The Secret of Platos Atlantis.pdf
December 14, 2017 | Author: sonicska | Category: N/A
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S E C RET O FPL AT O S ‘
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R TJNHE TL L ap WA R DflUR , s
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r ritten fo r t h e Mo n th , b ut i n t h e co u r se o f w r i t i n g e xt e n d ed th em se lv es b ey o n d t h e li mit s o f a m agaz in e arti cl e ; t h e thi r d chapter m or e particu larly b e co min g too e laborate i n for m fo r sui table p u bli cati o n in a pe ri o di cal I have th e refor e pr eferre d to p ubli sh th em separat ely A s ho w e ver it w o u l d have i n volved too m u ch tro u bl e to have r e wri tten a n d re ca st t h e arti cl e s I have pr i nt ed th em i n th ei r or i ginal for m a s a ddr esse d to t h e r e a d e r s o f t h e Mon t h T h e su bj e ct at le a st i s a c u ri o u s a n d i n t e restin g one an d Mr Do nn e ll y s work wh i ch w as t h e occa si o n of t h ar ti cl e s b ein g w ri tt en co n tai n s m u ch c u r io u s sp e c u la e tio n an d i s wri tt en i n a style calc u lat ed to give z est to t h e i n qu i r y It h a s h ad a wide c irc u lat i o n I canno t exp e ct t h e sa m e c irc u latio n for this little volu m e m or e esp e ci ally a s t h e th eory it o flers i s n o t o f t h e s a m e ro m a n ti c an d pop u lar charact er ; b u t I hop e i t m ay co nt rib u t e so m et h in g towards t h e solu t io n o f a n i nterestin g an d d iffic ult q ue stio n T
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T E NT S
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C R A P.
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PL A T o
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AT LAN TIS
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ON J EC T U RE A s T O T H E A T LAN TIS FU RTH ER C ON J E C TU RE S R EC EN T T E sT IMO N IE s A L T ERN ATIVE T H E O R I E s C
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OOK whi ch i s n ow ( 1 8 8 3 ) i n it s seven th e diti o n se em s to clai m so m e reply fro m t h e po i n t o f vi ew o f Tra diti o n It i s en ti tle d A tla n t is! t h e A n t ed ilu vl a n W o r ld " a n d i n fact a nn o u n c e s that t h e D el ug e i n wh ich w e have h ith e rt o b elie ve d a n d have calle d u n i ve r sal at any rat e to t h e e xten t o f t h e d es tr u cti o n o f all m a n ki n d T did n o t really occ u r b u t that t h e su b sid e n c e o f t h e i sla nd or c en t in e nt o f Atlan t i s at s o m e i n d e fi n i te p er i o d w a s att en d ed b y very sim i la r c i rc u m stan c e s a nd that i t i s t h e tra di ti o n o f th i s cata stroph e w h i ch h a s so m eho w spre a d thro u gh all co u n trie s w hi ch h a s cr e at ed t h e im pre ssi o n o f a unive rsal d e l u ge ; i n o th er w or d s that th e r e w a s a d e l u g e b u t a d el u g e as re ve al e d accordin g to Plato an d n o t accor di n g to Mo ses T h e ev id en c e w h i ch Mr Do n n e lly h a s acc u m u lat ed b o th as to t h e di l u vi a n tra di ti o n a n d al so a s to t h e co mm o n tl t h A t di lw i n W ld By Ig tius D lly 7 th e di ti A B
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hi s ch p r pr v troversy o n t h e D elu ge n o t ho w eve r a w a re r in t h e p a ges t ha t an y thi n g tra n spir e d i n that c o nt ro versy w hi ch wo uld re quire m e t o retrac t or m o d ify a ny statement i n th e present paper If so I shall b e o bli ge d t o a ny o n e w h o wi ll pu t h i s fi nger on i t 1 “
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A TLA N TI S
PL A T o s
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rat e of t h e ci vilised n ati o n s on both sid e s ” i s by n o m e an s i n consid e rabl e ; an d i t o f t h e Atl an tic w i ll b e seen that i n so far a s h e fai l s t o su stain h i s spe h i s co n vict i o ns ci a l th e ory o f t h e su b m e rg e d Atlan ti s fact s a n d t esti m o n i es m u s t pa ss to t h e acco u n t or lap se to t h e in h er i ta nc e of what I have r egar ded a s t h e traditi o n o f t h e h u m an rac e A s it i s always safe r a n d fa i r e r to pr esent t h e t h e ory o f a n a u thor i n h i s ow n w or d s so fa r as m ay b e p ossi bl e I w i ll gi ve t h e prin cipal h e a d s u n de r wh i ch Mr Do n n elly I shall have occa s u m m ari se s t h e p u rpo se o f h i s w o rk si o n at an y ra te i n di rectly to re fe r to t h e o m i t t ed h ea di n g s i n t h e co u r se o f thi s d i s c ussi o n origi n
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h at th ere once existed m o uth of t h e Medi terran e an 1
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remn ant of an A tlanti c c ont t t w o rld a s A tlantis 2 T hat t h e d escri p ti o n of thi s i sl an d gi v en b y Pl to i s not as h as b een l on g su pp ose d fabl e b u t v eri tab le h i st ry 3 T hat A tla ntis w as t h e r egi on w h er e m an fi r st r ose fr o m a tate 4 T hat i t b ecam e in t h e c ou r se f of b arb ari sm t o c i vili sati o n a ges p op ulous an d m ighty n ati on fr om w h ose o v erflowi n gs t h e s h o res of t h e Gulf o f Mexi co t h e Mi s i ssi pp i t h e A maz o n t h e Paci fic co ast of S o u th A meri ca th e w e st co a t of E urop e an d A fri ca t h e B alti th e Bla c k S ea and th e C as pi an w ere p o p ul a te d b y ci vili se d n ati o n s 5 T h at i t w as t h e tru anted il uvi an w orld — t h e Gard en o f E d en t h e Gard en of t h e H e p rid e s t h e E ly si an Fi eld s t h e Ga r d en o f A l cin ous th e M esom ph a l o s t h e O lymp os th e A sgar d o f t h e tradi tions of an ci ent nati on s rep r e n ti ng a uni versal m em o ry of a great land w here early m an kin d d w elt for ages i n p eace an d h app in ess 1 2 T hat A tl an ti s p eri s h ed in a terri bl e c on v l i o n o f n at re i n w hic h th e w h ol e i sl and san k i nt o t h e o c ean a n d n e arly a ll i t s i nh abi tan ts 1 3 T hat a few p er son s escap ed in shi p s a n d o n rafts a n d carri e d t o t h e n ati n s e ast a n d w e st t h e ti din s o f g t h e a pp alli ng catas tr oph e w hi ch h a su r vi v ed t o our ow n ti m e in t h e Flo o d a n d D eluge le gen ds o f th e differe n t nations of th e ol d a n d t h e n ew w orld s th e
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thi s th e ory th e re are t w o d i st in ct propo si ti on s ( 1 ) that an i sla nd or co n tin en t o f At lant i s e xi ste d a nd In
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PL A T o s
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a k i n t h e ocean ; ( 2 ) an d that thi s sub mer sio n was t h e ori gin o f t h e vari o us di l uvi an leg en ds which are fou n d in all part s o f t h e worl d T h e l e g end of Atla n ti s can har d ly b e as serted e ve n b y Mr D o nn elly to b e t h e tra di t i o n o f t h e h u m an rac e for h e ” him sel f t er m s it a n ove l propo si tio n s n
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act that t h e story o f A tl anti w a s for thousand f y ears regarded s a fable pro ves n othi ng T here i s an unb eli f w hich gro w s o t of ignoran c e a s w l l s a cepti ci sm w h ic h i b rn o f i ntelli g n For tho sand ears it w as b elieved that t h e l eg n d o f th e b u ri ed c iti es o f P m p i i an d H erculau eu m w ere myth s T h ere w as a time w he n t h e e xp edi ti on sent o t b y d o b te d b ecause th e expl o rers N e cho t ci rcu mn a vigate A fr i ca w state d th at after th ey h a d p ro gressed a c ertain d i stan c e t h n w hi ch th en aro w a s n ort h of th em T hi s circum st an c ed s s p i i o n n w p ro v e s t o u s th at th e E gyp ti an n a vi gato rs h d re ally p ass d t h equ ator a n d an ti ci p at ed b y 2 1 00 y ea rs Vasq d Gam a i n h i s of t h e C ap e o f Go od H op e (p T he f
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oth er han d altho u gh it do es not app e ar that Mr D on n elly hi m self b e lie ves in t h e inspi ratio n o f Gen esi s yet t h e fact th at i t h as b e en so b e li ev ed by m a ny m i ll i o n s i n m a n y part s o f t h e wo rl d d u ri n g a lo n g con ti nu an c e o f ye ar s m ust s tand for so m ethi n g a s agai nst a th e ory A s i t i s my wi sh to co n fi n e my arg um en t to t h e li mi t s o f h i stor i cal tra di ti on I s h o u l d hav e b een wi llin g to have acc ept ed Mr Do nnelly s fir st pro po siti on viz that Atlan tis e x i st e d an d su b si de d at a n y rat e p ro a/rgwmen t o if h i s t o ri ca l i n v esti gatio n h a d no t d estroy ed t h e p rim a) fa ci e e v id e n c e which seeme d to co m p e l or i nvi t e t h e i n q u i ry Thi s ho w ever i s a poin t w h ich t h e r ea der mu st de c id e Apart ho w e ver from t h e h i sto ri cal e vi denc e I m u st re m ark that Mr Do nn ell y s theo ry i s opposed fro m th ei r b y Mr W allac e Mr Dar w in se v e ral poin t s of v i e w a n d Pro fe ssor G ei ki e (s i d e W allac e s I sla nd L ife chap O
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am e set of fact s as are a dduce d in Mr Do n nelly s T h e T e st i chap s v v i T h e T e stim on y o f t h e S ea Th i s ho w eve r i s a m att e r m o n y o f t h e Flora a n d Fau n a T he w h i ch Mr Do nn e lly m u st s e ttl e w i th Mr W allac e d at e o f Mr Do n n e lly s fir st e di t io n i s n o t stat e d Mr Do nne lly s se c o n d propo sit io n i s o f co u r se d e p en d e n t o n t h e fir st ; b ut I w i ll co nt i n ue t h e a n aly si s o f hi s e vi d e n c e If t h e e xi st en c e o f Atla n t i s co u l d have b een co n sid ere d probabl e w e m i gh t have b e li eve d it to have b een t h e sc ene o f t h e e arthl y para dise t h e locati o n a nd d o m i ci le o f m an in t h e a nt e di l u v i a n w orl d a n d t h e di rec t io n to w h i ch alik e t h e sa d r e mi ni sc e n c e s an d br ight hopes o f m a n k i nd r e v e rt e d I w i ll n o w proc ee d to di s c u ss t h e pri n c i pal e vi den c e Th er e i s o n e t est im o ny at w h i ch Mr Do n nelly a dd u c e s p 9 5 w h i ch see m s i n so m e sor t to favou r t h e s u gge s tio n T h e tra dit io n s o f t h e e arly Chri sti a n I have j ust m a de ag e s to u chin g t h e D el uge poi n t e d to t h e qu art e r o f t h e w orl d i n w h i ch Atlan ti s w as si t u at ed Thi s ho w eve r i s o nly ba se d o n t h e th e ory o f t h e goo d m o n k Co sm a s w h o b el ie ve d that t h e w orl d w a s flat Th e r e w a s a q u ai n t o ld m o n k n am e d Co sm o s [Co sm a s] w h o abo u t a tho u s a n d year s ago p ubli sh e d a book T op ogr ap hi a C h r i sti a n a acco m panie d b y a m ap [an en g ravin g o f wh i ch i s g i ve n] i n wh i ch h e g i ve s hi s v i ew o f t h e w orld a s i t w a s t h en * u n d erst o o d It w as a bo dy su rro u n ded b y wat e r a n d r estin g on n o thing It w i ll b e ob se rved that wh i le h e locat es Para di se in t h e E a st h e plac es t h e sc en e o f t h e D e l u ge i n t h e W e st a n d h e su pp o ses that N oah ca m e fro m t h e S c en e o f t h e D elu ge to E u rope In Dr S m i th s Gre ek a n d R o m an b iography it i s howeve r said o n t h e T h e obj e ct o f th i s tre ati se i s to S ho w i n co n trary o p o si t io n to t h e u n i v e r sal o p i n i o n o f a s tro n o m e r s that p t h e e arth i s n o t sph er i cal b u t a n ext end ed s u r fac e min l s th I t ali t hr gh t nt rary stat d
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W eapon s of e v ery
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So mu ch at any rat e as to t h e prevai ling opi ni o n Co sm as b efor e h e h ad b eco m e a m o n k h ad been a great bu t h i s explorat i o n s h a d b e en in t h e I ndia n n av igator O c ean Mr Do nnelly i s nec e ssari ly lim it ed t o t h e data fo un d in Plato c o m m en c es with thi s state t h e fr agm ent of Plat o ,
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tal e w hi ch w a s of great l en gth b egan a s foll ow s I h ave b efO re rem arked i n sp ea kin g of t h e all otments of th e gods that they distri buted t h e w hole earth in to p ortions diff rin g in A nd Poseidon e x ten t and m ad e th em sel v s tem pl es a n d sacri fi ces receiving for hi s lot th e i slan d o f A tlan ti s b egat children by a m ortal w oman H e l o b egat n d b rou ght u p fiv e p ai rs of m ale children : t h eld est w h o w a s kin g h e n am ed A tl as a n d from hi m t h e w h ole i sl an d a n d t h e o c ean rec ei v ed th e n ame of A tlanti s ( p '
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t o Po se i d o n , I r e co mm en d Mr D o nn e lly to a b ut abl e tre ati se— Posei d on a L i n k bet w een S emi te,
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By R Bro w n (L o n gm an s , 1 8 7 2 ) A r ya n “ fro m i t s start ing po i n t i n w or sh i p i s trac e d .
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C h ald ma, thro ugh Ph oen i cia , Ph i l i sti a , L ib ya , a n d a nd Mr Brow n fi n ally i d e n t i fi es h i m with t h e .
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PLA T O
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S A T LA N T IS
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ha nd ed d o w n i n L i byan m ythology fell o w i n g i n * i n th i s t h e li ne s o f tra d it o A n d look in g t o t h e d iffu si o n o f th i s w or sh i p o f Po sei d o n i n Afri ca i n cl u di n g E gypt Cartha ge E th i o p i a Ma u ri tan i a and thro u gho u t t h e Phoeni c i an colo n isati o n w e s ee m to u n d e r sta n d Plato s state m e n t that A tla n t i s o n c e ” For h ad an e xt e n t gr e at e r tha n L i by a a n d A si a t h e Pe la sg i o f t h e say s L e n o r m a n t m a ny c e n t u r i e s Arch i p elago Gr ee c e a nd Italy t h e Ph ili stin e s o f Cr e t e t h e S i c i l i a n s t h e S ar di ni an s t h e L ibya n s t h e Ma xya n s o f A fri ca i n s p i t e o f t h e d i s ta n c e o f se a se parat in g th e m m a i n tai n i ng a con s ta n t u n i t e d in a cl o se co n fe d e rati o n i n t e rc o u r se a n d th u s e xplai n in g t h e L i b ya n e l e m en t h i therto i n expli cabl e in t h e m o st a n c ie n t r e li gi o u s tra di ti o n s o f Gr e ec e t h e w or shi p o f th e A th en i an Tr i to ni s ” a n d o f t h e L i b ya n Po seid o n t h e ki n g We Atlan t i s tak e s it s n am e from Atla s h ear o f Atla s fir st i n H esi o d a s so n o f Japet us h i s broth e r w as Men oeti us ( Mn e siu s Plato ; Men u L a and acc o r din g to Apollo d or u s h i s m oth e r s n o r m ant ) I n t h e Ho m e ri c po em s h e kn o w s all n a m e w a s A si a t h e d e pth s o f t h e sea ; h e b e ar s t h e lo n g col u m n s w h i ch te ar a su n de r or carry all aro u n d e arth an d h e aven : i n e i th e r ca se t h e m e a n i n g o f k e e p i n g a s u n d e r i s i m pl i e d Atla s i s al so d escrib e d a s t h e l ea de r of t h e Ti tan s I n th ei r N oah ,
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if h e h a d n o t i c ed t h e fo llo win g p a s sa ge i n t h e J o ur na l of t h e A s i a t i c S o ci e t y , xv p 2 3 1 , b y C olo n e l R awlin so n , C B I e a d t h e t w o n am e s— t h e c u n ei fo m w i t in g can n o t b e t r a n sferr e d t o y ou c o lu mn s— d o u b t ful ly as S i si r o n a nd N ahu (N o ah ) T h at t h e go d in qu e st i on ep e se nt s t h e Gr e ek N ept u ne i s , a t a ny a e , a l m o s c e t ai n ; h e w a s w or shi pp ed o n t h e sea s h o r e a n d shi p s o f go ld w e e d e d ic a e d t o h i m H i s O r di n ary i t le w o r d i s e xpl a i n e d in t h e vo cabul ar y a s ha i s , a n d th e lat e ’ a pzu , whi ch m ay b e al li e d t o Poo i n Po sei sw n, a s i t i s al so j oi n e d w it h ’ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ nun , a fi sh H i s o t he epi t he t s a re kin g o f th e sur ma rr a , ’ a a nd pr oba bly ‘ go d o f t h e ship o r a r k ’ O the t i t les I c an se , n o t expla in ; b u t t he y se e m t o b e a ll co n n ec te d w i h r a di t i o n s o f t h e bib lical N o ah ” .
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PL A T o s
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7
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co n t e st w i th Z eus ; oth er s represent Atl as a s a p o we r fu l ki ng w h o po sse ssed gre at k no w le d g e o f t h e co u r se o f t h e star s ( S m i th s D i ct i o n a r y ) I n t h e Tar gu m s N im ro d i s th u s m a de to a dd re ss h i s su bj e ct s : Co m e let u s b ui ld a gr eat c ity In t h e m id st o f o u r c i ty let u s b u i l d a h i g h to w e r Yea le t u s go fu rth e r le t u s p rop up t h e h ea v en o n a ll si d es fro m t h e top of t h e t o w er that i t m ay n o t aga i n fa ll a n d i nu n d a t e u s Th en let us climb up to h e ave n a n d br e ak it u p w i th ax e s (Bari n g Go u l d O ld T est a men t ,
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I n t h e Mon t h , J a n u a y 1 884 , I di scusse d t h e e vide nce as t o t h e hist orical exi st en ce o f N i m o d wi t h efe en ce t o t h e cunei fo m ablet s It h a s s uc k m e sin c e t hat t h e di ec t evid e nce , so far a s I kno w , h a s n eve been coll at ed w i h t h e i n dire c t e vid enc e , a s , fo r in st ance , as t o t h e e xi s en c e o f C h u s t h e fa t he o f N im o d N ow , for t hi s the e i s t h e t e s im o n y no t o n ly of A si a , b ut o f A fri c a A s e gar d s t h e l a t t e , here i s t h e est i mony of J o seph us e co di n g t h e Ge n ile evi den ce o f h i s d ay , a n d t h e in d epe n d en e ce nt evi d e n ce o f t h e E gyp ti an mo nu men t s J o se phu s sa y s (A n t i vi S o m e i n de e d o f i t s n a m e s ( d esce nt o f H am) ar e u t t e ly v ani she d ; t i me h a s n o t h ur t a t all t h e y et ‘ n a m e o f C hu s for t h e E t hi o p i a n s, over w ho m h e e i gn e d , ar e e ve n at t hi s d ay , bo th b y t h ems elv es a n d b y a ll men i n A si a , ca ll e d C h u si t es T h a t t hi s t e st i m on y o f J o se phu s i s c o rro b o T h e m e m ory a l so o f, ” due a t ed b y t h e m o s ec en t evid e nc e w il l b e a pp a e n f o m t h e fo llo wi ng ’ “ refer ences t o Bru g sc h s E g yp t (i W e have sub st it u t e d for t h e E gyp t i a n a pp ell at i o n s T a Khou a n d Ku sh , t h e b et t e k no wn n am e s N u bi a a n d E t hi o p i a ; ” (i i 7 6) “ t h e l a n d o f Ku sh ; ” a n d u pon t h e 1 0 0 0 , w e fin d t h e na m e N imro d r e A ssyrian c onqu e st o f E gy p , “ for T a k el o t h , U s ark o n , N e ma r o t h ep resen t i n t h e a pp eari n g (ii 20 6) E gy p i an form wri t in g t h e n a m e s T i gl a t h , S ar go n, a n d N i m o d , so w ell kn o wn in A s syri a ” A S e gar d s A si a , th e ra dit ion h a d been fully r eco g n is ed (v i d e J of A si a t i c S oc , v xv pp 2 3 0 I n S u si a n a t h e c hi ef S cy thi c o r H a mi t i c , ” [p 2 3 2 } s e at of t h e C u s h , w e ha ve t h e S cy t hi c in scri pt i o ns of S u sa a n d E ly m a i s, a n d t h e S cy t hi c n a m es o f Ki ssi a , C o s si ca , S hu s A fa , & c , no t fo ge i ng t h e t rad it i o n o f t h e E t hi o pi a n Me m n o n an d t h e E hi o pi a n C e phe u s A long t h e li n e t o I n di a t h e E thi opi a n s
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8
A T LAN TI S
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PL A T o S
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bla n c e to At la s and N i m ro d are O rio n t h e gian t ” h unt e r N i mr o d i s call e d i n t h e LXX t h e g i a n t h u n t er t h e colo ssal y o u th s O t o s an d E ph i alt e s an d who at n i ne year s old at t e m pt e d to scal e h eaven b y p ili n g Ho m e r th ey wo u ld have s ay s u p m o u n tai ns ; which Mr Apollo slain t h em a cco m pli sh ed h ad n ot Gla dsto n e r em ark s t h a t t h e effort s of t h e t wo yo u th s ” re call t h e tra ditio n s of t h e Towe r of B ab e l (J uv Ma n 251 Bro w n s Po seid on Mr Do nnelly s b est po in t i s h i s su ggest i o n that Atlan ti s i s i den tic al with Aztlan i n C en t ral A m e ric a resem
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n o n i n en p ne es t o t h e si e o f U p on h of th e A f i h in o f m ou n ai ns known f om t h e m o s A l nti s w e find im e s a s th e A l s m ou n a in s W h en e th e n m e A l s, an i en kin g of A tl n i s ! if it b e n ot f om th e n m e of t h e g e it an A l n L ook A n A l s moun in o n t h e sh o e of A f i t h e A l n i s li vi n g l o n g t h e n o h ow n o n th e sh o e of A me i eo p l e f om A z l n i n C en l p w es o s of A fri ca an A z e i ll e d t h e A me i oll in g b e w een t h e t wo w o l d s ; a n o ean ll ed A l s holdi ng t h e w o ld on my h ologi al d ei y A l n i ; hi s s h o ul d e s; a n d a n imm em o i l di i on O f a n i sl n d of A l n i s c id en C an all hes e hin gs b e esul o f (p ‘
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h al l present ly have to con side r t h e qu esti on how ” i mmemo ri al t r adi ti o n i s t h e offspring o f t h e far t h e i n v en t i on of Pl at o B efor e aba n d o n i n g t h e pre sen t gro u n d let m e r e m ark th at o ne form o f t h e l eg end of Atla s m ake s h i m Ki n g o f Mau ri t a n i a w h er e are a l so locat ed t h e m o u n tai n s of At las an d t h e At lan ti s Atla s w a s f abl ed to have b een t ur ned i n to a m o un tai n by Per seu s w h o w a s r ew ed ho spitali ty by Atla s b e cau se h e h ad b een in form e d s
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Be n tham Persi a were know n t o H o m e , H e o do us, an d S tra b o T h e B ahu i divisi on o f t h e Be l fis re j o in ed t hei C u shi t e b e t hre n in Makr a n b y crossing f om A r abi a , a n d still spea k a S cy hi c di al ec ; w hi le t h e n ame s of Ko o ch an d Beloo ch fo r Kus and Belfis r e m a i n t o t h e presen day " —C olon el R a wli nson , C B (now S ir H enr y R a wlin son , of
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Th em is that h e sho u l d b e dethro ned b y o n e o f t h e d e sc e n d a n t s o f J u p i t e r Th i s r e a d s ve ry m u ch l ik e t h e tra di ti o n that t h e d es c en dan t s o f J aph et w e r e to dw ell i n t h e t en t s o f Ca n aa n ; a n d t h e b e li e f o f Atla s havi n g b een su b du ed b y Pe r seu s t h e Grec ian h ero — t h e fri e n d o f Ath en e —m ay acc o u n t fo r that part o f t h e spe e ch pu t i n to t h e m o u th s o f t h e E gypti a n pri e st s b y Plat o Ma n y gr eat a n d w o n de r fu l d eed s a re rec o r de d o f yo u r Stat e in o u r h i st o r i e s ; b ut on e o f th em exc ee d s all t h e r est i n gr eat n e ss an d valo u r fo r th e se h is t o ri es t ell o f a m i ghty po w e r w h ich w a s aggr e ssi n g w an to n ly a ga i nst t h e w h o l e o f E u rop e a n d A si a an d to w h i ch yo u r c i ty p u t an ” en d i Th s p ow e r cam e forth o u t o f t h e Atla nt i c O c e an &c Howeve r I shall gi ve later o n a n alt ern at ive sug gesti o n T h e i n a d v ert e n t re a de r n ee d s to b e v ery m uch o n h i s E ach su b se q u en t chapt e r gu ar d i n r e a d i n g Mr Do n n e lly ab so lu t ely a s su m e s t h e c o n cl u sio n s o f t h e pr evi ou s chap ” t er Th u s ch vii T h e Iri sh C o lo n i e s fr o m Atla n t i s w h i ch n at u rally exc it e s o u r i n t e r e s t c o m m en c e s We have seen that b eyo n d q u e sti o n Spai n a n d Fra n c e o w ed a b u t if w e g r e at part o f th e i r p o p u lat io n t o Atlan t i s ” r e vert to ob i v T h e Ib er i an Co lo ni e s o f Atla n t i s wi th t h e e xc e ptio n o f t h e stat e m en t w h i ch I shall pre se n t ly d i sc u ss that t h e T u r d et a n i a r e sa i d b y S t rabo t o have h a d w r it i ng s 60 0 0 ye ar s o ld th er e i s n othi ng W hat Th er e i s in d ee d e v e r t en d in g to s u pport h i s c o n t e n t io n t h e a s se rti o n that t h e B a sq u e la n g u ag e h a s a n al o gi es w it h t h e A lgo n q u i n a n d oth e r A m e r i ca n la n g u age s ; a n d th e r e i s a sim ilar arg um en t i n an oth e r ver y le ar n e d chapt e r i n r e sp ect to t h e a ffini ty b et wee n t h e Maya a n d Phoeni c ia n I r e m em b er r ea di n g in t h e Mon t h th a t t h e d ev i l i s s ai d to have sp en t t w o y e a s i n t h e Ba s q u e r c o un try en de avo u rin g t o le ar n t h e la ngu age b ut at t h e e n d o f that t i m e aba n d o n e d i t a s h e h a d o n ly m a s t e r e d
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10
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PL A T o s A T L A N T I S
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wor d wh i ch w a s w ritt en li ke N ab u cho do n o sor an d pro n o un c ed Allowing ho w e ver Mr S e n n ach eri b Do n nelly to have seen farth e r i n to t h e m i ll s to n e t h an a ny thi s correspo n d e n c e o f lan g u age wo u ld ten d t o o ne e l se prove t h e co m m o n origi n o f m an kin d t h e or i gin al u ni ty o f to n g u e a n d t h e migrat i o n fro m a c o m m o n c en tr e i n Me sopot ami a e q ually with e migrat i o n fro m Atla n t i s ; u n l ess i n d e e d t h e r e a de r i s pr epar e d t o b e l ie ve th at t h e “ Maya s o f Am e rica are d e sc end ed fro m Mai a t h e T h e Ib e rian s havi n g b een th u s d a ught e r o f Atla s ! ” “ Atlan t ea n s i t su ffic es to sho w i n d e m o n st rat e d to b e t h e ch apt e r o n Ir ela n d t h a t t h e e arly i n va si o n s ca m e fr o m Ib er i a Spai n in that d ay w a s t h e la nd o f t h e Ib e ri a n s t h e Ba sques tha t i s to sa y o f t h e Atla n t e an s (p Agai n w e re a d ( p 28 6) W e find th e barb ari an s o f th e c oa st of t h e Me diterra nea n re T h ei r gardin g t h e ci vili sed p eop le of A t l n t i s w ith a w e a n d w o nd er phy sical stren gth w s extraordi n ary th e earth shak ing sometim es u n d er th ei r tr e ad W h atev er t h e y d id w as do n e sp ee d ily T h y m o ved thr o ugh s p ac e alm ost w i th ou t th e l o ss of a m o m en t of ti m e T hi s p rob ab ly all u d ed t o th e ra pid m o ti o n o f th eir saili ng v essels T hey w ere w i se a n d c omm uni cated th ei r w i sd o m t o m en T h at i s t o say th ey ci vili se d t h e p eo pl e t h ey came i n c on tact w ith o ne
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O th e r q uotati o ns follo w , all
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Myt h ology W e sho u l d n at urall y e xp e ct th at t h ese q u otations fro m Mu rray h ad so m e referen c e to Atlan t i s N o t at all Mr Mu rray i s o nly sp eak i n g o f t h e O lym pi a n s But Mr D o nne lly havin g sati sfi ed him sel f th at O ly m po s i s i denti cal w i th Atla n t i s ( h e e v en co n t e n d s th at t h e l e tt e r s of t h e w o r d s are i n t e rchan g e abl e a n d t h e n a m e s id en tical ) h en c e fo rwar d e ve ry th i n g that i s re cor ded o f O lym po s i s c on v e rt i b l y t o b e spok en o f Atlan t i s Fro m o ne po int of vie w Atla nti s an d O ly mpo s A sg ar d a n d A t la n t i s a re part o f a c o m mo n tra di t io n a q u est i o n wh i ch I shall pr esent ly di sc u ss W h en howeve r Mr .
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PL A T o s A T L A N T I S
11
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Do nn elly r e cog n i se s r esem bl an c e s th ey m u st at o nce b e r e gar d e d a s c o n cl u si ve e g that O lym po s i s a tradi tio n o f A tlan ti s I n sh o rt Mr D o nn e lly app e ar s u n ifo r m ly to arg ue accor d i n g t o t h e fo r m u la C aesar a n d Po m p ey ve ry m u ch ali k e e sp e ci ally P o m p ey It see m s u nn e c e ssary t o say that Mr D o n n e lly see s t h e n a m e o f Atla n t i s e v e ry w h e r e E xc e pt w h e n h e cl u tch e s at ev id e n c e i n th i s way h e app ear s p e r fe ctly able t o we i gh fact s a n d evide n c e ; a n d i t m u st b e a c kn o w le d ge d that th e r e i s a see m in g co n fir m ati o n o f h i s th e ory i n t h e m y t h o lo gi ca l a n d cla s si cal l o cat io n o f t h e Gar d e n o f t h e He sp e rid e s i n t h e I slan d s o f t h e W e st I have alr e a dy ( p 2 ) q u o t e d Mr Do nn elly on th i s h e a d H i s co n fir m a tio n o f t h e th eo ry h o w eve r a gai n di sappe ar s w h en w e re m e m b e r t h at t h e Gar d en o f t h e H esp eri de s w a s o n ly o n e o f t h e r e m i n i sc e n c e s o f E d e n It i s tr ue that fro m h i s po in t o f view E den i s o n ly a r emin i sc e n c e o f Atla n t i s b u t apa rt fro m t h e argu m e n t w hi ch I sh all proc e e d to p u t E d en i n t h e E a s t havin g b ee n t h e pro m i n e n t b e li e f o f m a n k in d — t h e o nu s p r o ba n di l i e s o n h i s si d e o f s h o wi n g that all tho se tr adit i on s Me r u O ly m p o s E ly si u m A sgard Mid gard c en tr e d in Atlan ti s So far fro m th i s b ei ng t h e ca se t h e salie nt fe at u r e s o f t h e tra di t io n w h i ch a re c o m m o n to t h e o th e r l ege n d s are bar ely di sc er n ible in th e de sc ri p ti o n o f Plat o a g i nste a d o f a garde n w e ha ve o nly a ferti l e plai n W ith t h e e xc e ptio n o f t h e Gar de n o f t h e Hesp e ride s all th ese othe r tra di tio n s plac e t h e Gard e n o f Para di se i n or t h e supp o se d c e n tr e o f t h e w o rl d t h e E a st I n all th ese l ege n d s ( w e shall a gr ee so fa r ) w e fin d t h e a diti o n i n a gar de n o r a plai n a e m bo d im e n t o f e arly t r palac e o n or in co nn e ctio n wi th a m o u n tain Th ere i s ,
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PL A T o s A T L A N T I S
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howeve r o ne feat u re co m m o n t o th e m a ll w h ich at fir st si ght favo u r s Mr Do n n e lly s th e ory a n d w h i ch p e rhap s h as co n fir m ed h i m in i t — th ey are all su rro u n d e d b y w at e r Thi s h e n at u rally c o n t en d s m e an s t h e i sla n d o f Atlan t is Bu t wh en w e c o n s i d e r that w h enev er t h e A n c i e n t s r epre se n t e d t h e w o r ld th ey r epr e se n t e d i t su rro u n d e d by w ate r — it i s so r epr e sen t e d i n Ho m e r a n d i n t h e m a p w h i ch Mr Do nn elly gi ve s o f t h e o ld m o n k Co sm a s ; that o n e fo r m t h e l e ge n d tak es i s that o f Mi d gard t h e m idd l e o f ” m eso m ph alo s w a s e quallv di s w h i ch t h e e arth t h e ta nt o n all side s fro m t h e sea a n d w h e n w e co n si d e r that accor din g to t h e exp er i ence o f m an kin d i n t h ei r e xplorat i o n s i n thr ee d i re ct i o n s i n t h e Atla n t i c a n d ro u n d t h e A fr i ca n coa s t to t h e Chin ese se a s all w a s w at e r — t h e n orth b ein g se al e d to th e m a s i t i s to u s— I th i n k Mr Don n e lly h a s o n ly to en larg e h i s vie w an d h e w ill fall back i n to t h e t ra dit io n o f m a nki n d At p 3 26 Mr ’ Do nn elly says Th u s t h e n at io n s on t h e w e st o f t h e Atla n t i c look to t h e e a st fo r th ei r plac e o f or i gi n w h i le o n t h e ea st o f t h e Atla n t i c they look to t h e west : th us all t h e li n e s o f tra ditio n co nv e rge u pon ” Bu t pr e c i sely t h e sa m e m ay b e sai d i f w e Atlan ti s start m an ki n d fro m t h e pla i n o f S e n n aar A n d if w e start m a n ki n d fro m t h e plai n o f S en n aar o n t h e l in e s o f t h e b i bl i cal n arrat i ve i s it u n n at u ral to e xp e ct that th ey sho u ld e m bo dy th ei r tra diti o n s o f para di se t h e To w e r o f Bab e l and t h e D e lu g e i n t h e co n c epti o n gro t e squ e n o d o u bt o f a gar d e n o n a m o u nta i n su rro u n d ed b y w at e r I n all t h e l e gen d s o f In di a t h e or i g in al se at o f m a nki n d i s plac e d o n Mo u n t Meru t h e re sid e n c e o f t h e g o d s a col u m n un i t i n g h e ave n to e arth ( L e n o r m an t F7 a g C osm og d e B er o se p I n t h e Scan d i n av i a n l e gen d t h e c en tr i cal fortre ss w h i ch t h e g o d s co n str u ct e d fro m t h e e ye br o w s o f Y m en a n d w h i ch to w e r e d fr om t h e m i d s t o f t h e e arth e q u ally di stant o n all si d es fro m t h e sea i s cer '
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PL A T o s A T L A N T IS
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wat er wh ich d ivi ded it self in to several cha n nel s o n t h e li ke t h e st re am o f paradi se t h e si de of t h e m o u n t ai n spri n g o f A rva n d a or Ar d av a c u r a o f t h e Ira n ia n Hara Bera zui t i a n d t h e Ga n ga o f t h e In d i a n Me r u ( L en orm a n t Co m par e thi s with Plato s d e scr i pti o n o f Atla nt i s ,
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tow ard s th e sea a nd in th e n t e of th e w hole i slan d th ere w a s a plain w hic h i said t o h a v e b e n t h e fair est of a ll p lain s an d v ery fertile N e r th e p lain again an d a l o i n t he cen t o f t h e i sl an d at a di sta n ce of a b ou t fi fty sta d i a th e re w a s a mo un tain no t v ery high on a ny si de I n this mou ntain there d w elt o ne o f t h e e arth b orn p ri m ev al m en o f t h at c ountry w h o se n am e w a s E e n or cip pe a n d th ey h a d a n only d a gh te r n am e d C hi to an d L Poseid on fell in lov e w i th h er an d b r eak i n g th e gro u n d encl o sed th e h ill in w h i c h sh e d w elt a ll r ou n d m a ki ng alter n ate zon es of s a a n d la nd la r g r an d small er en ci l i ng on e ano th er ; there w ere t w o of land and thr ee of w ater w hi ch h e tu rn ed as w i th a l ath e out of t h n t re o f th e i l n d e uidist a nt ev y w y so th at n o q m a n c ould get t t h e i slan d f shi p s v oyages w re n o t y et h eard of H e h im self s h e w a s a god fou n d n o difficu lty i n m a ki ng sp ecial arrangem ents f t h e cent re i slan d bringing tw o streams of w ater nd er t h e e arth w hi c h h e ca d t o a sc en d a s sp ri n gs o ne of w arm w ater a n d t h o th er o f c ol d a n d m aking e v e ry v a i et y of fo od t o sp rin g p ab nd antly i n t h e ar t h H e als o b egat n d b r o ugh t u p fi v e p ai r o f m al e c hil d ren d ivi din g t h e isl an d o f A tl anti s i n to t n p orti on s (D o n n elly s A t l n t i p O
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I have gi ven th ese extract s in j u xtapo sit io n at so m e length a s it w i ll th us b e po s sible to d eci de w h e th e r tho se i n clu din g Atlan ti s are all co m m o n tr adit i o n s o f t h e on e h i storic n arrati ve wh i ch em brace s an d co mpl e te s the m all or wh eth e r th ey all d eve loped o u t o f t h e sl e n d e r remi ni s c en c es r ecor de d o f Atl anti s I a ssu me that Mr D o nn e lly w ill i nt r en ch h i m se lf i n t h e po sitio n as it se em s t o me t h e o nly po sitio n tha t r em ai ns to h im viz t hat Plat o states that t h e E gypti an s tol d S olo n th at t h e d estruction o f A tl anti s o cc rr ed n i n e th ou san d y ears b efore th at d at e t o w i t ab out nin e tho sand six hu ndred y ears b efor e t C h ri stian er a T hi s l ooks li ke an e xtra ordinarily l o ng p eri o d of ti m e b t i t mu st b e ,
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PL A T o s A T L A N T I S
15
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rem em b er ed that ge logi sts claim th at t h e remains of m n found in th aves o f E ro p d at b ack fi e h ndred tho usand y ears ( p So tr e m en d o u s a po sit i o n ca n o n ly b e taken by a pro c e ss o f sappi ng an d m i ni n g a s I c o n fi ne m yself to t h e h istor ical fact s a n d do n o t pro fe ss to have at co mm an d s u ch h e av y art i ll e ry as w i ll di scharge y ear s i n a si n g l e e xp lo si o n C o n sid eri n g that all chr o no lo gi e s a nd h i st o ri es u p o n a n aly sis see m t o t er m in at e abo u t 3 0 0 0 B o — o r if they in clu d e t h e a n t e d i l u v i a n w o rl d to ab o u t 6 0 0 0 B c ; that i f t h e m i grati o n o f t h e n at i o n s i s r e trac e d th ey a r e fo un d t o c o n v er g e u p o n t h e c en tral di str i ct ly i n g b et w ee n Pe r si a an d t h e Me di t e rra n e a n Ar m e n i a t o E th i o p i a that acc o r d i n g to Mr Pr o ct o r t h e c o n st ellat io n s k n o wn b y sim i lar n a m es to var i o u sly di sp e r sed n at i o n s can a str o no m i cally b e sh o wn t o have b e e n so n a m ed w i th i n t h e lati t u d e s i n di cat e d ab o v e a n d abo u t t h e ye ar 2 2 0 0 B C th e r e i s a backgro u n d o f pro h ab i lity fo r tra d it io n s trac i n g back t o that p eri o d a n d a s again st Mr Do nn e lly t h e ar gu m en t m ight alm o st b e s tat ed ’ G ive n t h e a m o u n t o f scept i ci sm wh i c h m ath em at i cally w i ll attach to t h e tra n s m i ssi o n o f tra di ti o n s o f su ch cal i br e a s t h e g ar d en o f para d i se t h e u n i ve r s al D e l u ge t h e d i s persi o n d uri n g 3 0 0 0 y e ar s h o w m u ch w i ll ex i st a s to t h e pre se rvati o n o f t h e sl i ght r em in i sc en c e s o f Atla n ti s a s above d u rin g 9 0 0 0 year s A s r eg ar d s t h e r e m i n i sc e n c e s o f Atla n t i s eith e r t h e tra di ti o n o f th i s palac e m o u n tain a n d can al s w a s pr e l R wl i F in t n t k wh t C l ( p p 232) y f t h mi gr t i n f t h S y t h H mi t Th y m t h v d p m t im v r Sy i t h m lv t th d A i Mi r di g t o
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Iberi a , fr o m t h e ot h e It i s w ell kn o w n t o e t hn o gr aphe s t hat t h e p a ssa ge o f t h e ac e d alo n g all t h e se l in es , eit he S cy t he i s t o b e b y di e c t hi st ori c a l t a di i o n , o r by t h e c o gn a e di a lect s sp o ke n b y t hei d esce n d a n t s a t t h e p e se n t d a y A n d if w e w e e t o b e t hu s gui d e d b y t h e m e e i n e se ct i o n o f li ngui s i c pa hs , a n d in de pen dent ly o f all r efe r enc e t o t h e sc i pt u a l e co d , w e sh oul d st il l b e l e d t o fix o n t h e pla i ns o f S h in e r a s t h e fo cu s f o m whi ch t h e va io u s li n e s h a d r a d i a t e d ” co lo ni es
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rv ed befor e or aft e r t h e su b sid en c e o f Atlan ti s If befor e h o w explai n t h e fact that th i s tra d i t io n so c u ri o u sly r u n s Th ey m u st i n to t h e li n e s o f t h e di lu v i an tra d iti o n ! th en have b ee n tra di ti o n al o f a n e ve n t wh i ch happ ened or i f a fte r how e xplain that ex h yp o t h esi at lat e r d at e w hat w o u l d th e n b e t h e di r e ct tra d i t i o n o f t h e D e l u ge or su b m er si o n w a s thu s tra n smi tt ed o n ly in an in di r e ct a n d o n t h e oth e r ha n d d i sg u i sed a n d l egen d ary form that a n appar en tly di r ect re c o r d o f it as in G enesi s b e o n l y t h e tra diti o n at se co n d ha n d o f a sho u l d, i n fact tra di ti o n i n in dir ect for m T h e b i bli cal r e cor d t h e c u n e iform n arrat i v e t h e I n d i an l egen d & c all p ro fe ss to g i v e t h e tra di t i o n i n di r e ct form H o w i s i t that th ey all t e ll o f a u n i v e r sal d e l u ge i n w h i ch o n e fa m i ly— so m e t im e s o ne m a n— su rvi ve d a n d that in all t h e pr o m i n en t ca u se o f t h e d estr u cti o n w a s u n i n t e r m i tt en t a n d _p r9 t ract e d rain I n t h e ca se o f Atlan t is t h e cau se w as su b siden c e or e l se t h e geologi cal argu m en t m u st b e aban d o n e d More ove r if t h e in t elli g en c e o f t h e cala m i ty w h i ch w as u ltim at ely to tak e t h e for m o f t h e di l uvi a n trad it io n w a s to b e e xt en d e d p i e c e m e al ov e r t h e w hole h u m an rac e e v e n i n 90 0 0 ye ar s , i t co u ld scarc ely have b een thro u gh o n e m an or o n e fam i ly b u t thro u gh m an y ; a n d i t w o u l d see m n o n e o f t h e r e cor d s or tra di tio n s t e ll o f t h e e ven t i n t h e m an n e r i t i s sup po se d to have happ ene d eith e r accor di n g to t h e geolog i cal e v i d en c e or accor din g to t h e r e v e lati o n o f Plato I n T r a d i t i o n a n d el sewh e r e I hav e e n de avo u r e d to collat e tho ugh ve ry i m p e r fe c t ly t h e var i o u s tradi tio n s o f t h e patri arch N o ah i n Chro n o s Po seid o n Sat u r n H o a &c Chro n o s n o d o u bt w a s t h e fath er o f Po sei d o n a n d so on ; y e t fu n d am e n tally wh i l st accr e t i n g oth e r tradi ti o n s a s o f Sh e m Cha m a n d J aph et th ey all d e s cr ib e d a prim e val l e g i slator w h o d or app e ar e d i n co nn e cti o n w i th a n e w or d er o f 1 ca m e o u t o f se
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PL A T O S A T L A N T I S
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or h ad r elatio n s w ith witho u t b ein g i dent ifi ed wi t h th e ocean ; an d altho u gh all a re a ssociat ed with t h e recollec t i o n of a pri m e val para di se a go l d e n age a p e rio d o f h appiness an d pro sp er ity w hi ch w a s lo st to m a nkind they are al mo s t all a s soc i at e d i n s o m e w a y wi t h a cata stroph e or with cala mity Th ey all plan t t h e vi ne o r t h e oli ve so t hat i t h a s b e e n s aid that a ll n a ti on s have gi ven t h e hon ou r of t h e di scoy e ry o f agri c u ltu re to thei r firs t N o w i t happ en s fo r t h e p u rpo ses of h is arg u sove reig n s men t t o b e con ve n i e n t to Mr Do nn e lly to r e cogn i se this Accor ding to t h e i n part a n d to apply i t i n th i s w a y requi rem en t s of h i s theo ry t h e i n t e llig enc e o f t h e s ub m er sio n o f Atlan t i s w as co n v eye d by t h e su rvi vor s to t h e vario u s n atio n s H e ski lfu lly sei z e s ho ld o f t h e tra ditio n t o which I have j u st r efe rr e d in or d e r to despatch t h e vari o us l egen d ary h e ro e s n o lo n ge r a s repr esentati ves o f t h e patriarch N oah b u t so t o sp e ak o n t h ei r o w n acco unt to t h e var io u s n at io n s a s t h e su rvivo r s o f t h e cata stroph e a n d as t h e c i v i l i se rs a n d l e gi slator s o f t h e co u n tri es to whi ch th ey ca m e Th u s H o a o r H e a i s despatch ed _by H e i t w a s w h o was sai d to h i m to A ssyr ia ( p have bro u ght c ivili sati o n an d l ett e r s to t h e anc estor s o f t h e A ssyr i an s H e cl e arly re presen t e d an a n ci ent m ari t i m e c i vili sed n ati o n ; h e ca m e fro m t h e oc e a n a n d w a s a ssoci ated wi th so m e lan d a n d pe ople that h ad b een I n like m ann e r d est royed by rain a n d inu n d ati o n s S at urn i s sen t to Lat i um ; b ut alth o u gh t h e tradi ti on i s co nne cted al so w ith Kro n o s a n d Po sei do n and altho ugh it i s said (p 82 ) that Chro n o s an d Sat ur n we re t h e ” same yet Kr o n o s a n d Po seid o n are n ot so di stribut ed for t h e obvi o u s r ea so n that th ey sta n d at t h e co mmen t s m ent o f t h e civi li sati o n o f Atlan ti s ! Bu t thi s affor d s a If Chro n o s and Satu r n m ea su re for t esti ng t h e th e ory ” Chro n o s cann o t b o th b e t h e fath er of are t h e s a m e Po seid on who is grave ly r egard e d b y Mr D o nnelly as t h e ,
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ctu al fo under o f t h e ki ngd o m an d dynasty of At la n ti s a n d at t h e sa me t i me t h e s u rvi vor a fte r i t s s ub si d e n c e ny g ene rati o n s wh ch happ a t r t h e lap se o f m a f e i e n e d ( w h o bro u ght c i vi li sat i o n to L a t i nm T h e tradi t io n o f Sa t u r n i n Lat i um I adm it fit s i n ve ry well with Mr D onne lly s th e o ry b ett e r e ven t ha n h e I sho u ld like however to k n ow wh e re Mr see m s a war e Do nn elly fi nd s men tio n “ o f a gre at S at u r nia n co nti n e n t ” Mr D o nnelly i s n ot lavi sh o f i n t h e Atlan tic O c ean ! r e fe r en c es a nd u ntil h e gi ves o ne in thi s i n sta n c e I ca n o n ly su rm i se that it i s a fre e Tra n satla n tic tran slation o f Sat u rni a r egna of Vi rgi l the It m ay b e as Mr D on n e lly b e li eves t hat Chro n o s ” a n d ye t t hat th e y re pr ese n t t h e a n d Sat u r n are t h e sam e tra di ti o n at d i ffer ent s tag es a n d d at e s and in Lati um at t h e later d at e “ e i S a n ch oniat h on (ap u d E us b u s) say s t h at Chro n o s ” a n d I I are t h e sam e a n d L e n o rm ant say s t h e sa m e o f Chro n o s and t h e Ch aldea n I lu H er e w e h av e t h e tradi ti on at i t s earli est stage an d i t will b e worth whi le gi vin g a n e xtract fr o m M L en orm a n t a s i t show s clo se r e sem blance with th e t r adition of Chron o s t hrough Po se id on in Plato s At lant i s a
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Il u , th e su p eme my s e i ou s go d w hom th e Gre eks h ve co n st a n tly li k ened t o h ei K on o s T he p w hi h di i o n , a s e o d ed b y Be osu s , m k es h i m p l y i n th e d elu ge i s not p e h p s w i h ou efe en e t o on e of hi s id e o for th e g phi n mes ; o m p l e e g ou p e inl y e d s I lu for e mple, i n th e n m e o f
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rcr r a r a t t r r c ra c a c t r c rta ra xa a B aby lo n — Bab il u t h e si gn o f w hi c h th e p ri miti v e h ie ro l ph gy w hi c h w e p ossess in some m on u m ent s r ep resen ts a l and in te rs ecte d (coup ee) b y c anal s i s e xpl ain ed in th e syll ab ari es by t h e ro ot w hi ch in H eb rew si gni fi es t o cl e an se a nd i n A ss ri an t o i n un y d ate I t is thus t h e go d of in und a t io n th e god o f th e d el e g -
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PL A T o S A T L A N T IS ’
19
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wi th alt er n ate zone s of sea a n d land and in t h e d e scrip t i o n of h i s palac e t h e can al s whi ch h e c on stru ct ed are tw i c e refe rr ed to If th e se are co m m o rg diluv ia n tra diti o n s o f Kro n o s a n d P o sei d o n it m u s t follo w that i n Plato s acco u n t of Atlan ti s w e m ay have di l uvia n tra ditio n s b efor e t h e all e g ed p e ri o d o f i t s su b si d e n c e qua d est i mp ossi bi le E rgo I sh o u l d i n fe r a co n cl u si o n at w h ich I shall arri ve m o re d e fin i t e ly b y a n oth e r ro ut e that Atla n t i s w a s in t h e m ai n o n ly gen e ral tra di ti on tak in g for m and e m bo di m en t i n t h e m i n d o f Plat o I have sti ll t o n oti c e t h e si ngle fact u po n w h ich re st s t h e fo u n d at i on o f chap s i v v ii that t h e Ib e r i a n s Ga u l s a n d C e lti c Ir i sh w e r e Atla n t es v i z that Strabo t e ll s u s that t h e T u rdet an i h ad w ri tten book s co n tain ing m e m o ri al s o f an cien t tim es an d al so p o em s a n d law s set in v er se fo r w h i ch th ey claim an a n ti qui ty o f S ix tho u san d U n fo rt u n at e ly if w e are to ar gu eo n Mr Do nn e lly s ye ar s li ne s a n d if t h e su b m e r si o n o f Atlan ti s took plac e 90 0 0 w ri ti n g s e xt en di ng back o n ly s i x th o u s a n d ye ar s d o n o t h elp u s at all It is sin gu lar ho we ver that this fi gu r e S ho u l d hav e b een n a m e d b y Strab o a s d at in g a nno m u n di — 60 0 0 w o u l d b e v e r n earl t h e corr ect d at e i n h i s t i m e y y w ith i n fiv e ye ar s Mr W Pal m e r i n h i s syn chro n ism fo u r m o n th s a n d se ve n d ay s o f t h e H e br e w a n d LXX with J o seph u s a n d t h e E gypti an Chro n i cle m ak es t h e co m m en c em en t o f t h e w orld cir ca 5 3 60 I m ay ad d that so lo ng as Mr W Palmer s sy st em re m ai ns u nre fut ed w e m ay b e en t i tle d at a n y rat e to pr efe r h i s co n c lusio n s to t h e a sse rt i o n s o f t h e E gypt ian pr ie st s co n fut e d by t h e t estim o ny o f th ei r o wn m o n u m en t s In Plato s d e scr i pt i o n o f Atla n t i s pro m in en c e i s n at u r ally gi ven to t h e h o rse as i s appropriat e in any myt h o lo gi cal legen d w hi ch co m m en c es w ith Po se i d o n Mr Br o wn ( Posei d dn p 64) a nd al so Mr Gla d sto n e (J u ven tu s Ma nd i ) a re m uch e xe rc i sed by thi s r em arkable c o nne c .
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20
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PL A r o s A T L A N T I S '
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t io n of Po seid o n wi th t h e hor se I am n o w o n ly co n c e r ne d with t h e fact It i s o n e o f Mr Do n nelly s co n t en t ion s in proo f o f t h e e xi st e n c e o f A t la ngs that t h e hor se w h i ch u p o n t h e evo lu t i on i st th e ory h e d e clar es m u s t hav e b een fir s t d o m e s t ica t ed i n A m e ri ca co u ld n o t hav e pa s se d fro m A m e r ic a “ to E u rope w itho u t t h e exist en c e O f c o n tinu o u s la n d c o m ” m u n icat i on b et w een t h e two co n t i n en t s N o w l et u s approach t h e q ue sti o n fro m t h e oppo si t e Accor d in g to t h e b i bli cal in di cati o n s a n d t h e di r e ct i o n tra dit io n that m a n kin d ove r spr e a d t h e e arth fro m t h e plain s o f Meso potami a w e sho ul d exp e ct to trac e t h e po s sessi o n an d use o f t h e hor se i n t h e c o u n tr i e s i n t e r m e di at e b et w e en t h e T ig r i s an d Atla n ti c fro m E a st to W e st If h o w ev er A t lan t i s e xi st e d a n d w a s t h e or i g i n al se at o f c iv i li sat i o n a n d t h e po i n t fro m w h ich i t S pr e a d to o th e r c o u n tri e s a n d i f i t i s part o f t h e stat em en t that t h e hor se e x i st e d o n t h e i slan d th e n r e v e r se ly w e S ho u l d e xp e ct t o trac e t h e pr o gr ess o f i t s u se fro m W est t o E a st M L en o rm an t it n eed scarc e ly b e a dded with o u t any a dve rten c e to th i s qu esti o n h a s shown in h i s P rem i er es C i vili sa ti on s ( p .
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h o rse n ot o n ly d o e s n ot app ear in a ny m on um en t of t h e old em p ir e b u t i s e qu all y ab sen t from t ho se of t h e p eri o d calle d t h e m i d d le em pir e w hi c h e xten d s fr o m t h e fi rst E gyp ti a n re vi v al u n d er t h e el e v en th d n a st u n ti l t h e i n v a si o n of th e sh eph e rd s y y O n t h e c o ntrary w h en t h e m o n u m ents r ecom m e n c e a fter a s o m e w h at l en gth e n ed i n terru p ti o n u n d er t h e ei hteenth d n a st g y y th e h o rse i s seen a s a n animal in h ab itu al use in E gyp t T
hat
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o th e r hand t h e phi lolo gi cal arg u m en t t h e o nly o n e to whi ch w e ca n have r eco u r se w o u ld see m to S ho w that t h e hor se w a s w e ll kn own i n t h e E a st d u r i n g t h e perio d i t w a s a b se nt fro m E gyp t O
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CHAPTE cO N J E C T U R E
As To T HE
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BA S I S or PL A T o s
PR O BA BL E
A T L AN T I S
.
IN my la st chapt e r I re serve d a n argu m en t o f Mr Do n nelly s for fu rth er co n sid e ra t i o n , a n d a s i t i s ba se d o n on e o f t h e fact s u po n wh i ch h e appar en tly obtai n s foothol d — one o f t h e i sl e t s o r p e ak s, so to sp eak , o f t h e su b m e rg ed Atlan t i s ’
.
—I
wi ll gi ve
e
xtract
an ci en t tradition am ong t h e Persi an s th at th e Phoenici an s m i grate d fro m t h e sho res of t h e E y th ean S ea a n d thi h a s b een supp o sed t o m ean t h e Per si an Gulf ; b ut there w a s a v ery old ci ty of E y thi a i n utt r rui n at th e ti m e of S trab o w hi c h w a s b u il t in so m e an ci en t a ge l o n g b efo re t h e foun din g of Ga d es n e ar t h e site of th at to w n o n th e A tlan ti c c o a st o f S p ain M y n ot thi s tow n of E ryt hi a hav e gi v en i t s n ame t o t h e adj a cen t a n d th i s m a y h av e b een t h e startin g p o in t o f t h e Ph oeni ci an s sea ! I t w oul d e v en app ear that th ere w a s i n th eir E ur o p e an mi gratio n s a n i slan d o f E yt hi a (D onn elly s A t la n t is p T
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it in
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It will b e p erc eive d that thi s co nj e ct u re r est s en ti rely o n t h e stat em e n t o f Strabo I n t h e fir s t plac e b e t w een Strabo s ti m e an d t h e co mm en c em en t o f Phoeni c ian en t e r pr i se (B C 1 2 0 0 L e n o rm a n t ) th e r e w a s fu ll lap se o f t i me fo r a c i ty t o hav e b e e n fo u n d ed m at u re d a n d t h e m o n arch i cal sta ge hav in g e lap se d to hav e pa sse d thr ou gh t h e i n e vi tabl e stag es o f ar i st o cracy d e m ocracy d e spot i s m r e volu t i o n an d de cay a n d so i n Strabo s t im e to have b ee n ent i t le d to t h e d e scri pt io n o f an a n c i en t c i ty Bu t Strabo ( t h e s ol e a u thori ty c it e d ) hi m s el f sa s y accor di ng to L en orma n t wi tho u t r efe r en c e to th i s q ue s t io n .
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PL A T o s A T L A N T I S
W e m u st
23
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p ecially b ear in mind t h e in fo rmation p reserv ed b y S trab o (xv i 7 66 ) w i th r eference t o t h e c o u ntry fi rst o cc u pi ed b y t h e C an aan ites in t h e P er si a n Gulf in fo rm ati o n w hi c h su b stanti ally agrees w i th that w hich H ero do tu s ( I i v 8 9 cf J usti n xviii 3 ) h ad co lle cted fro m t h e m outh s o f t h e Ph oeni ci an s th em selv es that t h e t w o m o st an ci en t san ctu ari es o f th ei r ra ce w er e si tuate d in t h e i sl an d s o f T ylo s a n d A ra d u s (t w o o f t h e e xi sti n g Ba h ri en i slan d s ) w hi ch r ep ro du c ed later on i n t h e n ew c o u ntry o f t h e Phoenici an s i n t h e Me di terr an ean t h e i sl an d f T yr e a n d A r a d us (Fragm ens . C osmogon i qu es p 2 2 1 ) es
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E v en i f
Strabo h a d n o t said it a n o th e r lin e o f tra ditio n n i ci a n s s pran g fr o m t h e E ryth ea n w o u l d S ho w that t h e t S ea b et w e en t h e R e d S ea a n d t h e P e r si an G u l f ; b ut a s thi s will a ffo r d evi de n c e in a no th er d i re cti o n also it w i ll T h e e vi d en c e w h i ch h as n o w b e c o n ven i e n t to reserv e i t acc u mu lat ed w i ll j u stify ou r re verti n g t o Plato s frag m e n t w i th a v ie w to d i s cov e r if po ssi bl e w hat it s r e al i m port ,
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m ay b e
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Plato
v r b een co m pared an d co nfro nt e d wi th a d o cu m en t t h e a uthe n ti c i ty o f w h i ch i s r e co g n i se d b y H eer en a n d L e no rm a n t (i t w i ll b e fo un d i n ext en so i n F L e n o rm a n t Mem d H i s t A n ci enne ii 41 4 a n d al so i n H ee r e n H i st R esea r c hes, A fr i c vi z t h e voy age o f Hann o w h i ch h e N a t i o ns p ” T he h as post ed u p ocuednz eu i n t h e t e m pl e o f K r o n os voya ge o f Hann o t o ok plac e ci r ca B C 5 0 0 a n d Plato w a s bor n cir ca s o 43 0 Th is doc u m en t w hi ch h a s co m e d o wn to u s i n t h e for m o f a Gree k tra n slati o n may r ea so n ably M L n m ant s y thi st ill m r expli i t ly nd emph t i lly (H i t m f h t h ry th t f M t i ip t i ii p a if in A t dit i n g t h d t T yr it lf i i T h Ph H s ys D n lly pt d q ll y b y t h j di i s T g P mp i ; by H r d t h r p t d ; i fi th t whi h S t r b t h A bi t h t di t i n of S wh th rr t i t h fi t nt i f t h C h i t i w hi h w ’
A t la n ti s ,
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PL A T O S A T LA N T I S
.
presumed to have b een acc essibl e to Plato d uri ng h i s r esiden c e eith er in Sicily or in Cyr e ne It i s my co n t en tio n ( 1 ) that th i s d oc um e n t for m s so to I th in k tha t I shall s p e ak t h e backb o n e o f t h e A t la n t is b e able to show that Plato d o es no t st at e a n y fact r e sp e ct i n g Atla nti s w h i ch ha s not be en take n fro m thi s d oc u m en t c ept io n s a re su ffi cien tly i m e xc e pt ( 2 ) — fo r I thi n k t h e portant to j u stify a seco nd e rt ion r e sp e cti n g i t — un l e ss w hat Pla t o d r e w fro m t h e w e ll of g e ner al or fa mily t ra di ti o n O ve r t h e whole t h e r e i s t h e glam o u r o f Plato s style a n d i m agin at io n R e se rvi n g what i s pre li m i na ry t h e acco unt of Atl an t i s co mmen c e s th us T h e tale w hi ch w as of gr eat l en gth b egan a s f ll ow s : I h a v e b ef re remarked i n sp eakin g of t h e all otm ents o f th e god s that th ey A n d Poseid o n di stri bu ted t h e w ho l e earth i nto p o rtion s e c ei in g for hi s lo t t h e isl an d of A tl an ti s b egat child ren b y a m o rtal w m an a n d set t l d t h em i n a p art o f th e i sl an d w hi c h I w ill p ro c ee d O n t h e si de tow ards t h e sea a nd i n t h e c entre o f t he t o d scrib e w h ol e i sl an d th er e w as a p l ai n w h ic h is sai d t o h a v e b e en t h e fair e t o f a ll plai n s a n d v ery ferti l e N ear t h e p l ain again al so i n t h e c en tre o f t h e i sl and at a d i stan c e o f ab o t fi fty sta di a th ere w a s a moun tain n o t v ery hi gh o n a ny si d e I n thi s m ou n tain there d we lt on e of th e earth b orn p rim ev al m en of th at count ry w ho s e n am e w a s E v en or a n d h e h a d a wi fe nam e d L u cippe a n d they h a d a n o nly d aughter w h w a s call ed C leit o (O ri ti a s Pro
be
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D i a logues of P la t o , ii
Thi s allotm ent
.
arth co rrespo nd s t o t h e t ra di ” “ t i o n o f Ph ero n eu s t h e fath e r of m an kin d ( Cle m en s t o who m t h e d i strib u tio n o f m a n kind w as Al e x i ” attrib ut ed i d em n a t iones d istr i bui t ( Hy gi nus a nd ” “ wh o m Plato call s t h e fir st Hann o s ai le d abo u t 5 0 0 wi t h sixty v essels a n d thi rty tho u sa nd colo ni st s A ssum in g that A tlan ti s Wa s i deali sed fro m t h e n arra of
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I n A pp en dix A a n d A pp e n di x B I gi ve i n e xt ens o t h e d esori ti on of p ’ ’ A tl an is i n Pla o s C ri ti c s (J o w et t s t ra ns ) . a n d t h e r ansl ation of t h e P er ip lua of H a nn o f o m H eeren s H i st R esea rc h es
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PL A T o s A T L A N T IS
25
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t ive o f Han n o Atla ntis w o u l d b e c o e xt en sive w ith t h e Carth a g in ia n e mpi r e in clu di ng t h e Can ary and Fort unat e I sland s Po seid on so n o f Kr on o s w a s t h e t u te lary go d of t h e Cartha i n i a n s Ha m i lcar s e laborat e a s w i t n e ss g sacr ific e to h i m i n t h e w a r w i th G e l o n (J uv ent us Ma n d i p 249) and L en o rm a nt t e r m s h im th e L ibyan Po sei ,
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don
occ u pati o n of Atlant i s b y Posei don an d h i s ” b egettin g ch i ld re n b y a m o rtal w o m a n an d sett li ng th e m i n a part o f t h e i sla n d m ay b e c o nj e ct u rally su p p o se d t o b e t he Carthagini an c o lo n i s at ion o f t h e i slan ds m e n t i o n e d i n Ha nn o s n arrati ve a n d o f t h e m ai n lan d b eyo nd t h e m o u n tai n s o f Atla s ; a n d thi s see m s exactly c onfir m e d w h en w e re a d in He e re n ( p T h e c o l o ni st s w h i ch Ha n n o carr i ed o ut c o n si s te d a s w e ar e e xpr e ssly i n fo r m ed o f L i b Ph aan icia n s a n d w e r e not ch o se n fro m y a m en g t h e c it iz en s o f Carth a ge b u t tak en fro m t h e ” cou n try in hab itan t s Th i s corr e sp o nd s suffic i en tly It w ill b e n otic e d that Plato a fte r t h e pa ssage ab o u t Po seid o n ( a s above ) gi ves a d e script io n o f a plain a n d Ha nn o s acco u n t co m m e n c e s th u s : W he n w e h ad pa ssed t h e Pillar s o f Herc u l es o n o u r voyage a n d h a d s ai l e d b eyo n d th em fo r t wo d ay s w e fo un d e d t h e fir st c i ty w h i ch w e n am e d T h ym iat eri u m ” B elo w i t lay an ext en si ve p la in T h e pa ss a ge i n Plato abo ut Po sei d o n r efe r s to t h e fo u n d ati o n o f h i s fi r st c ity ” i t i s di th A s r egar d s t h e d e r i vat io n o f T h ym i at eri u m c u lt to get b eyo n d w hat o ld Boch art w rote Q uat a r rygsov T h ym i at eri u m L eno r m a nt i d e st Th u ri b u l u m qu o rsu m t ell s u s; i s t h e mo der n Ma m o u ra — Ma m o ra N o w t h e d e scr ipti o n o f Ma m ora v e ry w e ll corr e s po n d s w i th Plato s d e scri pti o n s It i s si tu at e d u po n a h i ll n e ar t h e m o u t h o f t h e r i ve r S uh o e t h e w at e r s o f w h i ch gra d u ally w id e n i n g i n th e i r co u r se fall in to t h e Atl a nt i c at th i s ” T h e fe r plac e an d for m a h arbo ur fo r sm all ve ssel s “
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PL A T o s A T L A N T IS
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t ile pa st u re s t h e e xt en si v e w at er s a n d plan tatio n s w h i ch w e pa s sed o n o u r w ay h i th e r ha ve a lr e a dy b e en r e m ark e d W e trav e lle d a m o ng tre e s o f var i o u s ki n d s so ag ree ably arran g ed that t h e plac e h a d m ore t h e app e aran c e o f a park than o f a n u n cu lti vate d co un try W e cro sse d plai ns w h i ch w e r e r i ch w i th v e r d u r e a n d w e h a d a v i e w o f lak e s ” Mc C u lloch w h i ch e xt en d ed m a n y m i l e s l n l en gth ( Geog D i et ) s ay s Morocco ( t h e an c ie n t Ma u ri ta n i a ) h a s a l arge e xte n t o f co m paratively le ve l la n d So m e o f t h e plain s an d valley s are o f gr eat e xt en t an d extraordin ary fe rt ili t y t h e so i l i s n o w a s i n a n ti q u i t y prov e rb i al fo r i t s fe rtil i ty ; t h e g ra ss o ft en atta i n i n g a h ei g ht u n e q u all ed ” O n t h e n orth e xc e pt i n t h e prai r i es o f A m e r i ca w est er n side o f t h e Atla s ran g e t h e clim at e i s h e al t h y a n d ” gen i al 9 0 50 1047 739 0 » i s o n ly t h e Gr ee k r e n d e ri n g o f t h e L i bya n Ph oen i c ia n n a m e an d p erhap s a fa n cifu l r en de r ’ ng B o ch ar t s r co nj e ct u r e i s that i t was so call e d b e ca u se i ” si t u at e d i n a plai n whi ch corr espo n d s to t h e fact ; a n d Plato d e s cr i b es t h e plai n i n w h i ch Po se id o n N e ( p t un e) se t t le d h i s ch i ld r e n a s t h e fa i r e st o f all plai ns ” a n d ve ry fe rtil e Plato t hen proc ee d s abr u ptly t o i nfor m u s that Po sei d on n e xt a s h e w a s a go d fo un d n o diffi c u lty i n m aki n g S p e c i al arr an g e m en t s fo r t h e c e n tr e i sla n d bri n g in g t h e s tr e a m s o f wat e r un d e r t h e e arth w h i ch h e ca u sed to a sc en d as s prin gs on e o f w ar m wat e r an d t h e oth e r o f col d a nd m akin g e ve ry variet y of foo d to sprin g u p ab u n dan tly on t h e ear t h H e r e Plato a li ttle a n ti c i pat ed Hann o s n arrat i ve — appare n tly fo r t h e pu rpo se o f i n tro d u c i n g t h e e arl i e st Ath en i a n l e g e n d co n c e r n i n g Po seid o n fo r h e i s m a d e to p e rfo r m at Atla n ti s t h e s a m e fe at wi th L mp i é e s T u t M ( Pi k rt ) xv B h rt e j tu i f d d H br w equi v l nt ; b t thi s ,
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PL A T o s A T L A N T IS
27
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whi ch h e i s cr edit ed a t Ath ens In h i s rei gn ( C e crop s) Po sei do n call ed forth with his tr i d ent a w ell o n t h e Acre poli s ( S mi th s My t ho logi ca l Han n o go e s on to say t hat a ft er pa ssin g t h e pla in th ey proc ee de d fi rst t o t h e w es t w he r e in a plac e thickly cove re d wi th tree s th ey ere ct ed a t emple to N ept u ne w h e r e w e fou n d a lake (Po sei d o n ) a n d the n to t h e e a st ” lying n o t far fro m t h e se a w h i ch w o u ld c o r re sp o n d to t h e lake s W h i ch e xt en d e d m an y m i l e s i n l e ngth If th ey ca m e u p o n a co u n try w h e r e (sup ra p an d la n d lan d a n d lake s alt e rn ate d i t m ight sea have su gge st e d to Plat o s i m a gi n ation t h e alt er n ate ” zo n e s o f sea a n d lan d Plat o sa y s A n d w e a r e fu rt he r tol d that Po sei d o n w h e n h e br ok e up t h e gro un d m a de alt e rn at e z o n e s o f sea an d lan d large r a n d sm all e r , ” cli ng one a n othe r e n c ir It i s n ext st at ed in Plato that Po seidon proc ee d e d to be get fiv e p air s o f m al e ch il dren divi din g t h e i sland ” o f Atl an t i s i nto t e n porti o n s T h e e ld est w h o w a s t h e king h e n a med Atla s a n d fro m h i m t he w hole i slan d a n d T h e n am e of t h e oc e an r e c ei v ed t h e n a m e o f Atla n t i c Atla s i s h ere im port ed a n d t ran sferr e d t o t h e i sla n d b y Plato fro m t h e tra diti o n s o f Atla s o n t h e m ai nlan d The n follo w s a l o n g acco u n t o f t h e se ttl e m en t o f t h e five pai r s o f m ale ch i l d re n w h i ch m i ght b e all ow e d t o pa ss a n d fo r m t h e fo und ati o n fo r t h e th eory o f Atla nt is if havi n g i n corresp on d i ng sequ en ce Ha nn o h ad n o t a dd ed pa ssed t h e lake abo ut a d ay s s ail w e fo u n d e d c iti e s Fiv e c i ti es are n a m ed t h e nu m b e r corre spo n d in g w i th t h e five pa i r s of ch i l d r e n i f Po sei d o n Plato then d escan t s u po n t h e w e alth an d po s sessi on s o f Atla s b u t b efor e h i s eloqu e n c e h a s e xp e n d ed i t sel f b e abr u ptly an d i n co ngr u o u sl y say s as i f in r ec o ll e ctio n o f s o m e fact Mor eove r the re w e r e a gre at n u m ber o f p 14 C mp r p .
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PL A T o S A T L A N T I S
28
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th e r e w a s provi sio n for a n i ma ls of ev ery ki nd b o th fo r tho se that l i v e i n la kes e in a n d m a r s h es a n d r i v e r s a n d al s o fo r tho se w h i ch l i v I n c u ri o u s j u xtap o si ti o n m o u n ta i n s a n d o n pla in s wi th t h i s I m ay plac e Ha nn o s stat e m en t j u st b efor e h i s W e proc ee de d u n ti l w e m e n ti o n of t h e fiv e ci t ieS arri ve d at a la ke lyi n g n o t fa r fro m t h e sea a n d fille d wi th ab u n d a n c e o f la rge r eed s H e re elep ha n ts a n d a ” g r ea t nu m ber of o t h er w ild a n i ma ls w e r e fe e d in g T h e c o i n c id e n c e o f t h e m en ti o n i n both n arrati ves e q u ally abr u ptly a n d u n e xp e ct e d ly a nd i n al m o s t id en t i cal w o r d s o f el ephan t s an d oth e r a ni m al s i s n ot i c ea ble b u t th e r e i s an oth er co i n c id e n c e e q u ally r em arkabl e Plato ( p 40 6) say s : T h e i slan d in w hi ch t h e palac e ( t h e palac e o f Po seid o n) w a s sit u at e d h ad a d i a m et e r o f ” T h e Atla n ti s i sla n d or co n ti n e n t th us fiv e sta d ia s hr in k s to th e se di m e n si o n s N o d o u bt th e r e i s m en ti o n o f a cen t ra l i sla n d w h i ch i m pl i e s oth e r s ; b u t t h e above gi ve s u s a m e a su r e o f t h e localit ies in di cat ed w h i ch corr e s p e n d v e ry clo se ly w ith t h e i sla n d s m e n t i o n e d i n Ha n n o s e xplorat i o n Hann o say s T h én ce we proc eede d towar d s t h e e a st t h e co u r se o f a d ay He r e w e fo u nd i n t h e r ec e ss o f a c ertai n b ay a s m all i sla nd co ntainin g a c i rcle o f five ” st a di a Th e r e w e se ttle d a col o ny a n d called i t C e r ne Bu t t h i s sm all i sla n d w o u l d app ea r to hav e b ee n th e i r h ea d q u arte r s fo r i t i s a dd e d W e th en cam e to a lake thi s lake h a d t h r ee i slan d s large r tha n C erne wh en c e ” u n i n r et r g back w e ca m e aga in to C e rn e If Hann o s n arrati ve li e s at t h e fo u n d ati o n o f Plato s frag m e n t o f Atlan ti s i t i s n at u ral that what is ce n tr a l i n t h e o n e sho u l d b e c e n tral i n th e oth e r s a n d accor di n gly that w hat was t h e h e ad qu art e r s i n th e on e sho u ld fig u re a s t h e palac e o f Po sei d o n i n t h e oth e r Th er e is a sli ght r e se mblan c e i n t h e way i n wh ich t h e i n t h e i slan d ,
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30
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P A T o S A T L A N T IS
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Al o what v e r fr a gr a n t th i n g s th e r e are e s f i n t h e e arth wh e th e r ro o t s o r h e rba ge or w o o d s gre w a n d ” thri ved in that lan d Aft e r a n acc o un t o f th ei r law s a n d c usto m s h e d e scr ibe s t h eir sacr ific es o f b u ll s t o Po seid o n — h o w th ey b u r n t t h e l im b s o f t h e b u ll a n d took t h e rest o f t h e v i ct i m to t h e fir e a ft e r hav in g m a de a p u r i ficat i o n o f t h e col u m n all ro u n d a n d th e n po u r e d a l i bat i o n o n t h e fir e and w h e n d arkn e ss ca m e o n a nd t h e fire abo u t t h e rific e w a s cool (b u t no t e xtin ct ) all o f th em put o n sa c m o st b e a u tifu l az u re rob e s an d si ttin g o n t h e gro u n d at n i ght n e ar t h e em bers o f t h e sacr i fic e o n wh i ch th e y h ad s w or n an d e xti ng u i sh i n g all t h e fir e s abo u t t h e t e m pl e — a sc e n e wh i ch th ey re c ei ve d a n d gave j ud g m en t if acc o m pa n i ed a s w e m ay im ag in e w ith so u n d o f p i p es cy m bal s co n fu sed sho u t s & c wo u ld brin g to t h e m i nd m u ch t h e s a m e s c en e w h i ch a firi gh t ed t h e m ari n er s a n d d ivi n e r s o f Hann o s fl ee t Ha nn o s short n arrati ve or at an y ra t e t h e Gr e ek t ra n slat i o n o f i t w h i ch h a s co m e d ow n to u s o m i tt i ng s o m e fi n al w or d s abo u t a savage p e opl e w ho se bo die s w er e ha iry —co nj ect u r e d b y L eno rm ant an d oth e r s to b e gor illa s that w or d havin g b een wro n gly su b s ti t u t ed fo r ” — m a be the n es r a d f t h gorgo or go g e s o e or i gin al Ms y said to en d w i th a de scr ipti o n o f a volca ni c r e g i o n S aili n g qu i ckl y a w ay then c e w e p a sse d a c ou n try b ur nin g wi th fi res an d p erfum es ; a n d stream s o f fire su ppli e d from i t fell into T h e co u ntry w s im p a s abl e on acco nt o f t h h e at t h e sea We sail ed q ui ckly th n ce b ein g m u c h terri fi e d ; a n d p a ssin g o n fo fou r d ay s w e d i c o v er e d at n i ght a c o n try f ll of fire In th e mid dl e w a s a l fty fi e l arger than t h e r est w hi c h see m e d t o to u c h t h e W h en d ay cam e w e di sc o vere d i t t o b e a l arge hill call ed star kin d
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Plato s fragm en t— a n d it i s a c i rc u m stan c e to b e n oted t hat bo t h are fragm en tary— t e r m i n at e s w i th t h e followi n g pa ssage wh i ch apart fro m t h e arg um ent m ay b e acc ept able ’
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PL A T O S A T L A N T IS
For m any gen erati on s
31
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atur e lasted in them they w ere obedi ent t o th e la w s and w ell afiecti on ed tow ards th e go ds w h o w ere th i r ki nsm en ; for th ey p ossessed tru e a n d i n ev ery w y great sp i it p racti i n g gentlen es a n d w i d om in t h e various hanc es of life a nd in th eir int rc o rse w i th on e an oth er Bu t w hen thi s di vin e p orti onb egan t o fad e aw ay i n th em t hen they bein g una ble t o bear th eir fortun e b ecam e unseemly an d t o h im w h o h a d a n y e t o se e th ey h a d l ost t h e fair t o f th eir p cions gifts b ut t o th se wh o h d n o ey t o see t h e tr happin ss th ey still app ear d g l o ri ous an d b lessed at th e v y tim e w hen they w er fill ed w ith unrighteou s av ari ce an d p ow er Z eus th e go d of go d s w h o rules wi th l a w a n d i abl e t o s ee i nto s ch thi ngs p erceivi ng that a n hon rable race w a s in a m ost w retched n d w anti n g t o in fli ct p n i h m ent n th em th at t h ey might state b e ch asten ed a n d im p ro v e c ll ct ed a ll t h go ds into hi s m o st h oly ha bit ati n w hi ch b in g place d in t h e cent e o f th e w o rl d sees a ll that p artak e of gen eration A n d w hen h e h a d called them together h e sp ak e a s foll ow s l o ng
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cat ast roph e which w a s left thu s vagu e ly im p en d in g h a d to b e i n te rpre t e d i n t h e li ght o f t h e pr evi o us “ p Atlanti s wa s sunk b y a n earth 5 99 ) that st at e m e n t ( ” qua ke Th u s o n e n arrati ve end s so m ewhat abr u p t ly wi th t h e d es cri pti o n o f a volc an o a n d t h e oth e r wi th a progno s I f i t were w orth whi l e t icat i o n o f a volcan i c sub si d en c e I might show a fu rth er coin c iden c e in t h e approxim at io n ” t h e chari ot o f t h e god s of t h e t e rm u sed b y H an na collecti n g all th e go d s in to wi th t h e e xpre ssi o n o f Plato ” h i s m o st holy ha bi tatio n A s I have sai d th er e i s n othing m or e ; b u t if I have su cc ee d e d i n de m o n s trati n g t h at w hat i s kn o w n as t h e p 1 2 as t th e entr f th e w rld ; r mark t h C mp al so sup u t f th mblan t t his d s ri pt i n in t h C h ld ean st i ki ng r T he g d vered b y M Ge rg S mith (co l iii 5 7) D lug di nde d t o t h pass d th t mpest n d ought fuge ; t h y heav n f T h go ds in s t s se ted in lame nt ti on cover d A esu ; ” ( 1 7 1 8) their lip f t h e coming evil T he
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32
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PL A T O S A T L A N T I S
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Han n o i s t h e fo u n dat i o n o f Plato s A t lan tis t h e d i s c o ve ry if I m a y s o t e r m i t w i ll at a ny rat e su pply t h e r e a so n w h y t h e C r i t i c s ( A t la n t i s ) Wa s n e ve r co m pl et ed whi ch h a s r em a in ed a diffic u lty e ve n to Pro fe ssor J o wet t T h C i ti [A t la n t is] i a fragm ent w hi h br ak s o ff in t h e W h y t h e C r i t i s [A t l n t i ] w s n ev er n ten c e middl e o f a co m pl ted w h eth er fro m accid ent o ad van ci ng a ge or from a o f t h e artisti c d iffic l ty o f t h e d esi gn cann o t b e d eterm in e d s n (Professo r J o w et t s In tro d u cti o n t o Plato s D ia log es ii I n sp e ak in g o f t h e A t la n t i s as a fict i o n I by n o m eans i n t e n d that i t w a s a fabr i cat i o n i n t en d e d to d e c ei ve h i s co nt em porar ie s It rath e r seem s to m e a s if Plato w a s i n d u l gi n g w ith th e m i n a co mm o n a n d c u sto m ary gra t i fi a n d that th i s i s al m o s t a c Ica t i o n o f t h e i m a gi n ati o n k n owle d ge d l n t h e follo wi n g pre li mi n ary c o n ve r sati o n Co n si de r th en Socrat es if t hi s n arrat ive i s s uite d to t h e p u rpo se or wh e th e r w e sho u l d see k fo r so m e oth er S o crat e s A n d what o th e r C ri ti a s c an w e i n st e a d fin d that wi ll b e b e tt er tha n th i s wh i ch i s n a tu ra l a nd P erip lu s
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FU R T H E R C O N J E C T U R E S — D ILU VIA N T R A D IT IO N S
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IN t h e l a st chapt e r I v en t u re d to co n t en d that t h e Peri pl u s of Hann o w a s t h e m ai n fou n d at i o n fo r Plato s myth o f Atlan tis E ve n , h o w ever , if th i s i s co n c ede d , so mething ” m ore w i ll b e r e q u ir e d t o di sp e l th i s m i rag e w h i ch h a s .
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lo ng h un g in t h e r etro spe ct o f h u ma n e ve nt s J u st a s t h e “ m irage h a s le d m any i n t h e pa st t o thei r d oo m in t h e d esert an d in t h e oc e an so i s it n ow apparen tly allu r in g the m to abysses i n t h e re gio n o f sp e c u lati o n
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fi cti on say s Professor J o w et t h a s e xerci se d gre at W ithou t regard i nflu en c e o ver t h e i m agi nati on o f later a ge s t o th e d esc ri p ti o n o f Plat o a n d w ithou t a su s i ci o n that t h e w h ol e p n arr ati v e i s a fabri cati on interp rete rs ha v e l o ok e d for t h e sp ot in Pal estin e A rab ia F eli x C eyl on e v ery p art o f th e gl o b e A m eri c a “
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t ry h a h d also n effect on th e early a t th c ntu y (ii p If Plato h a d sp o ke n w i th fu ll an d e xact kn o w l edge o f what w a s kn o wn in h i s d ays a s to t h e ext en t of t h e e xplora ti o n b eyon d t h e Pi llar s o f Hercu le s an d h ad d e libe rat ely a sse rte d h i s p pin i o n a s to t h e e xist en c e o f a los t conti ” Bu t all n e nt h i s opi n i o n w o u ld have h ad gre at w ei ght tha t h e s ays i s that in c o n sequ en c e of t h e sub si denc e o f ” t h e sea i n tho se part s i s i m pa ss able a n d i m t h e I s la n d p en etrable b e ca u se ther e i s su ch a qu a n tity o f shallo w
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34
PL A T O S A T L A N T IS
.
ayin g th i s an d no m o re w o u ld al so co n vey t h e i mp r essi o n that h e h a d h e ar d o f i t tra d i t i o n ally at a ny rat e n ot ve ry di re ctly I n o ti c e that S ir J L u bbock ( P r eh i s to r i c T i m es p 3 9) su gge st s that t h e e xi st en c e o f thi s sea o f se aw ee d i t se l f or i gi n at e d t h e id e a o f t h e su n ken i sla n d May n o t t h e b e li ef i n t h e Atlan t is H e s ay s wh i ch w o u ld so b e a s probably o w i n g to .th e g ul f w eed n at u rally su gg est t h e id e a o f su n k e n la n d a s to a n y o f t h e oth e r cau se s w h i ch are u su ally a ssi gn ed fo r i t ! A n d if ” th i s gu lf w eed for m e d an i m pa s sabl e a n d i m p en etrable barr ie r to expl o rati o n i n th e Atlan t ic i t m u s t have b een a co n stan t su bj e ct o f sp ec u lat io n w i th t h e Ph oeni cian mari ners Altho ugh t h e co n c epti o n o f Atla n ti s aro se a s a m yth i n t h e m i n d o f Plato t h ere i s e v e ry i n di cat i o n that a gre at d e al o f floati n g tra dit i o n w a s u s ed i n i t s fabri cat i o n an d ” thi s r e siduu m w i ll r em a in aft e r t h e d i sp e r sal o f t h e ” “ m i rag e Th er e i s o ne s tat em en t w h i ch st ran g ely fall s in w i th t h e l in es o f tra di ti o n a n d w hi ch ca n s carc e ly e scap e ob se rva t io n w h en att en tio n is di r e ct e d to Plato s n arrat i ve v iz that w h en h e w as t e n ye ar s o ld at a partic u lar fe a st t h e Apat u r i a or r egi strati o no f yo u th — h e w as told t h e h i story o f t h e D elu g e For wh eth e r it w a s a tr u e o r fal se s t o r y o f t h e D e l u ge w h e th e r i t w a s t h e u ni v e r s al D elu e g or o n ly t h e de lu ge w h i ch d e stroye d t h e i sla n d or co n ti ” n en t o f Atla n ti s t h e fact r e m ai n s as r e gar d s th i s di s c a ssi o n that it w a s ei th e r t h e D e lu ge w h ich Mo ses an d t h e H ebr e w s a n d t h e Chal d e a n s a n d ge n e ral tra di ti o n r ecord or i t w as t h e su b si d e n c e o f Atla nt i s w hi ch accor d in g to Mr D o nn elly li e s a t t h e fo un datio n o f all th ese tra ditio n s B efor e proc ee din g i n t h e i n q ui ry i t m ay b e we ll t o have Plato s wor d s b e fore u s I w ill tell y ou a n o ld w o rld story w hic h I h eard from a n aged ti o n
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35
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Th e se wor d s taken i n co nn ecti on w ith t h e gen eral t ra dit io n ar e v e r y r e m arkabl e b u t th ei r fu ll si gni fica n c e w i ll n o t b e appr ec i at e d u n ti l it i s se e n h o w clo sel y t h e tra dit i o n i n A n ci en t Gr ee c e r esem ble s t h e d i lu vi a n tra di t i o n s i n Am e ri ca a n d A fr ica It i s n ot ho w ever m y in t en tio n t o recapit ulat e h e r e t h e eviden c e w hi ch I have colle ct ed in chap xi o f T i a d i ti on a nd w h i ch so fa r a s I k n o w h a s n ot b e en r eb u tt ed b u t to su ppl e m e n t i t A s h o w e v er i t m ay b e ra sh to a ssu m e that t h e r e a de r h a s r ea d or re tai n s i n h i s r e c o lle cti o n t h e c u ri o u s c e r e m o n y c o m m e m o rati v e o f t h e D e l u ge w h i ch Catli n w i t ne sse d a m o ng t h e Ma n d an In dian s in 1 8 3 2 i t w i ll b e n ec essary to gi ve a few detai l s Mr Catl in s acc o u n t i s atte sted by J Kipp ( ag en t to t h e Mi sso u ri Fur C o m pany) J Cra w ford Clark an d Abraha m Bo g ard w h o acco m pa n i e d h i m ; a n d i n a su b se qu en t acco u n t p u bli sh e d i n 1 867 b y Messr s T rii b n er a l e tt er o f t h e Pr i n c e o f N eu wi e d i s pri n t ed fu lly corroborati n g Mr Catlin s stat em ent s fro m what h e hear d du ring a w int e r s re sid e n c e am o n g t h e Man d an s altho ugh h e d id n o t act u ally wi tn e ss t h e c e r e m o ny ; an d i n T r a d i t i on p 2 7 2 I po in t ed ou t that t h e c er em o ny a m o ng t h e Man d an I n di an s h ad been m ent io n e d r emon i es R e ligi eu ses a c e nt ury a n d br i e fl y d e scr i b e d i n C e b efor e Catlin s vi si t t o th em That t h e Pr in c e of N e uw ie d di d n o t w itn e ss it i s acco u n t e d fo r by t h e c i rc um stan c e that it i s o nly per for m ed o n c e a ye ar a n d i n t h e spri n g say s Mr C atlin a n d on I r eso l v e d t o a w ait i t s app r oach in q i ry fou n d i t w o ld co mm en c e a s soo n a s t h e w i llow leave s I a sk d hi m wh y t h e w er f ll gro w n u n d r t h e b an k of t h e ri v er ,
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PL A T o s A T LA N T I S .
anyt hi ng t o d o w it h i t w h en h again r epli ed T h e twig w hi ch t h e b ird b rou ght in to th e Big can e w a a w ill o w b o ugh It w ill h ere b e for t h e r ad er a n d h d full grow n l e av s on i t t o app reci ate th e sur p ri s e w ith w h ic h I m et suc h a r em ar k from t h e li p s of a w ild m a n i ghte en h und ed mil es fr m th e n e a rest civili sati on T h e cerem ony in qu sti on th e O k ee pa Mr C atlin though in m any resp ects app arently so u nli keit w a s stri ctly say s a religi ous ceremony [th e i ta lics ar e Mr C atlin s] w ith ab st in ence w i th sacri fi ces an d w ith p ray er w hi lst th ere w ere th r e e o th er di stin ct l st A s a n a nnual a n d o sten si bl e o bj ects fo r w h i c h i t w a s h el d c elebration of t h e event of th e sub sidin g of t h e w aters of th e D el ge of w hi c h th ey h a d a d i stin ct tra di ti o n a n d w hi ch i n t h eir lan guage th ey ca ll ed Mee nea é k h é sh ( th e settli n g d o w n of t h e w aters ) 2 n d For t h e p u rp o s e of d an i n g w h at t h ey call ed t h e Bull d an c e t o t h e stri ct p erfo rm an c e o f w hic h t h y att ri b uted th e comi ng of bufla loes to s pply th m w i th f od durin g th e n ui ng 3 rd For t h e p u rp o se o f c n d u ctin g th e y o u n g m en w h o h a d y ear arriv ed at th e a ge of m anh ood d uring t h e p ast y ear th ro ugh a n o rd al o f pri v ati o n a n d b od il y to rture w hi ch w hil e it w a s s pp o sed t o h ard en th ei r m uscl s a nd p rep ar e th m for e x treme en d ran ce en abl ed th eir chi efs w h o w er e s p e ctators o f t h e ce ne t o d ecide u p on th ei r c omp arati v e b o dily str ength a nd a bility t o end u re p ri va ti ons an d suff rings that o ften fall t o th e lot of I ndi an w arri o rs a nd that they m ight decid e w h o am on gst t h e young m en w a s t h e b est able t o lead a w ar p arty t o a n e xtreme exi gency — 0 kee p a of the Ma nd a ns by C C atlin (T r iib ner C o p 9 T w o fact s th en ar e in evi den c e ( 1 ) t hat wh en Plato w as t e n y ear s o ld at a fe a st c alled t h e “ Apat u ria ” “ or t h e registration of yo u th h e h eard 5 d i scou rse d eli ve red wh i ch coll e ct ed vari o us di l u via n tra dit i o n s a nd ( 2 ) that u n d e r stran g ely diffe rent c i rc u m sta n c e s o f t i me a n d pl a c e Catl in ca m e u pon a c u rio u s c e r em o n y pro fesse d ly co mm e morati ve o f a u ni ver s al de l u ge i n which agai n a pr in ci pal feat u r e or i n t e rl ud e Was a cer em o ny which migh t b e exa ct ly d escrib e d a s a re gi st rati o n of yo u th; If m or eover S e v e r al oth e r po i n t s o f r e sem bla n c e can b e show n b etween t h e Gre e k a n d Ma n d a n fe st ival s thi s di scov e ry wi ll go fa r to pre cl u d e any th e o ry which w ou l d acco un t for t h e Am e ri can tra di tio n thro u gh local co n d itions a nd m o des o f t ho ug ht and wi ll fu rth e r j us tif y us in i nt e r willo w h a d
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PL A T O S A T L A N T I S
.
he ld in ho n ou r o f J up ite r Apollo Minerva Bacch u s an d D i a n a D o pt P C e res I o se i d o n) u ne s e N i n su ( ( ) y co m e to thi s c onclu sio n u po n t h e e xa m in ati o n o f t h e ( cir ca ) 3 1 9 fe st i val s th e r e cor d o f w h i ch B i shop Pott e r colle ct s I n Gre ci an F e st i val s in h i s A r ch a o logi a h i s chapt e r o n H e i s a l s o o f op i ni o n b asin g i t appare n tl y o n Gr es ca “ pa a alr a q ot th at o r i gi n ally a s Ar i stotle u ed e dy ss ge the r ep o rt s th er e w e r e few or n o fe sti vals a m on g t h e An c ien t s ” I f Apoll o re pre e xc e pt tho se afte r harv e s t or v i n tag e se n t e d t h e Me ssi an i c tra di ti o n w e m a y see a s p e ci al r e a so n fo r t h e o b serv a n ce o f h i s fest i val i n t h e e arl i est t i m e s an d ye t w i tho u t a nyth i n g sp e ci ally c o mm e m orat i v e o f t h e D e l u g e A s I have d i sc usse d th i s q u e sti o n i n t h e Mon t h Apri l 1 87 7 I o m i t fu rth er refer en c e to i t h er e b u t in t h e oth e r fe sti val s above m e n t i o n ed a s pr i m i t i v e t h e r e w i ll b e fo un d s o m e th in g w h i ch co nn e ct s th em wi th t h e d i l u vi an tra diti o n J upi t er ( D y a u s pat er = Z eus pa t ee upit er vid e li ke Apollo Ma x Mull er a n d T r a d i ti o n p m i ght hav e b e en e xp e ct e d to hav e h a d a fe sti val apar t ; yet at a ny rat e t h e c u lt u r e se co n d ar i ly b eca m e a s so c i at e d w ith t h e tra di ti o n fo r in t h e c u ri o u s a n n u al fe s t i val t h e H y d ro ph o r ia to w h i ch w e shall a gain have to r e fer t h e Ath en i an s w i th gr e at po m p carr i e d v e sse l s o f w at e r w h i ch th ey po u red i n to a g u l f or op en i n g in t h e t em ple o f J u pi t e r ; et d a n s c e tte occa si o n il s se rappaloi e nt le tri st e so u ven i r qu e le u r a n c ét re s a vo i en t ét é su b m e rg és ( B o u lan g e r L A n t i q d ér o i lé p a r s es U sa g es i H e a dd s th ey thr e w i n to t h e sa m e cha sm cak e s o f m e al a n d ho n ey ( Pa u s an i a s ,
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co m par e d w i th t h e followin g in c id en t i n t h e O kee p a o f t h e Ma n d a n s T h e m y s t e ri o u s i n di v id u al w h o o p en s t h e c er em o n y call s at e ach W i gw am an d r e lati n g t h e de str u cti o n o f all t h e h u m a n fa mi ly b y t h e Floo d e xc eptin g h im sel f w h o h ad b ee n s aved i n h i s b ig -
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PL A T O S A T L A N T I S
39
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ca n o e a nd n o w d w e lt in t h e we st d e m an d s so me e d g e d to o l to b e gi ve n to t h e wat e r a s a sacr i fic e On t h e la s t d a y o f t h e c e r em o n y at su n d o w n in t h e pr es ” en c e o f t h e ch i efs an d all t h e tr i b es t h e tool s we r e thr o w n i n to d eep w ate r fr o m th e t op o f t h e rock s a n d ” th u s m ade a sacri fic e to t h e water Z e u s or J up iter i s m or e d i r e ctly c o nnecte d with t h e D elu ge as t h e floo d o f D e u calio n occ u rr e d b eca u se Z eu s d et e r m in e d to d estro y t h e h u m an rac e b y a g r e at floo d ” I have n o t m e t wi th a ny r efu ta (Mu rray s My t h p t io n o f t h e arg u m e n t s ide n ti fying t h e del uge o f D eu calio n w i th t h e u n i v e r s al D e l u ge ( i d e T r ad i t i on p 2 22 t o p T h e s am e c er e m o n y i s d e scr i b e d b y L u c i an at Hi erap o li s in Syr i a w h er e th e re w a s t h e sam e c usto m o f po u r i n g w at e r i n to t h e cl e ft o f t h e t e m pl e Br ett i n T h e Indi a n T r i bes of Gu i a na gi v e s a l e ge n d ve ry si mi lar to that o f D eu calio n Grote ( H i st Greece i 1 3 3 ) Says “ I n th i s a s i n oth e r part s o f Gr ee c e t h e i d e a o f t h e D eu k a li o ni a n d e l u ge w as bl e n d e d w i th t h e re l igi o u s i m pr e ssi o ns o f t h e p e o pl e an d co m m e m o rate d b y th ei r m o s t Bo u lan ge r (i 3 9) says It w a s sacr e d c e r e m o n i es acc o r din g to t h e l egen d b y t h e o p eni ng o f th i s cha sm th a t t h e w at e r s w h i ch cove r e d Att i ca h a d di s app e ar ed a nd it w as all eg e d that D e u cal i o n h a d e r e ct e d a n altar near th i s plac e a n d tr adi tio n attrib ut e d to D eu calio n an d h i s grati t ud e to w ard s t h e go d s t h e fir st fo u n d atio n o f t h e t e m ple a u pr es d u q u e l se fa i s o i en t ces c éré o f J u p i t e r O ly m pi u s m o n i es lu g u bres A ssu m i n g a sim pl e p ri m it ive fe st ival W hi ch fo r m ed t h e ” r o u nd w hi ch t h e vario u s dil uvian tra di ti o n s n u cl e u s c o llecte d t h e pro m ine n c e o f t h e fe sti val s o f C e r e s a n d D i an a w o u l d b e r esp e cti ve ly acc o u n te d fo r b y t h e general tradit i o n havin g pa s se d thro u gh a p e ople w h o w ere ei the r h u sban d m e n or h u n te r s i n th ei r ori gi n or in the i r pre A pa storal pe ople wo u l d have re d o m i n a n t co n st i t uen t ,
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40
PLA T O S A T L A N T I S
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catt ere d and i solat ed a nd the i r tra ditio n wo uld r e q ui r e spe ci al co n si derati o n I f th e r efo r e w e find that i ro n w a s th r ow n i n to t h e water a s a t o k en o f sacr i fic e i n O n e in stan c e a n d me al i n anoth e r i t wo u l d b e o n ly w hat w e s ho u l d e xp e ct in t h e ca se o f tr ibe s havin g differen t avocati ons b ut a com m o n tra di ti o n in th e In Ath ens th e re w as a fe a st calle d A M7a m o n th o f Posid o n in ho n o u r o f C e r e s a n d Bacch u s by w ho se bl e ssin g t h e h u sba ndm en r e c e i v e d t h e r e co m p e n se and th e refor e th ei r oblati o ns o f th e i r to i l a n d l abo u r co nsi st ed o f n oth in g b u t t h e fr ui t s o f t h e e arth O th e r s sa y th i s fe sti val w as i n sti t u t e d a s a co m m e m orat i o n of t h e prim i ti ve Gr eek s w h o li ved Er m fg 021 430 1 i s i n vine ” yard s a n d cornfield s Th i s festi val r e call s t h e pri mi tive sim pl i c i ty o f t h e an c i e n t fest i val s n ot e d by Ar i stotl e a n d at t he sa m e ti me i n dicat es a fusi o n w ith t h e di lu vi an tra di t io n s i n it s co nnect i o n s w i th Po side n an d Bacchus “ p th e a ro w n e f es i 4 0 0 n m e d f m Th e re as a oth r t val ( ) ” gath eri n g o f t h e fr ui t s h el d accor din g to Men an der in ho n o u r o f C e res a n d Bacch u s a nd at wh i ch accor din g to th ere w a s al so a solemn proc es si o n i n ho n o u r E u st at hi us W e are e l sew h e re tol d that t h e fe st i val o f N ep tu n e (lea/b oc pbgra w a s ke pt uni ve r sally thro u gho u t Gree c e e xc e pt Thi s festi val w a s h el d i n ho n o u r b y t h e E re t rians ( p b eca u se sh e w a s t h e fir st who of C e r e s a s t h e law g i ve r ta u ght m an kin d t h e u se o f laws wh i ch m ay m e a n that t h e fe st i val we n t back t o t h e t i m e w h en l a w c o mm en c ed or re co m m e n c ed— to N oah a n d t h e D e l u ge ! Th e r e w a s on e sacri fic e i n t h e Aloa festival whi ch h as Bi h p P t t r i p 3 6 1 n ppli ti n d l regle d apres l aqn ll e n 1 O p nt v i i i gin d t m s l pl s bi r qu nd n pent l tr v l m p r r h l p pl di v r t ées t mm fi q é d t m s m n fréq mm t bs rv bl s v i nt d n peupt a l s i né tr t d un i dé t j r l m em (L R lig i n d m i s piv t nt
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a clo se re se m blan c e to a fe stival a m o n g t h e Mina t arce s — t h e v i llage c o mm u n i t — the a j g a a d o i n i n t h e n s M n d y T h a lu s i a a sacri fic e o ffer ed b y t h e h usba nd m en a fte r 7 7 harve st oogfa g t e in g rati t u d e to t h e go d s 7; xaga oq b y w ho se bl es si n g t h ey e nj o ye d t h e fr u i t s o f t h e gro u n d T h e w hol e fe sti val w a s call e d Al o a H en c e c o m e s (9 051 130 70 ; ocgr og so me ti m es call e d (ari a Mag w h i ch w a s t h e fir st br ea d m a d e of t he n ew cor n (B i shop P o tt er i p C o m pare Catlin N o r t h A mer i ca n I n d i a n s i p 1 8 9 ‘
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A fea st an d d an c e follo w I w ill n o te fu rthe r that j ust a s th er e w as a festi val in ho n o u r o f C er e s w he n t h e * w a s r i p e so w a s th e r e (B i sh o p P o tt e r p 4 1 6 ) i n new co r n hon o u r o f Bacch u s w he n t h e ne w w in e w a s fir st ta sted ; t h e Pro t ru gei a i n h o n o ur o f N ep tu n e an d a n oth e r ( p It wi ll a n d B a cch us i n co nn e cti o n w i th t h e ne w w i n e b e r em em b e r e d that t h e Ma n da n di l u vi a n co m m e m o rat i o n took plac e as so o n a s t h e w i llow leav es w e r e fu ll gro wn a n d at Ath e n s ( p 3 9 3 ) th e r e w as a festi val o f el en oph ori a fro m i l eum ve sse l s m a d e o f b u lr u sh e s w i th e ar s o f w illo w i n w h i ch c erta in m y st e ri o u s th in g s w e r e carr i e d ” T h e fe sti val o f My si a ( Pott e r p u po n th i s d ay i n ho n o u r o f C e r e s c o n ti n u e d se ve n d ays u p o n t h e .
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T h e H e b e w s ( Levi i cu s xxiii 1 0 ) w e e c o m ma n d e d " r i e t s t h e r e t t o s p o f ca n , th e first f ui s o f y ou h a v s , -
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thir d of w h i ch all t h e m e n a n d d o g s b ei n g sh u t o u t o f t h e In t e m ple t he w o m e n r e m a in e d w i t h i n o r d e r s w e r e g i ve n b y t h e ch i e fs t h e Man d a n fe st i v al that t h e w o m en a n d chi l d r en sh o u l d all b e si len t a n d r e ti re wi th in th ei r w ig w am s a n d th e i r d o g s all to b e m u z z l e d d u ri n g t h e w hol e o f that d ay w h i ch b e lo n g e d to t h e Gr e at Spi r i t ( Catlin p In t h e m i dd l e o f t h e la st d a n c e o n t h e fo u rth d ay su d d e n i Catl n p a i n t h e Ma n d a n c e r e m o n y [ alar m thro u gho u t t h e gr o u p a nn o u n c ed t h e arr iv al o f a Thi s stra n ge a nd s tra n ge charact e r fro m t h e W e st fright fu l charact e r w ho m th ey call e d t h e e v i l sp i ri t d art e d thr o u gh t h e cr o w d w h e n t h e b u ffalo d an c e w a s pro H e is c e e di n g H i s bo dy w a s pa i n t e d j e t black co nfro n t ed by t h e co n d u ctor o f c e r e m o n ie s a n d h i s m e di c i ne p ip e w h o lo okin g h i m fu ll i n t h e fac e h el d h im m o t io n l e s s u n de r i t s char m u n t i l t h e w o m e n an d ch i ld r en ” h ad w i th d raw n fro m h i s r e ach A fter a w h i le t h e w o m e n I n th i s g ra d u ally a d va n c e d a n d gath e r e d aro u n d h i m d i str e ssi n g d i l e m m a h e w a s approach ed b y a n o ld m atro n w h o ca m e u p sl yly b e h i n d h i m w i th b o th ha n d s fu ll of ye llo w di rt w h i ch b y r e ach i n g ro u n d h i m sh e su dd en ly d a sh e d in h i s fac e cha n g i n g h i s col o u r ; a n d at l en gth a n oth er sn atch ed h i s w an d fr o m h i s ha n d a n d brok e i t acr o ss h e r k n ee H i s p o w e r w a s th u s go n e an d bolt in g thr o ug h t h e cro w d h e m a d e h i s w a y ” to t h e pra ir ie s I n (th i s w e see m to see trac e o f t h e pr i mit iv e tra di tio n that t h e w o m an sh o u ld cr u sh t h e h e a d o f t h e se rp e n t Th i s tra d iti o n * w h ich m ay b e al m o st sai d to fin d di r e ct expr e ssio n i n t h e ant agoni sm o f t h e se rp e n t Py tho n to Lat o n a a n d h i s fi n al d i sco m fit u re an d d e ath at t h e han d s o f h e r so n Ap o llo i m m e di at ely u po n hi s b i rth m ay p e rhap s al so b e see n i n t h e pro m i n e n c e given to wo m e n i n so m e o f t h e Gr e c i a n fe st ival s— o sten si bly n o Vi d s ppl m nt l vid n i f p 70 ,
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43
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c om m e m oratio n o f so m e local vi ctory ; e g Th e re w a s a m y st er io u s sacr ific e called ( Potte r 40 4) d i o rm a or apo d i o r m a b e ca u se all m e n w e r e e xcl u d ed ; b e ca u se i n a d an ger o u s w ar t h e w o m e n s praye r s w e r e so prevale n t w i th t h e go d s that th ei r e n em ie s w ere d efe ate d a n d p u t to fl i ght a s fa r a s Chalc i s a nd i n t h e u t ri st ika at Ar go s ( p w h er e t h e ch i e f c e r e m o n y w a s that t h e m en a n d w o men exc h a nged h a bi t s i n m e m o ry o f t h e gen e ro u s ach ie ve m en t o f T a la silla w h o havi n g en li st e d a su ffi cie nt n u m b e r o f w o m e n m a de a vi goro u s d e fe n c e ” agai n st t h e w ho le Spartan ar my It sho u ld ha v e b een m en ti o n e d that a ft e r t h e d e fe at o f t he ev i l sp i ri t b y t h e w o m a n i n t h e Ma n d a n c e r e m o ny t h e Wh o l e go ve r n m en t o f t h e Ma n d a n s w a s th e n i n t h e han d s o f o n e w o m a n — sh e that all m u st w h o h a d di sar m e d t h e e vi l sp i r i t ; r epai r t o th ei r w i gwa m s ; that t h e chi e fs o n that In n i ght w e r e o ld w o m en a n d h a d n oth in g to sa y a s di sti n t h e A t omJ a me o c a zdr ega ( Pott e r p g u i sh e d fro m t h e vearr ega c e le brat e d i n t h e t e m pl e o f Bacch u s t h e ch ie f p e r so n s w h o o ffici at e d w e r e fo u rtee n w o m e n appo i n t e d b y t h e Ba mh edg w h o w a s o n e o f t h e Archo n s Th ey w e r e call e d t h e Ve ne rable T h e Apat u ri a it wi ll b e r e m em b e r e d w a s t h e fe a st o f ” at w hi ch Plato tell s u s h e wa s the re gi st ra t i o n o f yo u th t o ld t h e l ege n d o f t h e s u b siden c e o f Atl an ti s; w hi ch a s I co n te n d w a s o n ly a fo r m o f t h e tra di ti o n o f t h e u ni ve r sal D elu ge N o w t h e t e r m A pat u r i a w hich si gn i fie s d e c ei t ( S m i th My th D i e t ) h as n o expla n ati o n i n a nythin g that occ u rr e d or i s re cor d e d o f t h e Gre c i a n fest i val T h e r e are ho w e ve r t wo legen d s i n e xplan at io n I n t h e o n e i t i s c o n n e cte d w i th a s u r n a m e of A ph ro di t e ; w h o e n ti c e d t h e gi a n t s i n to a ca v e r n to th ei r d e str u ct i o n b y He racle s T h e lege n d n o d o ubt i s su sc epti bl e o f an oth e r i n te rpr e tati o n b ut i n i t s m a in fe at ur e i t i s t h e d e str u ct i o n .
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44
PL A T o S A T L A N T IS
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p i ri t s o f e vil thro u gh t h e arti fic e o f a w o m an I n t h e ot h e r i t i s tol d that t h e fe sti va l w a s fir st i n sti t u t e d at Ath e ns i n m e m o ry o f t h e stratage m b y w h i ch Me la n th in s t h e A th en i a n kin g ove rcam e Xa n th u s t h e Ki n g o f A s th ey w e r e j u s t go in g t o Bmo t i a i n si n gle co m bat b egin t h e fight Mela n th i us th i n kin g or pret e n di n g that h e s a w at X a n t h u s s back a p e r so n habi t e d i n a bla ck goat s k i n cr i e d o u t that t h e art i cl e s w e r e v i olat e d ; u po n th i s Xa n th u s lo o k i n g back; w a s tr eache ro u sly slain b y Me la n thi n s (B i shop Pott e r i Th i s brin gs t o reco llec tio n t h e sc en e w e have j ust wi t nessed in w h ich t h e Ma n dan ma i d en di sco m fite d t h e e v i l s pi ri t pa i n t e d black b y st e alth i l y approach i n g h im fro m b e h in d T h e r ese m bla n c e m ight b e d ee m e d i n s u ffi c i e n t a n d i nc o n cl u si ve if it w e r e n o t fo r t h e re la tio n o f t h e l e gen d to r egi strati o n o f yo u th fo r th i s j u xta t h e fe st ival o f t h e po siti o n w i ll b e fo u n d al so i n t h e Ma n d a n c e r em o ny W h en t h e h e ro i ne a ft e r h e r vi ct o ry i s c o n d u cte d t o t h e ” m e di c i n e ( or m y st e ry ) lo d g e sh e o r d e r s t h e b u ll d a nc e to b e stopp ed t h e fou r t o r t o i se d r u m s (co n c e rn i n g w h i ch pr e sen tly) to b e carr i ed i n t h e b u ffalo an d h u m an s k u ll s to b e h u n g o n t h e fo u r po st s a n d sh e th e n i nvite s t he ch ie fs to en t e r t h e m edic in e lo dg e t o w itn es s t h e vo l un ” tary t o rt u re s o f t h e yo u n g m e n n o w t o co m m en c e ( see above p T h e Apat u ri a i t i s tr u e d id n o t at a ny rat e in t h e t im e o f Plato presen t t h e h o rr ibl e feat u r e s o f t h e Man d an ce r e m o ny ; b u t i n oth e r Gr e c i a n fe st i val s th e r e are e v i d e n ce s o f s c en e s q u i t e a s r e vo lti n g a s tho se wh i ch Catlin witn esse d a n d en act e d appar en tly u po n t h e sa m e m o t ive s of
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In t h e fi st i n st an ce i t i s t h e a l a m of t h e w o m an in t h e Ma nd an c e e mo ny w hi c h b in gs a bo u t h e i n t er ve n t i o n o f t h e m an w i h t h e m e di ci n e o r my st e ry pi p e , wh o c ur b s t h e e vil o n e . a s i n t h e le e n d A h ro g p d it e d ecoy s th e gi an t s t o t h e c a v e n s i n w hi c h H e a cl e s ( w h o , a cco r di n g t o a n i nt e p e t a t i o n o f cert a i n l e ge n ds a s H er cul e s m i ht b e c al le d th e g fir s or only m an , " like th e my s e y m a n ) i s co ncealed
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N ot e i n co n n e ct i o n w i th t h e w or ship o f D i a n a T a u/ri cer “ t h e b u ll d t ha t t h e Ma n d a n c u sto m w a s pr e c e e d by a nd t h e fe a s t ( if t h e b u ffalo es d a n c e a n d follo w e d b y that t h e gra n d op erator i n t h e t o rt u re s sa t w ith a d ried ,
I n S i c i ly ( p 4 3 1 ) th e r e w a s a b uffalo sk u ll b efo re h im fes ti val in w h i ch t h e y o u th s b e at e ach oth e r with sea o nio n s t h e victor w a s rew arde d w i th a b u lb I h av e m ade a su g gesti on as t o t h e sig n i fican c e o f t h e b u ll i n co nne c t io n with t h e d i l u v i a n tra di ti o n in N a tur e Myt h T h eo ry T he pp 7 1 0 w h ich I now re prin t in App en dix C L ace dee m o ni a ns d e te st ed t h e wor shi p o f D ian a T a u rica To t h e fai th ful b u t feared t h e an g er o f t h e g o d de ss ob servan c e o f th ei r c ust om t h e Man d an s look ed for th ei r a nnu al su pply o f b uffalo e s Th e r e w as a festival o f Pan i n Arca dia wh e n t h e boys u se d to b eat h i s st a t ue with sea o n i o ns m or e esp e c i ally w h e n th ey m i ssed th eir pr ey i n h u n t in g Th er e i s som eth in g in t h e Ma n da n c er em o ny t hat r em i n d s u s of t h e D iony si a alt h o u gh th ey wo uld appear t o hav e b een a w at e r d r in ki n g p e opl e w h en Catli n vi si t ed th em ; at an y rat e th ere i s n o m e n ti o n of i n t oxi c ati ng T h e i mm oral i t y o f t h e clo sin g sc en e in t h e c er e d ri n k s m o n y how eve r r e call s t h e Baccha n ali a n orgies a n d m ore ove r t h e c ent ral obj ect in th eir vi ll age w h i ch t h ey calle d an d r o u n d w h i ch t h e d an c e s took place t h e b i g ca n o e re i nfr a p wa s shap ed li ke a ho g sh e a d ca s k ( c o m p a A ssu min g t h e fact that Bacchus r e presen t s t h e late r t radi tio ns of t h e patri arch N oah or po ssibly t h e tra di t io n o f Cha m embo dyi n g tra d i ti o n s o f t h e e pi s o d e r e cor d ed i n t h e Bible t h e sub s t it u ti o n of wi n e s acks for wa t er sack s i n t h e followi n g n arrati v e s w o u l d corr e spo nd t o t h e c o n fu si o n o f t ra d i t i o n w e hav e j us t s ee n i n t h e co m bi nat io n * o f th e w in e b ut t an d t h e can o e l G T h e la t e C ol ll C B r l t d that g M d ertain ar h f an I n di n t ibe whom S ir J o n J esuit mi ssionari s w nt in h ”
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realso fo ur arti cles A festi val c el e A axa h a o f v en eration a nd i mp o rt n c e b a t ed b y t h e A th eni an h s lyi ng on t h e groun d w hi h w r e b n d m en i n h on ou r o f Bacchu s sa k s co n taini n g ea ch som thr ee t o w hom they sacri fi ced a h T h y or four ga ll ons of w ater g t b ecau se that a nim al de f gr e t seemed t o b e o bj ects stroy s t h e vin es O ut of regard T h su p ersti ti ou s th vi tim s skin it w as u s sack s of w ater h a d t h e app e ar t o m a y t o m ake a sack w h i c h a nc e of great an ti quity a n d t h e b in g fill e d wi th wi n e a n d oil Mandans p retend ed t h t t h e w a t e they end eavour ed t o leap up n i t h a d b een c ontain ed i n th m v er w i t h o n e fo ot a nd h e th at fi rst D rin g fix d him self u p on i t w as d e sin ce t h e D elu ge ev ery on e of th se cl d vi cto r a nd rec ei v ed t h e e ach an d b ll dances th e four ol d m n sack s a re w ard T h e festi v al o c all e d from l eap in w h o w ere b eating on t h e sacks w g on t h e sack ( o T hi s m st o f w ater w ere c h antin g forth th i b n sid er ed i n c onn ecti o n w i th suppli cad on s t o th e Gre at S p i ri t t h e c nj o i nt festi val s o f N p t n fo r a c onti nu ati on o f h i s fa v rs n d Bacchu s th e in sendin g th em b ufialo es t o s p n ew w i n e fro m ply th em wi th foo d for th e en s i n g T h e y ou n g men at R om e w ere y ear i n v t d w ith t h e t oga v ir i li at t h e li ber li a a festi val i n h onou r o f Bacchus ( D ollin ger J ew a nd T
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h is voya ge o w ar ds t h e N o th Pol e h a d de sc ri bed as w i t hou any c e e d o f a ny ki nd T h e J e su i t s foun d t ha he y h ad n o wo rsh i p exce p t ha a t mid d ay t hey a ssembl e d in a c irc le , a n d he n th e o ldes m an call ed " w w hi c h t he y e ga r d ed as a n i nvoc at i o n o f a h h o ou t hr ee ti mes Ye , H i s info m ant w a s t h e R e v G Gl o ve r . 8 J , at R ome J eho va h ' a e t a n l e s P ag a n I d o la try , 11 n t i n S v F b a ccou I find a e y si mi la y ‘ t p 3 09 , w h o q uot es f o m T he H i s o ry of t h e A meri can I ndi a ns, b y J ame s A d a ir , a r a de wit h t h e I n di a n s a n d e si d e n t i n t h e cou nt ry for fo t y v e s a n a cco un t o f a n I n di an t ib e wh o h a d carr i ed d i i M r A a e ar s g y T hi s ab o u t wi h he m an a rk in whi ch he y k ept v a ri ou s hol y ve ssel s T hey n eve a r k t h e p ri e s s w e e w on t t o b e ar i n so l e m n p o c e ssi o ns pla ced i t on t h e g oun d ; when s t o n e s w e e t o ha n d , t hey e s ed it upon N o o n e p resumed t o o uch i t t he m ; when n o t , u pon lo g s o f w o o d ” ca i o n s s n l o n a t i cu l a oc n d n t a n d o x h i t t e a s p a , y e c e pt t h e c i eft ai n a nd h s T h e d e i t y of t hi s ark he y i nvoked b y t h e n a me o f Yo h e w ah , w hi c h Mr A d a i supposes to b e a sli ght varia i o n o f t h e J ehovah of th e Fabe , how eve , af e addu cing supplemen a y evidence , c on H e b e ws ose in
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PL A T O S A T L A N T IS
Dio ny su s ( or Bacch u s)
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I am incline d t o be li e ve t hat as H o i s E u o r Ba cchus (co mp W elsh C el t ic legen d o f R u , F a b e ; p 3 0 4, an d C hal d aic H o a) , so w e ha ve han t h e Bacchi o cry of H ev a h or E voe, an d co nsequently t ha no o h e t h e excla ma i on Yo h e w ah is in fact n oth in g m o e th a n H o- H evah , w hi ch i s e quivalen t o H u es E vo e , o r i n ve rse ly E vo é Baoch e ” I mus leave t h e e ad e t o d ec i d e b e w ee n h ese c onflic i n g vi e ws S t C le en s o f A l exand i a s ays , d e scrib ing t h e o r gi es o f t h e B a ccha n e s : C oron a i s erpentib u s et ulul an t e s E va m E v a m i lla m p er qu a m e o est conse e t signu m Bacch i e o ru m or i o n em est se rpe n s m st erii s i niti a t us ou an s g y I h ave di sc uss e d t h e evi de nce fu her in ( A dmon a d Gen t i s, p a nd al so, wi h efe e nc e t o th e I nd ia n sn ak e da nce c omp a e c h ap e i v , page 71 , i nf a el udes :
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49
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that t h ere w a s at Ath en s a n a nnu al c erem ony di r ectly co m m e m orative o f t h e D e l uge which w a s calle d t h e Hyd ro ph o r ia fro m h ea ri ng w at er whi ch th ey po u red i nto a n “ ape rt u r e i n t h e t e m ple in m em ory o f tho se w h o p er i sh e d ” i n t h e D e lu ge Th i s c e r em o ny h as thi s fe atu r e in co m m o n wi th t he S yri a n c e r em o n y d es cri b e d b y L u ci a n It i s n ec e ssary t o r e call th e se fact s i n or d e r to p e rc ei ve t h e fu ll si gn i fica n c e o f t h e obj ect s carri ed i n t h e pr o c essi o n It w as c ele brat ed o n t h e 2 5 t h (vi d e T rad i ti o n p T h argeli o n E v ery c i ti z e n 5 t h May ( co m p Catli n above ) con trib u te d a n e x a n d o li v e bra n ch e s In t h e c er e m o n i es w i tho u t t h e c i ty th er e w as a n e n gi n e b u i lt i n t h e f or m of a ship on p u rpo se fo r th i s so l e m n i ty u p o n th i s t h e s acre d w a s h u n g i n t h e m ann e r o f a sai l ; garm en t o f Mi n e rva t h e w h o l e co n vey e d t o t h e t e mpl e o f C e r e s E leu si ni a This proc e ssi o n w a s led b y old m en togeth er as so me say , w i th o ld w o men carryi n g oli ve bran ch es i n th ei r ” ha nd s s ojo u rne r s w ho carri e d li tt le A ft e r th em boa t s a s a tok e n o f th e i r b ein g for ei gn e r s a n d w e re call e d th en fo ll owed t h e w o m e n o n that acc o u n t bo a t bea r ers dgm fr o m bea r i ng w a t er w h o w e r e n a m ed ddgl o w ( co m p t h e hyd rophori a a s ab o v e) p ots I have excl u d e d fr om t h e i n q u i ry t w o thi n gs w hich in c ertain a spe ct s a re c o m m o n t o a ll th e se c er e m o nie s i n th ei r lat er an d d e gene rat e fo rm s — o b sc e n i ty a n d so lar B efo r e pr o c ee di n g to j u st ify t h e e xcl u si on o f w o r sh i p t h e latt e r I m u st co n cl u d e t h e evide n c e w i th one stri kin g r ese m blan c e or coi n cide n c e b et w e en t h e Ma nd an an d Gr e ci a n fest i val s w h i ch p e rhap s o u ght to ha v e b ee n m en ti o n e d b efo r e T h e op en i n g o f t h e Man dan c er em o ny i s th u s i n ( p 9) d b raph call cr b Catl d e s i e i y g y ,
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PL A T o S A T L A N T I S
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t hori on a nd h e b eh aved th at at t h e ri in g o f th e sun a o en t h e great w hi te m a n w ld e nter t h e vill ge fr om t h e w st n d p I n a few m o m en ts t h t p s o f th e w i gw am s an d m e di ci n e l o d ge a l l o th r l e va ti o n s w re c o v er e d w i th m en w o m e n a n d ch i l dr e n o n t h e l o o k out ; a n d at t h e m o m ent t h e ray s o f t h e su n s h e d thei r fi r st a ll ey es w e r e d i rected t o t h e p ra i i e w h er e at t h e di s li ght tan c of a m ile o o from t h e v illage a solitary hu m an fig re seen d esc en d in g t h e p ra iri e hi ll s a nd a pp ro achin g t h e v i ll ge wa T h e h ea d chi ef i n a strai ght l in e ntil h e r each ed th e pi c ket so o n m ad e th ei r a pp earan c e in a a n d t h e c o n ci l o f c hi efs b o dy at t h e p icket a n d rec ogni se d t h e vi si tor a s a n old ac qua int ance w ho m th ey add ressed s N h m ohk m uck a n h (th e first or n d i n vite d hi m w i thi n t h e A ll S h oo k h an d s w ith hi m o n ly m a n ) p ick et H e th en h aran gue d th em fo a few m in u tes r emi n di n g th m th at every hu man b ei ng o n th e surface o f t h e earth h a d b een d e stro y e d b y t h e w ater e x c ep t hi m self w h o h a d l an d ed o n a hi gh m o n tain in th e w est in h i s can oe w here h e still resid e s a nd fro m w hen ce h e h a d co m e t o o p en t h e m edi cin e l o d ge that t h e Man d an s m i ght c eleb rate th e s bsidi ng of t h e w a t s (c m p hy dropho ri a— L u cian s accoun t f th e cerem ony at H i erap oli s) a n d m ak e t h e p rop er s i t o t h e w a t er l est t h e sam e cal ami ty s ho ul d a gai n happ en t o fle th em w es ern
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li st en if w e d o no t seem to catch t h e e cho o f th is in t h e acco u n t wh i ch Ath en aeu s ( li b iii ) h a s given us o f n h e i t h e m MG m Bato t S ne pen si a n rh e tor i c i a n in g h i s d e scri pt i o n o f Th ess aly a n d H aem o nia d e clar es that t h e S a t u r n a lia was a Gr e ci a n fe sti val a n d calle d by t h e ” H i s wor d s a re th e se Th essalia n s Pe lor i a L et
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a tim e w hen t h e Pela sgi an s w ere offerin g p ublic sacrifi ces me i n a n d t old n e o f th m that th e m o u ntai n s of n e Pel oru s T em p e i n H eem oni w er e torn a su nd e r b y a n earthq u ake a n d th e l ak e w hi c h h a d p r vi u ly c o v re d t h e adj acen t v all ey m aki ng i t s w a y th r gh t h e b r eac h a n d fallin g i nto t h e str eam o f Pen eu s h a d l eft b ehi n d a v a st b u t m ost pl ea san t a n d d eli ghtf l p lai n T h e Pelas gian s h gge d P l oru s fo hi s n ew s n d i nvi t ed hi m t o a n en t er t a i n m n t w h ere h e w s tr eated w i th ll so rts o f d a in ti & In m emo ry o f thi s w h en t h e Pela sgi an s h a d se ate d th em sel v es in t h e n ew ly di sco v er ed c ou ntry th ey i n sti t ted a festi v al w h erei n they o ffered sacrifices t o J up i t surn am e d Pelo r nd m ad e su m p tu ou s ent erta i n m ents w h ereto th ey in vite d n o t o nl y a ll th e At
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PL A T O S A T L A N T IS
r among th em (comp are th e Pan athenaea) b ut p ri son ers n d sl a v es a ll o f Wh om the y p ermitte d t o si t d o w n a n d t h em
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Thi s latte r fe at u re co nn ect s i t w ith oth e r Grec i an fest i val s a n d al so w i th t h e Pe r si a n festi val h e l d i n t h e wh e n t h e h u sban d m en w e re a d mit ted S pr i n g o f e v e ry ye ar w i tho u t d i st in ct io n t o t h e t abl e o f t h e ki n g a n d h i s satrap s ( G i bb o n ii Co n si de r in g t h e pr o m i ne n t part w h i ch Bacch u s play s in th ese c er e m o ni es a n d in m ythological tra ditio n it i s c u r io u s that h e sh o u l d o n ly o n c e b e m e ntio n e d i n S ir G W C o x s My t ho logy of t h e A ry a n N a t i o ns I s it n ot a n otabl e i n sta n c e o f t h e part o f Ha m l et b ein g o m i tt ed i n t h e play Thi s ca su al r efer en c e to hi m wi ll b e fo u nd o f H a m let ! an d I m a Bacch o s t h e son o f D i o ny so s (ii .p y he re W Cox s m yth o logy d o e s n o t accor d n o ti c e that S ir G e ith e r w i th t h e di scar d e d L em pr i e r e or w i th Dr S m i th s D i ct i o n a r y of My t h o logy o r w i th Mu rray s Ma n u a l Cox gives fe w e v en w h e n th ey all a g r ee a n d S i r G W cla ssical r efe r en c es Ho we ve r i t i s n o t n ec essary he r e t o t h e so n o f D i o Bacch o s i s d i sc u ss w h e th e r or n o t ny ” a n e qu ivale n t fo r so s or w h e th e r h e i s Bacch u s t h e R o m t h e Gree k D i o n y so s I a m n o t i m p each in g S ir G W Cox s exten si ve acqu ain ta n c e w ith cla ssi cal lite rat u r e b ut I d o prot est again st t h e mann e r i n w hi ch th i s sch ool pr esen t s it s th eory to t h e e xclusi on o f e very oth e r view I thi nk w e m ight have e xp e ct ed so m e r ec o gni tio n o f t h e th eory ori gin ally h eld that Bacch u s or D i o ny so s e m b o die d tra diti o ns of t h e patriarch N o ah or Cha m or N i m ro d (fo r eith er m ight have ” r o u nd w h ich t h e tra ditio n s or myth s n u cl e u s for m e d a m i ght have coll e ct ed ) ; at a ny rat e , w e sho u l d have exp ect ed so m e a d ve rt e n c e to t h e fact s T h e s ali en t fact s fro m t h e tra di ti o n al p o i n t o f vie w a re 1 That altho ugh th e r e are l eg en d s o f a yo u th fu l ,
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PLA T O S A T LA N T I S “
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b irth ( e q u al ly expli cable o n solar th e o ry a n d on t h e th e ory of t h e r e v i val o f l i fe a n d by t h e b ye se c ond b i rth a ft e r t h e D e l u g e w h i ch l e g e n d take s t h e fo rm o f A d o n i s w h o i s al so sav e d i n a n ar k) yet t h e c irc um sta n c e s a n d su rro u n di n g s w h i ch t h e l e g e n d s r e ve al ne c e s sari ly locat e h im in t h e pr im itive ag e s of t h e w orl d w e r e thr ee 2 N ei th e r i s i t a d i ffi c u lty that th e r e Bacch u se s fo r th ey a r e all re s olvabl e in to var i o u s for m s o f t h e s a m e l e ge n d or m y th e q u all y fro m t h e h i s tor i cal or n at u r e myth po in t o f vie w L i ke t h e Th eban win e and g o d A d o n i s i s b o r n on ly o n t h e d e ath o f h i s m oth e r t h e t w o m yth s a re i n o n e ve r si o n so fa r t h e sa m e that D i o n yso s li ke Ad o n i s i s plac ed in a ch e s t wh i ch b eing ca st in t o t h e se a i s carri ed to Bra si ai w h e r e t h e bo dy o f ” A d o ni s h i s m oth e r i s b u ri e d ( C o x My t h 1 1 s ta n d s to D i o n y s o s i n t h e r e lat i o n o f H e li o s to Pho ibo s T h e e xt i n ct m oth er m ay a s we ll b e t h e ( Cox ii for m e r worl d d es troye d a s t h e n i ght or t h e w i n t e r 3 Vari o u s l e g e n d s co nn e ct Bacch us w i th t h e sea 4 H e i s t h e fir s t l e gi slator 5 Bacch u s fir st di scov e r e d an d plan t e d t h e v i ne T h e pri n c i pal tra di t io n s re gard i n g Bacch u s a re r e cor d e d b y D io d o r us S i cu lu s a n d alth o u gh D io d o ru s e xpl ic i tly stat e s th i s t h e s tat e m e n t i s i g n or e d i n Cox Mu rra y and e v e n i n S m ith a n d L e m pri e r e Thi s i s so i m porta n t that I m u st gi ve t h e actu al t e xt W ri t i n g at a p er i o d B C 8 w h e n tra di t i o n h a d b e co m e ob sc u r e d D i o d o ru s i n cl i n e s to t h e n at u ral i st vi e w s wh i ch by t h e by e pr e su ppo se t h e a n t e c e d en ce o f t h e h i st o r i cal tra dit i o n or m th i n a sm u ch a s y Bacch u sj
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thr ee la st e pi the t s e xactly apply t o N oah A m oun d o u b le = b ifro n s a s w e hav e j u s t seen h i m r e pr e sen t ed looki ng back o n t h e w orld that h a d p e ri sh e d an d fo r war d to t h e new birth h e w a s i n a u gu ratin g ; r gfy ovov in all u sio n to h i s thr ee son s ; b u t m or e e sp e c i ally i n t h e A S I have e l s e w h e re e p i th e t fir st bor n ar wr d ovov y g r em arked si n c e all a n t e dilu vi an tra di ti o n s m eet i n N oah a n d are tra n sm i tt e d thro u gh h i m th e r e i s an a p r iori pr o babi lity that w e shall fin d all t h e a n tedi l u vi a n tra di t io ns c o n fu se d i n t h e tra ditio n o f N oah a n d accor din gly t h e r e d u pli cati o n o f A d a m i n N o ah h a s n o t e scap ed ob se rva ti o n Th us t h e e pith et first bor n c u ri o u sly applie s ; a n d I m u st fu rth e r not e t h e rem arkabl e r esem blan c e to t h e e p i th e t a dd resse d to t h e p e r s o n ag e who app e ar e d fro m t h e plai n to op en t h e Ma n d an c er e m o ny ( vid e sup p ” t h e fir s t or o n l y m a n T h e c u m ulat iv e forc e o f t h e e vid en ce app e ar s to m e ve ry str o n g a n d a ssu m in g t h e e xi ste n c e o f N oah I thi n k i t m u st b e a d m i tt ed that t h e tra d i t i o n poi n t s to t h e patr i arch or to so m e origin al progenitor im m e di at ely i n c o ntact w ith h i m It m ay i n de e d b e alt e r n ati ve ly a s s ert e d that Bacch u s i s t h e su n b ut th i s w i ll n o t su ffic e Thi s m ay b e o bj ect e d by th o se w h o b e li e ve i n G e nesi s o r b y tho se w h o d o n o t I f b y t h e for m e r I r e ply that wh en e ve r mythology co m m en c e d N oah or C h am m ay T he
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PL A T O S A T LA N T I S
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have b een i denti fied w i th or dei fi e d in co nnec t io n with th e su n ; a n d fro m th i s p o i n t o f vi e w t h e mythology m ust h ave b een su b se q u en t to t h e D e l u g e an d acc epti ng t h e script u ral in dicatio n s n oth i n g i s m o r e probab le than that t h e m yt hology sh o u ld ha v e ab so rb e d or embo di ed t h e i n c iden t s o f th at st u p e n d ou s e v en t a n d t h e p er so nages an d fact s o f ea rly hi s t o ry To tho se who only recogni se th e book o f Gene sis a s a hi storical r ecord I m u s t su b m i t that in suppo sin g th e patri arch— pe rhap s th ey w ill re c ogni se h im at an y rate a s a prog eni t or — to hav e b e e n d e i fi e d in conn ecti o n with t h e su n I am no t hazardi n g a m e r e conj e ct u r e b ut a m statin g a s a h ypoth esi s w hat th e r e i s e v id e n c e to S how w as probabl e b eca u se i n acc o r d a n c e wi th t h e t enden cy o f t ho u h t at th at day g T h e E gyptian p ri ests s w e l earn fr om Pl utarch (D e I sid p 3 54 d ; de xb xocg A di rm i 6 pm) ta ght e xp ressly that C ron o s O si ri s H or us and a ll th ir p i n cip l d eiti e s w ere o nc e mere men ; b ut that after th ey d ied their sou l s m i grat d i nto some o n e o r other n d b ca m t h e genii o r a nimati n of t h e h ea v enly b o di e g S p iri ts ti al m ansi o n s I n a si milar man n er w e a e o f th ei r new c el told b y S anch oni t h n that Il s o C ron [comp sup r a p 1 8] w a s o nc e a m a n th at h e w as d i fi d b y t h e Ph oen i cian s after hi s b li ev e d to hav e p a ssed i nto th e d eath a n d that hi s so ul w planet w hi ch b e ar s h i s n ame E b i s P p E va n li b i c 1 0 (S tanl ey F aber P aga n I d o la t y ii p ,
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gen e re in ccel um m ay b e a dd u c e d i n evide n c e o f t h e N a t D eorum iii ten den cy to thi s m o d e o f dei ficat i o n T h e i n quiry wo u ld to have resu lted so far i n t h e followi n g fact s seem Taki ng t h e evid en c e o f Gen e si s ( w he th er as reve aled tru th or h ist o ri cal r ecor d ) at t h e p ri miti ve co mm en c emen t of t h e h u m an fam i ly aft e r t h e D e l u ge ( or o f a larg e sect io n o f m a n ki n d a ft e r a d e l u ge ) w e have t h e acco u n t of t h e fir st pl an tin g of t h e vi n e b y t h e fir st progen itor followed e
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PL A T o S A T L A N T IS
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a sc ene o f in toxi cati on wh i ch w o u ld fro m i t s c i rc u m have i m pr e ssed i t se l f o n t h e m emor i e s o f h 1 s sta n c es d e sc e n d a n t s Trac in g back w ar d s w e fin d eviden c e s of co mm em ora ti ve c erem o n i es whi ch co rre spo nd to t h e fact s above re cor d ed I n t h e c i rc u m sta n c e s th at th ey we r e co mm e m orati ve o f a d e l u g e o f a fir s t l e gi slator o f t h e fir s t pla n ti n g o f t h e wi n e o f t h e fir st c u lti vator al m o st i n var i ably t e r m i n at i n g i n a sc e n e o f r i ot o r i n toxi cat i o n — n o t alway s i t i s tr u e co m bin in g all t h e se tra ditions, b ut so co m b in in g fe at u re s o f th e m a s to d i s cl o se a co m m on p a re n t a ge O n t h e oth e r han d i t i s co n t e n d e d that t h e D e l u g e o f G en esi s w as o n ly o ne li ne o f t h e tra di ti o n o f t h e su b m er si o n o f Atla n t i s w h ic h w o u l d gi v e a m e a s u r e o f i t s m a g ” nit ud e that gre at d el uge o f all a s Plato call s it A s ag ain st thi s I have po i n te d to a d oc um ent to whi ch Plato s n arrat i ve v e ry clo sely correspo n d s a n d w h i ch if h i s n arrati ve i s n o t to b e acc e pt e d l i t e rally m ight e a sily have forme d t h e fo und ati o n fo r t h e fict i o n That i s h o w t h e arg um en t at pr e sen t sta n d s by
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CHAPTE R R E C E NT
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T E S T I MO N IE S
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pr evio u s chapt er w as written I have b eco me acqu ainte d w ith Mr A Lan g s C usto m a n d My th quit e recently p u bli sh ed (L o ngman s Mr Lan g ha ving ma de t h e d i sc o v e ry that i n w hat i s calle d t h e o rtho dox school o f m y t hology— t h e s chool o f Mr Ma x Miille r a n d S ir G W C o x t h e di sti ng u i sh ed s cholars a nd myth o ” u su ally d iffe r fro m e ach o t h e r logi st e a n d ma ni fes t “ ” n o ne o f t h e b e a u tiful u n a ni m i ty o f o rth o d ox h as y wi sely so u ght to broa d en t h e ba si s o f mytholo gy In st ea d of e nde avo ur i n g to fin d i t s d e r i vati o n i n etym o logy a ft er t h e m ann e r o f t h e philologi cal school h e rath e r see ks i t in folklore which I m ay ob se rve in pa ssin g w a s t h e ai m a s i s i m pli e d i n t h e t itl e o f m y book T r a di t i o n w i th R eference t o My t hology prin te d i n 1 872 Mr Lang says S IN C E t h e
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m e th o d h ou ghou w ill b e t o pl e t h e u s ge or my h, w hi h i s un i n ellig i ble w h en fo un d m o ng i vili s ed e, b esi d e t h e simil a my h w hi h i s i n elligi ble en ou gh w hen i t i s fo u nd mong s v ge s T h e oncl u si on w ill usu lly b e h th e f c reli su vi vi ng w hi h p uzzles u s by it s p esen e i n ci vili s io n i s e w e e in i vilised f om th e im e w h en t h e n ces o s o f s e of s v ge y
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will b e n otic ed that Mr Lan g s vi e w n ec essarily N o w if o n t he su ppo se s a stat e o f pri mi ti ve barbari sm oth e r hand w e poin t to t h e an cient and co n trary b eli ef of a large secti o n o f m a nkind that t h e rac e c omm e n c ed with “
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c i vi li satio n a n d w ith su rvival fr o m a D e lu ge ; an d if w e furth e r co n t e n d that if t h i s b e l ie f i s acc e pt e d all th ese m y th s a n d c u st o m s fall i n t o th ei r plac e a n d that th ei r si m i lar ity o f fe at u r e d e m a n d s n o oth e r e xpla n at i o n tha n c o m mu n ity o f or igin all I n ee d say i s that th i s b elie f or th e ory or tra di tio n ca nnot b e di splac e d or overthro w n b y a ny th e ory w h i ch a ssu m e s t h e s tat e o f pr i m e val barbar is m I fee l di s a s th i s m e re l y b e g s t h e q uest io n at i ssue e n se d th e r e fo r e fro m fu rth e r a d v e rt e n c e to Mr : L a n g s p th eo ry a nd m ay c o n fi n e m ysel f t o h i s fact s w h i ch br ing str i kin g corro borat i v e e v id en c e Mr Lang s acco u nt o f t h e b ull roar er brin g s fresh e v i d e n c e i n r e lat i o n to t h e Ma n d a n c e r e m o ny w e hav e j u st been e xam in i n g pr o vin g if n ee d b e that Catl in s n arrati v e i s att est e d b y e xt e r n al t e s t i m o ny a n d fu rth e r co nn e ct in g it with t h e di lu v1 an tra di ti o n T he bu ll roar er i n i t se l f n ee d alar m n o o n e an d an i n t e r e st in g acco u n t o f th i s tra di t i o n al t oy w i ll b e fo un d i n Mr Lan g s book at p 3 0 It s sign i fica n c e is in i t s rela t io n to t h e di l u vi an c e r em o n ie s It i s si m ply a pi ec e o f poi n t ed w oo d tie d to a str ing w hi ch w h en w h i rl ed ro u nd pro d u c e s a roar in g n o i se A ssu m i ng t h e iden ti ty o f b ull roar er s t ur bin es m um a n d 5611 48 0 1 t h e latt e r bei n g s o m e tim es i n t erpr et ed as a m agi c wh eel w e m ay a ssu me al so th ei r ide nti ty with t h e rattles used in t h e Ma nd a n c erem o n y (i nfr a p 67 ) ” T he b u ll roare r l i ke t h e rattles i s a ssoci at ed w i th m yst e r i e s an d i n i ti ati o n s I f t h e b elat e d trave ller i n t h e plai n s of A u strali a h e ar s t h e b u ll roare r h e k n ow s ” that t h e black s are c e lebrati n g th ei r tr i bal m y st eries T h e roari n g n o i se i s m a d e to w ar n all wo m en to k eep ” o u t o f t h e w ay j u st a s Pen th e u s ( co m par e sup p 4 1 ) w a s ki ll ed ( w i th t h e approval o f Th e ocr i t u s ) b e cau s e h e pro fane d t h e r ites o f t h e wo m en wor sh i ppe r s of D i o ny su s ( co mp a r e sup p ,
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Mr La n g a dd s (p 3 4) A m o ng t h e Ku rm ai i n A u st rali a t h e sacr ed my stery o f t h e turnd n o b ll r arer i s p re erved by a legend w hi ch gi v a W hen b oy g throu gh th e m y ti c s p rn atural san cti o n t o secre cy cerem oni es of i nit ia t io n they a e sho w n t h e b ll r ar rs nd made T hey a e th n to ld that if ev er a t o li sten t thei r hi d eo u s di n w m an i s allo w e d t o se e a tu rn d u n t h e e arth w ill o p e n a n d w t .
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He r e w e hav e t h e ti o n o f t h e D e l u g e
t u r n d un co nne cte d with th e tra di a n d p robably al so w i th t h e tradi t i o n o f I n t h e S ci en t ifi c Va lu e of T r a d i t io n pp 1 7 3 4 I E ve fin d that I hav e giv e n feu r i n s ta n c e s o f a v e ry sim i lar traditi on— i h C en tral Afri ca a n d am o n g t h e In di an trib es o f G u i a n a ( Br e tt p 3 7 8 ) a nd i n Hayti T h e fir st t w o are fr o m l e tt e r s w ritten by Mr H M Sta nley fro m U gigi w h e r e t h e o ri gi n o f Lak e Ta n ga n i ka w a s th u s acco u nt ed for A m an a n d w o m an live d in po sse ssi o n o f t h e se cr e t o f a fo u n ta i n wh i ch co n ta i ne d a n ab u n d a n c e w h o g az ed o n t h e o f fish S h e b e traye d i t t o h er l o v e r bri llia n t cre at ur e s w i th a d mi rati o n ; th e n sei ze d w i th a d e si r e to ha n d l e o n e o f th em h e p ut h i s han d w i th in t h e w at e r w h e n su dd en ly t h e w e ll b urs t f or t h t h e e arth opene d h er w o m b and soo n an en or m o u s lake replac ed ” t h e pla in Mr La n g co n tinu es T h e old m en p oin t p ear s at t h e b o y s ey e s sayi n g I f y ou tell thi s t o a ny w om an yo w ill di e y o w ill se t h e groun d bro ken n d am ong t h e A s i n A then s in S y ri a u p a n d li ke t h e Man d an s t h e D el uge tradition of A u strali a i s conn ected w ith I n Gi pp sl a nd th ere i s a tra diti o n of t h e D el ge t h e m y teri es S o me chil d ren o f t h e Ku ai i n playi n g ab o ut fo n d a t u rnd n I mm e w hi ch th ey to o k h om e t o th e camp a n d sho w e d t h e w o m en di at ely t h e earth cr m bl ed a w ay a nd i t w a s a ll wa t er a n d t h e Kur n ai w er e d ro w n ed is i ni t i at i o n s T h e e vi d e n c e al so regard in g t h e At le ast i t h a s an e qu ally d ir e ct s carc e ly l ess i m porta n t b earing o n o u r arg um ent A s t h e wo m en wer e m o r e “
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PL A T o s A T L A N T I S
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xclu de d from t h e c er em o ni e s a m o n g t h e A u strali an s tha n a m o n g t h e Ma n d a n s altho u gh i t w i ll b e r em e m b e r e d that th eir E xcl u s io n w a s t h e l ea d i ng fe at u r e i n t h e op eni n g s c en e s o f t h e Ma n d a n c e r e m o ny w e a re no t s urpr i sed w h e n w e h e ar that t h e A u stral ia n w o m en w e r e m u ch ” l ess i n str u ct e d in th eir th e olo gy tha n t h e m e n Still i n t h e fo llo w i n g e xtract fro m a co n v e r s at i o n w i t h o n e o f th ei r w o m e n w e m ay see e v id en c e o f t h e co nn e ct i o n o f t h e ” i n i t i at io n s w ith t h e c er em o ny o f w h i ch t h e n o i se o f the t u rn d u n fo rm e d part O n e w o m a n b e li e v e d sh e h a d h e ar d Pu n dj a l t h e ch i ef su e r n at u ral b ei n g d e scen d p i n a m i ghty r u sh i n g n oi se — that i s t h e so u n d o f t h e t u r n d un wh en boy s we re b eing ma d e m en or in i t i at ed ( La n g p Mr La n g al s o says ( p Mr W in w oo d R eade S a va ge A fr i ca [C aptai n S m i th al so m e n t i o n s t h e cu s t o m i n h i s w ork o n Virgi n i a pp 2 45 r ep ort s t h e e v i d e n c e o f Mo n ilo m b a W h en i ni ti at e d Mo n gilo m b a g w a s se v e r e ly flogg ed i n t h e fe t i ch h o u se ( a s t h e yo u n g Spartan s we r e flo gged b efor e t h e a ni m at e d im ag e o f Arte m i s) a n d th en h e w a s pla st e r e d ove r w ith goa t ” du n g S im ilar d a ub i n gs w er e ( c o m par e sup p p er fo r m e d at t h e m y st er ie s b y t h e Ma n d an s a s de s crib ed ” b y Catl in O n t h e Co n go Mr Joh n s o n fo u n d pr e c i se ly t h e s a m e r it u al in t h e in iti ati o n s ( La n g p Catli n ( O kee p a pp 2 8 9) m enti o n s a ft e r t h e sc ene o f tortu r e i n t h e i niti ati o n o f t h e yo u n g m en insta n c es o f t h e vol u n tary s acr i fic e o f se veral o f t h e li t tle fi n g e r s o f t h e ” le ft han d or o f t h e for e fi n g e r a s a n o ffe ri ng to t h e ” G r e a t Sp i r i t w h i ch w a s str u ck o ff w i th a hat ch e t o n a b uffalo s k u ll It app e ar s to m e that th is m ay su pply a l i n k to co n n ec t a n oth e r c u r i o u s d e s cr i pt i o n o f a n A u stral i a n i n i t i at i o n — t h e e arl i e st on r e c or d w i th t h e tra d i t i o n e
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bro ws e xc e pt ed an d alt oge th e r a fri gh t fu l obj e ct ( Collin s p Com par e thi s w i th t h e descri ptio n by Catli n o f w h o op e n ed t h e t h e fir st or o n l y m a n t h e p e r so n ag e H e w a s i n app ea ra n c e a ve ry aged Man d an c e re m o ny H is w ith a rob e o f fo u r w hi t e wolve s ski n s m an bo dy a nd fac e and hair w e re en tirely cove red w i th w hi t e c lay a n d h e clo sely r ese m bl e d at a li t t l e di sta n c e a cen t en a r i a n w hi t e man (p T h e fir st engravin g ( Collin s) re present s t h e yo u n g m en i mi tatin g t h e d ogs o f t h e u po n th ei r ha n d s an d fee t o n t h e e n try o f t h e I n t h e Ma n da n c us to m c o un try ’ ” whi te m an t h e fir st or de r given i s t o m u zzle all t h e dogs Can o n R awli n so n in h i s I llustra tio ns of t h e O ld T es t a men t p 1 8, tell s u s that t h e Che rokee In dian s h ad a le g en d o f t h e d estr u cti o n of m a nkin d by a D e luge an d o f t h e pr e servatio n o f a si ngl e fa m ily i n a boat to ” t h e co n str u ctio n of which th e y h a d b een i nc it ed by a d og T h e se co nd engr avi n g ( Colli n s) repr e sen t s t h e yo un g m en s e at ed o n t h e gro u n d fac ing a log o f woo d w hi ch ” t h e b ig ca n o e w hi ch Catli n m ay have d o ne d u ty fo r ” te lls u s w a s S hap ed li ke a hog sh ead In t h e en graving “ a ka ngaroo m ade o f gra ss a m an i s se e n car ryin g i n co n c er ning which pr esently an othe r carries a loa d o f br u sh “ T h e h ad o n e or t wo fl ow e ri n g sh ru b s in woo d e latt r h is n o stri l s It wi ll b e r ecollec t ed that t h e Ma n dan c er em o ny took plac e w h en t h e willo w fir st fl o w e red In t h e th i r d e n gravin g w e have a ka n garoo d an c e N o w i f t h e kan garoo w a s th e i r pri n c i pal fo o d i t wo u ld n at u rally s u pply t h e plac e o f t h e b u ffa lo i n t h e Ma n d an c u sto m I n t h e Mand a n c e re m o n y w e have a b u ffalo b u ll d anc e to t h e stri ct ob servan c e of wh i ch th ey attri b u ted t h e co m in g o f b u ffalo e s to su pply t h em with foo d ( C at li n ) I n Colli ns t h e d an c e r s are r epre sent ed a d va nci n g ” “ i n I n dia n file a phra se wh i ch Catli n u se s w i th r efe r ,
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c to t h e Man d a n yo u n g m en j u st pre vio u sly to t h e b u ll d a n c e w h i ch o cc u r s i n c o rr es p o n d in g se q ue n c e E n gravi n g s fo u r fiv e a n d s i x h ave o n ly s light r e se m bla nc e s a nd a re m e r e ly preparato ry t o t h e tooth extract in g o r i n i ti at i o n s c en e The r e i s o ne no tic eable fe at u r e h o w e v e r that at o n e po in t t h e y ou th s u tte r e d a m o u r n fu l ” di sm al so u n d l i k e ve ry di stan t th u n d e r su gge st i n g t h e ” b u ll roar e r Thi s s c e ne i s calle d Boo roo m o o ro o ng a w or d w h i ch h as re sem bla n c e in so u n d t o bo u m a ra ng w h i ch aga in h a s re se m b la n c e i n i t s m o d e o f u se t o t h e b u ll roar e r I n t h e sixth th e r e i s a pre se n tati o n o f sp e ar s r e call i n g in s o m e th i n g t h e pr e se n t in g t h e s p e ar s to t h e boy s ey e s w hi ch Mr La ng m en ti o n s S even th sc e n e i s t h e e xtract i o n o f t h e fro n t t e eth — a ro u gh ope ratio n w i th a splint o f w o o d an d a p ie c e o f st o n e — o n showi n g i t to o u r m e d i cal m e n th ey all (yet de clar e d th ey c o u l d n o t hav e b e en b e tt e r e xtract e d if t h e T h e op erat io n w a s prop e r in str u m en t s h a d b ee n p er for m e d wi th m i n u te attenti o n t o myst i c r i te s ; t h e a ssi sta n t s all t h e tim e m a de a m o st hid eo u s n o i se i n E w ah ew a h ! Ga ga t h e e ar s o f t h e pat i e n t s cryi n g ” ah e w a h l w ry o f E aga p th a i s c H a s n o t ( g ” re se m blan c e t o t h e E vo e evo e ! o f t h e Baccha nal s ! Th i s sc e ne o f i ni tiatio n i n i t s ( R efe r back to p le ad i ng fe at u re s corr e spo nd s t o t h e Ma n dan tort u re s and a mpu tati o n s I n t h e e i ghth s c en e t h e c u sto m clo se s l i ke t h e Ma n S u d denly o n a sign al d an i n a s at u r n al i a o f r i ot ” ( th ey are n o w see n seat ed o n t h e lo g o f w o o d or gi v e n w h i ch pr e v i o u s to i ni ti at io n th ey h a d fac e d b i g ca n o e th ey all started u p a nd ru sh ed sitt i n g o n t h e g r o u n d ) i n to t h e to w n d ri vi n g t h e m e n a n d w o m e n b efor e th em They w ere n o w r e c ei v ed in to t h e cla ss o f m en w ere pri Th ey m ight n o w vilege d t o w i e l d t h e sp e ar a n d cl u b ” al so sei z e su ch fe m ales a s th ey cho se for wi ve s
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C e rtain oth er fe at ur e s i n co m m o n m a y b e n oti c ed l ay Pr ev io u s to t h e tort u r es t h e Man d a n y o u n g m e n re cl i n in g ro u n d t h e m e di c i n e ( m y s t e r y) lo d g e a n d h a d ach ed t h e m i d dl e o f t h e fo u rth day w itho u t eat in g no w re w e r e se at ed d r i n ki n g or s l ee p i n g ; an d t h e A u stral i an s at t h e u pp e r e n d o f t h e yo o lah n g e ach holdin g d o w n h is h e a d h i s han d s cla sp e d a n d h i s l e g s cro s sed u n de r h im I n th i s p o si ti o n a w kw ard an d pai n fu l a s i t m u st have b e en we u n der stoo d th ey w e re t o r e m a in all night ; a n d i n S hort u n t i l t h e c e r em o n y w a s co n cl u d e d th ey w er e ” n ei th e r t o lo o k u p n o r tak e a ny r e fr e sh m e n t w hat s o e v e r A m on g t h e Man d a n s o n t h e occa sion o f th e fe st i val fro m ev e ry W igw a m a s a w a s exact e d a n edg e d t o o l A n d a m o n g t h e A u stral i a n s w h en s acr i fic e t o t h e w a t er t h e fro n t t eeth escap ed t h e tri b u t e w e catch a gl im pse o f Collin s s ay s th ei r i nfo r m an t told t h e or i gi n al n o ti o n th e m h i s o w n tooth w a s b u rie d in t h e gro un d a n d that oth e r s w er e thro w n i n t o t h e sea T h e t e eth w e r e appar en tly ( p 59 4) e xtract ed b y th ei r pri e st s or car rah d i s a s t h e fi n g e r s w e re Iopp e d o ff a m o n g t h e Man d an s by th ei r prie st s or m edi c in e (mys .
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Capt ain J G Bo u rk e h a s re c en tly pr int ed a v a l uable a n d in t e r e s ti n g acco u n t o f t h e sn ake d a n c e a m on g t h e Moqu i In di a n s b u t i t d o e s n o t appe ar to have occ u rr ed t o h i m that th i s d an c e i f n o t id e n t i cal i s c o gn at e w ith t h e Ma n d an a n d oth e r di l u vi a n tra di t i o n s Th i s app ear s m a n i fest t 0 m e fro m t h e si m i lar ity i n t h e sym bol s a n d i n t h e g en e ral correspo n d en c e so to sp e ak i n t h e pro gra mm e o f t h e d a n c e an d t h e c o m m o n fun d am en tal n ot i o n attachi ng t o it s ob serva n c e It m ay i ndee d b e that t h e Mo qu i Indi an s have no t r eta in e d t h e tra di t i o n i n t h e s a m e .
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PL A T O S A T LA N T IS
65
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Ma nd an s A n d th er e is thi s fu rth er di ffe r en c e w hich m ay al so acco un t for t h e d i l u vi a n tra di tio n b ein g in thei r ca se su b sid i ary I n trac in g t h e r ese m blan c e s b e t ween t h e Gr e c i a n fe st i val s c e rtai n c o nn e cti o n s w er e n o t i c ed b e t ween t h e festi val s i n ho n o u r o f C e res an d Bacchus Bu t t h e form e r probably h a d th ei r o rigin in t h e o fferin g o f first fr u it s to whi ch Ar i stotle re fe r s ( vi d e sup r a p a n d bl en d e d with t h e dilu v i an c o mm e m orat i ve c er em o ni al a t _lat er d ate T h e sn ake d a n c e o f t h e Moq ui s a s wi ll b e se en fro m t h e e xtract s giv en h as m a ny fe at u r e s i n c o m m o n w i th t h e w or sh i p o f C e r es a n d w a s h e l d to prop i ti at e i f no lo n g er t h e D e i ty ye t so m e h i gh e r p o w e r t o se c u r e t h e gro w th o f th eir cor n j u st as th e Mand an s attr ibu t ed t h e supply o f b uffalo e s to t h e fi de lity w i th w h i ch th ey p erfor m e d th ei r annu al c u sto m ; e g ( p Captai n Bo u rk e say s T h e fi rst di vi si on i n t h e d an ce remain e d i n p lace w hile t h e m i n arm sl o w ly p ran ed r u n d t h e sa cr ed sec n d t w o b y t w o r ck going thr gh th e moti on of pl anting c orn t o t h e mu sic of t h e m o n oto n ou s dirge chanted b y t h e first di vi i n A nd p 1 23 O n e o f t h e old m en h eld u p a gou rd a t t le sho o k i t li fted hi s my ti M L g ( C t m d My t h p 3 6) gg t th t t h di r e ct form
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van nu s I s echi ” w as a m o d e of r ai sin g a s c e d w in d a nalogo u s t o that e mployed b y t h e w hirle s of th e t urn d un ” Mr L ang ho w ever “ ” n o f S e rv iu s t h e a n c i e n t co m m e a t o o i r v xp r n h l a n t i o n V il i es t e e a t g g v nnus ” w as w h o o ffer s o t her expl an ati o n s a mo n g t hem t hat t h e ” “ a t i a s f r u u m H e a l so gi ves t h e r m a cra t e t o h ol d o fferin g s i g p vi e w s o f Pére L a fit au w h o w as grea t ly st uck wi t h t h e re sembla nce b et ween Greek an d Iro quo i s o r C a ib in iti at ion s H e t a k e s S ervius s m y sti cs va nn u s ” a n o si er vessel cont ain in g o t he r e xpl an a t i o n o f t h e T hi s exa ct ly a n sw er s ” sa y s L a fit a u rural ofierin gs of firs t fru i ts t o tha t C a ri b Ma t ou tou o n w hi ch t hey o ff r sa cre d ca ssava cakes T here i s a very w ell aut he nt i c a t e d t ra di t i o n o f t h e c on n e c t i on o f th e c assav a t re e wi t h t h e d ilu vi an t ra di t i o n i n Mr E ve rar d F i m T hu rn e boo k o n t h e I n d i a ns of Gu i a n a a n d a mo ng a C a ri b t ri b e b u t i t w o u ld r un thi s n o t e t o t oo gr e at le ngt h It m u st b e b orn e i n mi nd t ha t I acchu s w as t h e so le mn n ame o f Bacchu s i n t h e E l e u si ni a n myst eri es a nd t hat du ri n g t he ir c e lebra t io n t h e i ni t i a t ed carri e d my sti c ba sket s a
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66
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PL A T O S A T L A N T I S
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h ands in a n attitud e of p ray er tow ard s th e sun b ent down hi s head m ov ed h i s li p s threw h i s han d s w i th fin gers o p ened d ow nw ard s to ward s th e earth grum bled t o rep resent thu nder a nd hi ssed in i mitation of lightnin g at t h e sam e tim e makin g a si nuous lin e in t h e a i r wi th t h e ri ght in d e x fin ger a n d th en seei n g th at my atten tion w a s fixed up on him m a d e a sign a s if som ething w a s coming up ou t of th e gro u n d a n d sai d in S p ani s h Mu cho maiz (Pl en ty of ,
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a sacred si gni ficance w hi ch i t m ight b e w ell t o b ear i n min d in ord er th ro g hly to app reci ate t h e religio us E very ti m e th e s qu a w s scatter ed i t their im port of this dr am a lip s Would b e d etecte d m o vi n g in p ray er It m ay p erhap s r end e r Capta in B o u rk e mor e plac able ( vi de pp 1 69 7 0 ) to ward s th e se b en ighted p eople if h e r eali ses h i s o wn ev iden c e that t h e sn ake s m er ely r epr esen t t h e light ni ng an d t h e s t o r m a n d t h at th e r e for e t h e i n tro du ct io n o f t h e sn ak e i n to thei r cer e m o ni al m ay not n ec essari ly su gg e st d e m o n i ac a s sociatio n s I n t h e pas sage j u st c it ed thi s i s e v id e n t ; b u t al s o at p 1 24 it i s sai d T h e d esi gn h ow ev er w a s H ere also w as a gro n d altar different and r ep resented a b an k of fou r lay er s o f y ell o w ; green r ed a n d w hite clou d s from w hi c h d ar ted fou r sn ak e s or str eak s of li h t g ni ng c olour ed w h ite re d green a n d y ell o w r esp ec ti vel S ee y Plat e 1 9 T he
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it i s t o Capt ain Bou rk e that w e are i ndebted fo r t hi s n ew ligh t I n ch xx h e gi ves qu otations fro m sev eral au thor s who have wri tten wi th r efe r e n c e t o serp en t wor ship an d h i s j u s ti fi ed i n s ayi n g ( p 2 2 5 ) e In quoting these au th o ri ties I d esir e t o m ake one comment o nly N o t o ne o f the m h as allu d e d t o t h e r ese m b la n ce b etw ee n t h e u ndulato r m o ti on of th e serp en t a n d t h e sin o us m eand eri n y g of lightning a resembl anc e p aten t t o e v e ry o n e a n d p ortrayed by th e Mo quis on th e al tar fi gure d o n Pl ate 6 A nd
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P L A T O S A T LA N T IS
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gr o w th o f cor n If ho w e ver t h e l i ght n i ng i s t h e co n co mi ta n t o f rai n it i s m or e gen e rally t h e c on c o m ita nt o f th e w i n d t h e s t o r m t h e flo o d a n d t h e d e l u e w h i ch g i f i n vo k e d w o u l d a s o fte n have br o u ght d e str u ct i o n a s b e nefit t o t h e cr o p s W e m ight su pp o se ther e fo re t hat so m e th i n g i n m i l d e r si m i li t u d e m i ght have b e e n fo u n d fo r t h e fe rti l i si n g i n fl ue n c e wh i ch d r o pp e th a s t h e g entl e T h e p rese n t Moqu i I n d ia n s who d o ra in fr o m h e ave n n o t appe ar t o have r e tai ne d th e i r tra d i t io n v e ry t e n a m ay i n d ee d co nn e ct th eir c e re m o n y w i th t h e ci o u sly i n vocati o n fo r raw ; b u t that i t w a s n ot t h e o r igin al a n d le adi n g id e a w i ll I th i n k b e appare n t w h e n I sh ow that t h e s n ake a n d m o r e e sp e c i ally t h e rattl e snake t h e pro m i n en t s n ak e I n t h e Mo q ui c e r e m o n i al i s co m m o n to t h e Ma n d a n c u sto m w h er e t h e d i l u vi an tradit io n i s t h e pre domi n a n t id e a C atl i n ( p 1 9 ) say s that a mo n g t h e sp e ctat o r s o f t h e th e re w e r e t wo m e n call ed i a t t lesna kes bu ll d a n c e th e i r b o d ies n ake d a n d curio u sly pain t ed re se m blin g that r e pt i le e ach h o ld in g a ra ttle in o n e han d a n d a b u n ch o f ” w h o at t h e cl o se o f t h e bu ll w i l d s ag e i n t h e oth er ” * T h e rattle corr e spo n d s d an c e s h o ok th ei r rattl e s or t u r n d u n w h i ch a s Mr La ng to t h e bull r o ar e r t ell s u s by a n in de p en de n t lin e o f t esti m o ny i s connect ed wi th t h e dil u via n tra di tio n Bu t c u ri o u sly w hat I m ay t e rm t h e co un te rpart evi den c e m ay b e fo u n d in t h e n a m es o f t h e pri n c ipal sn ak es F i ve a re m en ti o ne d b y Captain se le ct e d fo r t h e m y s t er ie s Bo u rk e thr ee o f w hi ch at a ny rat e b ear in th ei r n a m e s all usi o n s t o t h e Man d a n sym bol s Ch un a ( r a t t ler) ; 2 L e lu ca n ga ( th i s h a s 1 lo n d black spot s a n d m ay b e t h e bu ll sn ak e ) e l w a y Pa c h u a ( a w a t er sn ake) (p w i t h t h e Gre i b ll r r M L g (p 3 9) id t ifi t h m gi wh l m t im s i t p t d Mi 3 whi h i
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PL A T o S A T L A N T I S
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I have said that t h e general o u tline or progra m m e o f In t h e Moq ui a s i n t h e t h e c e r e m o n ies c o rr e spo n d s Man d an t h e m edi c in e or my st e r y lo d ge is t h e p i vot o n a n d a s a n oth e r in sta n c e o f w h i ch t h e c e r e m o n y h i n g es t h e i n t erlin ki n g o f t h e evi d en c e I may m en ti o n that t h e T h e pro m yst e ry lo d ge i s cove r ed wi th a b u ffalo s ki n — m n n e e M n d b al i n t h e a a c r o f e u f f o m ine nce o t h y th e b u ffalo d an c e t h e b uffalo sku ll s— will n ot have b een for gott en ; an d h er e a m o n g t h e Moqu i s i n a c o u n t ry w h er e t h e b u ffalo i s no t k n o w n a n d w h e r e i t m u s t have b e en proc u red— as i n fact Captain B o u rk e t ell s u s it w a s — from a gr e at dista n c e w e find t h e b uffalo ski n e vid ently u se d tra di ti on ally a s a c en tral obj ect i n t h e sn ake d a n c e I n t h e Ma nd an lo d ge t h e mo st sig ni fica n t sy m bol w a s t h e s ack or rath e r sack s o f w at e r w h i c h t h e Ma n d a n s pret en ded co n tain ed t h e Wat e r s o f t h e D e l ug e ; and a m o n g t h e Moq u i s ( p 1 3 8 ) ,
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tou ched th e string of oli vette sh ll on h is a n e x l an a w ri st th us i n di catin g a gr eat d i stan c e i n t h e w est p tion w hich I to ok t o si gni fy that th ese shells h a d b een bro ught T h e oli v ette m a y n o t b e a from a gr eat di stan c e fr m t h ea m arin e sh ell i t m ay b e fl u vi al Be th at a s i t m ay I ca nn ot di sp el fr o m m y mi n d a c on vi cti o n that t h e Mo qu i s b etray i n t h e sh ell s t h e salt w ater s and a l ab on e s, a n d oth er fe at ures o f th ei r da n c es a d eri v ati on fro m a p eo p le w h o O n c e kn ew a n d p erh ap s w o rshi pp ed t h e o c an B efore c om parin g t h e d an c e it sel f I m ay agai n n oti c e t h e rattl e s w h i ch a re as co n sp i c u o us h e r e a s in t h e Ma n d a n c er e m o ny a n d for m a co nn e cti n g lin k w ith t h e di l uv i a n c u sto m s e l se w h e r e thro u gh t h e b u ll roar er Mr La ng indeed m en ti o n s t h e e xi ste n c e o f t h e “ b u ll O
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70
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PL A T O S
A T LA N T I S
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corre spo n ds to t h e b u ll d a n c e a m o n g t h e Man d an s T h e thi rd en d s a s i n t h e Ma n d a n an d A u strali a n — wi th a g en eral di spe r sal T h e I n di a ns th e n g ra sp e d t h e sn ake s conv u l si ve ly i n gr e at ha n dfu l s an d ra n w i th m i ght a n d m ai n to t h e e a st e r n crest o f t h e pr e c i pi c e a n d th e n d art ed d o w n t h e trai l s le a din g to t h e foo t w h e r e th ey re l e a s ed T he t h e r e pt i l es to t h e fo u r q u art e r s o f t h e glob e o ld m a n ar m e d w i t h t he s li ng (w h i l st th ey w e r e r u n nin g ) t wi rli n g it vi goro u sly cau si n g it to e m i t t h e sa m e p ec u l iar so u n d o f r a i n d ri ven by t he w in d w hi ch h a d ” b ee n h e ar d o n th ei r approach Th e r e are t w o v ery stri ki n g in t e rl u de s in t h e co u r se o f t h e d a n c e to w h i ch parti c u lar att en ti o n m u s t b e d ra w n I n t h e fir s t altho u gh t h e c irc u m sta n c e s an d s u rro u n d i n g s are d iffe ren t yet i n i t s e ssen ti al i d e a w e see m to d et e ct t h e po w e r an d vi ctory o f t h e w o m a n ove r t h e se rp en t o f w h i c h w e hav e se e n e v id e n c es in t h e Ma n d a n ( Gen iii T h e fir st divi si o n o f t h e Mo q u i s r em ai ne d align e d u po n wi th t h e h e ad pri e st ; a n o th er se ction t h e s acr ed rock appro ach e d th ei r fac e s pain t ed blac k as w ith a m a sk o f charcoal fro m brow to u pp er lip wh e r e t h e gha stly w hit e t h e crown i n g po i n t b ei ng t h e d e a d ly o f kaol i n b e ga n ” — a p i ct u r e w h i ch r e call s repti l e s bor n e i n t h e m o u t h r t h e a d ven t o f t h e d e m o n i n t h e Ma n d a n c e r em o ny But th en “ t h e wo m en s catt e ri n g t h e cor n m e al n o w d e v e lope d th ei r l i ne m ore fu lly t h e m ai n b o dy m a ssi n g b e t w e e n t h e sacr ed rock a n d sacre d lo dg e r d r k i t h M q i st d i th pl T he f th b ig in t h M d n r m y A lue t thi m y b di v red t p 1 2 6 i n C pt i n B rk wh d i bi g w h t h t rm th i i d l w th w t fr gme t f an d t r k w ; w t r ghly h p d t m a r d fig ti n A d if t h d r w il l t rn t Pl t 2 h will find t h t t h e pr s tati n th r f t h rd k x t ly r p d t thi d ipti n -
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PL A T O S A T L A N T I S
71
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N e arly all carri ed t h e (co m p Mand an sup r a p be a u tiful cl o se w ov en fiat ba sket s in re d ye llo w a n d b lack or n a m e n t e d w ith t h e b u t t e rfly th u n d e r b i r d o r fro m w h i ch w as s catt e r ed t h e fin ely gr o u n d cor n d ee r fiou r n o t a s pr e vi o u sly o n t h e gro u n d b u t in t h e ai r a n d up o n t h e r ep t i les as fa st a s thro w n d o w n T h e cor n m e al T h e u se o f t h e s acre d m e al h a d a s acr ed si gn i fica n c e clo se ly r e se m ble s t h e cri tho m a n cy o f t h e a n cie n t Greek s At a lat er stage it i s said bu t i s n o t i d en ti cal w i th th e mai d en s a n d m atro n s re do u bled thei r e n ergy sprin kl in g m e al n ot o n ly u po n t h e se rpe nt s w r i gg ling at the i r feet b u t t hr o w ing h a n dfu ls in to t h e fac e s of t he m en w h ich fo rc i bly r e mi n d s u s o f t h e ca r ry i ng t h em (p fi n al di sco m fit u re o f t h e d em o n in t h e Mand a n m yste ry Taki n g th e se fact s i t w o uLd seem that t h e i n trod u ctio n o f t h e s e r pen t i n to th e i r c e r e m o n i al w a s o n ly s e c o n d ary a n d s u b sid i ary a nd no t se rp e nt w o r sh i p in t h e str i ct se n se I d o n o t r ecolle ct th at the re i s di re ct o f t h e wo rd ev id e n c e o f i t at all The r e i s an o th er ve ry c u r i o u s fact m en tion e d b y Captai n Bo u rke that w h en t h e m e n an d bo y s o f t h e fir st di vi si o n t h e m e n o f t h e se c o n d sh o o k th ei r rattle s i n t h e d an c e d i vi si o n w av ed th e i r e agl e fe ath e rs all si ngi n g a r e fra in o h y a h aw chant ed w i th a slo w O h ya h a w C o m par e thi s w ith t h e m e a su re a n d g rac e fu l ca de n c e co m ple te ly ind ep e n de n t t e sti mo ny a s ab o ve ( p 6 3 ) o f t h e Au strali an re frai n in thei r ce re m o ny o f E ma h e wa h &c a n d t h e e vi d e n c e (s up r a p 4 7 ) o f t wo o th e r sim i lar i n voc at i o n s all havi n g a st ra n ge re se m b la n c e to t h e A ft r a s k h d b p p rly p i nkl d A t p g 1 65 it i s s id b t d b r pi k d p g r lly b y f th v it w gl w wh r f t h fir t d ivi i r i d p t t h I di d w m by i th M d h d pi t j t rm y th w m w l th -
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72
PL A T o s A T L A N T I S
vo e which St Clem en t of Ale xan d ria t ell s u s C om pare al so t h e E u ce w a s t h e cry of t h e Baccha n al s Bacch e fremens o f Virgi l E n eid v ii 3 89 ed H eyne I hav e a l so co me o n u n su sp e ct e d t esti m o ny i n a m o st u n e xc eptio n al q u a r t e r— i n t h e pag e s o f Mr E v erar d F i m Th u rn who i s e ve r watchfu lly o n h i s gu ar d ag ai n st t h e Co m pare th e following a ct i o n o f m i s sio n ari es o n m yth s Speakin g of extr a c t s with t h e e vi de n c e alre a dy a dd u c ed t h e d an c e s am o n g t h e In di an s of Gu i a n a h e s ay s ( p 3 2 3 ) Som e b e at time with h o llow bam boo s cove r ed at o n e en d ” with skin like a d rum So m e h a d w hi r l sti ck s to wh ich are ti e d b un ch es o f c e rtain seed s w hich w h e n str uc k ” a g ai nst t h e gro u n d cla sh an d rattl e A ll form a p r ocessi o n an d marc h slo w ly round t h e Paiw arr dro ni n g ou t a ch ant keep o r li qu or trough [com p sup r a pp 4 6 , i ng step an d w a vin g th eir i n stru m ent s in sl o w m e a sured tim e R oun d a n d r ound t h e trou gh t h e stran ge p roc ession wi nd s all fee t ly S udd en stamp i n g i n ti me t h e mo n o to n ou s c h ant o f H i a h i a hi a t h e c h ant giv es p lac e t o l o u d di sco rd ant cri es and the p roc ession b r e a k s up A s r ega rds t h e co nn e ct io n o f t h e i nitiatio n s with t h e se “ i i n I n o n e of t h ei r Paiwari feast s t h er e i s th s e v de c e : “ Th ey la sh feast s t h er e i s a st ra n g e a n d pain ful d an c e til l t h e bloo d flo w s fr eely ( co m p sup e a ch o t h e r p probably ori gi n ally d evi sed a s a m eans of t est i ng en d u ra n c e A nd Mr Th u r n say s ( p 3 1 9) T h e festiv als d an c es a n d games o ri gin ally p eculiar t o a ny people often remain bu t li ttl e altered lo ng after most other matt ers w hi c h d i stin gui shed th at p eo p le from t h e rest o f th e w o rl d hav e di sa pp eared T h e ini t ia t io n s d o not occ u py s o co nspic u o us a pl ac e in t h e Moq ui fe stival a nd th ey a re in mi l de r for m T he ” “ boy rac e wh er e t h e boy s fig u r e a s ant e lopes in t h e Ma nd an seem s t o have t ak en t h e plac e o f t h e tort ur e s and d ev elop e d i n t o a se v e r e tr i al o f sta mi n a a n d en d ur E
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PL A T o s A T L A N T I S
an c e Moqu i
73
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an te lope i s al so o ne o f t h e d evi c e s o n t h e w all s ) E ve ry It tak e s plac e b e fo r e t h e d an c e o n e o f t h e m en w a s s tr e a m in g w i th p e r sp i rat i o n and t h e th u mpi n g of h e art s an d wh ee z ing of lu ng s co u ld b e plai n ly ” h eard A fu rth e r fo r m o f i n i ti at io n app e ar s d u r in g t h e d a n c e i n t h e ha n d li n g o f t h e se rpent s by t h e yo u th s A n i n fan t H e rc u le s sto u tly a n d brav e ly u ph el d a fiv e foot m o n st e r Th e re i s ho we ver a r em arkabl e coi n ci d en c e At p 1 3 3 Captain B ou rke t e lls u s that T o chi th eir g ui de told h i m tha t w h e n t h e rai n d id n o t co m e fr o m t h e sky t h e Moqui s ca m e i n to th i s e s t u fa an d d a n c ed fo r it that h e r e al s o ca m e t h e yo u n g m e n to b e baptise d for m edi c i n e (m y st e ry) m en — ba uti sta por c o ch in o s T h e gu ide spok e i n bro k en Spa ni sh Captain Bo u rke ad d s n I m ad e T o chi rep at a ll h e h a d sai d n d th en a sk ed fo x e xpl an ati on H e ai d th at after a ll t h b i g danc es — a s fo am ple aft r t h t of t o d ay — t h e y o ng m en w h w er t o l arn ll f t h e est fa a n d there ha ve thei r th ecrets w o l d c m e t o o n h e d w a sh d w ith w ater b y t h old men A s h e aid thi h m ad t h e m oti o n f p o i ng a few d ro p o f w at er p n th e h ead o f so m e o n e kneeli n g b en eath hi m Captai n Bo urke re m ain e d in d o u bt h ow far t his lu s ” t ra t io n partook o f t h e n at u r e o f t h e sacra m e n t o f bapt i s m like ly to b e a re mini sc e n c e o f t h e a n d h o w far i t w as N o w fo r t h e teach ing s o f t h e early m i ssion ar ie s c o in cide n c e If it w a s t h e r e m in i sc e n c e o f bapti sm rath e r than o f t h e prefigu reme nt o f bapti sm h o w are w e to acc o u n t fo r t h e appar en tly i den tical i n iti ati o ns a m o ng th e Mao r i s o f N ew Z e ala n d I find i n T h e N a tu r a l H i st ory of Ma n b y t h e R ev J G W o o d M A ( R o u tl e d ge p 1 77 n f i n str cti o n b ef r th y ur Yo th s un d ergo a lo n g t ak e ran k am o ng t h e p i ests D r D i efi en b h w a f rt n ate o gh I w a s p r esen t t n o f t o w i tness a p rti o n of thi s in tr cti n the
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74
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p riest w a s si ttin g u n d er a tre e a n d at hi s feet H e li st en e d a t t e n t i vely t o t h e rep eti tio n w as a b oy h i s r el ati ve o f c ertain w ord s w hi c h seem e d t o h a v e n o m e ani n g b u t w hi ch i t mu st h a v e re qui re d a go od m emo ry t o retai n i n th ei r due o rd er A t t h e o ld T o h unga s sid e w a s p art o f a m an s s k u ll fi lled wi th w ater b u t from tim e t o time h e dip p ed a green b ra nch w h ic h h e mo ved o v er t h e b oy s h ead t h e l esso ns
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r e se mblan c e i n t h e e xte r n al for m s of t h e i nitia t ion will b e notic ed and b eyon d i t t h e sym bo l s o f t h e wat e r and t h e green bra n ch es w h i ch a s li ght r efe r en c e to t h e pre c edin g p ages will sho w to have b e e n in tim at ely associated wi th t h e Mand an an d Moq ui r i tes O ne thi n g i s ob sc u r e : h o w i t h a s co m e abo u t tha t t h e Moqu i s o f Arizo n a — t h e S na ke In di a n s— call th e mselves “ T h e Moq ui s call th e m se lv e s H o pii o r O pii a O pii t er m not no w in t h e la n g u a ge o f e ve ry d ay life b u t r efer r i n g in so me w ay to t h e P ueblo c u sto m o f h anging t h e s h ai r at t h e l ev el of t h e eye bro w ( Captai n B o urke p Thi s su r m i se h o w e ve r le ave s u nto uched thi s di ffic u lty tha t t h e n a m e O pii i s so s u g g est i ve o f ophiola t ry a n d altho u gh as I hav e co n t en d e d t h e S n ake I n d ia n s are s e n se s e rp e n t w or sh i pp e r s n o t i n any strict y et t h e af fi ni ty o f th eir n am e w i th t h e Gr eek 0 n i s to say t h e le a st st riki ng an d su rpri sin g I d o n o t v entu re h o w e ve r to att e m pt t o so lve t h e diffic u lty b ut m u st l eav e i t as a cr ux t o t h e phi lologe r s T he
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Addi ti o n al evi de n c e will b e fo un d i n chap te r xi ( with App en dix) o f T r a di tion w i th R efer en c e t o Myt ho logy O at es 1 8 7 2 ) i n r esp e ct to t h e Mand a n D aho ( B urn s m an Po ngol ( I ndia ) Pota ( I n di a ) p 2 47 a n d Patago ni an festiv al s .
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CH A PT E A L T E R N A T I VE
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T H E O BIE S
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TH E R E st ill r em a in pa s sag es i n Plat o s di sco u r se w h ich have t o b e cl e ar e d u p be fo r e t h e gro u n d ca n b e said t o b e e xha u st e d Th e r e i s o n e stat emen t e sp e c i ally wh i ch t h e E gypti a n pri e st s o f Sai s m a d e t o Solo n as C r it i a s i s m a d e t o say w h ich m u st n o t b e forgott en fr o m Mr Do nne lly s po i n t o f vie w I m e an t h e stat e m en t in T i ma ua p 5 1 7 ( Jo w e tt ) ab o u t t h e gr e ate st act ion w h i ch t h e Ath eni a n s e ve r di d a n d w h i ch o ught to b e m o st fam o u s b u t w h i ch thro u gh lap se o f ti m e a n d t h e d estr u ct i o n o f ” t h e actor s h a s n o t c o m e d o w n to u s A nd p 5 2 1 : Many g r eat a n d w o n der fu l d ee d s a re r e c o r de d o f yo u r Bu t o n e o f th e m e xc ee d s stat e ( Ath e n s ) in o u r h i stor i e s all t h e r e st i n gr e atne ss an d valo u r Fo r th ese h i sto r ie s te ll u s o f a m i ghty po w e r w hi ch w a s ag g re ssin g w a n t o n ly agai n st t h e w hole o f E u r o p e a n d A si a a nd t o w hi ch Th i s po wer ca me fo rth fr o m t h e yo u r c i ty pu t a n e n d Atlan ti c O c e an If Atla n t i s i s a fict i o n o f Plato s eve ry t ra di t i o n i mport e d i n t o h i s di s c o u r se w i ll n at u rally b e locat ed i n Atla n ti s A s r egard s t h e m ighty p o w e r wh i ch w as aggr ess i ng a g ai n s t t h e w hol e o f E u ro p e t h e vie w w h i ch h a d occ u rr e d to m e I find accor d s w ith Profe ssor J o w et t s ad di ng a fe w w o r d s in w h i ch I w i ll gi v e acc o r din gl y Pro fe ssor Jo we tt say s (ii 5 8 9 ) fu rth e r e l u ci l at i on Th i s m yth ical c o n fl i ct i s proph e ti c o r sym boli cal o f t h e an d p e rhap s i n so m e str u g gl e o f Ath e n s an d Pe r si a d e gree al so o f t h e w ar s o f t h e Gr eek s a n d Cartha gi n i a n s i n t h e sa m e w ay that t h e Pe r sia n i s pre fig ure d b y t h e ’
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76
PL A T O S A T L A N T IS
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Troj an W ar t o t h e mi n d o f H ero dot u s or as t h e n arrat ive o f t h e fir st part o f t h e E n ei d for e sh ad ow s t h e war s o l Carthag e a nd R o m e That what i s set do w n i n t h e sacr e d r egi st er o f t h e E gyptia n pr iest s ( p 5 20 ) ca nn ot b e t ak en a s stri ctly hi storical i s obvio u s fro m w hat Pro fessor Jowett poi nt s “ — th at t h e stat em e n t that t h e war occ u rr ed ni ne o ut ” tho u sand ye ar s ago i s sli ghtly i n co n si st ent with t h e whi ch gi ves t h e s a m e d at e for t h e fo un d ati o n s tat e m e n t Pr o fe ssor Jo wet t s vi ew of A t la n t is o f t h e city (p ( p 5 8 9) i s that w e m a y safe ly con cl u d e th a t t h e en ti re ” I have in n ar r at i ve i s d u e t o t h e i m ag in ati o n of Plato a pr e vio u s chapt e r hazar d ed t h e co nj e ct u r e th at it w as fo u n d ed o n t h e n a rrati ve o f Ha nn o 1 I wi ll n ow co n sid e r i n t h e fir st plac e how far t h e stat emen t s i n Plato s di s c o u r se that d o n o t corr e spo n d to fact s i n t h e n arrative o f Hann o w er e i mport ed by Plato hi m self and seco n d ly h o w far th ey m ay have b een t ran s mit t e d t hro u gh Solo n If t h e stat emen t w e ar e n o w co n si derin g w a s a con fu sed and e xagg erat ed tra d i ti on o f t h e Per sian W at it m u st have b een i mport e d b y Plato ; an d I m ay su ggest that t h e co nfusion an d e xagge ratio n m ay have come abou t in th i s way a n d if so w i th o u t b e in g e n tir e ly d ue to t h e im ag in ati o n o f Plato I f Plato w a s h i m se lf i n E gypt a s Vale ri u s Maxi mus ( L ew e s s H i s t of Phi l C W C o lli u s s L if e of Pla to ) t ell s u s h e w a s or e ven d u ri n g h i s r esi d enc e at S yr ac u se h e m i ght hav e h ear d t h e stat em ent s s u ch a s w e r e n ot de riv e d fro m Ha nn o w hich h e attr i b u t e s to Solo n N o w i f w e r e coll ect that Plato s visi t wo ul d have taken plac e d urin g t h e Pe r si a n d o m in atio n i n E gypt } T h e Persi an r le in E gypt m y b e br dly s id t o h ave ex t d ed fr m B 0 5 2 7 when C amby s v t hr w t h dynast y of S ai s till ,
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T h e i nt erven ti o n a ffec te d t h e sen i m en f o m B u gsch’ s E gyp t 332
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XX X D yna sti es woul d no t a e a ga i nst t h e Per si an s T h e da e s ar e .
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78
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PL A T o s A T L A N T I S
m e an s
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re vi ving Ju st a s w e are told that t h e la w s o f Atlan ti s w er e inj un ctio n s o f Po seid on a n d ha n d ed d o wn by t h e fir s t m e n so w e fin d t h e A m ph i ctyo n i c la w s a t t ri b u t ed to t h e so n o f D e u cali o n a n d that t h e Io n i an fed er a t io n h e l d th ei r a sse m bli e s at a s acr e d plac e o n Mo u nt Myca le wher e th ey h a d d edicat e d i n co mm o n a t e m ple to Plato tell s u s that t h e la w s w er e e n grave d o n a N e pt u n e c o l u mn o f or i chalc u m ; a n d it is r ecor de d that t h e t e r m s o f t h e Lati n L e ag u e — eu a n alogo u s co n fe d e rati o n — w e r e ” w h i ch w a s pr e se rv ed i n e n g rav e d o n a braz e n col u m n a fact w hi ch t h e t i m e o f D i o ny si u s o f Hal i car n a s su s m i ght n o t i m po s sibly hav e c o m e at e arl i e r d at e to t h e k n o w lege o f Plato al so T h e Atla n t e a n s wer e to d e li ber a t e t o g e th e r abo u t w a r an d oth e r m att e r s an d w e r e n o t to ” tak e u p ar m s a gain st o n e ano th e r j u st a s accor di n g to th ei r oath r eferr e d to b y ZE skin es a s t h e a n c i en t oath o f t h e A m ph i ctyo n s th ey w e r e b o u nd no t to de stroy e ach other s c i t ies or d ebar th em fro m t h e u se o f th ei r fo un tain s i n p eac e an d w ar Plato a dd s Th e r e wer e m a ny s p e c i al law s w h i ch t h e se ve ral k in g s h a d i n s crib e d Th i s is p e rhap s i n t en de d to cover abo u t t h e t e m ple t h e i n tro d u ct i o n o f c e rta i n oth e r c u sto m s wh i ch m ay b e id e n t ifi e d wi th w hat h a s co m e d o w n to u s o f t h e m o d e o f proc ee din g o f t h e Areo pag us Th er e w as a sp e c i al r e a so n w h y th ey sho u l d b e i m port e d in to t h e n arr at i v e o n t h e parti c u lar occa si on a s t h e i n sti tu ti o n o f t h e Ar eopag u s w as b y s o m e attr i b u t e d to Solo n a n d by oth e r s to C e crop s both in t h e li ne o f h i s r ep u t e d a n c e stor s T h e j udg e s o f t h e Ar eopag u s al w ays sa t i n t h e open a i r b e cau se th ey took cog n i s a n c e o f m u r de r ; a n d b y th ei r la w s it w a s n o t p er mit t ed fo r t h e mu r de re r a n d h i s acc u ser to b e b o th un de r t h e sa m e roo f Th ey alway s h e ar d c au ses an d pa ssed se nt en ce i n t h e n ight that th ey m i ght n ot b e pr e po s se ss e d i n favo u r o f t h e pla i n ti ff or t h e d efe n d a nt b I n t h e co n fe d e racy of t h e A tla n t ea ns y seeing th em of
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PL A T o s A T L A N T I S
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j udici al proc ee di ngs a re al so describe d a s in t h e op e n w h en d a r kn ess ca m e o n a n d t h e fire ab o u t t h e ai r ; a n d s acr i fic e w a s c o o l all o f th e m p u t o n m o st b e a u t ifu l a zu re rob e s a n d si t t in g o n t h e gro u n d at ni ght if a ny o n e h a d a ny acc u sat i o n to bri n g aga i n st a n y on e ; a n d w h en th ey h a d gi ve n j u d gm en t at d aybr eak th ey w r ot e d o wn the i r sen t e n c e s o n a gol den tabl et an d de po si te d th e m a s m e m o rial s w i th th ei r rob e s ( Plato s A t la n ti s J o w e t t ) I sho u l d hav e m e n ti o n e d— a n d i t sho u l d h e r e m ark e d al so in t h e al m o st i n se parabl e c o nn e ct i o n o f t he o x o r t h e b u ll w i th b efore t h e t h e di l u vi a n c o m m e m o rati ve c u sto m s — t hat Am ph i cty o n s pr o c ee d ed t o b u si n e ss th ey sacr i fic e d a n 0 x a n d cu t h i s fl e s h i n t o sm a ll p ieces, i n t i m at i n g that u n io n and u n a n i m i ty pr e vai l e d ih e se ve ral c i t i e s th e t h re pre y _ ” Plat o say s w h en t h e A tla n t ean s g ath e re d t o geth e r sen t e d b e for e th ey pa sse d j u dgm en t th ey gave th eir ple dge s t o o n e an oth e r i n th i s w i se : th e r e w e r e b u ll s w h o h a d t h e ran ge o f t h e t e m ple o f Po seido n a n d t h e t e n w h o w e r e le ft albn e i n t h e t e m pl e a ft er th ey h a d o ffe r e d praye r s t o t h e go d s th at th ey m i ght tak e t h e s acr i fic es w h i ch w e re acc e pt a bl e to th e m h u n t ed t h e b ull s witho u t w e ap o n s b ut w i th a n d t h e b u ll w h i ch th ey ca u g h t th ey s tav e s a n d no o se s W h e n the r e fo re a fte r o fleri n g le d u p to t h e c o l u m n sacr i fic e acc o r d i n g t o th ei r c u st o m s th ey h a d b u r n t t h e li m b s o f t h e b u ll th ey mi ng led a cup a n d ca st i n a clot o f bloo d fo r ea ch o f t h em Altho u gh it may b e o bj e cte d that th ese e xtract s a re take n so m e what at ra ndo m fr o m Plat o s n arrati v e ye t o n b e i ng p i ec ed to geth e r th ey w i ll b e fo u n d t o e xha u st all t h e di s cl o su r e s o f Plat o re sp e ct i n g Atlan ti s W e w i ll n o w c o n sid e r ( it b ei n g co n c ed e d that t h e ba si s o f Plat o s fict i o n w a s t h e Per ip lu s o f Ha nn o a n d that h e h a s i m p o rte d m o r e re c e n t fact s as fo r in sta n c e t h e i n c id e n t s o f t h e P e r si a n W a r) w h e th e r so m e th i n g o f t h e or i gi n al fi gm ent o f A tla ntis might no t have b een ha n ded do w n as th e
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80
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PL A T o s A T L A N T IS
Plato
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ay s i t w as in fa m ily tra di tio n fro m S olo n and r eco nstr uc t ed or adapt e d b y Plat e T h e co n cep t ion o f Atla n t i s pr o bably origi nate d in so me It is c urio u s h o w d evelop m ent o f t h e d il u vi a n tra di ti o n ev er that it m i ght ha v e b e e n bro u ght pro mi nen tly t o t h e n oti c e an d sp e c u lat i o n o f Solo n or t h e pri est s o f S ai s u n d e r circ u m st anc es very sim i lar to tho se o f which we have evi d e n c e— i n t h e ca se o f Plato a s re gard s Ha nn o viz t hro u gh t h e c irc umnavigat io n o f Afri ca d u ri n g t h e r eign of N e cho or N ako N o re cor d howe ve r o f thi s e xplora t io n h as su rvived E ven i f we a d opt th i s co nj e ct u re yet if Plato h a d no t se en t h e ms : o f Solon My gr eat gran dfat h er D ropi das h a d t h e original w ri ti n g w hi ch i s s till i n my po ssessio n an d w a s car efu lly s t ud i e d b y m e w h en I was a chi ld si n c e h e w as t en y e ar s o ld I w i ll t ell an old world story whi ch I he ar d fro m a n ag ed m an ; fo r C ri t ias was as h e sai d at th at ti m e n e arly ni n e ty ye ar s o f age an d I was abo u t t en year s h e m i ght n at u rally hav e ba sed or reb ase d t h e fictio n on t h e narrati ve m or e r e c en tly withi n h i s k nowl edge than t ha t w h i ch h a d fa d ed fro m hi s recol H e uses su ch phra ses a s If I ca n r ecoll e ct and le ctio n ” r e cite e no u gh of what w a s said b y t h e pri e st s an d If I h ave not forgot t en what I h e ard when I w as a child ” a n d I wo u l d sp e ciall which i mply y in vok e Mn em o syne t h at if any su ch MS exi s ted h e w a s se p a r at e d fr o m it a nd h a d n o t seen it si n c e h e w a s a chil d W e know lit t le m ore o f t h e l ife o f Solo n t h an what Pl utarch h as pr e se rv ed b u t t h e l ittl e t hat i s t ol d u s descr ib es a sit uatio n i n w h i ch t h e pro d u c t io n of a fic t io n su ch as A t la n ti s i n cov e rt all u si o n wo u l d b e exc eedi ngly n at u r a l W e are t ol d that s
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c hich fi r t brou ght S ol on p romin ently forw ard a s a n actor on t h e p oliti cal tage w a s t h e c on test b etw een A th en s a nd Me ara resp ectin t h e p ossessi o n of S al ami s T h e ill su cc ess of g g T he
o ca si on w
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LA N T IS
PL A T o s A T
81
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h a d l ed t o t h e en actm ent of a l a w forb i d din g t h e attempts w iti n g o say i n g an yth i n g t o u rge t h e A th ni an s t o r en ew t h co n test S ol on i n di gnan t at th e di sh n ourable ren unciation of their clai m s a n d eei n g th at m any o f t h y ou n ger a n d m ore i mp etuou s ci ti en s w re nl y d t rred b y t h la w from p rop o si ng a fresh hi t attem pt p o n t h e d evic e of feigni n g t o b e m a d a n d c au in g a re p o rt o f h i s c on d iti on t o b e sp rea d o v er t h e city ; p on h e rushe d i nto t h e g m nted t h e h erald s sto n e wh r n d th er e re cited a sh rt el egi ac p o em o f o n e h n d r d li n es calli ng up on t h A th ni an t o retrieve t heir di sgrace a nd recon quer th e r
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Th i s le d to t h e r ep e al o f t h e en act m en t If in t h e i n t e rval e n c o u raged b y h i s su cc e ss h e h ad cov ertl y so u ght to e xc ite th e i r e n th u si a sm in t h e ca use o f Sala m is t h e ” love ly i slan d w o ul d no t an alle go ry i n t h e d isg u i se o f A t la n ti s hav e a d mi rably su b se rved h i s p u rp o se In th i s ca se t h e l eg e n d m u st have taken a d iffer en t shap e fro m that i n w h i ch it w a s pr e sent ed by Plato T h e d e scripti on ho w ev er i n R a to w o u ld m u ch m ore e xactly b e fit t h e ” “ l o s t c o n ti n e n t di m e n si o n s o f Sala m i s tha n tho se o f a as w e hav e alre a d y se en in t h e w ay i n w h i ch t h e d e scrip ti on s w o ul d e qu ally fit t h e acc o u n t given b y Ha nno o f t h e i slan d s h e vi si t ed i n t h e co u r se o f h i s e xplo rat io n Solo n s l o ve fo r S alam l s w o u ld appear t o have b een t h e ab idi n g b u t t h e se cr e t o f i t i s n o t so se n t i m en t o f h i s l ife ; apparen t It m ay po ssibly b e acc o un te d fo r in this w ay : Solo n i s sa i d to have b een t h e d e s c en d a n t o f Co d r u s t h e la st K in g o f Athen s a n d Co d r u s w a s t h e r ep u te d r epr e sen tat ive C e cr o p s h o w e v e r i s e n vel o pe d i n t h e m i st s o f C e crop s H e u n d o u bt e d ly r epr e se n t s a l o cal o f a m y th i cal a ge abor igin al a n c esto r b u t at t h e sa m e t i m e w e fin d h i m in v e st e d w i th t h e fe at u r e s a n d _attr ib u t e s o f t h e pr im e val pro ge nitor : l i ke O a nn e s an d Dago n h e i s half m a n half fish ; l i ke Bacch u s a n d Sa t ur n h e i s t h e fir st c u lt i vat o r T h e d iffe r e nt myth i cal pe r so n a ge s o f th is n a m e i n Baao t i a .
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82
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PL A T o S A T L A N T IS
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b ce a a re o n ly m u lti pl i cat i o n s o f t h e o ne o rigi n al h e ro ( S m i th , My t h D i et ) Dr S m i th s ay s, w ith r efe r en c e to th e stat e m e n t that h e m i grat e d fr o m Sa i s i n E gypt , Bu t th i s acco u n t i s n ot o n ly r ej e ct ed by so m e an d
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a n c ien t s th em se lve s b u t b y t h e able st critic s o f ” m o d e r n ti m e s ( Mull er Th i r lw all ) Th e re i s a per so n ag e o f thi s myth ical age wh o m ay po ssi bly b e r egar d e d a s i n o n e d egre e le ss m y th i cal than C e cr o p s— C enoh reu s or C ychr eus Kin g o f Sala mi s If C ecr o p s i s re pr e se n t ed a s half m an hal f d rago n C ychr e us H e is i s s a id t o hav e d e l i v e r e d Sala m i s fro m a d ra g o n fabl ed to hav e b een t h e so n o f Sala m i s w h o gave h er n a m e to t h e i sla nd b y Po se id on a n d Who se m oth e r s n am e w a s C ychr eu s A sopi s m i ght pas s i n co n tract io n i nto A sopi s C ecrop s a n d a s Ki n g o f Salam i s m i ght have e xt en de d h i s If h e w a s t h e C e crop s w h o d o m i n i o n to t h e m a i n la n d fo u n d e d t h e Ath en i a n dyn a s ty a n d i f t h e d yn a sty w a s th u s a sso ci at ed with Sala m i s i t w o u ld acco u n t for t h e pre dile cti o n a n d lo ve o f h i s de sc e n d a nt Solo n for t h e ” T h e sen t i m e n t o f Solo n al m o st re n d e r s l o v e ly islan d su ch a n or ig in probabl e a n d th e r e i s a S l i ht co n fir m at io n g o f th i s co n n e ct i o n b e t w e e n A t h e n s a n d Salam i s i n t h e lat er le ge nd t hat w h i le t h e battle o f Salam i s w as g o ing o n a d ra go n app e ar e d i n o n e o f t h e Ath e n i a n sh i p s an d that a n oracl e d eclar ed th i s d rago n to b e C ychr eu s (S m ith Myt h D i e t ) Th i s sp ec u lat io n co n c er n i n g Sol o n w o u ld se e m to re qu ir e that h e sho u l d have travelle d i n E gypt i n e arly life a n d Pl u tarch ( S m i th My t h D iet ) app ear s t o b e t h e au thori ty fo r t h e stat emen t that in h i s yo u th h e so u ght h i s fo rt u ne as a for ei gn tra d e r Plato says that S o lo n d eviv ed h i s i nfor m ati on fro m t h e pri est s o f Sai s t h e c i ty fro m w h i ch A m a si s t h e If th i s i s i n t e n d e d to m e a n that ki n g w a s spr u n g h e vi si t e d Sai s w h en A m a si s ( A a h m es) w as ki n g h e m u st th e
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83
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have vi site d E gypt i n h i s latt e r ye ar s : Solo n eer ea 63 8 5 2 0 ( S m i th My t h D iet ) ; A ah m e s or A m a si s 5 7 2 B C If ho w eve r ( Br u g sch ) 5 69 5 2 5 ( L e n o rm a nt ) h i s dyin g i n str u cti o n s w e re that h i s a sh e s w e r e to b e scatt e r e d o n t h e so i l o f Sala m i s— a n d at a n y rat e t h e tradi ti o n i s r e cor de d b y Ar ist o tle ( S mi th D i et ) —h i s sen ti m e n t r eg ar di n g t h e i s la n d w o u l d app e ar to have b ee n as s tro n g i n h i s o ld a ge a s i n h i s yo u th a nd si mi lar rea so n s fo r h i s covert allu si o n s to Salam i s m ight have e xi st e d th e n Thi s e xha u st s t h e fe w fact s wh ich w e re available fo r t h e i n q u i ry so fa r a s S o l o n i s c o n c e r ned I n ve n t u r in g th e th e ory a s to t h e Pe ripl u s o f Ha n no w e se e m e d to to u ch m o r e ta n gi ble e vi de nc e a n d to sta n d o n fir m e r B ey o n d th i s p o in t w e ca n o nly fl o at in a m a re gro u n d o f c o nj e ct u r e di sar g a sso But h o w e v e r t h e e xi ge n c i e s o f h i stor i cal tr u th m ay co m pe l u s to di scard t h e le ge nd o f Atlan ti s fro m t h e gro u n d o f h i stor y fe w w o u l d w i sh to se e i t bani sh ed fro m a n d h er e w e m u s t t h e r e gio n s o f po etry a n d i m ag i n at i o n r e c u r to t h e p age s o f Mr D o nn e lly a n d expr e ss t h e hop e that if t h e le gen d sh o ul d die o ut eve ryw h e r e e l se i t m ay s u rvi v e in t h e char m i n g l i n e s w h i ch I app e n d '
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86
PL A T o S A T LA N T IS
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c a m e to S o lo ci s a pro m on to ry o f L i bya a plac e th i ckly cov e red w i th tr ee s w h er e w e e r e ct ed a t em ple to N ept u n e ; a n d aga in proc e e d e d fo r t h e S pac e o f hal f a d ay t o w ar d s t h e e a st u n ti l w e arr i ve d at a lak e lyi n g n o t fa r fro m t h e H e r e e le s e a a n d fill e d Wi th ab un d a n c e o f larg e r ee d s a n t s a n d a gr e at n u m b e r o f oth er w i l d b e a s t s w e r e h p ,
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Havin g pa ssed t h e lakeabo u t a d ay s sai l w e fo u n d e d c iti e s n ear t h e se a call ed C ari co nt ico s an d Gytt e a n d Acra Th en c e w e ca m e to t h e gr eat a n d Me l i tta a n d A ra m b y s r i ve r L i xu s w hi ch fl o w s fro m L i bya O n it s ba n k s t h e L ixit ae a sh e ph e r d tr i b e w e r e fee di n g flock s a m o n g st B eyo nd w ho m w e co n t i n u e d so m e t i m e o n fr i en d l y t e r m s t h e L i xi t w d w e lt t h e i n ho sp i tabl e E th i op i an s w h o pa st u r e a w i ld co u n try i n t e r sect e d by large m o u ntain s fro m w h i ch th ey say t h e ri ve r L i xu s flo w s In th e nei ghbo u rhoo d o f t h e mo u n tai n s li v ed t h e Tro gl o dy t es m e n o f var i o u s app e ar a n ces w ho m t h e L i xit ae d e s cr i b e d a s s w ift e r i n r u n n i n g than hor ses Havin g proc u re d i n t e rpr e ter s fro m th e m w e coa st ed alo n g a de se rt co un try to w ar d s t h e s o u th t wo d ay s Th e n ce H e re w e pr o c ee d ed towar d s t h e e a st t h e co u r s e o f a d a y w e fo u n d i n a r e c e ss o f a c e rta i n b ay a sm all i sla n d c o n taini n g a c ircl e o f fiv e sta di a w h er e w e settled a colo ny W e j u d g ed fro m o u r voyage that th i s an d call e d i t C er n e plac e lay i n a di r e ct l in e w ith Cartha g e fo r t h e len gth o f o u r voy age fro m C arthag e t o th e P i llar s w a s e q u al to that fro m t h e P illar s t o C e rn e W e th en ca m e to a lak e which w e r e ach ed b y sai lin g larg e riv er calle d C h retes Thi s lak e h a d thr e e up a i sla n d s large r than C e rn e fro m w h i ch proc e ed i n g a d ay s s ai l w e c am e to t h e e xtr e m i ty o f t h e lak e w h i ch w a s overh u ng by large m o u n tai n s in hab it ed by savag e m e n cloth ed in ski n s o f wi ld be a st s w h o d ro v e u s a w ay b y Sa i li ng t hro w in g sto ne s an d h i n d er e d us fr o m lan d i n g “
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PL A T o S A T L A N T I S .
th e n c e
cam e to a n othe r ri ve r that w a s lar ge a n d broa d a n d full o f croco d i l e s a n d r i v e r h o r s e s ; w h en c e r e t u r n i n g back w e ca m e agai n to C ern e The nc e w e saile d t o w ard s t h e so u th t w e lve d ays coa sti ng t h e sh o r e t h e w hole o f w hi ch i s i n hab i te d b y E th i o p i a n s w h o wo u ld n o t w a it o u r a ppr o ach b u t fle d fro m u s Th ei r lan gu age w a s n o t i n te lli gi bl e e v e n to t h e L i xit ae w h o w e re w i th us To w ar d s t h e last d a y w e approache d so m e lar ge m o u ntai n s c o ver e d wi th tr ee s t h e w oo d o f w h i ch w as s w e e t sc e n t e d a n d var ie gat e d Havi ng s a i le d b y th e se m o u n ta i n s fo r t w o d a s w e ca m e to a n y im m e n se op en i n g o f t h e sea o n e ach S i d e o f w h i ch to w ar d s t h e c o n t i n e n t w as a pla i n fro m w h i ch w e sa w b y n i g ht fire ar i si n g at i n t e rval s i n all d i r e cti o n s m ore o r l es s Havi ng tak en i n w a t e r th er e w e sai le d for w ar d fiv e d ay s ne ar t h e la n d Un ti l w e cam e to a lar ge b ay w h i ch o u r i n t e rpr e t e r s i n for m e d u s w a s call e d W e st e r n H o r n I n th i s w a s a large i sla n d a n d i n t h e i sla n d a s alt w at e r lake an d i n th i s a no th er i sla nd w h er e w h en w e la n d e d w e co u l d d i sc o ve r n o t h in g i n t h e d ay ti m e exc ept tr ee s b u t i n t h e n i ght w e saw m a n y fire s b u r n i n g a n d h e ar d t h e cy m bal s d r um s a nd c o n fu se d sho u t s so u n d o f p i p e s W e w e r e th e n a fra i d a n d o u r d i vine r s o r d e re d u s t o aban d o n t h e i slan d Sai li n g qu i ckly a w ay th e n c e w e pa ssed a co u n try b u r n i n g w ith fir e s a n d p e r fu m e s ; a n d T he s tr e am s o f fir e su ppli e d fro m i t fe ll in to t h e se a c o un try w a s im pa ssable o n acco u n t o f t h e he at W e s a il e d q u i ckly t h e n c e b e i n g m u ch t e rr i fi e d ; a n d pa ssi n g In o n fo r fo u r d ay s w e d i sc o v e r e d a co un try fu ll o f fir e t h e m i dd l e w a s a l o ft y fire la rge r tha n t h e r e s t w h i ch W h e n day ca me w e di scov e r e d seem e d t o t o u ch t h e s tar s On i t to b e a large h i ll call e d t h e Chario t o f t h e G o d s t h e th i r d d ay a ft e r o u r d ep a rt u r e th e n c e hav i n g sa i l e d b y tho se str ea m s o f fire we arr ive d at a b ay called t h e So u th e rn ,
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88
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PL A T O S A T L A N T I S .
Horn at t h e botto m o f whi ch lay an i sla nd li ke t h e for m e r havin g a lake a n d in thi s lake a n oth e r i slan d fu ll o f s avag e p e opl e t h e gr eat e r part o f w ho m w e r e w o m en who se bo die s w e re hai ry an d who m o u r in t erpr et er s called Gori llas Tho u gh w e p u r sued t h e m en w e co u ld n o t sei z e a n y o f th e m ; b u t all fle d fro m u s e s cap i n g ov e r t h e pr ec ip ic e s and defendi ng th em selve s with sto nes Thr ee w o m en w e r e ho w ev e r tak en ; b u t th ey attack e d t h ei r co n d uct o rs W i th t h ei r t ee th a n d ha nd s a n d co u l d n o t b e pre vailed u pon to acco m pany u s Havin g ki lled the m we flayed th em and bro u ght th eir skins w ith u s to Carthage ” W e di d not sail furth e r o n our provi sio n s failing u s ,
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PL A T o s A T L A N T I S
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tale wh i ch w a s o f gr e at le n gth b ega n a s follo w s I have b efo r e r e m ark e d in sp e akin g o f t h e allot m e n t s o f t h e go d s that t h ey di str i b u t e d t h e w hole e art h i n to po r ti on s diffe ri n g i n e xten t a n d m a d e th e m se lve s t e m pl e s a n d s acr i fic e s A n d P o sei d o n r e c ei vi n g fo r h i s lot t h e i slan d o f Atla n t i s b eg at ch i ld r en b y a m ortal w o m a n a n d s e ttl e d th e m i n a part o f t h e i sla n d wh i ch I w i ll proc ee d to de scr ib e O n t h e S ide t ow ar d t h e se a an d in t h e c entr e o f t h e w h o l e i sla n d th e r e w a s a plai n w h i ch i s sa i d to have b ee n t h e fai r e st o f all plai n s an d ver y fe rti le N e ar t h e plai n a ga i n a n d al s o i n t h e c e n tr e o f t h e i sla n d at a di sta n c e o f abo u t fi fty sta di a th ere w a s a m o u n tai n n ot v ery h i gh o n any sid e I n thi s m o u n tain th ere d w elt o n e w ho se o f t h e e arth b o r n pr im e val m e n o f that c o u n try n a m e w a s E v en o r a n d h e h a d a w ife n a m e d L e u c i pp e an d th e y h a d a n o n ly d a u ght e r w h o w a s n a m e d C le i t o T h e m a id e n w a s growi n g u p to w o m a n ho o d w h e n h e r fath e r a n d m oth er d ie d ; P o se id o n fe ll i n love w ith h e r a n d h a d i n t e rco u r se w i th h er ; a n d br e ak i n g t h e gro u n d e n cl o se d t h e h i ll in wh i ch sh e d w e lt all r o u n d m aki n g alt e r n at e z o n e s o f sea a nd lan d lar ge r an d s m aller en c ircling o n e a n o the r ; th e r e w e r e t w o o f lan d a n d three o f w at e r w h i ch h e t u r n e d a s w i th a lath e o u t o f t h e c e n tr e o f t h e i sla n d e q u idi sta n t e v e r y w a y s o that n o m a n c o u l d t h e i sla n d fo r sh ip s a n d v o y ag e s w e r e n o t y e t h e ar d e t t o g H e h i m se l f a s h e w a s a go d fo u n d n o diffi c u lty i n of m ak i n g s p e c i al arra n g e m e n t s fo r t h e c e n tre i sla n d br i n g T
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90
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PL A T O S A T LA N T I S '
.
tre a m s o f w at e r u n de r t h e earth w h i ch b e ca u se d to a sc en d a s spr in gs o ne o f w arm Wat e r an d t h e oth e r o f col d a n d m aki n g e ve ry var iety o f foo d to spr i n g u p abun H e al so b e gat a n d br o u g h t u p fiv e d a n t ly i n t h e e arth pai r s o f m a l e ch il dr en div i din g t h e i sla n d o f Atla n t i s i n to t e n porti o n s : h e g ave to t h e fir st bor n o f t h e e l d e s t pa i r h i s m oth e r s d w e lli n g a n d t h e su rro u n d i n g allot m e n t w hi ch w a s t h e lar ge st a n d b e s t a n d m a d e h im k i n g ov e r t h e o th e r s h e m a d e pri n c e s a n d gave th e m r u l e t h e r e st A n d h e n a m ed o v e r m a n y m e n an d a larg e t e rr i t o ry th e m all t h e el de s t w h o w a s ki ng h e n a m ed Atla s and fro m h i m t h e w h o l e i sla n d an d t h e o c e a n re c ei v ed t h e To h i s tw in broth e r w h o w a s b o r n n a m e o f Atla n ti c a ft er h i m a n d o btai n e d a s h i s lot t h e e xtr emi ty o f t h e i sla n d to w ar d s t h e P i llar s o f H e racl e s a s far a s t h e co u n try w h ich i s st ill calle d t h e r egio n o f Ga d e s i n that part o f t h e w orl d h e gave t h e n a m e w h i ch i n t h e H e lle ni c la n gu a ge i s E u m e l u s i n t h e lan g u age o f t h e c o u n try w h i ch i s n a m ed a ft e r h i m Ga d ei ru s O f t h e se c o n d pai r o f tw i n s h e c a ll e d o n e A m ph e r e s an d t h e o th e r E v mm on To t h e th i r d pa i r o f t w in s h e gave t h e n am e Mn ese u s t o t h e e ld e r a n d A u tochth o n t o t h e o n e w h o fo ll o w e d h i m O f t h e fo u rth pa i r o f t w i n s h e call e d t h e e l d e r E la sipp u s a n d t h e y o u n g e r Mestor A n d o f t h e fi fth pa i r h e gav e to t h e e l d e r t h e n a m e o f A z ae s a n d to t h e yo u n ger D i a All th ese and th ei r de sc en d ant s w e r e t h e inh ab i prepe s ta n t s a n d r u l er s o f d ive rs i sla n d s i n t h e o p en se a ; a nd al so a s h a s b een alr ea dy said th ey h e l d s w ay in t h e o t h e r d i r e c t i on o v e r t h e co u n tr y w i th in t h e P i llar s a s far a s E gy pt a n d T yr r h en i a N o w Atla s h a d a n u m e r o u s a n d h o n o u rable fam ily a n d h is e l de st bran ch alw ays r etai ned t h e k in g d o m w h i ch t h e e l d e st so n ha n d e d o n to h i s e l d e st fo r m a n y g enerati o n s ; a n d th ey h ad su ch a n a m o u n t o f w e alth a s w a s n ev er be fo r e po s se s sed b y k i ng s a n d pote n tate s an d i s n o t l i k ely e ve r to b e a g ai n and th ey wer e
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fu rn ish e d w i th
91
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ve rythi ng w hi ch th ey co uld have b o th in ci ty a n d co u n try Fo r b e ca u se o f t h e gr e at n e ss o f th e i r em pir e m an y th i n g s w e r e br o u ght t o th e m fr o m fo r eign co u n tri es a n d t h e i sla n d i t sel f provi d e d m u ch o f w hat w a s r e q ui r ed b y th e m fo r t h e u ses o f l ife I n t h e fir st plac e th ey d u g o u t o f t h e e art h w hate ve r w as t o b e fo u n d th e r e m i n e ral a s w e ll a s m e tal a n d that w h ich i s n o w o n ly a — o ri n a m e a n d w a s th e n s o m e th in m or t a a a h n e n m e g chalou m — w a s d u g o ut o f t h e e arth i n m an y part s o f t h e i slan d a n d w i th t h e e xc e pt io n o f g o ld w as e s t ee m ed t h e m o st pr e c i o u s o f m et al s a m o n g t h e m e n o f t h o se d ays Ther e w a s a n ab un d an c e o f w o o d fo r carp en te r s w o rk a n d su fl i ci e n t m a in t en a n c e fo r ta m e an d w i l d a n i m al s Mo r e o v e r th e r e w e r e a g r e at n u m b e r o f e l e pha nt s i n t h e i s la n d a n d th e r e w a s pro v i si o n fo r a n i m al s o f e v e ry ki n d both fo r tho se w h i ch l i ve i n lak es a n d m ar sh e s a n d r i v e r s an d al so fo r tho se w h i c h li ve i n m o u n tai n s a n d on pla i n s a n d th er e for e fo r t h e ani mal wh i ch i s t h e lar ge st an d m o st vo rac i o u s o f th em Al so w hat eve r fra gra nt th i ngs th e r e or h e rbage o r w o o d s o r a re i n t h e e arth w h e th e r root s di st i ll i n g d rop s o f fl o w e r s or fr u i t s g re w an d thr i ve d i n that la n d ; an d ag ain t h e c u lt ivate d fr ui t o f t h e eart h b o th t h e d ry e di ble fr u it a n d oth e r S p e c i es o f fo o d w hi ch w e call b y t h e gen eral n a m e o f l e g u m e s a n d t h e fr u i t s ha v i n g a har d r i n d a ffo r di ng d r in k s a n d m e at s a n d o int m e n t s a n d g o o d s t o re o f c h e stn u t s a n d t h e l i ke w h i ch m ay b e u se d t o pla y w i th a n d a r e fr u i t s w h i ch spo i l w i th kee p in g— a n d t h e plea san t ki n d s o f des se rt w hi ch c o n so le — all i n l a n d i e o f e a t r r h w e a r e f u l t r d at w e n n n e us f e di g th e se that s acre d i slan d lyi n g b e n e ath t h e su n bro ught All th e se fo rth fa i r a n d w o n d ro u s i n i n fi n i t e a b u n d a n c e thi ng s th ey re c ei ve d fro m t h e e arth a n d th ey e m ploye d th em se lv e s i n c o n str u ct in g th ei r t em pl e s a n d palac es a n d d o ck s ; a n d th e y arra n ge d t h e w h o l e a n d harb o u r s c o un try i n t h e fo llo wing m an n er F ir st o f all they br idged e
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92
’
PL A T o S A T L A N T I S
.
ov er t h e zo ne s o f se a w h i ch s u rro u n d e d t h e an c ie n t m etro polis a n d m a d e a pa s sa ge i n t o an d o u t o f t h e royal palac e a n d th e n th ey b e ga n to b u i l d t h e palac e i n t h e hab i tat i o n Thi s th ey c o nt in u e d t o o f t h e go d an d o f th e i r a n c e stor s or n a m en t in su cc e ssi ve ge n e rat i o n s eve ry kin g s u rpa ssin g t h e o n e w h o ca m e b e for e h i m to t h e u t m o s t o f h i s po w e r u n t i l th e y m a d e t h e b u i l di n g a m arve l t o b e hol d fo r s i ze A n d b e g in n i n g fro m t h e sea th ey d u g a n d fo r b e a ut y a ca n al thr e e h u nd r e d feet I n W i d th a n d o n e h u n d re d fe e t i n d e pth a nd fi fty st a di a i n l e n gth w h i ch th ey carr i ed thro u gh to t h e o u t e rm o st z o n e m aki n g a pa ssa ge fr o m t h e se a u p to thi s w h i ch b eca m e a harb o u r a n d l e a v in g a n op e n i n g s u ffic i e n t to e n abl e t h e larg e s t v e s se l s to fin d i n g r e ss Mor eover th ey divided t h e z o n e s o f lan d w h i ch part ed t h e z o ne s o f sea co n str u ctin g br i dge s o f su ch a w i d th a s w o u l d l e av e a pa s s a ge fo r a si ng l e tr i r e m e to pa ss o u t o f o n e i n t o a n oth e r a n d r o o fe d th e m ov e r ; a n d th e r e w a s a w ay u n d e r n e ath fo r t h e sh i p s fo r t h e ba n k s o f t h e z o n e s w e r e rai sed co n sid erably abov e t h e w at e r N o w t h e larg e st o f t h e z o n e s in to w h ich a pa ss ag e w a s cu t fro m t h e sea w a s thr ee sta di a i n br e a d th a n d t h e zo ne o f la nd w h i ch ca m e n e xt o f e q u al br e a d t h ; b u t t h e n e xt t w o a s we ll t h e zo n e o f w at e r as o f lan d w e re t w o sta di a a nd t h e o n e w h i ch su rr o u n d e d t h e c e n tral i sla n d w a s a sta di u m o n ly i n w id th T h e i sla n d in w h i ch t h e palac e w as si t u at e d h a d a d ia m et e r o f fiv e sta di a Th is a n d t h e z o n e s a n d t h e brid g e w h i ch w a s t h e s i xth part o f a s ta d i u m i n w id th th ey s u rro u n d e d b y a st o n e w all o n e i th e r si d e pla c in g to w e r s a n d gat e s on t h e brid ges wh e r e t h e se a pa sse d i n T h e st o n e w h i ch w a s u sed i n t h e w ork th ey q u arri ed fro m u n d er neath t h e c en tr e i slan d a n d fro m u n d er n e ath t h e zo n e s o n t h e o u t e r a s w e ll a s t h e i nn e r O n e k i n d o f sto n e w a s w h i t e a n oth er black a n d a si d e th i rd re d ; an d a s th ey q u arried th ey at t h e s a m e ti m e hollo wed o ut d ock s d o u bl e w i th i n havin g roo fs for m e d o ut '
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94
PL A T O S A T L A N T I S
.
c i ty i t self an d t h e for ei gn c i t i e s ove r w h ich th ey h e ld sw ay Th e r e w as a n altar t o o w hi ch in si z e an d w ork m a n sh i p corr e spo nd e d t o t h e re st o f t h e work a n d th e r e w e r e palac e s i n l i k e m a nn e r w h i ch a n s we r ed to t h e gr e at n es s o f t h e k in g d o m an d t h e glo ry o f t h e t e m ple I n t h e n e xt plac e th ey u sed fo u n tai n s both o f col d a n d both a n d hot spr i n g s ; th ese w e r e v e r y ab u n d a n t k in d s w o n der fu lly a dapted to u se b y re a so n o f t h e S ive et Th ey c o n str u ct e d n e s s an d e xc e ll en c e o f th e i r w at e r s b u i ld in g s abo u t th em a n d plante d su itable tr ee s ; al so c i st ern s so m e O p en to t h e h e aven oth er s w hi ch th ey roo fe d ove r to b e u se d in w in t er a s w ar m bath s : ther e wer e t h e k i n g s bath s a n d t h e bath s o f pr i vat e p e r s o n s w h ich w e r e ke pt apart ; al so se parat e bath s fo r w o m en a n d oth e r s again fo r h o r se s a n d cattl e a n d to th e m th ey T he av a s m u ch a d or n m e n t a s w as su i tabl e fo r th e m e g so m e to t h e g rov e o f w at e r w h i ch ra n o ff th ey carri e d Po seid o n w h ere w e r e growin g all m ann er o f tr e es o f w o n d e r fu l h ei ght a n d b e au ty o w i n g to t h e e xc e lle n c e o f t h e s o i l ; t h e r e m ai n d e r w a s co n vey e d b y aq ue d u ct s wh i ch pa ssed ove r t h e bridge s to t h e o u t e r ci rcle s : a n d th ere d d edi cat ed t o m a n y go d s ; w e r e m an y t e m pl e s b u i lt a n al so gard ens an d plac e s o f e xe rci se so m e fo r m en an d som e se t a part fo r hor ses i n both o f t h e t w o i sla n d s for m e d b y t h e zo ne s an d i n t h e c en tr e o f t h e larg e r o f t h e t w o th e r e w as a rac e c o u r se o f a sta di u m i n w id th an d i n len gth allo we d to ext e n d all ro u nd t h e isla n d for hor se s to rac e i n Al so th ere We r e gu ar d ho use s at int e rval s fo r t h e bo dy gu ar d t h e m or e tr u st e d o f w ho m h a d th ei r d u tie s appo i nt ed to th e m i n t h e le sser zo n e whi ch w a s n e ar e r t h e Acr o poli s ; w h i l e t h e m o st tr ust e d o f all h a d ho u se s g ive n th e m w ithin t h e c itad el a nd abo u t t h e per so n s o f t h e ki n g s T h e d ock s w e r e fu ll o f tri r em es a n d n aval s tor e s a n d all th i n g s w e r e q u it e r e a dy fo r u se E n o u gh o f t h e pla n o f t h e royal palac e Cro ssin g t h e .
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PL A T O S A T L A N T IS
95
.
o u te r harbo u r s w hich w e re thr e e i n num b er yo u w o u l d co m e to a wall whi ch b e ga n at t h e sea and w en t all r o u n d th i s w a s everywhe r e di sta n t fi ft y sta di a fro m th e large st zo ne a n d harbo u r an d e n clo se d t h e w hol e m e e t in g at t h e m o u th o f t h e chan ne l to wa rd t h e sea T h e e n t i re are a w a s de n s e ly crowd ed w i th hab i tati o n s ; a nd t h e ca n al a nd t h e larg e s t o f t h e harbo u rs w er e fu ll o f v ess el s a n d m e r chan t s co mi ng from all part s wh o fro m th ei r n u m b e r s k e pt u p a m u ltitu din o u s so u n d o f h um an vo ic e s an d d in o f all s ort s n ight a n d d a I hav e r epe at ed h is d e sc ri p y tio n s o f t h e city and t h e part s abo u t t h e an ci e n t palac e n e arly a s h e gave th e m an d no w I m u s t e n de avo u r to d es cri be t h e n at u re an d arrange m e n t o f t h e re s t o f t h e co u n try T h e w hole co u n try w a s describ ed as b ei n g ve ry lofty an d precipito us o n t h e sid e o f t h e sea b u t t h e c ou n try i m me di at ely abo u t a n d su rro undi n g t h e ci ty w a s a l e ve l plai n i t sel f surr o u n de d by m o un tai n s w hi ch d e sc en d e d to w ar d t h e sea ; i t w a s sm ooth a n d e v e n b ut o f a n oblo n g shap e e xtendi n g i n o ne di re cti o n t hree th o u s a n d sta di a a n d goi n g u p t h e co u n t ry fro m t h e se a thro u gh t h e c e n tr e o f t h e i sla nd t wo tho u s an d st adia t h e w hole r egio n o f t h e i slan d l i es to w ar d t h e so u th a n d i s sh e lt e re d fro m t h e n o rth T h e su rro un di n g m o u n tain s h e c e le brate d fo r th ei r n u m b e r an d si z e a n d b e au ty i n whi ch th ey e xc ee de d all that a re n o w to b e see n a nyw h e r e having i n th em al so m a ny w e althyi n hab i t ed vi lla ge s a n d riv er s a n d lake s a n d m e a d ow s su pplyi n g foo d e n o u gh for e ve ry a n i mal w i ld or ta m e an d w oo d o f vari o u s sort s ab undan t for ev e ry k in d I w ill no w d e scri be t h e plain wh i ch h a d b een o f work c u lti vate d d u rin g m a ny a ge s b y m any generat i on s o f ki n gs It w a s r e cta n gu lar and for t h e m o st part strai g ht a n d oblon g ; an d what i t wan ted o f t h e strai ght lin e fo ll ow ed T h e depth an d w i d th a n d t h e li n e o f t h e c i rc u lar d i tch l en gth o f thi s d itch we re i n cr e dible a nd gave t h e i m pre s si o n that su ch a work i n a ddi t i o n to so m an y oth e r w ork s ,
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96
’
PL A T o S A T L A N T I S
.
co u l d har dly have b ee n w ro u ght b y t h e ha nd o f man But I m u st say w hat I have h e ar d It w as excavate d to t h e d ep t h of a h un d re d fe e t a n d i t s br e a d th wa s a st adi u m y wh er e ; i t w a s carr ie d ro u n d t h e whole o f t h e plain ev e r It re c eive d t h e a n d w a s t e n tho u sa n d s ta di a in l e n g t h s tream s w hi ch ca m e d o w n fro m t h e m o un tai n s a n d wi nd i n g ro u n d t h e plai n a n d to u ch i n g t h e c i ty at va rio u s poin t s w as the re let o ff in t o t h e sea Fro m above like wi se strai ght can al s o f a h und re d feet in wi d th we re c ut to t h e d itch to w ard t h e i n t h e plai n a n d again l et o ff i n sea ; th ese ca n al s w e r e at i n t e rval s o f a h un d r e d sta dia a n d by th e m th e y bro u g ht d o w n t h e w oo d fro m t h e mo un t ai ns to t h e c i ty an d co n vey e d t h e fru it s o f t h e e arth i n c uttin g tra n s ve r se pa ssages fro m on e can al i nto ship s a noth er and to t h e c i ty T wi c e in t h e year th ey gath ered t h e fr uit s of t h e e arth — in w in t er havi ng t h e b en e fit o f t h e rai n s a n d in su m m e r in tr o d u c in g t h e wate r o f t h e can al s A s to t h e pop u lat i o n e ach o f t h e l o t s in t h e plai n h ad an appoi n t ed chi ef o f m en w h o we r e fit fo r military servic e a n d t h e siz e o f t h e lo t w as to b e a s q u ar e o f t e n s ta dia e ach way a n d t h e total n u mb e r o f all t h e lot s w a s sixty tho usa nd “ A n d of t h e i nhab i ta n t s o f t h e m o un tai n s a nd of t h e r est of t h e co u n try th e re w a s al so a va st m u ltit ud e haying l eade r s t o whom t h ey w e re a ssi g ned accor din g t o t h ei r d we lli ng s an d vi llag e s T h e le a d e r w a s re q ui red to furni sh for t h e war t h e si xth porti o n o f a w ar ch ariot so a s to m ake u p a t o t al o f t e n tho usa n d chari o t s ; al so two hor se s a nd r id e r s u n th e m a n d a l i g ht chariot wi tho ut a se at _ po a cco mp anied by a fighti n g m an o n foo t carr i ng a sm all y sh ie ld a n d havi ng a chari ot ee r m o u nt e d t o g ui de t h e hor ses ; a l so h e w as b o u n d t o furn i sh two h e avy ar med m en two arch er s t w o s l in ge r s thr ee sto ne shoot er s a n d three j avelin m en w h o w er e sk ir m i sh e r s and fo ur sailor s to m ake up a co mpl eme nt o f t we lve h u n d red ship s S uch .
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98
PL A T O S A T L A N T I S
.
that th ey wo u ld j u d ge accordi n g to t h e laws o n t h e colu mn e vi o usly tra n sgr e sse d a n d w o u l d p u n i sh a n y o n e who h a d p r a n d that for t h e fu t u r e th ey w o u l d n o t i f th ey c o u l d h e lp tran sgr ess any o f t h e i nscri pt i ons an d wo u l d n ot co mm an d o r ob ey an y r u l e r w h o co m m a n d e d th e m to act oth e r wi se tha n accor di n g to t h e laws o f th ei r fathe r Po seid o n Thi s w a s t h e praye r w h i ch e ach o f th em o ffe r ed u p fo r h i m se l f at t h e sa me t i m e d r in ki n g a n d d e di an d fo r h i s fa m i ly cati ng t h e vessel i n t h e t em ple o f t h e go d ; an d aft e r sp e n d i ng so m e n e c essar y t i m e at su pp e r wh e n d ark n e s s ca m e o n and t h e fire abo u t t h e sacr ific e w a s cool all o f th e m p ut o n m o st b eau tifu l az u r e ro b e s a n d sitti n g o n t h e gro un d at n i ght n e ar t h e em b e r s o f t h e sacr ific e s o n whi ch they h a d s w or n a n d e xtin gui sh i n g all t h e fire abo ut t h e t em pl e th ey r e c e i ve d a n d g av e j u d g m en t if a ny o f th em h ad a ny acc u sat i o n to br in g a g ai n st a ny o ne ; a n d w h en th ey h a d gi v en j u dgm e n t at d a ybr e ak th ey w rot e d o w n th ei r se n t e n c e s o n a go l d en tabl e t an d d e po si te d th em as m em or i al s w i th th eir r o b e s Th e re w e re m a ny s p e c i al law s w h i ch t h e se v e ral k i n g s h a d i n scr ib e d ab o u t t h e t e m pl e s b u t t h e m o s t i m porta n t w a s t h e fo llo w i n g That th ey w e r e n o t to tak e up ar m s agai n st o ne an othe r a n d th ey w e r e all to co m e to t h e r e s c u e if an y o n e i n a ny c i t y a t t em t e d t o ov e rthro w t h e royal ho u se L i ke th eir p a n c estor s th ey w e re to deli b e rat e in co m m o n abo u t w ar a n d oth e r m att e r s gi vi n g t h e su pr e m a c y to t h e fa m i ly o f Atla s an d t h e ki n g w a s n o t to h ave t h e po w e r o f life a nd d e ath ov e r a ny o f h i s ki n sm en u n less h e h a d t h e a ssen t o f t h e m ajor i ty o f t h e t e n ki n g s S u ch w a s t h e va st po w e r which t h e go d settled in t h e lo st i sla n d o f Atla n ti s and th i s h e a ft e r w ar d s d i r e ct ed again st o ur lan d on t h e f o llo w ing pre te xt as t ra di ti o n t e lls For m a ny g e ne rati o n s a s lo n g a s t h e di vi n e n at u r e la st ed in th em th ey w e r e o be die n t to t h e la w s a n d we ll a ffe ctio n ed to w ar d t h e go d s w h o w er e th eir kinsme n ; fo r ,
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PL A T O S A T L A N T IS
99
.
th ey po sse ssed tr ue and in eve ry w ay great spi ri t s pra c t i si n g g e n tl en e ss a n d wi sd o m i n t h e var i o u s cha n c e s o f i fe an d i n l th eir in t erc o u r se wi th o ne a no t h e r Th ey de spi se d e v e r thi n g b u t vi rtu e n o t ca ri n g for th ei r pr e se n t y stat e o f l ife an d th i n ki n g l i htl g y on t h e po ss essi o n o f gold a n d oth e r prop erty w h i ch see med on ly a b u r d en to the m ; n ei th er were th ey in to xicat ed by l u x ury ; n or did w ealth d e pr i ve th em o f th ei r se lf co ntrol b u t th ey we re so b e r a n d sa w cl e arl y that all th ese goo d s are i n cr e a se d b y vi rt u o u s fr ien d sh i p w i th o n e a n oth er an d that b y ex c e ssi v e z e al fo r th e m a n d h o n o u r o f t h em t h e g o o d o f the m i s lo st and fr ien d shi p p er ish es w ith the m By su ch r e fl e ct i o ns a n d b y t h e co n tin u an ce i n th e m o f a di vi n e n at u r e all that w h i ch w e hav e des cr i b e d waxed a n d i n cr e a se d i n th em ; b u t w h en th i s d i vi ne porti o n b e gan t o fa d e a w ay i n th em an d b e ca m e dil u t ed too o ft en a nd w i th t o o m u ch o f t h e m ortal a dmi xt u r e a n d t h e h u m a n nat u r e go t t h e u pp er ha n d th e n th ey b eing u n abl e to b e ar th ei r fort u n e be ca me u n se em ly an d to him w h o h a d an eye t o see th e y b ega n to app e ar ba se a n d h a d l o s t t h e fai re s t o f th eir pre ci o u s g ift s b u t to tho se w h o h a d no eye to see t h e tr ue happiness th ey s ti ll appe ared glo r io u s a n d ble ssed at t h e ver y t i m e w h en th ey w e re filled w i th n u ri ght eo u s avari ce a nd po w e r Z eu s t h e god o f go d s wh o r ule s w i th law an d i s abl e to se e in to su ch th in gs p e r ce ivin g that a n hon o u rabl e rac e w a s i n a m o st w r e tch e d that s tat e a n d w a n ti n g to i n fl i ct p u n i s h m en t on th e m th ey mi ght b e cha st e n ed a n d i m proved colle ct e d all t h e g o d s i n t o h i s m o st holy habi tatio n whi ch bei n g plac e d i n t h e c e n tre of t h e world see s all th i n g s that partak e o f ge ne rat i o n A n d w h en h e h ad called th em togethe r h e spake a s follow s [H ere Plato s story abrup tly end s ] ,
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r eply to a n i n ter est in g article in t h e Mon t h b y t h e R ev H W L u ca s i n expo siti o n o f w hat th eo ry I ven t u r e d h e happ i ly t e r m ed t h e n at u r e m y th th e ory fo r t h e pro m i n en c e o f t h e b u ll t o su g ge s t a co u n t e r — i n c o nn e cti o n w i th t h e D i l u vi a n tra di ti o n ; an d a s I a m n o t a w ar e that it h a s b e e n a d v a n c e d b e fo r e a n d as I have r efe rr e d to i t i n t h e t ext I r epr in t i t h e r e IN
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th s w hi ch Mr L u ca s br in g s in i llu stra tio n i s t h e m yth o f In d ra a n d a s h e i s a p e r so n a ge o f t h e R i gve d a a n d h a s goo d cla i m s to b e r e g ar d e d as pr i m i t i ve Mr L u ca s i s fu lly j u sti fi ed i n d o i n g so Mr L u ca s s ays Th e re c an b e n o d o u bt that i n t h e Ved i c h ym n s In d ra ” W i th Mr C o x h e i s t h e i s t h e ra in gi v i n g firm a m e n t on e of t he so lar go d ; t h e go d o f t h e br i ght h e av en ” po we r s w hi ch pro d u c e t h e sight s of t h e chan gi n g sky an d t h e ra i n b ri nger a n d al s o t h e gi ve r o f ra in Si g n or A n ge lo d e G u b e r ( Cox A ry a n My t h s i 3 3 6 L ike n at i s Z o o l My t h s i 8 say s s o m e w hat ob s c u r e ly t h e w i n d s h i s co m pa n i o n s t h e S un I n d ra t h e su n ( a n d t h e l u m i n o u s sky ) h i dd e n i n t h e d ark w h o str iv e s to di s sipat e t h e sha d o w s— t h e su n h idd e n i n t h e clo u d s that th u n der s an d l ighte n s to d i s solve i t i n rai n i s repre se n t e d a s a p ow er f u l ba ll a s t h e ba ll of ba lls i nv i n c i b le ” If t h e s o n o f t h e c o w t h at b e llo w s l i k e t h e Ma r a t a s my tholo gi st s w ill forg ive m e I w ill e n d e av o u r t o take t h i s O
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1 02
PL A T o s A T L A N T I S
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Mr Cox (i 3 86) a dm i t s that t h e m y t h of In d ra may “ e m bo dy a r elig io us id e a that a moral or spirit u al e l e m ent m ay b e di sce r ne d i n so m e o f t h e char a ct eri st i c s o f th i s d e i ty 1 s b eyo n d q ue sti o n that t h e whole i de a o f t h e god c a n b e t 1 ace d to t h e r e l i g i o u s i n sti nc t o f m a n ki n d t h e b o ldest cham pio n will scarc e ly ve n tu re to a fli rm N ei th e r T h e a dmixtu r e o f t h e m y th i c i s i t n e c e s sary t o a fii r m i t a n d h i storic al i s n o di f fi c u lty for u s b u t it i s fatal to Mr Ma x Mull er s th eory u n le ss t h e r el i g io us or h i stori c al ele m e n t c an b e prove d to b e s e co n d ary N o w t h e co u nt er t ra di t i o n al e xplanat ion w h i ch I shall o ffe r m u st b e r egar ded a s prim ary an d fund am e n tal a s it i s i n ti m at e ly co nn e ct ed w i th t h e D e l u g e a n d go es back t o t h e se co n d co m m en c em e n t o f t h e h u m a n rac e The re i s a tra di tio n that N oah e n t e re d t h e ark wh en t h e su n w a s i n t h e sig n o f t h e B u ll in t h e Zo di ac It w ill h ar d ly b e di sp u t ed that thi s w as a d ate w hich wo u l d have i m pr essed it self u po n t h e r e collecti o n o f m an k in d It w as t h e d at e w h en t h e u ni nt er mitt en t rai n co mm en ce d and t h e si gn o f t h e B ull th erefore w o u l d n at u rally h en c e fo rwar d ha v e b e e n associat e d i n m e n s m in d s wi th rain an d w ate r wh e th e r i n fea r rem em b e re d i n co n n e cti o n w ith havoc a n d d e s tr u cti o n or w h eth e r i n pl e a san t a n tic ipati o n a s t h e cata stro ph e fa ded fro m re co l le ctio n a n d in t h e In dian plain s d ro u ght cam e to b e t h e g r e at e r e v il de pr e c at ed I n all t h e D i l u vi a n tra di t i o n s t h e a lt er n at io n s fro m glo o m to rej oic in g t h e tra n si ti o n s fro m d estr u cti o n t o su b se q u e n t r e n ovatio n t h e c o n tra st s o f d e ath a n d li fe h av e b e e n a s m u ch r em arke d a n d are a s mu ch i n keep in g wi th t h e n arr ative i n Ge n e si s as ar e t h e co n tra st s o f li ght a n d d ark ness w i th t h e s olar m th s y L et u s n o w li ste n to s o m e o f tho se Ved i c s o n g s an d see i f th i s ke y d o es n ot e q u ally u n lock t h e Mythology Mr L uca s s q uotatio n fro m t h e R igv eda shall hav e pre .
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103
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PL A T O S A T L A N T IS
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“ Mont h p I d e clar e t h e former val o ro us de ed s o f In d ra [t h e B u ll] w hich t h e th u n de r e r h a s ach i e ve d h e c love t h e clou d h e ea s t t h e w a t er s d ow n h e broke ( a w ay ) fo r t h e torr e n t s o f t h e m o u n tai n s I n a smu ch I n d ra a s th o u ha st str u ck t h e fir st — b o rn o f t h e clo u d s [o r fir st str u ck t h e cl o u d s po e t i cally w i th t h e poi n t o f h is horn s co m m en c i n g t h e D ulu ge] tho u ha st d estroyed t h e d elu si o n s of t h e d elu d er s a n d th u s e n g en d e r ing t h e su n t h e d aw n a n d t h e firm am en t th o u ha st n o t l eft a n en e m y to oppo se the e E v e r yth i n g h e r e i s i n ke e pi n g exc e pt t h e e n gen d e r in g t h e F i rm am en t Taki n g th ei r stat em en t i t w o u ld r e su lt how e v e r that t h e B u ll o r I n d ra c o u ld n ot b e ide n t ical w ith t h e firm am e nt a s i n so m e se n se o f th ei r o w n h e w a s su ppo se d t o p r eced e i t o r engen d er it Bu t i f t h e fir m a m e n t m e a n t w a s t h e n e w firm am en t wh i ch ar o se aft e r t h e D e l u g e aft er forty d ay s an d fort y n i g ht s rain t h e n ot i o n m ight b e c onn e ct ed wi th rem i ni s c en c e s o f r en o vat io n aft er t h e D e l u g e w h en ” “ “ n I d ra a s t h e su n i n t h e se r en e h e ave n sho n e o ut ” w h en t h e d e l u gi n g clo u d s h a d pa s se d a w ay ( C ox i p
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p u r su e t h e car e e r o f In d ra in t h e page s o f Mr alth o ugh h e h a s (p 3 3 9 ) b u t li ttl e C ox o f a p u r e ly m oral or S p i ri t u al e l e m en t i n h i s charac t er It i s tr u e that h e is so m etim e s i n vo ked a s w i tn essi n g all t h e d eed s of m en a n d th u s a s tak in g cog n iz ” O f I n d ra at p 3 40 i t i s s aid a n ce of t h ei r si n s Th o u th u n de r e r ha st S hatt e r ed wi th t h y b o lt t h e broa d a n d m a s si ve cl o u d i n to fra g m e n t s a n d ha st se n t d o w n t h e L et
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C ha rle s E : Gova t (J o u rn a l in h i s a c cou n t o f 1,
R oy A si a S o e , n e w S eri es , “ t h e Po n g ol fe s t iva l i n S o u t he n p v ol i ” Kr i shn a i s alway s d e cl are d b y t h e Bra hmi n s t o b e t h e I n di a , s ay s , Po n gol g o d ; b u t t h e t ra di t i o n i t self b e a s w i t ne ss t ha t t h e f eas t i s o l d er T h e t a l e i s t ha t w hen t h e gr ea t w a ve o f Kri shn a w o r shi p t h a n t h e go d p assed ov e t h e p enin su l a , t h e people w ere so e nam O m ed o f h im ha t h ey cea sed t o per fo m t h e Po n go l ri t e s t o I n d ra T hi s m a d e th e la t e ” a o o u t e ea d h h e our e d d o w n o n h r t h a t t p p fl d eit y so a ngr y .
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that w er e co n fi n ed i n it to flow a t w i ll ; ver i ly th o u alo n e po sse ssest all p o w e r At t h e b irth o f th ee w h o art r e splen d e n t w o u l d apply to a s tar or co n st e llat io n an d b y i t s bi rth m i ght h e i n t en de d t h e n ew e ra wh i ch w a s i n a u g u rate d b y i t s ap p e ara n c e or pr o m i n en ce i n t h e h e av e n s at t h e co m m en c em e n t o f t h e D e l u ge ] tr em ble d t h e e arth thro u gh fe ar of t h y w r a t h t h e m ighty clo u ds w e re co n fi ne d th ey d estr oyed S pre a din g t h e wat e r s d e stroy ed ove r dry plac es Mr C o x in t erp o lat es th u s b u t that i s o n ly a glo ss o f h i s ( t h e di stre ss o f d ro u ght ) m ay si g n ify h i gh a n d d ry d ry plac es o w n an d t h e plac e s ne ver r each e d b y t h e w ate r s b e for e A t p 3 42 w e a s t h e go d o f battl e s t h e fin d I n d ra e sp e c i ally d e scr i b e d gi v e r o f vi ct o ry to h i s wor sh i pp e r s t h e d estr o ye r s o f t h e .
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p 9 ) it i s said that t h e clo u d i n a s a n i m m e n s e gre at t h e R i gve d a i s o ft e n r e pr e se n t e d b elli e d barr el ( Kab an dka s) w h i ch i s carri ed b y t h e di vi n e ” B u ll T h e t e rr i ble b u ll b ello w s an d sh o w s h i s stren gth a n d sharp e n s hi s hor n s t h e spl e n d i d b u l l w i th s harp ene d hor n s w h o i s a ble of hi mself t o over t hr o w a ll p eop les T h e b u ll I n d ra i s call e d t h e h u ll w i th t h e tho u sa n d horn s w h o ri ses fro m t h e sea Bu t th e se ve r se s w e r e co m po sed b y a pa storal p e ople w h o if t h e d e sc en d a n t s o f J a ph et h ad probably al w ay s d we lt i n la n d si n c e t h e D e lu ge At p 1 9 In d ra i s r eprese n t e d a s di sco m fit in g t h e m o n st e r ( r ak sh o h an an ) who d estroy s b y fir e t h e m o n s t er s ” that l iv e in d arkn e ss Ano th er Ve dic h ym n in for m s u s that t h e m on st e r Va la s h ad t h e shap e o f a co w an oth e r h ym n r epr e se n t s t h e clo u d as t h e cow that form s t h e wat e r s an d that h a s no w o ne foot n o w fo u r n o w eight n o w n in e [m or e applicabl e to t h e co n st e llati o n tha n to t h e rain g ivin g firm am ent fl a n d fill s t h e h igh est h e ave n s w i th s o u n d s [co m m e n c e m e n t o f t h e D e l u ge ] sti ll a n oth er I n D e Gu b er n at i s ( i
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that t h e pri mitive m o n th s co m men ced t he ir se r ie s al so wi th Ari es t h e R am T h e tra di t io n al charact e r o f t h e Z o d i ac h as o ft e n b ee n r em arke d— and thi s i s fully co n fir m ed b y Mr G e o rg e S m ith s r ec ent A ssyri a n d i scov eri es I n h i s C ha ld aea n A cco un t of Gen esis p 6 9 .
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fi fth tablet of th e C rea t ion l egend w e read I t w as d elightful a ll that w a s fi x ed b y t h e gr eat go d s S tars t h eir a pp earan c e [i n fi gu r es] of anim al s h e arra n ge d T o fix t h e y ear th ro u gh t h e ob ser vation o f t hei r c o ns t e lla
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table s Tau r u s or t h e b u ll i s t h e second sign o f t h e Z o diac N o w G e n e si s (v ii 1 1 ) t e ll s u s that N o ah e n t e r e d t h e ark on t h e 1 7 t h o f t h e secon d m o n th Agai n I fin d i n Mon F L eno rm an t s Fr a gmens C o smogon i qu es d c B érose 1 8 7 1 p 2 1 1 th at t h e s econ d A ssyr i a n m o n th w a s n a m ed al so t h e Acca d ia n se co nd m o n th t h e B u ll a n d al so t h e H ebr e w L e s no m de s m oi s j ui fs so n t le s n o m s des m oi s C H A L D E o a ss r i e n s y I see furth e r tr ac e o f t h e tra ditio n in t h e follo win g pa ssag e fro m Ca no n R awlin so n s I llu str a ti ons of t he O ld T es ta men t p 1 8 b e arin g i n m i n d th at t h e Ved i c le gend s o f t h e d og ( c a n i s maj or ) a re co nne ct ed w ith t h e le gen d s of Indra (D e Gub ern a t is ii T h e Ch e rok e e In dian s h a d a lege nd o f t h e d e str u ctio n o f m a nki nd by a In
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Plu tarch i n h i s tr e at i se D e fa ci e i n or be L unce c 2 6 ( vi d e S i r G C o rn e w a ll L e wi s s A s tr o no my of t h e A ncien ts s ay s th at t h e p e opl e o f t h e i s la n d o f O x p ygi a ( co m par e d e l u g e o f O xyge s* ) pay t h e prin c ipal hon o u r s to Sat u r n an d aft e r h im to H e rc u le s W h en t h e pla n e t S a t ur n ( co m par e an al o gy b et w ee n Satu r n a n d N o ah T r a d i t i o n & c p 2 1 1 ) i s i n t h e S i g n o f T a u ru s ( t h e b u ll ) a coi n c id en c e w h i ch o cc u r s e very thi rty year s the y sen d o u t a b o dy o f m en select e d b y lo t t o seek t hei r for tu n es a cro ss ” Mr L u ca s s i n stin ct a s a m yth o lo gi st w i ll te ll the s a h i m that t ru e tra d iti o n m ay b e fo u n d em b o di e d i n fab u l o u s n arrat io n an d h e w i ll no t p e r e m ptor ily rej e ct t h e e vi d e n c e e v e n i f t h e g e ograph i cal lat it u d e o f O xygi a i s n o t pr e c i se ly a sc e rtai n able Th e se in sta n c es a re take n m o r e o r le ss ca su ally a n d t h e l i s t i s fa r fro m b e i n g e xha u st e d It i s ve ry probable that oth e r trac es m i ght b e fo u nd Ho w e ve r W i d e ly w e m ay d i ffe r w e a r e a greed a s to t h e i m p o rta n c e o f t h e in q ui ry Th e r e are tho se w h o der i de t h e stu dy o f Myt h o lo gy altho u gh w e m i ght tr u ly e xt en d t h e dict u m o f Pro u d ho n t h at a n fon d de to u t e q u e sti o n o n tr o u v e ” T he to ujo u r s la th éo l o g ie a n d a dd e t la Myth o lo gi e pro m in e n c e gi ve n to i t i n c u rr e n t l i te rat u r e i s in att e sta t i on o f thi s r e m ark N O th e ory n o t exc ept in g Dar w in i sm so se du ct ively ,
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