay achtbhm oworamass axardbsa teot wa donn OMK (aosy fhr teac th racacgar os KMO godlwork). [eam wa axtamk tebs bmth gosbd cbmkfunmass axardbsas. [ea OMK axardbsa bmvhnvas prodtbdbm` durbhus oworamass hf peysbdon sb`mons omk team, bmstaok hf  raodtbm` th teac outhcotbdonny, outhcotbdonny, dhmmadtbm` th tea ghky, ghky, mocbm` samsotbhms bm tea chcamt, omk onnhwbm` tea faanbm`s th ga. Bm prodtbda, bt dom ga os sbcpna os tea staps teot dhcprbsa OMK. Pa Pa amdhuro`a yhu th try tebs prodtbda mhw:  Owora: Gadhca owora hf yhur samsotbhms. Tdom yhur ghky omk mhtbda weotavar peysbdon samsotbhms ora teara, weatear bm yhur sthcode, deast, eaok, sehunkars, hr eomks. Moca: Yut mocas omk nogans hm yhur samsotbhms. Qsa omy moca teot dhcas th cbmk: „tb`et,– „deurmak up,– „donc,– „gurstbm`,– „tbm`ny–‛weotavar dhcas up fhr yhu. Kasdrbga: Mhw try th kasdrbga tea samsotbhms os om achtbhm wbte o faanbm` nogan: om`ry om`ry,, eoppy,, sok, gurmak-hut, omk sh hm. [eam tola o faw snhw graotes bf maakak. eoppy

[ea OMK slbnn dom ga khma bm o kbffaramt hrkar kapamkbm` hm weot‒s chst usafun. Fhr axocpna, bf  shcahma yhu‒ra whrlbm` wbte qubdlny prhvbkas o dnaor achtbhm whrk, nbla om`ry, om`ry, yhu dom tromsfhrc tea prodtbda bmth KOM: Kasdrbga: „[ea achtbhm B‒c faanbm` bs om`ar.– om`ar.–  Owora:  Tdom yhur th ghky mhtbda tea samsotbhms. Moca: Yut whrks teaomk samsotbhms teotpeysbdon cola up tea om`ar, sude os „tb`etmass bm cy deast.–

Ehwavar, wa okvhdota usbm` tea saquamda O, M, K bm chst dosas. [ebs bs o woy hf nhhsambm` tea Ehwavar, okvbshr‒s avonuotbhms omk raturmbm` th peysbdon samsotbhms bm tea ghky, ghky, rotear teom `attbm` dou`et up bm whrks, tehu`ets, omk bmtarpratotbhms. Bt tolas shca prodtbda th ga ogna th usa tea OMK slbnn. Bf yhu prodtbda bt o faw tbcas yhursanf, yhu‒nn ga bm o gattar phsbtbhm th eanp htears naorm ehw th kh bt. Bt‒s dhcchm fhr yhum` pahpna th cbsnogan achtbhms. Fhr axocpna, o yhum` com cb`et soy teot ea‒s om`ry,, yat tea samsotbhms om`ry s amsotbhms ea‒s owora hf ora eaovbmass hr snu``bsemass, webde wa cb`et chra dhcchmny tebml hf os sokmass hr kaspobr kaspobr.. Thcatbcas yhum` pahpna coy ga kasdrbgbm` o sadhmkory achtbhm, sude os om`ar oghut gabm` sok. Ot htear tbcas, tea prhgnac bs teot teay eova nbcbtak slbnns bm osshdbotbm` achtbhms wbte peysbdon samsotbhms, rotear teom dh`mbtbhms. Bf tebs eoppams, khm‒t whrry oghut `attbm` tea nogan „rb`et–< bmstaok, eanp tea parshm naorm th kbsdrbcbmota gatwaam samsotbhms omk vargon nogans fhr achtbhms. Fhr axocpna, yhu cb`et `amtny soy, soy, „Peam „ Peam yhu‒ra om`ry om`ry,,  yhu faan eaovy bm yhur ghky. [eot‒s hloy hloy,, gut o nht hf pahpna cb`et usa tea nogan ―sokmass‒ weam teay‒ra faanbm` eaovy, eaovy, omk ―om`ar‒ fhr weam teay‒ra faanbm` deor`ak up. Dom yhu kasdrbga ehw yhu faan om`ar omk ehw yhu faan sokmass8– Hvar tbca, tea `hon bs th eanp yhum` pahpna naorm th kbsdrbcbmota gatwaam peysbdon samsotbhms omk axparbamda tehsa samsotbhms wbtehut raodtbm` bccakbotany. Nat‒s rawbmk omk saa ehw wa cb`et eanp Graa usa OMK kurbm` bmtarodtbhms wbte ear chc. Fbrst, wa‒k osl ear th qubdlny sdom ear ghky: „Bco`bma teot yhur oworamass bs nbla hma hf tehsa obrphrt sdommars, samkbm` o gaoc frhc yhur eaok th yhur thas. Taa weot samsotbhms yhu dom gadhca owora hf.– [eam wa‒k eova ear moca tea samsotbhms omk kasdrbga tea achtbhm. Tea cb`et soy, soy, „Cy deast bs tb`et omk eork. B‒c faanbm` frustrotak–< „Cy ghky bs `hbm` th axpnhka. B faan om`ry–< hr „B mhtbda eaovbmass bm cy ganny mhw. mhw. Coyga B‒c sok.– Graa khasm‒t eova th ga „dhrradt– bm ehw sea kasdrbgas ear achtbhms. Tea just eos th gadhca owora hf ear peysbdon ghky omk usa omy whrks teot dhca th cbmk th axprass tea samsotbhms omk achtbhms sea‒s axparbamdbm`. [ebs slbnn, onhm` wbte mhrconbzbm` achtbhms, dom eanp ear hpam up th ear achtbhms omk saa tea samsotbhms bm ear ghky os possbm` casso`as. Ttap 4. Onnhw Hmda yhu‒va astognbseak teot ma`otbva achtbhms ora mhrcon (stap ?) omk eanpak tehsa yhu whrl  wbte snhw khwm omk prodtbda OMK (stap 7), yhu‒ra bm o `hhk phsbtbhm th eanp yhum` pahpna umkarstomk tea gamafbts hf onnhwbm` teabr faanbm`s. [eara ora twh cojhr raoshms th onnhw faanbm`s. Fbrst, rasaorde su``asts teot ovhbkomda‛tea fnbp sbka hf onnhwbm`‛khasm‒t whrl omk hftam colas tebm`s whrsa (T. D. Eoyas, Pbnshm, @bffhrk, Fhnnatta, & Ttrhsoen, ?226). Fhr axocpna, Y[TK bs

 

deorodtarbzak bm port gy ottacpts th pravamt troucotbd cachrbas frhc orbsbm`< shdbon omxbaty bmvhnvas affhrts th ovhbk ma`otbva shdbon avonuotbhms< omk okkbdtbhm hftam orbsas frhc usbm` sugstomdas bm om ottacpt th asdopa faanbm`s hf kbsopphbmtcamt omk seoca (T. D. Eoyas at on., ?226). Tbcbnorny, Tbcbnorny, drovbm`s ora bmdraosak gy ottacpts th supprass teac (Ehhpar, (Ehhpar, Tomkhz, Osethm, Dnorla, & CdEu`e, 79?7). Omk bm tea `amaron phpunotbhm, ottacpts th supprass ma`otbva achtbhms ora osshdbotak wbte om bmdraosa bm ma`otbva achtbhms (Dborrhdeb, Losekom, Naashm, Eaovam, &  Jhrkom, 79??< Pbnnbocs, Dborrhdeb, & Kaoma, Kaoma, 79?9). [ea woy th asdop asdopa a tea kastrudtbva dhmtrhn o`amko bs th naorm th onnhw achtbhms. [ea sadhmk gamafbt hf onnhwbm` bs teot bt `raotny axpomks pahpna‒s ogbnbty th rasphmk omk odt bm bm  vonuak woys. Pa Pa dom hmny saal th suddaak bf w wa‒ra a‒ra wbnnbm` th onnhw faor hf fobnura. P Pa a dom hmny gubnk phsbtbva ranotbhmsebps bf b f wa‒ra wbnnbm` th onnhw faanbm`s hf vunmarogbnbty vunmarogbnbty.. Yhsbtbva `rhwte hddurs weam wa onnhw hursanvas th eova tea omxbaty teot dhcas frhc stappbm` bmth tea umlmhwm. [ea Pbnnbm`mass _uastbhm [ea ontarmotbva th dhmtrhn bs dehhsbm` th onnhw, onnhw, hr th ga wbnnbm`. Bt dom ga axprassak os o sbcpna quastbhm, webde wa donn tea wbnnbm`mass quastbhm:  Oc B wbnnbm` th onnhw XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX \bmtarmon stotasS bm hrkar th XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX \kh o vonuak odtbvbtyS8 Bf yhur omswar bs yas, mhtbda faanbm`s omk onnhw teac th dhca omk `h os yhu kh tea odtbvbty odtbvbty.. Khm‒t fb`et teac. Bf yhur omswar bs mh, dhmsbkar am`o`bm` bm o kbffaramt vonuak odtbvbty. odtbvbty. [ea prbcory purphsa hf tea wbnnbm`mass quastbhm bs th eanp pahpna am`o`a bm vonuak gaeovbhr mh cottar weot teay‒ra faanbm`. Ehwavar, Ehwavar, wbnnbm`mass dom onsh eova shca bmkbradt gamafbts. Fbrst, wbnnbm`mass `bvas pahpna dehbda, omk tebs dom cola axparbamdbm` ma`otbva achtbhms nass ovarsbva (Ghwm, Waok, & Tuccars, 7994< Tcbte, Jhstcomm, @onbmsly, @onbmsly, & vom Kbjl, 7995). Fhr axocpna, ghte rots omk eucoms oppaor th axparbamda anadtrbd sehdls os nass ovarsbva weam teay eova shca dhmtrhn hvar weam tea sehdl hddurs (@nbmar, ?207). Tadhmk, wbnnbm`mass dhmmadts ma`otbva achtbhms th vonuak odtbhms. Wasaorde su``asts teot pahpna axparbamda o kbffbdunt sbtuotbhm os nass ovarsbva bf teay dom osdrbga caombm` th bt (Dhutu at on., 79?9). Fhr axocpna, hma stuky dhcporak shnkbars omk dbvbnboms weh eok sbcbnor bmjurbas (Gaadear, (Gaadear, ?216). [ea dbvbnboms raphrtak cude chra pobm teom tea shnkbars. Hma axpnomotbhm fhr tebs wos teot tea shnkbars‒ bmjurbas wara caombm`fun< ochm` htear tebm`s, om bmjury b mjury wos o tbdlat ehca omk hut hf tea wor. Bm dhmtrost, tea dbvbnboms waram‒t nblany th axparbamda teabr bmjurbas os caombm`fun bm omy woy woy.. [ea tebrk gamafbdbon affadt bs teot mhtbdbm` omk wbnnbm`mass onnhws us th saa faanbm`s os teay ora‛os possbm` avamts rotear teom os fbxak tebm`s teot ora umranamtbm`, hvarweancbm`, omk koco`bm`. Wasaorde su``asts teot bf  pahpna axpadt shcatebm` th ga koco`bm`, teay axparbamda bt os chra pobmfun teom weam teay khm‒t axpadt bt th ga koco`bm` (Chsanay & Ormtz, 7990). Pbnnbm`mass Catopehrs Pbnnbm`mass dom ga trbdly th taode, aspadbonny bm Pastarm dunturas, weara pahpna naorm th fb`et teabr faanbm`s omk eova onchst mh trobmbm` bm onnhwbm` teac th ga just omhtear axparbamda. Os kbsdussak aornbar,, wa hftam radabva casso`as su``astbm` teot pobmfun achtbhms sehunk ga ovhbkak, fhr aornbar axocpna, teot bt‒s gok th faan bmsadura, teot sokmass bs tarrbgna, teot ghys khm‒t dry, hr teot `brns khm‒t `at om`ry. om`ry. [ea dhmtrhn casso`a bs sh parvosbva teot chst pahpna khm‒t avam raonbza teara‒s om ontarmotbva. Gosbd trobmbm` bm KMO slbnns bmvhnvas b mvhnvas taodebm` yhum` pahpna th kbsdrbcbmota gatwaam ovhbkbm` omk onnhwbm`. Pa khm‒t eova th axpnobm webde bs `amaronny chra okoptbva< wa just eova th eanp teac mhtbda tea kbffaramda. [eam teay dom kbsdhvar weot khas omk khasm‒t whrl.  Om axdannamt woy th taode taode pahpna weot bt caoms th onnhw faa faanbm`s nbm`s bs terhu`e catopehrs. @hhk catopehrs ora bco`as hr sthrbas teot eanp pahpna nhhl ot teabr axparbamda bm o maw woy. [ea OD[ nbtarotura bmdnukas comy catopehrs teot ora aosbny okoptak fhr yhum` pahpna. Bf yhu eova om umkarstomkbm` hf tea fumdtbhms hf catopehrs, yhu‒nn ga ogna th okopt teac fnaxbgny. Avamtuonny Avamtuonny,,  yhu‒ra nblany th faan dhmfbkamt amhu`e amhu`e teot yhu dom draota yhur h hwm wm catopehrs. Tehrtny, Tehrtny, wa‒nn hutnbma tea gora ghmas hf teraa catopehrs teot ora usafun fhr eanpbm` pahpna onnhw teabr faanbm`s. Catopehr,, os usak bm OD[ Catopehr OD[,, bs om ottacpt th cop o gaeovbhron pottarm (tea tor`at) hmth omhtear pottarm (tea gosa) bm hrkar th bmtubtbvany umkarstomk hur gaeovbhr (T. D. Eoyas at on., 799?). Bt‒s usuonny gast bf tea gosa bs shcatebm` peysbdon omk aosbny umkarsthhk. Dhmsbkar tea teraa axocpnas teot fhnnhw. fhnnhw. Bm aode hf teasa axocpnas, tea tor`at omk tea gosa seora sbcbnor prhpartbas, gut tea gosa fumdtbhms th onnhw pahpna th axparbamda tea tor`at bm o maw woy. woy. Pa‒nn furtear kavanhp tea

 

fbrst twh catopehrs bm tebs deoptar. deoptar. Fhr o katobnak prasamtotbhm hf tea tebrk, saa @at Hut hf Rhur   Cbmk omk Bmth Rhur Rhur Nbfa fhr [ [aams aams (Dborrhdeb, Eoyas, & Gobnay, 79?7). [or`at: Ttru``nbm` o`obmst faanbm`s omk womtbm` th ebka teac frhc hmasanf omk htears Bs nbla Gosa: [rybm` th laap o gaode gonn sugcar`ak umkarwotar Krowbm` hut tea catopehr: Ttru``nbm` o`obmst wotar prassura tolas affhrt omk bs untbcotany

futbna. Peam yhu nat `h hf tea gaode gonn, bt axpnhkas bmth tea ob obrr. [or`at: Onnhwbm` faanbm`s th dhca omk `h Bs nbla Gosa: Taowaak swoybm` bm tea wovas. Krowbm` hut tea catopehr: Povas dhca omk `h, omk saowaak swoys wbte teabr chtbhm. Taowaak khasm‒t fb`et tea hdaom, bt fnhws wbte bt. [or`at: Fb`etbm` yhur hwm faanbm`s Bs nbla Gosa: Eovbm` o tu`-hf-w tu`-hf-wor or wbte o chmstar Krowbm` hut tea catopehr: Faanbm`s ora tea amacy, nbla o chmstar, gut fb`etbm` teac bs nbla gabm` bm o tu`-hf-wor o`obmst yhursanf. Bt‒s bcphssbgna th wbm, omk tea dhsts hf fb`etbm` ora eb`e.

 R  Rhu hu dom bmtrhkuda catopehrs th yhum` pahpna gy sbcpny kasdrbgbm` teac, hr wbte wbte pbdturas hr  vbkahs. [ea fhnnhwbm` sdrbpt hutnbmas ehw yhu yhu dom usa tea gaode gonn catopehr th taode taode yhum` pahpna th onnhw teabr faanbm`s rotear teom trybm` th supprass teac:

 Bco`bma yhu‒ra swbccbm` swbccbm` bm tea hdaom wbte wbte shca frbamks. Rhu Rhu eova o gaode gonn wbt wbte e yhu, gut yhu khm‒t womt yhur frbamks th saa bt, sh yhu try th laap bt ebkkam gy ehnkbm` bt gamaote tea surfoda wbte yhur eomks. Kaspbta yhur gast affhrts, yhur frbamks dom saa teot yhu‒ra ehnkbm` shcatebm` khwm. Oftar o faw cbmutas, yhur eomks tbra omk sukkamny tea gaode gonn snbps frhc yhur `rosp omk sehhts eb`e bmth tea obr. obr. Mhw avaryhma dom saa bt, omk bt ottrodts teabr ottamtbhm. Rhu qubdlny `rog bt omk try th ebka bt o`obm, gut mhw avaryhma bs oslbm` yhu quastbhms: „Pey ora yhu ebkbm` teot gonn  frhc us8–  Avam weam mhghky bs orhumk, orhumk, yhu shcatbcas shcatbcas try th puse bt khwm omk ebka ebka bt frhc yhursanf yhursanf.. Rhu Rhu khm‒t avam womt yhur hwm sanf th saa tea gaode gonn. [ea prhgnac bs, ehnkbm` tea gonn umkarwotar bs axeoustbm`‛omk untbcotany bcphssbgna. Bt‒s onwoys sehhtbm` up hut hf tea wotar omk draotbm` o spadtodna, omk team yhu eova th nhhl ot bt. Ynus, yhu khm‒t `at th swbc hr surf gadousa yhu‒ra dhmstomtny whrlbm` hm ehnkbm` tea gonn umkarwotar umkarwotar.. Dom yhu tebml hf omy ontarmotbvas th ehnkbm` tea gonn umkarwotar8 [ry th anbdbt om omswar nbla „nattbm` tea gonn rbsa th tea surfoda– hr „`bvbm` up ehnkbm` bbt,– t,– krhppbm` shca ebmts bf maak ga. [eam dhmtbmua th krow hut tea catopehr:

 Nat‒s soy yhu kadbka kadbka th try teot ontarmotbva. R Rhu hu nat tea gonn fnhot fnhot orhumk maorgy. maorgy. Thcatbcas yhur   frbamks dom saa bt, omk teay teay cb`et avam `bva bt o muk`a, gut chst chst hf tea tbca teay khm‒t khm‒t mhtbda bt gadousa teay‒ra gusy wbte teabr hwm tebm`s. Rhu onsh kbsdhvar kbsdhvar teot weam yhu nat tea gonn fnhot hm bts hwm, yhu dom am`o`a wbte yhur frbamks. Bt khasm‒t tola cude affhrt just th nat bt ga teara. Gut bf yhu try th ebka bt, teot tolas o nht hf affhrt, omk weam yhu `at tbrak bt sehhts up omk draotas o gb` spadtodna, ottrodtbm` o nht hf ottamtbhm.  Bco`bma fhr o chcamt chcamt teot yhur faanbm`s ora nbla nbla tebs gaode gonn. gonn. Peot kh yhu mhtbda8  Oftar onnhwbm` tea yhum` parshm parshm th rasphmk, team kbsduss tea bcpnbdotbhms:

Hur achtbhms ora o gbt nbla tea gaode gonn. Peam wa try th puse teac khwm, wa dom suddaak fhr o webna, gut bt tolas o nht hf affhrt, omk shcatbcas wa `at thh tbrak omk dom‒t kh bt omy nhm`ar. nhm`ar. [eam wa axpnhka, omk avaryhma saacs th mhtbda.  Oddaptbm` hur achtbhms achtbhms bs nbl nbla a nattbm` tea gonn fnh fnhot ot up hm tea surfoda hf tea hdaom, hdaom, rbsbm` omk

 

 fonnbm` wbte tea wovas. wovas. Omyhma dom saa bt. bt. Thcatbcas bt fnhots fnhots up dnhsa, omk htea htearr tbcas bt fnhots  fortear owoy. owoy. Peot whunk bt ga nbla th onnhw yhur faanbm`s faanbm`s th fnhot orhumk wbtehut wbtehut stru``nbm` wbte wbte teac hr trybm` th dhmtrhn teac8 [ea bcphrtomt ospadt hf usbm` catopehrs bs th eova tehsa yhu‒ra whrlbm` wbte axparbamda tea catopehr omk team ranota bt godl th teabr gaeovbhr. Bm tebs dosa, tea tor`at gaeovbhr bs onnhwbm` faanbm`s hr mhtbdbm` tea stru``na wbte teac. [earafhra, wa dehsa o catopehr teot eb`enb`ets tea gamafbts hf onnhwbm`, bmdnukbm` teot bt‒s aosbar teom stru``nbm`. [ea catopehr spaols th tea dhsts hf  tea stru``na omk tea okvomto`as hf `bvbm` up tea fb`et. Bt‒s bcphrtomt th usa catopehrs fnaxbgny omk pnoyfunny omk mht `at thh dou`et up bm teabr nbtaron caombm`. Fhr axocpna, bm tea gaode gonn catopehr, catopehr, o yhum` parshm cb`et cola tea vonbk phbmt teot sea sehunkm‒t kbspnoy dartobm achtbhms th dartobm pahpna, sude os kbspnoybm` kbsopphbmtcamt ot radabvbm` om umkasbrogna `bft frhc o nhvak hma. Bm sude dosas, vonbkota tea parshm fhr colbm` o `hhk phbmt. [eam axpnhra tea phssbgbnbty hf onnhwbm` tea kbsopphbmtcamt bmtarmonny wbtehut sehwbm` bt axtarmonny, axtarmonny, pareops soybm` shcatebm` nbla „Bt‒s thtonny mhrcon th faan kbsopphbmtcamt bm teot sbtuotbhm. Bco`bma ehw eork bt whunk ga th try mht th faan kbsopphbmtcamt. [eot whunk ga nbla trybm` th puse tea gaode gonn umkar tea wotar. wotar. Gut kh yhu tebml teara‒s o woy th oddapt yhur kbsopphbmtcamt omk onnhw bt th hddur webna stbnn scbnbm` omk gabm` `rodbhus oghut tea `bft8– Gubnkbm` Mhtbdar Yrodtbda bmth Aode Koy Hmda yhum` pahpna eova ga`um th `rosp tea teraa gosbd staps th gabm` o mhtbdar (mhtbda OMK onnhw), yhu dom eanp teac gubnk teabr slbnns gy bmtrhkudbm` cbmkfunmass axardbsas. Kobny prodtbda ot gabm` o mhtbdar dom ga os bmfhrcon os oslbm` teac weot teay mhtbda bm omy `bvam chcamt kurbm`  yhur tbca th`atear, th`atear, hr os fhrcon os cbmkfunmass cakbtotbhm prodtbda. Pa‒va fhumk teot sconn, bmfhrcon cbmkfunmass prodtbdas whrl gast fhr yhum` pahpna. [ea lay bs th prasamt os shcatebm` th prodtbda tea dhursa hf avarykoy nbfa, hr os axparbamda o woy hf  gubnkbm`cbmkfunmass teabr „mhtbdbm` cusdnas.– [eam, weam kurbm` teay amdhumtar kbffbdunt sbtuotbhms strhm` achtbhms, teay‒nn fbmk bt aosbar hr chra focbnbor th sebft bmth b mth mhtbdar spoda omk draota o cbmkfun pousa. [ebs wbnn eanp teac staar dnaor hf sbcpny s bcpny raodtbm` th achtbhms. Eara ora shca avarykoy odtbvbtbas teot hffar o `hhk hpphrtumbty th prodtbda omk gubnk cbmkfunmass. (Tupphrtbm` sdrbpts omk fraa `ubkak oukbh fhr yhum` pahpna ora ovobnogna ot ettp://www ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc .terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc). ). Graotebm` (kasdrbgak bm funn bm Cbmkfunmass Axardbsa: Gonnhhm Graotebm`, notar n otar bm tebs deoptar) Aotbm` Ponlbm` Nbstambm` th shumks Ttratdebm` Chvbm`  R  Rh`o h`o Hgsarvbm` tea hutsbka whrnk Nbstambm` th cusbd Ynoybm` Eovbm` o dhmvarsotbhm

Gosbd [robmbm`: Gubnkbm` Mhtbdar Tlbnns

[h kavanhp mhtbdar slbnns, yhu‒nn ga`bm gy bmtrhkudbm` tea dhmdapt. [eam yhu dom prhvbka bmstrudtbhm bm tea teraa gosbd slbnns: mhrconbza achtbhms, prodtbda OMK, omk onnhw onnhw.. Qsbm` Vbsuon Catopehrs th Bmtrhkuda tea Mhtbdar

 

[ea bco`as bm fb`ura 0 dom ga usafun os vbsuon catopehrs fhr tea mhtbdar omk bts gamafbdbon fumdtbhms. [ea bco`as acpeosbza tea mhtbdar‒s ogbnbty th eanp us dhmmadt wbte phsbtbva tebm`s bm b m tea prasamt chcamt omk th radh`mbza bcphrtomt dehbda phbmts. Katarcbma webde hf tea bco`as bs chst opprhprbota fhr o `bvam bmkbvbkuon, team prasamt tea bco`a yhu‒va dehsam omk osl quastbhms onhm` teasa nbmas:

 Eara‒s om bco`a. Peot kh yhu yhu mhtbda oghut bt8 Peot kh yhu tebml tebs yhum` parshm bs khbm`8 (Anbdbt nhhlbm` orhumk.) Peot gamafbts cb`et teay `at frhc gabm` owora8 Peot eoppams weam yhu khm‒t mhtbda8 Fhr axocpna, weot eoppams bf yhu khm‒t mhtbda weam  yhu‒ra om`ry8 (Qsa weotavar achtbhm bs opprhprbota.)  Mhtbdbm` bmvhnvas bmvhnvas pousbm` omk tolbm` o nhhl nhhl orhumk. Ehw khas khas tebs bmdraosa yhur yhur ogbnbty th dehhsa8 (Omswars coy bmdnuka „yhu mhtbda chra teom hma pote– hr „yhu khm‒t eova th raodt th tehu`ets omk faanbm`s omk tebs `bvas yhu omhtear dehbda–.) Hmda yhu‒va bmtrhkudak tea mhtbdar, mhtbdar, weatear terhu`e vbsuon catopehr hr o kbkodtbd kbsdussbhm, yhu dom prhdaak wbte taodebm` tea teraa-stap prhdass kbsdussak bm tebs deoptar: mhrconbza, prodtbda  OMK, omk onnhw. onnhw. Ttap ?. Mhrconbza [ea `hon hf tebs stap bs th eanp yhum` pahpna radh`mbza teot teabr achtbhmon axparbamdas ora mhrcon omk o rasunt hf teabr sbtuotbhm. [eara ora teraa prbcory casso`as th dhmvay: Rhu oram‒t wabrk. Hur runas oghut achtbhms oram‒t onwoys eanpfun. Omk yhu ora mht o prhgnac th ga fbxak.  R  Rhu hu Oram‒t P Pabrk abrk Fbrst, acpeosbza th yhum` pahpna teot teay oram‒t umusuon hr wabrk fhr eovbm` faor, bmsadurbty bmsadurbty,, om`ar,, hr htear achtbhms‛aspadbonny kbffbdunt achtbhms. Thca eork koto dom eanp yhu astognbse om`ar teot teay oram‒t onhma bm eovbm` teasa axparbamdas. Fhr axocpna, yhu dom seora teot hma bm fhur  yhum` pahpna eova kbffbdunty wbte teabr achtbhms achtbhms (Cd@hrry, (Cd@hrry, Yurdann, @hnksthma, & Occbm`ar Occbm`ar,, 79??). Rhu Rhu cb`et axpnobm tebs os fhnnhws:

 Ehw comy lbks ora bm yhur dnoss8 (Fhr tebs axocpna, wa‒nn ossuca teot teara ora twamty-fhur twamty-fhur.) .) Rhu coy mht eova eaork tebs, gut tebs yaor, yaor, oghut hma bm fhur yhum` pahpna wbnn ga stru``nbm` wbte shca thu`e stuff bm nbfa. [ebs caoms teot hma bm fhur hf us ora stru``nbm` wbte omxbaty omxbaty,, sokmass, bmsadurbty, hr omy hf o mucgar hf strhm` achtbhms. [eot hma-bm-fhur stotbstbd oppnbas th okunts os wann os yhum` pahpna. Ora yhu surprbsak teot okunts stru``na thh8 Bt‒s trua. Pa okunts eovam‒t fb`urak hut ehw th sthp ma`otbva faanbm`s frhc hddurrbm`. @bvam teot teara ora twamty-fhur lbks bm yhur dnoss, teot caoms sbx hf teac ora prhgogny `hbm` th stru``na bm shca woy tebs yaor. yaor. Bf yhu lmhw twamty taodears, teot caoms bt‒s nblany teot fbva hf teac ora stru``nbm` wbte shcatebm`. Rhu Rhu coy mht avam lmhw webde hmas teay ora. Chst pahpna ora pratty `hhk ot ebkbm` teabr faanbm`s.  Bt‒s mhrcon fhr us eucoms eucoms th stru``na. Omk avam teh tehsa sa hf us weh oram‒t stru` stru``nbm` `nbm` rb`et mhw prhgogny wbnn bm tea futura. Nbfa terhws o nht hf umpnaosomt surprbsas ot us.

 

Th stru``nbm` wbte faanbm`s hr maakbm` eanp khasm‒t cola yhu wabrk hr stupbk. Bt colas yhu eucom. Thdbaty eos nat yhu omk htear pahpna khwm gy taodebm` yhu teot ma`otbva achtbhms ora o prhgnac th ga fbxak. Bf opprhprbota, yhu cb`et mhta woys teot yhu stru``na thh, pareops soybm` shcatebm` nbla, „B shcatbcas faan bmsadura thh.– [ea obc hf tebs opprhode bs th eanp yhum` pahpna saa teot mh hma eos bt onn fb`urak hut. [ea Okvbshr‒s Wunas Oghut Achtbhms Oram‒t Onwoys Eanpfun  O sadhmk lay fodat hf hf mhrconbzbm` achtbhms bs th eanp yhum` pahp pahpna na saa teot teabr okvbshr eos draotak o gumde hf runas oghut achtbhms. Avaryhma naorms teasa runas gy eaorbm` eumkraks hf  stotacamts oghut achtbhms. [easa runas ora odqubrak terhu`ehut nbfa, shcatbcas just gabm` hvareaork hr pbdlak up gy oddbkamt. [ea prhgnac bs teot teasa runas oram‒t tastak th saa weatear teay gubnk vonua. Onsh, teay tamk th acpeosbza ovhbkbm` achtbhms. Eara ora shca axocpnas:

 Bt bsm‒t hloy th faan tebs (usa o ranavomt axocpna, nbla om`ar hr sokmass).  B dom‒t dhpa wbte tebs faanbm`.  Bt‒s gok th faan nbla nbla tebs.  Ot tebs sto`a, yhu cb`et sbcpny osl yhum` pahpna pahpna th axparbcamt wbte shca ma maw w, chra fnaxbgna runas oghut achtbhms. [ea lay bs teot teay sehunk tast omy runa fhr whrlogbnbty omk usa bt hmny weam bt caats tea `hon hf grhokambm` teabr nbfa. Eara ora shca chra whrlogna runas: Bt‒s hloy th faan. Faanbm`s just ora. Faanbm`s dhca< faanbm`s `h.  Onn faanbm`s ora hloy. hloy. [ebs faanbm` wbnn poss. Bf yhu prhvbka axocpnas, usa dhmtamt frhc weot tea yhum` parshm eos sobk weamavar phssbgna. (Khwmnhokogna bco`as th eanp rabmfhrda teasa bkaos ora ovobnogna ot hur wagsbta, ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc ettp://www.terbvbm`okhnasdamt.dhc