The Science of Science (2021)
December 16, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
Pbcs cs tbf rst kmgprfbfescvf mvfrvcfw mo tbf ‚skcfekf mo skcfekf,‗ ie fgfrdced cetfr`cskcpjceiry fj` tbit rfjcfs me hcd `iti tm uevfcj tbf rfprm`ukchjf pittfres tbit dmvfre ce`cvc`uij skcfetck kirffrs ie` tbf wmraceds mo skcfekf. Ct fxpjmrfs tbf rmmts mo skcfetc k cgpikt, tbf rmjf mo prm`uktcvcty ie` krfitcvcty, wbfe ie` wbit ace` mo kmjjihmritcmes irf foofktcvf, tbf cgpikt mo oicjurf ie` sukkfss ce i skcfetc k kirffr, ie` wbit gftrcks kie tfjj us ihmut tbf oue`igfetij wmraceds mo skcfekf. Pbf hmma rfjcfs me `iti tm `riw iktcmeihjf cescdbts, wbckb kie hf ippjcf` hy ce`cvc`uijs tm ourtbfr tbfcr kirffr mr `fkcscme giafrs tm febiekf tbf rmjf mo skcfekf ce smkcfty. Tctb iefk`mtfs ie` `fticjf`, fisy-tm-omjjmw fxpjieitcmes mo tbf rfsfirkb, tbcs hmma cs ikkfsschjf tm ijj skcfetcsts ie` dri`uitf stu`fets, pmjckygiafrs, ie` i`gcecstritmrs wctb ie cetfrfst ce tbf wc`fr skcfetck fetfrprcsf.
@isbue Tied cs Tied cs ie Issmkcitf ^rmofssmr it Afjjmdd [kbmmj mo Gieidfgfet, ie` (hy kmurtfsy) GkKmrgcka [kbmmj mo Fedceffrced, Emrtbwfstfre Vecvfrscty, wbfrf bf `crfkts tbf Kfetfr omr [kcfekf mo [kcfekf ie` Ceemvitcme. Bf cs i rfkcpcfet mo tbf IOM[X Smued Cevfstcditmr Iwir` ie` wis eigf` ^mfts&Yuiets Hfst 0> Ve`fr 0> Huscefss [kbmmj ^rmofssmrs ce 8>93. Ijhfrt-Jészjû Ijhfrt-Jész jû Hirih Hirihésc ésc ccss Xmhf Xmhfrt rt Dr Driy iy @m`d @m`dff ^r ^rmo mofs fssm smrr mo Ef Eftw twmr mra a [kcfekf ie` @cstceducsbf` Vecvfrscty ^rmofssmr it Emrtbfistfre Vecvfrscty, wbfrf bf `crfkts tbf Kfetfr omr Kmgpjfx Eftwmra Xfsfirkb. Bf bmj`s ippmcetgfets ce tbf @fpirtgfets mo ^byscks ie` tbf Kmjjfdf mo Kmgputfr ie` Ceomrgitcme [kcfekf, ce tbf @fpirtgfet mo Gf`ckcef it Birvir` Gf`ckij [kbmmj, it Hrcdbig ie` Tmgfe–s Bmspctij ce tbf Kbieeced @cvcscme mo Eftwmra [kcfekf, ie` tbf @fpirtgfet mo Eftwmra ie` @iti [kcfekf it Kfetrij Furmpfie Vecvfrscty ce Hu`ipfst, Buediry.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>86, Ce`ci 43 Iesme Xmi`, #>?‛>0 / > >? ?, [cedipmrf >433>?
Kighrc`df Vecvfrscty ^rfss cs pirt mo tbf Vecvfrscty mo Kighrc`df. Ct ourtbfrs tbf Vecvfrscty–s gcsscm gcsscme e hy `cssfgcei `cssfgceitced tced aemwjf aemwjf`df `df ce tbf pursuct mo f`ukitcme, jfireced, ie` rfsfirkb it tbf bcdbfst cetfreitcmeij jfvfjs mo fxkfjjfekf. www.kighrc`df.mrd 34299>2038??3 Ceomrgitcme me tbcs tctjf2038??3 `m c < 9> .9>94 / 34299>2?9>2;0 34299>2?9>2;0 © Kighrc`df Vecvfrscty ^rfss 8>8> Pbcs puhjckitcme cs ce kmpyrcdbt. [uhlfkt tm stitutmry fxkfptcme ie` tm tbf prmvcscmes mo rfjfviet kmjjfktcvf jckfesced idrffgfets, em rfprm`uktcme mo iey pirt giy tiaf pjikf wctbmut tbf wrcttfe pfrgcsscme mo Kighrc`df Vecvfrscty ^rfss. Ocrst puhjcsbf` 8>89 ^rcetf` ce [cedipmrf hy Giramem ^rcet Gf`ci ^tf Jt` I kitij kitijmduf mduf rfkmr` omr tbcs puhjcki puhjckitcme tcme cs ivicji ivicjihjf hjf ormg tbf Hrctcsb Jchriry Jchriry.. cshe 342-9-9>2-038??-3 Bir`hika cshe 342-9-9>2-49?36-? ^ipfrhika
Kighrc`df Vecvfrscty ^rfss bis em rfspmeschcjcty omr tbf pfrscstfekf mr ikkuriky mo VXJs omr fxtfreij mr tbcr`-pirty cetfreft wfhsctfs rfofrrf` tm ce tbcs puhjckitcme ie` `mfs emt duirietff tbit iey kmetfet me sukb wfhsctfs cs, mr wcjj rfgice, ikkuritf mr ipprmprcitf.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps Huscefss [kbmmj ^rmofssmrs ce 8>93. Ijhfrt-Jészjû Ijhfrt-Jész jû Hirih Hirihésc ésc ccss Xmhf Xmhfrt rt Dr Driy iy @m`d @m`dff ^r ^rmo mofs fssm smrr mo Ef Eftw twmr mra a [kcfekf ie` @cstceducsbf` Vecvfrscty ^rmofssmr it Emrtbfistfre Vecvfrscty, wbfrf bf `crfkts tbf Kfetfr omr Kmgpjfx Eftwmra Xfsfirkb. Bf bmj`s ippmcetgfets ce tbf @fpirtgfets mo ^byscks ie` tbf Kmjjfdf mo Kmgputfr ie` Ceomrgitcme [kcfekf, ce tbf @fpirtgfet mo Gf`ckcef it Birvir` Gf`ckij [kbmmj, it Hrcdbig ie` Tmgfe–s Bmspctij ce tbf Kbieeced @cvcscme mo Eftwmra [kcfekf, ie` tbf @fpirtgfet mo Eftwmra ie` @iti [kcfekf it Kfetrij Furmpfie Vecvfrscty ce Hu`ipfst, Buediry.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>86, Ce`ci 43 Iesme Xmi`, #>?‛>0 / > >? ?, [cedipmrf >433>?
Kighrc`df Vecvfrscty ^rfss cs pirt mo tbf Vecvfrscty mo Kighrc`df. Ct ourtbfrs tbf Vecvfrscty–s gcsscm gcsscme e hy `cssfgcei `cssfgceitced tced aemwjf aemwjf`df `df ce tbf pursuct mo f`ukitcme, jfireced, ie` rfsfirkb it tbf bcdbfst cetfreitcmeij jfvfjs mo fxkfjjfekf. www.kighrc`df.mrd 34299>2038??3 Ceomrgitcme me tbcs tctjf2038??3 `m c < 9> .9>94 / 34299>2?9>2;0 34299>2?9>2;0 © Kighrc`df Vecvfrscty ^rfss 8>8> Pbcs puhjckitcme cs ce kmpyrcdbt. [uhlfkt tm stitutmry fxkfptcme ie` tm tbf prmvcscmes mo rfjfviet kmjjfktcvf jckfesced idrffgfets, em rfprm`uktcme mo iey pirt giy tiaf pjikf wctbmut tbf wrcttfe pfrgcsscme mo Kighrc`df Vecvfrscty ^rfss. Ocrst puhjcsbf` 8>89 ^rcetf` ce [cedipmrf hy Giramem ^rcet Gf`ci ^tf Jt` I kitij kitijmduf mduf rfkmr` omr tbcs puhjcki puhjckitcme tcme cs ivicji ivicjihjf hjf ormg tbf Hrctcsb Jchriry. cshe 342-9-9>2-038??-3 Bir`hika cshe 342-9-9>2-49?36-? ^ipfrhika
Kighrc`df Vecvfrscty ^rfss bis em rfspmeschcjcty omr tbf pfrscstfekf mr ikkuriky mo VXJs omr fxtfreij mr tbcr`-pirty cetfreft wfhsctfs rfofrrf` tm ce tbcs puhjckitcme ie` `mfs emt duirietff tbit iey kmetfet me sukb wfhsctfs cs, mr wcjj rfgice, ikkuritf mr ipprmprcitf.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps Huscefss [kbmmj ^rmofssmrs ce 8>93. Ijhfrt-Jészjû Ijhfrt-Jész jû Hirih Hirihésc ésc ccss Xmhf Xmhfrt rt Dr Driy iy @m`d @m`dff ^r ^rmo mofs fssm smrr mo Ef Eftw twmr mra a [kcfekf ie` @cstceducsbf` Vecvfrscty ^rmofssmr it Emrtbfistfre Vecvfrscty, wbfrf bf `crfkts tbf Kfetfr omr Kmgpjfx Eftwmra Xfsfirkb. Bf bmj`s ippmcetgfets ce tbf @fpirtgfets mo ^byscks ie` tbf Kmjjfdf mo Kmgputfr ie` Ceomrgitcme [kcfekf, ce tbf @fpirtgfet mo Gf`ckcef it Birvir` Gf`ckij [kbmmj, it Hrcdbig ie` Tmgfe–s Bmspctij ce tbf Kbieeced @cvcscme mo Eftwmra [kcfekf, ie` tbf @fpirtgfet mo Eftwmra ie` @iti [kcfekf it Kfetrij Furmpfie Vecvfrscty ce Hu`ipfst, Buediry.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>86, Ce`ci 43 Iesme Xmi`, #>?‛>0 / > >? ?, [cedipmrf >433>?
Kighrc`df Vecvfrscty ^rfss cs pirt mo tbf Vecvfrscty mo Kighrc`df. Ct ourtbfrs tbf Vecvfrscty–s gcsscm gcsscme e hy `cssfgcei `cssfgceitced tced aemwjf aemwjf`df `df ce tbf pursuct mo f`ukitcme, jfireced, ie` rfsfirkb it tbf bcdbfst cetfreitcmeij jfvfjs mo fxkfjjfekf. www.kighrc`df.mrd 34299>2038??3 Ceomrgitcme me tbcs tctjf2038??3 `m c < 9> .9>94 / 34299>2?9>2;0 34299>2?9>2;0 © Kighrc`df Vecvfrscty ^rfss 8>8> Pbcs puhjckitcme cs ce kmpyrcdbt. [uhlfkt tm stitutmry fxkfptcme ie` tm tbf prmvcscmes mo rfjfviet kmjjfktcvf jckfesced idrffgfets, em rfprm`uktcme mo iey pirt giy tiaf pjikf wctbmut tbf wrcttfe pfrgcsscme mo Kighrc`df Vecvfrscty ^rfss. Ocrst puhjcsbf` 8>89 ^rcetf` ce [cedipmrf hy Giramem ^rcet Gf`ci ^tf Jt` I kitij kitijmduf mduf rfkmr` omr tbcs puhjcki puhjckitcme tcme cs ivicji ivicjihjf hjf ormg tbf Hrctcsb Jchriry. cshe 342-9-9>2-038??-3 Bir`hika cshe 342-9-9>2-49?36-? ^ipfrhika
Kighrc`df Vecvfrscty ^rfss bis em rfspmeschcjcty omr tbf pfrscstfekf mr ikkuriky mo VXJs omr fxtfreij mr tbcr`-pirty cetfreft wfhsctfs rfofrrf` tm ce tbcs puhjckitcme ie` `mfs emt duirietff tbit iey kmetfet me sukb wfhsctfs cs, mr wcjj rfgice, ikkuritf mr ipprmprcitf.
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Ocdurf 9.9 Pbf dr drmwced mwced eughf eughfrr mo sskcfetc kcfetcsts. sts. (i) @urced tbf pist kfetury, hmtb tbf eughfr mo skcfetcsts ie` tbf eughfr mo pipfrs bis cekrfisf` it ie fxpmefetcij ritf. (h) Pbf eughfr mo pipfrs kmiutbmrf` hy fikb skcfetcst bis hffe bmvfrced irmue` twm `urced tbf pist 9>> yfirs, ie` cekrfisf` dri`uijjy ce tbf pist 96 yfirs. Pbcs drmwtb cs i `crfkt kmesfqufekf mo kmjjihmritcvf foofkts< Ce`cvc`uij prm`uktcvcty cs hmmstf` is skcfetcsts fe` up me giey gmrf pipfrs is kmiutbmrs. [cgcjir trfe`s wfrf rfpmrtf` usced `iti wctbce i scedjf fj` Q6W. Omr pbyscks, omr fxigpjf, tbf eughfr mo pipfrs kmiutbmrf` hy fikb pbysckcst bis hffe jfss tbie mef `urced tbf pist 9>> yfirs, hut cekrfi cekrfisf` sf` sbirpjy ce tbf pist 96 yfirs. Iotfr @med ft ij. Q 0W ie` [ceitri ft ij. Q6W.
emt offj tbfcr tbfmry cs oujjy irtckujitf` uejfss tbf cetrm`uktcme mo tbf pipfr spies i `mzfe pidfs. Gfiewbcjf, i pipfr puhjcsbf` ce ^bysckij Xfvcfw Jfttfrs, Jfttfrs, mef mo tbf gmst rfspfktf` pbyscks lmureijs, bis i strckt omur-pidf jcgct, cekju`ced durfs, tihjfs, ie` rfofrfekfs. Ijsm, wbfe wf tija ihmut ce`cvc`uij prm`uktcvcty, wf tfe` tm kmuet puhjckitcmes ce skcfetck lmur lmurei eijs js.. Hut Hut ce sm smgf gf hrie hriekb kbfs fs mo tbf tbf smkc smkcij ij sk skcf cfek ekfs fs ie` ie` bugiectcfs, hmmas irf tbf prcgiry omrg mo skbmjirsbcp. Tbcjf fikb hmma cs kmuetf` is mef uect mo puhjckitcme, tbit uect cs i`gcttf`jy gukb gmrf tcgf-kmesugced tm prm`ukf. Ie` tbfe tbfrf cs kmgputfr skcfekf (K[). Is mef mo tbf ymuedfst skcfetck `cs `cskcp kcpjce jcefs fs (tb (tbff rst K[ `fpirtgfet wis omrgf` it ^ur`uf Vecvfrscty Vecv frscty ce 93?8), km kmgp gput utfr fr sk skcf cfek ekff bis bis i`mp i`mptf tf` ` i ritb ritbfr fr uecq uecquf uf puhjckitcme tri`ctcme. @uf tm tbf ripc`jy `fvfjmpced eiturf mo tbf fj`, kmgputfr skcfetcsts kbmmsf kmeofrfekf prmkff`ceds ritbfr tbie lmureijs is tbfcr prcgiry vfeuf tm kmggueckitf tbfcr i`viekfs. Pbcs ipprmikb bis sfrvf` tbf `cskcpjcef wfjj, dcvfe fvfrytbced tbit bis hffe ikkmgpjcsbf` ce tbf fj` ‛ ormg tbf Cetfreft tm irtckcij cetfjjcdfekf ‛ hut ct kie hf quctf kmeousced tm tbmsf mutsc`f tbf `cskcpjcef. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>; Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps
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Pbf Pbf [kcf [kcfeekf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
Cdemrced tbf viryced puhjckitcme kmevfetcmes tbit kbiriktfrczf `coofr `co ofrfet fet `cskcp `cskcpjce jcefs fs kie bivf bivf sfrcmu sfrcmuss kme kmesfq sfqufe ufekfs kfs.. Omr fxigpj fxigpjf, f, ce 8>94, tbf V[ Efws ie` Tmrj` Xfpmrt Xfpmrt (V[ Efws), wbckb `fvfjmps iutbmrctitcvf rieaced mo kmjjfdfs, dri`uitf skbmmjs, ie` GHI prmdrigs irmue` irm ue` tbf wm wmrj` rj`,, puhjc puhjcsbf sbf` ` tbf tbfcr cr rst rst riea rieace ced d mo tbf tbf wmrj wmrj` `–s hfst kmgputfr skcfekf `fpirtgfets. Pbf rieaced wis sm ihsur` tbit tbf
Kmgput Kmgp utce ced d Xfsf Xfsfir irkb kb Issm Issmkc kcit itcm cme e (KXI (KXI)) bi` bi` tm put put mut mut i spfk spfkci cijj ieemuekfgfet, kijjced ct ‚emesfesf‗ ie` ‚i drivf `cssfrvckf‗ tm cts rfi`frs.
Bmw kmuj` ie fxpfrcfekf` mrdieczitcme spfkcijczced ce rieaced Efws iki` ik i`fg fgck ck cest cestct ctut utcm cmes es dft dft ct sm wrme wrmed= d= Ct ture turess mut mut tbit tbit V[ Efws kijkuj kij kujitf itf` ` tbfcr tbfcr rie rieac aceds eds his hisf` f` me lmurei lmureijj puhjck puhjckitc itcmes mes rfkmr` rfkmr`f` f` hy Tfh mo [kcfekf, i prmkf`urf tbit sfrvf` tbfg wfjj ce ijj mtbfr `cskcpjcefs. Hut, hy cdemrced pffr-rfvcfwf` pipfrs puhjcsbf` ce kmeofrfekfs, V[ Efws rieaceds Efws rieaceds wfrf kmgpjftfjy `cvmrkf` ormg kmgputfr skcfetbf V[ tbf tcsts– mwe pfrkfptcmes mo quijcty ie` cgpikt. Pbf prm`uktcvcty `coofrfekf ikrmss `cskcpjcefs kie hf quietcf` usce usced d `iti `iti orm ormg g tb tbff Eitc Eitcme meij ij Xfsfi Xfsfirk rkb b Kmue Kmuekc kcjj me rf rfsfi sfirk rkb b `mktmritf prmdrigs ce tbf V[ Q ?, 4W. Vsced tbf ivfridf eughfr mo puhjckitcmes hy oikujty ce fikb `fpirtgfet mvfr i vf-yfir pfrcm` is i prmx prmxy, y, rf rfsf sfir irkb kbfr frss e` tbit tbit tbf tbf eugh eughfr frss ried riedf` f` ormg ormg 9.8 ce bcstmr bcs tmry y tm 9>.6 ce kbf kbfgcs gcstry try.. Fvfe Fvfe hft hftwff wffe e scgcj scgcjir ir `cskcp `cskcpjce jcefs fs wf sff jirdf jirdf prm`uk prm`uktcv tcvcty cty `coofr `coofrfek fekfs. fs. Om Omrr fxigpj fxigpjf, f, wctbc wctbce e hcmjmd hcmjmdcki ckijj skcfekfs, oikujty prm`uktcvcty riedf` ormg 6.9 ce fkmjmdy tm 3.6 ce pbirgiky. Piafe tmdftbfr, tbf `iti prfsfetf` sm oir ce tbcs kbiptfr giaf it jfist mef gfssidf krystij kjfir< em gittfr bmw wf gfisurf ct, tbf prm`uktcvcty mo i typckij skcfetcst cs emwbfrf efir Fr`řs–. Ce`ff`, bcs tmtij ‛ 9 ,046 pipfrs ‛ cgpjcfs i stiddfrced twm stiddfrced twm pipfrs pfr gmetb mvfr i spie mo ?> yfirs. yfirs. Hy kmet kmetri rist st,, i stu` stu`y y omku omkusc sced ed me gmrf gmrf tbie tbie 96 gcjjcme skcfetcsts hftwffe 933? ie` 8>99, omue` tbit jfss tbie 9 pfrkfet mo mur kmjjfidufs gieidf` tm puhjcsb it jfist mef pipfr fvfry yfir Q2W. Bfekf, mejy i sgijj oriktc oriktcme me mo tbf skcfetck wmraomrkf kie gicetice i stfi`y strfig mo puhjckitcmes. Cetfrfstcedjy, tbcs sgijj oriktcme orikt cme kmeti kmetices ces tbf gmst bcdb-cgpikt bcdb-cgpikt rfsfirkbfrs rfsfirkbfrs.. Pbmudb Pbmudb tbfy rfprfsfet jfss tbie 9 pfrkfet mo ijj puhjcsbced skcfetcsts, tbcs stihjf kmrf puts mut 09 .4 pfrkfet mo ijj pipfrs, ie` 2 24 4.9 pfrkfet mo ijj pipfrs wctb gmrf tbie 9,>>> kctitcmes. Ie` co i prm`uktcvf skcfetcst –s pikf jids, sm `mfs tbf cgpikt mo tbfcr kmetrchutcmes. Ce`ff`, tbf ivfridf cgpikt mo @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps;
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pipfrs puhjcsbf` hy i rfsfirkbfr cs suhstietcijjy jmwfr co tbfy sacppf` fvfe i scedjf yfir. Tbcjf Fr`řs cs ie mutjcfr, bcs cgprfsscvf prm`uktcvcty spfias tm tbf femrgm femrgmus us prm`uk prm`uktcv tcvcty cty `coof `coofrfe rfekfs kfs igmed igmed rfsfir rfsfirkbf kbfrs. rs. Tby irf tbfrf sukb `coofrfekfs= Iotfr ijj, wf ijj bivf i 80-bmur `iy tm wmra wctb. [m bmw kie pfmpjf jcaf Fr`řs hf sm gukb gmrf prm`uktcvf tbie tbfcr pffrs= Pm ieswfr tbfsf qufstcmes, wf eff` tm vcsct tbf jfdfe`iry
Hfjj Jihmritmry ce cts bfy`iy.
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^r ^rm` m`uk uktc tcvc vcty tys ie` 93?>s triesomrgf` tbf _ijjfy cetm tbf bmthf` mo fjfktrmecks. Sft, bcs trmuhjced i`vmki i`v mkiky ky omr fud fudfec fecks ks fvfetu fvfetuijj ijjy y csmjit csmjitf` f` bcg ormg ormg bcs kmjjfi kmjjfiduf dufs, s, orcfe`s, ie` oigcjy. [bmkajfy spfet bcs gmst prm`uktcvf yfirs it tbf Hfjj Jihmritmry, wbfrf bf km-cevfetf` tbf triescstmr wctb Lmbe Hir`ffe ie` Tijtfr Hrittice. Pbit `cskmvfry emt mejy wme tbf trcm tbf 936? Emhfj ^rczf ce ^byscks, ct ijsm hfdie tbf `cdctij rfvmjutcme wf kmetceuf tm fxpfrcfekf tm`iy. Tbcj Tb cjff gi giei eidc dced ed i rfsf rfsfir irkb kb drmu drmup p it Hfjj Hfjj Jihs Jihs,, [b [bmk mkaj ajfy fy hfkigf kurcmus Q3W< Tfrf tbfrf gfisurihjf `coofrfekfs ce tbf prm`uktcvcty mo bcs ofjjmw rfsfirkbfrs= [m bf ditbfrf` stitcstcks me tbf puhjckitcme puhjck itcme rfkmr`s mo fgpjmyffs ce eitcmeij jihs sukb is Jms Ijigms ie` Hrmmabivfe. Mekf bf kbirtf` tbf eughfrs, bf wis surprcsf` hy tbf mutkmgf< Pbf kurvf ce`ckitf` tbit ce`cvc`uij prm`uktcvcty, tbf eughfr mo pipfrs puhjcsbf` hy i rfsfirkbfr, E , omjjmws i jmdemrgij `cstrchutcme ^ E
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Ocdurf 9.8 ^rm`uktcvcty `cstrchutcme. Pbf hjuf syghmjs sbmw tbf eughfr mo pipfrs puhjcsbf` hy ijj iutbmrs jcstf` ce tbf CE[^FKP `itihisf mo skcfet skcfetcck ie` tfkbeckij jctfriturf, ce tbf pfrcm` 93?3‛8>>0 (mvfr ; gcjjcme iutbmrs). Pbf rf` jcef kmrrfspme`s tm tbf jmdemrgij t tm tbf `iti (9.9). Iotfr Ormekzia ft ij. Q 9>W.
Hmx 9.9 Pbf stu stu`y `y mo prm`uk prm`uktcv tcvcty cty bis i jmed jmed bcstmr bcstmryy Q3‛96W Ce 938?, Ijor Ijorf` f` L. L. Jmta Jmtai i Q99W mhsfrv mhsfrvf` f` tbit tbf eughfr eughfr mo pipfr pipfrss prm`u prm`ukf` kf` hy skcfetcsts omjjmws i oit-ticjf` `cstrchutcme. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, bf omue` tbit i sg sgij ijjj or orik iktc tcme me mo sk skcf cfet etcs csts ts ir irff rf rfsp spme mesc schj hjff om omrr tb tbff huja huja mo sk skcf cfet etcck jctfriturf. Jmtai stu`cf` ?,239 iutbmrs jcstf` ce Kbfgckij Ihstrikts puhjcsbced hftwffe 93>4 ie` 939?, kmekju`ced tbit tbf eughfr mo iutbmrs giaced E giaced E kmetrchutcmes kmetrchutcmes omjjmws i pmwfr jiw ^ E E ι ,
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þ9?, Vsice Hmjt ecsbf` tbf 9>>-gftfr eij ce lust 3.29 sfkme`s. Lustce Ditjce kigf ce sfkme` ie` @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps;
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Ie`rf @f Drissf ce tbcr`, wctb rueeced tcgfs 3 .23 s ie` 3 .39 s, rfspfktcvfjy. Pbfsf eughfrs irf iwoujjy kjmsf, rf fktced i wfjj-aemwe oikt tbit pfromrgiek pfrom rgiekff `coofrfek `coofrfekfs fs hftwffe ce`cvc`uij ce`cvc`uijss irf typckijjy typckijjy hmue`f` Q9?W. [cgcjirjy, Pcdfr Tmm`s, fvfe me bcs hfst `iy, mejy tmma `mwe bcs kjmsfst kmetfe`frs hy i ofw strmafs, ie` tbf oistfst typcst giy mejy typf i ofw wmr`s gmrf pfr gceutf tbie i gfrfjy dmm` mef. Pbf hmue`f` eiturf mo pfromrgiekf rfgce`s us tbit ct cs `co kujt, co emt cgpmsschjf, tm scdec kietjy mutpfromrg tbf kmgpftctcme ce iey `mgice. Sft, ikkmr`ced tm
Ocd. 9.8, tbcs hmue`f`efss `mfs emt bmj` omr skcfetc k pfromrgiekf. Ippirfetjy, ct cs ct cs pmsschjf pmsschjf tm hf gukb hfttfr tbie ymur kmgpftctmrs wbfe ct kmgfs tm kbureced mut pipfrs. Tby cs tbit=
9 .0
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[bmkajfy prmpmsf` i scgpjf gm`fj tm fxpjice tbf jmdemrgij prm`uktcvcty `cstrchutcme bf mhsfrvf` (Fq. 9 .9) Q3W. Bf suddfstf` tbit ce mr`fr tm puhjcsb i pipfr, i skcfetcst gust luddjf gujtcpjf oiktmrs, jcaf< O9. C`fetcoy i dmm` prmhjfg. 8 O prmdrfss wctb ct. rfsujt. O;.. Giaf Xfkmdeczf i wmrtbwbcjf O0. Giaf i `fkcscme is tm wbfe tm stmp tbf rfsfirkb ie` stirt wrctced up tbf rfsujts. O6. Trctf i`fquitfjy. O?. ^rmt kmestruktcvfjy ormg krctckcsg. O4. [bmw `ftfrgceitcme tm suhgct tbf pipfr omr puhjckitcme. O2. Giaf kbiedfs co rfqucrf` hy tbf lmureij mr tbf rfofrffs.
Co iey mo tbfsf stfps oicj, tbfrf wcjj hf em puhjckitcme. Jft us issugf tbit tbf m``s mo i pfrsme kjfirced bur`jf O c ormg tbf jcst ihmvf cs cs pc. Pbfe, tbf ritf mo ibur`jfs, skcfetcsttbit cs prmpmrtcmeij tbf pm``s mo kjfirced fikbpuhjckitcme mo tbf suhsfqufet cs E ~ p 9 p8 p;tm cs E p0 p 6 ? p4 p2. Co fikb mo tbfsf m``s irf ce`fpfe`fet rie`mg vircihjfs, tbfe tbf gujtcpjckitcvf eiturf mo tbf prmkfss prf`ckts tbit tbit ^(E ) omjjmws i jmdemrgij `cstrchutcme mo tbf omrg (9.9). Pm ue`frs ue`frstie tie` ` wbfrf wbfrf tbf mutjc mutjcfrs frs kmgf kmgf ormg, ormg, cgidce cgidcef, f, tbit tbit [kcfetcst I bis tbf sigf kipihcjctcfs is [kcfetcst H ce ijj oiktmrs, fxkfpt tbit I cs twckf is dmm` it smjvced i prmhjfg (O8), aemwced wbfe tm stmp (O0), ie` `ftfrgceitcme (O4). Is i rfsujt, I–s prm`uktcvcty wcjj hf fcdbt tcgfs bcdbfr tbie H–s. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, omr fikb pipfr puhjcsbf` hy @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>; Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps‛9>> pfrkfet gmrf tbie tbfcr pffrs. ‛
Pbfrf giey rfismes wby tbcs cs tbf kisf ct kfrticejy sffgs oicrfr, ie` ct irf bfjps fesurf i kmjjihmritcvf fevcrmegfet. Sft, ormg i pipfrpfr-`mjjir pfrspfktcvf, [bmkajfy–s e`ceds ricsf smgf cetfrfstced qufstcmes ihmut wbftbfr tbf `cskrfpieky hftwffe i``ctcvf sijircfs ie` gujtcpjckitcvf prm`uktcvctcfs kmuj` hf fxpjmctf`. Ce`ff`, ie cestctutcme giy hf hfttfr moo fgpjmyced i ofw stir skcfetcsts, fvfe co tbit gfies piyced tbfg i drfit `fij gmrf tbie tbfcr pffrs. [bmkajfy–s irdugfets irf motfe usf` is i ritcmeijf omr wby tmp ce`cvc`uijs it rfsfirkbcetfes cet fescv cvff cestc cestctutc tutcmes mes irf moofrf moofrf` ` gukb gukb bcdbfr bcdbfr sijirc sijircfs fs ie` spfkci spfkcijj
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>; Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttpsW. Kmiu Kmiutb tbmr mrsb sbcp cp cs me tbf tbf rcsf rcsf,, is irf irf gujt gujtcp cpjf jf puhj puhjck ckit itcm cmes es me tbf sigf `iti. Pbfrf bivf ijsm hffe gmrf `cskusscmes ihmut J^Vs, wbckb stie`s omr jfist puhjcsbihjf uect Q8>W mr tbf ‚sijigc puhjcsbced‗ ippr ip prmi mikb kb,, wbck wbckb b kmuj kmuj` ` ourt ourtbf bfrr km kmet etrc rchu hutf tf tm ceitf` prm`uktcv prm`uktcvcty cty kmuets. [m, co prm`uktcvcty cs emt tbf `feced oiktmr mo i sukkfssouj kirffr, wbit cs=
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>; Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps; Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps ie` Fcestfce i >.6. Pbf rst jfiduf, i 9, kmetices tbf omue`ced oitbfrs mo quietug gfkbiecks, skcfetcsts riea mo 9 jcaf Ecfjs Hmbr, Tfrefr Bfcsfehfrd, ^iuj @crik, ie` Frwce [kbrÿ`cedfr. Jie`iu mrcdceijjy divf bcgsfjo i gm`fst 8.6, wbckb bf fvfetuijjy fjfvitf` tm 8 iotfr `cskmvfrced supfruc`cty, ie ikbcfvfgfet omr wbckb bf wiss iwir wi iwir`f `f` ` tbf tbf Emhf Emhfjj ^rcz ^rczf. f. Jie` Jie`iu iu–s kj kjis issc sckitc kitcme me sys systfg tfg wise wise–t jcgctf` tm oigmus skcfetcsts, hut cekju`f` fvfry`iy pbysckcsts, wbm irf dc dcvf vfe e i riea riea mo 6 6. Ce Ce bcs bcs 9322 tija ‚Gy Jcof wctb wctb Jie`iu< Jie`iu< Bmgidf Bmgidf mo i 0 9 / 8 tm i 8,‗ @ivc` Gfrgce, wbm kmiutbmrf` tbf jfdfe`iry tfxthmma [mjc` [titf ^byscks, ritf` bcgsfjo i ‚struddjced 0 .6‗ Q 86W. Tbfe skcfetcsts jfivf jfiduf 6 hfbce` ie` stirt ipprmikbced tbf jcafs mo Jie`iu ie` mtbfr omue`frs mo i `cskcpjcef, ct –s mhvcmus tbit tbfcr rfsfirkb bis cgpikt ie` rfjfviekf. Sft omr tbf rfst mo us, tbceds irf smgfwbit hjurry. Bmw `m wf quietcoy tbf kugujitcvf cgpikt mo ie ce`cvc`uij –s rfsfirkb mutput= Pbf kbijjfedf wf oikf ce ieswfrced tbcs qufstcme qufs tcme cs rmmtf` rmmtf` ce tbf oikt tbit ie ce`cvc`uij ce`cvc`uij–s skcfetck pfromrgiekf cs emt lust ihmut bmw giey pipfrs mef puhjcsbfs, hut i kmevmjutcme mo prm`uktcvcty ie` cgpikt, rfqucrced us tm hijiekf tbf twm ispfkts ce i lu`ckcmus gieefr. Mo tbf giey gftrcks `fvfjmpf` tm fvijuitf ie` kmgpirf skcfetcsts, mef stie`s mut ce cts orfqufeky mo usf< tbf b-ce`fx, prmpmsf` hy @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>0 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps>6 Q8?W. Tbit cs tbf b-ce`fx, ie` bmw tm kijkujitf ct= Tby cs ct sm foofktcvf ce diudced skcfetc k kirffrs= @mfs ct prf`ckt tbf outurf prm`uktcvcty ie` cgpikt mo i skcfetcst= Tbit irf cts jcgctitcmes= Ie` bmw `m wf mvfrkmgf tbfsf jcgctitcmes= Ieswfrced tbfsf qufstcmes cs tbf icg mo tbcs kbiptfr.
8.9
Pbf b-Ce`fx< @fectcmes ie` Cgpjckitcmes Pbf ce`fx mo i skcfetcst cs b co b mo bfr pipfrs bivf it jfist b
kctitcmes ie` fikb mo tbf rfgiceced pipfrs bivf jfss tbie b kctitcmes 8 > ( b 7 8> ), ct gfies Q8?W. Omr fxigpjf, co i skcfetcst bis ie b- ce`fx mo 8> tbit sbf bis 8> pipfrs wctb gmrf tbie 8> kctitcmes, ie` tbf rfst mo bfr pipfrs ijj bivf jfss tbie 8> kctitcmes. Pm gfisurf b, wf smrt ie ce`cvc`uij–s puhjckitcmes hisf` me bfr kctitcmes, dmced ormg tbf gmst kctf` pipfr tm tbf jfist kctf` mefs. Tf kie pjmt tbfg me i durf, tbit sbmws tbf eughfr mo kctitcmes mo fikb pipfr, rfsujtced ce i gmemtmeckijjy `fkrfisced kurvf. Ocd. 8.9 usfs tbf kirffrs mo Ijhfrt Fcestfce ie` ^ftfr Bcdds is kisf stu`cfs sbmwced bmw tm kijkujitf tbfcr b -ce`fx. Cs ie b -ce`fx mo 2 2 , omr fxigpjf, cgprfsscvf mr gm`fst= Tbit cs tbf fxpfktf` b-ce`fx mo i skcfetcst= Pm ieswfr tbfsf qufstcmes, jft–s tiaf i jmma jmma it i scgp scgpjf jf hut hut cesc cescdb dbto touj uj gm`f gm`fjj prmp prmpms msf` f` hy Bcrs Bcrskb kb Q8?W. Cgidcef tbit i rfsfirkbfr puhjcsbfs e pipfrs fikb yfir. Jft us ijsm issu is sugf gf tbit tbit fikb fikb pipf pipfrr fire firess k efw efw kc kcti titc tcme mess fvfr fvfry y yfir yfir.. Bfek Bfekff i pipfr–s kctitcmes cekrfisf jcefirjy wctb cts idf. Pbcs scgpjf gm`fj prf`ckts tbf skcfetcst–s tcgf `fpfe`fet b -ce`fx is
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Ocdurf 8.9 Pbf b-ce`fx mo Ijhfrt Fcestfce (i) ie` ^ftfr Bcdds (h) . Pm kijkujitf tbf b-ce`fx, wf pjmt tbf eughfr mo kctitcmes vfrsus pipfr eughfr, wctb pipfrs jcstf` ce mr`fr mo `fkrfisced kctitcmes. Pbf cetfrsfktcme mo tbf 06 jcef wctb tbf kurvf dcvfs b. Pbf tmtij eughfr mo kctitcmes cs tbf irfi ue`fr tbf kurvf Q 8?W. Ikkmr`ced tm Gckrmsmot Gckrms mot Iki`fgck Dripb, Fcestf Fcestfce ce bis ie b -ce`fx mo ?4 ?4 , ie` Bcdds 2 . Pbf tmp tbrff gmst kctf` pipfrs hy Fcestfce irf< (9) Kie quietug gfkbieckij `fskrcptcme mo pbysckij rfijcty hf kmesc`frf` kmgpjftf, ^bysckij Xfvcfw, 93;61 (8) Cevfstcditcmes me tbf tbfmry mo Hrmwecie gmvfgfet, Ieeijfe `fr ^bysca, 93>61 ie` (;) Me tbf fjfktrm`yeigcks mo gmvced hm`cfs, Ieeijfe `fr ^bysca, 93>6. Pbf tmp tbrff omr Bcdds irf< (9) Hrmafe syggftrcfs ie` tbf gissfs mo diudf hmsmes, ^bysckij Xfvcfw Jfttfrs, 93?01 (8) Hrmaf Hrmafe e syggft syggftrcfs, rcfs, gissjfss pirtckjfs ie` diudf fj`s, ^byscks Jfttfrs, 93?01 (;) [pmetiefmus syggftry hrfia`mwe wctbmut gissjfss hmsmes, ^bysckij Xfvcfw, 93??.
Kbiptfr 93). Sft, `fspctf tbf gm`fj–s scgpjckcty, tbf jcefir rfjitcmesbcp prf`cktf` hy ( 8.;) bmj` bmj`ss up df dfef efri rijj jjy y wfjj wfjj omr omr sk skcf cfet etcs csts ts wctb wctb jmed skcfetck kirffrs Q8?W. Pbcs jcefir rfjitcmesbcp (8.;) bis twm cgpmrtiet cgpjckitcmes< (9) Co i sk skcfe cfetcs tcstt–s b- ce`fx cekrfisfs rmudbjy jcefirjy wctb tcgf, tbfe cts spff` mo drmwtb cs ie cgpmrtiet ce`ckitmr mo bfr fgcefekf. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, tbf `coofrfekfs hftwffe ce`cvc`uijs kie hf kbiriktfrczf` hy tbf sjmpf, g. Is (8.8) sbmws, g cs i ouektcme mo hmtb e ie` k. [m, co i skcfetcst bis bcdbfr prm`uktcvcty (i jirdfr e), mr co bfr pipfrs kmjjfkt gmrf kctitcmes (bcdbfr k ), sbf bis i bcdbfr g. Ie` tbf bcdbfr tbf g, tbf gmrf fgcefet cs tbf skcfetcst. (8) Hisf` me typckij vijufs mo g, tbf jcefir rfjitcmesbcp ( 8.;) ijsm moofrs i duc`fjcef omr bmw i typckij kirffr sbmuj` fvmjvf. Omr @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>0 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
fxigpjf fxigp jf,, Bcrsk Bcrskb b suddf suddfstf stf` ` ce 8>>6 tbit tbit omr omr i pbys pbysck ckcs cstt it gilmrr rfsfirkb gilm rfsfirkb uecvfrs uecvfrsctc ctcfs, fs, b 98 gcdb gcdbtt hf i ty typc pcki kijj viju vijuff omr ikbcfvced tfeurf (c.f., tbf i`viekfgfet tm issmkcitf prmofssmr) ie` tbit b 92 gcdbt put i oikujty gfghfr cetm kmesc`frit itcm cme e omr omr i oujj oujj prmo prmofs fssm smrs rsbc bcp. p. Ofjj Ofjjmw mwsb sbcp cp ce tbf tbf Igfr Igfrck ckie ie ^bysckij [mkcfty gcdbt typckijjy mkkur irmue` b 96 ‛8> , ie` gfgh gf ghfr frsb sbcp cp ce tb tbff V[ Ei Eitc tcme meij ij Iki` Iki`fg fgy y mo [kcf [kcfek ekfs fs giy giy rfqucrf b 06 mr bcdbfr.
[cekf cts cetrm`uktcme, tbf b-ce`fx bis kitijyzf` i prmouscme mo gftrcks ie` drfitjy pmpujirczf` tbf c`fi mo usced mhlfktcvf ce`ckitmrs tm
quietcoy efhujmus emtcmes mo skcfetck quijcty, cgpikt mr prfstcdf Q84W. Is i tfstigfet tm cts cgpikt, Bcrsb–s pipfr, puhjcsbf` ce 8>>6, bi` hffe kctf` gmrf tbie 2,>>> tcgfs is mo tbf hfdceeced mo 8>93, ikkmr`ced tm Dmmdjf [kbmjir. Ct fvfe prmgptf` hfbivcmrij kbiedfs ‛ smgf ftbckijjy qufstcmeihjf ‛ wctb skcfetcsts i``ced sfjo-kctitcmes omr pipfrs me tbf f`df mo tbfcr b-ce`fx, ce bmpfs mo hmmstced ct Q 82‛;>W. Dcvfe cts prfvijfekf, wf gust isa< kie tbf b-ce`fx prf`ckt tbf outurf cgpikt mo i kirffr=
Hmx 8.9 8.9 Pbf F`` F``ced cedtme tme eughfr eughfr Pbf b-ce`fx b-ce`fx omr skcfetcsts cs ieijmdmus tm tbf F``cedtme eughfr omr ky kykjc kjcsts sts,, eig eigf` f` iotfr iotfr [cr Irt Irtbur bur F`` F``ced cedtme tme (9228‛9300), ie Fe Fedj djcs csb b istrmemgfr, pbysckcst, ie` gitbfgitckcie, oigmus omr bcs wmra me tbf tbfmry mo rfjitcvcty. Is i kykjced fetbuscist, F``cedtme `fvcsf` i gfisurf mo i kykjcst–s jmed-`cstiekf rc`ced ikbcfvfgfets. Pbf F``cedtme eughfr, F, cs tbf eughfr mo `iys ce ymur jcof wbfe ymu bivf kykjf` gmrf tbie F 4> wmuj` gfie tbit tbf pfrsme ce gcjfs. Bfekf ie F``cedtme eughfr mo 4> qufstcme bis kykjf` it jfist 4> gcjfs i `iy me 4> mkkiscmes. Ikbcfvced i bcdb F``cedtme eughfr cs `co kujt, scekf lugpced ormg, siy, 4> tm 46 –
giy rfqucrf gmrf tbie 6 efw jmed-`cstiekf rc`fs. Pbit s hfkiusf iey rc`fs sbmrtfr tbie 46 gcjfs wcjj em jmedfr hf cekju`f`. Pbmsf bmpced tm cekrfisf tbfcr F``cedtme eughfr irf omrkf` tm pjie ibfi`. Ct gcdbt hf 96 hy `mced 96 trcps mo 96 96 gcjfs ‛ hut tureced tbit fisy tm ikbcfvf ie F ie F mo mo 96 F 7 96 cetm ie F ie F 7 7 9? kmuj` omrkf i kykjcst tm stirt mvfr, scekf ie F ie F eughfr eughfr mo 9? mejy kmuets trcps mo 9? gcjfs mr gmrf. Irtbur F``cedtme, wbm rfikbf` ie F ie F 7 7 24 hy tbf tcgf bf `cf` ce 9300, kjfirjy ue`frstmm` tbit co bf wietf` tm ikbcfvf i bcdb F bcdb F eughfr, eughfr, bf bi` tm stirt hieaced jmed rc`fs firjy me.
@mwejmi`f`Kmrf ormg ormg bttps>0 Kighrc`df tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps yfi yfirs rs `mwe `mwe tbf jcef jcef,, tbfe tbfe ct wmuj` wmuj` hf usfou usfoujj tm riea riea tbf tbf kie`c` kie`c`itf itfss hy tbfcr prmlfktf` kugujitcvf ikbcfvfgfet iotfr 8> yfirs. Bcrskb tfstf` Y9 hy sfjfktced i sigpjf mo kme`fesf` gittfr pbysckcsts ie` jmmaf` it tbfcr puhjckitcme rfkmr`s `urced tbf rst 98 yfirs mo tbfcr kirffr ie` ce tbf suhsfqufet 98 yfirs Q;9W. Gmrf spfkckijjy, bf kijkujitf` omur `coofrfet gftrcks omr fikb ce`cvc`uij hisf` me tbfcr kirffr rfkmr`s ce tbf rst 98 yfirs, cekju`ced tbf b-ce`fx (Ocd. 8.8i), tbf tmtij eughfr mo kctitcmes
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Ocdurf 8.8 Yuiet Yuietcoyced coyced prf`c prf`cktcvf ktcvf p pmwfr mwfr m moo tbf b-ce`fx. [kittfr pjmts kmgpirf tbf tmtij eughfr mo kctitcmes, K , iotfr t 7 80 yfirs vs. tbf vijuf mo tbf vircmus ce`ckitmrs it t 7 98 yfir omr fikb ce`cvc`uij wctbce tbf sigpjf. Bcrskb bypmtbfsczf` K gi giy y dr drmw mw qu qui` i`ri ritc tcki kijj jjy y wc wctb tb tcg tcgf, f, ie ie` ` bf bfek ekff usf` usf` ct ctss sq squi uirf rf rm rmmt mt wb wbfe fe kijk kijkuj ujit itce ced d tbf tmtij eughfr mo kctitcmes. Hy kijkujitced tbf kmrrfjitcme kmfo kcfet, bf omue` tbit tbf b-ce`fx (i) ie` tbf eughfr mo kctitcmes it t (h) irf tbf hfst prf`cktmrs mo tbf outurf kugujitcvf kctitcmes it t . Pbf eughfr mo pipfrs kmrrfjitfs jfss (k), ie` tbf eughfr eugh fr mo kctit kctitcmes cmes pfr pipf pipfrr pfro pfromrgs mrgs tbf wmrst (`). Iotfr Bcrskb Q ;9W. 8
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/
Pbf b -Ce`fx -Ce`fx
(Ocd. 8.8h), tbf tmtij eughfr mo puhjckitcmes (Ocd. 8 .8k), ie` tbf ivfridf eughfr mo kctitcmes pfr pipfr (Ocd. 8.8`). Bf tbfe isaf` co wf wiet tm sfjfkt kie`c`itfs tbit bivf tbf gmst tmtij kctitcmes hy yfir 80, wbckb mef mo tbf omur ce`ckitmrs dcvfs us tbf hfst kbiekf= Hy gfisurced tbf kmrrfjitcme kmfo kcfe kcfett hftwffe hftwffe outurf outurf kugu kugujitcv jitcvff kctitcmes kctitcmes it tcgf t ie` omur `coofrfet gftrcks kijkujitf` it tcgf t , bf omue` tbit tbf b-ce`fx ie` tbf eughfr mo kctitcmes it tcgf t ture mut tm hf tbf hfst prf`cktmrs (Ocd. 8 .8). Tbcjf Tb cjf Ocd. Ocd. 8.8 sbmw sbmwss tbit tbit tbf tbf b-ce` -ce`fx fx prf`ckts prf`ckts kugujitc kugujitcvf vf cgpikt, ce giey kisfs ct–s tbf outurf skcfetck mutput tbit gittfrs tbf gmst. Omr fxigpjf, co wf–rf `fkc`ced wbm sbmuj` dft i driet, bmw giey gmrf kctitcmes ie ippjckiet–s firjcfr pipfrs irf fxpfktf` tm kmjjfkt ce tbf 8
9
9
efxt ofw efxt ofw yfir yfirss cs jird jirdfj fjy y crrf crrfjf jfvi viet et.. Tf–rf kmekfr kmekfref` ef`,, cestfi cestfi`, `, wctb wctb pipfrs tbit tbf pmtfetcij drietff bis emt yft wrcttfe ie` tbf cgpikt mo tbmsf pipfrs. Tbckb hrceds us tm Y8<
Y8< Bmw wfjj `m tbf `coofrfet gftrcks prf`ckt outurf skcfetck mutput= Pm ieswfr Y8, wf eff` tm usf ce`ckitmrs mhticef` it t tm prf`ckt skcfetc k ik ikbc bcfvf fvfgf gfet et mkku mkkurrc rrced ed mejy mejy ce tb tbff suhsfq suhsfquf ufet et pfrc pfrcm` m`,, tbfr tb frfh fhy y mg mgct cttc tced ed ij ijjj kcti kctitc tcme mess tm wm wmra ra pfro pfromr mrgf gf` ` prcm prcmrr tm t . 9
9
Bcrskb rf Bcrskb rfpf pfitf itf` ` tbf scgcj scgcjir ir prf`c prf`cktc ktcme me tisa tisa omr omr tbf tbf omur omur gftrc gftrcks, ks, hut tbcs tcgf usf` fikb mo tbfg tm prf`ckt tmtij kctitcmes ikkruf` hy pipfrs puhjcsbf` mejy ce tbf efxt 98 yfirs. Eiturijjy, tbcs cs i gmrf `co kujt tisa, hut ie cgpmrtiet mef omr ijjmkitced rfsfirkb rfsmu rfs murk rkfs. fs. Bcrsk Bcrskb b omue omue` ` tb tbit it tbf b- ce`f ce`fx x idic idice e fgfr fgfrdf dfss is tbf tbf hfst hf st prf` prf`ck cktm tmrr omr omr ikbc ikbcfv fvfg fgfe fett ceku cekurr rrf` f` purf purfjy jy ce outu outurf rf tcgf tcgf origf Q;9 W. Pbfsf e`ceds ce`ckitf tbit twm ce`cvc`uijs wctb scgcjir b irf kmgpirihjf ce tfrgs mo tbfcr mvfrijj skcfetc k ikbcfvfgfet, fvfe co tbfcr tmtij eughfr mo pipfrs pipfrs mr kctitcmes irf quct quctff `coofrfet. `coofrfet. Kmevfrsfjy Kmevfrsfjy,, twm ce`cvc`uijs mo tbf sigf skcfetck idf kie bivf i scgcjir eughfr mo tmtij pipfrs mr kctitcme kmuets hut vfry `coofrfet b vijufs. Ce tbcs kisf, tbf rfsfirkbfr wctb tbf bcdbfr b cs typckijjy vcfwf` hy tbf kmgguecty is tbf gmrf ikkmgpjcsbf`. Pmdftbfr, tbfsf rfsujts bcdbjcdbt tbf afy strfedtb mo tbf b-ce`fx< Tbfe fvijuitced skcfetcsts, ct dcvfs ie fisy hut rfjitcvfjy ikkuri ikk uritf tf fst fstcgi cgitf tf mo ie ce` ce`cvc cvc`ui `uijj–s mvfr mvfrij ijjj sk skcf cfet etcck ikbcfvfgf ikbcfvfgfets. ets. Sft it tbf sigf tcgf, wf gust ijsm isa< Tbit irf tbf jcgctitcmes mo tbf b- ce`fx=
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps0
80
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
Hmxx 8.8 Pb Hm Pbff hcrtb hcrtb mo tb tbff b-ce`fx [cekf cts cekfptcme, tbf btbf b-ce`fx ce`fx bis hffe ie cetfdrij pirt mo i skcfetck jcof. Cts fxkfptcmeij ceufekf prmgptf` us tm rfikb mut tm Lmrdf Bcrskb tm isa bmw bf irrcvf` tm tbf gfisurf. Bf ace`jy rfspme`f`, wrctced< C tbmu tbmudb dbtt ih ihmu mutt ct rs rstt ce gc` 8>>;, mv mvfr fr tbf efxt wff ffa as C kmgputf` tbf tbf b-ce`fx mo fvfryhm`y C aefw ie` omue` tbit ct usuijjy idrff` wctb tbf cgprfsscme C bi` mo tbf skcfetcst. [birf` ct wctb kmjjfidufs ce gy `fpirtgfet, sfvfrij omue` ct cetfrfstced. Gc` Luef Luef 8>>6 C wrmtf up i sbmrt `riot pipfr, sfet ct tm 0 kmjjfidufs bfrf. Mef sacggf` mvfr ct, jcaf` ct ie` gi`f smgf suddfstcmes, mef jcaf` smgf mo ct ie` wis emepjussf` hy smgf mo
ct, twm `c`e–t rfspme`. [m C wise–t surf wbit tm `m wctb ct. Gc` Lujy 8>>6 C dmt mut mo tbf hjuf ie fgicj ormg Gieufj Kir`mei ce [tuttdirt siyced bf bi` bfir` ihmut tbf ce`fx ormg @cka \ijjfe it _crdceci Pfkb wbm bi` bfir` ihmut ct ormg mef mo gy kmjjfidufs it VK[@ (`c`e–t siy wbm hut C kie dufss). It tbit pmcet C `fkc`f` tm kjfie up tbf `riot ie` pmst ct ce irRcv, wbckb C `c` Iudust ;, 8>>6, stcjj wis emt surf wbit tm `m wctb ct. Yuckajy dmt i jmt mo pmsctcvf (ie` smgf efditcvf) off`hika, sfet ct tm ^EI[ tm ^EI[ Iudust Iudust 96 .
8.;
Jcgctitcmes mo tbf b-Ce`fx
Pbf gice strfft mo Kmjjfdf Bcjj ce Fistme, ^feesyjvieci ‛ tbf bmgf mo tbf Jioiyfttf Kmjjfdf ‛ cs eigf` iotfr Ligfs GkAffe Kittfjj. Is ie Igfrckie psykbmjmdcst, Kittfjj pjiyf` ie cestrugfetij rmjf ce fstihjcsbced psykbmjmdy is i jfdctcgitf skcfekf, i`vmkiky tbit prmgptf` tbf Efw Smra Pcgfs tm kijj bcg ‚tbf `fie mo Igfrckie skcfekf‗ ce bcs mhctuiry. Tbcjf giey bivf tbmudbt mo `fvfjmpced efw gftrcks tm systfgckijjy fvijuitf tbfcr ofjjmw rfsfirkbfrs, Kittfjj wis tbf rst tm pmpujirczf tbf c`fi mo rieaced skcfetcsts. Bf wrmtf ce bcs 939> hmma, Igfrckie Gfe mo [kcfekf< I Hcmdripbckij @crfktmry Q;8W< ‚Ct cs surfjy tcgf omr skcfetck gfe tm ippjy skcfetck gftbm` tm `ftfrgcef tbf kcrkugstiekfs tbit prmgmtf mr bce`fr tbf i`viekfgfet mo skcfekf. ‗ [m, tm`iy–s mhsfsmhsfsscme mo gfisurced cgpikt usced cekrfiscedjy smpbcstckitf` yir`stckas cs
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps0
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Pbf b -Ce`fx -Ce`fx
hy em gfies i gm`fre pbfemgfeme. [kcfetcsts bivf hffe sczced up tbfcr kmjjfidufs scekf tbf hfdceeced mo tbf `cskcpjcef ctsfjo. I kfetury iotfr Kittfjj–s hm hmma ma,, tbf tbf eff` eff` ie ie` ` tb tbff ritc ritcme meij ijff omr omr i rf rfjc jcih ihjf jf tmmj tmmjsf sftt tm fvijuitf skcfetcsts bis emt kbiedf` Q;;W. Is tbf b-ce`fx bis hfkmgf i orfqufetjy usf` gftrck mo skcfetc k ikbcfvfgfets, wf gust hf gce`ouj ihmut cts jcgctitcmes. Omr fxigpjf, ijtbmudb i bcdb b cs i smgfwbit rfjcihjf ce`ckitmr mo bcdb ikkmgpjcsbgfet, tbf kmevfrsf cs emt efkfssircjy ijwiys truf Q ;9W< ie iutbmr wctb i rfjitcvfjy jmw b kie ikbcfvf ie fxkfptcmeij skcfetc k cgpikt wctb i ofw sfgceij pipfrs, sukb is tbf kisf mo ^ftfr Bcdds (Ocd. 8.9h). Kmevfrsfjy, i sk skcf cfet etcs cstt wc wctb tb i bcdb bcdb b ikbcfv ikbcfvf` f` gmstjy gmstjy tbrmu tbrmudb db pipfr pipfrss wctb wctb giey giey kmiutbmrs wmuj` hf trfitf` mvfrjy ace`jy hy bcs mr bfr b . Ourtbfrgmrf,
tbfrf cs kmesc`frihjf vircitcme ce kctitcme `cstrchutcmes fvfe wctbce i dcvfe suhfj`, ie` suhfj`s wbfrf jirdf kmjjihmritcmes irf typckij (f.d., bcdb-fefrdy fxpfrcgfetij pbyscks) wcjj fxbchct jirdfr b vijufs, suddfstced tbit mef sbmuj` tbcea ihmut bmw tm emrgijczf b tm gmrf foofktcvfjy kmgpirf ie` fvijuitf `coofrfet skcfetcsts. Efxt wf `cskuss i ofw orfqufetjy gfetcmef` jcgctitcmes mo tbf b-ce`fx, ijmed wctb virciets tbit kie ‛ it jfist tm i kfrtice `fdrff ‛ rfgf`y tbfg.
Bcdbjy kctf` pipfrs. Pbf gice i`vietidf mo tbf b-ce`fx cs tbit cts
vijuf cs emt hmmstf` hy i scedjf rueiwiy sukkfss. Sft tbcs ijsm gfies tbit ct efdjfkts tbf gmst cgpiktouj wmra mo i rfsfirkbfr. Ce`ff`, mekf i pipfr–s kctitcmes dft ihmvf b, cts rfjitcvf cgpmrtiekf hfkmgfs cevcschjf tm tbf b- ce`fx. Ie` bfrfce jcfs tbf prmhjfg ‛ emt mejy `m mutjcfr pipfrs orfqufetjy `fef kirffrs, tbfy irduihjy irf wbit `fef skcfekf ctsfjo ctsfjo.. Giey rfgf`cfs rfgf`cfs bivf h hffe ffe prmpm prmpmsf` sf` tm kmrrfkt kmrrfkt omr omr tbcs Q;0‛ ;3W, cekju` cekju`ced ced tbf d -ce`fx -ce`fx (tbf (tbf bcdbfs bcdbfstt eughfr eughfr d mo pipf pipfrs rs tb tbit it tmdftbfr rfkfcvf` d mr gmrf kctitcmes Q0>, 09W) ie` tbf m-ce`fx (tbf dfmgftrck gfie mo tbf eughfr mo kctitcmes djfief` hy i skcfetcst–s 8
bcdbfst kctf` pipfrs k ie` bfr b-ce`fx< m 7 k∔ b Q08 W). Mtbfr gfisurfs prmpmsf` tm kmrrfkt tbcs hcis cekju`f i-ce`fx Q;? , ;2 W1 b(8)-ce`fx Q;3 W1 bd-ce`fx Q;0 W1 q -ce`fx Q;4 W1 ie` gmrf Q;6 W. Cetfr-fj` `coofrfekfs. Gmjfkujir hcmjmdcsts tfe` tm dft kctf` gmrf motfe tbie pbysckcsts wbm, ce ture, irf kctf` gmrf motfe tbie gitbfgitckcies. Bfekf Bfekf hcmjmdcsts typckijjy bivf bivf bcdbfr b-ce` -ce`fx fx tbie pbyscpbysckcst kcsts, s, ie` ie` pbys pbysck ckcs csts ts tf tfe` e` tm bivf bivf ie b-ce` -ce`fx fx tbit tbit cs bcdb bcdbfr fr tbie tbie gitbfg git bfgitc itckci kcies. es. Pm kmgpi kmgpirf rf skcfet skcfetcst cstss ikrmss ikrmss `c `coof oofrfe rfett fj fj`s `s,, wf ∔
p
8
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>0 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps
mef cs gmstjy i luecmr iutbmr me pipfrs kmiutbmrf` wctb fgcefet skcfetcsts. Mr kmesc`fr tbf kisf wbfrf mef iutbmr ijwiys puhjcsbfs ijmef wbfrfis tbf mtbfr mef rmutcefjy puhjcsbfs wctb i jirdf eughfr mo kmiutbmrs. Is oir is tbf b-ce`fx cs kmekfref`, ijj tbfsf skcfetcsts irf ce`cstceducsbihjf. [fvfrij ittfgpts bivf hffe prmpmsf` tm ikkmuet omr tbf kmjji kmjjihm hmrit ritcm cme e foofkt foofkt,, cekju` cekju`ce ced d oriktcm oriktcmei eijjy jjy ijj ijjmki mkitce tced d krf`ct krf`ct ce gujtc-iut gujtc -iutbmrf bmrf` ` pipfrs pipfrs Q02‛6>W, ie` kmuetced `coofrfet rmjfs pjiyf` hy fikb kmiutbmr Q69‛60W hy omr fxigpjf `coofrfetcitced tbf rst ie` jist iutbmrsbcps. Bcrskb bcgsfjo bis ijsm rfpfitf`jy ikaemwjf`df` tbcs cssuf Q0?, 04W, ie` prmpmsf` tbf b -ce`fx tm quietcoy ie ce`cvc`uij–s skcfetck jfi`frsbcp omr tbfcr kmjjihmritcvf mutkmgfs Q04W. Igmed ijj tbf pipfrs tbit kmetrchutf tm tbf b-ce`fx mo i skcfetcst, mejy tbmsf wbfr wb frff bf mr sbf sbf wis tb tbff gm gmst st sf sfe ecm cmrr iutbm utbmrr (tb (tbf bcdb bcdbffst b-ce -ce`fx `fx igmed igmed -ce`fx fx.. Pbc Pbcs su sud ddf dfst stss tbit tbit i ijj ijj tbf tbf km kmiu iutb tbmr mrs) s) irf irf kmu kmuet etf` f` tmw tmwir ir` ` tbf tbf b -ce` bcdb b-ce`fx ce kmeluektcme wctb i bcdb b / b ritcm cs i bijjgira mo skcfetck jfi`frsbcp Q04W. ι
ι
ι
Ce i``ctcme tm tbfsf vircitcmes mo tbf b- ce`fx, tbfrf irf mtbfr gftrcks tm quietcoy tbf mvfrijj ikbcfvfgfet mo ce`cvc`uij skcfetcsts, cekju`ced tbf 9>-ce`fx, usf` fxkjuscvfjy hy Dmmdjf [kbmjir Q 66W, wbckb kmgputfs tbf c 9> eughfr mo irtckjfs wctb it jfist 9> kctitcmes fikb1 mr tbf [IXI gftbm` Q6?W, wbckb usfs i `coouscme ijdmrctbg tbit gcgcks tbf sprfi`ced mo skcfetck krf`cts me tbf kctitcme eftwmra tm quietcoy ie ce`cvc`uij –s skcfetck fg fgce cefe fekf kf.. @fsp @fspct ctff tbf tbf gujt gujtct ctu` u`ff mo gftr gftrck ckss ittf ittfgp gptc tced ed tm kmrrfkt tbf sbmrtkmgceds mo tbf b-ce`fx, tm `itf em mtbfr hchjcmgftrck
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps0
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Pbf b -Ce`fx -Ce`fx
ce`fx bis fgfrdf` is prfofrihjf tm tbf b-ce`fx, kfgfetced tbf stitus mo tbf b -ce`fx is i wc`fjy usf` ce`ckitmr mo skcfetc k ikbcfvfgfet. Is wf `ud `ffpfr cetm b-ce`fx ie` tbf vmjugcemus hm`y mo wmra gmtcvitf` hy ct, ct wis fisy tm omrdft i pfrbips gmrf cgpmrtiet pmcet< Em skcfetcst–s kirffr kie hf suggirczf` hy i scedjf eughfr. Iey gftr gf trck ck,, em gitt gittfr fr bmw bmw dm dmm` m` ct cs it ikbc ikbcfv fvce ced d cts cts stit stitf` f` dmij dmij,, bis bis jcgctitcmes tbit gust hf rfkmdeczf` hfomrf ct cs usf` tm `riw kmekjuscmes ihmut i pfrsme–s prm`uktcvcty, tbf quijcty mo bfr rfsfirkb, mr bfr skcfetck cgpikt cgpikt.. Gm Gmrf rf cgp cgpmrt mrtiet ietjy, jy, i skcfet skcfetcck kirffr cs emt lust ihmut `csk `cskmv mvfr frcf cfss ie` ie` kcti kctitc tcme mes. s. Xi Xitb tbfr fr,, sk skcf cfet etcs csts ts irf irf cevm cevmjv jvf` f` ce gukb gukb hrmi`f hrm i`frr sft sftss mo iktcvc iktcvctcf tcfss cekju` cekju`ced ced tfikbc tfikbced, ed, gfetmr gfetmrced ced,, mrdiec mrdieczce zced d skcfetck gfftceds, rfvcfwced, ie` sfrvced me f`ctmrcij hmir`s, tm eigf i ofw. Is wf fekmuetfr gmrf gftrcks omr skcfetck fgcefekf, ct–s cgpmrt-
iet tm affp ce gce` tbit, wbcjf tbfy giy bfjp us ue`frstie` kfrtice ispfkts ispf kts mo skcfetc skcfetck mutput, emef mo tbfg ijmef kie kipturf tbf `cvfrsf kmetrchutcmes skcfetcsts giaf tm mur kmgguecty ie` smkcfty Q 64, 62W. Lust is Fcestfce kiutcmef`< ‚Giey mo tbf tbceds ymu kie kmuet, `me–t kmuet. Giey mo tbf tbceds ymu kie–t kmuet, `m kmuet.‗ Pbfrfomrf, wf gust affp ce gce` tbit tbf b-ce`fx cs gfrfjy i prmxy tm quietcoy skcfetck fgcefekf ie` ikbcfvfgfet. Hut tbf prmhjfg cs, ce skcfekf, stitus trujy gittfrs, ceufekced tbf pfrkfptcme mo quijcty ie` cgpmrtiekf mo mef–s wmra. Pbit–s wbit wf wcjj omkus me ce tbf efxt kbiptfr, isaced co ie` wbfe stitus gittfrs, ie` hy bmw gukb.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps0
;
PBF GI GIPP PPBF BFT T FOOFK FOOFKPP
Jmr` Xiyjfcdb cs i dciet mo pbyscks, wctb sfvfrij jiws mo eiturf kirryced bcs eigf. Bf cs ijsm aemwe hfyme` tbf prmofsscme tbieas tm Xiyjfcdb skittfrced, wbckb ieswfrs tbf prmvfrhcij qufstcme, ‚Tby cs tbf say hjuf=‗ Xiyjfcdb wis ijrfi`y i rfspfktf` skcfetcst wbfe, ce 922?, bf suhgcttf` i efw pipfr tm tbf Hrctcsb tbf Hrctcsb Issmkcitcme omr tbf I`viekfgfet mo [kcfekf tm `cskuss smgf piri`mxfs mo fjfktrm`yeigcks. Pbf pipfr wis –
prmgptjy rflfktf` me tbf drmue`s tbit ct `c` emt gfft tbf lmureij s fxpfktitcme mo rfjfviekf ie` quijcty. Sft, sbmrtjy iotfr tbf `fkcscme, tbf f`ctmrs rfvfrsf` kmursf. Emt hfkiusf ieytbced kbiedf` ihmut tbf pipfr pip fr ctsfjo ctsfjo.. Xitb Xitbfr, fr, ct tur tures es mut tbit tbit Xiyjfc Xiyjfcdb db–s eigf eigf bi` hff hffe e cei`v cei`vfrt frt-fetjy mgcttf` ormg tbf pipfr wbfe ct wis rst suhgcttf`. Mekf tbf f`ctmrs rfijczf` ct wis Xiyjfcdb–s wmra, ct wis cggf`citfjy ikkfptf` wctb prmousf ipmjmdcfs Q63, ?>W. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, wbit wis cectcijjy vcfwf` is tbf skrchhjceds mo smgf ‚piri`mxfr,‗ su``fejy hfkigf wmrtb puhj pu hjcs csbc bced ed mekf mekf ct hfki hfkigf gf kjfi kjfirr tbit tbit ct wis wis tbf tbf wmra wmra mo i wmrj wmrj``rfemwef` skcfetcst. Pbcs iefk`mtf bcdbjcdbts i scdeijced gfkbiecsg krctckij ce skcfekf< tbf rmjf mo skcfetck rfputitcme. Xmhfrt A. Gfrtme ce 93?2 Q?>W kijjf` tbcs tbf Gittbfw foofkt iotfr i vfrsf ce tbf hchjckij Dmspfj mo Gittbfw pfrticeced tm Lfsus– pirihjf mo tbf tijfets< ‚Omr tm fvfrymef wbm bis wcjj gmrf hf dcvfe, ie` bf wcjj bivf ie ihue`iekf. Hut ormg tbf mef wbm bis emt, fvfe wbit bf bis wcjj hf tiafe iwiy. ‗ Pbf Gitt Gi ttbf bfw w fo foof ofkt kt is i kmek kmekfp fptt bis bis hffe hffe ce`f ce`fpf pfe` e`fe fetj tjy y `csk `cskmv mvfr frf` f` ce gujtcpjf `cskcpjcefs mvfr tbf jist kfetury, ie` wf wcjj fekmuetfr ct idice ce Kbiptfr 94, wbfe wf `cskuss kctitcmes. Ce tbf kmetfxt mo kirffrs, tbf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps6
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Pbf Gitt ttbbfw Foofkt
Gittbfw foofkt cgpjcfs tbit i skcfetcst –s stitus ie` rfputitcme ijmef kie hrced i``ctcmeij ittfetcme ie` rfkmdectcme. Pbcs gfies tbit stitus emt mejy ceufekfs tbf kmgguecty–s pfrkfptcme mo tbf skcfetcst–s krf`chcjcty, pjiyced ie cgpmrtiet rmjf ce bmw bfr wmra cs fvijuitf`, hut ct ijsm triesjitfs cetm tiedchjf issfts ‛ ormg rfsfirkb oue`ced tm ikkfss tm mutsti mut stie` e`ced ced stu`fe stu`fets ts ie` kmj kmjjih jihmri mritmr tmrss ‛ wbc wbckb ce ture ture ourt ourtb bfr cgprmvf bfr rfputitcme. Pbf dmij mo tbcs kbiptfr cs tm uepika tbf rmjf mo tbf Gittbfw foofkt ce kirffrs. Tbfe `mfs ct gittfr= Ie` tm wbit fxtfet=
;.9
Tbit s ce i Eigf= –
Pbf Cetfreft Fedceffrced Pisa Omrkf (CFPO) cs i kmgguecty mo fedceffrs ie` kmgputfr skcfetcsts wbm `fvfjmp tbf prmtmkmjs tbit rue
tbf Cetfreft. Pm fesurf quijcty ie` ouektcmeijcty, fedceffrs gust suhgct ijj efw prmtmkmjs is gieuskrcpts tbit ue`frdm rcdmrmus pffr rfvcfw. Omr i wbcjf, fikb gieuskrcpt cekju`f` tbf eigf mo fvfry iutbmr. Bmwfvfr, hfdceeced ce 9333, smgf gieuskrcpts rfpjikf` tbf oujj iutbmr jcst wctb i dfefrck ‚ft ij. ij.,‗ kmekfijced tbf eigf mo smgf iutbmrs ormg tbf rfvcfw kmggcttff. kmgpirced kisfswbfrf wbfrftbf wfjj-aemwe iutbmrs wfrf bc``fe hy tbf ft ij.Hyjihfj wctb tbmsf bc``fe eigfs wfrf jcttjf-aemwe, rfsfirkbfrs foofktcvfjy kme`uktf` i rfij-wmrj` Jmr` Xiyjfcdb fxpfrcgfet Q?9W. Pbfy omue` tbit wbfe ie fgcefet eigf wis prfsfet me i suhgcsscme, jcaf tbf kbicr mo i wmraced drmup, wbckb scdeijs prmofsscmeij scm eij stie`c stie`ced, ed, tbf suhgcs suhgcsscm scme e wis wis 3.0 pfrk pfrkfe fett gmrf gmrf jcaf jcafjy jy tm hf puhjcsbf`. Bmwfvfr, tbf ‚kbicr foofkt‗ `fkjcef` hy 4.8 pfrkfet wbfe tbf sfecmr iutbmr–s eigf wis gisaf` hy tbf ft ij. jihfj. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, eigf-hisf` scdeijced ikkmuets omr rmudbjy 44 pfrkfet mo tbf hfefts mo bivced ie fxpfrcfekf` iutbmr is i kmiutbmr me tbf gieuskrcpt. Cetfrfstcedjy, wbfe tbf ieijyscs wis rfstrcktf` tm i sgijj pmmj mo gieuskrcpts tbit wfrf ‚prf-skrffef`,‗ mr kjmsfj kjmsfjy y skrutc skrutcecz eczf`, f`, tbf iutbmr eigf prfgcug `csippfirf`. Pbcs suddfsts tbit tbf stitus foofkt mejy fxcstf` wbfe tbf rfofrffs wfrf `fijced wctb bcdb suhgcsscme ritfs. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, wbfe tbf rfvcfwfrs `m iktuijjy rfi` tbf gieuskrcpt, kirfoujjy lu`dced tbfcr kmetfet, stitus scdeijs tfe` tm `csippfir. Dcvfe tbf fxpmefetcij drmwtb mo skcfekf, wf orfqufetjy fekmuetfr tbf ‚tmm giey tm rfi`‗ sctuitcmes. Sft, typckijjy, pffr rfvcfw cs i ritb ri tbfr fr cevm cevmjv jvf` f` prmk prmkfs fss, s, wctb wctb gujt gujtcp cpjf jf rmue rmue`s `s mo kmgg kmggue ueck ckit itcm cme e @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps6
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
hftwffe iutbmrs ie` fxpfrt rfvcfwfrs, suddfstced tbit tbf stitus scdeijced giy hf jfss mo i kmekfre omr skcfetc k gieuskrcpts. Ce`ff`, tbrmudb tbmsf rfhuttijs ie` rfvcscmes, ie mhlfktcvf issfssgfet mo tbf wmra cs fxpf fx pfkt ktf` f` tm prfv prfvic icj. j. Sf Sft, t, is wf sf sfff efxt efxt,, tbf tbf stit stitus us fo foof ofkt kt cs rirf rirfjy jy fjcgceitf`. Tbftbfr ie iutbmr–s stitus ioofkts ioofkts tbf pfrkfcvf` tbf pfrkfcvf` quijcty quijcty mo bcs/ bfr pipfrs bis hffe jmed `fhitf` ce tbf skcfetc k kmgguecty. Pm trujy issfss tbf rmjf mo stitus, wf eff` rie`mgczf` kmetrmj fxpfrcgfets, wbfrf tbf sigf gieuskrcpt ue`frdmfs twm sfpiritf rfvcfws, mef ce wbckb tbf iutbmr c`fetctcfs irf rfvfijf` ie` iemtbfr ce wbckb tbfy irf bc``fe. Omr mhvcmus ftbckij ie` jmdcstckij rfismes, sukb ie fxpfrcgfet cs `co kujt tm kirry mut. Sft, ce 8>94, i tfig mo rfsfirkbfrs it Dmmdjf wfrf wf rf isaf isaf` ` tm km km-k -kbi bicr cr tbf tbf prmd prmdri rig g mo tbf tbf Pfet Pfetb b Issm Issmkc kcit itcm cme e omr omr Kmgputced Gikbcefry Cetfreitcmeij Kmeofrfekf me Tfh [firkb ie`
@iti Gceced (T[@G), i bcdbjy sfjfktcvf kmgputfr skcfekf kmeofrfekf wctb i 96 .? pfrkfet ikkfptiekf ritf. Pbf rfsfirkbfrs `fkc`f` tm usf tbf isscdegfet is i kbiekf tm issfss tbf cgpmrtiekf mo stitus omr i pipfr–s ikkfptiekf Q?8W. Pbfr Pb frff irf irf gujt gujtcp cpjf jf wi wiys ys tm kme` kme`uk uktt pffr pffr rfvc rfvcfw fw.. Pbf Pbf gmst gmst kmgg km ggme me cs tbf tbf ‚scedjf-hjce`‗ rfvcf rfvcfw, w, wbfe wbfe tbf tbf rfvc rfvcfw fwfr frss irf irf oujj oujjy y iwirf mo tbf c`fetcty mo tbf iutbmrs ie` tbf cestctutcme wbfrf tbfy wmra, hut, tbf iutbmrs mo tbf pipfr irf emt prcvy tm tbf rfvcfwfr –s c`fetcty. Ce kmetrist, ce ‚`muhjf-hjce` ‗ rfvcfw, efctbfr tbf iutbmrs emr tbf rfvcfwfrs aemw fikb mtbfr–s c`fetcty. Omr tbf 8>94 T[@G kmeofrfekf tbf rfvcfwfrs rfvcfwfrs me tbf prmdrig kmggcttff wfrf rie` rie`mgjy mgjy spjct cetm i scedjf-hjce` ie` i `muhjf-hjce` drmup. Fikb pipfr wis isscdef` tm omur rfvcfwfrs, twm ormg tbf scedjf-hjce` drmup ie` twm ormg tbf `muhjfhjce` drmup. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, twm drmups mo rfofrffs wfrf isaf` tm ce`fpfe`fetjy lu`df tbf sigf pipfr, wbfrf mef drmup wis iwirf mo wbm tbf iutbmrs wfrf, wbcjf tbf mtbfr wis emt. Dcvfe tbf Jmr` Xiyjfcdb fxigpjf, tbf rfsujts wfrf emt surprcsced< Tfj ced< Tfjj-a j-aemw emwe e iutbmr iutbmr ‛ `fef ef` ` is bivc bivced ed it jf jfis istt tbrf tbrfff pipf pipfrs rs ikkfptf` hy prfvcmus T[@G kmeofrfekfs ie` it jfist 9>> kmgputfr skcfekf pipfrs ce tmtij ‛ wfrf ?; pfrkfet gmrf jcafjy tm bivf tbf pipfr ikkfptf` ue`fr scedjf-hjce` rfvcfw tbie ce `muhjf-hjce` rfvcfw. Pbf pipf pi pfrs rs ue`f ue`frr rf rfvc vcfw fw ce tb tbfs fsff twm twm pr prmk mkfs fssf sfss wfrf wfrf fxik fxiktj tjy y tbf tbf sigf sigf,, tbfrfomrf, tbf `coofrfekf ce ikkfptiekf ritf kie mejy hf fxpjicef` hy iutb iu tbmr mr c`fe c`fetc tcty ty.. [cgc [cgcji jirj rjy, y, iutb iutbmr mrss or ormg mg tmp tmp uecv uecvfr frsc sctc tcfs fs bi` bi` i 62 pfrkfet cekrfisf ce ikkfptiekf mekf tbfcr io jcitcme wis aemwe. Ourtbfr, omr @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps6
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Pbf Gitt ttbbfw Foofkt
iutbmrs wmraced it Dmmdjf, Oikfhmma, mr Gckrmsmot, kmesc`frf` prfstcdcmus cestctutcmes ce kmgputfr skcfekf, tbf ikkfptiekf ritf gmrf tbie `muhjf`, cekrfisced hy 99> pfrkfet. Pbfsf rfsujts ce`ckitf tbit ce skcfekf wf `m wf `m rfjy rfjy me rfputitcme ‛ kipturf` hy hmtb iutbmr c`fetcty ie` cestctutcme prfstcdf ‛ wbfe wf lu`df i skcfetck pipfr. Tbcjf wf giy `fhitf wbftbfr tbf usf mo sukb ceomrgitcme bfjps us giaf hfttfr mr wmrsf `fkcscmes, stitus scdeijced pjiys i afy rmjf ce dfttced puhjcsbf` ce prfstcdcmus vfeufs.
Hmx ;.9 ;.9 @mu @muhjf hjf hjc hjce` e` vs. sced scedjf jf hjce hjce`` Co twm pipfrs irf c`fetckij fxkfpt tbit mef cs wrcttfe hy ie ueaemwe skcfetcst wbcjf tbf mtbfr hy i rfsfirkbfr mo kmesc`frihjf rfputitcme, tbfy mhvcmusjy sbmuj` bivf ie fquij kbiekf mo hfced puhjcsbf`. Sft, tbcs giy mejy bippfe co tbf rfvcfws irf `muhjf-hjce`. Cse –t tbcs i strmed rfisme omr
ijj skcfekf tm swctkb tm i `muhjf-hjce` rfvcfw= Efw fvc`fekf sbmws tbit tbcs scgpjf qufstcme giy emt bivf i scgpjf ieswfr. Ie fxpfrcgfet pfromrgf` hy Eiturf Eiturf sbmws tbit giaced `muhjfhjce` rfvcfw mptcmeij `mfs emt smjvf tbf prmhjfg Q ?;W. W. Eiturf Eiturf stirtf` stirtf` tm moofr tbf mptcme mo `muhjf-hjce` rfvcfw ce 8>96. Ieijyzced ijj pipfrs rfkfcvf` hftwffe Girkb 8>96 ie` Ofhruiry 8>94 hy 86 Eiturf Eiturf-hrie`f` -hrie`f` lmureijs, rfsfirkbfrs tbit kmrrfspme`ced iutbmrs ormg jfssprfsugprfstcdcmus cestctutcmes wfrfomue` gmrf jcafjy tm kbmmsf `muhjf-hjce` rfvcfw, ihjy is ie ittfgpt tm kmrrfkt omr prf-fxcstced hcisfs. Bmwfvfr, tbf sukkfss ritf it hmtb rst `fkcscme ie` pffr rfvcfw wis scdec kietjy jmwfr omr `muhjf-hjce` tbie scedjf-hjce` rfvcfwf` pipfrs. Eiturf, tbf idsbcp lmureij, is ie fxigpjf. Ve`fr i scedjfPiaf Eiturf, Piaf hjce` prmkfss, tbf m``s mo ymur pipfr tm hf sfet mut omr rfvcfw cs 8; pfrkfet. Hut co ymu mpt omr i `muhjf-hjce` rfvcfw, tbmsf m``s `rmp tm 2 pfrkfet. Pbf prmspfkts `me–t cgprmvf mekf tbf pipfr cs rfvcfwf`< Pbf jcafjcbmm` tbit ymur pipfr cs ikkfptf` iotfr rfvcfw cs irmue` 00 pfrkfet omr scedjf-hjce` suhgcsscmes hut mejy 86 pfrkfet omr `muhjf-hjce` pipfrs. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, rfofrffs irf gmrf krc krctckij tckij co tbfy irf ueiwirf mo ie iutb iutbmr mr–s c`fetcty. Ie` tbfsf `coofrfekfs gittfr< Co ymu gujtcpjy tbf prmhihcjctcfs mo hfced sfet mut omr rfvcfw ie` ikkfptiekf iotfr rfvcfw, tbf kbiekfs mo ymur pipfr hfced ikkfptf` ce Eiturf tbrmudb tbf `muhjf-hjce` rfvcfw prmkfss cs i stiddfrced 8 pfrkfet. Tbcjf i scedjf-hjce` rfvcfw cs stcjj i jmed sbmt, ct bis i sukkfss ritf mo 9>.9 pfrkfet. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, ymur m``s mo ikkfptiekf giy `rmp is gukb is vf-omj` hy scgpjy sfjfktced tbf `muhjfhjce` mptcme.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps6
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
I pmsschjf fxpjieitcme omr tbf mhsfrvf` `coofrfekf cs tbf quijcty mo pipfrs Q?;W. Ce`ff`, pipfrs hy jfss-aemwe iutbmrs mr ormg jfss prfstcdcmus cestctutcmes giy emt rfpmrt rfsfirkb mo tbf sigf quijcty is tbmsf kmgced ormg fxpfrcfekf` iutbmrs ormg fjctf cestctutcmes. Pbcs irdugfet cs rfoutf` hy i rie`mg rie`mgczf czf` ` fxp fxpfrc frcgf gfet et km kme`u e`uktf ktf` ` it tbf Igfrckie tbf Igfrckie Fkmemgck Xfvcfw (IFX) Q (IFX) Q ?0W, ie ceufetcij lmureij ce fkmemgcks. Ormg Giy 9324 tm Giy 9323, IFX IFX rie rie i rie`mgczf` fxpfrcgfet me suhgcttf` pipfrs, isscdeced mef-bijo tm i `muhjf-hjce` rfvcfw prmkfss ie` tbf mtbfr bijo tm scedjf-hjce` mef. Hfkiusf tbf fxpfrcgfet wis rie`mgczf`, tbfrf wis em quijcty `coofrfekf hftwffe tbf twm pcjfs. Sft, tbf ikkfptiekf ritf wis stcjj gukb jmwfr omr pipfrs ce tbf `muhjf-hjce` drmup. Pbfsf rfsujts suddfst pmsctcvf `cskrcgceitcme is i gmrf jcafjy fxpjieitcme< iutbmrs wctb pfrkfcvf` stitus irf suhlfkt mo tbf hfeft mo tbf `muht, wbfrfis tbmsf wctbmut tbf stitus dft fxtri skrutcey me cssufs ormg rfsfirkb `fscde tm gftbm`mjmdy. Sft, ct cs `co kujt tm e` mhlfktcvf rfismes wby `muhjf-hjce` rfvcfw sbmuj` emt hf tbf emrg mo skcfetck puhjcsbced. Cts
wc`fsprfi` usf wmuj` jfvfj tbf pjiyced fj`, jmwfrced tbf bmj` mo rfsfirkbfrs wctb stitus ‛ wbftbfr firef` tbrmudb tbf cgpikt mo prfvcmus wmra, mr scgpjy scgpj y tbrmud tbrmudb b io jcitcme wctb bcdbjy prfstcdcmus cestctutcmes.
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Hmmstced Cgpikt
I sk skcf cfet etcs cstt–s rf rfpu puti titc tcme me oikc oikcjc jcti titf tfss tbf tbf puhj puhjck ckit itcm cme e mo bfr bfr pipf pipfr, r, hu hutt `mfs ct ijsm ioofkt tbf jmed-tfrg cgpikt mo tbfcr `cskmvfrcfs= Tbcjf ikkfptiekf mejy rfqucrfs i gmgfetiry kmesfesus igmed rfvcfwfrs, cts cgpikt cs `rcvfe hy tbf hrmi`fr kmesfesus mo tbf skcfetc k kmgguecty, wbm giy kbmmsf tm hucj` ourtbfr me tbf wmra, mr giy scgpjy cdemrf ct. @m pipfrs puhjcsbf` hy i wfjj-aemwe skcfetcst ijsm felmy ie cgpikt prfgcug= Hut, bmw `m wf gfisurf rfputitcme= I dmm` stirtced pmcet giy kc(t ), hf k hf ), rfprfsfetced tbf tmtij kctitcme kmuet mo ijj pipfrs ie iutbmr bis –
c
puhjcsbf` hmtb prcmrprm`uktcvcty tm i efw pipfr puh puhjck jckitc itcme Q?6, ?? W. Ce`ff` Ce`ff`,hy , kie (t ) kmghcefs (tbf seughfr momepipfrs puhjcsbf` iutbmr) ie` cgpikt (bmw motfe tbfsf pipfrs irf kctf` hy mtbfrs), wbckb tmdftbfr moofr i rfismeihjf prmxy mo tbf iutbmr–s eigf rfkmdectcme wctbce bfr rfsfirkb kmgguecty. Pbf ritf it wbckb i pipfr ikqucrfs efw kctitcmes tfe`s tm hf prmpmrtcmeij tm bmw giey kctitcmes tbf pipfr bis ijrfi`y kmjjfktf` Q ?4, ?2W. Ce Ce` `ff ff`, `, bcd bcdbjy bjy kctf kctf` ` pipf pipfrrs irf irf gm gmrf rf rf rfi i`, bfek bfekff irf irf gmrf gmrf jca jcafj fjy y tm hf
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps6
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Pbf Gitt ttbbfw Foofkt
kctf` idice. kctf` idice. Pbc Pbcss pb pbfe femg mgfe feme me cs kijjf kijjf` ` prfofr prfofrfe fetci tcijj ittik ittikbgf bgfet et,, wb wbckb ckb wf wcjj wc jj `cs `cskus kusss idic idice e ce `f `ftic ticjj ce Kbi Kbipt ptfr fr 94. Pm sff bmw ie iutbmr–s rfputitcme ioofkts tbf cgpikt mo bfr puhjckitcmes, wf kie gfisurf tbf firjy kctitcme prfgcug omr wfjj-aemwe iutbmrs Q?6W. Omr fxigpjf, omr i drmup mo wfjj-aemwe pbysckcsts, tbfcr pipfr bis ikqucrf` irmue` 0> kctitcmes (k (kx 0>) hfomrf prfofrfetcij ittikbgfet tures me (Ocd. ;.9). Ce kmetri kme trist, st, omr luecmr luecmr oik oikuj ujty ty ce pbys pbysck ckss (isscs (isscsti tiet et prmofs prmofssm smrs rs), ), kx `rm `rmps ps orm ormg g 0> tm 9>. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, rcdbt iotfr cts puhjckitcme, i sfecmr iutbmr–s pipfr ippfirs omur tcgfs gmrf jcafjy tm hf kctf` tbie i luecmr iutbmr–s. Ocdurf ;.9 suddfs suddfsts ts tbi tbitt rfputi rfputitcm tcme e pjiys pjiys ie cgpmrt cgpmrtiet iet rmjf rmjf :
firjywctb me, tcgf, wbfetbf tbfrfputitcme eughfr mofoofkt kctitcmes sgijjie` (c.f., k–s jmed kx). Sft, oi`fscsiwiy, tbfwbfe pipfr tfrg tfrg cgpi cgpikt kt cs prcg prcgir ircj cjy y `rcv `rcvfe fe hy gfkb gfkbie iecs csgs gs cebf cebfrf rfet et tm pipfrs ritbfr tbie tbfcr iutbmrs. iutbmrs. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, wfjj-aemwe iutbmrs felmy ie firjy kctitcme prfgcug, rfprfsfetced hfttfr m``s mo tbfcr wmra tm hf emtckf` hy tbf kmgguecty. Pbcs jfi`s tm i jfd-up ce firjy kctitcmes. Hut
wctb tcgf, tbcs rfputitcme foofkt viecsbfs, ie` prfofrfetcij ittikbgfet tiafs mvfr, wbmsf ritf cs `rcvfe prcgircjy hy tbf kmjjfktcvf pfrkfptcme mo tbf cebfrfet vijuf mo tbf `cskmvfry. Pbf rfputitcme hmmst `cskussf` ihmvf cs emt jcgctf` tm efw pipfrs. Fgcefekf kie spcjj mvfr tm firjcfr wmras is wfjj, hmmstced tbfcr cgpikt. [u``fe rfkmdectcmes, jcaf rfkfcvced tbf Emhfj ^rczf, ijjmw us tm quietcoy tbcs foofkt. Kmesc`fr, omr fxigpjf, Lmbe Ofee, wbm rfkfcvf` tbf 8>>8 Emhf Emhfjj ^r ^rcz czff ce kbfg kbfgcs cstr try y omr omr tbf tbf `fvf `fvfjm jmpg pgfe fett mo tbf tbf
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Kctitcmes,
Ocdurf ;.9 Pbf krms krmss-mvf s-mvfrr foofkt m moo rfputi rfputitcme tcme me kc kctitcme titcmes. s. Pbf jcefir suddfstced tbit i``ctc i``ctcmeij meij omrkfs ittikbgfet ritf hrfias `mwe omr k : kx, suddfstced prmvc`f i kctitcme hmmst wbckb fjfvitfs k (t ) tm `fvcitf ormg wbit cs prf`cktf` hy tbf tbf purf prfofrfetcij ittikbg ittikbgfet fet gfkbiecsg. @itisfts cekju`f 9>> tmp-kctf` pbysckcsts, ie` iemtbfr 9>> bcdbjy prmjck pbysckcsts. pbysckcsts. Iotfr ^ftfrsfe ft ij. Q?6W. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>6 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps> kctitcm kctitcmes es hy 8>92 ikkm ikkmr` r`ce ced d tm Dmmd Dmmdjf jf [kbm [kbmji jir. r. Hu Hutt is bcs bcs jie` jie`gi gira ra pipf pipfrr sti stirtf rtf` ` tm kmjj kmjjfk fktt kc kcti titc tcme mess it ie fxkf fxkfpt ptcm cmei eijj ritf ritf omjjmwced cts puhjckitcme, tbf kctitcme ritfs mo sfvfrij mo Ofee –s mj`fr pipfrs ijsm stirtf` tm drmw it i bcdbfr pikf. Ieijysfs mo 980 Emhfj jiurfitfs sbmw tbit tbcs hmmst cs kmggme Q 4>W< Pbf puhjckitcme mo i gilmr `cskmvfry cekrfisfs tbf kctitcme ritfs mo pipfrs tbf iutbmr puh hfomrf.. Cetfrfstcedjy, tbf mj`fr pipfrs tbit felmyf` tbf kctitcme jcsbf` hfomrf jcsbf` hmmsts irf emt irf emt efkfssircjy efkfssircjy rfjitf` tm tm tbf tmpck mo tbf efw `cskmvfry. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, rfputitcmeij scdeijced mpfritfswbfe hy hrcedced prmofsscmeij ittfetcme tm tbf ce`cvc`uij. Kmesfqufetjy, ie iutbmr hfkmgfs prmgcefet ce mef irfi mo skcfekf, bfr rfputitcme giy hf fxtfe`f` tm bfr mtbfr jcef mo wmra, fvfe ce uerfjitf` fj`s.
Hmx ;.8 Orm Ormg g hmmg tm hus hust< t< Pbf rfvfrs rfvfrsff Gittbf Gittbfw w foo foofkt fkt
Co i gilmr hrfiatbrmudb hjfssfs hmtb pist ie` outurf skbmjirsbcp, wbit `mfs i skie`ij `m tm i kirffr= [kcfetcsts irf kfrticejy oijjchjf, ie` tbf skcfetck kmgguecty rfdujirjy kmeormets gilmr gcstiafs mr gcskme`ukt. Pbfsf cekc`fets jfi` tm rftriktcmes mo irtckjfs, pirtckujirjy ce tmp lmureijs Q49W, wbfr wbfrf f tbfy tbfy rf rfkf kfcv cvf fe febi biek ekf` f` sk skru rutc tcey ey.. Pm wb wbit it `fdr `fdrff ff `m `mfs fs i rftriktf` pipfr ioofkt i fskcfetc k kirffr= Irf fgcefet iutbmrs ioofktf` gmrf mr jfss sfvfrfjy tbie tbfcr luecmr kmjjfidufs= Tbcjf rftriktcmes irf dmm` omr skcfekf, bfjpced mtbfr rfsfirkbfrs ivmc` oijsf bypmtbfsfs, rftriktcmes irf efvfr dmm` omr tbf iutbmrs mo tbf rftriktf` pipfr< tbfy fxpfrcfekf i spcjjmvfr, jfi`ced tm kctitcme jmssfs tm tbfcr prcmr hm`y mo wmra is wfjj Q48‛40W. Pbf efditcvf cgpikt cs emt `cstrchutf` fquijjy, bmwfvfr< Fgcefet skcfetcsts irf gmrf birsbjy pfeijczf` omr tbfcr rftriktf` pipfrs tbie wbfe rftriktcmes bippfe tm tbfcr jfss-`cstceducsbf` pffrs Q 40W. Cgpmrtietjy, tbcs kmekjuscme mejy bmj`s wbfe tbf rftriktcmes cevmjvf oriu` mr gcskme`ukt. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, wbfe tbf rftriktcme cs pfrkfcvf` tm hf tbf kmesfqufekf mo ie ‚bmefst gcstiaf,‗ tbf pfeijty `coofrfetcij hftwffe bcdb- ie` jmw-stitus iutbmrs `csippfirs Q40W. Tbfe i sfecmr ie` luecmr skcfetcsts irf me tbf sigf rftriktf` pipfr, bmwfvfr, tbf stitus pfeijty hfkmgfs quctf `coofrfet Q46W< [fecmr iutbmrs motfe fskipf gmstjy ueskitbf`, wbfrfis tbfcr luecmr kmjjihmritmrs kirry tbf hjigf, smgftcgfs fvfe tm i kirffr-fe`ced kirffr-fe`ced `fdrff. Tf wcjj rfture tm tbcs foofkt ce Kbiptfr 9; , wbfrf wf fxpjmrf tbf hfef ts ie` tbf `riwhikas mo kmjjihmritcvf wmra.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps6
;6
;.; ;.;
/
Pbf Gitt ttbbfw Foofkt
Cs ct Xf Xfij ijjy jy tb tbff Gitt Gittbf bfw w Foof Foofkt kt Io Iotf tfrr Ij Ijj= j=
Drfitt sk Drfi skccfetc fetcst stss irf irf sf sfj` j`m mg mefmef-bc bctt wm wme e`frs `frs Q?>, 4?W. Efwtme cs i prcgf prc gf fxigpj fxigpjf< f< hfy hfyme` me` tbf Efwtme Efwtmeci cie e gfkbi gfkbiec ecks, ks, bf `fvfjm `fvfjmpf pf` ` tbf tbfmry mo drivctitcme, kijkujus, jiws mo gmtcme, mptcks, ie` mptcgczitcme. Ce oikt, wfjj-aemwe skcfetcsts irf motfe cevmjvf` ce gujtcpjf `cskmvfrcfs, iemt ie mtbf bfrr pbfe pbfemg mgfe feme me pm pmtf tfet etci cijj jjy y fx fxpj pjic icef ef` ` hy tb tbff Gitt Gittbf bfw w fo foof ofkt kt.. Ce`ff`, ie cectcij sukkfss giy moofr i skcfetcst jfdctcgiky, cgprmvf pffr pfrkfptcme, prmvc`f aemwjf`df mo bmw tm skmrf ie` wce, febiekf smkcij stitus sti tus,, ie` ittrik ittriktt rfsmur rfsmurkfs kfs ie` quijct quijcty y kmjji kmjjihmr hmritm itmrs, rs, fik fikb b mo tbfsf tbfsf piymoos ourtbfr cekrfisced bfr m``s mo skmrced iemtbfr wce. Sft, tbfrf cs ie ippfijced ijtfreitcvf fxpjieitcme< Drfit skcfetcsts bivf gujtcpjf bcts ie` kme kmescs scstfe tfetjy tjy sukkff sukkff` ` ce tbfcr tbfcr skc skcfet fetcck fe`fiv fe`fivmrs mrs scg scgpj pjy y hfkius hfkiusff tbfy–rf fxkfptcmeijjy tijfetf`. Pbfrfomrf, outurf sukkfss idice dmfs tm tbmsf wbm bivf bi` sukkfss firjcfr, firjcfr, emt hfkiusf hfkiusf mo i`vietidfs moofrf` hy tbf prfvc prfvcmus mus sukkfss, sukkfss, hut hut hfkiusf hfkiusf tbf firjcfr firjcfr sukkfs sukkfsss wis ce`ckit ce`ckitcvf cvf mo i
bc``fe tijfet. Pbf Gittbfw foofkt pmscts tbit sukkfss ijmef sukkfss ijmef cekrfisfs cekrfisfs tbf outurf prmhihcjcty mo sukkfss, ricsced tbf qufstcme< @mfs stitus `cktitf mutkmgfs, mr `mfs ct scgpjy rffkt ie ue`frjyced tijfet mr quijcty= Ce mtbfr wmr`s, cs tbfrf rfijjy i Gittbfw foofkt iotfr ijj= Tby sbmuj` wf kirf ihmut wbckb cs tbf gmrf jcafjy fxpjieitcme, co tbf mutkmgf cs tbf sigf= Ce`ff`, ce`fpfe`fet mo tbf gfkbiecsg, pfmpjf wbm bivf prfvcmusjy sukkff`f` irf gmrf jcafjy tm sukkff` idice ce tbf outurf. Hut, co ceeitf `coofrfekfs ce tijfet cs tbf mejy rfisme wby smgf pfmpjf sukkff` wbcjf mtbfrs `me –t, ct gfies tbit tbf `fka cs scgpjy stikaf` ce oivmr mo smgf ‛ it tbf fxpfesf mo mtbfrs ‛ ormg tbf mutsft. Co, bmwfvfr, tbf Gittbfw foofkt cs rfij, fikb sukkfss ymu fxpfrcfekf wcjj hfttfr ymur outurf kbiekfs. Smu giy emt hf Fcestfce, hut co ymu irf jukay tm dft tbit firjy wce, ymu giy eirrmw tbf dip hftwffe ymursfjo ie` smgfmef mo bcs fgcefekf, is ymur sukkfss semwhijjs. Veom Ve omrt rtue ueit itfj fjy, y, ct cs ritb ritbfr fr `co `co ku kujt jt tm `cst `cstce cedu ducs csb b tbfs tbfsff twm twm kmgpftced tbfmrcfs, is tbfy ycfj` scgcjir fgpcrckij mhsfrvitcmes. Mef tfst mo tbfsf kmetristced bypmtbfsfs wis cespcrf` hy tbf Orfekb Iki`fgy–s gytbckij ‚09st kbicr.‗ Pbf Iki`fgy `fkc`f` firjy me tm bivf mejy 0> sfits, jcgctced cts gfghfrsbcp tm 0> sm-kijjf` ‚cggmrtijs,‗ ie` wmuj` mejy kmesc`fr emgceitcmes mr ippjckitcmes omr efw gfghfrs co mef mo tbf sfits hfkigf vikiet tbrmudb tbf `fitb mo i gfghfr. Dcvfe tbcs rfstrcktcme, giey `fsfrvced ce`cvc`uijs wfrf efvfr fjfktf` cetm tbf Iki`fgy, hfced ftfreijjy `fjfditf` tm tbf 09st kbicr. Ct–s i krmw`f` @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>6 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttpsW. It tbf sigf tcgf, giey mo tbmsf wbm `c` bmj` i sfit ce tbf fstffgf` kjuh irf (ueomrtueitfjy) uttfrjy crrfjfviet tm us tm`iy. Tctb tcgf, tbf 09st kbicr hfkigf i syghmj mo tbf giey tijfetf` skcfetcsts wbm sbmuj` wbm sbmuj` bivf hffe, hut wfrf efvfr, rfkmdeczf` is dciets mo tbfcr `cskcpjcef. Hut, `mfs ct iktuijjy gittfr co smgfmef cs omrgijjy rfkmdeczf` mr emt= Ce`ff`, bmw `mfs tbf pmst-iwir` pfrkfptcme mo gilmr prczfwceefrs kmgpirf tm skcfetcsts wbm bi` kmgpirihjf pfromrgiekf, hut wbm wfrf emt mo kcijjy rfkmdeczf`= Ce mtbfr wmr`s, bmw `mfs tbf kirffr mo tbmsf tbit mkkupcf` tbf 09st kbicr `coofrf`, bi` bi` tbfy hffe fjfktf` fjfktf` tm tbf Orfekb Orfekb Iki`fgy= Pbf ieswfr cs prmvc`f` hy i stu`y, fxpjmrced tbf cgpikt mo i gilmr stitus-kmeofrrced prczf Q44W. Is i prfstc prfstcdcm dcmus us prc prcvit vitff oue oue`ce `ced d mrdiec mrdieczit zitcme cme omr hcmgf hcmgf`ck `ckij ij rfsfir rfs firkb kb ce tbf Vectf` Vectf` [titfs, [titfs, tbf Bmwir` Bmwir` Bud Budbfs bfs Gf`cki Gf`ckijj Cestctu Cestctutf tf (BBGC) sfjfkts ‚pfmpjf, emt prmlfkts,‗ dfefrmusjy suppmrtced skcfetcsts ritbfr tbie iwir`ced tbfg driets omr spfkck pffr-rfvcf pffr-rfvcfwf` wf` rfsfirkb rfsfirkb
prmpmsijs. Pbf BBGC moofrs ihmut V[$9 gcjjcme pfr cevfstcditmr fikb yfir, prmvc`ce prmvc`ced d jmed-tfrg, jmed-tfrg, fxc fxchjf hjf oue`ce oue`ced d tbit tbit ijjmw ijjmwss iwir`f iwir`ffs fs tbf orff`mg tm omjjmw tbfcr cestcekts, ie` co efkfssiry, kbiedf rfsfirkb `crfktcmes. Hfyme` tbf gmeftiry orff`mg, hfced ippmcetf` ie BBGC cevfstcditmr cs sffe is i bcdbjy prfstcdcmus bmemr. Pm gfisurf tbf cgpikt mo tbf BBGC iwir`, tbf kbijjfedf cs tm krfitf i kmetrmj drmup mo skcfetcsts wbm wfrf kjmsf kmetfe`frs hut wbm wfrf emt sfjfktf` omr tbf iwir` ie` kmgpirf tbfcr skcfetck mutputs wctb tbmsf mo tbf BBGC cevfstcditmrs. Hut, jft–s issugf tbit wf c`fetcoy tbcs kmetrmj drmup mo skcfetcsts, ie``m e` fvc` fvc`fe fekf kf tbit tbit BBGC BBGC cevf cevfst stcd cditm itmrs rs bi bivf vf gmrf gmrf cgpi cgpikt kt.. Bmw Bmw kie kie wf aemw tbit tbf `coofrfekf cs purfjy hfkiusf mo tbfcr efwomue` stitus= Iotfr ijj, tbf V[$9 gcjjcme ieeuij driet dcvfs tbfg tbf rfsmurkfs tm `m hfttfr wmra. Pm smrt tbcs mut, wf kie omkus mejy me irtckjfs wrcttfe hy tbf hfomrf tbfy iwir`ffs hfomrf iwir`ffs tbfy rfkfcvf` tbf iwir`. Pbfrfomrf, iey kctitcme `coofr–
fekf fe kfs s rkfs hft ftwf tbf tb tw twm m drmu dr mups ps. kmuj km uj`e t hf scg sc, g pj tbf rf rfs uj t kmvf movfrf tbf su sup frcm frcmr rfs rfsmu murk fswffe moof mofe ofrf rf` `ftm iwir iw ir`f `ffs fs. [u [urf rf`e fe femu mudb db, tbf tbpjy f yie ieij ijys yscs cssujt ue uekm rf` ` ippmstpm st-r ippmcetgfet kctitcme hmmst tm firjcfr wmras, moofrced fvc`fekf tbit ce skcfe skc fekf kf,, tbf tbf bivfs bivfs ir irff ce`f ce`ff` f` gm gmrf rf jcaf jcafjy jy tm bivf bivf gmrf gmrf tbie tbie tb tbff bivf bivf-e -emt mts. s. Pbcs sukkfss-hrff`s-sukkfss foofkt cs emt jcgctf` tm BBGC cevfstcdi tcditm tmrs rs.. Tbfe Tbfe i sk skcf cfet etcs cstt gmvf gmvfss or ormg mg i jiur jiurfi fitf tf-t -tmm-hf hf tm i Emhf Emhfjj jiurfi jiu rfitf, tf, bfr prfvcm prfvcmusj usjy y pu puhjc hjcsbf sbf` ` wmra wmra ‛ wbftb wbftbfr fr mo Emhfj Emhfj prczfprczfwceeced kijchfr mr emt ‛ ditbfrs oir gmrf ittfetcme Q42W. Mekf idice, @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>6 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps>
8.30 8.89
8.>>
Fxpfrcgfet
9.>>
Kmetrmj Iwir` rfkfcvf` >.>> -;>
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;>
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Ocdurf ;.8 Pbf Gi Gittbfw ttbfw foofkt foofktW.
iktcvcty. Ce`ff`, rfkfcvced i hirestir cekrfisf` gf`cie prm`uktcvcty hy ?> pfrkfet kmgpirf` tm tbf kmetrmj drmup. Gmst cgpmrtietjy, tbfy ijsm rfij hirest wfet me tm wce giey gmrf rfij hirestirs irs orm ormg g mtb mtbfr fr f`c f`ctmr tmrs. s. Pbfsf Pbfsf i``ctcmeij i``ct cmeij iwir`s wfrf emt lust `uf tm tbfcr tbfcr cekrf cekrfisf` isf` prm`uktcvcty prm`uktcvcty,, scekf scekf wctbce tbf fxpfrcgfetij drmup, tbf iwir`f` ce`cvc`uijs wfrf emt gmrf iktcvf ikt cvf tbi tbie e tbm tbmsf sf wbm rfk rfkfcv fcvf` f` em i` i``ct `ctcme cmeij ij hirest hirestirs irs.. Pbf mhs mhsfrv frvf` f` sukkfss-hrff`s-sukkfss pbfemgfeme wis sbmwe tm pfrscst ikrmss `mgices mo krmw`oue`ced, stitus, fe`mrsfgfet, ie` rfputitcme Q29W, `mkugfetced tbitt cectci tbi cectcijj fe`mwg fe`mwgfet fets, s, fvf fvfe e co tbf tbfy y irf irh irhctr ctriry iry,, ki kie e krf krfitf itf jis jistce tced d `cspir `cs pirctc ctcfs fs ce ce` ce`cvc cvc`ui `uijj suk sukkf kfss, ss, ie` moo moofrc frced ed kiu kiusij sij fvc`fe fvc`fekf kf omr tbf Gittbfw foofkt.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps6
0
IDF IE@ [K [KCFEP CFEPCOCK COCK IK IKBCF BCF_FG _FGFE FEPP
Tbfe Fjcis \frbmuec wis eigf` `crfktmr mo tbf Eitcmeij Cestctutfs mo Bfijtb (ECB) ce 8>>8, bf oikf` i sffgcedjy cetriktihjf krcscs< Pbf cevfstcditmrs tbit bcs mrdieczitcme oue`s wfrf idced it ie ijirgced ritf. Hika ce 932>, omr fxigpjf, ihmut 92 pfrkfet mo ijj rfkcpcfets mo
X>9s ‛ ECB–s gmst kmggme rfsfirkb driets omr ce`cvc`uij cevfstcditmrs ‛ wfrf luecmr skcfetcsts idf` ;? mr ymuedfr. [fecmr cevfstcditmrs, tbmsf ?? yfirs mj` mr ihmvf, ikkmuetf` omr jfss tbie 9 pfrkfet mo tbf drietffs. Ce tbf ;> yfirs scekf, bmwfvfr, i rfgiraihjf rfvfrsij bis tiafe pjikf (Ocd. 0 .9) Q28W< Pbf eughfr mo sfecmr cevfstcditmrs cekrfisf` tfe-omj` hy 8>9>, wbfrfis tbf pfrkfetidf mo ymued cevfstcditmrs pjuggftf` `rigitckijjy, ormg 92 pfrkfet tm 4 pfrkfet. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, hika ce 932>, omr fvfry sfecmr cevfstcditmr, tbf ECB oue`f` 92 luecmr oikujty. Hy 8>9>, tbfrf wfrf twckf is giey sfecmr cevfstcditmrs is tbmsf lust stirtced mut. \frbmuec `fkjirf` tbcs trfe` tm hf ‚tbf eughfr mef cssuf ce Igfrckie skcfekf‗ Q 2;W. Tby wis tbf `crfktmr mo ECB sm wmrrcf` ihmut tbcs trfe`= Iotfr ijj, sfecmr rfsfirkbfrs bivf i prmvfe trika rfkmr`, aemw bmw tm gieidf prmlfkts, ue`frstie` rcsas, ie` kie sfrvf is fxpfrcfekf` gfetmrs omr tbf efxt ef xt dfef dfefrit ritcm cme e mo skcfe skcfetc tcst sts. s. [m [m,, wbfe wbfe iotfr iotfr i rcdm rcdmrm rmus us pf pffr fr rfvc rfvcfw fw prmk prmkfs fss, s, sfecmr sfe cmr prcek prcekcp cpij ij ce cevfs vfstcd tcditm itmrs rs (^Cs) (^Cs) wce mut mut mvfr mvfr tbf orfsborfsb-oik oikf` f` ymued ymuedstf stfrs, rs, sbmuj`e–t wf offj rfissurf` tbit mur tix `mjjirs irf ce siof bie`s= Pm kmgprfbfe` tbf tbrfit tbcs `fgmdripbck sbcot pmsfs tm tbf prm`uktcvcty ie` prf-fgcefekf mo Igfrckie skcfekf, wf eff` tm fxpjmrf i qufstcme tbit bis oiskceitf` rfsfirkbfrs omr kfeturcfs< It wbit idf `mfs i pfrsme giaf tbfcr gmst scdeckiet kmetrchutcme tm skcfekf= @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps?
0>
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Pb Pbff [k [kcf cfeekf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff 8>.>% s r m t i d c t s f v e c j i p c k e c r p j j i o m t e f k r f ^
8?8;
Idf ;? ie` ie` ymuedfr Idf ?? i ie` e` mj`fr
9?.>%
98.>%
2.>%
9600
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9326
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9336
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8>>6
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Ocskij yfir
Ocdurf 0.9 Pbf driyc driyced ed mo skcfek skcfekf. f. Kbiedfs ce tbf pfrkfetidf mo ECB X>9 driet rfkcpcfets, idf` ;? ie` ymuedfr ie` idf` ?? ie` mj`fr, 932>‛8>9>. Iotfr Ijhfrts ft ij. Q28W.
0.9 0.9
Tb Tbfe fe @m [k [kcf cfet etcs csts ts @m tb tbfc fcrr Drfi Drfitf tfst st Tm Tmra ra==
Pbf firjcfst cevfstcditcme cetm tbf jcea hftwffe i pfrsme –s idf ie` fxkfpt fxkfptcme cmeij ij ikkmgp ikkmgpjcs jcsbgf bgfet et `itfs `itfs hi hika ka tm 9240, wbfe wbfe Dfmr Dfmrdf df
G. Hfir` fstcgitf` tbit pfia pfromrgiekf ce skcfekf ie` tbf krfitcvf irts mkkurrf` hftwffe tbf idfs mo ;6 ;6 ie` 0> Q20W. [uhsfqufetjy, Birvfy K. Jfbgie `fvmtf` irmue` tbrff `fki`fs tm tbf suhlfkt, suggirczced bcs e`ceds ce Idf ce Idf ie` Ikbcfvfgfet , i hmma puhjcsbf` ce 936; Q26W. [cekf tbfe, `mzfes mo stu`cfs bivf fxpjmrf` tbf rmjf mo idf ce i wc`f riedf mo krfitcvf `mgices, rfvfijced i rfgiraihjy rmhust pittfre< Em gittfr wbit krfitcvf `mgice wf jmma it mr bmw wf `f ef ikbcfvfgfet, mef–s hfst wmra tfe`s tm mkkur irmue` gc`-kirffr, mr hftwffe ;> tm 0> yfirs mo idf Q8, ??, 26‛24W. Ocdurf 0.8 sbmws tbf idf `cstrchutcme `cstrchutcme mo scdeiturf scdeiturf ikbcfvfgfets, ikbcfvfgfets, kipturced Emhfj prczfwceefrs ie` drfit tfkbemjmdckij ceemvitmrs mo tbf twfetcftb kfetury Q22W. Pbf durf kmevfys tbrff afy gfssidfs< (9) Pbfrf cs i jirdf jirdf vircie virciekf kf wbfe wbfe ct km kmgfs gfs tm idf. idf. Tbcjf Tbcjf tbfrf tbfrf irf giey giey drfit ceemvitcmes hy ce`cvc`uijs ce tbfcr ;>s (08%), i bcdb oriktcme kmetrchu kmet rchutf` tf` ce tbfc tbfcrr 0>s (;>%), ie` smgf 90 pfrkfet pfrkfet bi` tbfcr tbfcr hrfiatbrmudb hfyme` tbf idf mo 6>. (8) Pbfrf Pbfrf irf em drfit ikbcfv ikbcfvfrs frs ymuedfr ymuedfr tbie 93. Tbcjf Fcestfce bi` bcs ieeus gcrihcjcs it tbf tfe`fr idf mo 8?, ie` Efwtme–s ieeus bcs gcrihcjcs kigf fvfe firjcfr, it tbf idf mo 8;, tbf Fcestfces ie` Efwtmes mo tbf wmrj` irf iktuijjy rirf, hfkiusf mejy 4 pfrkfet mo @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps?
09
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Idf ie` [kcfetck Ikbcfvfgfet >.>6
Emhfj ^rczf wceefrs Drfit cevfetmrs
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pjmt mt sbmw sbmwss tbf tbf id idff Ocdurf 0.8 Idf `cstrchutcme mo drfit ceemvitcme. Pbf pj mo ceemvitmrs it tbf gmgfet mo tbfcr drfit ceemvitcme, kmghceced ijj twfetcftb-kfetury mhsfrvitcmes. Iotfr Lmefs Q 22W.
tbf sigpjf bivf ikkmgpjcsbf` tbfcr drfit ikbcfvfgfet it mr hfomrf tbf idf mo 8?. (;) Pbf Emhf Emhfjj jiurfi jiurfitfs tfs ie` tbf cevfet cevfetmrs mrs kmgf ormg ormg twm ce`fpfe ce`fpfe``fett `iti fe `iti sm smur urkf kfs, s, wctb wctb mejy mejy 4 pfrkfe pfrkfett mvfrji mvfrjip p hftwff hftwffe e tbf twm jcsts. Sft, tbf idf `cstrchutcmes mo tbfsf twm sigpjfs irf rfgiraihjy scgcjir. Pbus, Ocd. 0.8 `fgmestritfs tbit skcfetck pfromrgiekf pfias
ce gc``jf idf Q 8, ??, 26‛24W. Pbf jcof kykjf mo i skcfetcst motfe hfdces wctb wc tb i jf jfir irec eced ed pf pfrc rcm` m`,, ih ihsf sfet et mo gilm gilmrr krfi krfitc tcvf vf mutp mutput uts. s. Pbcs Pbcs cs omjjmwf` hy i ripc` rcsf ce krfitcvf mutput tbit pfias ce tbf jitf ;>s mr 0>s ie` fe`s wctb i sjmw `fkjcef is bf i`viekfs tbrmudb bcs jitfr yfirs. yfi rs. Pbfsf Pbfsf pit pittfr tfres es irf rfg rfgira iraihj ihjy y uecvfr uecvfrsij sij.. Xfsfir Xfsfirkbf kbfrs rs bivf bivf fxpjmrf` tbfg ce i vircfty mo wiys, c`fetcoyced cgpmrtiet skcfetcsts hy tbfcr Emhfj ^rczfs, hy tbfcr jcstceds ce fekykjmpf`cis, ie` hy tbfcr gfghfrsbcp ce fjctf drmups jcaf tbf Xmyij [mkcfty mr tbf Eitcmeij Iki`fgcfs. Em gittfr bmw ymu sjckf tbf `iti, tbf pittfres mhsfrvf` ce Ocd. 0.8 rfgice fssfetcijjy tbf sigf, ricsced twm qufstcmes< Tby `mfs krfitcvcty tiaf moo `urced mur 8> s ie` firjy ;> s= Ie` wby `mfs ct `fkjcef ce jitfr jcof=
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I rfgiraihjf ofiturf mo i skcfetck kirffr cs tbf jika mo kmetrchutcmes ce tbf hfdceeced mo jcof Q 23W. [cgpjy put, em 92 yfir mj` bis gieidf` tm prm`ukf ieytbced wmrtby mo i Emhfj. Pbf firjy jcof kykjf kmcekc`fs wctb skbmmjced, suddfstced tbit tbf eff` omr f`ukitcme giy hf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>? Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps‛38W. Ce`ff`, co wf sff aemwjf`df is Jfdm pcfkfs, ie` efw cevfetcmes ie` c`fis bcedf me durced mut emvfj wiys tm kmghcef tbfsf pcfkfs, tbfe wf rst eff` tm ikkugujitf femudb pcfkfs hfomrf wf kie stirt hucj`ced ieytbced gfiecedouj. Fgpcrckij fvc`fekf usced Tmrj` Tirs C ie` CC is eiturij fxpfrcgfets Q22W, suppmrts tbf c`fi tbit triceced cs rfspmeschjf omr tbf jika mo `cskmv `cs kmvfry fry ie` cevfet cevfetcm cme e ce tbf fir firjy jy jcof jcof kykjf. kykjf. Ce`ff` Ce`ff`,, wir krfitf krfitf` ` cetfrruptcmes tbit ioofktf` tbf triceced pbisf mo kirffrs. Tbfe Emhfj jiurfitfs fxpfrcfekf` fctbfr Tmrj` Tir C mr CC hftwffe tbf idfs mo 8> ie` 86, tbfcr prmhihcjcty mo krfitced ceemvitcvf wmra hftwffe tbf idfs mo 86 86 ie` ;> wis suhstietcijjy rf`ukf`, fvfe tbmudb tbf wirs wfrf mvfr mv fr.. Pbcs Pbcs gfie gfies, s, sk skcf cfet etcs csts ts `m em emtt gidc gidcki kijj jjy y stir stirtt ceem ceemvi vitc tced ed it i kfrtice idf1 ritbfr, cetfrruptcmes `urced tbfcr triceced pbisf gust hf gi`f up. Pbcs e`ced cs kmescstfet wctb tbf gukb-`cskussf` ‚9>,>>>bmurs bypmtbfscs‗ ce psykbmjmdy, wbckb fstcgitfs tbit rmudbjy 9> yfirs mo `fjchfritf priktckf irf eff`f` tm ikbcfvf fxkfjjfekf ikrmss hrmi`
`mgices mo bugie pfromrgiekf Q3;‛36W.
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Pbf Gc``j c``jff ie` ie` Jit Jitf Jc Jcof of Ky Kykj kjff
Mekf i skcfet Mekf skcfetcst cst kmg kmgpjf pjftfs tfs tbf tricec triceced ed pbisf, pbisf, i prm`uk prm`uktcv tcvff kirffr giy hjmssmg, is fvc`fekf` hy tbf prmgcefet pfia ce Ocd. 0.8. Sft, Ocd. 0.8 ijsm sbmws tbit tbf jcafjcbmm` mo i skcfetck hrfiatbrmudb `fkrfi `fk rfisfs sfs omjjmw omjjmwce ced d tbcs tbcs pfia pfia irmue irmue` ` gc` gc``jf `jf idf. idf. Kmgpir Kmgpirf` f` tm tbf ripc` rcsf ce tbf firjy jcof kykjf, tbcs `fkjcef cs rfjitcvfjy sjmwfr. Pbfrf irf giey pmtfetcij fxpjieitcmes omr tbcs `fkjcef, ormg tbf mhsmjfskfekf mo sacjjs tm `fdri`itcme ce bfijtb. Hut emef mo tbfg moofr i sitcsoiktmry fxpjieitcme omr wby tbf `fkjcef mkkurs sm firjy, usuijjy hfomrf i skcfetcst rfikbfs 6> ‛ jmed hfomrf bf cs kmesc`frf` mj`, hcmjmdckijjy. Omr tbcs rfisme, ijtfreitcvf fxpjieitcmes tbit kmesc`fr tbf rfijctcfs mo tbf rfsfirkb prmkfss stie` mut is gmrf pjiuschjf, cekju`ced oigcjy rfspmeschcjctcfs ie` cekrfisced i`gcecstritcvf `utcfs. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, mj`fr skcfetcsts giy wfjj bivf tbf kipikcty tm prm`ukf drfit skcfekf hut bivf jcgctf` tcgf tm `m sm. Cestfi`, tbfy–rf rueeced jihs, ippjyced omr driets, rfvcfwced pipfrs ie` `fkc`ced tfeurf kisfs. Cetfrfstcedjy, skcfetck kirff kirffrs rs irf smgftcgfs kbiriktfrcz kbiriktfrczf` f` hy i ‚sfkme` pfia‗ prcmr @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps?
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Idf ie` [kcfetck Ikbcfvfgfet
tm rftcrfgfet, wbckb kie hf cetfrprftf` is i rusb tm dft rfgiceced c`fis ie` uepuhjcsbf` rfsfirkb ce prfss Q23, 3?‛32W. Pbfsf e`ceds bfjp us rfture tm tbf kbijjfedf oikced Igfrckie skcfekf (Ocd. 0 .9)< Tbcjf sfecmr rfsfirkbfrs bivf gmrf fxpfrcfekf, skcfetcsts tfe` tm prm`ukf tbfcr hfst wmra it i ymuedfr idf, suddfstced tbit i prfofrfekf omr oue`ced mejy mj`fr rfsfirkbfrs kmuj` stc f ceemvitcme. Omr fxigpjf, ormg 932> tm 8>9>, 3? skcfetcsts wme i Emhfj ^rczf ce gf`ckcef mr kbfgcstry omr wmra suppmrtf` hy ECB. Sft tbfcr prczfwceeced rfsfirkb wis kme`uktf` it ie ivfridf idf mo 09 Q33W ‛ i oujj yfir yf ir ymue ymuedf dfrr tbie tbie tb tbff ivfr ivfrid idff idf idf mo i ECB ECB cevf cevfstc stcdi ditm tmrr sti stirt rtce ced d mut tm`iy.
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Tbit `ftfrgcefs wbfe mur krfitcvcty pfias= Giey hfjcfvf tbit i skcfetcst–s fj` cs i afy oiktmr, is smgf fj`s irf ‚ymued‗ ie` mtbfrs irf ‚mj`.‗ Ce`ff`, tbf prfvicjced bypmtbfscs cs tbit ce`cvc`uijs wmraced ce `cskcpjcefs tbit omkus me `f`uktcme ie` cetuctcme tfe` tm bivf tbfcr drfit ikbcfvfgfets it ymuedfr idfs, fxpjiceced wby pfia pfromrgiekf kmgfs firjcfr ce `cskcpjcefs jcaf gitb mr pbyscks tbie ce gf`ckcef Q 26,
9>>‛9>8W.
Hut tbcs stfrfmtypf ‛ mo prfkmkcmus pbysckcsts ie` wczfef` gf`ckij `mktmrs ‛ cs cekrfiscedjy kmetfstf`. Omr fxigpjf, rfsfirkbfrs tihujitf jitf` ` pfia pfia idf idf ce `coo `coofr frfe fett fj` fj`ss hy survfy survfyced ced tbf jctfri jctfritur turf. f. Vpme Vpme puttced ijj tbfsf eughfrs tmdftbfr, tbfy omue` tbit tbf pfia idf wis ijj mvfr tbf gip Q23W, jikaced mhvcmus sm-kijjf` ymued mr mj` fj`s. Fvfe tbf kiemeckij fxigpjf mo pbyscks vs. gf`ckcef `mfse –t sffg tm bmj`. Omr fxigpjf, wbcjf ct–s truf tbit pbyscks Emhfj jiurfitfs `urced tbf 938>s ie` 93;>s wfrf ymuedfr tbie skcfetcsts ce ijj mtbfr fj`s, scekf 9326, pbyscks pbyscks jiurfitfs jiurfitfs bivf iktuijjy iktuijjy hffe mj`fr hffe mj`fr wbfe wbfe tbfy gi`f tbfcr prczfwceeced kmetrchutcme kmgpirf` tm mtbfr fj`s Q9>;W. Co fj` cs emt i `ftfrgceced oiktmr, tbfe wbit cs= Is wf `cskuss efxt, twm kmevcekced tbfmrcfs bivf fgfrdf`< tbf hur`fe mo aemwjf`df ie` tbf eiturf mo wmra.
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Hu Hurr`f `fee mo Aemw Aemwjf jf`d `dff
I scgpjf rf-fxigceitcme mo Ocd. 0.8 rfvfijs ie cetfrfstced pittfre Q22W. Co wf ti tiaf af tb tbff `i `iti tisf sfts ts mo Emhf Emhfjj prcz prczfw fwce ceef efrs rs ie` ie` drfi drfitt @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps?
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Pb Pbff [k [kcf cfeekf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff >.>6
Hfomrf 93;6
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Idf it emtf` ikbcfvfgfet
Ocdurf 0.; [bcots ce ttbf bf idf `c `cstrchu strchutcme tcme mo dr drfit fit ceem ceemvitcm vitcme. e. @iti cekju`fs Emhfj prczfwceefrs ie` drfit cevfetmrs. Pbf twfetcftb kfetury cs `cvc`f` cetm tbrff kbrmemjmdckij pfrcm`s< 93>>‛93;6, 93;6‛93?6, ie` 93?6 tm prfsfet. Iotfr Lmefs Q22W.
cevf cevfet etmr mrs, s, ie` ie` `cvc `cvc`f `f tbf tbf tw twfe fetc tcft ftb b kf kfet etur ury y cetm cetm tbrf tbrfff kmes kmesfk fkut utcv cvff kbrmemjmdckij pfrcm`s, wf mhsfrvf i systfgitck sbcot (Ocd. 0 .;)< Pbf pfia idf mo drfit gce`s bis cekrfisf` mvfr tcgf. Ce`ff`, ce tbf firjy `iys mo tbf Emhfj prczf, twm tbcr`s mo tbf rfkcpcfets `c` tbfcr prczf-wceeced wmra hy idf 0>, ie` 8> pfrkfet firef` tbf `cstcektcme hfomrf tbfy turef` ;>. Jiwrfekf Hridd, tbf ymuedfst Emhfj jiurfitf ce pbyscks, rfkfcvf` bcs iwir` it tbf istmecsbced idf mo 86. Pm`iy, i 86-yfir-mj` pbysckcst bis prmhihjy mejy rfkfetjy `fkc`f` me wbckb ^b@ prmdrig tm
fermjj it tm hfdce bfr triceced. Ie` scekf 932>, tbf gfie idf omr Emhfj wcee wc eece ced d ikbc ikbcfv fvfg fgfe fett ce pbys pbysck ckss bi biss sbco sbcotf tf` ` tm 02. Mvfr Mvfrij ijj, j, is tbf tbf twfetcftb kfetury prmdrfssf`, tbf drfit ikbcfvfgfets hy hmtb Emhfj jiurfitfs ie` cevfetmrs bivf mkkurrf` it jitfr ie` jitfr idfs, wctb tbf gfie pfia idf rcsced hy ihmut scx yfirs ce tmtij. Pbfrf irf twm pjiuschjf fxpjieitcmes omr tbcs sbcot. Pbf rst bypmtbfscs cs tbit tbf jcof kykjf mo ceemvitcme bis kbiedf`, sm tbit drfit gce`s emw ceemvitf it i jitfr stidf mo tbfcr kirffr. Pbcs kmuj` hf `uf tm tbf fxtfe`f` jfedtb mo tcgf rfqucrf` omr f`ukitcme, wbckb `fjiys tbf mesft mo iktcvf ceemvitcvf kirffrs. Pbf sfkme` bypmtbfscs rfismes tbit tbf upwir` idf trfe` scgpjy rffkts dfefrij `fgmdripbck sbcots. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, co fvfrymef ce tbf wmrj` cs dfttced mj`fr me ivfridf, skcfekf is i prmofsscme sbmuj` hf em fxkfptcme. Sft, fvfe iotfr kmetrmjjced omr `fgmdripbck foofkts, suhstietcij sbcots ce pfia idf rfgice uefxpjicef`, fspfkcijjy tbf `fjiys ce tbf firjy jcof kykjf, wbfe ceemvitmrs hfdie tbfcr iktcvf kirffrs Q 22W. Omr fxigpjf, wbcjf it tbf stirt mo tbf twfetcftb kfetury i skcfetcst hfkigf ‚rfsfirkb iktcvf‗ it idf 8;, hy tbf fe` mo tbf kfetury tbcs gmgfet bi` sbcotf` tm idf ;9. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>? Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps0, 9>6W. Ocrst, ceemvitmrs gust ue`frtiaf suo kcfet f`ukitcme tm rfikb tbf ormetcfr mo aemwjf`df. [fkme`, hfkiusf skcfekf bis hffe drmwced fxpmefetcijjy, tbf igmuet mo aemwjf`d aemw jf`dff mef bis tm gistfr tm rfikb tbit ormetcfr ormetcfr cekrfisfs cekrfisfs wctb tcgf. Pbcs tbfmry moofrs i orfsb pfrspfktcvf mo Efwtme–s oigmus rfgira ihmut ‚stie`ced me tbf sbmuj`frs mo dciets ‗< Ce mr`fr tm stie` me i dciet–s sbmuj`frs, mef gust rst kjcgh up bcs hika. Hut tbf drfitfr tbf hm`y mo aemwjf`df, tbf jmedfr tbf kjcgh. Kjfirjy, f`ukitcme cs ie cgpmrtiet prfrfqucsctf omr ceemvitcme Q22W. Sft co skcfetcsts tfe` tm ceemvitf wbfe tbfy irf ymued, tbfe fikb i``ctcmeij gceutf tbfyomrwir`, spfe` ce pmtfetcijjy triceced cs mef jfss gceutf tbfy kie spfe` pusbced skcfekf rf`ukced tbf tmtij kirffr mutput mut put mo ce`cvc ce`cvc`u `uij ij skcfet skcfetcst csts. s. Ie Ie` ` co ce`cvc ce`cvc`u `uijs ijs bivf bivf jfss jfss tcgf tcgf tm ceemvitf, smkcfty is i wbmjf ceemvitfs jfss Q23W. I hika-mo-tbf-fevfjmpf kijkujitcme suddfsts tbit i typckij X&@ wmrafr kmetrchutfs ipprmxcgitfjy mejy ;> pfrkfet mo bcs tcgf tm iddrfditf prm`uktcvcty dices is bf `c` it tbf hfdceeced mo tbf twfetcftb kfetury ‛ i sbcot tbit kie hf ittrchutf` tm tbf hur`fe mo aemwjf`df. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, ie cekrfisf ce tb tbff id idff mo pfia pfia pfro pfromr mrgi giek ekff pm pmtf tfet etci cijj jjy y kmet kmetrc rchu hutf tfss tm tbf tbf wfjj wfjj--
`mkugfetf` `fkjcef ce pfr kipcti mutput mo X&@ wmrafrs ce tfrgs mo hmtb pitfet kmuets ie` prm`uktcvcty drmwtb Q9>?W.
Hmx 0.9 0.9 Emh Emhfj fj ^rcz ^rczff tbrfi tbrfitfe tfef` f` Ct–s emt mejy `cskmvfry tbit–s `fjiyf` tbfsf `iys ‛ sm cs rfkmdectcme Q9>4W. Ce`ff`, tbfrf cs i stfi`cjy cekrfisced dip ce tcgf hftwffe wbfe i skcfetcst giaf gi afss i `csk `cskmv mvfr fry y wmrt wmrtby by mo i E Emh mhfj fj ie ie` ` wb wbfe fe sb sbff ccss iwir iwir`f `f` ` oomr mr ct. Hfom Hfomrf rf 930>, mejy 99 pf pfrk rkfe fett mo pb pbys ysck cks, s, 96 pf pfrk rkfe fett mo kb kbfg fgcs cstr try, y, ie` ie` 80 pfrkfet mo pbys pb yscm cmjm jmdy dy mr gf gf`c `ckc kcef ef Emhf Emhfjj ^r ^rcz czff rf rfkc kcpc pcfe fets ts bi` bi` tm wict wict gmrf gmrf tb tbie ie 8> yfirs omr tbfcr rfkmdectcme iotfr tbf mrcdceij `cskmvfry. [cekf 9326, i twm-`fki`f `fjiy bis ioofktf` ?> pfrkfet, 68 pfrkfet, ie` 06 pfrkfet mo tbf iwir`s, iwi r`s, rfs rfspfk pfktcv tcvfjy fjy.. Pbf cek cekrfi rfisce sced d cet cetfr frvij vij hftwf hftwffe fe `cs `cskm kmvfr vfry y ie` cts omrgij rfkmdectcme cs ipprmxcgitf` hy ie fxpmefetcij kurvf, prmlfktced tbit hy tbf fe` mo tbcs kfetury, tbf prczfwceefrs– ivfridf idf omr rfkfcvced tbf iwir` cs jcafjy tm fxkff` tbfcr prmlfktf` jcof fxpfktieky. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, gmst kie`c`itfs wcjj emt jcvf jmed femudb tm ittfe` tbfcr Emhfj kfrfgmecfs. Dcvfe Dc vfe tbit tbit tbf Emh Emhfj fj ^rc ^rczf zf kie kieemt emt hf iw iwir` ir`f` f` pms pmstbu tbugmu gmusjy sjy,, tbc tbcss jid tbrfitfes tm ue`frgcef skcfekf–s gmst vfefrihjf cestctutcme.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>? Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps, ct wis kjfir tbit tbf jfi`ced tbfmry mo tbf itmg `fvfjmpf` hy Hmbr, [mggfrofj`, ie` mtbfrs, wbcjf sukkfssouj ce kfrtice `mgices, bi` fekmuetfrf` oue`igfetij kbijjfedfs. Bfcsfehfrd firef` bcs ^b@ ce Gueckb wctb Iremr` [mggfrofj` ce 938; ie` gmvf` me tm wmra wctb Gix Hmre ce Dÿttc Dÿttced edfe fe,, wbfr wbfrff bf `fvf `fvfjm jmpf pf` ` gitr gitrcx cx gfkb gfkbie ieck ckss ce 9386. Pbf omjjmwced yfir bf hfkigf Ecfjs Hmbr–s isscstiet ce Kmpfebidfe, wbfrf, it tbf idf mo 86, bf prmpmsf` tbf uekfrticety prcekcpjf. Ce tbf pist kfetur kfe tury, y, bcstmr bcstmrcie ciess bivf bivf rfpfit rfpfitf`j f`jy y `mkugf `mkugfetf etf` ` bcs ‚fxtrimr`ceiry ihcjctcfs< kmgpjftf kmggie` mo tbf gitbfgitckij ippiritus ie` `irced pbysckij cescdbt‗ ‛ tm hmrrmw ormg [mggfrofj`, bcs ^b@ i`vcsmr Q 9>2W. Tbit cs jfss aemwe, bmwfvfr, cs tbit bf efirjy oicjf` bcs ^b@ `fofesf. Me Lujy 8; , 938;, tbf 89 -yfir-mj` Bfcsfehfrd ippfirf` hfomrf omur prmofssmrs ce tbf Vecvfrscty mo Gueckb. Bf fiscjy bie`jf` [mggfrofj`–s qufstcmes ie` tbmsf rfjitced tm gitbfgitcks, hut bf stughjf` wctb wct b istrme istrmemgy mgy,, ie` ue ueaf af` ` hi`j hi`jy y ce fxpf fxpfrc rcgf gfet etij ij pbys pbysck ckss Q9>2W. Tbfe ijj wis sic` ie` `mef, bf pissf` wctb i K-fqucvijfet dri`f. Tbfe bf sbmwf` up tbf efxt gmreced it Gix Hmre–s mo kf ‛ wbm bi` ijrfi`y bcrf` bcg is bcs tfikbced isscstiet omr tbf kmgced yfir ‛
Bfcsfehfrd sic` sbffpcsbjy, ‚C wme`fr co ymu stcjj wiet tm bivf gf. ‗ Tby, ymu gcdbt isa, `c` ie istmecsbcedjy hrcjjciet pbysckcst oicj ie fxig kmvfrced tbf hiscks mo bcs fj`= ^frbips hfkiusf mo tbf ace` mo ceemvitmr bf wis. Pbfrf irf, hrmi`jy spfiaced, twm pmjir fxtrfgfs ce skbmjirjy krfitcvcty< kmekfptuij ie` fxpfrcgfetij Q9>3W. W. Fxpfrcgfetij Fxpfrcgfetij ceemvitmrs wmra ceemvitmrs wmra ce`uktcvfjy, ikkugujitced aemwjf`df ormg fxpfrcfekf. Pbcs typf mo wmra rfjcfs bfivcjy me tbf wmras mo mtbfrs ie` tfe`s tm hf gmrf gm rf fgpc fgpcrc rcki kij. j. Bf Bfcs csfe fehf hfrd rd wis, wis, me tbf tbf mtbf mtbfrr bie` bie`,, i kmekfptuij ceemvitmr,, wbm wmraf` `f`uktcvfjy, ippjyced ihstrikt prcekcpjfs. Kmeceemvitmr sfqufetjy, bcs wmra tfe`f` tm hf gmrf tbfmrftckij ie` `frcvf` ormg i prcmrc jmdck. Pbcs `cstcektcme hftwffe fxpfrcgfetij ie` kmekfptuij krfitcvcty suddfsts tbit tbf eiturf mo tbf wmra i skcfetcst `mfs ioofkts wbfe sbf pfias< Kmekfptuij ceemvitmrs tfe` tm `m tbfcr gmst cgpmrtiet wmra firjcfr ce tbfcr kirffrs tbie tbfcr fxpfrcgfetij kmjjfidufs. Pm fxpjmrf tbf `cstcekt jcof kykjfs mo tbf twm typfs mo skcfetcsts, rfsfir rfs firkbf kbfrs rs ritf` ritf` EmhfjEmhfj-wce wceece eced d fkmemg fkmemgcst cstss is fctbfr fctbfr kmekfp kmekfptui tuijj mr fxpfrcgfetij hisf` me tbf eiturf mo tbfcr `cskmvfry, ie` fxigcef` tbf idf wbfe fikb drmup puhjcsbf` tbfcr hfst wmra Q9>3W. Pbf `coofrfekf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps?
04
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Idf ie` [kcfetck Ikbcfvfgfet >.>6
Pbfmrcsts Pbfm rcsts
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Ocdurf 0 .0 Pbfmrcsts vs. fgpcrckcsts igmed Emhfj jiurfitfs. Pbcs durf sfpiritfs prmjfs omr Emhfj jiurfitfs, wbmsf prczfwceeced wmra wis tbfmrftckij tbfmr ftckij kmgpirf` tm tbmsf wbmsf prczfwceece prczfwceeced d wmra wis fgpcrc fgpcrckij, kij, sbmwced kjfir `coofrfekfs ce jcof kykjf mo krfitcvcty hftwffe tbf twm. Iotfr Lmefs Q23W.
wis stira< Kmekfptuij jiurfitfs gi`f tbfcr gmst cgpmrtiet kmetrchu ;6 .2. Kmgpirf tbit tm tbf ivfridf tcmes tm skcfekf it tbf ivfridf idf mo ;6 idf mo 6? omr fxpfrcgfetij jiurfitfs ‛ i stiddfrced `coofrfekf mo 8>.8 yfirs. Ce`ff`, 46 pfrkfet mo kmekfptuij Emhfj jiurfitfs ce fkmemgcks puhjcsbf` tbfcr hfst wmra wctbce tbf rst 9> yfirs mo tbfcr kirffr, wbcjf emef mo emef mo tbf fxpfrcgfetij jiurfitfs gieidf` tm `m sm. Iemtbfr wiy mo jmmaced it tbf eiturf mo wmra cs tm sfpiritf ct cetm tbf kitfdmrcfs mo fgpcrckij mr tbfmrftckij. Emtf tbit tbcs `cstcektcme cs
emt fqucvijfet wctb kmekfptuij vs. fxpfrcgfetij. Ce`ff`, wbcjf kmekfptuij ceemvitcmes tfe` tm hf gmrf tbfmrftckij, i kmekfptuij ceemvitmr kie kfrticejy hf rmmtf` ce fgpcrckij wmra is wfjj. Jcafwcsf, fxpfrcgfetij ceemvitmrs kie ijsm giaf tbfmrftckij kmetrchutcmes. Efvfrtbfjfss, wbfe Emhfj jiurfitfs wfrf sfpiritf` cetm fctbfr fgpcrckij mr tbfmrftckij kitfdmrcfs, i scgcjir pittfre fgfrdf` (Ocd. 0.0) Q23W< tbf fgpcrcki fgpcrckijj rfsfirkbrfsfirkbfrs `c` tbfcr prczfwceeced wmra 0.? yfirs jitfr (it ;3.3 yfirs mo idf kmgpirf` tm ;6.; yfirs) tbie tbmsf `mced tbfmrftckij wmra. Pbfrf irf giey rfismes wby kmekfptuij wmra tfe`s tm bippfe firjy ie` fxpfrcgfetij wmra tfe`s tm bippfe jitfr ce i kirffr Q23W. Ocrst, kmekfptuij ceemvitmrs jcaf Bfcsfehfrd `m emt eff` tm ikkugujitf jirdf igmuets mo @irwce, fxpfrcfekf ce `c` mr`fr tm giaf tbfcr kmetrchutcmes. kmetrist, Kbirjfs wbm fxpfrcgfetij wmra, eff`f` tcgf Hy tm ikkugujitf tbf fvc`fekf efkfssiry tm `fvfjmp bcs tbfmrcfs. [urf, bf wis i hrcjjciet eiturijcst, hut bcs wmra wmuj` bivf dmef emwbfrf co bf bi`e–t hmir`f hmir`f` ` tbf BG[ BG[ Hfidjf tm vmyid vmyidff irmue irmue` ` tbf wmrj wmrj`. `. Kmj Kmjjfk jfktce tced d ijj tbf pcfkfs mo fvc`fekf ie` `riwced kmeefktcmes igmed tbfg tmma tcgf. Ce`ff`, tbf trcp ctsfjo tmma vf yfirs. Pbit gfies ct tmma @irwce i @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps?
02
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Pb Pbff [k [kcf cfeekf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
bijo-`fki`f mo trivfj tm fvfe bivf tbf riw gitfrcijs omr wrctced Pbf _myidf mo tbf Hfidjf. Hfidjf. [fkme`, smgf mo tbf gmst cgpmrtiet kmekfptuij wmra cevmjvfs ri`ckij `fpirturfs ormg fxcstced piri`cdgs, ie` ct giy hf fiscfr tm `csrupt i piri`cdg sbmrtjy iotfr cectcij fxpmsurf tm ct, hfomrf ie ce`cvc`uij bis prm`ukf` i jirdf hm`y mo wmra tbit rfsts upme tbf prfvicjced wcs`mg. Pbus, wbcjf fxpfrcfekf hfefts fxpfrcgfetij ceemvitmrs, efwefss tm i fj` hfefts kmekfptuij ceemvitmrs. Ce`ff`, efirjy oicjced bcs ^b@ fxig fxig `c` emt prfvfe prfvfett Bfcsfe Bfcsfehfr hfrd d ormg ormg `mced `mced drmue drmue`hr `hrfia fiaced ced wmra. Pm i kfrtice `fdrff, ct gcdbt bivf fvfe bfjpf`. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, aemwced tmm gukb gcdbt fvfe ‚acjj‗ ymur krfitcvcty Q99>, 999W. Ce smgf sfesf, kmekfptuij ie` fxpfrcgfetij ceemvitmrs irf jcaf i Aÿjskb hffr ie` i vcetidf pmrt. Pbf omrgfr cs hfst sfrvf` orfsb, wbfrfis tbf jittfr idfs wctb gmrf pjfisced gmutboffj ie` smotfeced mo tieeces. Pbcs kmetristced ipprmikb tm tbf krfitcvf prmkfss triesjitfs tm fj`s hfyme` skcfekf. Igmed cgpmrtiet kmekfptuij ceemvitmrs ce tbf gm`fre fri, Ijhfrt Fcestfce, ^ihjm ^ckissm, Ie`y Tirbmj, ie` Hmh @yji @y jie e ijj ijj gi`f gi`f tbfc tbfcrr jie` jie`gi gira ra km kmet etrc rchu hutc tcme mess hftw hftwff ffe e tbf tbf idfs idfs mo 80 ie` ;?, wbfrfis tbf drfit fxpfrcgfetij ceemvitmrs, sukb is Kbirjfs @irwce, Gira Pwice, ^iuj Kãzieef, Oriea Jjmy` Trcdbt, ie` Xmhfrt Ormst, gi`f tbfcr drfitfst kmetrchutcmes hftwffe tbf idfs mo 02 ie` 4? Q998, 99;W. Pbf eiturf mo wmra cs sukb i strmed prf`cktmr mo wbfe ie
ceemvitmr pfias, tbit smgftcgfs ymu `me–t fvfe eff` `iti tm sff cts foofkt. Piaf omr fxigpjf irt. Ce Ocd. 0.6, wf put sc`f-hy-sc`f wmras hy
Ocdurf 0.6 Gckbfjiedfjm vs. ^ckissm. Pwm oigmus picetceds sc`f hy sc`f. (i) Pbf Krfitcme mo I`ig, hy Gckbfjiedfjm (9699‛9698). (h) Tmgie wctb Gustir` ^mt , hy ^ck ^ckiss issm m (939>). Kie ymu dufss wbckb wbckb mo tbfsf twm irtc irtcsts sts– kirff kirffrr pfiaf pfiaf` ` firjy i ie` e` wbckb cs tbf mef tbit rfqucrf` jmedfr tcgf tm giturf= @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps?
03
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Idf ie` [kcfetck Ikbcfvfgfet
Gckbfjiedfjm ie` hy ^ckissm. Kie ymu dufss wbm cs tbf Aÿjskb hffr ie` wbm cs tbf vcetidf pmrt=
Hmx 0.8 Idf ie` i`m i`mptc ptcme me mo efw c`f c`fis< is< ^ji ^jieka eka s prcekcpjf –
Tc`fjy bfj` cs tbf c`fi tbit ymuedfr rfsfirkbfrs irf gmrf jcafjy tm giaf ri`ckij `fpirturfs ormg kmevfetcme. Gix ^jieka vcvc`jy put ct tbcs wiy< ‚I efw skcfetc k trutb `mfs emt trcugpb hy kmevcekced cts mppmefets ie` giaced tbfg sff tbf jcdbt, hut ritbfr hfkiusf cts mppmefets fvfetuijjy `cf, ie` i efw dfefritcme drmws up tbit cs oigcjcir wctb ct. ‗ Pbcs skbmmj mo tbmudbt irdufs idf is ie cgpmrtiet oiktmr `rcvced skcfetc k prmdrfss. Ce mt mtbf bfrr wm wmr` r`s, s, co ym ymue ued d ie ie` ` mj` mj` sk skcf cfet etcs csts ts bivf bivf `c `coo oofr frfe fett io ect ectcfs cfs omr
ikkfptced tbfe skcfetc k prmdrfss wcjj kie bivfgmvf tm wict omr mj`fr skcfetcsts tmefw oi`fc`fis, ce rfjfviekf, hfomrf tbf `cskcpjcef omrwir`. Sft hy kmetrist, iemtbfr skbmmj mo tbmudbt irdufs tbit efw c`fis trcugpb wbfe tbfy irf suppmrtf` hy gmrf fgpcrckij fvc`fekf tbie tbf kmgpftced bypmtbfsfs. Pbfrfomrf ce skcfekf, rfisme, irdugfet, ie` fvc`fekf irf ijj tbit gittfr, suddfstced tbit tbf idf oiktmrs giy emt hf is cgpmrtiet is wf tbmudbt. [m cs wbit ^jieka sic` truf omr skcfekf= Ijtbmudb pfmpjf bivf jmed suspfktf` tbit ymuedfr rfsfirkbfrs irf gmrf wcjjced tm giaf ri`ckij `fpirturfs ormg kmevfetcme, tbfrf bis tri`ctcmeijjy hffe jcgctf` fvc`fekf suppmrtced ^jieka–s prcekcpjf. Omr fxigpjf, Bujj ie` kmjjfidufs omue` tbit mj`fr skcfetcsts wfrf lust is qucka tm ikkfpt
@irwce s tb tbfm fmry ry mo fv fvmj mjut utcm cme e is ymue ymuedf dfrr sk skcf cfet etcs csts ts Q990W. Pbcs Pbcs e`ced suppmrts tbf c`fi tbit skcfetck prmdrfss cs sfjo-kmrrfktced, duc`f` mejy hy trutb. Sft i stu`y omkusced me 068 prmgcefet jcof skcfetcsts wbm pissf` iwiy su``fejy wbcjf it tbfcr pfia mo tbfcr kirffr, moofrs fgpcrckij suppmrt omr ^jieka–s prcekcpjf Q996W. Iotfr tbf uefxpfktf` `fitb mo i prmgcefet skcfe skc fetcs tcst, t, bfr bfr orf orfquf qufet et kmj kmjjih jihmri mritmr tmrss ‛ tbf lue luecmr cmr rfsfir rfsfirkbf kbfrs rs wbm wbm kmi kmiutb utbmrf mrf` ` pipfrs wctb bfr ‛ fxpfrcfekf i su``fe `rmp ce prm`uktcvcty. It tbf sigf tcgf, tbfrf cs i giraf` cekrfisf ce puhjcsbf` wmra hy efwkmgfrs tm tbf fj fj`, `, ie ie` ` tbfsf tbfsf km kmet etrc rchu hutc tcme mess ir irff `csp `csprm rmpm pmrt rtcm cmei eitf tfjy jy jc jcaf afjy jy tm hf bc bcdb dbjy jy kc kctf tf`. `. Pbfy irf ijsm gmrf jcafjy tm hf iutbmrf` hy ymued mutsc`frs tm tbf fj`. Pbfs Pb fsff rfsu rfsujt jtss ir irff ijsm ijsm kkme mesc scst stfe fett wc wctb tb i st stu` u`y y tb tbit it ce cevf vfst stcd cdit itfs fs tb tbff jc jcea ea hftwffe idf ie` tbf i`mptcme mo efw c`fis. Hy gfisurced efw wmr`s usf` ce i pipfr is i prmxy omr efw c`fis, rfsfirkbfrs omue` tbit ymued rfsfirkbfrs irf gukb gmrf jcafjy tbie mj`fr skcfetcsts tm tikajf fxkctced, ceemvitcvf tmpcks ‛ ie` wbfe tbfy `m, tbf rfsujtced wmra bis i bcdbfr cgpikt Q 999W. Pbfsf rfsujts `mkugfet i ‚Dmjcitb–s sbi`mw‗ foofkt ce skcfekf< Mutsc`frs irf rfjuktiet tm kbijjfedf tbf jfi`ced tbceafr wctbce i fj` wbcjf bf cs stcjj ijcvf, hut strfig ce ie` tiaf mvfr jfi`frsbcp mekf bf bis pissf` iwiy.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>? Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps
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Pb Pbff [k [kcf cfeekf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
Xfdir`jfss mo wbftbfr tbf skcfetcsts ippjyced omr ECB oue`ced wfrf kmekfptuij mr fxpfrcgfetij ceemvitmrs, Fjcis \frbmuec wis rcdbt tm hf kkmekf mekfref` ref` yfirs. Tcjsme–s bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr wis puhjcsb puh jcsbf` f` ce 9340, 3 yf yfir irss io iotfr tfr bcs rs rstt puhj puhjck ckit itcm cme1 e1 ct cs tbf tbf 94tb mo bcs 02 pip pipfrs frs,, bfe bfekf kf t 7 3, E 7 94, E 7 02. (h) [buo f` ki kirf rffr fr mo Tc Tcjs jsm me, wb wbfr frff wf affp affp tbf tbf jm jmki kitc tcm mes mo tbf tbf pces, pce s, hu hutt sw swip ip tbf tbf cgp cgpik iktt mo fikb fikb pi pipf pfrr wct wctb b ie iemt mtbf bfrr me mef, f, tbfr tbfrfh fhy y hrfi hrfiac aced ed tbf tbf tfgp tfgpmr mrij ij mr`frced mo wbfe hfst wmra mkkurs wctbce i kirffr. Iotfr [ceitri ft ij. Q 99?W. 9>
*
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6.9
Jcof [buo f`
Ocdurf 6.9i sbmws tbf skcfetck kirffr mo Afeeftb D. Tcjsme, tbf 9328 Emhfj jiurfitf ce pbyscks. Tf trfit bcs rst puhjckitcme is tbf stirt mo bcs iki`fgck tcgfjcef, ie` fvfry tcgf bf puhjcsbfs iemtbfr pipfr, wf i`` mef gmrf pce it tbf kmrrfspme`ced tcgf pmcet (iki`fgck idf) ce bcs kirffr. Pbf bfcdbts mo fikb pce sbmws tbf pipfr–s cgpikt,
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>4 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps yfirs iotfr cts puhjckitcme. Pbcs ‚`rmp pce‗ vcfw ijjmws us tm rfprfsfet tbf kirffr mo fvfry skcfetcst ce tbf sigf wiy. Tbfe rfpfitf` omr tfes mo tbmusie`s mo skcfetcsts ormg ijj ace`s mo `cskcpjcefs, ct kie bfjp us ieswfr i scgpjf qufstcme tbit bis jmed hffe fjuscvf, `fspctf tbf fxtfescvf jctfriturf me dfecusfs< Tbfe `mfs ie mr`ceiry ie mr`ceiry skcfetcst skcfetcst puhjcsb bfr hfst wmra= Cectcij ittfgpts tm ieswfr tbf qufstcme omkusf` me tbf kirffr bcstmrcfs mo 8,26? pbysckcsts wbmsf puhjckitcme rfkmr`s spie it jfist 8> yfir yfirss Q99?W, fx fxtr trik iktf tf` ` or ormg mg tb tbff pu puhj hjck ckit itcm cme e rf rfkm kmr` r`ss mo 8;?,220 ^bysckij Xfvcfw Xfvcfw. Pbf `itisft ijjmwf` us tm pbysckcsts pbysc kcsts puhjcsbc puhjcsbced ed ce ^bysckij c`fetcoy fikb pbysckcst–s pfrsmeij bct, c.f., tbf pipfr tbit kmjjfktf` gmrf kctitcmes tbie iey mtbfr pipfr bf puhjcsbf`. Pm ue`frstie` wbfe i skcfetcst puhjcsbfs bcs bcdbfst cgpikt wmra, wf gfisurf t , tbf iki`fgck idf mo tbf skcfetcst wbfe tbf bct pipfr wis puhjcsbf`. Bfekf t kbrysmdfeug pipfr omr Ijfxie`fr giras, omr fxigpjf, tbf ^feckcjjcug tbf ^feckcjjcug kbrysmdfeug pipfr Ojfgced, ie` tbf ri`cmiktcvcty pipfr omr Gircf Kurcf. Hut ct kmuj` ijsm `femtf tbf oir jfss kctf`, yft emeftbfjfss pfrsmeij hfst pipfr hy ymur kmjjfiduf ce tbf mo kf efxt `mmr. Ocdurf 6.8 pjmts pjmts ^(t ), tbf prmhihcjcty tbit tbf bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr cs puhjcsbf` puhjcsbf` t yfirs iotfr i skcfetcst–s rst puhjckitcme. Pbf bcdb ∔
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Ocdurf 6.8 Pbf rie`m rie`mg g ccgpikt gpikt rujf. @cstrchutc @cstrchutcme me mo tbf puhjck puhjckitcme itcme tcgf t mo tbf bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr ce skcfetcsts– kirffr (hjika kcrkjfs) ie` omr rie`mgczf` cgpikt kirffrs (hjika kcrkjfs). Pbf jika mo `coofrfekfs hftwffe tbf twm kurvfs ce`ckitfs tbit cgpikt cs rie`mg wctbce i skcfetcst–s sfqufekf mo puhjckitcme. Iotfr [ceitri ft ij. Q 99?W. ∔
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>4 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps ie` 8> yfirs ce`ckitfs tbit gmst pbysckcsts puhjcsb tbfcr bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr ce firjy mr gc`-kirffr, omjjmwf` hy i scdec kiet ∔
`rmp ce ^ ce ^((t ) hfyme` tbcs pfrcm`. Ct sbmws tbit mekf skcfetcsts piss tbfcr gc`-ki gc` -kirff rffr, r, tbf pmssc pmsschcj hcjcty cty mo krf krfitc itced ed hrf hrfiat iatbrm brmudb udb wmra wmra hfkmgf hfkmgfss `fprfsscedjy uejcafjy. Sft, upme i kjmsfr fxigceitcme, ct tures mut tbit tbf cetfrprftitcme mo tbcs kurvf cs emt is stricdbtomrwir` is ct sffgs it rst. Pm sff tbcs, wf efxt isa bmw wmuj` tbf sigf pjmt jmma, co tbf tcgced mo tbf bcdbfst cgpikt wmra cs `rcvfe fetcrfjy hy kbiekf= Cgid Cg idce ceff om omrr i sf sfkm kme` e` tbit tbit krfi krfitc tcvc vcty ty ce i kirf kirffr fr cs purf purfjy jy rie`mg. Pm e` mut bmw sukb i rie`mg kirffr wmuj` jmma, wf tiaf twm pces it rie`mg ie` swip tbfg, ie` wf `m tbcs mvfr ie` mvfr, tbmusie`s mo tcgfs. Ce `mced sm, wf irrcvf it i sbuo f` vfrscme mo fikb skcfetcst–s kirffr (Ocd. 6.9h). Tbfrf `mfs tbf sbuo f` kirffr `coofr ormg tbf rfij mef= Pbf eft prm`uktcvcty mo tbf ce`cvc`uij bis emt kbiedf`. Pbf tmtij cgpikt mo tbfsf pipfrs `c`e –t kbiedf fctbfr, scekf wf `c` emt ijtfr tbf sczf mo tbf pces. Emr `c` wf kbiedf tbf tcgced mo tbf puhjckitcmes. Pbf mejy tbced tbit `c` tbit `c` kbiedf kbiedf cs tbf mr`fr ce wbckb tbfsf pipfrs wfrf puhjcsbf`. Cgidcef i jcoftcgf mo pipfrs is tbf `fka mo kir`s ymu –rf `fijt, ie` ymur bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr cs ymur ikf mo `cigme`s, tbfe wf lust sbuo f` tbf mr`fr mo tbmsf kir`s, cekju`ced tbf ikf. Smur ikf mo `cigme`s emw kie ippfir ieywbfrf ‛ tmp, gc``jf, hmttmg. Efxt, wf gfisurf` ^ gfisurf` ^((t ) omr tbf sbuo f` kirffrs ie` pjmttf` tbf rie`mgczf` vfrscme mo mo ^(t ) tmdftbfr wctb tbf rfij mef ce tbf sigf ∔
∔
durf.
Pm mur surprcsf, tbf twm kurvfs ce Ocd. 6.8 irf rcdbt me tmp mo fikb mtbfr. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, tbf tcgced mo tbf hfst wmras ce tbf rie`mgjy sbuo f` kirffrs cs ce`cstceducsbihjf ormg tbf mrcdceij `iti. Tbit `mfs tbcs gfie=
6.8
Pbf Xi Xiee`mg Cgpikt Xu Xujjf
Pbf oikt tbit tbf twm `cstrchutcmes ce Ocd. 6.8 irf tbf sigf oujjy fxpj fxpjic icef ef` ` hy kbie kbiedf dfss ce ce`cki ce` ckitfs tfs tbit tbit vircit vircitcm cmes es ce ^(t ) irf oujjy ∔
prm`uktcvcty tbrmudbmut i kirffr. Ce`ff`, tbf rie`mgczf` kurvf gfis prm`uktcvcty tbrmudbmut urfs tbf vircitcmes ce prm`uktcvcty `urced i skcfetcst –s kirffr. Ct sbmws tbit ce tbcs sigpjf mo skcfetcsts, prm`uktcvcty bis i pfia it yfir 96 mo i kirf ki rffr fr,, ie` ie` ct `rmp `rmpss ri ripc pc`j `jy y iotf iotfrr yfir yfir 8>. Pbcs Pbcs gfie gfiess tbit tbit ymue ymued d skcfetcsts bivf i `csprmpmrtcmeitf eughfr mo hrfiatbrmudbs firjy ce tbfcr kirffr emt hfkiusf ymutb ie` krfitcvcty irf cetfrtwcef`, hut scgpjy @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>4 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps yfirs tbie `urced ymur jitfr pfrcm`, wbfe wcjj ymu gmst jcafjy fekmuetfr tbf ikf= @urced tbf rst 8> yfirs, mo kmursf. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, tbf rst twm `fki`fs mo ymur kirffr irf emt gmrf krfitcvf tbie tbf jitfr 8> yfirs. Smu `riw ie ikf firjy ce ymur kirffr scgpjy hfkiusf ymu try bir`fr. Pm gmrf `crfktjy tfst tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf, wf kie jmma it wbfr wb frff tbf tbf ikf ikf ip ippf pfir irss wctb wctbce ce tbf tbf `fka `fka.. Omr Omr tbit tbit wf kijk kijkuj ujit itff tbf tbf puhjckipmsctcme mo tbf bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr pipfr E ce tbf sfqufekf mo E puhjckiE), E / E ) , c.f. tbf prmhihcjcty tbit tcmes mo i skcfetcst. Pbfe, wf gfisurf ^ gfisurf ^ ( (E tbf gmst kctf` wmra cs puhjcsbf` firjy (sgijj E (sgijj E / E E) mr jitf (E (E / E E 9) ce tbf sfqufekf. Co tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf bmj`s truf, ^ truf, ^ ( (E E / E E) sbmuj` omjjmw i uecomrg `cstrchutcme< Pbit cs, wctb fquij prmhihcjcty wf sbmuj` e` tbf bct pipfr it iey pmsctcmes mo E / E. E. Ce tfkbeckij tfrgs, tbcs E) gust `fkrfisf is i gfies tbit tbf kugujitcvf `cstrchutcme `cstrchutcme ^ (E / E stricdbt jcef, omjjmwced (E (E / E E) . Is Ocd. 6.;i sbmws, tbf `iti omjjmws ∔
∔
∔
∔
∔
∔
5
∔
9
∔
fxiktjy wbit tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf prf`ckts. Hut wby stmp it tbf bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr= Tbit ihmut tbf sfkme` bcdbfst= Bmw ihmut tbf tbcr`= Is ymu giy bivf dufssf`, tbf sigf pittfre fgfrdfs (Ocd. 6.;i). Pbf kugujitcvf `cstrchutcme omjjmws i kjfir stricdbt jcef. Pbit cs, tbf hcd hrfia mo ymur kirffr kie kmgf it iey tcgf, ie` tbcs pittfre cs emt jcgctf` tm ymur bcdbfst cgpikt wmra ‛ ymur mtbfr cgpmrtiet wmras irf fquijjy rie`mg Q994W. Ie` tbcs rie`mg cgpikt rujf bmj`s emt mejy ce skcfetck kirffrs, hut ijsm ce kirffrs ikrmss `coofrfet krfitcvf `mgices, jcaf irtcsts ie` jg `crfktmrs Q994W (Ocd. 6 .;). Pbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf bis `ffp rmmts ce tbf jctfriturf, `itced hika tm tbf 934>s wmra hy [cgmetme, wbm prmpmsf` tbf ‚kmestietprmhihcjcty-mo-sukkfss‗ gm`f gm`fjj Q8, 992‛989W. Xfsf Xfsfir irkb kbfr frss bivf bivf jmed jmed suspfktf` tbit tbf sigf rujf bmj`s omr tbf irts, sukb is jctfriry ie` gusckij krfitcvcty Q992W. Hut ct tmma gmrf tbie 0> yfirs tm kmjjfkt tbf ipprmprcitf `itisfts tm bivf ct omrgijjy tfstf`. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps4
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Pb Pbff [k [kcf cfeekf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff (h)
[kcfetcsts
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Ocdurf 6 .; Xie`m Xie`mg g cgpikt rrujfs ujfs ikr ikrmss mss krfi krfitcvf tcvf `mg `mgices. ices. Kugujitcvf `cstrchutcme ^ (E / E E ), ) , wbfrf E / E E `femtfs `femtfs tbf mr`fr E mo tbf bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr ce i kirffr, viryced hftwffe 9 / E E ie` ie` 9 . Pbf kugujitcvf `cstrchutcme mo E E / E E cs i stricdbt jcef wctb sjmpf 9, ce`ckitced tbit E bis tbf sigf prmhihcjcty tm mkkur 5
∔
∔
∔
∔
∔
5
∔
ieywbfrf ce tbf sfqufekf mo wmras mef prm`ukfs. Ocdurf sbmws ^ (E / E E) omr kirffrs mo (i) 8> ,>0> skcfetcsts, (h) ; ,02> irtcsts, ie` (k) ? ,8;; jg `crfktmrs Q998W. Omr fikb krfitcvf ce`cvc`uij, wf c`fetcf` tbfcr tmp tbrff bcdbfst cgpikt wmras (puhjckitcme (puhjc kitcmes, s, irtwmr irtwmras, as, gmvcfs) ie` gfisurf` tbfcr rfjitcv rfjitcvff pmsct pmsctcme cme wctbce tbfcr kirffr (kctitcmes, (kctitcmes, iuktcm iuktcme e prckfs prckfs,, ritced ritcedss rfkmr` rfkmr`f` f` ce tbf Cetfreft Gmvcf @itih @itihisf isf (CG@h). Pbf piefjs `fgmestritf tbit, ikrmss ijj tbrff kirffrs, tbf tcgced mo fikb mo tbf tbrff bcdbfst cgpikt wmras cs rie`mg wctbce tbf sfqufekf mo wmras mef prm`ukfs. Iotfr Jcu ft ij. Q 994W.
Pbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf kbiedfs mur ue`frstie`ced mo wbfe hrfiat hrf iatbrm brmud udbs bs bippfe bippfe ce ie ce`cv ce`cvc` c`uij uij–s kirf kirffr fr.. Ce`f Ce`ff` f`,, `fki `fki`f `fss mo rfsfirkb bivf `mkugfetf` tbit gilmr `cskmvfrcfs motfe kmgf firjy ce i skcfetcst–s kirffr. Pbcs bis jf` tm tbf vcfw tbit krfitcvcty fquijs ymutb, i
gytb `ffpjy cedricef` ce tbf pmpujir kujturf. Pbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf bfjps us `fkmupjf idf ie` krfitcvcty. Ct tfjjs us tbit tbf kbiekf mo i hrfiatbrmudb cs kmgpjftfjy rie`mg wctbce tbf sfqufekf mo wmras prm`ukf` ce i kirffr. Pm hf prfkcsf, fvfry prmlfkt wf `m bis tbf sigf kbiekf mo hfkmgced mur pfrsmeij hfst. Tbit cs emt rie`mg, bmwfvfr, cs prm`uktcvcty< ymuedfr rfsfirkbfrs irf gmrf fidfr tm try mvfr ie` mvfr, puttced pipfrs mut mef iotfr iemtbfr. Co tbf cgpikt cs rie`mg wctbce ie ce`cvc`uij–s riedf mo prmlfkts, tbfe ct cs cefvctihjf tbit, stitcstckijjy spfiaced, ct –
wcjj bippfe firjy me ce ie ce`cvc`uij s kirffr, wbfe prm`uktcvcty cs bcdb. Pbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf tbus moofrs i efw pfrspfktcvf me tbf rmjf mo prm`uktcvcty< ct tfjjs us tbit tryced mvfr ie` mvfr cs cgpmrtiet omr giaced tbit jmed-iwictf` hrfiatbrmudb. Ce`ff`, omr tbmsf tbit affp tryced, tbf hrfiatbrmudb giy emt hf is fjuscvf. I wme`frouj fxigpjf cs moofrf` hy Lmbe Ofee (Ocd. 6.6). Bf c`fetcf` i emvfj fjfktrmspriy cme @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps4
64
/
Xie`mg Cgpikt Xujf
Hmx 6.9 6.9 Jms Jmstt wce wceefr efrss Pbf rfsujts mo Kbiptfr 0 sbmwf` tbit tbf prczfwceeced wmras hy Emhfj jiurfitfs tfe` tm mkkur firjy wctbce tbfcr kirffr. Hy kmetrist, tbcs kbiptfr sbmws tbit mr`ceiry skcfetck kirffrs irf dmvfref` hy tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf. @mfs tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf ippjy tm Emhfj kirffrs is wfjj Q 988W= Pm e` mut wf gfis gfisurf` urf` tbf pmsc pmsctcmes tcmes m moo tbf prczf prczfwcee wceeced ced wmr wmra a ie` gms gmst-kct t-kctf` f` wmra wctbce tbf sfqufekf mo pipfrs puhjcsbf` hfomrf hfced iwir`f` tbf Emhfj ^rczf (69.40 pfrkfet mo tbf gmst-kctf` pipfrs wfrf ijsm tbf prczfwceeced pipfrs), e`ced tbit hmtb tfe` tm mkkur firjy wctbce tbf sfqufekf mo pipfrs pip frs (Oc (Ocd. d. 6.0). Pb Pbcs cs su sudd ddfs fsts ts tbit tbit km kmgp gpir irf` f` wctb wctb mr mr`c `cei eiry ry sk skcf cfet etcs csts ts,, Em Emhf hfjj jiur jiurfi fitf tfss tf tfe` e` tm `m tbfc tbfcrr hf hfst st wm wmra ra `csp `csprmp rmpmr mrtc tcme meit itfj fjy y fi firj rjy y ce tbfcr tbfcr ki kirf rffr frs. s. Sft, tbfrf cs i sfjfktcme sfjfktcme foofkt wf gust kmeorme kmeormett ‛ scekf tbf Emhfj ^r ^rcz czff ce sk skcf cfek ekff bi biss ef efvf vfrr hf hffe fe iw iwir ir`f `f` ` pm pmst stbu bugm gmus usjy jy,, tb tbms msff wb wbm m prm`ukf` drmue`hrfiaced wmras firjy wfrf gmrf jcafjy tm hf rfkmdeczf`. Pm tfst tbcs bypmtbfscs, wf rfgmvf` prczfwceeced pipfrs, wbckb irf suhlfkt suhlfkt tm tbcs sfjf sfjfktcme ktcme hcis, ie` gfisurf gfisurf` ` tbf tcgced mo fikb mo tbf tbrff rfgiceced bcdbfst cgpikt wmras omr Emhfj jiurfitfs, e`ced tbit tbfy irf ijj `cstrchutf` rie`mgjy wctbce tbfcr kirffr (Ocd. 6.0). Pbcs gfies, ipirt ormg tbf prczfwceeced wmra, ijj mtbfr cgpmrtiet wmras ce i Emhfj-wceefr–s kirffr omjjmw tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf. Mef cgpjckitcme mo tbcs sfjfktcme hcis cs tbf fxcstfekf mo ‚jmst wceefrs,‗ skcfetcsts wbmsf `fsfrvced wmras wfrf emt rfkmdeczf` hy i Emhfj scgpjy hfkiusf tbfcr wmra kigf jitf ce tbfcr kirffr. (i)
Cekju`ced prczf wceeced pipfrs
(h)
Fxkju`ced prczf wceeced pipfrs
Ocdurf 6 .0 Kirffr pittfres mo E Emhfj mhfj jiurfitfs. (i) Pbf kugujitcvf c `cstrchutcmes mo rfjitcvf pmsctcmes (E /E ) mo tbf prczfwceeced pipfrs ie` tbf gmst-kctf` pipfrs wctbce tbf sfqufekf mo ijj pipfrs hfomrf hfced iwir`f` tbf Emhfj prczf. Pbf `isbf` jcef ce`ckitfs tbf prf`cktcmes mo tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf. (h) Pm fjcgceitf pmtfetcij sfjfktcme hcis ce tbf tcgced mo tbf prczfwceeced wmra, wf rfgmvf` prczfwceeced pipfrs ie` kijkujitf` tbf rfjitcvf pmsctcme mo tbf tmp tbrff tbr ff gmst gmst-kc -kctf` tf` pip pipfrs frs igm igmed ed ijj tbf pip pipfrs frs puh puhjcs jcsbf bf` ` hfo hfomrf mrf tbf iwi iwir`, r`, e`ced tbit tbfsf pipfrs omjjmw tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf. Iotfr Jc ft ij. Q 988W.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>4 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps> 98>> 9>>> s e m 2>> c t i t c ?>> K
0>> 8>> > 9369
9363
93?4
9346
932;
9339
9333
Lmbe H. Ofee Kbfgcstry Emhfj, 8>>8
Sfirs S firs
Ocdurf 6 .6 Pbf iki iki`fgck `fgck kkirffr irffr m moo Lmbe H. Ofe Ofee, e, tbf 8>>8 Emhfj jiurfitf ce kbfgcstry.
smurkf it tbf vfryhyfe` mo Vecvfrscty. bcs mo kcij Ve`ftfrrf`, iki`fgck kirffr, is bf wis omrkfoujjy rftcrf` Sijf bf jfotlust Sijf, tmma i efw oikujty pmsctcme it _crdceci Kmggmewfijtb Vecvfrscty, ie` kmetceuf` bcs cevfstcditcme, wbckb fvfetuijjy jf` tm tbf `cskmvfry mo fjfktrmspriy cmeczitcme, omr wbckb, 96 yfirs jitfr, bf rfkfcvf` bcs Emhfj ^rczf. Mvfrijj, bcs fxigpjf, tmdftbfr wctb tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf, tfjjs us tbit omr tbmsf wbm `m emt jft tbfcr prm`uktcvcty `rmp ce tbf jitfr pirt mo tbfcr kirffr, cgpikt giy emt wief. Tbcjf tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf `ffpfes mur ue`frstie`ced mo pittfres ue`frjyced skcfetck kirffrs, ct ijsm ricsfs i efw puzzjf< Co tbf tcgced mo tbf hcddfst bct cs rie`mg, wbit cs emt rie`mg ce i kirffr=
Hmx 6.8 Pbf mj` gyt gytbb mo tbf ymued ymued fetr fetrfpr fprfef fefur ur Pbf ym Pbf ymutb utb7k 7krf rfit itcv cvff `m `mdgi dgi cs em emtt jcgc jcgctf` tf` tm sk skcf cfek ekff ‛ ct cs `ffp `ffpjy jy ce cedr dri ice cef` f` ce tbf wmrj` wmrj` mo fet fetrfp rfprfef rfefursb ursbcp cp is wfj wfjj. j. Ce Ce`ff `ff`, `, tbf tbf i ivfr vfridf idf idf mo tbf wceefr wceefr mo tbf PfkbKruekb iwir`s ce [cjckme _ijjfy cs ;9, ie` tbmsf eigf` ‚Pmp Cek.. ie` Fetrfprfefur Fetrfprfefurs‗ hy Cek ie` Fetrfprfefur gid gidizc izcefs efs bivf bivf ie ivf ivfrid ridff idf mo 83. [cgcjirjy, tbf ivfridf idf mo tbf omue`frs hikaf` hy mef mo tbf hfstaemwe _K rgs, [fqumci, cs ;; , ie` tbmsf suppmrtf` hy Gitrcx _feturfs wfrf me ivfridf ;?. Hut `mfs ymutb cgpjy sukkfss ce [cjckme _ijjfy= Hy kmghceced tix-jced `iti, V[ Kfe Kfesus sus ceo ceomrgi mrgitcm tcme, e, ie` mtb mtbfr fr of`frij `itisfts, rfsfirkbfrs kmgpcjf` i jcst mo 8 8 .4 gcjjcme kmgpiey omue`frs Q98;W. Pbfcr ieijyscs rfvfijf` tbit, kmetriry tm pmpujir tbceaced, tbf hfstt fet hfs fetrfp rfprfe rfefur furss tfe tfe` ` tm hf gc` gc``jf `jf-id -idf` f`.. Igmed Igmed tbf oist oistfstfst-drm drmwce wced d efw tfkb kmgpiecfs, tbf ivfridf omue`fr wis 06 it tbf tcgf mo omue`ced.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>4 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps-yfir-mj` fetrfprfefur cs efirjy twckf is jcafjy tm bivf i rueiwiy sukkfss is i ;> yfir mj`. Pbfsf rfsujts sbmw tbit fetrfprfefurcij pfromrgiekf rcsfs sbirpjy wctb idf. Ce`ff`, co ymu wfrf oikf` wctb twm fetrfprfefurs ie` aefw emtbced ihmut tbfg hfsc`fs tbfcr idf, kmetriry tm tbf prfvicjced wcs`mg, ymu wmuj` `m hfttfr, me ivfridf, hy hfttced me tbf mj`fr mef (Ocd. 6 .?). Kbiedf ce tbf jcafjcbmm` mo sukkfss >.;%
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Ocdurf 6 .? Mj`fr fe fetrfprf trfprfefurs efurs iirf rf gmrf jc jcafjy afjy tm su sukkff`. kkff`. Pbf prmhihcjcty mo stirtup sukkfss rcsfs wctb idf, it jfist uetcj tbf jitf 6> s. Pbf y -ixcs rfprfsfets rfprf sfets tbf mr`ce mr`ceiry iry jfist squirfs rfdrfs rfdrfsscme scme kmfo kcfet omr idf vircihjfs, gfisurced kbiedf ce tbf jcafjcbmm` mo fxtrfgf sukkfss rfjitcvf tm i 8>-yfir-mj` omue`fr. Bfrf ‚fxtrfgf stirtup sukkfss‗ cs `fef` is tbf tmp > .9 pfrkfet mo stirtups ce fgpjmygfet drmwtb mvfr vf yfirs Q98;W. Iotfr Izmujiy ft ij. Q980W.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps4
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PBFF Y -OIKPMX PB -OIKPMX
Tbit `cstceducsbfs sukkfssouj skcfetcsts ormg tbfcr pffrs= Mur ihcjcty tm c`fetcoy tbf rmmts mo i sukkfssouj kirffr cs jcgctf` hy tbf oikt tbit prm`uktcvcty, cgpikt, ie` juka irf cetcgitfjy cetfrtwcef`. Ce`ff`, co hrfiatbrmudbs ce i kirffr mkkur it rie`mg, wbit cs tbf rfjfviekf mo juka, tijfet, mr bir` wmra= Kie wf it ijj sfpiritf tbf ceeitf tijfet ie` ihcjcty mo i skcfetcst ormg bcs juka= Pm ue`frstie` tbfsf qufstcmes, jft–s stirt wctb i tbmudbt fxpfrcgfet< Bmw jcafjy cs ct tbit Fcestfce –s fxkfptcmeij mutput giy fgfrdf purfjy hy kbiekf=
?.9
^urf Kmcekc`fekf Dcvfe ie ceectf ectf jfed jfedtb tb mo tcgf tcgf,, i kbcg kbcgpi piez ezff ff puek puekbc bced ed it
rie`mg me i typfwrctfr wcjj surfjy typf mut i [biafspfirf pjiy. [m, wctb i suo kcfetjy jirdf eughfr mo skcfetcsts ce tbf wmrj`, sbmuj`e–t wf fxpfkt tbit kbiekf ijmef wcjj cefvctihjy jfi` tm smgfmef is cgpiktouj is Fcestfce= Pbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf `cskussf` ce Kbiptfr 6 ijjmws us tm hucj` i ‚eujj‗ gm`fj mo skcfetck kirffrs tm ieswfr tbcs qufstcme. Jft us issugff omr tbf gmgfet issug gmgfet tbit omr i skcfetcst skcfetcst i puhjckitcm puhjckitcme e cs tbf fqucvijfet fqucvijfet mo `riwced i jmttfry tckaft. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, wf issugf tbit tijfet pjiys em rmjf, ijjmwced us tm isa, wbit `mfs i kirffr `rcvfe hy kbiekf ijmef jmma jcaf= Ce i rie`mg kirffr tbf cgpikt mo fikb pipfr cs `ftfrgcef` smjfjy hy juka. Pbcs gfies tbit wf scgpjy pcka i rie`mg eughfr ormg i dcvfe cgpikt `cstrchutcme ie` isscde ct tm tbf pipfr puhjcsbf` hy mur @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps2
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Pbf Y -Oiktmr -Oiktmr
skcfetcst. Pbcs prmkf`urf ijjmws us tm dfefritf i kmjjfktcme mo ‚syetbftck‗ kirffrs wbckb irf purfjy `rcvfe hy kbiekf. Omr kmevfecfekf, wf wcjj kijj tbcs prmkf`urf tbf rie`mg gm`fj, mr tbf X -gm`fj. Ce smgf wiys, tbfsf rie`mg kirffrs giy ippfir quctf scgcjir tm tbf rfij mefs. Omr fxigpjf, tbfy wcjj sbmw ce`cvc`uij `coofrfekfs ce kirffr cgpikt, is smgf skcfetcsts irf cefvctihjy jukacfr tbie mtbfrs wbfe tbfy tb fy sf sfjf jfkt kt tbfc tbfcrr ri rie` e`mg mg eugh eughfr frs. s. Ie` Ie` fikb fikb kirf kirffr fr wcjj wcjj mhfy mhfy tbf tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf is wfjj< [cekf tbf cgpikt mo fvfry pipfr cs kbmsfe rie`mgjy, tbf bcdbfst cgpikt wmra wcjj hf rie`mg ce tbf sfqufekf mo pipfrs pip frs puhjc puhjcsbf sbf` ` hy fikb fikb skcfet skcfetcst cst.. Hut wcjj wcjj tbfsf tbfsf rie`m rie`mg g skcfet skcfetcst cstss `coofr ormg tbf rfij mefs= Co fikb pipfr–s cgpikt cs `riwe rie`mgjy ormg tbf sigf cgpikt `cstrchutcme, i gmrf prm`uktcvf skcfetcst wcjj `riw gmrf tckafts, bfekf wcjj gmrf wcjj gmrf jcaf jcafjy jy st stug ughj hjff up upme me i bcdb bcdb cgpi cgpikt kt puhj puhjck ckit itcm cme. e. Ce mt mtbf bfrr wmr`s, tbf X-gm`fj prf`ckts tbit gmrf prm`uktcvf skcfetcsts irf gmrf jcafjy tm giaf hrfiatbrmudbs. Pm tfst tbcs foofkt, wf gfisurf` bmw tbf ∔ , `fpfe`s me bfr prm`uktcgpikt mo i skcfetcst–s gmstgmst-kctf` kctf` pipfr, k9> cvcty, E . Tf e` tbit ce`ff`, tbf gmrf pipfrs i skcfetcst puhjcsbfs, tbf bcdbfr cs tbf cgpikt mo bfr bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr. Sft, emt bcdb femudb< Pbf gfisurfgfets ce`ckitf tbit ce rfij kirffrs tbf cgpikt mo tbf bcdbfst cgpi cg pikt kt wm wmra ra cekr cekrfi fisf sfss oi oist stfr fr wctb wctb E tbie tbie tbf tbf X-gm -gm`fj `fj prf`ck prf`ckts ts (Ocd. ?.9). Ce mtbfr wmr`s, is skcfetcsts hfkmgf gmrf prm`uktcvf, tbfcr bmgf-rue pipfrs irf gukb gmrf cgpiktouj tbie wbit wf wmuj` fxpfkt
co cgpikt cs jcaf i jmttfry tckaft, rie`mgjy isscdef`. Pbcs ce`ckitfs tbit smgftbced cs gcssced ormg mur eujj gm`fj. Ct –s emt bir` tm dufss wbit< skcfetcsts cebfrfetjy `coofr ormg fikb mtbfr, ce fctbfr tijfet mr ihcjcty mr mtbfr mtb fr kbirik kbiriktfr tfrcst cstcks cks rfj rfjfvi fviet et tm prm`uk prm`ukced ced bcdb-c bcdb-cgpi gpikt kt wmras. wmras. Pbc Pbcss
suddfsts tbit bcdbjy prm`uktcvf skcfetcsts `me–t stie` mut ce prm`uktcvcty ijmef ‛ tbfy pmssfss smgftbced tbit tbf jmw-prm`uktcvcty skcfetcsts `m emt, wbckb bfjps tbfg puhjcsb bcdbfr-cgpikt wmra. Efxt, wf i`lust tbf gm`fj tm ikkmuet omr tbf oikt tbit emt ijj skcfetcsts irf ijcaf.
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Pbf Y -Gm`fj -Gm`fj
Fikb skcfetck prmlfkt stirts wctb ie c`fi. I jcdbt hujh dmfs moo, prmgptced tbf skcfetcst tm tbcea, ‚C–g kurcmus co tbit c`fi gcdbt wmra.‗ Hut ct cs bir` tm fvijuitf tbf cebfrfet cgpmrtiekf mr emvfjty mo tbf c`fi ce i`viekf. Emt aemwced wbit cts truf vijuf cs, jft –s issugf tbit tbf c`fi c`fi bis smgf smgf rie rie`mg viju vijuff r. [mgf [mgf c`fi c`fiss irf mo cekr cekrfg fgfe feti tijj @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps2
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
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@iti X-gm`fj Y-gm`fj
8 9>9
9>8
Ocdurf ?.9 [kcfetck kirffrs irf emt rie`mg. [kittfr pjmt sbmws tbf kctitcme kctitc me mo tbf bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr, k ∔ vs. tbf eughfr mo puhjckitcmes E 9> –
`urced i skcfe `urced skcfetcst tcst s kirffr. Fikb driy `mt kmrrfspme`s tm i skcfetcst. Pbf kcrkjfs irf tbf jmdirctbgck hceeced mo tbf skittfrf` `iti. Pbf kyie kurvf rfprfsfets tbf prf`cktcme mo tbf X -gm`f -gm`fj, j, wbckb sbmws systfg systfgitck itck `fvcitcme ormg `iti. Pbf rf` kurvf kmrrfspme`s tm tbf ieijytckij prf`cktcme mo tbf Y -gm`fj. Iotfr [ceitri ft ij. Q 99?W.
cgpmrt cgpm rtie iekf kf,, mejy mejy cetf cetfrf rfst stce ced d tm i jcgc jcgctf tf` ` eugh eughfr fr mo pfmp pfmpjf jf ce mur mur cggf`citf fj`, wbckb wmuj` kmrrfspme` tm i gm`fst r. Mkkiscmeijjy, tbmudb, wf stughjf upme ie c`fi tbit kmuj` hf triesomrgitcvf ‛ tbit cs, co ct wmras mut. Pbf hfttfr tbf c`fi ‛ tbf jirdfr cts r vijuf ‛ tbf gmrf jcafjy ct cs tm bivf bcdb cgpikt. Hut bivced i dmm` c`fi cse–t femudb. Pbf ujtcgitf cgpikt mo tbf prmlfkt `fpfe`s me i skcfetcst–s ihcjcty tm ture tbit c`fi cetm i trujy cgpiktouj prm`ukt. Mef giy hfdce wctb i tfrrck c`fi, hut jikaced tbf
efkfssiry fxpfrtcsf, fxpfrcfekf, rfsmurkfs, mr tbmrmudbefss tm hrced mut cts oujj pmtfetcij, tbf fe` rfsujt wcjj suoofr. Sft, tureced tbit c`fi cetm i `cskmvfry rfqucrfs ie ihcjcty tbit vircfs ormg pfrsme tm pfrsme. [m, jft us isscde i pirigftfr Y tm kbiriktfrczf ie ce`cvc`uij–s ihcjcty tm ture i rie`mg c`fi r cetm i `cskmvfry mo i dcvfe cgpikt. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, jft us issugf tbit tbf cgpikt mo fikb pipfr wf puhjcsb, k9> , cs `ftfrgcef` hy twm oiktmrs< juka (r) ie` tbf Yc pirigftfr uecquf tm ce`cvc`uij c . Pbf kmghceitcme mo tbf twm kmuj` cevmaf smgf kmgpjckitf` ouektcmes. Pm affp ct scgpjf, wf issugf i scgpjf jcefir ouektcme, wrctced
k9> 7 rYc .
(?.9)
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps2
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Pbf Y -Oiktmr -Oiktmr
Fquitcme (?.9) bis gujtcpjf issugptcmes hfbce` ct< (9) Tbfe wf stirt i efw prmlfkt, wf pcka i rie`mg c`fi r ormg i pmmjj mo pm pmm pmssc sschcj hcjctc ctcfs. fs. [kcfet [kcfetcst cst giy pcka pcka tbfcr tbfcr r ormg ormg tbf tbf sigf sigf `cstrchutcme ^(r), is wf ijj ijj bivf bivf ikkf ikkfss ss tm tbf tbf sigf sigf jctf jctfri ritu turf rf ie` bfekf tbf sigf pmmj mo aemwjf`df. Mr fikb skcfetcst giy pcka bfr r ormg bfr mwe ^(r), is smgf skcfetcsts irf hfttfr it pckaced dmm` c`fis tbie mtbfrs. (8) [kcf [kcfet etcs csts ts `coo `coofr fr ce tbfc tbfcrr Y pirigft pirigftfr, fr, wbckb wbckb kbiri kbiriktf ktfrcz rczfs fs tbf ihcjcty mo ie ce`cvc`uij tm tiaf tbf sigf c`fi hut ture ct cetm wmras wctb vircihjf cgpikts. Co i skcfetcst wctb i jmw Y-oiktmr kmgfs ikrmss ie c`fi wctb budf r vijuf, `fspctf tbf c`fi–s cebfrfet pmtfet pmtfetcij cij,, tbf prmlfk prmlfktt–s cgpi cgpikt kt wcjj wcjj hf gf`c gf`cmk mkrf rf,, scek scekff tbf tbf rfsujtced prm`ukt rY cs `cgcecsbf` hy tbf skcfetcst –s jcgctf` Y. Me tbf mtbfr bie`, i bcdb Y skcfetcst giy ijsm put mut wfia mr gf`cmkrf wmras, co tbf c`fi bf stirtf` wctb wis pmmr (sgijj r). Prujy bcdb-cgpikt pipfrs irf tbmsf pfrofkt-stmrg cestiekfs wbfe i bcdb Y ce`cvc`uij stughjfs upme i hrcjjciet c`fi (bcdb r). Ce mtbfr wmr`s, tbf gm`fj issugfs tbit tbf ujtcgitf cgpikt mo i pipfr cs tbf prm`ukt mo twm oiktmrs< i yft-tm-hf-rfijczf` pmtfetcij mo ie c`fi ie` i skcfetcst–s ihcjcty tm rfijczf ct. (;) Oceijjy, Oceijjy, prm`uktcvc prm`uktcvcty ty gittfrs< [kcfetcsts [kcfetcsts wctb bcdb E , fvfe wctb tbf sigf Y ie` ^(r), bivf gmrf kbiekfs tm stughjf ikrmss i bcdb r prmlfkt, tureced ct cetm i pipfr wctb i bcdb cgpikt ( k ). 9>
Pbf prmhjfg cs tbit emef mo tbfsf oiktmrs irf fxpfktf` tm hf ce`fpfe`fet mo fikb mtbfr< bcdb Y ce`cvc`uijs giy ijsm bivf i tijfet it rfkmde rfk mdeczc czced ed bcdb-p bcdb-pmtf mtfetc etcij ij prm prmlfk lfkts, ts, bfekf bfekf tbfcr tbfcr ^(r) `cstrch `cstrchutc utcme me kmuj` hf safwf` tmwir`s bcdbfr r vijufs. Ie` tbmsf wbm puhjcsb
bcdbfr-cgpikt pipfrs giy ijsm bivf gmrf rfsmurkfs tm puhjcsb gmrf pipf pi pfrs rs,, bfek bfekff wc wcjj jj bivf bivf bcdb bcdbfr fr prm` prm`uk uktc tcvc vcty ty.. Ce mtbf mtbfrr wmr` wmr`s, s, tbf tbf mutkmgf mo tbf gm`fj ( ?.9) cs `ftfrgcef` hy tbf lmcet prmhihcjcty ), wctb ueaemwe kmrrfjitcmes hftwffe r, Y, ie` E . Pm ^(r, Y, E ), ue`frstie` wbit rfij kirffrs jmma jcaf, mef eff`s tm gfisurf tbf kmrrfj kmr rfjitc itcmes mes hft hftwff wffe e tbf tbrff tbrff pir pirigf igftfrs tfrs.. Pbcs Pbcs gfi gfisur surfgf fgfet et jf` tm tbf kmvirciekf gitrcx Q99? W<
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< >3 > kbiedf wctb prm`uktcvcty E . Is sbmwe ce Ocd. ? .9, tbf prf`cktcme mo tbf -gm`fj fj cs emw ce fxkfjjfe fxkfjjfett idrffgfet idrffgfet wctb tbf tbf `iti, ce`ckitce ce`ckitced d tbit tbf tbf Y-gm` bc``fe Y-oiktmr ie` vircitcmes ce tbf prm`uktcvcty E kie kie fxpjice tbf fgpcrckijjy mhsfrvf` cgpikt `coofrfekfs hftwffe skcfetcsts, kmrrfktced tbf sbmrtkmgceds mo tbf X -gm`fj. Pbf oikt tbit wf eff` mtbfr pirigftfrs hfsc`fs juka tm kbiriktfrc ikt frczf zf i skcfet skcfetcst cst–s kirf kirffr fr cgpi cgpikt kt giaf giafss sf sfes esf. f. Ct–s emt bir` tm cgidcef tbit tbfrf irf `coofrfekfs hftwffe ce`cvc`uij skcfetcsts, wbckb eff` ef f` tm hf ikkm ikkmue uetf tf` ` omr omr tm bi bivf vf ie ikku ikkuri ritf tf `fsk `fskrc rcpt ptcm cme e mo rf rfij ij kirffrs. Tbit cs surprcsced, bmwfvfr, cs tbit wf ippfir tm eff` mejy i``ctcmeij eij pirigf pirigftfr tfr hfsc`f hfsc`fss juka. juka. Cekmrp Cekmrpmri mritce tced d tbf Y-oiktmr mef i``ctcm ijmef sffg sffgss suo suo kcfe kcfett tm fxpj fxpjic ice e tbf tbf cgpi cgpikt kt `coo `coofr frfe fekf kfss igme igmed d skcfetcsts. Tbit Tb it fx fxik iktj tjy y `mfs `mfs tb tbff Y-g -gm` m`fj fj moof moofrr tbit tbit tbf tbf X-gm`fj gcssfs= Pbf X-gm`fj–s oicjurf tfjjs us tbit i sukkfssouj kirffr cse–t
hucjt me kbiekf ijmef. Ce`ff`, tbf Y-oiktmr pcepmcets i krctckij kbiriktfrcstck mo i kirffr< Drfit skcfetcsts irf kmescstfetjy drfit drfit ikrmss ikrmss tbfcr prmlfkts. Pruf, fikb skcfetcst prmhihjy bis mef cgpmrtiet pipfr tbfy irf aemwe omr. Hut tbit pipfr `c`e –t ippfir hy kbiekf. I drfit skcfetcst–s sfkme`-hfst pipfr, mr bfr tbcr`, mr, omr tbit gittfr, giey mo bfr bfr mtbfr pipfrs irf ueusuijjy bcdbjy kctf` is wfjj. Tbckb gfies tbit tbfrf gust hf smgftbced uecquf ihmut i rfsfirkbfr wbm kie kmescstfetjy prm`ukf mutstie`ced pipfrs. Pbit uecquf kbiriktfrcstck cs wbit Y icgs tm kipturf. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, wbcjf juka cs cgpmrtiet, hy ctsfjo ct wme–t dft ymu oir. Pbf Y-oiktmr bfjps tm ture juka cetm i kmescstfetjy bcdb-cgpikt kirffr. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps2
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Pbf Y -Oiktmr -Oiktmr
Tbit Cs ymur Y = Pbf Y-gm gm`f `fjj em emtt mejy mejy bf bfjp jpss us hrfi hrfia a `mwe `mwe tbf tbf fj fjfg fgfe fets ts
issmkcitf` wctb bcdb-cgpikt kirffrs, hut ct ijsm ijjmws us tm kijkujitf tbf Y-oiktmr omr fikb skcfetcst, hisf` me tbfcr sfqufekf mo puhjckitcmes. Pbf prfkcsf smjutcme omr Y cs smgfwbit gitbfgitckijjy cevmjvf`, hut mekf i skcfetcst bis puhjcsbf` i suo kcfet eughfr mo pipfrs, wf kie ipprmxcgitf bfr Y hy i ritbfr scgpjf omrguji Q 99?W. Kmesc`fr i kirffr ce wbckb fikb pipfr l puhjcsbf` puhjcsbf` hy skcfetcst c kmjjfkts kmjjfkts k9>, cl kctitcmes ce tfe yfirs.. [tirt hy kijkujitced yfirs kijkujitced jmd k9>, cl , omr fikb pipfr, tbfe ivfridced mvfr ijj jmdirctbgck kctitcmes. Pbf Yc cs tbf fxpmefetcij mo tbit ivfridf,
Yc º fb jmd k , c c κ p , 9>
þ?, cl ,mutput `mgceitf` hy i scedjf bcdb- (mr jmw-) cgpikt `cskmvfry, hut kipturfs, cestfi`, i skcfetcst–s susticef` ihcjcty ihcjcty tm systfgitckijjy ture bfr prmlfkts cetm bcdb (mr jmw) cgpikt puhjckitcmes. Pm hfttfr ue`frstie` Y, jft–s jmma it ie fxigpjf. Pbff tb Pb tbrf rfff skcf skcfet etcs csts ts sb sbmw mwe e ce Ocd. Ocd. ?.8 bivf kmgpir kmgpirihj ihjff prm`uktcvcty, ijj bivced puhjcsbf` E – 9>> pipfrs. Sft, tbfcr kirffrs bivf emtckfihjy `coofrfet cgpikt. Vsced ( ?.8), wf kie kijkujitf tbf Y-oi -oikt ktmr mr omr omr fikb fikb mo tb tbfg fg,, mhti mhtice cece ced d Y 7 3.33, ;.;9, ie` 9.03, rfspfktcvfjy. Is Ocd. ?.8 cjjustritfs, tbf Y-oiktmr kipturfs pfrscstfet `coofrfekfs ce cgpikt ikrmss i skcfetcst–s sfqufekf mo puhjckitcmes< tbf Y 7 3.33 rfsfirkbfr prm`ukfs mef bcdb-cgpikt pipfr iotfr iemtbfr. Ce kmetrist, tbf wmra hy tbf Y 7 9.03 skcfetcst direfrs kmescstfetjy jcgctf` cgpikt. Pbf mef ce tbf gc``jf giy mkkiscmeijjy puhjcsb i
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Pcgf (yfirs) Ocdurf ? .8 Kirffrs wctb `coofrfet Y-oiktmr. Pbf durfs cjjustritf kirffr bcstmrcfs mo tbrff skcfetcsts wctb kmgpirihjf prm`uktcvcty (E – –9>>), `mkugfetced tbf emtihjf `coofrfekfs hftwffe tbf pipfrs puhjcsbf` hy tbfg, dcvfe tbfcr `coofrfet Y- oiktmrs. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps2
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
pipfr tbit lugps mut mo tbf pika ‛ tbit cs, co bf dfts jukay ‛ hut cts cgpikt cs `wirof` hy wbit tbf rfsfirkbfr tm bcs jfot bis gieidf` tm ikbcfvf. ikbcf vf. Pbfrfomrf, Pbfrfomrf, Y `fskrchfs `fskrchfs skcfetcsts skcfetcsts– `coof `coofrfe rfett ihcjct ihcjcty y tm tiaf tiaf rie`mg prmlfkts r ie` systfgitckijjy ture tbfg cetm bcdb- (mr jmw-) cgpi cg pikt kt pu puhj hjck ckit itcm cmes es.. Iey Iey sced scedjf jf mef mef mo tbf tbf prml prmlfk fkts ts giy giy hf ceufekf` hy juka. Hut cespfktced prmlfkt iotfr prmlfkt, tbf truf Y mo i skcfetcst stirts tm stie` mut. Pbfrf irf giey hfefts mo tbf gitbfgitckij Fq. (?.;). Pm hfdce wctb, ct ijjmws us tm fstcgitf tbf fxpfktf` cgpikt mo i kirffr. Omrr fxig Om fxigpj pjf, f, bm bmw w giey giey pipf pipfrs rs `mfs `mfs i sk skcf cfet etcs cstt eff` eff` tm puhj puhjcs csb b hfomrf bf kie fxpfkt mef mo tbfg tm rfikb i kfrtice jfvfj mo cgpikt= Ikkm Ik kmr` r`ce ced d tm (?.;), i skcf skcfet etcs cstt wctb wctb tbf tbf smgf smgfwb wbit it jmw jmw Y 7 9.8, scgcjir tm tbit sbmwe ce Ocd. ?.8k, eff`s tm wrctf it jfist 9>> pipfrs ; > kctitcmes mvfr i 9>-yfir pfrcm`. co bf wiets mef mo tbfg tm ikqucrf ;> Me tbf mtbfr bie`, ie fquijjy prm`uktcvf skcfetcst wctb Y 7 9> kie fxpfkt tm bivf it jfist mef mo bfr pipfrs rfikb 86> kctitcmes mvfr tbf sigf 9> -yfir pfrcm`. Kmesc`fr efxt wbit bippfes co hmtb skcfetcsts rigp up tbfcr prm`uktcv prm` uktcvcty. cty. Xfdir`jfs Xfdir`jfsss mo Y, i bcdb bcdbfr fr prm` prm`uk uktc tcvc vcty ty cekr cekrfi fisf sfss tbf tbf kbiekf mo stughjced upme i oihujmus c`fi, c.f., pckaced i bcdbfr r vijuf. Bfekf, wf fxpfkt tbf bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr tm cekrfisf omr hmtb kirffrs. Co tbf tbf jmw jmw-Y skcfe skcfetc tcst st `muh `muhjf jfss bcs bcs prm` prm`uk uktc tcvc vcty ty tbmu tbmudb db,, bf–jj mejy mejy febiekf tbf cgpikt mo bcs hfst pipfr hy sfvfe kctitcmes. Kmgpirf tbit wctb tbf bcdb-Y skcfetcst, wbm wcjj sff i hmmst mo gmrf tbie 6>. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, omr i skcfetcst wctb jcgctf` Y, ie cekrfisf ce prm`uktcvcty `mfse –t suhstietcijjy cgprmvf bcs kbiekfs omr i hrfiatbrmudb ‛ scgpjy wmraced bir`fr cse–t femudb. @mfs tbf Y-oiktmr cekrfisf wctb idf ie` fxpfrcfekf= Is skcfetcsts, wf wmuj` jcaf tm tbcea tbit is wf i`viekf ce mur kirffrs, wf
hfkmgf hfttfr it triesjitced mur c`fis cetm bcdb-cgpikt puhjckitcmes. Pm tfst tbf stihcjcty mo tbf Y pirigftfr tbrmudbmut tbf mvfrijj kirffr, wf kmesc`fr kirffrs wctb it jfist 6> pipfrs ie` kijkujitf tbfcr firjy ie` jitf Y pirigftfrs (Yfirjy ie` Yjitf, rfspfktcvfjy) usced Fq. (?.;) me tbf rst ie` sfkme` bijo mo tbfcr pipfrs, rfspfktcvfjy. Is Ocd. ? .; sbmws, Y jitf cs prmpmrtcmeij tm Yfirjy, ce`ckitced tbit tbf Y pirigftfr `mfs emt systfgitckijjy cekrfisf mr `fkrfisf mvfr i kirffr. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, i skcfetcst–s Y-oiktmr ippfirs rfjitcvfjy stihjf `urced bfr kirffr. Pbcs ricsfs i tietijczced qufstcme< kie tbf Y pirigftfr prf`ckt tbf kirffr cgpikt mo i skcfetcst= @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps2
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Pbf Y -Oiktmr -Oiktmr
9>
2
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0
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9> 9>
Ocdurf ?.; Pbf Y-oiktm -oiktmrr ippfi ippfirs rs rfjitc rfjitcvfjy vfjy stihjf `urce `urcedd i kirffr. kirffr. Tf kmgpirf tbf Y pirigftfr it firjy-kirffr (Y ) ie` jitf-kirffr (Y ) firjy jitf stidf mo 28; 28; skcfetcsts wctb it jfist 6> pipfrs. Tf gfisurf` tbf twm vijufs mo tbf Y pirigftfrs usced mejy tbf rst ie` sfkme` bijo mo puhjcsbf` pipfrs, rfspfktcvfjy. Tf pfromrg tbfsf gfisurfgfets me tbf rfij `iti (kcrkjfs) ie` me rie`mgczf` kirffrs, wbfrf tbf mr`fr mo pipfrs cs sbuo f` (sbi`f` irfis). Omr gmst mo tbf kirffrs (36.9%), tbf kbiedfs hftwffe firjy- ie` jitf-kirffr stidfs oijj wctbce tbf uktuit uktuitcmes cmes prf`cktf` hy tbf sbuo f` kirffrs, suddfstced tbit tbf Y pirigftfr cs rfjitcv rfjitcvfjy fjy stihjf tbrmudbmut i kirffr.
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^rf`cktced Cgpikt
Pm ue`frstie` co tbf Y-oiktmr cs gmrf foofktcvf it diudced tbf mvfrijj cgpikt mo ie ce`cvc`uij–s wmra, wf tbrmw sfvfrij gftrcks wf–vf `cskussf` sm oir ce tbcs hmma cetm i ace` mo bmrsf rikf. Tf stirt hy kbfkaced bmw wfjj tbfsf `coofrfet gfisurfs kie omrfkist Emhfj prczfwceefrs Q99?W. Omr tbit wf kie riea pbysckcsts hisf` me tbfcr prm`ukt-
cvcty E , tmtij eughfr mo kctitcmes K , kctitcmes mo tbf bcdbfst cgpikt ∔ , b-ce -ce`fx `fx,, ie` Y. Pm kmgp kmgpir irff tbf tbf pfro pfromr mrgi giek ekff mo fikb fikb pipfr k9> rieace rie aced, d, wf usf i rfkfcv rfkfcvfr fr mpf mpfrit ritced ced kbi kbirik riktfr tfrcst cstck ck (XMK) (XMK) pjmt pjmt tbit tbit gfisurfs tbf oriktcme mo Emhfj jiurfitfs it tbf tmp mo tbf rieaf` jcst. Ocdurf ?.0 sbmws tbit, mvfrijj, kugujitcvf kctitcme gfisurfs, jcaf tbf eughfr mo kctitcmes kmjjfktf` hy tbf bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr mo i skcfetcst, ie` tbf tmtij kirffr kctitcmes, `m rfismeihjy wfjj. Ie` tbf b-ce`fx cs ce`ff` ce` ff` gmrf gmrf foofkt foofktcvf cvf tbie tbie tbf tbfsf sf kctitc kctitcme me gfisur gfisurfs, fs, rieac rieaced ed EmhfjEmhfjwceeced kirffrs it i bcdbfr ikkuriky. Pbf wmrst prf`cktmr, cetfrfstcedjy, cs tbf prm`uktcvcty, rfprfsfetced tbf eughfr mo pipfrs puhjcsbf` hy @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps2
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
9
>.2 s f t i >.? f r u i j j f >.0 h m E
[kcfetcst b-ce`fx Bcdbfst cgpikt Pmtij P mtij kctitcmes ^rm`uktcvcty
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9
Mtbfr skcfetcsts
Ocdurf ?.0 ^rf`cktced Emhfj jiurfitfs. XMK pjmt kipturfs tbf rieaced mo skcfetcsts hisf` me Y , prm`uktcvcty E , tmtij eughfr mo kctitcmes K , kctitcmes mo tbf bcdbfst cgpikt pipfr k ∔ 9> ie` b -ce`fx. Fikb kurvf rfprfsfets tbf oriktcme mo Emhfj jiurfitfs vfrsus tbf oriktcme mo mtbfr skcfetcsts omr i dcvfe riea tbrfsbmj`. Pbf `cidmeij (em-`cskrcgceitcme jcef) kmrrfspme`s tm rie`mg rieaced1 tbf irfi ue`fr fikb kurvf gfisurfs tbf ikkuriky tm riea Emhfj jiurfitfs (rfpmrtf` ce tbf jfdfe`, wctb 9 hfced tbf gixcgug). Iotfr [ceitri ft ij. Q99?W.
skcfetcsts. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, scgpjy puhjcsbced i jmt cs emt i pitb tmwir` tbf Emhfj. Sft, `fspctf tbf strfedtb mo tbf b-ce`fx ce`fx,, ie` mtbfr mtbfr kctitc kctitcmemehisf` gfisurfs, tbf kirffr-hisf` Y-oiktmr wces mut, prf`cktced Emhfj kirffr kirf frss gmrf gmrf ikku ikkuri ritf tfjy jy tbie tbie ijj ijj mtbf mtbfrr gfis gfisur urfs fs tf tfst stf` f` ce Ocd. Ocd. ?.0. Pbfrfo Pbf rfomrf mrf,, wbcjf wbcjf tbf b-ce` -ce`fx fx rf rfgi gice cess ie fxkf fxkfjj jjfe fett gfis gfisur urff omr omr tbf tbf mvfrijj cgpikt mo i skcfetcst, tbf Y-oiktmr sffgs tm moofr fvfe hfttfr prf`cktcvf pmwfr. Tbit `mfs Y kipturf tbit b gcssfs= Pm ue`frstie` tbf `coofrfekf hftwffe Y ie` b, jft–s jmma it i rie`mgczf` fj` fxpfrc fxpfrcgfe gfett fxpjmr fxpjmrced ced bmw fkmemg fkmemgcst cstss issfss issfss fikb fikb
mtbfr–s K_s Q986W. ^rmofs ^rmofssmr smrss ormg ormg 00 uecvfrs uecvfrsctcfs ctcfs wfrf rie`mgjy rie`mgjy sfjfktf` ormg igmed tbf tmp 9> pfrkfet rfsfirkb-hisf` uecvfrsctcfs ce tbf wmrj`. Pbfsf prmofssmrs wfrf isaf` tm ritf oiaf K_s hisf` me tbf puhjckitcme bcstmrcfs mutjcef` ce tbmsf K_s. Pbf oiaf K_s kmeticef` fctbfr i puhjckitcme bcstmry tbit jcstf` mejy pipfrs tbit bi` ippfirf` ce fjctf lmureijs, mr i puhjckitcme bcstmry wctb hmtb tbf fjctf pipfrs ie` i``ctcmeij puhjckitcmes tbit bi` ippfirf` ce jmwfr-tcfr lmureijs. Fkmemgcks cs ie fxkfjjfet `cskcpjcef omr sukb i tfst, hfkiusf tbfrf cs i ritbfr stihjf bcfrirkby mo prfstcdf igmed tbf lmureijs. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, fvfry @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps2
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Pbf Y -Oiktmr -Oiktmr
fkmemgcst tfe`s tm idrff wbckb lmureijs irf bcdbfr- ie` wbckb irf jmwf jmwfrr-tc tcfr fr.. [m, [m, wmuj wmuj` ` cekj cekju` u`ce ced d puhj puhjck ckit itcm cmes es ormg ormg wfjj wfjj-a -aem emwe we,, rfspfk rfs pfktf` tf`,, hut jmw jmwfrfr-rie rieaf` af` lmurei lmureijs js ijmeds ijmedsc` c`ff pipfrs pipfrs ormg ormg bcdbfr bcdbfr-rieaf` mefs giaf i K_ strmedfr= Co sm, bmw gukb strmedfr= Pbf survfy rfspme`fets wfrf isaf` tm ritf tbf K_s me i skijf mo 9 tm 9>, wctb 9 hfced tbf ihsmjutf wmrst ie` 9> tbf ihsmjutf hfst. Me ivfridf, tbf sbmrt K_s jcstced mejy tmp puhjckitcmes rfkfcvf` i ritced mo 2.9. Pbf jmed K_s ‛ wbckb, rfgfghfr, kmeticef` tbf sigf tmp-tcfr pipfrs is tbf sbmrt K_s hut wctb i``ctcmeij jmwfr-tcfrf` puhjckitcmes ‛ rfkfcvf` ie ivfridf ritced mo 4.?. Pbcs gfies, i sbmrt K_ wis systfgitckijjy prfofrrf` tm i jmed K_, fvfe tbmudb tbfy hmtb ofiturf` c`fetckij fjctf puhjckitcme bcstmrcfs. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, tbf i``ctcmeij puhjckitcmes ormg jmwfr-tcfr lmureijs emt mejy `c`e–t bfjp, tbfy iktuijjy efditcvfjy ioofktf` tbf fxpfrts– issfssgfet. Pbfsf rfsujts rfsujts irf hmtb cetuctcvf cetuctcvf ie` puzzjced. puzzjced. Me tbf mef bie`, bie`, tbfy tbf y jfe jfe` ` fvc fvc`fe `fekf kf tm tbf motfemotfe-bfj bfj` ` kme kmelfk lfktur turff tbit tbit puhjcs puhjcsbce bced d tmm orfqufetjy ce jmwfr-rieaf` lmureijs giy wmra idicest ymu. Me tbf mtbfr bie`, tbmudb, tbfsf rfsujts scgpjy `me–t giaf sfesf co wf tbcea ce tfrgs mo tbf gftrcks wf usf tm issfss skcfetc k ikbcfvfgfet. Ce`ff`, mo ijj tbf gfisurfs wf–vf `cskussf`, ormg prm`uktcvcty tm tmtij eughfr mo kctitcmes tm b-ce`fx, fikb cekrfisfs gmemtmeckijjy wctb tbf eughfr mo pipfrs pip frs.. Ormg Ormg tbc tbcss pfrspf pfrspfktc ktcvf, vf, ct wcj wcjjj ijwiys ijwiys giaf giaf sfesf sfesf tm puhjc puhjcsb sb iemtbf iem tbfrr pi pipfr pfr,, fvfe fvfe co cts cts cgpikt cgpikt cs jcgct jcgctf`. f`. O Ocrs crst, t, ct w wcjj cjj kfrt kfrtice icejy jy cekrfi cekrfisf sf ymur puhjckitcme kmuet. [fkme`, fvfe co tbf pipfr wise –t puhjcsbf` ce i prfstcdcm prfstc dcmus us lmure lmureij, ij, wc wctb tb tcgf tcgf ct giy ikkugu ikkugujit jitff kctitc kctitcmes mes tbit tbit wcjj wcjj kmetrchutf tm ymur mvfrijj cgpikt, ie` pfrbips fvfe tm ymur b-ce`fx. It tbf vfry jfist, ct kie–t burt. Fxkfpt tbfsf rfsujts sbmw us tbit ct `mfs burt. Ie` tbit giafs sfesf co wf tbcea ce tfrgs mo tbf Y-oiktmr. Ce kmetrist tm mtbfr gfisurfs, Y `mfse–t scgpjy drmw wctb ie fxpie`ced puhjckitcme jcst. Cestfi`, ct
`fpfe`s me ccoo tbf i``ctcme `fpfe`s i``ctcmeij ij pipfrs pipfrs irf, irf, me ivfrid ivfridf, f, hfttfr hfttfr mr wmrsf wmrsf tbie tbie ymur mtbfr pipfrs. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, tbf purpmsf mo Y cs tm quietcoy i skcfetcst–s km kmes escs cstf tfet et ihcj ihcjct cty y tm put put mu mutt bcdb bcdb-c -cgp gpik iktt pipf pipfrs rs mvfr mvfr tbf tbf kmursf mo bfr kirffr. Ct tiafs cetm ikkmuet ijj pipfrs, emt lust tbf bcdbcgpikt mefs.iBfekf, co ymu ijrfi`y bivf i stfjjirpipfrs puhjckitcme rfkmr` ie` puhjcsb ofw gmrf pipfrs, tbfsf i``ctcmeij wcjj febiekf fikb mo ymur mtbfr gftrcks, hut tbfy irfe –t duirietff` tm cekrfisf ymur Y-oiktmr. Ce oikt, uejfss ymur efw pipfrs irf me pir wctb tbf pipfrs ymu typckijjy puhjcsb, tbfy giy iktuijjy jmwfr ct. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps2
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
Pbf supf Pbf supfrc rcmr mr ikku ikkuri riky ky mo tbf tbf Y-oi -oiktm ktmrr ce prf`ck prf`cktce tced d kirffr kirffr cgpikt tbfrfomrf cjjustritfs tbit omr i kirffr, kmescstfeky gittfrs. Pbcs kmekjuscme, tmdftbfr wctb tbf stihcjcty mo tbf Y pirigftfr suddfstf` hy Ocd. ?.;, picets i pckturf mo ritbfr gmemtmeck kirffrs< wf ijj stirt mur kirffrs wctb i dcvfe Y, bcdb mr jmw. Pbit Y-oiktm -oiktmrr dmvfres dmvfres tbf cgpikt cgpikt mo fikb pipfr wf puhjcsb ie` stiys wctb us uetcj rftcrfgfet. Hut cs ct truf= Kie wf fvfr hrfia tbcs rmhmtck gmemtmeckcty= Ce mtbfr wmr`s, `m wf fvfr fxpfrcfekf pfrcm`s ce mur kirffr wbfrf wf irf iktuijjy rfijjy dmm` it wbit wf `m=
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps2
4
BMP [P [PXFIA[ XFIA[
Ce pbyscks, 93>6 cs aemwe is tbf ‚gcrikjf yfir.‗ Ct cs tbf yfir tbitt Fce tbi Fcestf stfce ce puh puhjcs jcsbf` bf` omur omur `cskm `cskmvfr vfrcfs cfs tbit tbit kbiedf kbiedf` ` tbf `cskcp `cskcpjce jceff omrf om rfvf vfr. r. Hy tbf tbf su sugg ggfr fr,, bf–` fxpj fxpjic icef ef` ` Hrmw Hrmwec ecie ie gmtc gmtcme me,, wbck wbckb b pmcetf` tm tbf fxcstfekf mo itmgs ie` gmjfkujfs1 `cskmvfrf` tbf pbmtmfjfktrck foofkt, omr wbckb bf wis iwir`f` tbf Emhfj ^rczf 96 yfirs jitfr, rfprfsfetced i pcvmtij stfp tmwir` quietug gfkbiecks1 ie` `fvfjmpf` tbf tbfmry mo spfkcij rfjitcvcty, wbckb kbiedf` tbf wiy wf tbcea ihmut tcgf ie` spikf ijtmdftbfr. Pbfe, hfomrf tbf yfir fe`f`, bf skrchhjf` `mwe tbf wmrj`–s gmst oigmus fquitcme< F 7 gk . Fcestfce–s 93>6 kie hf `fskrchf` is i ‚bmt strfia,‗ i hurst mo 8
mutstie`ced ikbcfvfgfets. Bmt strfia cs i oigcjcir tfrg ce spmrts mr dighjced. Co ce hisafthijj ymu jie` twm sbmts wctbmut fvfe tmukbced tbf rcg, ymu irf emt it ijj surprcsf` wbfe ymu jie` tbit tbcr` mef. Smu prmhihjy kmuj` fvfe ‚offj‗ tbit striedf ie` gidckij gmgfetug. Tbcjf omr `fki`fs bmt strfias wfrf tiafe is i dcvfe, ce 9326 i gukb-qumtf` psykbmjmdy stu`y kmetfstf` tbfcr fxcstfekf Q98?W, kmekju`ced tbit hisafthijj cs em strfiacfr tbie i kmce tmss. Pbf e`ced suddfstf` tbit tbf
kmekfp kmek fptt cs i oijj oijjik iky, y, rmmt rmmtf` f` ce mu murr psyk psykbm bmjm jmdc dcki kijj hcis hcisfs fs omr omr sgij sgijjj eughfrs ‛ ct mejy offjs tbit ymu–rf me i rmjj, yft ce rfijcty tbit strfia mo juka cs wbit mef wmuj` fxpfkt hy kbiekf. Pbf 9326 stu`y trcddfrf` i stcjj-medmced `fhitf igmed psykbmjmdcsts ie` stitcstckcies Q 984‛9;>W, wctb tbf jitfst stitcstcks pipfrs irduced tbit tbf oijjiky giy ctsfjo hf i oijjiky, ie` bmt strfias `m sffg tm fxcst ce spmrts iotfr ijj Q984, 9;9W. Sft, is tbf `fhitf ueomj`s ce spmrts, dighjced, ie` eiekcij girafts, ct ricsfs ie cetrcduced qufstcme< Co wf `fef mur kirffr is tbf sfqufekf mo @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps3
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
pipfrs i skcfetcst prm`ukfs mvfr i jcoftcgf, `m wf fvfr fxpfrcfekf bmt strfias ce mur kirffr=
4.9
Hursts mo Bcts
Ikrmss tbf kirffrs mo skcfetcsts, irtcsts, ie` jg `crfktmrs, wf–vf sffe tbit tbf tbrff hcddfst bcts mo i kirffr fikb mkkur it rie`mg wctbce tbf sfqufekf mo wmras mef prm`ukfs. Pbcs e`ced tfjjs us tbit krfitcvcty cs rie`mg ie` ueprf`cktihjf, wctb kbiekf pjiyced ie mutsczf` rmjf ce tbf tcgced mo afy ikbcfvfgfets. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, skcfetc k kirffrs irf uejc ue jcaf afjy jy tm cekj cekju` u`ff bmt bmt str strfi fias as.. Sf Sft, t, it tbf tbf sigf sigf tc tcgf gf,, tbf tbf rie` rie`mg mg cgpikt rujf ricsfs i puzzjced qufstcme< Tbit bippfes iotfr wf eijjy prm`ukf i hrfiatbrmudb= Pbf Gittbfw foofkt tfjjs us tbit wceeced hfdfts gmrf wceeceds. [m, co wf prm`ukf mef hcd bct, fvfe co cts tcgced cs rie`mg, ct wmuj` omjjmw tbit wf–` prm`ukf gmrf bcts iotfrwir`s. Sft ikkmr`ced tm tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf, tbf mppmsctf sffgs tm hf truf. Ce`ff`, co tbf cgpikt mo fikb wmra ce i kirffr cs trujy rie`mg, tbfe mef–s efxt wmra iotfr i bct giy hf gmrf gf`cmkrf tbie spfktikujir, rffktced rfdrfsscme tmwir` tbf gfie. [m, irf wf rfijjy rfdrfssced tmwir` gf`cmkrcty iotfr wf hrfia tbrmudb= Pm ieswfr tbcs qufstcme, wf fxigcef` tbf rfjitcvf tcgced mo bct wmras wctbce i kirffr Q994W. [pfkckijjy, wf isaf`< Dcvfe wbfe smgfme smg fmeff prm`uk prm`ukf` f` tbf tbfcr cr hfst hfst wm wmra, ra, wbf wbfe e wmuj` wmuj` tbfcr tbfcr sfkme` sfkme`-hf -hfst st wmra hf= Pm gfisurf tbf kmrrfjitcme hftwffe tbf tcgced mo tbf twm hcddfst bcts wctbce i kirffr (f.d., E ie` E ) wf kijkujitf tbf lmcet prmhihcjcty ^(E , E ) omr tbf twm mo tbfg tm mkkur tmdftbfr, ie` kmgpirf ct wctb i eujj bypmtbfscs ce wbckb E ie` E fikb mkkur it rie` rie`mg mg me tbfc tbfcrr mwe. mwe. Gitb Gitbfg fgit itck ckij ijjy jy,, tbcs tbcs cs kipt kiptur urf` f` hy tbf tbf emrgijczf` lmcet prmhihcjcty, Ϗ(E ,E ) 7 ^(E ,E )/ ^(E )^(E ), wbck wb ckb b cs hfst hfst rf rfp prf rfssfetf fetf` ` is i gitr gitrccx (Oc (Ocd. 4.9). Co Ϗ(E ,E ) cs ∔
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ipprmxcgitfjy 9, tbfe tbf kbiekf tm e` tbf hcddfst ie` tbf sfkme` hcddfst bct tm mkkur tmdftbfr wctbce i kirffr cs ihmut wbit wf wmuj` fxpfkt co hmtb mkkur it rie`mg. Co, bmwfvfr, Ϗ(E , E ) cs ihmvf 9, ct gfies tbit E ie` E irf gmrf jcafjy tm ippfir tmdftbfr, kmrrfspme pm e`ced `ced tm i kmr kmrrf rfjjit itcm cme e tbit tbit cs emt emt ietc ietckc kcp pit itff` hy tbf tbf rie rie`m `mg g cgpikt rujf. Ocdurf 4.9 sbmws Ϗ(E , E ) omr omr kirf kirffr frss ikrm ikrmss ss skcf skcfek ekfs fs,, gmvcfs, ie` irts, jfi`ced tm tbrff cgpmrtiet kmekjuscmes< ∔
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@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps3
(i)
(h)
(k)
Ocdurf 4.9 Bmt-strfias ce skcfetck, kujturij, ie` irtcstck kirffrs. Ϗ(E ,E ), kmjm kmjmr-k r-km` m`f` f`,, gf gfis isur urfs fs tbf tbf lm lmce cett prmh prmhih ihcj cjcty cty mo tbf tbf tmp tmp tw twm m bc bcdb dbfs fsttcgpi cg pikt kt wm wmra rass wc wctb tbce ce tbf tbf kirf kirffr fr mo (i (i)) sk skcf cfet etcst csts, s, (h) (h) jg `c `crf rfkt ktmr mrs, s, ie ie` ` (k) irtc irtcst sts. s. Ϗ(E ,E ) 5 9 (rf` ijmed `cidm `cidmeij) eij) ce`ckit ce`ckitfs fs tbit twm bcts irf gmrf jcafjy tm mkkur efxt tm fikb mtbfr tbie fxpfktf` hy kbiekf. Iotfr Jcu ft ij. Q 994W. ∔
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@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps3
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
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Ocrst, Ϗ(E , E ) cs emtihjy bcdbfr ijmed tbf `cidmeij fjfgfets mo gitrckfs, ce`ckitced tbit E ie` E irf gukb gmrf jcafjy tm kmjmkitf wctb fikb mtbfr tbie fxpfktf` hy kbiekf. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, co wf aemw wbfrf ymur hcddfst bct bippfes ce tbf kmursf mo ymur kirffr, wf wmuj` aemw quctf wfjj wbfrf ymur sfkme` hcddfst bct cs ‛ ct wcjj hf lust irmue` tbf kmrefr mo ymur hcddfst bct. Pbf twm gmst cgpmrtiet wmras mo i skcfetcst irf me ivfridf 9.64 tcgfs gmrf jcafjy tm mkkur hika-tm-hika tbie wf–` fxpfkt tm sff hy kbiekf. [fkme`, Ϗ ofiturfs i rmudbjy fvfe spjct ikrmss tbf `cidmeij, wbckb gfies tbit tbfrf cs i kmgpirihjf jcafjcbmm` mo tbf hcddfst bct irrcvced fctbfr hfomrf mr iotfr tbf sfkme` hcddfst bct. Pbcr`, tbf km-jmkitcme pittfre cs emt jcgctf` tm tbf twm bcdbfst cgpikt wmras wctbce i kirffr. Ce`ff`, co wf rfpfit mur ieijysfs omr mtbfr , wf e` tbf ie` E vs. E picrs mo bcts, sukb is E vs. E ∔∔
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sigf pittfre. Ct cs emt mejy tbf tmp twm bcts wbckb ippfir kjmsf tm fikb mtbfr. Pbf tbcr` bct bct cs ijsm ce tbf vckcecty mo tbf rst twm. Pbfsff rf Pbfs rfsu sujt jtss moof moofrr i gmrf gmrf euie euiekf kf` ` pmrt pmrtri rict ct mo ce ce`c `cvc vc`u `uij ij kirf ki rffr frs. s. Ce Ce`f `ff` f`,, wb wbcj cjff tb tbff tcgc tcgced ed mo fikb fikb bcdb bcdbfs fstt cgpi cgpikt kt wmra wmrass cs rie`mg, tbf rfjitcvf tcgced mo tbf tmp pipfrs ce ie ce`cvc`uij s kirffr omjjmws bcdbjy prf`cktihjf pittfres. Is sukb, ce`cvc`uij kirffr trilfktmrcfs irf emt trujy rie`mg. Xitbfr, bct wmras wctbce i kirffr sbmw i bcdb `fdrff mo tfgpmrij kjustfrced, wctb fikb kirffr hfced kbiriktfrczf` hy hursts mo bcdb-cgpikt wmras kmgced ce kjmsf sukkfsscme. Ourtbfr, tbfsf pittfres irf emt jcgctf` tm skcfetck kirffrs. Pbf bcts mo irtcsts ie` jg –
`crfktmrs sbmw scgcjir tfgpmrij pittfres, suddfstced tbit tbfrf–s i uhcquctmus kjustfrced mo sukkfssouj wmra fgfrdced ikrmss i riedf mo krfitc itcvf kirf kirffr frs. s. Tbit irf tbf tbf gf gfkkbiec biecsg sgss rf rfsp spm mesc eschjf omr omr tbfs tbfsff rfgiraihjf pittfres=
4.8
Pbf Bmt-[trfia Gm`fj
Pm ue`frstie` tbf mrcdce mo tbf mhsfrvf` hursts mo kirffr bcts, jft–s stirt wctb tbf Y -gm`fj `cskussf` ce tbf prfvcmus kbiptfr. Cgidcef tbit tb it fvfr fvfry y tcgf tcgf i sk skcf cfet etcs cstt puhj puhjcs csbf bfss i pipf pipfr, r, tbf tbf wmra wmra–s cgpikt cs `ftfrgcef` hy i rie`mg eughfr dfefritf` ormg i dcvfe `cstrchutcme, wbckb cs xf` omr tbit ce`cvc`uij. [cekf kctitcmes irf wfjj ipprmxcgitf` hy jmd jmdem emrgi rgijj `cs `cstrc trchut hutcme cmes, s, jft–s issu issugf gf omr omr km kmev evfe fecf cfek ekff tbit tbit tbfc tbfcrr jmdi jmdirc rctb tbg g cs `riw `riwe e or ormg mg i emrg emrgij ij `cst `cstrc rchu hutc tcme me,, wctb wctb ivfr ivfrid idff Λ c c. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps3
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Bmt [trfias
I kirffr dfefritf` hy tbcs eujj gm`fj wcjj eckfjy omjjmw tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf< fikb bct, cekju`ced tbf hcddfst mef, mkkurs rie`mgjy wctbce i kirffr Q8, 99?W. Ct ijj `fpfe`s me juka ‛ tbf piy-moo mo i jmttfry tckaft `riwe ormg i `cstrchutcme mo rie`mg eughfrs. Bmwfvfr, tbcs eujj gm`fj oicjs tm kipturf tbf tfgpmrij kmrrfjitcmes `mkugfetf` ce Ocd. 4 .9. Pbf gice rfisme cs sbmwe ce Ocd. 4.8i‛k, wbfrf, omr cjjustritcme purpmsfs, wf sfjfktf` mef ce`cvc`uij ormg fikb mo tbf tbrff `mgices ie` gfisurf` tbf `yeigcks mo Λ c c `urced bcs mr bfr kirffr. Pbfsf fxigpjfs ce`ckitf tbit Λ c c cs emt kmestiet. Xitbfr, ct cs kbiriktfrczf` hy i hisfjcef pfromrgiekf ( Λ ) uetcj i kfrtice pmcet ce i kirffr, iotfr wbckb ct cs fjfvitf` tm i bcdbfr vijuf Λ B ( Λ B 5 Λ ). Pbit fjfvitf` pfromrgiekf cs susticef` omr smgf tcgf hfomrf fvfetuijjy oijjced hika tm i jfvfj scgcjir tm Λ . Pbcs mhsfrvitcme ricsfs ie cetfrfstced qufstcme< Kmuj` i scgpjf gm`fj, wbckb issugfs fvfrymef fxpfrcfekfs i >
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sbmrt pfrcm` jcaf Λ B, fxpjice tbf pittfres `mkugfetf` ce Ocd. 4.9= Xfgfghfr, tbcs efw gm`fj cetrm`ukfs mejy i scgpjf vircitcme mvfr tbf Y -gm`fj ‛ i hrcfo pfrcm` mo fjfvitf` cgpikt. Hut cetfrfstcedjy, tbit sgijj kbiedf kie ikkmuet omr tbf fgpcrckij mhsfrvitcmes tbit tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf mr tbf Y gm`fj oicjf` tm kipturf (Ocd. 4.9). @urced tbf pfrcm` ce wbckb Λ B mpfritfs, tbf ce`cvc`uij sffgcedjy pfromrgs it i bcdbfr jfvfj tbie bfr typckij pfromrgiekf ( Λ ). Tf kijj tbcs gm`fj tbf bmt-strfia gm`fj , wbfrf tbf Λ B pfrcm` kmrrfspme`s tm tbf bmt strfia. Pbf truf vijuf mo tbf bmt-strfia gm`fj fgfrdfs wbfe wf ippjy ct tm kirffr `iti, ijjmwced us tm mhtice tbf pirigftfrs wbckb kbiriktfrczf tbf tcgced ie` tbf gidectu`f mo bmt strfias omr ce`cvc`uij skcfetcsts, jfi`ced tm sfvfrij cgpmrtiet mhsfrvitcmes< >
(9) Pbf gfisurf gfisurfgfets gfets ce`ck ce`ckitf itf tbit bmt strfias irf uhcquctmu uhcquctmuss ikrmss ikrmss krfitcvf kirffrs. Ihmut 3> pfrkfet mo skcfetcsts fxpfrcfekf it jfist mef bmt strfia, is `m 39 pfrkfet mo irtcsts ie` 28 pfrkfet mo jg `crfktmrs. Pbcs gfies tbit bmt strfias irf emt jcgctf` tm Fcestfce–s gcrikjf gcrik jf yfir mo 93>6 93>6. Pbf `crfktmr ^ftfr Likasme–s bmt strfia jistf` omr ; yfirs, wbcjf bf `crfktf` Pbf Jmr` mo tbf Xceds sfrcfs, ie`
_cekfet vie Dmdb–s mkkurrf` ce 9222, tbf yfir bf gmvf` ormg ^ircs tm [mutbfre Oriekf, prm`ukced wmras jcaf Pbf Sfjjmw Bmusf, _ie –
Dmdb s Kbicr, Hf`rmmg ce Irjfs, Pbf Ecdbt Kioã , [tirry Ecdbt Mvfr tbf Xbmef, ie` [tcjj Jcof< _isf wctb Pwfjvf [uemwfrs. (8) @fspctf @fspctf tbfcr uhcqucty, uhcqucty, bmt strfias irf usuijjy uecq uecquf uf ce i krfitcvf kirffr. Ce`ff`, wbfe wf rfjixf` mur ijdmrctbg tm ijjmw omr up tm @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps3
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
(i)
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(o)
Ocdurf 4.8 Pbf bmt-strfia gm`fj. gm`fj. (i (i ‛k) Λ (E ) omr mef skcfetcst (i), irtcst (h) ie` jg `crfktmr (k), sfjfktf` omr cjjustritcme purpmsfs. Ct sbmws tbit rfij kirffrs kie bivf strmed tfgpmrij vircitcmes vircitcmes,, kbiri kbiriktfrcz ktfrczf` f` hy hrcfo pfrcm` mo fjfvitf` cgpikt. (`‛o ) Bcstmdri Bcstmdrig g mo tbf eughfr mo bmt strfi strfias as ce i kirffr sbmws tbit bmt strfias irf uhcquctmus yft usuijjy uecquf. Gmst pfmpjf bivf bmt strfias, ie` tbfy gmstjy jcafjy bivf lust mef. Iotfr Jcu ft ij. Q994W.
tbrff bmt strfias, wf omue` tbit ?2 pfrkfet mo bcdb-cgpikt skcfetcsts fxpfrcfekf mejy mef bmt strfia (Ocd. 4 .8`). I sfkme` bmt strfia giy mkkur hut cs jfss jcafjy, ie` mkkurrfekfs mo gmrf tbie twm irf rirf. (;) Bm Bmtt strfi strfias as mkku mkkurr rie` rie`mg mgjy jy wctb wctbce ce i kirf kirffr fr,, moof moofrc rced ed i ourt ourtbf bfrr fxpjieitcme omr tbf rie`mg cgpikt rujf. Ce`ff`, co tbf bmt strfia @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>3 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps. Pbf Eitcmeij [kcfekf Oue` omr @cstceducsbf` Smued [kbmjirs, ie cgpmrtiet gcjfstmef mo i sukkfssouj skcfetck kirffr ce Kbcei, fxkju`fs ippjckiets mvfr 06. Dcvfe tbfsf irhctriry idf tbrfsbmj`s ie` tbf rie`mgefss mo bmt strfias, ct gfies tbit i suhstietcij pmrtcme mo wfjj-`fsfrvced kie`c`itfs wcjj gcss mut co tbfy fxpfrcfekf tbfcr hcd hrfia jitf. Ourtbfr, mur prfjcgceiry ieijyscs ijsm suddfsts tbit cekmrpmritce itced d bm bmtt st strf rfia iass ce ou oue` e`ce ced d `f `fkc kcsc scme me gi giy y emt emt hf is cetu cetuct ctcv cvff is ct ippfir ipp firss fctbfr fctbfr.. Om Omrr fxigpj fxigpjf, f, wf fxigce fxigcef` f` tbf rfjitc rfjitcme mesbc sbcp p hftwff hftwffe e tbf tcgced mo ECB iwir`s ie` tbf hfdceeced mo bmt strfias omr tbfcr ^Cs, e`ced tbit ^Cs irf gmrf jcafjy tm bivf cectcitf` i bmt strfia tbie fxpfktf` prcmr tm hfced iwir`f` tbfcr rst X>9 driet. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, i skcfetcst–s bmt strfia `c` emt omjjmw oue`ced. Xitbfr, ct wis oue`ced tbit omjjmws bmt strfias. Pbfsf e`ceds irf kmescstfet wctb ECB–s fgpbisfs me prfjcgceiry rfsujts, ie` tbfy ijsm ippfir rfismeihjf ormg i oue`fr –s pfrspfktcvf, is pfmpjf wbm bivf bi` i bmt strfia tfe` tm bivf bcdbfr cgpikt (bfekf wmrtby mo oue`ced). Sft it tbf sigf tcgf, tbfsf e`ceds ricsf tbf qufstcme mo wbftbfr ‛ hy issmkcitced oue`ced `fkcscmes wctb pist sukkfss ‛ oue`frs giy gcss tbf krctckij pfrcm` wbfe ^Cs irf gmst krfitc krf itcvf, vf, fsp fspfkc fkcijj ijjy y kme kmesc` sc`frc frced ed tbf oik oiktt tbit tbit bmt strfias strfias irf usuijj usuijjy y uecquf ce ie ce`cvc`uij kirffr. Piafe tmdftbfr, co mur dmij cs tm c`fetcoy ie` eurturf ce`cvc`uijs wbm irf gmrf jcafjy tm bivf i jistced cgpikt ce tbfcr fj`, wf gust kmesc`fr cekmrpmritced tbf emtcme mo bmt strfias cetm tbf kijkujus. Co wf `me–t, wf giy gcss mut me vctijjy cgpmrtiet kmetrchutcmes. Sijf Vecvfrscty jfiref` tbcs tbf bir` wiy. Tf ijrfi`y fekmuetfrf` Lmbe Ofee, ie` bcs jitf `cskmvfry. Ct wis it idf ?4, wb wbfe fe bf pu puhj hjcs csbf bf` ` i stu` stu`y y tbit tbit c` c`fe fetc tcf` i emvfj fjfktrmspriy cme smurkf. Ct wis i rfij hrfiatbrmudb ‛ mr it jfist bf tbmudbt sm. Hut Sijf stcjj pusbf` bcg mut tbf `mmr, hy sfe`ced bcg cetm rftcrfgfet. Iotfr bf rfjuktietjy rfjmkitf` tm _crdceci Kmggmewfijtb Vecvfrscty, wbckb prmvc`f` bcg wctb tbf jih bf eff`f` tm kmetceuf bcs cevfstcditcmes, bf fghiraf` me i kjissckij bmt strfia. Hftwffe 9320 ie`
9323, bf puhj puhjcs csbf bf` ` mef mef st stu` u`y y iotf iotfrr iemt iemtbf bfr, r, ujtc ujtcgi gitf tfjy jy `fvf `fvfjm jmpc pced ed
fjfktrmspriy cmeczitcme omr giss spfktrmgftry, wbckb feihjf` oistfr, gmrf ikkuritf gfisurfgfet mo jirdf gmjfkujfs ie` prmtfces, spurrced gujtcpjf ceemvitcmes ce kiekfr `cidemscs ie` tbfripy. Pbit vf-yfir bmt strfia, wbckb tmma pjikf `urced Ofee–s omrkf` rftcrfgfet, ujtcgitfjy @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps3
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
`fef` bcs kirffr, ie` firef` bcg tbf 8>>8 Emhfj ^rczf ce kbfgcstry. Bcs bmt strfia cs sm fvc`fet tbit ymu kie sff `crfktjy lust hy cespfktced Ocd. 6.6. Tbfe cs Ofee–s gmst-kctf` pipfr= Ie` wbfe cs bcs sfkme` bcdbfst= Tbit ihmut tbf tbcr`= Pbfy ijj oijj wctbce tbf sigf vf-yfir wce`mw. Ce Ofee–s kirffr, wf sff pfrbips tbf gmst cgpmrtiet ‛ ie` upjcotced ‛ cgpjc cgpjckit kitcme cme mo tbf bmt-st bmt-strfi rfia a pbfem pbfemgfe gfeme me omr tbf giey giey ce`cvc`uij skcfetcsts mut tbfrf strcvced tm giaf tbfcr gira me tbf wmrj`. Xfgfghfr tbit tbf kmevfetcmeij vcfw, wbckb wf `cskussf` ce `fptb ce Kbiptfr ;, cs tbcs< Mur hfst wmra wcjj jcafjy bippfe ce mur ;>s mr 0>s, wbfe wf bivf i smjc` hisf mo fxpfrcfekf ie` tbf fefrdy ie` fetbuscisg tm sustice bcdb prm`uktcvcty1 mekf wf piss tbf gc`-kirffr pmcet, mur bmpfs mo i hrfiatbrmudb stirt tm `cg. Pbf bmt strfia pbfemgfeme, kmup km upjf jf` ` wc wctb tb tbf tbf ri rie` e`mg mg cgpi cgpikt kt rujf rujf kmet kmetri ri`c `ckt ktss tbcs tbcs,, ce`c ce`cki kitc tced ed,, cest cestfi fi`, `, tb tbit it i bm bmtt st strf rfia ia kie kie fgfr fgfrdf df it iey iey stid stidff mo ymur ymur kirf kirffr fr,, rfsujtced ce i kjustfr mo bcdb-cgpikt wmras. Pbfrfomrf, tbcs kbiptfr moofrs bmpf< Fikb efw driy bicr, jctfrij mr duritcvf, `mfs emt hy ctsfjo giaf us mhsmjftf. Is jmed is wf affp puttced wmra mut cetm tbf wmrj` jcaf Ofee ‛ `riwced kir`s ormg tbf `fka ce sfirkb mo i jukay ikf ‛ mur bmt strfia kmuj` hf lust irmue` tbf kmrefr. Pbcs gfies tbit wbcjf wf giy emt ijj bivf Fcestfce mr Ofee –s cgpikt, co wf affp tryced, mur mwe vfrscme mo i gcrikjf yfir giy stcjj hf ibfi`, lust mut mo scdbt.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps3
^irt CC
PBF [K [KCF CFEK EKFF MO KMJ KMJJI JIHM HMXI XIPPCME
Ce 8>96, Girkm @ridm wis i pmst`mktmrij rfsfirkbfr it tbf Ijhfrt Fcestfce Cestctutf ce Bieemvfr, Dfrgiey, wmraced me tbf Jisfr Cetfrofrmgf Cetfro frmgftfr tfr Driv Drivctitc ctitcmeij meij-Tiv -Tivff Mhsfrvitmr Mhsfrvitmry y (JCDM) (JCDM) fxpfrcgfe fxpfrcgfet. t. Pbf prmlfkt–s dmij wis tm `ftfkt drivctitcmeij wivfs ‛ rcppjfs ce tbf oihrck mo spikftcgf kiusf` hy tbf kmjjcscme ie` gfrdced mo twm hjika bmjfs. @ridm spfet gmst mo bcs tcgf mvfrsffced mef mo omur `iti ‚pcpfjcefs‗ ‛ iutmg iutmgit itf` f` kmgp kmgput utfr fr syst systfg fgss wbck wbckb b skmu skmurf rf` ` tbf tbf riw riw `iti `iti kmgced ormg tbf JCDM `ftfktmrs omr ueusuij scdeijs. Lust hfomrf juekb me [fptfg [fptfghfr hfr 90, 8>96, wb wbcj cjff me tb tbff pbme pbmeff wctb wctb i kmjj kmjjfi fidu duf, f, bf rfkfcvf` ie iutmgitf` fgicj ijfrt emtcoyced bcg tbit tbf 0 ag-jmed tueefjs bmusced sfesctcvf jisfr hfigs ce ujtribcdb vikuug, bi` lust vchritf`. [ukb ie fvfet wis emt uekmggme, hut is @ridm kjckaf` mpfe tbff fgic tb fgicj, j, bf qu quck ckaj ajy y rf rfij ijcz czf` f` tbcs tbcs me meff wis wis `coo `coofr frfe fet. t. Pbf Pbf fvfe fvfett ct rfpmrtf` wis budf wis budf hy hy JCDM–s stie`ir`s. Tbcjf tbf vchritcme wis jfss tbie i trcjjcmetb mo ie cekb, tbit wis gmrf tbie `muhjf tbf sczf mo i typckij fvfet. Ct wis sm jirdf, ce oikt, tbit @ridm cestietjy `csgcssf` ct. Ct sffgf` tmm dmm` tm hf truf. Ct tmma tmma ie iemt mtbf bfrr vf gmetbs tm mo kci kcijjy jjy kmerg tbf trutb hfbce` hfb ce` tbf [fptfg [fptfghfr hfr 90 fvfe fvfet. t. Is ie ieem emue uekf kf` ` me Ofhr Ofhrui uiry ry 98, 8>9?, tbf fvfet rfdcstfrf` hy tbf iutmgitf` fgicj bi` hffe tbf rfij `fij. Pbit tcey scdeij tmj` us tbit ihmut 9.; hcjjcme yfirs idm, ikrmss
tbf hjikaisbmjfs omrgced i efw hjika 9>> bmjf tcgfs tbit wisVecvfrsf, ?8 tcgfs twm is bfivy mur kmjjc`f`, [ue. Pbfcr kmjjcscme ri`citf` gmrf fefrdy tbie ijj tbf stirs ce tbf Vecvfrsf kmghcef`, dfefritced drivctitcmeij wivfs tbit rcppjf` ce fvfry `crfktcme. Tfiafeced is tbfy @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
trivfjf` tbrmudb spikf it tbf spff` mo jcdbt, tbf wivfs eijjy rfikbf` Firtb me tbit qucft [fptfghfr gmreced ce 8>96, sbiaced tbf `ftfktmrs hy ihmut i tbmusie`tb mo tbf `cigftfr mo i prmtme. Pbit vchritcme vijc`itf` tbf prf`cktcme mo Ijhfrt Fcestfce –s dfefrij tbfmry mo rfjitcv ‚
cty, hfkmgced, ikkmr`ced tm smgf, tbf `cskmvfry mo tbf twfety- rst kfetury. ‗ Tbcjf @ridm wis tbf jukay pfrsme wbm siw tbf scdeij rst, ct wise–t rfijjy bcs `cskmvfry. Ie cetfreitcmeij tfig mo skcfetcsts spfet mvfr 0> yfirs hucj`ced tbf fxpfrcgfet, ie` wbfe tbf pipfr rfpmrtced tbf `ftfktcme mo drivctitcmeij wivfs wis eijjy puhjcsbf`, ct jcstf` mvfr 9,>>> iutbmrs ormg ijj mvfr tbf wmrj` Q9;6W. Pbfrf wfrf tbf pbysckcsts wbm `rfigf` up tbf prmlfkt ie` kijkujitf` cts ofischcjcty, tbf fedceffrs wbm `fscdef` tbf tueefjs, ie` tbf i`gcecstritcvf stioo wbm mvfrsiw tbf `iy tm `iy mpfritcmes. It V[$9.9 hcjjcme, JCDM cs stcjj tbf jirdfst ie` gmst gm st ighc ighctc tcmu muss prml prmlfk fktt fvfr fvfr oue` oue`f` f` hy tbf tbf V[ Eitc Eitcme meij ij [kcf [kcfek ekff Omue`itcme (E[O). Hy kmetrist, wbfe tbf ^russcie Iki`fgy mo [kcfekf rst bfir` ihmut wbit wmuj` hf `ffgf` tbf ‚`cskmvfry mo tbf twfetcftb kfetury‗ ce Emvfghfr 9396, ct bi` i scedjf iutbmr, Ijhfrt Fcestfce. Mkkurrced fxiktjy 9>> yfirs ipirt, tbfsf twm `cskmvfrcfs rfvfij ie cgpmrtiet wiy tbit skcfekf bis kbiedf` mvfr tbf pist kfetury. Tf cgidcef skcfekf is i smjctiry fe`fivmr, pckturced Fcestfce, @irwce, ie` Biwaced me smjm lmure lmurefys fys,, cekbce cekbced d tmwir` tmwir` tbit tbit ‚Furfai!‗ gmgfe gmgfet. t. Sft tm`iy, tm`iy, gmst gmst skcfekf cs kirrcf` mut hy tfigs Q 9;?, 9;4W. Ce`ff`, 3> pfrkfet mo ijj skcfekf ie` fedceffrced puhjckitcmes irf wrcttfe hy gujtcpjf iutbmrs. Pbfsff kie Pbfs kie hf twmtwm-pf pfrs rsme me tfig tfigs, s, su sukb kb is Tits Titsme me ie` ie` Krck Krcka, a, wbm wbm uevfcjf` tbf strukturf mo @EI, hut giey cgpmrtiet `cskmvfrcfs irf gi`f tbrmudb jirdf-skijf kmjjihmritcmes, jcaf tbmsf pursuf` it KFXE, tbf Giebittie ^rmlfkt, mr ^rmlfkt Ipmjjm. [kcfetck tfigs bivf prm`ukf` hrfiatbrmudbs tbit kmuj` emt bivf hffe ikbcfvf` hy jmef cevfstcditmrs dit mrs.. Ie` Ie` sukb sukb jirdfjirdf-ski skijf jf tfi tfig g prm prmlfk lfkts ts mot motfe fe bivf bivf ie femrgm femrgmus us cgpikt, emt lust me skcfekf, hut me tbf fkmemgy ie` smkcfty. Piaf omr fxig fx igpj pjff tbf tbf Bu Bugi gie e Dfem Dfemgf gf ^rml ^rmlfk fkt. t. Ct emt emt mejy mejy lugp lugp stirt stirtf` f` tbf tbf dfemgck rfvmjutcme1 cts `crfkt fxpfe`cturfs mo ihmut V[$;.2 hcjjcme ijsm dfefritf` V[$43? hcjjcme ce fkmemgck drmwtb ie` krfitf` ;9>,>>> lmhs
Q9;2W. Bmwfvfr, tbfsf ace`s mo gisscvf kmjjihmritcmes ijsm cetrm`ukf i efw sft mo uecquf kbijjfedfs omr skcfetcsts, ormg tfig kmggueckitcme tm kmmr`ceitcme, wbckb, co jfot uei``rfssf`, kmuj` lfmpir`czf tbf sukkfss mo tbfcr prmlfkts. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps9> Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps>>, tbf eughfr mo smjm-iutbmrf` pipfrs bi` `wce`jf` `rigitckijjy, wbcjf tfig-i tfi g-iut utbm bmrf` rf` pipfr pipfrss emw emw gi` gi`ff up 2> pfrkfe pfrkfett mo ijj puhjc puhjcki kitcm tcmes es.. Cgpmrtietjy, tbf sbcot tmwir` tfigs cs emt scgpjy `rcvfe hy tbf oikt tbit tbf fxpfr fxpfrcgf cgfeti etijj kbijj kbijjfed fedfs fs irf hfkmgc hfkmgced ed jirdfr jirdfr,, gmrf gmrf kmgpjf kmgpjfx, x, ie` gmrf fxpfescvf. ^fekcj-ie`-pipfr `cskcpjcefs jcaf gitbfgitcks ie` tbf 94.6 pfrkfet smkcij skcfekfs sigf, pittfres. Pfigs mejy mo smkci smkcij j skcfekf skcfekffxbchct pipfrs pipfrstbf ce 9366 hut, hy 8>>> hu , tfig-h tfiwrmtf g-his isf` f` pipfrs pipfrs hfk hfkig igff tbf gilmrcty, rfikbced 69.6 pfrkfet ‛ wctefssced tbf sigf trfe` tmwir` tfigwmra is bi` hffe mhsfrvf` `fki`fs firjcfr ce tbf eiturij skcfekfs. Hut pfrbips gmrf cetfrfstced tbie tbf trfe` ctsfjo cs tbf ace` mo rfsfirkb tbit tfig wmra bis prm`ukf`. Pfigs `m emt gfrfjy prm`ukf gmrff skcfek gmr skcfekf1 f1 tbf tbfy y irf cekrf cekrfisc iscedj edjy y rfspme rfspmesch schjf jf omr `cskmv `cskmvfrc frcfs fs wctb wctb jirdfr cgpikts Q9;?W. Ce`ff Ce`ff`, `, me ivfri ivfridf, df, tfig-iutbm tfig-iutbmrf` rf` pipfrs pipfrs direfr direfr gmrf gm rf kcti kctitc tcme mess tbie tbie sced scedjf jf-i -iut utbm bmrf rf` ` wmra wmra it ijj ijj pmce pmcets ts ce tcgf tcgf ie` ie` ikrmss ijj hrmi` rfsfirkb irfis (Ocd. 2.9h). 9
9
Ct giy hf tfgptced tfgptced tm ittrchutf ittrchutf tbf tbf bcdbfr bcdbfr cgpikt cgpikt mo tfig-iutb tfig-iutbmrf` mrf` pipfrs pipfrs tm sfjo-prmg sfjo-prmgmtcm mtcme< e<
Iutbmrs jcaf tm kctf tbfcr mwe wmra, sm tbf gmrf iutbmrs i pipfr bis, tbf gmrf kctitcmes ct–s duirietff` tm dft. Sft, tbf bcdbfr cgpikt mo tfig-iutbmrf` pipfr rfgices uekbiedf` co wf rfgmvf sfjo-kctitcmes Q9;3, 90> W.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
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[kcfekf & fedceffrced [mkcij skcfekfs
Ocdurf 2 .9 Pbf dr drmwced mwced `mgce `mgceiekf iekf mo tfi tfigs. gs. (i) Kbiedfs ce tbf oriktcme mo pipfrs ie` pitfets wrcttfe hy tfigs mvfr tbf pist vf `fki`fs. Fikb jcef rfprfsfets tbf irctbgftck ivfridf tiafe mvfr ijj suhfj`s ce fikb yfir, wctb kmjmrs ce`ckitced `coofrfet fj`s. (h) Pbf rfjitcvf tfig cgpikt (XPC) rfprfsfets tbf gfie eughfr mo kctitcmes rfkfcvf` hy tfig-iutbmrf` wmra `cvc`f` hy tbf gfie eughfr mo kctitcmes 9 cgpjcfs tbit tfig- ie` rfkfcvf` hy smjm-iutbmrf` wmra ce tbf sigf fj`. I ritcm mo 9 smjm-iutbmr smjm-i utbmrf` f` wmra bivf kmgpi kmgpirihjf rihjf cgpikt. Pbf jcefs prfsfet tbf irctbgftck irctbgftck ivfridf mo XPC ce i dcvfe yfir omr tbf fetcrf fj`. Iotfr Tukbty ft ij. ij . Q 9;?W.
Pbf ceuf Pbf ufek ekff mo tfig tfigss cs fs fspf pfkc kcij ijjy jy cetf cetfrf rfst stce ced d co wf omku omkuss fxkj fx kjus uscv cvfj fjy y me tbf tbf vfry vfry tmp tmp tc tcfr fr mo bcdb bcdb-c -cgp gpik iktt pipf pipfrs rss, tbf gmst kctf` pipfr ce i fj` wis gmrf jcafjy tm bivf hffe wrcttfe hy i jmef iutbmr tbie i tfig, tbit pittfre rfvfrsf` `fki`fs idm Q9;3W. Pm`iy ce skcfekf ie` fedceffrced i tfig-iutbm tfig-i utbmrf` rf` pipfr pipfr cs ?.; tcgfs tcgfs gmrf gmrf jcafjy jcafjy tbie tbie i smjm-i smjm-iutb utbmrf mrf` ` pipfr tm rfkfcvf it jfist 9,>>> kctit kctitcme cmes. s. Pbcs Pbcs pittfr pittfre e cs fvfe fvfe gmrf gmrf prmemuekf` ce tbf irts, bugiectcfs, ie` pitfets, wbfrf scekf 936>s tfigs bivf ijwiys hffe gmrf jcafjy tbie ce`cvc`uijs tm prm`ukf tbf gmst ceufetcij wmra.
2.9
Pbf Xc Xcssf mo Pfig [kcfekf
Tby `m tfigs `mgceitf skcfekf tm sukb i `fdrff= Mef bypmtbfscs cs tbit tfigs fxkfj ce dfefritced trujy emvfj c`fis. Hy drmupced fxpf fx pfrt rtss wctb wctb `cvf `cvfrs rsff hut hut spfk spfkci cijc jczf zf` ` aemw aemwjf jf`d `df, f, tf tfig igss dcvf dcvf tbfc tbfcrr gfghfrs ikkfss tm i hrmi`fr pmmj mo aemwjf`df tbie iey ce`cvc`uij
kmjjih kmjj ihmr mrit itmr mr kmuj kmuj` ` bivf bivf.. Hy bire birefs fssc sced ed virc vircf` f` gftb gftbm` m`mj mjmd mdcf cfss ie` ie` hm`c hm `cfs fs mo rf rfsf sfir irkb kb,, tfig tfigss irf irf gmrf gmrf kipi kipihj hjff mo kr krfi fitc tced ed ceem ceemvi vitc tcvf vf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps36 vmjugfs. Kmggcsscmef` hy tbf Smedjf Fgpfrmr mo tbf Gced `yeisty ce 90>; ce Kbcei, ct rfqucrf` tbf kmjjihmritcvf foomrt mo 8,>>> skbmjirs mvfr i pfrcm` mo vf yfirs.
Smedjf Fekykjmpf`ci, Fekykjmpf`ci, me `cspjiy it Pbf Eitcmeij Jchriry Ocdurf 2 .8 Pbf Pbf Smedjf mo Kbcei ce 8>90.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps;0 oikujty gfghfrs it [tieomr` Vecvfrscty mvfr i 96-yfir pfrcm` omue` tbit kmjjihmritcmes prm`ukf gmrf driet suhgcsscmes, irf gmrf jcafjy tm hf iwir`f` driets, ie` ycfj` jirdfr `mjjir igmuets Q 908W. Ct cs tbfrfomrf emt bir` tm cgidcef tbit tbf hfst ie` hrcdbtfst skcfetcsts irf tbmsf wbm irf gmrf wcjjced tm kmjjihmritf. Ce 93?;, tbf smkcmj smk cmjmdc mdcst st Birrcf Birrcftt \ukafr \ukafrgie gie sft mut mut tm `c `cskm skmvfr vfr bmw mutst mutstie` ie`ce ced d skcfetcsts wmraf`, cetfrvcfwced 09 mut mo tbf 66 Emhfj jiurfitfs jcvced ce tbf V[ it tbit tcgf. [bf omue` tbit ie cetfreij hfet tmwir` tfigwmra sffgf` tm hf i trict tbit tbfy ijj sbirf`. Pbf Emhfj jiurfitfs wfrf gmrf wcjj wc jjce ced d tm kmjj kmjjih ihmr mrit itff tbie tbie tbfc tbfcrr jfss jfss prmg prmgce cefe fett kmjj kmjjfi fidu dufs fs,, wbck wbckb b moofrf` tbfg i kjfir, jmed-tfrg i`vietidf ce skcfekf Q9>9W.
2.8 2.8
Pbf @rcv @rcvffrs mo Pfig fig [k [kccfek fekf
Pbf rfkfet fxpjmscme mo tfigwmra kie hf ittrchutf` tm twm gilmr trfe`s. Ocrst, is skcfekf drmws cekrfiscedjy kmgpjfx, tbf cestrugfets rfqucrf` tm fxpie` tbf ormetcfr mo aemwjf`df bivf cekrfisf` ce skijf ie` prfkcscme. Omr fxigpjf, tbf Jirdf Bi`rme Kmjjc`fr (JBK), tbf wmrj`–s jirdfst pirtckjf kmjjc`fr it KFXE, cs krukcij omr i`viekfs ce pirtckjf pbyscks. Bmwfvfr, sukb i tmmj wmuj` hf ueioomr`ihjf tm ce`cvc`uij cevfstcditmrs mr cestctutcmes. Pbf JBK ‛ hmtb cts kmekfptcme ie` cts eiekced ‛ wmuj` bivf hffe uetbceaihjf wctbmut tfigwmra. Mvfr 9>,>>> skcfetcsts ie` fedceffrs ormg mvfr 9>> kmuetrcfs kmetrchutf` tm tbf prmlfkt. Bfekf kmjjihmritcme cs emt lust hfefkcij, ct–s efkfssiry, efkfssiry, omrk om rkce ced d tbf tbf kmgg kmggue uect cty y tm pm pmmj mj rf rfsm smur urkf kfss tmdf tmdftb tbfr fr tm bf bfjp jp i`vi i`viek ekff skcfetck ue`frstie`ced. [fkme`, tbf fvfr-hrmi`feced hm`y mo bugie aemwjf`df cs sm vist tbit ct cs cgpmsschjf omr iey mef pfrsme tm aemw fvfrytbced. Fvfe omr tbmsf tbmsf wmrac wmraced ed ce rfj rfjitc itcvfj vfjy y sgijj, sgijj, fsm fsmtfr tfrck ck fj`s, tbf hur`fe mo aemwjf`df me sukkfsscvf dfefritcmes mo skcfetcsts cs kmetceuijjy cekrfisced. Pm kmpf, skcfetcsts motfe spfkcijczf, eirrmwced tbfcr omkus ce mr`fr tm gieidf tbf aemwjf`df `fgie` ie` tm rfikb tbf ormetcfrs mo aemwjf`df oistfr. [ukb spfkcijczitcme bis jf` tm tbf ‚`fitb mo tbf rfeicssiekf gie‗ ce skcfekf, i pbfemgfeme `mkugfetf` ce tbf kmetfxt mo cevfetcmes Q9>0W. Ce`ff`, `iti me kmesfkutcvf pitfet ippjckitcmes jf` hy smjm cevfetmrs cevfet mrs sbm sbmw w tbit tbit ce`cvc ce`cvc`ui `uijs js cekrf cekrfisc iscedj edjy y rfgice rfgice wctbce wctbce i scedjf scedjf tfkbemjmdckij irfi ie` `fgmestritf i `fkrfisf` kipikcty tm kmetrchutf
efw, uerfjitf` cevfetcmes. Pbus, is tbf hur`fe mo aemwjf`df rfqucrf` @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps99 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps0, 9>6W. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, skcfetcsts emt mejy wiet tm kmjjihmritf ‛ tbfy tbfy bivf bivf tm tm.. Cekrfisced spfkcijczitcme gfies tbit fikb pfrsme bis ie fxkfjjfet kmgg km ggie ie` ` mo me meff pcfk pcfkff mo tb tbff puzz puzzjf jf.. Hut Hut tm i``r i``rfs fsss tbf tbf kmgp kmgpjf jfx x prmhjfgs oikf` hy gm`fre skcfekf, skcfetcsts eff` tm hrced tbfsf pcfkfs tmdftbfr, gfj`ced `cvfrsf sacjj-sfts ie` aemwjf`df ce wiys tbit ijjmw us tm ceemvitf.
2.;
Pbf @fitb mo @cstiekf
Tctb wmrj`w Tctb wmrj`wc`f c`f Cetfre Cetfreft ft ikkfss ikkfss ie` ce cekrfi krfisce scedjy djy cefxp cefxpfes fescvf cvf triespmrtitcme, ct cs emw fiscfr tbie fvfr tm kmjjihmritf ikrmss hmr`frs, mvfrkmgced tri`ctcmeij dfmdripbckij kmestricets (Ocd. 2.;). Is tbf durf sbmws, hftwffe 93>> ie` 9380, kmjjihmritcmes ikrmss `coofrfet cestctutcmes wfrf prmgcefet mejy ce tbf V[1 cetfreitcmeij kmjjihmritcmes wfrf gicejy hftwffe tbf V[ ie` tbf VA. Bmwfvfr, hmtb typfs mo kmjjihmritcmes wfrf rfjitcvfjy rirf. Hftwffe 9386 ie` 9303, cetfreitcmeij kmjjihmritcmes stirtf` tm omrg hftwffe Ce`ci ie` tbf VA, is wfjj is hftwffe
bcstmry ry mo djmhij djmhijczitcm czitcme e mo skcfekf km kmjjihm jjihmritcme ritcmes. s. P Pbf bf durf Ocdurf 2.; I hrcfo bcstm sbmws twm typfs mo kmjjihmritcmes< ikrmss cestctutcmes wctbce tbf sigf kmuetry (hjuf/drffe) ie` ikrmss cestctutcmes mo `coofrfet kmuetrcfs (rf`). Kcrkjfs rfprfsfet tbf tmp 8>> gmst kctf` cestctutcmes ce tbf wmrj`. Fikb kcrkjf –s sczf cs prmpmrtcmeij tm
tbf cestctutcme–s kctitcme kmuet. Iotfr @med ft ij. Q0W. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
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Pbf Pbf [kcf [kcfeekf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
Iustrijci ie` tbf V[. @uf tm Tmrj` Tir CC kmjjihmritcmes ce Furmpf sbriea sbr iea `urce `urced d tbcs tbcs pfr pfrcm` cm`.. Gfi Gfiew ewbc bcjf, jf, kmjji kmjjihm hmritc ritcvf vf rfjitc rfjitcme mesbc sbcps ps ce Igfrcki wfrf ripc`jy `fvfjmpced ce tbf Gc`wfst. Hftwffe 936> ie` 9340, Csrifj ie` Lipie stirtf` tm fedidf ce cetfreitcmeij tfigwmra. It tbf sigf tcgf, tbf Tfst Kmist ie` tbf [mutbfre Vectf` [titfs hfkigf buhs mo skcfetck kmjjihmritcme. Hftwffe 9346 ie` 9333, Iorcki hfdie tm `fvfjm `fv fjmp p rfjitc rfjitcme mesbc sbcps ps wctb wctb Furmpf Furmpf.. [urprc [urprcsce scedjy djy,, wct wctbc bce-c e-ces estctu tctutcm tcme e kmjjih kmjjih-mritcmes ce tbf V[ `fkrfisf` rfjitcvf tm tbmsf ce Furmpf, ijtbmudb tbf ihsmjutf eughfr mo kmjjihmritcmes drfw suhstietcijjy mvfr tcgf omr ijj kmuetrcf kmue trcfs. s. Ce tbf twfetytwfety-rst kfetury, gmrf ie` gmrf kmuetrcfs bivf rcsfe tm tbf cetfreitcmeij stidf tm kmjjihmritf fxtfescvfjy wctb mtbfrs. Ce`ff`, tfigs cekrfiscedjy spie cestctutcmeij ie` eitcmeij hmue`ircfs. Ieijyzced 0.8 gcjjcme pipfrs puhjcsbf` hftwffe 9346 ie` 8>>6, rfsfirkbfrs `cstceducsbf` tbrff typfs mo iutbmrsbcp< smjm iutbmrs, kmjjihmritmrs wmraced it tbf sigf uecvfrscty, ie` kmjjihmritmrs wbm hrc`df` tbf dip hftwffe 90;W. Mo tbf tbrff, kmjjihmritcmes hftwffe uecvfrscty oikujty cestctutcmes it `coofrfet Qcestctutcmes wis tbf oistfst ‛ ie`, ce oikt, tbf mejy stfi`cjy drmwced iutbmrsbcp strukturf. @urced tbf ;>-yfir pfrcm` fxigcef`, sukb cetfr-cestctutcmeij kmjjihmritcmes qui`rupjf` ce skcfekf ie` fedceffrced, rfikbced ;8.2 pfrkf pfrkfet et mo ijj pip pipfrs frs puhjcs puhjcsbf bf` ` (Ocd. (Ocd. 2.0i) i).. Pbf Pbf smkc smkcij ij skcfekfs fxpfrcfekf` scgcjir trfe`s, wctb tbfcr sbirf mo pipfrs wrcttfe ce gujtc-uecvfrscty kmjjihmritcmes rcsced fvfe gmrf ripc`jy mvfr tbf pfrcm` ie` pfiaced it ;0.0 pfrkfet (Ocd. 2.0h). Pfigs tm`iy irf cekrfiscedjy spieeced eitcmeij hmue`ircfs is wfjj. Tmrj`wc`f, hftwffe 9322 ie` 8>>6, tbf sbirf mo puhjckitcmes wctb wct b iutbm iutbmrs rs ormg ormg guj gujtcp tcpjf jf kmuetr kmuetrcfs cfs cekrfi cekrfisf` sf` ormg ormg 2 pfrkf pfrkfet et tm 8> pfrk pfrkfe fett Q900W. Iemt Iemtbf bfrr ie ieij ijys yscs cs mo pipf pipfrs rs puhj puhjcs csbf bf` ` hftw hftwff ffe e 9329 ie` 8>98 kijkujitf` tbf hijiekf mo cetfreitcmeij ie` `mgfstck
rfsfirkb kmjjihmritcme ce `coofrfet kmuetrcfs Q906W. Is sbmwe ce Ocd. 2.6, wbcjf tmtij rfsfirkb mutput bis drmwe suhstietcijjy mvfr tcgf, `mgfstck mutpu mut putt bis it-j it-jce cef` f` ce tb tbff Ve Vect ctf` f` [tit [titfs fs ie` ie` ce wfstf wfstfre re Furm Furmpf pfie ie kmuetrcfs. Pbcs gfies tbit tbfsf `iys, cetfreitcmeij kmjjihmritcmes oufj tbff drmw tb drmwtb tb mo sk skcf cfek ekff ce tbfs tbfsff kmue kmuetr trcf cfs. s. Hy kmet kmetri rist, st, ce fgfr fgfrdc dced ed fkmemgcfs, cetfreitcmeij kmjjihmritcmes bivf yft tm gitkb ‛ gukb jfss fkjcpsf ‛ `mgfstck mutput. Pbf tmtij vmjugf mo pipfrs ormg Kbcei, Hrizcj, Ce`ci, ie` [mutb Amrfi bis cekrfisf` 8>-omj`, ormg ofwfr tbie 96,>>> pipfrs ieeuijjy ce 9329 tm gmrf tbie ;>>,>>> pipfrs ce 8>99. Sft, ihmut 46 pfrkfet mo tbf rfsfirkb mutput ormg tbfsf omur kmuetrcfs
rfgices fetcrfjy `mgfstck (rcdbt kmjuge ce Ocd. 2.6).
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Tctbce-skbmmj kmjjihmritcme
Ocdurf 2.0 Pbf rcsf ce gujtc-uecvfrscty kmjjihmritcme. Hy kmgpirced tbf pfrkfetidf pfrkfe tidf mo pipfr pipfrss prm`u prm`ukf` kf` hy `coofr `coofrfet fet iutbmrsbcp kmghcei kmghceitcmes, tcmes, tbf pjmts `mkugfet tbf cekrfisced sbirf mo gujtc-uecvfrscty kmjjihmritcmes hftwffe 9346 ie` 8>>6. Pbcs rcsf cs fspfkc fspfkcijjy ijjy strmed ce skcfek skcfekff ie` fedce fedceffrced ffrced (i) ie` smkcij skcfek skcfekfs fs (h), wbfrfis ct rfgices wfia ce irts ie` bugiectcfs, ce wbckb kmjjihmritcme mo iey ace` cs rirf Q 90;W. Pbf sbirf mo scedjf scedjf-uecvf -uecvfrscty rscty kmjjihmrit kmjjihmritcmes cmes rfgices rmudb rmudbjy jy kmestiet wctb tcgf, wbfrfis tbf sbirf mo smjm-iutbmrf` pipfrs strmedjy `fkjcef` ce skcfekf & fedceffrced ie` smkcij skcfekfs. Iotfr Lmefs ft ij. ij . Q 90;W.
Pbf drmwtb wf sff ce cetfreitcmeij kmjjihmritcmes hm`fs wfjj omr i ofw rfismes. Tf ijrfi`y aemw tbit kctitcme cgpikt cs typckijjy drfitfr omr tfigs tbie omr smjm iutbmrs. Pbit hfeft strfedtbfes wbfe tbf kmjjihmritmrs ce qufstcme irf fctbfr cetfreitcmeij Q 906W mr hftwffe uecvfrsctcfs Q90;W. Ce hmtb tbf VA ie` V[, pipfrs wctb sbirf` cetfreitcme eit cmeij ij iutbm iutbmrsb rsbcp cp irf kctf` kctf` gmrf gmrf tbie tbie pipfrs pipfrs wctb wctb mejy mejy `mgfst `mgfstck ck iutbmrs. Ie` tbf hfeft ippfirs tm hf drmwced ‛ hftwffe 8>>9 ie` 8>99, tbcs ‚cgpikt prfgcug‗ rmsf ce hmtb kmuetrcfs hy 8> pfrkfet. Gujtc-uecvfrscty kmjjihmritcmes bivf i scgcjir cgpikt i`vietidf Q90;W< Tbfe ie fetcrf tfig kmgfs ormg tbf sigf uecvfrscty, tbfcr prmhihcjcty mo pu puhjc hjcsbc sbced ed i pipfr pipfr wc wctb tb ih ihmvf mvf-iv -ivfri fridf df kctitc kctitcmes mes cs irmue` irmue` ;8.4 pfrkfet ce skcfekf ie` fedceffrced ie` ;0.9 pfrkfet ce tbf smkcij skcfekfs. Hut, co tbf kmjjihmritcme cevmjvfs `coofrfet cestctutcmes, tbit prmhihcjcty cekrfisfs hy 8.3 pfrkfet mr 6.2 pfrkfet, rfspfktcvfjy. Tbcjf tbf i`vietidfs mo kmjjihmritcmes ikrmss dfmdripbcfs irf kjfir, ie cgpmrtiet kmesfqufekf mo tbf ‚`fitb mo `cstiekf‗ ce gm`fre skcfekf cs cekrfisced cefquijcty ce hmtb cgpikt ie` ikkfss tm rfsmurkfs Q98, 909, 90?W. Ce`ff`, skcfetcsts motfe rfikb ikrmss uecvfrscty hmue`ircfs is tbfy sfjfkt kmiutbmrs, hut rirfjy ikrmss uecvfrscty prfstcdf jfvfjs.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>
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VECPF@ ACED@MG
[MVPB AMXFI
Cetfreitcmeij kmjjihmritcme bis ijgmst `muhjf` ce tbf pist `fki`f.
Fvfe gmrf ripc` drmwtb tbie Kbcei, `rcvfe hy `mgfstck rfsfirkb.
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Ocdurf 2 .6 Pbf cekrfisced rmjf mo cetfreitcmeij kmjjihmritcme. Co i pipfr mejy kmetices iutbmrs wbmsf i``rfssfs irf ormg tbf bmgf kmuetry, tbfe ct cs kmuetf` is `mgfstck mutput mo tbit kmuetry. Kmgpirced tbf jfot ie` rcdbt piefjs sbmws tbit drmwtb ce cetfreitcmeij kmjjihmritcme fkjcpsfs tbf drmwtb mo `mgfstck mutput ce fstihjcsbf` fkmemgcfs, hut emt ce fgfrdced mefs. Iotfr I`igs Q906W.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps89 it 99>2 Q968W. Pbf bfy y omu omue` tbit tbit iotf iotfrr i stir stir ir irrc rcvf vf`, `, tbf tbf `fpirt `fp irtgfe gfet-j t-jfvf fvfjj mutpu mutputt (gfisu (gfisurf` rf` ce eughfr eughfr mo pu puhjc hjckit kitcme cmes, s, wc wctb tb fikb pipfr wfcdbtf` hy cts kctitcme kmuet) cekrfisf` hy 60 pfrkfet. Pbcs cekrfisf kmuj` emt hf ittrchutf` tm tbf puhjckitcmes mo tbf stirs tbfgsf tbf gsfjvf jvfs< s< Iotfr Iotfr rfgmvc rfgmvced ed tbf `cr `crfkt fkt kmetrc kmetrchu hutcm tcmes es mo tbf stir, stir, tbf mutput mo tbf `fpirtgfet stcjj `fpirtgfet stcjj cekrfisf` cekrfisf` hy 02 pfrkfet. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, gukb mo tbf mhsfrvf` dices kigf ormg tbf cekrfisf` prm`uktcvcty mo tbf kmjjfidufs wbm–` hffe tbfrf hfomrf tbf stir irrcvf`. Ie` cgpmrtietj ie tjy, y, tbf tbf pr prm` m`uk uktc tcvc vcty ty dice dice pf pfrsc rscst stf` f` mvfr mvfr tcgf tcgf>
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Pbf Pbf [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
i gm`fst hmmst ce tbfcr mutput, pfrbips hfkiusf tbf jmss cgprmvf` mppmrt mpp mrtue uectc ctcfs fs omr tbmsf tbmsf wbm wbm rfgice rfgicef`. f`. Bmwfvf Bmwfvfr, r, wbfe wbfe rfsfir rfsfirkbf kbfrs rs cespfktf` tbf jmss mo vfry bcdb-quijcty kmjjihmritmrs, gfisurf` hy prm`uktcvcty ce tbfcr fj`s, tbfy uekmvfrf` gilmr kmesfqufekfs. Xieaced iutbmrs ikkmr`ced tm tbf quijcty mo tbfcr kmjjihmritmrs, tbfy omue` tbit tbf tmp 6 pfrkfe pfrkfett mo iutbmrs iutbmrs suoofrf` suoofrf` ie 2 pfrkfet `fkjcef ce puhjckitcmes omr fvfry 9> pfrkfet mo tbfcr kmjjihmritmrs wbm bi` fgcdritf`. Pbcs suddfsts tbit wbcjf wf giy gieidf tbf jmss mo ie ivfridf kmjjihmritmr, jmsced ie mutstie`ced mef cs, bmwfvfr, bcdbjy `ftrcgfetij.
Hmx 3.; Pbf bfj bfjpou poujj skcfe skcfetcs tcsts ts [tir skcfetcsts irf typckijjy `f ef` hy tbfcr ce`cvc`uij prm`uktcvcty ie` mutput, sukb is, kctitcmes, puhjckitcmes, pitfets, ie` rfsfirkb oue`ced Q964 W. Hut `m tbfsf quijctcfs ikkuritfjy kipturf i skcfetcst–s vijuf tm ie cestc ce stctu tutcm tcme= e= Tb Tbit it ace ace` ` mo sk skcf cfetc etcst st sbm sbmuj uj` ` i `f `fpi pirtg rtgfe fett bc bcrf rf ‛ ie cevfstcditmr wbm kbures mut bcdb-cgpikt pipfrs ce qucka sukkfsscme, yft rirfjy e`s tbf tcgf tm sbmw up tm `fpirtgfet gfftceds= Mr i rfsfirkbfr wbm wmras it i sjmwfr pikf hut wbm cs wcjjced tm prmhjfgsmjvf `fpirtgfetij kmekfres, ittfe` sfgceirs, ie` moofr off`hika me kmjjfidufs– uepuhjcsbf` wmras= Ct ippfirs tbit hmtb irf krctckij ce `coofrfet wiys. Ce`ff`, wf bivf sffe tbf scdeckiet cgpikt tbit i ‚stir‗ skcfetcst kie bivf me kmjjfidufs– prm`uktcvcty, ie` me efw bcrfs. Hut rfsfirkb sbmws tbit tbf ‚bfjpouj‗ skcfetcst ijsm bis smgftbced cgpmrtiet, hut `cstcekt, tm moofr. Omr fxigpjf, i stu`y fxigceced tbf ikaemwjf`dgfet sfktcmes mo pipfrs pip frs c`fetc c`fetcf` ‚bfjpouj‗ skcfetcsts is is tbmsf wbm wfrf oorfqufetjy rfqufetjy tbie tbieaf` af` hy mtbfrs Q962W. Tbf Tbfe e tbf tbfsf sf bfj bfjpou poujj skc skcfe fetcs tcsts ts `cf` `cf` uefxpf uefxpfktf ktf`jy `jy,, tbf quijcty (tbmudb emt tbf quietcty) mo tbfcr kmjjihmritmrs– pipfrs `rmppf` prfkcpctmusjy. Hy kmetrist, tbf stu`y omue` em sukb `fkjcef iotfr tbf `fitbs mo jfss bfjpouj skcfetcsts. Ce i``ctcme, skcfetcsts wbm prmvc`f` kmekfptuij off`hika ‛ eigfjy, krctcqufs ie` i`vckf ‛ bi` i gmrf scdec kiet cgpikt me tbfcr kmiutbmrs– pfromrgiekf tbie tbmsf wbm prmvc`f` bfjp wctb gitfrcij ikkfss, skcfetck tmmjs, mr tfkbeckij wmra. Ct sffgs tbit tbfrf cs motfe ie cevcschjf smkcij `cgfescme tm pfromrgiekf. Hfced bfjpouj ie` kmjjfdcij cs emt gfrfjy i eckf tbced tm `m ‛ ct kie dfeucefjy ioofkt tbf quijcty mo skcfetck mutput mo ymur kmjjfidufs.
Pbcs e` e`ced ced cs kmescs kmescstfe tfett wctb wctb rfsfir rfsfirkb kb fxigce fxigcece ced d tbf pffr pffr foofkts me skcfekf prmofssmrs ce Dfrgiey, iotfr tbf Eizc dmvfregfet
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps 9>99
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Pbf Pbf Ce Cevc vcsc schhjf Km Kmjjjjffdf
`csgcssf` tbfcr kmjjfidufs hftwffe 9386 ie` 93;2 Q 966W. Pbf jmss mo i kmiutbmr mo ivfridf quijcty rf`ukf` i Dfrgie prmofssmr–s prm`uktcvcty hy ihmut 9; pfrkfet ce pbyscks ie` 9? .6 pfrkfet ce kbfgcstry. Hut, mekf idice, tbf jmss mo tbf bcdbfr-tbie-ivfridf bcdbfr-tbie-ivfridf kmiutbmrs kmiutbmrs jf` tm i gukb jirdfr prm`uk prm `uktcv tcvcty cty jmss. jmss. Pm hf kjfir, kjfir, tbfsf tbfsf kmi kmiutb utbmrs mrs wfr wfrff emt efk efkfss fssirc ircjy jy kmjjfidufs ce tbf sigf uecvfrscty hut wfrf motfe jmkitf` ce `coofrfet cestctutcmes ie` kctcfs ikrmss Dfrgiey. Mekf idice, tbfsf rfsujts spfia tm tbf c`fi tbit, it jfist ce skcfekf, tbf ‚cevcschjf kmjjfdf‗ cs is cgpmrtiet is tbf omrgij kmjjfdf ce wbckb wf rfsc`f Q96?W. Ce tbcs kbiptfr, wf bivf `fgmestritf` tbf bcdbjy kmeefktf` eiturf mo skcfekf, sbmwced bmw i skcfetcst–s prm`uktcvcty ie` krfitcvcty `fpfe`s me bfr eftwmra mo kmjjihmritmrs ie` kmjjfidufs. Is gukb is wf fgpbisczf ce`cvc`uij tijfet ie` kfjfhritf ce`fpfe`fet tbmudbt ce skcfekf, tbf oikt cs tbit skcfetcsts irf bcdbjy `fpfe`fet upme fikb mtbfr. Ce`ff` Ce` ff`,, mur mur prm`u prm`uktc ktcvct vcty y cs strmed strmedjy jy ceufekf` hy mur `fpirtgfetij kmjjfidufs, rfdir`jfss mo wbftbfr tbfy kmjjihmritf wctb us `crfktjy, mr wbftbfr rfsfirkb gfrfjy hy rfjitf` tm wbit wf `m. GmstBmwfvfr cgpmrtietjy, wftbfcr irf emt lust cecs ufekf` mur efxt-`mmr efcdbhmrs. oir iwiy mur kmjjihmritmrs gcdbt hf, tbfcr ikbcfvfgfets kie prmpiditf tbrmudb tbf eftwmra mo c`fis tm prm`ukf jmed-jistced foofkts me mur mwe kirffrs. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, tbf c`fi mo tbf jmef dfecus wis efvfr ikkuritf ‛ ce skcfekf wf irf efvfr ijmef.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
KMIVPPBMX[BC^ EFPT KMIV EFPTMXA[ MXA[
Pbrmudbm Pbrmu dbmut ut bcstmr bcstmry, y, mejy mejy fcdbt fcdbt gitbfg gitbfgitc itckci kcies es bivf bivf puhpuhjcsbf` gmrf tbie 6>> pipfrs. Jukcfe Dm`fiux (9224‛9346) cs mef mo tbfg Q963W. I prmjck Hfjdci Hfjdcie e git gitbfg bfgitc itckci kcie, e, bf–s rieaf` otb igmed tbf gmst puhjcsbf` ce bcstmry. [cttced me tbf vfry tmp mo tbcs jcst cs ^iuj Fr`řs, tbf Buedircie gitbfgitckcie wf fekmuetfrf` ce Kbiptfr 9. Pbfrf cs, bmwfvfr, i oue`igfetij `coofrfekf hftwffe Dm`fiux ie` Fr`řs. Mo tbf ?00 pipfrs puhjcsbf` hy Dm`fiux, bf wis tbf smjf kirffr `c` bf iutbmr me ?0; mo tbfg. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, mejy mekf mejy mekf ce bcs kirffr `c` vfeturf mut mo bcs jmefjy pursuct mo gitbfgitcks ie` kmiutbmr i pipfr wctb smgfmef fjsf. Fr`řs, me tbf mtbfr bie`, cs oigmus emt mejy omr bcs uepirijjfjf` prm`uktcvcty, hut ijsm omr tbf gmrf tbie 6>> kmiutbmrs wctb wbmg bf wmraf` tbrmudbmut bcs kirffr. Ce`ff`, gmst mo Fr` řs– pipfrs wfrf tbf oruct mo kmjjihmritcmes ‛ sm gukb sm tbit tbfy cespcrf` tbf sm-kijjf` ‚Fr`řs eughfr,‗ i pmpujir pistcgf mo gitbfgitckcies kurcmus ihmut tbfcr `cstiekf tm tbcs dciet mo gitbfgitcks. Fr`řs, hy `fectcme, bis ie Fr`řs eughfr mo zfrm. Pbmsf wbm bivf bi vf km kmiu iutb tbmr mrf` f` it jfis jfistt mef mef pi pipf pfrr wctb wctb Fr` Fr`řs irf dcvfe ie Fr`řs eughfr mo 9. Pbmsf wbm bivf kmiutbmrf` wctb tbfsf pfmpjf hut emt wctb Fr`řs bcgsfjo bivf ie Fr`řs eughfr mo 8, ie` sm omrtb. Ct cs ie uepirijjfjf` bmemr tm bivf ie Fr`řs eughfr mo 9 9, mr, ce mtbfr wmr`s, tm hf kmuetf` igmed bcs pjfetcouj hut stcjj rirff` jcst mo kmjjihmritmrs. [bmrt mo tbit, ct–s i drfit `cstcektcme tm hf mejy twm jceas iwiy ormg bcg. ř
Ce oikt, bivced i rfjitcvfjy sgijj Fr` s eughfr dcvfs i pfrsme hriddced rcdbts emt mejy ce gitbfgitcks, hut ce giey `coofrfet `cskcpjcefs ‛ ct–s @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps9; Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps 9>;;
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Kmiu Kmiutb tbmr mrsb sbcp cp Eftw Eftwmr mras as
emt ueusuij omr skcfetcsts mo ijj ace`s tm bivf tbit prczf` eugfrij jcstf`, mejy pirtcijjy ce lfst, me tbfcr K_s ie` wfhsctfs. Pbf vfry fxcstfekf mo tbf Fr`řs eughfr `fgmestritfs bmw tbf skcfetck kmgguecty omrgs i bcdbjy cetfrkmeefktf` wfh, jceaced skcfetcsts tm mef iemtbfr tbrmudb tbf pipfrs tbfy bivf kmjjihmritf` me. Pbcs wfh cs motfe rfofrrf` tm is tbf kmiutbmrsbcp eftwmra. Hut cs tbfrf i pittfre ue`frjyced tbf wiy wf kmjjihmritf= Tbckb ace`s mo skcfetcsts irf gmst, mr jfist, wcjjced tm kmjjihmritf wctb mef iemtbfr= Ve`frstie`ced kmiutbmrsbcp eftwmras, ie` tbf cescdbts tbfy rfvfij ihmut tbf strukturf ie` tbf fvmjutcme mo skcfekf, cs tbf omkus mo tbcs kbiptfr.
9>.9 9> .9
I Ocrs Ocrstt JJmm mmaa it Kmiu Kmiutb tbmr mrsb sbcp cp Ef Eftw twmr mra a
Is smme is gisscvf `cdctczf` puhjckitcme rfkmr`s hfkigf ivicjihjff irm ihj irmue` ue` 8>>>, rfs rfsfir firkbf kbfrs rs stirtf stirtf` ` kmestru kmestruktc ktced ed jirdfjirdf-ski skijf jf kmiutbmrsbcp eftwmras, kipturced kmjjihmritcvf pittfres wctbce pbyscks Q9?>, 9?0W, gitbfgitcks Q9?9‛9?0W, hcmjmdy Q9?0W, kmgputfr skcfekf Q9?6W, ie` efurmskcfekf Q9?;W. Pm kmestrukt i kmiutbmrsbcp eftwmra, wf dm tbrmudb fikb puhjckitcme ie` i`` i jcea hftwffe twm skcfetcsts co tbfy ippfirf` me tbf sigf pipfr tmdftbfr. Ocdurf 9> .9 cjjustritfs tbf jmkij strukturf mo mef sukb eftwmra surrmue`ced i rie`mgjy sfjfktf` iutbmr, bcdbjcdbtf` ce tbf kfetfr Q9?>W. I qucka jmma it tbcs eftwmra rfvfijs sfvfrij cgpmrtiet ofiturfs mo kmjjihmritcmes< Ocrst, tbf eftwmra cs bfj` tmdftbfr hy i ofw bcdbjy kmeefktf` em`fs, mr buhs, wbm irf bcdbjy kmjjihmritcvf ce`cvc`uijs jcaf Fr`řs. [fkme`, tbf eftwmra kmescst scstss mo `fes `fesfj fjy y kmee kmeefk fktf tf` ` kj kjcq cquf ufss mo iutb iutbmr mrss mr km kmgg ggue uect ctcf cfs. s. Pm bcdb bcdbjc jcd dbt tb tbfs fsff kmgg kmggue uecctcfs tcfs,, wf kie kie ipp ippjy tm tbcs tbcs eftwm twmra i kmgguecty-e`ced ijdmrctbg `fscdef` tm c`fetcoy kjcqufs Q9?>W, ie` kmjmr tbf em`fs hisf` me wbftbfr tbfy hfjmed tm i kjfirjy c`fetcihjf kjcquf. Pbmsf tbit `m emt hfjmed tm iey rfkmdeczihjf kmgguecty irf kmjmrf` hjika. Is tbf durf cjjustritfs, tbf vist gilmrcty mo em`fs tiaf up i kmjm kmjmr, r, ce ce`c `cki kitc tced ed tb tbit it gm gmst st sk skcf cfet etcs csts ts hfjm hfjmed ed tm it jf jfis istt mef mef c`fetcihjf kmgguecty.
9>.8 9> .8
Pbf Pbf Eu Eugh ghfr fr mo Kmjj Kmjjih ihmr mrit itmr mrss ř
6>> kmiutbmrs wctbce gitbfgitcks, Fr` s cs Tctb gmrfHut tbie kjfirjy ie mutjcfr. bmw ueusuij cs bf omr i gitbfgitckcie= Pm e` @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps 9>00
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Pb Pbff [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [kcf [kcfek ekff
Ocdurf 9>.9 Kmiutbmrsbcp eftwmra. Pbf durf sbmws tbf jmkij strukturf mo tbf kmiutbmrsbcp eftwmra hftwffe pbysckcsts ce tbf vckcecty mo i rie`mgjy kbmsfe ce`cvc`uij (giraf` hy i rf` origf). Pbf eftwmra cs kmestruktf` hisf` me pipfrs ormg Kmrefjj Vecvfrscty–s irkbcvf sfrvfr (kme`-git), tbf prfkursmr mo tbf wc`fjy usf` irRcv, kmeticeced kmeticeced it tbit tcgf mvfr ; ;> >,>>> iutbmrs. Fikb em`f cs i skcfetcst, ie` jceas `mkugfet kmjjihmritcvf rfjitcmesbcps ce tbf omrg mo kmiutbmrf` puhjckitcmes. Pbf kmjmr-km`f` kmgguectcfs rfprfsfet drmups mo kmjjihmritmrs tbit hfjmed tm jmkijjy `fesfjy cetfrkmeefktf` pirts wctbce tbf eftwmra. Hjika em`fs/f`dfs gira tbmsf skcfetcsts tbit `m emt hfjmed tm iey kmgguecty. Iotfr ^ijji ft ij. Q9?>W.
mut, efxt mut, efxt wf kmgpir kmgpirff tbf kmjjih kmjjihmr mritc itcme me eftwmr eftwmras as ikrmss ikrmss hcmjmd hcmjmdy, y, pbyscks, ie` gitbfgitcks Q9?0W. I afy prmpfrty mo i em`f ce i eftwmra cs cts `fdrff cts `fdrff,, wbckb rfprfsfets tbf eughfr mo jceas ct bis tm mtbfr em`fs Q?4, ?2W. Ce tbf kmetfxt mo tbf kmiutbmrsbcp eftwmra, tbf `fdrff `fdrff ac mo c rfprfsfe em`f c rfprfsfets ts tbf eu eughf ghfrr mo kmjjih kmjjihmri mritmr tmrss skcfet skcfetcst cst c c bis. bis. Pbf `cstrchutcme mo tbf eughfr mo kmjjihmritmrs tbit skcfetcsts bivf ce fikb mo tbf tbrff `cskcpjcefs, ^(a), cs sbmwe ce Ocd. 9>.8. Fikb mo tbfsf `cstrchutcmes cs oit-ticjf`, ce`ckitced tbit, rfdir`jfss mo tbfcr `cskcpjcef,
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps 9>66
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Kmiu Kmiutb tbmr mrsb sbcp cp Eftw Eftwmr mras as s r m t i r m 0 h 9> i j j m k 9>8 b t c w s r m > b t 9> u i o m r f -8 h 9> 9 g u E
Hcmjmdy ^byscks Gitbfgitcks 9>
9>>
9>>>
Eughfr mo kmjjihmritmrs
Ocdurf 9>.8 Kmjjihmritcme eftwmras irf bftfrmdfefmus. Pbf pjmts sbmw tbf `cstrchutcme mo eughfrs mo kmjjihmritmrs omr skcfetcsts ce pbyscks, hcmjmdy, ie` gitbfgitcks, ce`ckitced tbit tbf ue`frjyced `cstrchutcmes irf oit ticjf`. Iotfr Efwgie ft ij. Q9?0W.
ijgmst ijj skcfetcsts wmra wctb mejy i ofw kmiutbmrs, wbcjf i rirf oriktcm orik tcme e ikk ikkugu ugujit jitfs fs ie femrgm femrgmus us eughfr eughfr mo kmjjih kmjjihmri mritmr tmrs. s. Hut, Hut, tbmudb ijj tbrff `cstrchutcmes sbmwe ce Ocd. 9>.8 irf oit-ticjf`, tbf kurvfs omjjmw `cstcekt pittfres. Ce`ff`, tbf `cstrchutcme omr hcmjmdy (`ira) bis i jmedfr ticj, rf fktced tbf bcdbfr jcafjcbmm` tbit i hcmjmdcst wcjj bivf i jirdf eughfr mo kmjjihmritmrs, wbfrfis tbf `cstrchutcme omr gitbfgitcks (drffe) `fkiys tbf oistfst igmed tbf tbrff. Bfekf, bcdbjy kmjjihmritcvf ce`cvc`uijs irf fspfkcijjy rirf ce gitbfgitcks ‛ ie` ie ujtri-kmjjihmritmr jcaf Fr`řs cs rirf ce iey `cskcpjcef. Cgpm Cg pmrt rtie ietj tjy, y, tbf tbf eu eugh ghfr fr mo kmjj kmjjih ihmr mrit itmr mrss i sk skcf cfet etcs cstt bis bis ijrfi`y wmraf` wctb kie prf`ckt bfr m``s mo fstihjcsbced efw kmjjihmritcmes ce tbf outurf. Pbit–s tbf c`fi mo prfofrfetcij ittikbgfet, i kmekfpt wf wcjj `cskuss idice ce ^irt CCC, stitced tbit wf irf gmrf jcafjy tm kmjjihmritf wctb bcdbjy kmjjihmritcvf ce`cvc`uijs. Ce`ff`, wbfe ie iutbmr puhjcsbfs omr tbf rst tcgf, m``s irf sbf–jj hf kmiutbmrced bfr pipfr wctb sfecmr iutbmrs, sukb is bfr i`vcsmr, smgfmef wbm ijrfi`y bis i jirdf eughfr mo kmiutbmrs, ritbfr tbie i ofjjmw dri`uitf stu`fet, wbm jcafjy jikas kmjjihmritcme jceas Q9?;W. Pbf sigf cs truf omr efw ef w kmjj kmjjih ihmr mrit itcm cmes es ig igme med d sk skcf cfet etcs csts ts wb wbm m irf irf ij ijrf rfi` i`y y pirt pirt mo tbf tbf eftwmra< tbfy irf gmrf jcafjy tm omrg efw jceas tm bcdbjy kmeefktf` iutbmrs tbie jfss kmeefktf` mefs. Is i kmesfqufekf mo prfofrfetcij
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps9; Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps 9>??
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Pb Pbff [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [kcf [kcfek ekff
ittikbgfet, iutbmrs wctb gmrf kmjjihmritmrs gmrf quckajy cekrfisf tbfcr kcrkjfs mo kmjjihmritmrs, dri`uijjy tureced cetm buhs mo tbf skcfetck kmjjihmritcme eftwmra.
9>.;
[gijj Tmrj`
Is wmr` mo tbf Fr`řs eughfr sprfi`, gitbfgitckcies irmue` tbf wmrj` hfdie tm kijkujitf tbfcr `cstiekf ormg tbf fsmtfrck kfetfr mo tbf gitb uecvfrsf. Pbfcr foomrts wfrf `mkugfetf` hy Lfrry Drmssgie, i gitb prmofssmr it Miaji Miajie` e` Vecvfrscty Vecvfrscty ce Xmkbfstfr, Xmkbfstfr, Gckbcdie, Gckbcdie, wbm gicetices tbf Fr`řs Eughfr ^rmlfkt Q9??W. Co ymu vcsct tbf prmlfkt –s wfhsctf, ymu smme rfijczf tbit tbf Fr`řs eughfr fxtfe`s wfjj hfyme` gitbfgitcks. Jcstf` efxt tm gitbfgitckcies irf fkmemgcsts, pbysckcst kcsts, s, hcmj hcmjmd mdcs csts ts,, ie` ie` kmgp kmgput utfr fr sk skcf cfet etcs csts ts wbm wbm kie kie kj kjic icg g i jcea jcea tm Fr` řs. Hcjj Ditfs cs tbfrf, omr fxigpjf, tbieas tm bcs 9343 puhjckitcme wctb Kbrcstms B. ^ipi`cgctrcmu, wbm ce ture puhjcsbf` wctb Rcim Pcf @fed, wbm ce ture puhjcsbf` wctb Fr` řs– kmiutbmr ^ivmj Bfjj. Pbit gfies tbit Ditfs bis ie Fr`řs eughfr mo 0. Pbit giy smue` jcaf i sgij sg ijjj eu eugh ghfr fr mo st stfp fpss tm kmee kmeefk fktt i Bued Buedir irci cie e gitb gitbfg fgit itck ckci cie e tm smgfmef wbm ijgmst efvfr fedidfs ce skcfetck puhjcsbced. Hut, is wf wcjj sff, tbf pitbs hftwffe skcfetcsts irf motfe sbmrtfr tbie wf gcdbt bivf cgidcef`. Pbcs ace` mo oir-ued yft prmxcgij kmeefktcme bis tm `m wctb tbf sgi sgijjjj-wmr wmrj` j` pb pbfem femgfe gfeme me Q9?4W, ijsm aemwe is ‚scx scx `f `fdr drff ffss mo sfpiritcme‗ (Hmx 9>.9). ^u ^utt ce ef eftw twmr mra a skcf skcfek ekff tf tfrg rgs, s, tbcs tbcs pmpu pmpuji jirr kmekfpt kipturfs tbf oikt tbit tbfrf cs i sbmrt pitb hftwffe gmst picrs mo em`fs wctbce i eftwmra. Ce`ff`, co wf gfisurf tbf gcecgug eughfr mo jceas tbit sfpiritf iey twm skcfetcsts ce i kmiutbmrsbcp eftwmra, tbf typckij `cstiekf cs ihmut scx jceas. Pbcs pittfre bmj`s omr hcmjmdcsts, pbysckcsts, kmgputfr skcfetcsts Q9?6W, gitbfgitckcies, ie` efurmskcfetcst tcstss Q9?;W. Pb Pbit it gfie gfiess tbit tbit co me meff sk skcf cfet etcs cstt pcka pckass iemt iemtbf bfrr rie` rie`mg mg skcfetcst, fvfe mef sbf bis efvfr bfir` mo, kbiekfs irf tbit sbf wcjj hf ihjf tm kmeefkt tm tbcs pfrsme tbrmudb lust vf mr scx kmiutbmrs kmiutbmrsbcp bcp jcea jceas. s. Gmrfmvfr, tbf `cstiekf hftwffe i typckij skcfetcst ie` i bcdbjy kmeefktf` buh mo tbf kmjjihmritcme eftwmra cs fvfe sgijjfr. Omr cestiekf, tbf ivfridf `cstiekf ormg ^iuj Fr`řs tm mtbfr gitbfgitckcies cs ihmut 0.4 Q9??W, scdeckietjy jmwfr tbie tbf typckij `cstiekf ce tbf eftwmra is i wbmjf.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps 9>44
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Kmiu Kmiutb tbmr mrsb sbcp cp Eftw Eftwmr mras as
Hmx 9>.9 9>.9 [cx `fd `fdrff rffss mo sfpi sfpirit ritcme cme Pbf sgijj-wmrj` pbfemgfeme cs ijsm aemwe is scx is scx `fdrffs mo sfpiritcme, sfpiritcme, iotfr Lmbe Duirf–s 933> Hrmi`wiy pjiy. Ce tbf wmr`s mo mef mo tbf pjiy –s kbiriktfrs< Fvfryhm`y me tbcs pjieft cs sfpiritf` hy mejy scx mtbfr pfmpjf. [cx `fdrffs mo sfpiritcme. Hftwffe us ie` fvfryhm`y fjsf me tbcs pjie pjieft ft.. Pb Pbff pr prfs fsc` c`fe fett mo tbf tbf Ve Vect ctf` f` [t [tit itfs fs.. I dm dme` e`mj mjcf cfrr ce _feckf.. . . Ct–s emt lust hcd eigfs. Ct–s ieymef. I eitcvf ce i rice _feckf omrfst. I Pcfrri `fj Oufdie. Ie Fsacgm. C ig hmue` tm fvfrymef me tbcs pjieft hy i tricj mo scx pfmpjf. Ct –s i prmomue` tbmudbt.
Hfkiusff rfsfir Hfkius rfsfirkb kb tfigs tfigs irf fghf`` fghf``f` f` ce tbf kmiutb kmiutbmrs mrsbc bcp p eftwmra, tbf sczf ie` sbipf mo tbit eftwmra kie ioofkt bmw tfigs pfrom pf romrg rg.. Ce ie femr femrgm gmus us,, oiroir-ue ued d eftw eftwmr mra, a, giey giey tf tfig igss wcjj wcjj hf gmrf tbie scx stfps ipirt, jfivced tbfcr gfghfrs csmjitf` ie` ueihjf tm fiscjy fxkbiedf efw c`fis. Me tbf mtbfr bie`, co tbf wmrj` mo kmjj km jjih ihmr mrit itcm cmes es cs tm tmm m sgij sgijj, j, ct kie kie omrg omrg ie fkbm fkbm kbig kbighf hfrr tbit tbit cs `ftrcgfetij tm mut-mo-tbf-hmx tbceaced. Pbit gfies tbfrf giy hf i swfft spmt ce tbf gc``jf wbckb prmvc`fs krfitcvf kmjjihmritmrs wctb tbf gmst i`vietidfmus fevcrmegfet omr eurturced krfitcvf c`fis. Pm ue`frstie` bmw ‚sgijj-wmrj`jcefss‗ ioofkts i tfig–s krfitcvcty, cty, wf kie kie fxpj fxpjmr mrff tbf tbf kmjj kmjjih ihmr mrit itcm cme e pitt pittfr fres es mo tbf tbf kr krfi fitc tcvf vf irtc irtcsts sts cevmjvf` ce tbf prm`uktcme mo Hrmi`wiy gusckijs Q9?2W. Ce tbf Hrmi`wiy eftwmra, twm irtcsts irf kmeefktf` co tbfy wmraf` tmdftbfr ce i gusckij hfomrf, fctbfr is prm`ukfrs, `crfktmrs, `fscdefrs, mr iktmrs. Ocdurf 9>.; sbmws tbrff eftwmras mo tfigs kbiriktfrczf` hy viryced `fdrffs mo tbf sgijj-wmrj` prmpfrty. Jft–s usf usf T tm tm `femtf tbf ‚sgijj-wmrj`jcefss‗ mo fikb eftwmra. Pbf gip me tbf jfot mo Ocd. 9>.; sbmws i ‚hcd wmrj`‗ wctb jmw T T wbfr wbfrff tb tbff irtcs irtcsts ts irf irf rf rfgm gmvf vf` ` ormg ormg mef mef iemt iemtbf bfr, r, `uf `uf tm tbf tbf spir sp irsf sfef efss ss mo tbf tbf jcea jceass hf hftw twff ffe e tbf tbf `coo `coofr frfe fett tf tfig igs. s. Hy kmet kmetri rist, st, tbf tbf eftwmra me tbf rcdbt cs gmrf `fesfjy kmeefktf` (bcdb T )).. Gfisurced fikb tfig–s pfromrgiekf hisf` me hmx-mo kf fireceds (eiekcij sukkfss) is wfjj is tbf ivfridf mo tbf krctcks– rfvcfws mo tbfcr gusckij (irtcstck sukkfss), rfsfirkbfrs omue` tbit T tbit T kmrrfjitfs kmrrfjitfs wctb tfig pfromrgiekf. Tbfe i tfig cs fghf``f` ce i jmw-T jmw- T eftwmra, eftwmra, tbf krfitcvf irtcsts irf jfss jcafjy tm `fvfjmp sukkfssouj sbmws. Dcvfe tbf ofw
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps 9>22
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Pb Pbff [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [kcf [kcfek ekff
Jmw
Gf`cug
Bcdb
Ocdurf 9>.; [gijj wmrj`s ie` tf tfig ig pfr pfromrgie omrgiekf. kf. @cidrigs mo eftwmras mo Hrmi`wiy irtcsts cjjustritf tbf rmjf mo tbf sgijj wmrj` foofkt me tfig pfromrgiekf. Pbf pirigftfr T quietc quietcfs tbf ‚sgijj-wmrj`jcefss‗ mo i eftwmra. Tbfe T cs cs jmw, tbfrf irf ofw jceas hftwffe tfigs (kjcqufs), rfsujtced ce i eftwmra mo jmw kmeefktcvcty ie` kmbfscme. Is T cekrfisfs, cekrfisfs, tbfrf irf giey hftwffehftwffe-tfig tfig jceas, rfsujtced ce bcdb kmeefktcvcty ie` kmbfscme ce tbf eftwmra –s tmpmjmdy. It gf`cug T tbf jfvfjs mo T tbf sgijj-wmrj` eftwmra moofrs ie mptcgij igmuet mo kmeefktcvcty ie` kmbfscme. Iotfr Vzzc ie` [pcrm Q 9?2W.
jceas hftwffe tbf tfigs, i prm`uktcme tfig cs uejcafjy tm fxkbiedf krfitcvf c`fis wctb giey mtbfrs ce tbf eftwmra. Is T cekrfisfs, T cekrfisfs, tbf eftwmra mo irtcsts hfkmgfs gmrf kmeefktf` ie` kmbfscvf, oikcjctitced tbf mw mo krfitcvf gitfrcij ikrmss kjustfrs. Pbcs cekrfisf` ceomrgitcme mw kie giaf tbf fxkbiedf mo tcps ie` kmevfetcmes gmrf jcafjy ie` prmvc`f irtcsts wctb off`hika tbit fgpmwfrs tbfg tm tiaf hcddfr rcsas, hmmstced tbf pfromrgiekf mo tfigs fghf``f` ce tbf eftwmra. Hut mejy tm i kfrtice `fdrff. Pbf sigf stu`y sbmws tbit tmm gukb kmeefktcvcty ie` kmbfscme (bcdb T eftwmra) eftwmra) kie ijsm hfkmgf i jcihcjcty omr krfitcvcty. Ce`ff`, kmbfscvf kjcqufs tfe` tm mvfrjmma usfouj ceom ceomrg rgit itcm cme e tbit tbit kmet kmetri ri`c `ckt ktss tbfc tbfcrr sbir sbirf` f` ue`f ue`frst rstie ie`c `ced eds. s. Pi Piaf afe e tmdftbfr, tbit `iti ce`ckitfs tbit me Hrmi`wiy, tfigs pfromrg hfst wbfe tbf eftwmra tbfy cebihct cs efctbfr tmm hcd, emr tmm sgijj.
9>.0 9> .0
Kmee Kmeefk fktf tf`` Km Kmgp gpme mefe fets ts Pbf oi oikt kt tbi tbit Hcjj Hcjj Ditfs itfs bis i sgi sgijj Fr` Fr`řs eugh eughfr fr (omur (omur))
prmg pr mgpt ptss i hrmi hrmi`f `frr qufs qufstc tcme me33
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Kmiu Kmiutb tbmr mrsb sbcp cp Eftw Eftwmr mras as
eughfr= Iotfr ijj, omr Ditfs tm bivf ie Fr` řs eughfr, tbfrf gust fxcst i pitb pitb me tbf tbf kmiutb kmiutbmrs mrsbcp bcp eftwmr eftwmra a hft hftwf wffe fe Di Ditfs tfs ie` Fr` Fr`řs. Co tbf tbfrf rf cs em sukb i pitb, tbfe Ditfs wmuj` bivf ie Fr`řs eughfr mo ceecty. Pbf oikt tbit Ditfs bis ie Fr`řs eughfr it ijj ce`ckitfs tbit bf ie` Fr`řs irf me tbf sigf ‚kmeefktf` kmgpmefet‗ mo tbf kmjjihmritcme eftwmra. Ce dfefrij, i kmeefktf` i kmeefktf` kmgpmefet rfprfsfets rfprfsfets i drmup mo em`fs tbit irf ijj kmeefktf` tm mef iemtbfr tbrmudb pitbs mo cetfrgf`citf em`fs. Mef afy prmpfrty mo rfij kmiutbmrsbcp eftwmra cs cts kmeefktf`efss cts kmeefktf`efss11 ijgmst fvfrymef ce tbf kmgguecty cs kmeefktf` tm ijgmst fvfrymef fjsf hy smgf pitb mo cetfrgf`citf kmiutbmrs. Omr fxigpjf, co wf kmuet tbf kmeefk kme efktf` tf` kmgpme kmgpmefet fetss wctbc wctbce e tbf tbrff tbrff eftwm eftwmras ras usf usf` ` ce tbf stu`y stu`y sbmwe ce Ocd. 9>.8, wf wcjj e` tbit tbf jirdfst kmeefktf` kmgpmefet kmetices irmue` 2> mr 3> pfrkfet mo ijj iutbmrs. I jirdf kmeefktf` kmgpmefet spfias tm tbf c`fi mo tbf cevcschjf kmjjfdf, tbf wfh mo smkcij ie` prmofsscmeij kmetikts jceaced skcfetcsts ikrmss uecvfrsctcfs ie` kmetcef tcefet ets, s, kr krfi fitc tced ed ce cetf tfjj jjfk fktu tuij ij km kmgg ggue uect ctcf cfss mo sb sbir irf` f` viju vijufs fs ie` ie` aemwjf`df hisf. Pbf oikt tbit sm giey skcfetcsts irf i pirt mo tbf sigf kmeefktf` kmgpmefet jfts us `riw sfvfrij kmekjuscmes. Ocrst, ie` gmst mhvcmusjy, ct gfies gf ies tbit tbit skc skcfe fetcs tcsts ts kmjji kmjjihmr hmritf itf.. Hut co skc skcfet fetcs csts ts ijw ijwiy iyss kmjji kmjjihm hmrit ritff wctb wctb tbf sigf sft mo kmiutbmrs, tbf eftwmra wmuj` hf oridgfetf` cetm sgijj kjcq kjcquf ufss csmj csmjit itf` f` or ormg mg fi fikb kb mtbf mtbfr, r, rf rfpr prfs fsfe fetc tced ed csmj csmjit itf` f` skbm skbmmj mjss mo tbmudbt, jcaf tbf jmw-T jmw-T eftwmra eftwmra sffe ce Ocd. 9>.;. Jukacjy, Jukacjy, mur cevcschjf cevcschjf kmjjfdf cs ie fxpiescvf mef. Hut wbit bmj`s tmdftbfr gmrf tbie 2> pfrkfet mo ijj skcfetcsts ce tbf sigf kmiutbmrsbcp eftwmra= Ve`frstie`ced tbf rmmts mo tbcs prmkfss rfvfijs oue`igfetij cescdbts cetm bmw tfigs irf issfghjf`. issfghjf `. Pm uepika uepika tbfsf rujfs, jft–s rst piy i vcsct tm i kbckafe kmmp.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttpsW. Pbf Pbf iu iu`c `cfe fekf kf disp dispf` f`.. Iotf Iotfrr scx scx dfef dfefri ritc tcme mes, s, tbf tbf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttpss ie` ie` firj firjy y 933>s Q948, 94;W. Bmpced tm ricsf @uaf–s prmjf, uecvfrsct uecvfrscty y i`gcecstr i`gcecstritmrs itmrs `fkc`f` tm rfkruct tbf krfig mo tbf krmp. Pbfy stirtf` hy bcrced Oriea Jfetrckkbci, tbfe tbf gmst oigmus dri`uitf mo tbf `fpirtgfet, iwiy ormg Xckf Vecvfrscty ce 9320. Efxt, Efxt, it Jfetrckkb Jfetrckkbci ci–s suddfstcm suddfstcme, e, tbf i`gcecstritc i`gcecstritcme me rfkructf` [tiejfy Ocsb ormg Lmbes Bmpaces tm bfi` tbf `fpirtgfet. Bcs kbicrgiesbcp wmuj` dm me tm hfkmgf jfdfe`iry omr tbf tbf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps W. Ieijysfs mo ijj pipfrs puhjcsbf` hftwffe 933? ie` 8>98 ce fcdbt `cskcpjcefs sbmwf` tbit pipfrs iutbmrf` hy skcfetcsts ormg gmrf kmuetrcfs irf gmrf jcafjy tm hf puhjcsbf` hy bcdbfr-cgpikt lmureijs ie` tfe` tm rfkfcvf gmrf kctitcmes Q 92>W.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps90 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps.?; pfrkfet. Mef fxp fxpjie jieitc itcme me omr tbcs tbcs rfjitc rfjitcme mesbc sbcp p cs tbit tbit skcfet skcfetcst cstss wbm wbm kmjjihmritf wctb i hrmi`fr vircfty mo kmjjfidufs bippfe tm ijsm `m hfttfr skcfekf ‛ tbit cs, tbf dice kmuj` kmgf ormg bivced mpfe-gce`f`, kmjjihmritcvf tfig gfghfrs, emt ormg ftbeck `cvfrscty ctsfjo. Pm tfst tbcs fxpjieitc fxpj ieitcme, me, rfsfirkbfr rfsfirkbfrss `fvcsf` `fvcsf` i gfisu gfisurf rf kijjf` kijjf` ‚ce`c ce`cvc`u vc`uij ij `cvfr`cvfrscty,‗ wbckb kmgpcjf` ijj mo ie iutbmr–s firjcfr kmiutbmrs ie` fxigcef` bmw ftbeckijjy `cvfrsf tbit jcst wis. Pbfy tbfe kmgpirf` tbit tm ‚tfig‗ `cvfrscty, tbf `fdrff mo ftbeck `cvfrscty igmed kmiutbmrs mo i scedjf pirtckujir pipfr. Pbf rfsujts ce`ckitf tbit wbcjf hmtb tfig ie` ce`cvc`uijj `cvf ui `cvfrs rsct ctcf cfss kie kie hf vi viju juih ihjf jf,, tb tbff omrg omrgfr fr bis bis i drfi drfitf tfrr fo foof ofkt kt me skcfetck cgpikt (Ocd. 99.9h). Ce mtbfr wmr`s, cgpikt cs rfijjy ihmut bmw `cvfrsf i tfig cs1 emt bmw mpfe tm `cvfrscty fikb tfig gfghfr cs. [tcjj, tbf gfkbiecsg hfbce` tbcs cgpikt hmmst rfgices uekjfir. Ct kmuj` bippfe hfkiusf bcdb-quijcty rfsfirkbfrs tfe` tm ittrikt tbf hfst pfmp pf mpjf jf or ormg mg irmu irmue` e` tbf tbf wmrj wmrj`, `, om omrr fxig fxigpj pjf, f, mr hfki hfkius usff `coo `coofr frfe fett
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
Pbf Pbf [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff (h) r 7
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kctitcme kmuet Drmup `cvfrscty
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Ioocjcitcme `cvfrscty `cvfrscty
Ocdurf 99.9 Pfig `cvfr `cvfrscty scty ie` skcfet skcfetcck cgpikt. (i) cgpikt. (i) Ie ieijyscs mo gmrf tbie 9 gcjjcme pipfrs ce 80 iki`fgck suhfj`s (kcrkjfs) sbmws tbit ftbeck `cvfrscty kmrrfjitfs gmrf strmedjy (r) wctb kctitcm kctitcme e kmuets tbie `m `cvfrs `cvfrscty cty ce idf, dfe`fr, mr io jcitcm jcitcme. e. (h) Kmgpirced tfig vfrsus ce`cvc` ce`cvc`uij uij `cvfrs `cvfrscty cty rfvfijs tbit `cvfrscty wctbce tbf jcst mo iutbmrs me i pipfr (tfig `cvfrscty) bis i strmedfr foofkt me kctitcme kmuet tbie `cvfrscty ce i rfsfirkbfr –s eftwmra mo kmjjihmritmrs (ce`cvc`uij `cvfrscty). Iotfr ^mwfjj Q928W.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps prmlfkts oue`f` hy tbf V[ Eitcmeij [kcfekf Omue`itcme rfvfijf` tbit tbf gmst `cvfrsf tfigs irf me ivfridf tbf jfist prm`uktcvf ‛ tbit cs, cs, `cvfrsc `cvfrscty ty rfsujts rfsujts ce i bcd bcdbfr bfr rcsa mo puhj puhjcsb csbced ced jf jfss, ss, mr emt it ijj Q9;3, 92;W. Pbcs Pbcs bcdbjcd bcdbjcdbts bts i gilmr gilmr dip ce mur ue`fr ue`frstie stie`ce `ced d mo tfig skcfekf ce dfefrij< Tf aemw vfry jcttjf ihmut tfigs tbit oicjf`, ie cssuf tbit wf wcjj rfture tm ce tbf mutjmma kbiptfr (Kbiptfr 8;). Pbfrfomrf, tbf cescdbts `cskussf` ce tbcs kbiptfr sbmuj` hf cetfrprftf` ue`fr ie cgpmrtiet kme`ctcme< wbfe tfigs `m tfigs `m omrg omrg ie` puhjcsb, `cvfrscty cs issmkcitf` wctb i bcdbfr cgpikt. Mvfrijj, i rfsfirkb tfig –s `cvfrscty ie` hrfi`tb mo aemwjf`df kmetrchutf tm tbf quijcty mo tbf skcfekf tbit tbf tfig prm`ukfs Q943W. Bivced i `cvfrsf tfig gfies tbit kmjjihmritmrs hrced `coofrfet c`fis ie` wiys mo tbceaced tm tbf lmcet foomrt, cgprmvced tbf mutkmgf mo tbfcr kmjjihmritcvf wmra.
99.; 99 .;
Issf Issfgh ghjcjced ed i Tc Tcee eece cedd Pf Pfig ig
Bmw `m wf iss issfgh fghjf jf i w wce ceece eced d tfig= tfig= Pbf gms gmstt su sukkf kkfssou ssoujj tf tfigs igs irf fghf``f` ce cetfrkmeefktf` wfhs mo kmjjfidufs ormg giey fj`s ‛ ce mtbfr wmr`s, i jirdf, wc`f-riedced eftwmra ormg wbckb tm `riw c`fis. Hfced pirt mo sukb eftwmras kie moofr tbf ace` mo cespcritcme, suppmrt, ie` off`hika tbit jfi`s tm tbf gmst wceeced fetfrprcsfs. Hut emt ijj eftwm eft wmras ras irf fquijj fquijjy y ofrtcj ofrtcjff omr kmjjih kmjjihmr mritc itcmes mes,, ie` smgf smgf kie hf jfss jfss i`vietidfmus. Pbf wiy i tfig kbmmsfs cts gfghfrs pjiys ie cgpmrtiet rmjf ce bmw wfjj tbf tfig wcjj pfromrg. Pm sff bmw, jft–s jmma it i scgpjf gm`fj tbit icgs tm kipturf bmw tfigs kmgf tmdftbfr Q944, 924W. Ce iey tfig, tbfrf irf twm typfs mo gfghfrs< (c) Efwkmgfrs, mr rmmacfs, wbm bivf jcgctf` fxpfrcfekf ie` uesfismef` sacjjs, hut wbm motfe hrced i rforfsbced, hrisb ipprmikb tm ceemvitcme, ie` (cc) cekughfets, tbf vftfries wctb prmvfe trika rfkmr`s, fstihjcsbf` rfputitcmes, ie` c`fetcihjf tijfets. Co wf kitfdmrczf ijj skcfetcsts is fctbfr rmmacfs mr vftfri vftfries, es, wf kie `cstc `cstcedu educsb csb omu omurr `c `coof oofrfe rfett typfs mo kmiutb kmiutbmrs mrsbcp bcp jceas jceas ce i lmce lmcett puhj uhjcki ckitcm tcme< (9) efwk efwkmg mgfr fr‛ef efwk wkmg mgfr fr,, (8) efwk efwkmg mgfr fr‛ cekughfet, (;) cekughfet‛cekughfet, mr, co hmtb irf cekughfets wbm bivf wmraf` tmdftbfr hfomrf, (0) rfpfit cekughfet‛cekughfet. Pbfsf omur typfs mo jceas moofr i scgpjf wiy tm kipturf tbf giey pmsschjf kmeduritcmes mo `cvfrscty ie` fxpfrtcsf igmed tfig gfghfrs. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
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Pbf Pbf [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
lmureijs motfe bivf i bcdbfr oriktcme mo cekughfets. Me tbf mtbfr bie`, tbf efditcvf kmrrfjitcme hftwffe tbf lmureij cgpikt oiktmr ie` `cvfrscty pirigftfr, q, cg cgpj pjcf cfss tb tbit it tfig tfigss suoo suoofr fr wbfe wbfe tbfy tbfy irf irf kmgp kmgpms msf` f` mo cekughfets wbm gicejy kbmmsf tm wmra wctb prcmr kmjjihmritmrs. Tbcjf
tbfsf ace`s mo tfig ijcdegfets giy hrff` oigcjcircty, tbfy `m emt hrff` tbf cedfeucty tbit efw tfig gfghfrs kie moofr.
Hmx 99.8 99.8 [uk [ukkfs kfssou soujj tfigs
Pbf rfkcpf omr issfghjced i sukkfssouj tfig ippjcfs ce i hrmi` riedf mo krfitcvf fetfrprcsfs, ormg Hrmi`wiy sbmws tm vc`fm digfs tm lizz. Gusckijs< Ce i stu`y mo 8,862 guscki Gusckijs< gusckijs js pfr pfromr omrgf` gf` it jfi jfist st mekf mekf me Hrmi`wiy hftwffe 9244 tm 933> Q924W, rfsfirkbfrs `fef` i tfig is tbf drmup mo ce`cvc`uijs rfspmeschjf omr kmgpmsced tbf gusck, wrctced tbf jchrfttm ie` tbf jyrcks, `fscdeced tbf kbmrfmdripby, `crfktced, ie` prm`ukced tbf sbmw. Ie` ijtbmudb Hrmi`wiy gusckijs ie` skcfetc k kmjjihmritcmes sffg jcaf vistjy `coofrfet krfitcvf fe`fivmrs, tbfy sbirf tbf sigf rfkcpf omr sukkfss. Pbf hfst-rfkfcvf` gusckijs hfeft hmtb ormg tbf fxpfrcfekf mo vftfries ie` tbf efw c`fis ie` orfsb tbceaced mo efwkmg efwkmgfrs. frs. _c`fm digfs< digfs< I stu`y mo tfigs hfbce` 98,088 vc`fm digfs rfjfisf` wmrj`wc` wmrj `wc`ff ormg 9343 tm 8>>3 omue` omue` tbf gmst foofktcv foofktcvff kmjjihmrkmjjihmrit itcm cmes es wf wfrf rf km kmgp gprc rcsf sf` ` mo pfmp pfmpjf jf wb wbm m bi bi` ` fx fxpf pfrc rcfe fekf kf wmra wmrace ced d tmdftbfr hut wbm hrmudbt `coofrfet aemwjf`df ie` sacjjs tm tbf tisa it bie` Q922W. Lizz9> Lizz (946,>>> rfkmr`ced sfsscmes) rfvfijf` tbit kmghceced gusckcies wbm bivf wmraf` tmdftbfr wctb efw pjiyfrs cs krctckijjy cgpmrtiet tm tbf sukkfss mo i lizz ijhug, is gfisurf` hy tbf eughfr eughfr mo tcgfs ie ijhug cs rfjfisf` Q923W. Pbit wis kfrticejy tbf kisf wctb Gcjfs @ivcs– Ace` mo Hjuf, Hjuf, tbf gmst rf-cssuf` lizz ijhug ce bcstmry. Hy tbf tcgf tbf ijhug wis rfkmr`f`, ^iuj Kbighfrs, tbf hiss pjiyfr, wis i truf vftfrie wbm–` pjiyf` i tmtij mo 62 sfsscmes. Mut mo tbfsf sfsscmes, 88 wfrf wctb Gcjfs @ivcs, tbf trugpftfr ie` hie` jfi`fr, ie` 2 wfrf wctb Tyetme Afjjy, tbf pciecst. Bmwfvfr, @ivcs ie` Afjjy bi` efvfr Hjuf. Pbfrfomrf, wbcjf @ivcs ie` pjiyf` tmdftbfr prcmr tm Ace` mo Hjuf. Afjjy wfrf hmtb `ffpjy oigcjcir tm Kbighfrs, tbf oikt tbit tbfy `c` emt aemw fikb mtbfr i``f` i orfsb `yeigck tm tbf pmwfrouj jceaidfs tbf cekughfet tfig gfghfrs ijrfi`y sbirf`, krfitced i sctuitcme rcpf omr ceemvitcme.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>> kmjjihmritmrs rfvfijs tbrff cgpmrtiet pittfres ce tbf wiy wf omrg ie` gicetice kmjjihmritcmes Q93>W. Ocrst, skcfetck kmjjihmritcmes irf kbiriktfrczf` hy i bcdb turemvfr ritf, `mgceitf` hy wfia tcfs tbit `m emt jist. Ce`ff`, mut mo tbf gmrf tbie 9??,>>> kmjjihmritcme tcfs, ?>‛2> pfrkfet jistf` omr mejy i scedjf yfir. Ie` fvfe wbfe i rfjitcmesbcp jistf` gmrf tbie twm yfirs, ct `c`e–t bivf bivf gukb gukb jmed jmed-t -tfr frg g st stiy iyce ced d pmwf pmwfr< r< Xm Xmud udbj bjy y twmtwm-tb tbcr cr`s `s mo kmjjihmritmrs wfet tbfcr sfpiritf wiys wctbce vf yfirs. [fkm [f kme` e`,, wb wbfr frfi fiss wfia wfia tc tcfs fs `m `mgc gcei eitf tf gmst gmst kmjj kmjjih ihmr mrit itcm cmes es,, ‚su supf pfrr tc tcfs fs‗ ‛ fxtrfgf fxtrfgfjy jy kjm kjmsf sf wmrac wmraced ed rfjitc rfjitcme mesbc sbcps ps ‛ irf irf gmrf gmrf kmggme tbie fxpfktf`. Ecef pfrkfet mo hcmjmdcsts ie` 8> pfrkfet mo pbysckcsts bivf i supfr-tcf kmjjihmritmr wctb wbmg tbfy kmiutbmrf` gmrf tbie bijo mo tbfcr pipfrs. Ce pirtckujir, 9 pfrkfet mo kmjjihmritcmes jistf` gmrf tbie 8> yfirs. Pbfsf kipturf jcofjmed kmjjihmritcvf pirtefrs ‛ tbfy irf tbf Hitgfe ie` Xmhces mo skcfekf. Tbfe wf quietcoy tbf orfqufeky mo supfr tcfs Q93>W, wf e` tbit tbfy mkkur fvfry 9 ce 86 kmjjihmritmrs me ivfridf. Pbcr`, ie` gmst cgpmrtiet, supfr tcfs ycfj` suhstietcij prm`uktcvcty ie` kctitcme prfgcugs Q93>, 939W. Co wf kmgpirf tbf pipfrs i skcfetcst puhjcsbf` wctb bfr supfr tcf tm tbmsf sbf puhjcsbf` wctb mtbfr @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps68 [tieomr` Vecvfrscty oikujty hftwffe 933; ie` 8>>4, fxtriktced `iti ormg stu`fet `cssfrtitcme rfkmr`s, driet prmpmsij suhgcsscmes, ie` lmcet puhjckitcmes Q939W. Pbfy c`fetcf` wb wbfe fe ef efw, w, uetf uetfeu eurf rf` ` oi oiku kujt jty y irrc irrcvf vf` ` me kigp kigpus us,, trikc trikced ed wbfe wb fe tbfs tbfsff efwk efwkmg mgfr frss hfdi hfdie e tm omrg omrg tbfc tbfcrr rst tcfs tcfs ie` fxpjmr fxpjmrced ced wby smgf mo tbfsf rfjitcmesbcps pfrscstf` mvfr tcgf, hfkmgced rfpfit kmjjihmritcmes. Pbfy omue` tbit rfpfitf` kmjjihmritcmes irf mo i oue`igfetijjy `coofrfet eiturf ormg rst-tcgf kmjjihmritcmes ‛ wbfrfis efw kmjj km jjih ihmr mrit itcm cmes es irf irf gmst gmstjy jy `rcv `rcvfe fe hy mppm mppmrtu rtuec ecty ty ie` ie` prfo prfofr frfe fekf kf,, rfpfitf` kmjjihmritcmes irf i ouektcme mo mhjcditcme ie` kmgpjfgfetiry fxpfrcfekf. Ce`ff`, wbfe smgfmef sffas i kmjjihmritmr omr tbf rst tcgf, tbfy tfe` tm sfjfkt smgfmef wbm bis i scgcjir sacjj-sft, is tbfy irf jfss oigcjcir wctb tbf mtbfr pfrsme–s wmrastyjf. Sft, is tbf twm wmra tmdftbfr me gmrf prmlfkts, tbfy hfkmgf hfttfr ikquicetf` wctb fikb mtbfr–s uecquf tijfets. Co tbfy `fkc`f tm kmetceuf kmjjihmritced, ct suddfsts tbit fikb ce`cvc`uij bis rfijczf` tbit tbfcr pirtefr bis smgftbced emvfj tm kmetrchutf, wbckb giy jfi` tm i hfttfr eij mutkmgf. Pbus, prm`uktcvf rfjitcmesbcps irf gmst motfe susticef` wbfe tbf ce`cvc`uijs bivf eme-c`fetckij aemwjf`df, sm tbfy kie hf kmgpjfgfetiry tm fikb mtbfr. Pbf vijuf mo i supfr tcf cs fxfgpjcf` hy tbf kisf mo Gckbifj [. Hrmwe ie` Lmsfpb J. Dmj`stfce. ^rmofssmrs it tbf Vecvfrscty mo Pfxis [mutbwfstfre Gf`ckij [kbmmj, Hrmwe ie` Dmj`stfce bivf hmtb felmyf` stfjjir kirffrs ie` ikbcfvf` rfgiraihjf prm`uktcvcty, fikb puhjcsbced mvfr 6>> pipfrs ie` fireced eugfrmus iwir`s, cekju`ced tbf Emhfj ^rczf ie` Eitcmeij Gf`ij mo [kcfekf. Sft i qucka jmma it tbfcr puhjckitcme rfkmr`s rfvfijs i trujy spfkcij rfjitcmesbcp< Gmrf tbie 36 pfrkfet mo tbfcr pipfrs irf lmcetjy iutbmrf`. [firkbced tbrmudb tbf Tfh mo [kcfekf `itihisf, wf e` tbit Hrmwe ie` Dmj`stfce kmiutbmrf` i stueeced 6>3 pipfrs hy 8>92. Mvfr tbf kmursf mo tbfcr jmed kirffrs, Dmj`stfce @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps96 pipfr, me tbf mtbfr bie`, wis i rfkmr`-hrfiaced ;; pidfs jmed. Sft mejy 3 pidfs ofiturf` tbf rfsfirkb ctsfjo1 tbf rfgiceced 80 wfrf usf` tm jcst tbf iutbmrs ie` tbfcr cestctutcmes. Pbcs bcdb-fefrdy pbyscks pipfr wis tbf rst lmcet pipfr prm`ukf` hy tbf tfigs tbit mpfritf IPJI[ ie` KG[, twm gisscvf prmlfkts kme`uktf` usced tbf Jirdf Bi`rme Kmjjc`fr (JBK) it KFXE, Furmpf–s pirtckjf-pbyscks jih efir Dfefvi, [wctzfrjie`. Pmdftbfr, ie istmecsbced 6 ,960 iutbmrs kmetrchutf` tm tbf `cskmvfry, rfprfsfetced tbf jirdfst eughfr mo kmetrchutmrs tm i scedjf rfsfirkb irtckjf ce bcstmry Q936W. Meff mo tbf Me tbf gm gmst st pr prmo momu mue` e` sb sbco cots ts ce skcf skcfek ekff ie` ie` tf tfkb kbem emjm jmdy dy tm`iy cs tbf sbcot tmwir` jirdfr ie` jirdfr tfigs ikrmss ijj fj`s mo skcfekf. Ce 9366, tbf ivfridf tfig sczf ce skcfekf ie` fedceffrced wis irmue` 9.3, ce`ckitced tbit twm-pfrsme pirtefrsbcps wfrf tbf emrg omr kmjjihmritcvf wmra. Pbcs eughfr efirjy `muhjf` mvfr tbf efxt 06 yfirs, kmrrfspme`ced tm tbf 94 pfrkfet drmwtb ce tfig sczf pfr `fki`f Q9>0, 9;?W (Ocd. 98.9). Ie` tbcs drmwtb kmetceufs fvfe tm`iy< Tbcjf ce 8>>> i typckij pipfr bi` ; .6 iutbmrs, hy 8>9; tbit eughfr bi` drmwe tm 6 .80. [cgcjir (tbmudb jfss `rigitck) drmwtb bis mkkurrf` ce tbf smkcij skcfekfs< Pbf ivfridf smkcij skcfekf pipfr tm`iy cs wrcttfe hy i picr mo iutbmrs ritbfr tbie smjm iutbmrs, wctb tbf eughfr mo kmjjihmritmrs @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
934>
932>
933>
8>>>
Ocdurf 98.9 Pbf drmwce drmwcedd sc sczf zf m moo tfigs. tfigs. Fikb jcef rfprfsfets tbf irctbgftck ivfridf mo tfig sczf tiafe mvfr ijj suh fj`s ce fikb yfir. Iotfr Tukbty ft ij. Q9;?W.
kmetceuced tm drmw fvfry yfir. Fvfe ce tbf irts ie` bugiectcfs, wbfrf mvfr 3> pfrk pfrkfe fett mo pi pipf pfrs rs irf irf st stcj cjjj sced scedjf jf iutb iutbmr mrf` f`,, tbfr tbfrff cs ijsm ijsm i scdeckiet, pmsctcvf trfe` tmwir` tfig-iutbmrf` pipfrs (^ (^ : >.>>9). Ourtbfrgmrf, cekrfisfs ce tfig sczf irf emt uecquf tm iki`fgci, hut ippjy ippj y tm mtbfr mtbfr krfitcvf krfitcvf wmra wmra is wfjj. wfjj. Omr fxigpjf, fxigpjf, ce tbf tbf V[, tbf ivfridf ivfridf eughfr mo cevfetmrs me pitfet ippjckitcmes bis rcsfe ormg 9.4 tm 8.;, wctb tbf eughfr kmetceuced tm drmw fvfry yfir. Pbcs trfe` cs ihmut gmrf tbie lust scgpjf drmwtb. Is wf wcjj sff ce tbcs kbiptfr, ct rffkts i tfktmeck sbcot ce tbf wiys tbit skcfetcsts wmra ie` tfigs mrdieczf tbfgsfjvfs. Ie` tbit kbiedf bis trfgfe`mus kmesfqufekfs omr tbf outurf mo skcfekf, scekf jirdf ie` sgijj tfigs prm`ukf oue`igfetijjy `coofrfet, tbmudb fquijjy vijuihjf, typfs mo rfsfirkb.
98.9 98 .9
Em Emtt [cg [cgppjy i Kb Kbie iedf df ce [c [czf zf
Pbf sbcot tmwir` jirdfr tfigs ce skcfekf rffkts i oue`igfetij kbiedf ce tfig kmgpmsctcme Q93?W. Ocdurf 98.8 kmgpirfs tbf `cstrchutcme tcmess mo tfig tfig sczf sczf ce is istr trme memg mgy y ce tw twm m pfrc pfrcm` m`s< s< 93?9‛93?6 ie` 8>>?‛8>9>. Pbf ivfridf tfig sczf ce istrmemgy drfw ormg 9.6 tm ?.4 hftw hf twff ffe e tbfs tbfsff twm twm pf pfrc rcm` m`ss (sff (sff tbf tbf irrm irrmws ws ce Ocd. Ocd. 98.8). Sft tbf 8>>?‛8>9> tfig sczf `cstrchutcme cs emt scgpjy i skijf`-up vfrscme mo tbf 93?9‛93?6 `cstrchutcme. Xitbfr, tbf twm `cstrchutcmes bivf oue`igfetij gfe tijjy jy `coofr `coofrfet fet sbipfs sbipfs.. Ce tbf 93?9‛93?6 pfrcm`, tbf eughfr mo pipfrs `fkiys ripc`jy is tbf tfig sczf cekrfisfs. Emt mejy cs tbf ivfridf tfig sczf sgijj, hut wf e` emt i scedjf pipfr wctb gmrf tbie fcdbt iutbmrs. Ce`ff`, tbf tfig sczfs ce tbf 93?>s irf hfst ipprmxcgitf` wctb ie fxpmefetcij `cstrchutcme (hjuf kurvf ce Ocd. 98 .8), gfieced tbit gmst @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps.9
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G
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9>-4 9
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Pfig sczf (
9>>
)
Ocdurf 98.8 Oue`igfetij kbiedfs ce tfig strukturf. Pbf tfig sczf `cstrchutcme hftwffe 93?9 ie` 93?6 cs wfjj `fskrchf` hy i ^mcssme `cstrchutcme (hjuf kurvf). Ce kmetrist, tbf 8>>?‛ 8>9> `cstrchutcme ofiturfs ie fxtfescvf pmwfr-jiw ticj (rf` jcef). Pbf irrm irrmws ws gira tbf gfie vijufs vijufs mo fikb `cstrchutcme. `cstrchutcme. Frrmr hirs kmrrfspme kmrrfspme` ` tm mef stie`ir` `fvcitcme `fvcitcme.. Iotfr GcjmlfvcĄ Q 93?W.
tfigs bivf sczfs wctbce kjmsf vckcecty mo tbf ivfridf, ie` tbit tbfrf irf em mutjcfrs. Sft, iotfr 06 yfirs, tbf `cstrchutcme bis kbiedf` `rigitckijjy, ie` ie ` emw emw ofit ofitur urfs fs i prmg prmgce cefe fett ti ticj cj,, kmes kmescs cstc tced ed mo gfdi gfdi-t -tfi figs gs wctb wctb sfvfrij bue`rf` iutbmrs. Vejcaf ce tbf 93?>s, tbf ticj mo tbcs gmrf rfkfet `cstrchutcme cs wfjj ipprmxcgitf` hy i pmwfr jiw ouektcme (rf` jcef ce Ocd. 98.8). Pbcs sbcot ormg ie fxpmefetcij tm i pmwfr jiw `cstrchutcme cgpjcfs tbit tbf cekrfisf ce i tfig–s sczf cs gmrf kmgpjckitf` tbie ct giy gi y sf sffg fg.. Ce`f Ce`ff` f`,, tb tbfs fsff twm twm gitb gitbfg fgit itck ckij ij ouek ouektc tcme mess ce`c ce`cki kitf tf tbit tbit twm oue`igfetijjy `coofrfet gm`fs kbiriktfrczf tbf prmkfss mo tfig omrgitcme. Pbf rst ie` gmrf hisck gm`f jfi`s tm tbf krfitcme mo rfjitcvfjy sgijj ‚kmrf‗ tfigs. Ce tbcs gm`f, efw gfghfrs lmce tbf tfig wctb em rfdir` omr wbm cs kurrfetjy me tbf tfig. Kmrf tfigs tbus omrg hy i purfjy rie`mg prmkfss ie` tbus prm`ukf i ^mcssme `cstrchutcme mo tfig sczf, giaced jirdf tfigs fxkff`cedjy rirf. Is sukb, tbf `cstrchutcme cs hfst `fpcktf` wctb ie fxpmefetcij ouektcme. Pbcs gm`f wis jcafjy tbf stitus qum ce istrmemgy hika tm tbf 93?>s. Pbf sfkme` gm`f prm`ukfs ‚fxtfe`f`‗ tfigs. Pbfsf stirt is kmrf tfigs hut ikkugujitf efw gfghfrs ce prmpmrtcme tm tbf prm`uktcvcty mo tbfcr fxcstced fxcstced gfgh gfghfrs frs ‛ i ‚rckb-dft-rckbfr‗ prmkfss. Is sukb, i tfig–s kurrfet sczf ceufekfs cts ihcjcty tm ittrikt efw gfghfrs. Dcvfe tcgf, tbcs gm`f dcvfs rcsf tm i pmwfr-jiw `cstrchutcme mo tfig sczf, @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps96 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps‛9,>>> gfghfrs tbit wf mhsfrvf ce giey fj`s tm`iy. I gm`fj mo tfig omrgitcme hisf` me kmrf ie` fxtfe`f` tfigs kie ikkuritfjy rfprm`ukf hmtb tbf fgpcrckijjy mhsfrvf` tfig sczf `cstrchutcmes ie` tbfcr fvmjutcme mvfr tcgf ce giey fj`s Q93?W. Gmst cgpmrtiet, hy ttced tbf gm`fj tm i pirtckujir `cskcpjcef ikrmss sfvfrij `coo `coofr frfe fett fr fris is,, ct ij ijjm jmws ws us tm is issf sfss ss bmw bmw tbf tbf twm twm gm`f gm`fss mo tf tfig ig
omrg om rgit itcm cme e bivf bivf ioof ioofkt ktf` f` aemw aemwjf jf`d `dff prm` prm`uk uktc tcme me.. Cetf Cetfrf rfst stce cedj djy, y, tbf tbf rf rfsu sujt jtss ce`c ce`cki kitf tf bis tb tbit itrfgicef` tbf tbf or orik iktc tcme me mo irtc ir tckj kjfs fs prm` prmvfr m`uk ukf` f` hyPbcs kmrf kmrf ie` ie` fxtfe`f` tfigs rmudbjy kmestiet tcgf. gfies tbf cekrfisf mo tfig sczf cs emt hfkiusf jirdfr tfigs bivf rfpjikf` tbf sgij sg ijjf jfrr kmrf kmrf tfig tfigs. s. Xitb Xitbfr fr,, wf mh mhsf sfrv rvff i drmw drmwtb tb ce hmtb hmtb ty typf pfss mo tfigs ‛ i dri`uij fxpiescme mo kmrf tfigs ie` i oistfr fxpiescme mo fxtfe`f` tfigs. Pbfsf kbiedfs ce tfig omrgitcme giy ijsm bivf kmesfqufekfs omr i tfig–s jmedfvcty, is tfig sczf giy hf i krukcij `ftfrgceiet mo survcvij Q9?>W. Xfsfirkb me tbf jcoftcgf mo kmjjihmritcvf tfigs suddfsts tbit jirdf tfigs tfe` tm pfrscst omr jmedfr co tbfy `yeigckijjy ijtfr tbfc tb fcrr gfgh gfghfr frsb sbcp cp,, is kbie kbiedc dced ed tbfc tbfcrr kmgp kmgpms msct ctcm cme e mvfr mvfr tcgf tcgf giy giy cekrfisf tbfcr i`iptihcjcty. Me tbf mtbfr bie`, sgijj tfigs tfe` tm hf gmrf stihjf mvfr tcgf co tbfcr gfghfrsbcp rfgices gmrf stihjf1 i sgijj tfig wctb bcdb turemvfr igmed cts gfghfrs tfe`s tm `cf mut quckajy. [m oir, wf–vf `fgmestritf` tbit ce skcfekf, tfigs irf drmwced ce sczf, bfekf ceemvitcme cekrfiscedjy bippfes ce jirdfr tfig sfttceds. Cs tbit i dmm` tbced omr skcfetcsts ‛ ie` omr tbf krfitcme mo aemwjf`df ce dfefrij=
98.8 98 .8
Pf Pfig ig [czf [czfW tbit kmghcef tbfcr gfghfrs– tijfets tm @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>> rfsfirkbfrs. Pbf uecvfrsij sbcot tmwir` jirdfr ie` jirdfr tfigs ikrmss skcfekf
ie` tfkbemjmdy suddfsts tbit jirdf tfigs, wbckb hrced gmrf hrice-pmwfr –
ie` ie ` `cvf `cvfrs rsf f pfrs pfrspf pfkt ktcv cvfs fs, , wcjj wcjj hf tb tbf f fedc fedcef efss is omr omrtfigs tmgm tmgmrr rrmw mw s jirdfr, ji jirdf rdfst st i`viekfs. Xfsfirkb bis kmescstfetjy sbmwe tbit hfkmgf tbfcr prm`ukts ‛ hf tbfy skcfetck pipfrs mr pitfetf` cevfetcmes ‛ irf issmkcitf` wctb bcdbfr kctitcme kmuets Q9;?, 934W. Pbfsf trfe`s sffg tm moof mo ofrr i sc scgp gpjf jf pr prfs fskr krcp cptc tcme me omr omr tbf tbf ou outu turf rf mo sk skcf cfek ekf< f< hc hcdd ddfr fr cs ijwi ijwiys ys hfttf hfttfr. r. Sft tbfrf irf rfismes tm hfjcfvf tbit jirdf tfigs irf emt mptcgij omr ijj tisas. Omr fxigpjf, jirdf tfigs irf gmrf jcafjy tm bivf kmmr`ceitcme ie` kmggueckitcme cssufs ‛ dfttced fvfrymef mehmir` tm try mut ie uekmevfetcmeij bypmtbfscs mr gftbm`, mr kmevcekced bue`rf`s mo orff-tbceaced ce`cvc`uijs tm kbiedf `crfktcme it mekf, cs motfe kbijjfedced. ^sykbmjmdy rfsfirkb sbmws tbit ce`cvc`uijs ce jirdf drmups tbcea ie` ikt `coofrfetjy. Pbfy dfefritf ofwfr c`fis Q932, 933W, rfkijj jfss jfiref jfi ref` ` ceomr ceomrgit gitcme cme Q8>>W, rf rflf lfkt kt fxtf fxtfre reij ij pfrs pfrspf pfkt ktcv cvfs fs gmrf gmrf motf motfe e Q8>9W, ie` tfe` tm efutrijczf mef iemtbfr –s vcfwpmcets Q8>8W. Jirdf tfigs kie ijsm hf rcsa-ivfrsf, scekf tbfy bivf tm prm`ukf i kmetceumus strfig mo sukkfss tm ‚piy tbf hcjjs‗ Q 8>;W. Ijj mo wbckb ricsfs tbf qufstcme mo wbftbfr rfjyced me jirdf tfigs cs trujy i mef-sczf-ts-ijj stritfdy omr prm`ukced drmue`hrfiaced skcfekf. Ce`ff`, efw fvc`fekf suddfsts tbit tfig sczf oue`igfetijjy `cktitfs tbf eiturf mo wmra i tfig cs kipihjf mo prm`ukced, ie` tbit sgij sg ijjf jfrr tfig tfig sczf sczf kmeo kmeofr frss kfrt kfrtic ice e kr krct ctck ckij ij hfef hfefts tb tbit it jird jirdff tf tfig igss –
`me t felmy.
98.; 98 .;
Jird Jirdff Pf Pfig igss @fvf @fvfjm jmpp [k [kcf cfek ekf1 f1 [gi [gijjjj PPfi figs gs @cs @csru rupt pt Ct
Pm ue`frstie` bmw tfig sczf giy ioofkt tbf eiturf mo tbf skcfekf ie` tfkbemjmdy tbfy prm`ukf, jft–s kmesc`fr twm fxigpjfs. Ce Ocd. 98.;, wf pcka twm wfjj-aemwe pipfrs wctb scgcjir cgpikts, hut wbckb kmetrchutf tm skcfekf ce vfry `coofrfet wiys. Pbf Hia, Pied, ie` Tcfsfeofj` (HPT) irtckjf me sfjo-mrdieczf` krctckijcty Q 8>0W rfkfcvf` i scgcjir eughfr mo kctitcmes tm tbf @ivcs ft ij. irtckjf me Hmsf‛Fcestfce @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps96 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps), prcgircjy hrmi`kist tbf cgpmrtiekf mo prcmr wmra (@csruptcme 7 9), mr kmgpjftfjy mvfrsb mvfrsbi`mw i`mw prcmr wmra hy rfkfcvced ijj suhsfqufet ittfetcme ctsfjo (@csruptcme 7 9). (h) Kctitcme trff vcsui vcsuijczitc jczitcme me tbit cjjustritfs bmw i omkij pipfr `riws me pist wmra ie` pissfs c`fis metm outurf wmra. ‚Xmmts‗ irf rfofrfekfs kctf` hy tbf omkij wmra, wctb `fptb skijf` tm tbfcr puhjckitcme `itf1 ‚hriekbfs‗ me tbf trff irf kctced irtckjfs, wctb bfcdbt skijf` tm puhjckitcme puhjck itcme `itf ie` jfedtb skijf` tm tbfcr eughf eughfrr mo outurf kctitc kctitcmes. mes. Hriekbf Hriekbfss kurvf `mwewir` (hrmwe) co kctced irtckjfs ijsm kctf tbf omkij pipfr–s rfofrfekfs, ie` upwir` (drffe) co tbfy cdemrf tbfg. ( k) Pwm irtckjfs mo scgcjir cgpikt irf rfprfsfetf` is kctitcme trffs, ‚Hmsf‛Fcestf Fcestfce ce kme`fesit kme`fesitcme cme ce i dis mo sm`cug itmgs‗ hy @ivcs ft ij., ie` ‚[fjo-mrdieczf` krctckijcty< Ie fxpjieitcme mo tbf 9 /o emcsf‗ hy Hia ft ij. Iotfr Tu ft ij. Q8>?W.
kme`fesitcme Q8>6W. Sft tbf Hia ft ij. pipfr wis drmue`hrfiaced ce i wiy tbit tbf @ivcs ft ij. pipfr wis emt. Ce`ff`, gmst rfsfirkb omjjmwced upme Hia ft ij. kctf` tbf HPT pipfr mejy, wctbmut gfetcmeced cts rfofrfekfs (drffe jceas ce Ocd. 98.;i). Hy kmetrist, @ivcs ft ij., omr wbckb Tmjodied Afttfrjf wis iwir`f` tbf 8>>9 Emhfj ^rczf ce ^byscks, cs ijgmst ijwiys kmkctf` wctb tbf pipfrs tbf @ivcs ft ij. pipfr ctsfjo kctfs (hrmwe jceas ce Ocd. 98.;i). Pbff `coof Pb coofrf rfek ekff hftw hftwff ffe e tbf tbf twm twm pipf pipfrs rs cs em emtt rffk fktf tf` ` ce kctitcme kmuets, hut ce wbftbfr tbfy `fvfjmp mr `csrupt fxcstced c`fis ‛ c.f., wbftbfr tbfy smjvf ie fstihjcsbf` skcfetck prmhjfg mr ricsf emvfj qufstcmes. ‚@fvfjmpgfetij‗ prmlfkts, tbmsf tbit hucj` upme firjcfr rfsfirkb, sffa tm i`viekf ue`frstie`ced mo ie fxcstced prmhjfg, bfekf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps96 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps>
/
Pbf Pbf [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
tbfy tfe` tm hf kctf` ijmed wctb firjcfr wmra, jcaf tbf @ivcs ft ij. pipfr. ‚@csruptcvf‗ prmlfkts, me tbf mtbfr bie`, tfe` tm fstihjcsb i hrie` efw ormetcfr mo cequcry, bfekf tbfy irf gmrf jcafjy tm hf kctf` wctbmut tbf prf`fkfssmrs, scekf tbfy rfprfsfet i `fpirturf ormg prfvcmus aemwjf`df. [m, `m jirdf mr sgijj tfigs krfitf tbf gmrf `csruptcvf wmra= Pm quietcoy tbf `fdrff tm wbckb i wmra igpjc fs mr fkjcpsfs tbf prcmr irt ct `riws upme, wf usf i `csruptcme-ce`fx @, wbckb vircfs
hftwffe 9 (`fvfjmps) ie` 9 (`csrupts) Q8>4W. Omr fxigpjf, tbf HPT gm`fj pipfr bis i `csruptcme ce`fx mo >.2?, ce`ckitced tbit gmst mo tbf pipfrs tbit kctf ct, `m sm hy kctced tbf HPT pipfr ijmef, cdemrced tbf wmra tbit tbf HPT pipfr hucjt upme. Hy kmetrist, tbf @ivcs ft ij. ij. pipfr bis i i @ 7 >.62, ce`ckitced tbit ct cs orfqufetjy kmkctf` wctb cts prf`fkfssmrs. Pbcs rffkts tbf oikt tbit tbf HPT gm`fj jiuekbf` fetcrfjy efw strfigs mo rfsfirkb, wbfrfis @ivcs ft ij. ij .–s fxpfrcgfetij rfijczitcme mo Hmsf‛Fce Fcestf stfce ce kme`fe kme`fesit sitcme cme,, wb wbcjf cjf i EmhfjEmhfj-wm wmrtb rtby y foomrt foomrt,, prcgir prcgircjy cjy fjihmritf` me pmsschcjctcfs tbit bi` ijrfi`y hffe pmsf` fjsfwbfrf. Mur ieijyscs sbmws tbit mvfr tbf pist ?> yfirs, jirdfr tfigs bivf prm`ukf` rfsfirkb irtckjfs, pitfets, ie` smotwirf prm`ukts tbit direfr bcdbfr cgpikt tbie sgijjfr tfigs. Sft, cetfrfstcedjy, tbfcr `csruptcvfe rupt cvfefss fss `rigitckij `rigitckijjy jy ie` gmemtmec gmemtmeckijjy kijjy `fkjcefs wctb fikb i``ctcmeij tfig gfghfr (Ocd. 98.0). [pfkckijjy, is tfigs drmw ormg 9 tm 6> gfghfrs, tbf `csruptcvf eiturf mo tbfcr pipfrs, pitfets, ie` prm`ukts `rmps hy 4>, ;>, ie` 6> pfrkfetcjfs, rfspfktcvfjy. Pbfsf rfsujts ce`ckitf tbit jirdf tfigs irf hfttfr it ourtbfr `fvfjmpced fxcstced skcfekf ie` tfkbemjmdy, wbcjf sgijj tfigs `csrupt skcfekf hy suddfstced efw prmhjfgs ie` mpfeced up emvfj mppmrtuectcfs. Hut cs tbf mhsfrvf` `coofrfekf ce tbf wmra prm`ukf` hy jirdf ie` sgijj tfigs rfijjy `uf tm tfig sczf= Mr kie ct hf ittrchutf` tm `coofrfekfs ce mtbfr kmeomue`ced oiktmrs= Omr fxigpjf, pfrbips tfigs dfefritf gmrf tbfmrftckij ceemvitcmes, wbckb tfe` tm hf sgijj gmrf `csruptcvf, ie` jirdf tfigs dfefritf gmrf fgpcrckij ieijysfs, wbckb irf gmrf jcafjy tm hf `fvfjmpgfetij. Mr, giyhf tbfrf irf `coofrfekfs ce tbf tbf tmpc tmpcks ks tbit tbit sgij sgijjj ie ie` ` jird jirdff tf tfig igss tf tfe` e` tm ti tika kajf jf.. Iemt Iemtbf bfrr pmsschcjcty< ^frbips kfrtice typfs mo pfmpjf irf gmrf jcafjy tm wmra omr sgijjfr mr jirdfr tfigs, tbus kbiedced tbf mutkmgfs issmkcitf` wctb fikb. Juka Ju kacj cjy, y, wf ki kie e kmet kmetrm rmjj om omrr fikb fikb mo tbfs tbfsff pjiu pjiusc schj hjff oi oikt ktmr mrs, s, e`ced tbit tbf foofkt mo tfig sczf ippfirs tm ircsf is i rfsujt mo tfig @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>
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Ocdurf 98.0 [gijj tfigs `csrupt, hcd tfigs `fvfjmp. Pm fxigcef tbf rfjitcmesbcp hftwffe tfig sczf ie` `csruptcme, wf kmjjfktf` `iti ormg tbrff `mgices< ( 9) tbf Tfh mo [kcfekf `itihisf, kmeticeced irtckjfs ie` tbf pipfrs tbfy kctf1 ( 8) pitfets drietf` hy tbf V[^PM ie` tbfcr kctitcmes1 ( ;) smotwirf prmlfkts me DctBuh, i wfh pjitomrg tbit ijjmws usfrs tm kmjjihmritf me smotwirf ie` ‚kctf‗ mtbfr rfpmsctmrcfs hy hucj`ced me tbfcr km`f. Omr rfsfirkb irtckjfs (i), pitfets (h), ie` smotwirf (k), gf`cie kctitcmes (rf` kurvfs ce`fxf` hy tbf rcdbt y-ixcs) cekrfisf wctb tfig sczf, wbfrfiss ivfri wbfrfi ivfridf df `csrup `csruptcme tcme pfrkfetcjf (drffe kurvfs ce`fxf` hy tbf jfot y-ixcs y-ixcs)) `fkrfisfs wctb ct. Pfigs mo hftwffe 9 ie` 9> iutbmrs ikkmuet omr 32 % mo irtckjfs, 33% mo pitfets, ie` 33 % mo km`f rfpmsctmrc rfpmsctmrcfs. fs. Hmmts Hmmtstrippf trippf` ` 36 % kme`fekf cetfrvijs irf sbmwe is driy zmefs. Iotfr Tu ft ij. Q 8>?W.
`yeigcks, ritbfr tbie hfkiusf mo quijctitcvf `coofrfekfs hftwffe ce`cvc`uijs ce `coofrfet-sczf` tfigs. @coofrfekfs ce tmpck ie` rfsfirkb `fscde giy mejy ikkmuet omr i sgijj pirt mo tbf rfjitcmesbcp hftwffe tfig sczf ie` `csruptcme. Gmst mo tbf foofkt ( ?? pfrkfet mo tbf vircitcme) ce`ff` ippfirs tm hf i ouektcme mo tfig sczf. @m jirdf ie` sgijj tfigs ture tm `coofrfet smurkfs wbfe kme`uktced rfsfirkb= Pm ieswfr tbcs qufstcme, wf gfisurf` bmw `ffpjy sgijj ie` jirdf tfigs hucj` me pist jctfriturf hy kijkujitced tbf ivfridf idf mo rfofrfekfs kctf`. Tf e` tbit smjm ie` sgijj tfigs wfrf gukb gmrf jcafjy tm hucj` me mj`fr, jfss pmpujir c`fis. Pbcs cs jcafjy emt i ouektcme mo aemwjf`df< [cekf jirdfr tfigs bivf gmrf gfghfrs, tbfcr fxpfrtcsf spies i hrmi` riedf mo suhlfkts1 is sukb, tbfcr gfghfrs wfrf prmhihjy lust is iwirf mo mj`fr, jfss aemwe wmra is tbf skcfetcsts wbm wmra wctbce sgijj tfigs. Bmwfvfr, jirdf-tfig skcfetcsts tfe` tm smurkf tbfcr c`fis ormg gmrf rfkfet, ie` bcdbfr-cgpikt, wmra. Kmesfqufetjy, jird jirdff tf tfig igss rf rfkf kfcv cvff kcti kctitc tcme mess qu quck ckaj ajy, y, is tbfc tbfcrr wmra wmra cs cg cggf gf`c `cit itfj fjy y rfjfvi rfj fviet et tm kmetfg kmetfgpm pmrir rircfs cfs.. Hy kmetri kmetrist, st, sgijjf sgijjfrr tfigs tfigs fxpfrc fxpfrcfek fekff i gukb jmedfr kctitcme `fjiy, hut tbfcr wmra tfe`s tm pfrscst ourtbfr cetm tbf outurf, ikbcfvced i gmrf fe`urced jfdiky. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps2W. Mef ace` mo tfig wis rfqucrf` tm prmpmsf tbf kmekfpt mo drivctitcmeij wivfs, ie` i vfry `coofrfet ace` mo tfig wis rfqucrf` tm `ftfkt tbfg. Hmtb fe`fivmrs gmvf` skcfekf omrwir`, hut ce vfry `coofrfet wiys. Tbit `m tbfsf rfsujts gfie omr us skcfetcsts= Tbfe puttced tmdftbfr i tfig tm tikajf i pirtckujir kbijjfedf, wf giy wiet tm rst kmesc`fr tbf dmijs mo tbf prmlfkt. [gijj tfigs irf gmrf idcjf, ie` hfttfr pmsctcmef` tm tfst i emvfj mr `csruptcvf c`fi. Pbcs gfies mef giy hf hfttfr moo stirtced wctb i sgijjfr tfig ce tbf prmmo-mo-kmekfpt pbisf ie` fedidf tbf jirdfr tfig jitfr tm oujjj tbf c`fi–s prmgcsf. Omr skcfetcsts, ct giy hf fisy tm hfjcfvf tbit i``ced iemtbfr gfghfr mr tbrff tm i tfig wcjj ijwiys hf tbf rcdbt kbmckf, mr it tbf vfry jfist kie–t burt. Hut is tbf e`ceds ce tbcs kbiptfr sbmw, wbfe tryced tm `fvfjmp ceemvitcvf c`fis, gmrf pfmpjf cse–t ijwiys hfttfr, is jirdfr tfigs sbcot tbf omkus ie` mutkmgf iwiy ormg `csruptcme. Ct cs ijsm cgpmrtiet tm tbcea kirfoujjy ihmut oue`ced `fkcscmes ce jcdb jcdbtt mo tb tbfs fsff e` e`ce ceds ds.. Eitu Eituri rijj jjy, y, wf kie kie kmue kmuett me jird jirdff tf tfig igss tm rfjcihjy prm`ukf cgpmrtiet wmra. Sft wf kie –t issugf tbit tbf hcddfr tbff tf tb tfig ig,, tbf tbf hftt hfttfr fr cts cts kmet kmetrc rchu hutc tcme me wcjj wcjj hf. hf. Pbfr Pbfrff cs fvc` fvc`fe fekf kf tbit tbit oue`ced oue` ced idfekcfs idfekcfs giy prfofr jirdfr tfigs mvfr sgijjfr sgijjfr mefs, fvfe wbfe hmtb irf fquijjy quijcf` Q8>3W. Pbcs tfe`feky kie kmetrchutf tm i sfjooujjjced prmpbfky, oueefjced suppmrt `csprmpmrtcmeitfjy tm jirdf tfigs,
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps2, @mud @mudji jiss ^risbfr, `rfssf` ce i wbctf tcf ie` ticjs, sit wctb bcs wcof, Dcei, hfefitb djcttfrced djctt frced kbie`fjc kbie`fjcfrs frs suspfe`f suspfe`f` ` ormg tbf Hjuf Bijj–s sfvfe-stmry sfvfe-stmry kfcjced. kfcjced. ^risbfr wis ce [tmkabmjg tm kfjfhritf tbf cgpikt bcs wmra bis bi` me tbf wmrj` wmrj`>2 Emhfj ^rczf ce Kbfgcstry, wfrf Girtce Kbijf ie` Xmdfr Pscfe, twm rfsfirkbfrs tm wbmg ^risbfr bi` gicjf` bcs kjmef` DO^ dfef df ef ce i gmgf gmgfet et mo kirf kirffr fr-k -kru rusb sbce ced d `fsp `fspme me`f `fek eky y lust lust wb wbfe fe bf `fkc`f` tm jfivf skcfekf. Me tbf gmreced mo Mktmhfr 2, 8>>2, wbfe ^risbfr bfir` me bcs actkbfe ri`cm tbf efws tbit DO^-rfjitf` rfsfirkb bi` wme tbf Emhfj ^rczf, bf wis lust dfttced rfi`y tm dm tm wmra ‛ emt ce i ji jih h mr uecv uecvfr frsc scty ty,, hut hut is i kmur kmurtf tfsy sy vie vie `rcv `rcvfr fr it i Pmym Pmymti ti `fijfrsbcp ce Buetsvcjjf, Ijihigi. ^risbfr–s trcp tm [wf`fe, pic` omr hy tbf efwjy gcetf` prczfwceefrs, wis tbf rst vikitcme bf bi` tiafe ce yfirs. Pbf tuxf`m bf wmrf wis rfetf` omr tbf ecdbt, ie` ct picrf` wfjj wctb tbf `rfssy sbmfs tbit i Buetsvcjjf stmrf bi` jft bcg hmrrmw. Bf witkbf` tbf kfrfgmey ormg tbf iu`cfekf hfkiusf bcs `fkcscme tm j fi v f s k c fe kf ` f ki ` f s i d m i j s m ` r m p p f ` b c g m o o t b f E m h f j kmggcttff–s gip. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps9? Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps6W. Ce`ff`, ckmeck ikbcfvfgfets irf motfe aemwe hy tbf `cskmvfrced skcfetcst –s eigf< Fukjc`fie dfmgftry, Efwtme–s jiws mo gmtcme, Gfe`fjcie cebfrctiekf, ie` tbf Bfcsfehfrd uekfrticety prcekcpjf, tm eigf i ofw. [cgcjirjy, tbf skcfekf prczfs tbit hfstmw scdeckiet eiekcij rfwir` ie` emtmrcfty ‛ ormg tbf Emhfj ^rczfs, tm tbf Ocfj`s Gf`ij, tm tbf I. G. Purced Iwir` ‛ tfe` tm fxkjuscvfjy vijuf ce`cvc`uij kmetrchutcmes. Tbcj Tb cjff tb tbff gm`f gm`f mo prm` prm`uk uktc tcme me ce sk skcf cfek ekff bis bis hffe hffe sbco sbcotc tced ed tmwir` tmw ir` tfigs, tfigs, cgpmrt cgpmrtiet iet `fkcsc `fkcscmes mes ce skc skcfek fekff irf stcjj stcjj his hisf` f` ijgmst ijgmst fetcrfjy me ce`cvc`uij ikbcfvfgfet. Ce`ff`, ippmcetgfet, prmgmtcme, ie` tfe tfeurf urf prmkfs prmkfssfs sfs ce iki`fg iki`fgci ci kfe kfetfr tfr me ce` ce`cvc cvc`u `uij ij fvi fviju juitc itcme mes, s, `fspctf tbf oikt tbit gmst kirffrs irf emw hucjt tbrmudb tfigwmra. Tf skcfetcsts tbfrfomrf motfe eff` tm `cstceducsb mur kmetrchutcmes ormg mur kmjjihmritmrs–, wbftbfr ippjyced omr i driet, hfced kmesc`frf` omr @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps98 Emhfj ^rczf ce ^byscks omr bcs kmetrchutcme tm quietug kmgputced. kmgpu tced. (h) [tfvfe Kbu, tbf rst iutbmr, wme tbf 9334 Emhfj ce ^byscks omr tbf pipfr omkusced me tbf kmmjced ie` trippced mo itmgs wctb jisfr jcdbt. (k) Ce 8>>4, Ijhfrt Ofrt, tbf gc``jf iutbmr mo tbf pipfr, rfkfcvf` tbf Emhfj ^rczf ce ^byscks omr tbf `cskmvfry pipfrs mo tbf dciet gideftmrfscstiekf foofkt (DGX). tbrff fxigpjfs ^bysckijIjj Xfvcfw Jfttfrs, irf prczfwceeced puhjcsbf` ce tbf sigf lmureij, `fgmestritced tbf ighcducty mo ijjmkitced krf`ct hy scgpjy rfi`ced tbf hyjcef mo i pipfr.
ie iwir`, sffaced ie iki`fgck ippmcetgfet, mr rfqufstced i prmgmtcme. tcm e. [m bmw `m tfeurf tfeurf kmggct kmggcttff tffss ie` iwir`iwir`-dri drietc etced ed cestc cestctut tutcme cmess ittfgpt tm `cskfre wbckb ce`cvc`uijs `fsfrvf krf`ct omr kmjjihmritcvf rfsfirkb= Pbf `co kujty wctb ijjmkitced krf`ct omr kmjjihmritcvf wmra cs rmmtf` ce i `ffp ceomrgitcme isyggftry< Tf kieemt fiscjy `cskfre tbf scdeckiekf mo ce`cvc`uij kmetrchutcmes hy rfi`ced tbf hyjcef mo i pipfr. Omr fxigpjf, Ocd. 9;.9 sbmws tbrff Emhfj prczfwceeced pipfrs wctb gujtcpjf iutbmrs, fikb puhjcsbf` ce tbf sigf lmureij, ^bysckij lmureij, ^bysckij Xfvcfw Jfttfrs (^XJ ^XJ). ). Mejy mef iutbmr ormg fikb pipfr wis iwir`f` tbf Emhfj ^rczf. [m, wbm wfrf tbf jukay prczfwceefrs= Is tbf durf sbmws, tbfrf cs em scgpjf ieswfr< tbf Emhfjcst cs smgftcgfs tbf rst iutbmr, smgftcgfs tbf jist, mr kie hf smgfwbfrf ce hftwffe. Pm hf kjfir, tbcs cssuf cse–t lust ihmut rfkmdectcme, mr dcvced krf`ct wbfrf krf`ct cs `uf1 ct –s ijsm ihmut rfspmeschcjcty ‛ hfkiusf wctb @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttpsW. Ce dfefrij, tbfrf irf twm emrgs omr smrtced iutbmrs, ijpbihftckij ie` eme-ijpbihftckij. Jft–s stirt wctb tbf gmrf prfvijfet mef< eme-ijpbihftckij mr`frced.
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Ce giey irfis mo skcfekf, fspfkcijjy tbf eiturij skcfekfs, iutbmrs mr`fr tbfgsfjvfs me i hyjcef hisf` me tbfcr kmetrchutcmes wctbce tbf tfig. Ce hcmjmdy, tbf ce`cvc`uij pfromrgced tbf jcme –s sbirf mo tbf wmra cs tbf jfi` iutbmr, omjjmwf` sfqufetcijjy hy tbmsf giaced prmdrfsscvfjy jfssfr kmetrchutcmes. Pbfrfomrf, wf fxpfkt tbit tbf sfkme` iutbmr bi` jfss suhstietcij kmetrchutcmes tbie tbf rst, hut gmrf tbie tbf tbcr` iutbmr, ie` sm me. Pbf krctckij fxkfptcme cs tbf jist iutbmr, wbm motfe dfts is gukb krf`ct, co emt gmrf, tbie tbf rst iutbm iutbmr. r. Jcstce Jcstced d tbf prcekcpij cevfstcditmr jist bis hfkmgf ie ikkfptf` stie`ir` ce eiturij skcfekfs ie` fedceffrced. Pbf jist iutbmr, ijsm kijjf` tbf kmrrfspme`ced iutbmr, cs issugf` tm hf tbf cetfjjfktuij, eiekcij, ie` mrdieczitcmeij `rcvced omrkf hfbce` tbf rfsfirkb. Bfekf fvijuitcme kmggcttffs ie` oue`ced hm`cfs motfe tiaf jist iutbmrsbcp is i scde mo cetfjjfktuij jfi`frsbcp ie` usf tbcs is i krctfrcme ce bcrced, drietced, ie` prmgmtcme. Hut `mfs tbf mr`fr mo iutbmrsbcp ce`ff` rf fkt wbit ct purpmrts tm rfprfsfet= Tf emw bivf quietctitcvf ieswfrs tm tbcs qufstcme, tbieas tm spfkck iutbmr kmetrchutcme sfktcmes cekju`f` ce puhjckiEiturf, omr tcmes tcm es ikrmss ikrmss gujtcp gujtcpjf jf `cs `cskcp kcpjce jcefs fs Q899‛89;W. Eiturf, omr fxig fxigpj pjf, f, stirtf` tm cekju`f fxpjckct jcsts mo iutbmr kmetrchutcmes ce 9333 Q890W, i prik priktc tckf kf em emw w i`mp i`mptf tf` ` hy giey giey mtbf mtbfrr lm lmur urei eijs js.. Tb Tbcj cjff tbf tbf fxik fxiktt kjissckitcme skbfgf `coofrs ormg lmureij tm lmureij, iutbmrs irf dfefrijjy isaf` tm sfjo-rfpmrt tbfcr kmetrchutcmes ce scx kitfdmrcfs< (9) ieijyzf` `iti, (8) kmjjfktf` `iti, (;) kmekfcvf` fxpfrcgfets, (0) pfromrgf` fxpfrcgfets, (6) wrmtf tbf pipfr, ie` ( ?) rfvcsf` tbf pipfr. Ieijyzced tbfsf sfjo-rfpmrts ijjmws us tm rfjitf tbf `utcfs pfromrgf` me iey dcvfe prmlfkt tm iutbmr mr`fr. Ce`ff`, hy ieijyzced ihmut 2>,>>> irtckjfs irtckj fs puhj puhjcsbf` csbf` hftwffe hftwffe 8>>? ie` 8>90 ce tbf gujtc`csk gujtc`cskcpjc cpjceiry eiry ^JM[ MEF, MEF, rfsfirkbfrs kmergf` tbit rst ie` jist iutbmrs lmureij ^JM[ lmureij
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irf ce`ff` tbf twm gmst cgpmrtiet me i pipfr< Pbf rst iutbmr cs typckijjy cevmjvf` ce ijgmst ijj ispfkts mo tbf rfpmrtf` rfsfirkb, ormg ruee ru eece ced d tbf tbf fxpf fxpfrc rcgf gfet et tm wr wrct ctce ced d tbf tbf pipf pipfr, r, ie` ie` tbf tbf ji jist st iutb iutbmr mr issu is sugf gfss i supf supfrv rvcs csmr mry y rmjf rmjf omr omr tbf tbf prml prmlfk fkt, t, gice gicejy jy `fsc `fscde dece ced d ie` ie` kmekfcvced tbf rfsfirkb ie` wrctced tbf pipfr (Ocd. 9;.8i). Xfdir`jfss mo bmw giey iutbmrs irf me tbf pipfr, tbf rst iutb iutbmr mr ijwiys ijwiys giafs @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps9? Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps94 pipfr puhjcsbf` ce Dfefs, ce Dfefs, Hrice, ie` Hfbivcmr Q Hfbivcmr Q89?W wis rftriktf` i ofw gmetbs iotfr cts puhjckitcme, hut emt omr iki`fgck gcskme`ukt mr frrmr, hut `uf tm i `csputf mvfr tbf mr`fr mo tbf iutbmrs, prmgptced tbf lmureij tm rfjfisf ie ueusuij stitfgfet< Pbf rftriktcme rftriktcme bis hffe idrff` is ijj iutb iutbmrs mrs kieemt idrff me i rf rfvc vcsf sf` ` iutb iutbmr mr mr`f mr`fr, r, ie ie` ` it jf jfis istt mef mef iutb iutbmr mr kmet kmetce ceuf ufss tm `csputf tbf mrcdceij mr`fr.
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Pbf pfrkfetidf mo puhjckitcmes puhjckitcmes ce wbckb twm mr gmrf kmiutbmrs kmiutbmrs kjicg lmcet rst iutbmrsbcp bis `rigitckijjy cekrfisf` ce tbf pist ;> yfirs. [ukb ‚kmrst iutbmrsbcp,‗ is ct–s kijjf`, cs pirtckujirjy prmgcefet ce hcmgf`ckij ie` kjceck kjc eckij ij lmurei lmureijs. js. Giey Giey lmu lmurei reijs js wf wfet et orm ormg g biv bivced ced em suk sukb b pip pipfrs frs ce 933> tm bivced km-rst iutbmrsbcp ce gmrf tbie ;> pfrkfet mo ijj rfsfirkb puhjckitcmes ce 8>98 Q894W.Pbf cekrfisf bis hffe gmst `rigitck ce bcdbKfjj pipfrs, ;8.3 pfrkfet mo cgpikt lmureijs< Ce 8>98, ;?.3 pfrkfet mo mo Kfjj Eiturf pipfrs, Eiturf [kcfekf pipfrs bi` km-rst iutbmrs. pipfrs, ie` 80 .3 pfrkfet mo [kcfekf pipfrs Pbfrf irf giey rfismes omr tbf cekrfisced prfvijfekf mo lmcet rst iutbmrsbcps. Ocrst, puhjcsbced ce i kmgpftctcvf lmureij rfqucrfs fxtfescvf foomrt hy gmrf tbie mef jfi` cevfstcditmr. Bfekf tbcs trfe` cs jcafjy tm kmetceuf, fspfkcijjy is rfsfirkb drmws cekrfiscedjy kmgpjfx ie` is tfigs irf cekrfiscedjy eff`f` tm tikajf cgpmrtiet skcfetck ie` kjceckij kbijjfedfs. Ijsm, ce cetfr`cskcpjceiry wmra, i prmlfkt motfe rfqucrfs tbf lmcet, omkusf` kmetrchutcme mo twm mr gmrf jfi` iutbmrs wctb kmgpjfgfetiry fxpfrtcsf1 em mef ce`cvc`uij bis ijj mo tbf aemwjf`df eff`f` tm usbfr i prmlfkt tbrmudb ce`fpfe`fetjy. Sft, km-rst iutbmrsbcps ijsm cetrm`ukf efw krf`ct ijjmkitcme prmhjfgs. Ce`ff`, ijtbmudb km-rst iutbmrsbcp cs kjfirjy ce`ckitf` hy istfrcsas mr supfrskrcpts ce tbf mrcdceij pipfr, wbfe i kctitcme cs fekmuetfrf` me i rfofrfekf jcst, tbfrf cs em wiy mo aemwced wbftbfr ct wis i km- rst iutbmr sctuitcme mr emt. Tmrsf stcjj, omr jmed iutbmr jcsts, kctitcmes i`mpt tbf ‚ft ij.‗ styjf, wbckb jcsts tbf rst iutbmr–s jist eigf mejy. It tbf tcgf mo tb tbcs cs wr wrct ctce ced, d, wf ir irff me mejy jy lust lust hf hfdc dcee eece ced d tm `fvf `fvfjm jmp p ef efw w kmev kmevfe fetc tcme mess irmue` lmcet iutbmrsbcps< Lmureijs jcaf Distrmfetfrmjmdy jcaf Distrmfetfrmjmdy Q892, 893W ie` Gmjfkujir Hcmjmdy mo tbf Kfjj Q Q 88>W, omr cestiekf, emw rfqucrf iutbmrs tm usf hmj` jfttfrced ce kctitcmes rfofrrced tm lmcet rst iutbmrsbcps, sm tbit fvfry `fsfrvced iutbmr rfkfcvfs fquij rfkmdectcme fvfry tcgf tbfcr wmra cs kctf`.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps99, jfss tbie 0 pfrkfet mo ijj pipfrs kbmsf tm jcst tbfcr iutbmrs ijpbihftck ijpb ihftckijjy. ijjy. I`gcttf`jy I`gcttf`jy,, 0 pf pfrk rkfe fett cs i sgi sgijj eu eugh ghfr fr,, hut hut tb tbi it `mfs `mfs em emtt gfie tbit ijpbihftckij iutbmrsbcp cs jcafjy tm `csippfir fetcrfjy. Pbf `fkjce `fkj ceff scgpj scgpjy y rffkt fktss tbf oikt tbit eme-ij eme-ijpb pbihf ihftck tckij ij `cskcp `cskcpjce jcefs, fs, jcaf jcaf hcmjmdy ie` gf`ckcef, irf fxpie`ced gmrf ripc`jy tbie fj`s jcaf gitbfgitcks. Ce`ff`, tbf ijpbihftck kmevfetcme rfgices bcdbjy kmekfetritf`
ce i bie` bie`ou oujj mo skc kcfe fetc tck suhl suhlfk fkts ts,, wc wctb tbce ce wbck wbckb b cts cts usf usf bis bis rf rfgi gice cef` f` ritb ritbfr fr stihjf. Ijpbihftck jcstced mo iutbmrsbcp cs gmst kmggme ce gitbfgitcks, ikkmuetced omr 4;.; pfrkfet mo pipfrs (Pihjf 9;.9). Oceiekf kmgfs ce sfkme` wctb ?2.; pfrkfet, omjjmwf` hy fkmemgcks ie` pirtckjf pbyscks. Tby Tb y `me `me–t tbf tbfsf fj fj`s `s fghr fghrik ikff i gmrf gmrf ce ceom omrg rgit itcv cvff emeemeijpbihftckij kmevfetcme= I stitfgfet ormg tbf Igfrckie Gitbfgitckij [mkcfty (IG[) moofrs i bcet Q 9??W< Ce gmst irfis mo gitbfgitcks, lmcet rfsfirkb cs i sbirced mo c`fis ie` sacjjs tbit kieemt hf ittrchutf` tm tbf ce`cvc`uijs sfpiritfjy. Xfsfirkbfrs– rmjfs irf sfj`mg `coofrfetcitf` (is tbfy irf ce jihmritmry skcfekfs, omr fxigpjf). @ftfrgceced wbckb pfrsme kmetrchutf` wbckb c`fis cs motfe gfiecedjfss hfkiusf tbf c`fis drmw ormg kmgpjfx `cskusscmes igmed ijj pirtefrs. I``ctcmeijjy, ce fj`s tbit mhfy ijpbihftckij mr`frced, tbf `fectcme mo iutbm iu tbmrsb rsbcp cp cs suhsti suhstiet etci cijjy jjy `coofr `coofrfe fett ormg ormg tbmsf tbmsf tbit tbit `me `me–t. Ce emeijpbihftckij `cskcpjcefs, scekf tbf pjikfgfet mo eigfs wctbce tbf iutbmr jcst kjfirjy suddfsts tbf rmjf tbfy pjiyf` ce tbf prmlfkt, ce`cvc`uijs wbm gi`f gi `f i gi gird rdcceij kme kmetr trcchutcme tm tb tbff wmra kie kie hf i``f` `f` tm tb tbff iutb iutbm mr jcst cst ce i wiy tbit `mfs emt `fvijuf tbf kmrf iutbmrs– bir` wmra. Hut scekf fvfrymef me ie ijpbihftckij jcst cs kmesc`frf` fquij, i``ced ie ue`fsfrvced pfrsme pfrsme cs ooir ir gmrf kmstjy, kmstjy, ie` bfe bfekf kf wirriet wirrietss gmrf `fjcki `fjckitf tf kmesc`f kmesc`frritcmes itc mes.. Omr fxi fxigpj gpjf, f, ce ijpb ijpbih ihftc ftcki kijj fj` fj`ss jcaf jcaf fkmem fkmemgck gcks, s, gfrfjy gfrfjy kmetrc kme trchut hutced ced `i `iti ti tm i prmlfk prmlfktt `mfse `mfse–t wirri wirriet et iutbm iutbmrs rsbcp bcp,, wbcjf wbcjf ce hcmjmdy hcmjmd y mr gf`ckcef, gf`ckcef, wbckb irf eme-ijpbih eme-ijpbihftckij ftckij `cskcpjcefs, `cskcpjcefs, ct orfqufetjy `mfs. `mf s. Kmesfqu Kmesfqufetj fetjy, y, tbf ikaemw ikaemwjf` jf`dgf dgfets ets sfktcme sfktcme me i gitbfgi gitbfgitcks tcks pipfr motfe kmetice ikaemwjf`dfgfets omr scdeckiet ‚iutbmr-wmrtby‗ @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps.9%
>.8%
Gf`ckcef, Dfefrij & Cetfreij Gitfrcijs [kcfekf, Gujtc`cskcpjceiry
>.8%
>.?%
Efurmskcfekfs
>.2%
Kbfgcstry, Gujtc`cskcpjceiry Kbfgcstry, ^bysckij
>.3%
^byscks, Ippjcf`
9.;%
Fedceffrced, Fjfktrckij & Fjfktrmeck Bcstmry
^byscks, Gitbfgitckij
;8.9%
[titcstcks & ^rmhihcjcty
;;.2%
Gitbfgitcks, Ippjcf`
00.4%
64.0%
^byscks, ^bysck s, ^irtck ^irtckjfs jfs & Ocfj`s Gitbfgitcks
;.?% ;>.4%
Fkmemgcks
>.3%
64.0% 48.2%
kmetrchutcmes, jcaf prmvc`ced tbf omue`itcmeij c`fi omr tbf prmlfkt mr kmrrfkt prmmos mo afy tfkbeckij rfsujts eff`f` hy tbf iutbmrs. Ct cs emt uekmggme omr gitbfgitckcies tm moofr tbfcr kmjjfidufs iutbmrsbcp, mejy tm hf pmjctfjy `fkjcef`. [m kmjjfidufs wbmsf kmetrchutcmes wfrf fssfetcij tm tbf sukkfss mo i pipfr fe` up gfrfjy ikaemwjf`df`. Pbfr Pb frff irf irf sf sfvf vfri rijj hfef hfefts tm tb tbff ijpb ijpbih ihft ftck ckij ij mr mr`f `frc rced ed.. Omr Omr stirtfrs, ct–s kmevfecfet, ijjmwced iutbmrs tm ivmc` tbf iwawir` `fhitf ihmut wbmsf eigf dmfs rst mr sfkme`. Ourtbfrgmrf, wctb tbf hir omr iutb iu tbmr mrsb sbcp cp bf bfj` j` bcdb bcdb,, ijpb ijpbih ihft ftcz czit itcm cme e `fkr `fkrfi fisf sfss tbf tbf orfq orfquf ufek eky y mo ‚dufst‗ iutbmrs. ([ff Hmx 8.?.9.) @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps jfi` iutbmrs omue` tbit i sbmkaced ;; pfrkfet mo skbmji skb mjirjy rjy pip pipfrs frs ce tbf tbf hcmjm hcmjmdck dckij, ij, pby pbysck sckij ij mr ssmkc mkcij ij skcfek skcfekfs fs bi` it jfi jfist st mef iutbmr wbmsf kmetrchutcme `c` emt gfft ikkfptf` `fectcmes omr kmiutbmrsbcp Q9??, 888W. Pbf cekc`fekf mo ‚ue`fsfrvf`‗ kmiutbmrs cekrfisfs ormg 3 pfrkfet me pipfrs wctb tbrff iutbmrs tm ;> pfrkfet me pipfrs wctb gmrf tbie scx iutbmrs Q89;W, wctb tbf gmst kmggmejy kctf` rfisme omr ikkfptced ue`fsfrvf` iutbmrsbcp hfced iki`fgck prmgmtcme Q909W. I oir gmrf sfrcmus kmekfre irf ‚dbmst iutbmrs,‗ ce`cvc`uijs wbm gi`f gi `f suhs suhsti tiet etcv cvff km kmet etrc rchu hutc tcme mess tm i pu puhj hjck ckit itcm cme e hu hutt wb wbm m wf wfrf rf em emtt
ikaemwjf`df` is iutbmrs Q88;W. Piaf, omr fxigpjf, Xmhfrt Hmyjf, tbf gmst ikkjicgf` kbfgcst ce sfvfetffetb-kfetury Jme`me. Bcs jihmritmry wis pmpujitf` wctb isscstiets wbm tfe`f` `cstcjjitcmes, igijdigitcmes, ie` rfktckitcmes, gi`f mhsfrvitcmes, ie` rfkmr`f` tbfg omr Hmyjf –s usf Q880W. Sft wf aemw ihsmjutfjy emtbced ihmut tbfsf rfsfirkbfrs mr tbfcr kmetrchutcmes tm tbf rfsfirkb ‛ emt fvfe tbfcr eigfs ‛ scekf Hmyjf puhjcsbf` ijj tbfcr e`ce e`ceds ds ie` kmetrchutcme kmetrchutcmess is bcs mwe (Ocd. 9; .;). Veomrtueitfjy, tbcs pbfemgfeme bis emt ihitf` ce tbf kfeturcfs scekf. I rfkfet fstcgitf ce`ckitfs tbit gmrf tbie bijo mo tbf pipfrs ce giey `cskcpjcefs bivf it jfist mef dbmst iutbmr Q888W. Pbf prcgiry vcktcgs irf motfe dri`uitf stu`fets, wbmsf rfjfditcme tm dbmst iutbmr stitus kie burt tbfcr kbiekfs mo kirffr i`viekfgfet.
Ocdurf 9;.; Cevcschjf tfkbeckcies. Irtcstck kmevfetcme bfjpf` fesurf tbf jmwjy tfkbeckcie–s cevcschcjcty ce tbf sfvfetffetb kfetury hy `fpcktced tbf idfets mpfritced skcfetck cestrugfets is puttc, mr kbfruhs, ritbfr tbie bugie hfceds. Ormg Dispir [kbmtt, Gfkbiecki by`riujckm-pefugitcki Q 886W. Iotfr [bipce Q880W. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttpsW. Co wf jmma it ijj oikujty gfghfrs ce fkmemgcks `fpirtgfets it tbf tmp ;> Igfrckie uecvfrsctcfs, ihmut ;> pfrkfet mo tbfg oicjf` tm wce tfeurf it tbfcr rst cestct ces tctutc utcme me Q8;>W. Sf Sft, t, hrma hrmafe fe `m `mwe we hy dfe` dfe`fr fr,, i dcie dciett `csp `cspir irct cty y fgfrdfs< omrty-fcdbt pfrkfet mo wmgfe ‛ efirjy bijo mo ijj ofgijf ippjckiets! ‛ wfrf turef` `mwe omr tfeurf, kmgpirf` tm lust 8; pfrkfet mo gijf ippjckiets. Tby `mfs sukb i kbisg fxcst= Kmuj` ct hf rmmtf` ce `coofrfet prm`uktcvcty pittfres= Pbf ieswfr cs em. Co wf gfisurf tbf eughfr mo puhjck puh jckitc itcme mess omr hmtb hmtb gfe ie` wm wmgfe gfe fkmemg fkmemgcst cstss hfomrf hfomrf rfkfcv rfkfcvced ced tfeurf, ie` ikkmuet omr tbf prfstcdf mo tbf lmureijs ce wbckb tbfsf pipfrs wfrf puhjcsbf`, wf e` tbit tbf twm drmups irf stitcstckijjy ce`cstceducsbihjf Q8;>W. Mvfr tbf yfirs rfsfirkbfrs bivf cevfstcditf` mtbfr pjiuschjf fxpjieitcmes, cekju`ced bftfrmdfefmus tfeurf-drietced ritfs ikrmss uecvfrsctcfs, wbckb suhfj`s mo fkmemgck fkmemgckss wmgfe wmgfe wmra ce, hfbivcmrij `coofrfekfs sukb is kmgpftctcvfefss ie` kme`fekf Q8;9W, ie` tbf rmjf mo kbcj`-hfirced. Hut ct tures mut, emef mo tbfsf oiktmrs kie 9
quctf fxpjice tbf dfe`fr dip ce tfeurf mutkmgfs Q 883W. Is sukb, i scdecki kiet et pmrt pmrtcm cme e (mvf (mvfrr ;>%) mo tbf tbf dfe` dfe`fr fr prmgm rmgmtc tcm me dip bis rfgicef` i puzzjced gystfry Q883, 8;>W. Hutt rf Hu rfkf kfet et rf rfsf sfir irkb kb bi biss omue omue` ` tbit tbit tbf tbf fxpj fxpjie ieit itcm cme e omr omr tbf tbf dfe`fr dip ce tfe tfeurf ritfs giy hf quctf scgpjf Q8;>W< Tmgf Tmgfe e 9
Pm hf surf, giey mo tbfsf vircihjfs `m pjiy i rmjf. Omr fxigpjf, tbf oigcjy kmggctgfet mo ofgijf oikujty cs i scdeckiet oiktmr, hut ct gmstjy fxpjices wby wmgfe tiaf i yfir jmedfr me ivfridf tm hf kmesc`frf` omr tfeurf, ie` ippfirs tm bivf em cgpikt me tfeurf mutkmgf.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps >.2 f r >.? u e f P>.0
Gijf
>.8
Ofgijf
>.> >.>
>.8
>.0
>.?
>.2
Oriktcme mo pipfrs tbit irf smjm-iutbmrf`
Ocdurf 9;.0 Pfig km kmgpmsct gpmsctcme cme mo p pipfrs ipfrs ie ie` ` tfeur tfeurff ritf. Kmrrfjitcme hftwffe tfeurf ritf ie` tbf oriktcme mo ie ce`cvc`uij–s pipfrs tbit irf smjm-iutbmrf`, spjct hy dfe`fr. Hmtb vircihjfs irf pjmttf` iotfr kmetrmjjced omr tbf eughfr mo yfirs ct tmma tm dm up omr tfeurf, ivfridf lmureij riea omr smjm ie` kmiutbmrf kmiutbmrf` ` puhjck puhjckitcme itcmes, s, tmtij kctitcmes kctitcmes,, wctb tfeurf skbmm skbmmj, j, yfir, ie` fj` xf` foofkts. Pbf jcef mo hfst t cs sbmwe sfpiritfjy omr gfe ie` wmgfe (E 7 7 668 ), wbckb sbmws tbf sjmpf fquijs tm >.09 omr wmgfe
ie` > .>6 omr gfe. Iotfr [irsmes Q8;>W.
fkmemgcsts oikf ie femrgmus pfeijty omr kmjjihmritced (Ocd. 9;.0). Pbit cs, co wf smrt fkmemgcsts hisf` me tbfcr tfe`feky tm kmjjihmritf ‛ is gfisurf` hy tbf oriktcme mo smjm-iutbmrf` pipfrs ce ie fkmemgcst –s ‛
kirffr wbm ijmef tbf si sigf gf sukk su ofgijf kkfs fsss ritf rifkmemgcsts tf omr omr rf rfkf kfcv cvce ced d ijwiys tfeu tfeurf rf wmra is tbfc tbfcr r gijf gibivf jf kmue kmfxiktjy uetf tfrp rpir irts ts.. Ce`ff`, omr hmtb gijf ie` ofgijf fkmemgcsts, fikb smjm-iutbmrf` pipfr ricsfs tbf prmhihcjcty mo dfttced tfeurf hy ihmut 2 mr 3 pfrkfet. Sft, is smme sm me is tbfc tbfcrr K_s K_s st stir irtt tm cekj cekju` u`ff tf tfig ig-i -iut utbm bmrf rf` ` pipf pipfrs rs,, tbf tbf twm twm dfe`frs pirt wiys. Gfe dft lust is gukb krf`ct omr kmjjihmritcvf rfsfirkb is omr smjm wmra, gfieced tbit tbf kirffr prmspfkts mo smjctiry fkmemgcsts ie` tfig pjiyfrs irf foofktcvfjy tbf sigf omr gfe. Bmwfvfr, wbfe wmgfe wrctf wctb ofgijf kmiutbmrs, tbf hfef t tm tbfcr kirffr prmspfkts cs jfss tbie tb ie bijo bijo tb tbit it ik ikkm kmr` r`f` f` tm gfe. gfe. Pb Pbce ceds ds dft dft fs fspf pfkc kcij ijjy jy `csg `csgij ij wbfe wbfe wmgfe wrctf wctb gfe. Tbfe i ofgijf fkmemgcst kmjjihmritfs wctb mef mr gmrf gijf fkmemgcsts, bfr tfeurf prmspfkts `me prmspfkts `me t cgprmvf it ijj . Ce mtbfr wmr`s, wbfe ct kmgfs tm tfeurf, wmgfe dft fssfetcijjy zfrm krf`ct co tbfy kmjjihmritf wctb gfe. Pbf foofkt cs sm `rigitck tbit tbcs scedjf vircihjf ‛ tbf oriktcme mo smjm-iutbmrf` pipfrs ‛ kie fxpjice gmst mo dfe`fr `coofrfekfs ce tfeurf mutkmgfs. Kmuj Km uj` ` tb tbcs cs kmjj kmjjih ihmr mritc itcme me-h -his isf` f` df dfe` e`fr fr pf pfei eijt jty y hf `uf `uf tm i jika jika mo kjfir krf`ct ijjmkitcme prmtmkmjs ce fkmemgcks= [mkcmjmdcsts, omr fxigpjf, –
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps9? Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps, ?9, ?6W. ^jus, tbrmudb tbf prmkfss mo wmraced sc`f hy sc`f wctb tbf hfst, i ymued rfsfirkbfr kie ijsm ijsm ikqu ikqucr crff ijj ijj ace` ace`ss mo tikc tikctt aemw aemwjf jf`d `dff bf gcdb gcdbtt emt emt mtbf mtbfrw rwcs csff ikkfss, sukb is cescdbts ihmut i gfetmr –s wmraced bihcts, bmw sbf `fvfjm `fvf jmps ps rf rfsf sfir irkb kb qufs qufstc tcme mes, s, ie` ie` bmw bmw sbf sbf rf rfsp spme me`s `s tm kbij kbijjf jfed edfs fs ijmed tbf wiy. Hut ormg i krf`ct pfrspfktcvf, tbfrf irf sfrcmus `mwesc`fs. Fvfe co ymu bi` i kbiekf kbiekf tm kmiutbmr kmiutbmr wctb Fcestfce Fcestfce,, tbf pipfr pipfr wmuj`, wmuj`, rst rst ie ie` ` omrfgmst, ijwiys hf Fcestfce–s. Fvfe tbmudb tbf luecmr iutbmr giy bivf fxfkutf` gmst mo tbf wmra ‛ wbckb cs orfqufetjy tbf kisf ‛ tbfcr foomrts wcjj hf mvfrsbi`mwf`, ie` tbfy–jj fe` up dfttced jfss krf`ct tbie tbfy `fsfrvf. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
/
Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
Ie` iemt Ie` iemtbf bfrr cg cgpm pmrti rtiet et sk skfe feir ircm cm tm pme` pme`fr fr is i pirt mo Giry–s hm`y mo wmra, ritbfr tbie ^ftfr –s (Ocd. 90.8i). Fc-ckbc Efdcsbc, wbm wme tbf 8>9> Emhfj ^rczf ce Kbfgcstry omr bcs lmcet 934? pipfr wctb [bcdfru Hihi (Ocd. 90 .8h) fxfgpjc fs tbcs tbcs sk skfe feir ircm cm.. Ijtb Ijtbmu mudb db Hi Hihi hi kmiu kmiutb tbmr mrf` f` tbf tbf ji jie` e`gi gira ra pipf pi pfr, r, ct wi wiss bcs bcs mejy mejy bcdb bcdb-p -prm rmjf pu puhj hjck ckit itcm cme e me tbf tbf tmpc tmpck. k. Ce kmet km etri rist, st, Ef Efdc dcsb sbcc puhj puhjcs csbf bf` ` sf sfvf vfri rijj mtbf mtbfrr bcdb bcdbjy jy kc kctf` tf` pipf pipfrs rs ce suhsfqufet yfirs. Tbfe tbf Emhfj kmggcttff bi` tm `fkc`f, tbfy iwir`f` tbf prczf tm Efdcsbc ijmef. ,
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps. k. irf lmcet lmcet puhjckitcmes hftwffe tbf sigf twm skcfetcsts, Emvmsfjmv ie` Dfcg. Co tbf twm skcfetcsts ijwiys sbirf iutbmrsbcp, ie mhsfrvfr wctbmut iey mutsc`f ceomrgitcme gust dcvf hmtb iutbmrs fquij krf`ct omr p>. Pbfcr lmcet Emhfj ^rczf omr tbf `cskmvfry mo dripbfef cs ie fxkfjjfet fxigpjf mo tbcs skfeircm< Emvmsfjmv ie` Dfcg emt mejy kmiutbmrf` tbf rst pipfr me dripbfef, hut wfrf ijsm lmcetjy cevmjvf` ce ijgmst ijj bcdbcgpikt puhjckitcmes me tbf tmpck iotfrwir`s, fireced tbfg ie fquij sbirf mo krf`ct omr tbf mrcdceij `cskmvfry. Kjfirjy, bmwfvfr, gmst kisfs irf gmrf kmgpjckitf`, jyced smgfwbfrf ce hftwffe tbf twm fxtrfgfs. Pbf twm iutbmrs giy puhjcsb smgf pipf pi pfrs rs tm tmdf dftb tbfr fr,, ie` ie` sm smgf gf pipf pipfrs rs wc wctb tb mt mtbf bfrr kmiu kmiutb tbmr mrss me scgc scgcji jirr tmpcks. Bfekf tbfcr krf`ct sbirf omr i pirtckujir wmra giy kbiedf wctb tcgf. [m bmw kie wf quietcoy tbf prmpmrtcme mo ‚tbf hm`y mo wmra‗ ijjmki ijj mkitf` tf` tm fikb fikb kmi kmiutb utbmr= mr= Tf kie cespfk cespfktt tbf kmkcti kmkctitcm tcme e pittfr pittfres es hftwffe tbf pipfr ce qufstcme ie` ijj mtbfr pipfrs puhjcsbf` hy tbf
sigf iutbmrs. Ocdurf 90.; cjjustritfs i kmjjfktcvf krf`ct ijjmkitcme ijdm rctbg tbit ijjmws us tm `m lust tbit Q8;?W. Pm dft i sfesf mo bmw tbcs wmra wm ras, s, wf `csk `cskus usss kr krf` f`ct ct ijjm ijjmki kitc tcme me om omrr i pipf pipfrr wctb wctb twm twm irhc irhctri triry ry kmiutbmrs ce Ocd. 90.;. Ce tbf ijdmrctbg mutjcef` ce Ocd 90.;, fikb i``ctcmeij pipfr kmevfys cgpjckct ceomrgitcme ihmut tbf iutbmr–s pfrkfcvf` kmetrchutcme, kipturced, ce i `cskcpjcef-ce`fpfe`fet oisbcme, bmw tbf skcfetc k kmgguec gu ecty ty issc isscde dess kr krf` f`ct ct tm fikb fikb pipf pipfr. r. Pb Pbcs cs ij ijdm dmrc rctb tbg g cs em emtt mejy mejy i tbfmrftckij tmmj hut i prf`cktcvf tmmj< wbfe ippjcf` tm ijj gujtc-iutbmr Emhfj prczf-wceeced puhjckitcmes, tbf gftbm` kmrrfktjy c`fetc f` tbf jiurfitfs is tbf iutbmrs `fsfrvced tbf gmst krf`ct 29 pfrkfet mo tbf tcgf (mr, ce 69 mut mo ?; pipfrs). Xfdir`jfss mo wbftbfr tbf wceefr wis ce bcdb bcd b pbysck pbyscks, s, wb wbfrf frf iutbm iutbmrs rs irf jcstf` jcstf` ijpbih ijpbihftc ftckij kijjy, jy, mr ce hcmjmd hcmjmdy, y, wbfrf i tfig–s jfi`fr cs usuijjy tbf rst mr jist iutbmr, tbf ijdmrctbg kmescstfetjy prf`cktf` tbf wceefrs. Ie` ce tbf 93 pfrkfet mo kisfs wbfrf tbf ijdmrctbg pckaf` tbf wrmed pfrsme, ct motfe rfvfijf` cetfrfstced tfescmes ie` pmtfetcij gcsijjmkitcmes wmrtby mo ourtbfr kmesc`fritcme (sff Hmx 90.;). Pbf krf`ct ijjmkitcme ijdmrctbg cgpjcfs tbit wbfe wf ijjmkitf krf`ct tm tfig gfghfrs, wf `me–t eff` tm aemw wbm iktuijjy `c` tbf wmra. Pbcs ue`frjcefs ie cgpmrtiet gfssidf< [kcfetc k krf`ct cs emt lust ihmut kmetrchutcme ‛ ct–s ijsm ihmut pfrkfptcme. Is sukb, tbcs kbiptfr @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
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Ocdurf 90.; Ie cjjust cjjustritcme ritcme mo i kmj kmjjfktcvf jfktcvf kr krf`ct f`ct ijjm ijjmkitcme kitcme ij ijdmrctb dmrctbg g Q8;?W. (i) Pbf tirdft pipfr p > bis twm iutbmrs, kmjmrf` ce rf` ie` drffe, rfspfktcvfjy. Pm `ftfrgcef tbf krf`ct sbirf dmced tm fikb mo tbf twm iutbmrs omr tbfcr lmcet pipfr p , > wf rst c`fetcoy ijj pipfrs tbit kctf p>< { ` 9,. . ., ` 6}. Tf tbfe trikf tbfcr rfofrfekfs tm c`fetcoy c`fetc oy ijj mtbfr pip pipfrs frs kmkctf kmkctf` ` wctb p>, ^ { p>, p9,. . ..,, p0}. Pbf sft sft mo pip pipfrs frs ^ tbus rfprfsfet tbf tmtij hm`y mo wmra spfkc kijjy rfjitf` tm p >, is fvfry tcgf p > cs rfofrfekf` ce tbf jctfriturf, ct ippfirf` tmdftbfr wctb pipfrs ce ^. Efxt, wf sffa tm `cskmvfr tbf cevmjvfgfet mo tbf twm iutbmrs wctbce tbcs hm`y mo wmra ^ . Is sbmwe ce (h), wf kie rst dm tbrmudb ijj pipfrs ce ^ ie` kijkujitf tbfcr cevmjvfgfet ce p >, p9, . . ., p 0. Ce tbf fxigp fxigpjf jf sbmwe ce (i), hmtb iutbmrs irf isscde isscdef` f` fquij (bijo ) krf`ct omr p > ie` p 9, is tbfy irf tbf mejy twm iutbmrs cevmjvf` ce tbfsf pipfrs. Hut omr p 8, mejy tbf rf` iutbmr cs cevmjvf` wctbce i twm-iutbmr tfig, bfekf tbfy irf isscdef` > .6 krf`ct, wbcjf tbf drffe iutbmr rfkfcvfs > omr tbcs pipfr. Xfpfitced tbcs prmkfss omr ijj pipfrs ce ^ , wf kie mhtice ie iutbmrsbcp cevmjvfgfet gitrcx I , wbfrf fikb fjfgfet Icl `femtfs tbf igmuet mo krf`ct tbit fikb iutbmr dfts ormg fikb pipfr p l puhjcsbf` me tbcs tmpck. (k) Pbf krf`ct ijjmkitcme gitrcx I mhticef` ormg tbf iutbmr jcsts mo tbf kmkctf` pipfrs ce (h). Pbf gitrcx I prmvc`fs tbf iutbmr–s sbirf omr fikb kmkctf` pipfr. Omr fxigpjf, hfkiusf p8 bis tbf rf` iutbmr is mef mo cts twm iutbmrs hut ct jikas tbf drffe iutbmr, ct prmvc`fs > .6 omr tbf rf` iutbmr ie` > .> omr tbf drffe iutbmr. Sft, emt ijj pipfrs ce ^ irf tbf sigf< smgf pipfrs irf gmrf rfjfviet tbie mtbfrs tm p >. Pbcs kie hf rfsmjvf` hy kijkujitced tbf km-kctitcme strfedtb s l hftwffe p > ie` iey dcvfe pipfr ce ^, p l , wbckb gfisurfs tbf eughfr mo tcgfs p > ie` p l irf kctf` tmdftbfr. Pbcs prmkfss cs cjjustritf` ce (`), sbmwced tbf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps94 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps-kfetr -kfetrck ck kmkcti kmkctitcme tcme eftwmra kmestruktf kmestruktf` ` ormg (i), wbfrf tbf wfcdbts mo jceas `femtf tbf kmkctitcme strfedtb s hftwffe tbf kmkctf` pipfrs ie` tbf tirdft pipfr p>. Omr fxigpjf, ce (i), p9 bis mejy hffe kctf` mekf wctb p> (tbrmudb ` 9), wbfrfis p8 ie` p> bivf hffe kctf` ce tie`fg hy omur `coofrfet pipfrs (` 9, ` 8, ` ;, ` 6). Pbfrfomrf, cesmoir is p> cs kmekfref`, p 8 sbmuj` bivf i bcdbfr kmkctitcme strfedtb (c.f., s9 7 9 vs. s8 7 0) tbie p9, gfieced ct cs jcafjy tm hf gmrf kjmsfjy rfjitf`. (f) Tctb p > cs tbf gitrcx I ie` kmkctitcme strfedtb s, tbf krf`ct sbirf mo tbf twm iutbmrs mo p kmgputf` hy tbf gujtcpjckitcme mo tbf twm gitrckfs wctb i prmpfr emrgijczitcme. Pbf ujtcgitf krf`ct ijjmkitf` tm fikb iutbmr hy tbf ijdmrctbg cs scgpjy tbfcr cevmjvfgfet ce tbf hm`y mo wmra, wfcdbtf` hy tbf rfjfviekf mo tbit wmra. Gitbfgitckijjy, tbcs kmrrfspme`s tm tbf gujtcpjckitcme mo iutbmr cevmjvfgfet gitrcx ie` kmkctitcme strfedtb gitrcx, k 7 Is. Iotfr [bfe ie` Hirihésc Q8;?W. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps9; Emhfj ^rczf ce ^byscks, iwir`f` omr tbf `cskmvfry mo tbf ‚Dm` pirtckjf,‗ tbf Bcdds hmsme. [cx pbysckcsts irf krf`ctf` omr tbf 93?0 tbfmry tbit prf`cktf` tbf Bcdds hmsme, hut tbf prczf kmuj` mejy hf sbirf` hy i gixcgug mo tbrff ce`cvc`uijs. O. Fedjfrt ie` X. Hrmut puhjcsbf` tbf tbfmry rst Q8;4W, hut oicjf` tm fsb mut tbf Bcdds hmsme, wbmsf fxcstfekf wis prf`cktf` ce i suhsfqufet pipfr hy ^. T. Bcdds Q 8;2W. D. [. Durijeca, K. X. Bidfe, ie` P. T. H. Achhjf ce`fpfe`fetjy prmpmsf` tbf sigf tbfmry ie` puhjcsbf` ct i gmetb iotfr Fedjfrt ie` Hrmut Q 8;3W, fxpjiceced bmw tb tbff hucj hucj`c `ced ed hjmk hjmkas as mo tbf tbf Ve Vecv cvfr frsf sf df dftt tb tbfc fcrr giss giss.. Ce 8>9>, tbf scx pbysckcsts wfrf dcvfe fquij rfkmdectcme hy tbf Igfrckie ^bysckij [mkcfty (I^[), sbirced tbf [iauric prczf omr tbfmrftckij pirtckjf pbyscks. Sft, tbf Emhfj kmggcttff iwir`f` tbf prczf mejy tm Bcdds ie` Fedjfrt ce 8>9;.
Pbf krf`ct ijjmkitcme ijdmrctbg prf`ckts tbit Bcdds wmuj` dft tbf gmst krf`ct, omjjmwf` hy Achhjf. Fedjfrt, bmwfvfr, cs tbf tbcr`, wctb mejy i sjcdbtjy bcdbfr krf`ct sbirf tbie bcs kmiutbmr Hrmut, wbm `cf` hfomrf tbf Emhjf wis iwir`f`. Durijeca ie` fquijjytbf sbirf tbf rfgiceced krf`ct. Pbcs gfies tbit, ikkmr`ced tm Bidfe tbf ijdmrctbg, 8>9; Emhfj ^rczf omr ^byscks sbmuj` bivf dmef tm Bcdds, Achhjf, ie` Fedjfrt ce tbit mr`fr. Hy pissced mvfr Achhjf, tbf kmggcttff `fvcitf` ormg tbf kmgguecty –s pfrkfptcme mo wbfrf tbf krf`ct jcfs. I scgcjir gcsgitkb hftwffe tbf rfij-wmrj` jiurfitfs ie` tbf ijdmrctbg–s prf`cktcme hrmudbt @mudjis ^risbfr tm mur ittfetcme. Ce 8>>2, wbfe tbf Emhfj prczf wis iwir`f`, bcs krf`ct sbirf omr tbf `cskmvfry mo DO^ wis >.933, tbieas tm tbf giey bcdbjy kctf` afy pipfrs bf kmiutbmrf` me tbf tmpck. Tbcjf tbcs sbirf wis sgijjfr tbie tbit mo twm mo tbf jiurfitfs, Pscfe ie` [bcgmguri (>.04 ie` >.86, rfspfktcvfjy), ct fxkff`f` tbf sbirf mo Girtce Kbijf (>.>3), wbm ijsm rfkfcvf` tbf iwir`.
smjvf`. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, wf motfe lmce i tfig wctbmut kirced ihmut wbm `m sffa dfts tbf krf`ct omr tbf wmra. Hut co wf `m sffa krf`ct, tbfe tbf ijdmrctbg kie bfjp us fstcgitf ibfi` mo tcgf wbftbfr wf kie fvfr bmpf tm dice i emtckfihjf krf`ct omr tbf tfig–s wmra (sff ijsm Hmx 90.0). @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps6, 904W. Omr fxigpjf, ce`cvc`uijs giy hf fekmuridf` tm sfjfkt kmjjihmritmrs pirtjy hisf` me fx-pmst krf`ct kmesc`fritcmes ritbfr tbie tbf foofktcvfefss mo tbf tfig ctsfjo. Tcjj tbf ivicjihcjcty mo sukb gftbm`s giaf kmjjihmritcmes gmrf stritfdck= Ie` co sm, wbit kie wf `m tm kmuetfrhijiekf pfrsmeij cetfrfsts idicest tbf kmjjfktcvf i`viekf mo sk skcf cfek ekf= f= Tf `m em emtt bi bivf vf ie iesw swfr frss tm tb tbfs fsff qu qufs fstc tcme mes. s. Hut, Hut, is mu murr ipprmikb ipprmi kb tm ue`frs ue`frstie tie`ce `ced d tbf gfk gfkbie biecsg csgss wctbce wctbce skc skcfe fekf kf hfkmgf hfkmgfss cekrfiscedjy gmrf skcfetck, ct wmuj` ijjmw us tm ietckcpitf ie` `ftfkt efw sc`f foofkts firjcfr, ie` wctb i hfttfr `cidemscs.
* Ijis, @mrmtby [wicef Ijis, [wicef Pbmgi Pbmgiss oikf` twm kbijjfedfs kbijjfedfs it tbf tcgf ‛ sb sbff wis wis emt mejy i luecmr rfsfirkbfr kmjjihmritced wctb ie fstihjcsbf` pirtefr,
hut ijsm i wmgie ce ie fri wbfe tbf skcfetck kmgguecty rfdujirjy `mwepjiyf` tbf kmetrchutcmes mo wmgfe. Bmwfvfr, bfr stmry `mfs emt fe` ce mhskurcty< [bf fvfetuijjy wfet me tm bivf i `cstceducsbf` skcfetc k kirffr, ikbcfvced i prmgcefet rfputitcme mo bfr mwe. Jcaf T. C. Pbmgis, sbff tmm sb tmm wi wiss fjfk fjfktf tf` ` tm tbf tbf prfs prfscc`fek `feky y mo tbf tbf Igfr Igfrck ckie ie [mk [mkcmjm cmjmdc dcki kijj [m [mkc kcft fty y ce 9368. Hut emef mo tbfsf ikbcfvfgfets prfvfetf` fvfe tbf gmst gftckujmuss skbmji jmu skbmjirs rs orm ormg g ittrch ittrchutc utced ed tbf 9382 hmma hmma smjf smjfjy jy tm bfr bfr oi oigm gmus us kmiutbmr, i priktckf tbit kmetceufs fvfe tm`iy. Tbit–s gmrf, is tbcs kbiptfr giafs kjfir, bi` ct emt hffe omr bfr jitfr stfjjir kirffr, wf giy emt hf drughjced ihmut tbf mgcsscme mo bfr eigf ce tbf rst pjikf ‛ sbf gcdbt bivf hffe jmst tm bcstmry fetcrfjy.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttpsW. Pbit Pbit mot-qu mot-qumtf mtf` ` jce jceff suk sukkce kcektj ktjy y kiptur kipturfs fs i oue`ig oue`igfet fetij ij ofiturf mo skcfekf< cts kugujitcvf eiturf. Ce`ff`, skcfetc k `cskmvfrcfs rirfjy fgfrdf ce csmjitcme hut tfe` tm hucj` me prfvcmus wmra hy mtbfr ‚
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skcfetcsts. [kcfetcsts tbrmudbmut tbf idfs bivf typckijjy ikaemwjf`df` tbf prmvfeiekf mo tbf c`fis tbfy hucjt upme. Mvfr tcgf tbcs kustmg bis turef` cetm i strckt emrg, dcvced rcsf tm kctitcmes. I kctitcme cs i omrgij rfofrfekf tm smgf firjcfr rfsfirkb mr `cskmvfry, fxpjckctjy c`fetcoyced i pirtckujir rfsfirkb pipfr, hmma, rfpmrt, mr mtbfr omrg mo skbmjirsbcp ce i wiy tbit ijjmws tbf rfi`fr tm e` tbf smurkf. Kctitcmes irf krctckij tm skcfetc k kmggueckitcme, ijjmwced rfi`frs tm `ftfrgcef wbftbfr prfvcmus wmra trujy suppmrts tbf iutbmr iutbmr s ir irdu dugf gfet et.. Vs Vsf` f` ippr ipprmp mprci rcitfj tfjy, y, tbfy tbfy bfjp bfjp tbf iutb iutbmr mr hmjstfr tbf strfedtb ie` vijc`cty mo tbfcr fvc`fekf, ittrchutf prcmr c`fis tm tbf ipprmprcitf smurkfs, upbmj` cetfjjfktuij bmefsty, ie` ivmc` pjidcircsg. Omr tbf iutbmr, kctitcmes moofr i vfbckjf tm kme`fesf ie` scdeij aemwjf`df ie` fjcgceitf tbf eff` tm rfprm`ukf –
ijj ijj mo tb tbff hika hikadr drmu mue` e` ceom ceomrgi rgitcm tcme e efkf efkfssi ssiry ry tm ue`f ue`frst rstie ie` ` tbf tbf efw wmra. Jitfjy, bmwfvfr, kctitcmes bivf tiafe me ie i``ctcmeij rmjf< tbf skcfetck kmggue kmgguecty cty b bis is hfdue hfdue usc usced ed tb tbfg fg tm diudf diudf tbf sskcf kcfetc etck cgpi cgpikt kt mo i pirtckujir pipfr mr hm`y mo wmra. Pbcs cs pmsschjf, tbf tbceaced dmfs, hfkiusf skcfetcsts mejy kctf pipfrs tbit irf rfjfviet tm tbfcr wmra. Kmesfqufetjy, drmue`hrfiaced pipfrs tbit cespcrf giey skcfetcsts ie` @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps92 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
rfsfirkb prmlfkts sbmuj` rfkfcvf giey kctitcmes. Me tbf mtbfr bie`, cekrfgfetij rfsujts sbmuj` rfkfcvf ofw mr em kctitcmes. Sftt is st Sf stri ricd cdbt btom omrw rwir ir` ` is tbcs tbcs jcea jceaid idff hftw hftwff ffe e cgpi cgpikt kt ie` ie` kctitcmes giy ippfir, ct cs oriudbt wctb ighcducty< Bmw giey kctitcmes kmestctutfs i jmt = Tbit gfkbiecsgs `rcvf tbf ikkugujitcme mo kctitcmes= Ie` wbit ace`s mo `cskmvfrcfs tfe` tm direfr gmrf kctitcmes= Kie wf aemw bmw giey kctitcmes i pipfr wcjj kmjjfkt ce tbf outurf= Bmw smme kie wf tfjj co i `cskmvfry bis spiraf` sfrcmus cetfrfst= Tf gust ijsm tiaf i stfp hika ie` isa wbit kctitcme kmuets tfjj us ihmut tbf vijc`cty ie` cgpikt mo tbf c`fis `fskrchf` ce tbf pipfr. ^ut scgpjy< Irf kctitcmes gfiecedouj it ijj= ‚
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Tf sffa quietctitcvf ieswfrs tm tbfsf qufstcmes ce tbf efxt scx kbiptfrs. Tf bivf prfvcmusjy fxigcef` i riedf mo pittfres ue`frjyced ce`cvc`uij skcfetck kirffrs ie` kmjjihmritcmes ce tbf rst twm pirts mo tbcs hmma. Emw tbit wf bivf ue`frstmm` i jmt gmrf ihmut tbf prm`ukfrs mo skcfekf, hf ct ce`cvc`uijs mr tfigs, ct cs emw tcgf tm omkus me wbit tbfy prm`ukf. Mur rst qufstcme cs tbfrfomrf, bmw giey pipfrs bivf wf prm`ukf`= Omr tbit, wf eff` tm dm hika tm 9303 ie` piy i vcsct tm [cedipmrf. ‚
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Sfir
Ocdurf 96.9 Pbf drmwtb mo skcfek skcfekf. f. Pbf eughfr mo pipfrs pipfrs kitijmd kitijmduf` uf` ce tbf Tfh mo [kcfekf (Tm[) puhjcsbf` mvfr tbf pist kfetury, cjjustritfs tbf fxpmefetcij drmwtb mo tbf skcfetck jctfriturf. Ct wis mejy `csruptf` irmue` 9396 ie` 930> `uf tm tbf Tmrj` Tirs. Pbf durf ijsm sbmws tbf drmwtb mo tbf pbyscks jctfriturf, wbckb omjjmwss ie fxpmefet omjjmw fxpmefetcij cij drmwtb scgcjir tm tbit omjjmwf` hy skcfekf is i wbmjf. Iotfr [ceitri ft ij. Q99?W. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttpss is `f `f [mjj [mjji i
^rckf fxpfktf`. Xitbfr, cts fxpmefetcij drmwtb bis kmetceuf` omr tbf pist 99> yfirs, ie fxpiescme tbit wis bijtf` mejy tfgpmrircjy hy tbf twm Tmrj` Tirs. Gmrfmvfr, co wf gfisurf tbf drmwtb ritf mo i scedjf `csk `cskcp cpjc jcef ef,, su sukb kb is pbys pbysck cks, s, wf e` scgc scgcji jirr fxpm fxpmef efet etci cijj drmw drmwtb tb (Ocd. 96.9). Pbf oikt tbit ce`cvc`uij `cskcpjcefs bivf ikkfjfritf` ce tbf sigf oisbcme suddfsts tbit tbf fxpiescme mo skcfekf cs emt scgpjy `rcvfe hy tbf fgfrdfekf mo efw fj`s, hut cs cestfi` i ofiturf tbit ippjcfs ikrmss ijj irfis mo skcfekf. Tbit bis tbf fxpmefetcij drmwtb mo skcfekf gfiet omr skcfekf, ie` omr skcfetcsts= Ce tbcs kbiptfr, wf wcjj ittfgpt tm ieswfr tbfsf kmgpjfx qufstcmes.
Hmx 96.9 96.9 Bmw giey giey pipfrs pipfrs irf tbfr tbfrf= f= Kmesc`frced tbf fxpmefetcij drmwtb mo skcfekf mvfr tbf kfeturcfs, ymu gcdbt wme`fr bmw giey pipfrs skcfekf bis prm`ukf`. Ce 8>90, rfsfirkbfrs fstcgitf` tbf tmtij eughfr mo skbmjirjy `mkugfets me tbf Cetfreft usced i ‚gira ie` rfki rfkipturf pturf‗ gftbm` Q80;W (mrcdc (mrcdceij eijjy jy `fvfjm `fvfjmpf pf` ` hy fk fkmjm mjmdcs dcsts ts tm fstcgi fstcgitf tf tbf pmp pmpuji ujitcm tcme e scz sczff mo wcj` wcj` iec iecgij gijss wbfe wbfe tbfy tbfy kieemt kmuet fvfry ce`cvc`uij). Pbfy omue` tbit hika tbfe, tbfrf wfrf it
jfist 990 gcjjcme Fedjcsb-jieduidf skbmjirjy `mkugfets ikkfsschjf me tbf Tfh. Mhvcmusjy, dcvfe tbf sczf mo tbf Cetfreft, wf wcjj efvfr aemw tbf prfkcsf eughfr mo skbmjirjy `mkugfets mut tbfrf. Hut wbitfvfr tbf fstcgitf` eughfr giy hf it iey dcvfe pmcet ce tcgf, ct wmuj` quckajy hfkmgf mut`itf`. Ce`ff`, tbieas tm tbf fxpmefetcij drmwtb mo skcfekf, hy Girkb 8>92, omur yfirs iotfr tbf 990 gcjjcme gcjjcme fstcg fstcgitf` itf`,, Gckrmsmot Gckrmsmot Iki` Iki`fgck fgck [firkb bis ce`fxf` gmrf tbie 949 gcjjcme pipfrs Q800W.
96.8 96 .8
Pbf Pbf Gfie Gfiece cedd mo Fxpm Fxpmef efet etci cijj Dr Drmw mwtb tb
Iey systfg omjjmwced ie gust it if ritf pr ritf prmp mpmr mrtc tcme meij ij tm cts cts kurr kurrfe fettfxpmefetcij sczf sczf.. [c [cek ekffdrmwtb tbf tbf sk skcf cfet etccfxpie` k jctfri jctfritur turf `muhjfs rmudbjy fvfry 98 yfirs, tbcs gfies tbit mo ijj skcfetc k wmra fvfr prm`ukf`, prm`ukf`, bijo mo ct bis hffe prm`ukf` prm`ukf` ce tbf jist 98 yfirs. Pbus, skcfekf cs kbiriktfrczf` hy cggf`ciky Q98W< tbf huja mo aemwjf`df rfgi rfgice cess ij ijwi wiys ys it tbf tbf kutt kuttce ced d f`df f`df.. Ourt Ourtbf bfrg rgmr mrf, f, wctb wctb ie fvfr fvfr-drmwced eughfr mo skcfetcsts, skcfetcsts irf motfe kmetfgpmriefmus @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps tm 3> pfrkfet mo ijj tbf skcfetcsts tbit bivf fvfr jcvf` irf ijcvf emw. Pm ue`frstie` wbit tbcs fxpmefetcij drmwtb bis gfiet omr ce`cvc`uijs, cgidcef i ymued skcfetcst it tbf hfdceeced mo bfr kirffr Q 98W. Iotfr yfirs mo rfi`ced tbf jctfriturf, wctb duc`iekf ormg aemwjf`dfihjf gfetmrs, sbf bis eijjy rfikbf` tbf ormetcfr mo bfr `cskcpjcef, ie` cs rfi`y tm strcaf mut me bfr mwe. Co skcfekf bi` stmppf` drmwced yfirs idm, sbf wmuj` hf vmyidced ijmef cetm uekbirtf` sfis. Tbcjf bippcjy giaced `cskmvfry iotfr `cskmvfry, sbf wmuj` ijsm hf quctf jmefjy, bivced rfji-
tcvfjy ofw pffrs wctb wbmg tm kmjjihmritf mr jfire ormg. Bfekf, ce tbcs rfspfkt, tbf kmetceuij drmwtb mo skcfekf cs dmm` efws, suppjyced igpjf jcaf-gce`f` kmjjfidufs ie` cetfrfstced c`fis, sm tbit skcfetcsts kie hucj` me tbf tbf wmra wmra mo mef mef iemt iemtbf bfrr ie ie` ` fxpj fxpjmr mrff tbf tbf wmrj wmrj` ` mo ueae ueaemw mwes es tmdftbfr. Hut tbf ripc` fxpiescme mo skcfekf dcvfs rcsf tm iemtbfr prmhjfg. Is mur ymued skcfetcst uetcfs tbf rmpf ie` trcfs tm sicj iwiy ormg tbf birhmr, sbf wcjj e` tbit tbfrf irf giey mtbfr hmits, hcd ie` sgijj, bfi`f` ce tbf sigf `crfktcme, kipticef` hy pffrs wctb tbf sigf jfvfj mo tricec tri ceced, ed, ighctc ighctcme, me, `ftfrg `ftfrgce ceitc itcme me,, ie` rfsmur rfsmurkfs kfs.. Pbcs Pbcs kmgpft kmgpftctc ctcvf vf fevcrm fev crmegf egfet et wcjj wcjj biv bivff sfrcmu sfrcmuss kme kmesfq sfqufe ufekfs kfs omr mur mur ymued ymued skcfet skcfetcst cst tbrmudbmut bfr Ocrst, trykirffr. is sbf gcdbt, ct wcjj emt hf pmsschjf omr bfr tm gmectmr kjmsfjy wbfrf fikb hmit cs bfi`f`. Tbcjf tbf vmjugf mo efw aemwjf`df drmws fxpmefetcijjy, tbf tcgf i skcfetcst kie `fvmtf tm ihsmrhced efw aemwjf`df rfgices ectf. Is sukb, ct cs cgpmsschjf omr ie ce`cvc`uij tm`iy tm rfi` fvfry pipfr ce bfr mwe fj`.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>, iotfr hfced skmmp skmmpf` f` hy ^cfrrf ^cfrrf ie` Gircf Kurcf me i ri`cmiktcv ri`cmiktcvcty cty pipfr, Frefst Xutbfromr` wrmtf< ‚C bivf tm puhjcsb gy prfsfet wmra is
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps8, ymu wcjj e` tbit tbfy jmma gmrf jcaf skcfetck pipfrs tbie sbmrt kmggfetircfs. Pbcs Prmlie bmrsf ipprmikb prmvf` sm sukkfssouj tbit ct wis smme i`mptf` hy Xutbfromr`–s stu`fets ie` kmjjihmritmrs, emtihjy Mttm Bibe, Ecfjs Hmbr, ie` Ligfs Kbi`wcka. Hy tbf 93;>s Mttm Orcskb, Jcsf Gfctefr, ie` tbf ‚Kmpfebidfe skbmmj‗ mo pbysckcsts wmraced wctb Hmbrr bi` i`mptf Hmb i`mptf` ` ct, fvf fvfetu etuijj ijjy y gmr gmrpbc pbced ed tbf jft jfttfr tfrss sfk sfktcm tcme e cetm cetm tbf omrgit wf aemw tm`iy.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
s r 2 i f y o ? m r f h0 g u E 8
Firtb, itgmspbfrck, ie` mkfie skcfekfs ^bysckij skcfekfs Hcmjmdckij skcfekfs
> 9343
2;
24
39
36
33
>;
>4
Sfir
Ocdurf 96 .8 Bmw jmed ` `mfs mfs ct tiaf tm dft i ^b@ ce tbf Vectf` [titfs= Ce 8>>4, ct tmma i gf`cie mo 4 4 .8 yfirs tm kmgpjftf i skcfekf mr fedceffrced ^b@. Iotfr Kyriemsac ft ij. Q 868W.
96.; 96 .;
Cs ct Dftt Dfttce cedd Bir Bir`f `frr ttmm Hfk Hfkmg mgff i [kcf [kcfet etcs cst= t=
Hfkmgced i skcfetcst tbfsf `iys rfqucrfs i eughfr mo fssfetcij stfps, ormg dfttced tbf ipprmprcitf `fdrff, tm e`ced fgpjmygfet tbit ijjmws tbf ce`cvc`uij tm pursuf skcfekf. Pbf ripc` drmwtb mo trice tri cece ced d mppm mppmrtu rtuec ectc tcfs fs ie` ie` tb tbit it mo tbf tbf sk skcf cfet etcck wmra wmraomr omrkf kf bivf bivf ioofktf` ioofktf ` tbfsf stfps.
96.; 96.;.9 .9
Mhti Mhtice cece cedd i ^b@ ^b@
Ocdurf 96.8 pjmt pjmtss tb tbff tcgf tcgf ct tiaf tiafss tm kmgpj mgpjft ftff i sk skccfek fekf ^b@ ^b@ ce tb tbff Vectf` [titfs, sbmwced tbit tbf prmkfss tm`iy tiafs mejy sjcdbtjy jmedfr tbie ct `c` 0> yfirs idm. @fspctf i sjcdbt `mwewir` trfe` ce tbf jist twm `fki`fs, tbf ivfridf tcgf tm `fdrff ce tbf jcof skcfekfs ie` fedceffrced rfgices scx tm fcdbt yfirs. Ce oikt, tbf vf yfirs qumtf` hy gmst ^b@ prmdrigs, rfgices i `rfig omr gmst kie`c`itfs ‛ jfss tbie 86 pfrkfet mo stu`f stu `fet etss giei gieidf df tm kmgp kmgpjf jftf tf `fdr `fdrff ffss wctb wctbce ce tbcs tbcs pfrcm pfrcm` ` Q803, 86>W. Cestfi`, 66 pfrkfet mo kie`c`itfs rfqucrf sfvfe mr gmrf yfirs tm kmgpjftf tbfc tb fcrr `f `fdr drff ff.. Ie` Ie` tb tbfs fsff st stit itcs cstc tcks ks mejy ejy km kmu uet tbf tbf ce`c ce`cvc vc` `uijs uijs wbm wbm `m mh mhti tice ce i `fdrff, mhskurced tbf oikt tbit 0> pfrkfet tm 6> pfrkfet mo kie`c`itfs wbm hfdce tbfcr `mktmrij f`ukitcme ce tbf V[ efvfr dri`uitf Q803, 869W. Ct kfrticejy sffgs fiscfr tbie fvfr tm hfdce `mktmritf triceced, dcvfe tbf ripc`jy drmwced eughfr mo prmdrigs. Hut, wby `mfs ct tiaf sm jmed tm ikqucrf i ^b@= Gujtcpjf gfisurfs sbmw tbit, mekf fermjjf` ce @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps ie` 933>, smirced ormg 9>> pidfs tm efirjy 8>> pidfs ce lust omur `fki`fs Q4?W. Pbf eughfr mo rfofrfekfs kmeticef` ce i pipfr bis hffe ijsm rcsced mvfr tbf yfirs Q 86;W, ce`ckitced tbit rfsfirkb pipfrs tm`iy hucj` me i jirdfr hm`y mo prfvcmus aemwjf`df tbie fvfr hfomrf. Oceijjy, tbf hir omr puhjcsbced tbit `cssfrtitcme ‛ motfe i afy gcjfstmef omr ispcrced ispcrced skcfetc skcfetcsts sts ‛ bis ijsm ijsm dr drmw mwe e bcdbf bcdbfr< r< Kmgp Kmgpirc irced ed hcmjm hcmjmdy dy pipfr pi pfrss puhjcs puhjcsbf` bf` ce tbrff tbrff gilmr gilmr lmurei lmureijs js ce tbf rst rst scx scx gmet gmetbs bs mo 9320 wctb tbf sigf pfrcm` ce 8>90, rfsfirkbfrs omue` tbit tbf eughfr mo piefjs ce fxpfrcgfetij durfs (tbf kbirts ie` dripbs puhjcsbf` ijmedsc`f pipfrs) rmsf twm- tm omur-omj` Q860W, ce`ckitced tbit tbf igmuet mo fvc`fekf fvc`fe kf rfqucrf` omr i sukkfss sukkfssouj ouj puhjckitcme bis cekrfisf` scdeckietjy. Pbfsf stitcstcks giaf kjfir bmw bir` ct bis hfkmgf tm fire i ^b@. Hut kmgpjftced mef–s `fdrff cs mejy tbf rst stfp tmwir` i sukkfssouj kirffr ce skcfekf.
96.; 96.;.8 .8
[fku [fkurcrced ed ie Iki` Iki`fg fgck ck Lmh Lmh ^rckf–s mhsfrvitcme tbit ‚2> pfrkfet tm 3> pfrkfet mo tbf skcfe‗
tcsts wbm fvfr irf ijcvf emw gfgmrihjy cjjugceitfs tbf fxpmefe tcij drmwtb mo jcvf` tbf skcfetc k wmraomrkf. Sft emt ijj pirts mo tbf iki`fgck pcpfjcef bivf fxpie`f` fquijjy quckajy. Omr fxigpjf, tbf eughfr mo skcfekf `mktmritfs firef` fikb yfir drfw hy efirjy 0> pfrkfet hftwffe 9332 ie` 8>>2, rfikbced ;0 ,>>> ikrmss tbf ;0 kmuetrcfs tbit kmestctutf tbff Mrdi tb Mrdiec eczi zitc tcme me om omrr Fkme Fkmemg mgck ck Km-m Km-mpf pfri ritc tcme me ie` ie` @fvf @fvfjm jmpg pgfe fett (MFK@) Q868W. Ce tbf sigf tbrff `fki`fs, bmwfvfr, tbf eughfr mo oikujty pmsctcmes ce tbmsf eitcmes bis rfgicef` jirdfjy uekbiedf` ie` fvfe oijjfe sjcdbtjy (Ocd. 96.;) Q869W. Tbcjf emt fvfrymef wctb i ^b@ icgs tm sfkurf ie iki`fgck pmsctcme, tbf vist gilmrcty mo ^b@s tm`iy `m sffg tm prfofr ie iki`fgck kirffr kir ffr tm ijt ijtfre freitc itcvfs vfs ce ce`us ce`ustry try,, dmvfre dmvfregfe gfet, t, mr eme-p eme-prm rmts. Ce i wmrj`-wc`f survfy kme`uktf` hy Eiturf hy Eiturf ce 8>94, efirjy 46 pfrkfet mo tbf 6,4>> `mktmrij stu`fets pmjjf` prfofrrf` i lmh ce iki`fgci tm tbfsf eme-iki`fgck ijtfreitcvfs Q866W. Omr tbfg, tbf trfe` sbmwe ce Ocd. 96.; giy sffg `csbfirtfeced, sbmwced i stfi`cjy drmwced ^b@ pmmj kmgpftced omr i xf` eughfr mo mppmrtuectcfs. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps93 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttpsa
^b@s iwir`f`
;6a r ;>a f h g u 86a e j i u 8>a e e I
96a 9>a 6a > 9328
933?
8>9>
Sfir
Ocdurf 96.; Pbf iki`fgck pcpfjcef. [cekf 9328, ijgmst 2>> ,>>> ^b@s bivf hffe iwir`f` ce skcfekf ie` fedceffrced ([&F). Pbfsf dri`uitfs kmgpftf` omr ihmut 9>> ,>>> iki`fgck oikujty pmsctcmes. Pbf eughfr mo [&F ^b@s iwir`f` ieeuijjy dri`uijjy cekrfisf` mvfr tbcs tcgf origf, ormg 93 ,>>> ce 9328 tm ;? ,>>> ce 8>99. Sft tbf eughfr mo oikujty pmsctcmes krfitf` fikb yfir bis rfgicef` stihjf mr fvfe oijjfe sjcdbtjy. Ce 8>9>, tbf 0>,>>> ^b@ kie`c` kie`c`itfs itfs kmgpftf` omr rmudb rmudbjy jy ; ,>>> efw iki`fgck pmsctcmes. Iotfr [kbcjjfhffkax ft ij. Q869W.
Mef kmesfqufekf mo cekrfisced ^b@ prm`uktcme cs i hmmgced eughfr mo pmst`mktmrij ofjjmwsbcps, rfprfsfetced sbmrt-tfrg, eme-tfeurf trika rfsfirkb pmsctcmes. Is Ocd. 96.6 cjjustritfs, tbf eughfr mo rfsfirkbfrs ce V[ pmst`mktmrij pmsctcmes bis gmrf tbie trcpjf` scekf 9343, wctb drmwtb drm wtb pirtck pirtckuji ujirjy rjy prmgce prmgcefet fet ce tbf jcof jcof skcfek skcfekfs. fs. Ijtbm Ijtbmudb udb pmst`m pmst`mks ks `rcvf rfsfirkb ce giey `cskcpjcefs, tbfy irf motfe pmmrjy kmgpfesitf`. Ocvf Oc vf yf yfir irss io iotf tfrr rf rfkf kfcv cvce ced d i ^b@, ^b@, tbf tbf gf`c gf`cie ie siji sijirc rcfs fs mo sk skcf cfet etcs csts ts ce tfeurf-tri tfeu rf-trika ka pmsctcmes pmsctcmes mr ce`ustry ce`ustry oir mutstrcp mutstrcp tbmsf mo pmst`mks pmst`mks.. [ukb hjfi [ukb hjfia a prms prmspf pfkt ktss omr omr ji jie` e`ce ced d i oujj oujj-tc -tcgf gf uecv uecvfr frsc scty ty lmh lmh gfies tbit giey skcfetcsts bivf tm sffa ijtfreitcvfs mutsc`f iki`fgci. Hut bmw wfjj `m tbfy oirf mekf tbfy jfivf skcfekf= Pm ieswfr tbcs qufstcme, rfsfirkbfrs kmjjfktf` `iti ce fcdbt Igfrckie uecvfrsctcfs ie` jceaf` iemeygczf` kfesus `iti me fgpjmygfet ie` cekmgf tm i`gcecstritcvf rfkmr`s mo dri`uitf stu`fets it tbfsf uecvfrsctcfs Q 864W. Omkusced @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps93 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps>
/
Pbf Pbf [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
Hmx 96.; Iki`fgck Iki`fgck pcpfjcefs pcpfjcefs irmue irmue`` tbf wmrj` (Ocdu (Ocdurf rf 96.0) Pbf Vectf` [titfs prm`ukf` ie fstcgitf` 93,4;; ^b@s ce tbf jcof ie` pbysckij skcfekfs ce 8>>3 Q868W, i eughfr tbit bis kmetceuf` tm cekrfisf fvfr scekf. Hut tbf prmpmrtcme mo skcfekf ^b@s wbm sfkurf tfeurf-trika iki`fgck pmsctcmes bis hffe `rmppced stfi`cjy, ie` ce`ustry bis emt hffe ihjf tm oujjy ihsmrh tbf sjika. Ce 934;, 66 pfrkfet mo V[ `mktmritfs ce tbf hcmjmdckij skcfekfs bi` sfkurf` tfeurf-trika pmsctcmes scx yfirs iotfr kmgpjftced tbfcr ^b@s, ie` mejy 8 pfrkfet wfrf stcjj ce i pmst`mk mr mtbfr uetfeurf` iki`fgck pmsctcme. Hy 8>>?, tbf oriktcme mo dri`uitfs wbm bi` sfkurf` i tfeurf-trika pmsctcme wctbce scx yfirs `rmppf` tm 96 pfrkfet ‛ hut 92 pfrkfet wfrf emw bmj`ced uetfeurf` pmsctcmes.
Ocdurf 96.0 Iki`fgck pcpfjcefs irmue` tbf wmrj`.
gicejie` Kbcei cs ij Pbf eugh Pbf eughfr fr mo ^b ^b@ @ bm bmj` j`fr frss ce gicejie` ijsm sm dm dmce ced d tbrmudb tbf rmmo, wctb smgf 6>,>>> stu`fets dri`uitced wctb `mktmritfs ikrmss ijj `cskcpjcefs ce 8>>3, gmrf tbie twckf tbf eughfr mo V[ `fdrff rfkcpcfets. Bmwfvfr, tbieas tm Kbcei–s hmmgced fkmemgy, gmst Kbcefsf ^b@ bmj`frs quckajy e` lmhs ce tbf prcvitf sfktmr. Lipie,, tmm, bis smudbt tm dft cts skcfekf kipikcty me pir wctb tbf Lipie Tfst. Ce 933?, tbf kmuetry–s dmvfregfet ieemuekf` ie ighctcmus cectcitcvf tm cek tcvf cekrfi rfisf sf tbf eug eughfr hfr mo Lip Lipief iefsf sf pmst`m pmst`mks ks tm 9>,>>>. Sft, tbf dmvfregfet divf jcttjf tbmudbt tm wbfrf ijj tbmsf pmst`mks wmuj` e` lmhs. Fvfe tbmudb tbf dmvfregfet mekf moofrf` kmgpiecfs i suhsc`y mo irmue` 0 gcjjcme yfe (V[$04,>>>) tm bcrf tbfsf wfjj-f`ukitf` ce`cvc`uijs, tbf kmuetry stcjj bis 92,>>> omrgfr pmst`mks wbm irf stcjj uefgpjmyf`.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps ) s ` e i s u m b t ( s f f t e c m p p i j i r m t k m ` t s m ^
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Hcd [kcfekf Gf`cie Eme-pmst`mktmrij sijircfs 8>9> ^mst`mktmrij
Bfijtb Fedceffrced [kcfekf
V[$4?,>>> $0;,>>>
^bysckij skcfekfs 9;%
6> 0>
Fedceffrced 99% ;>
^mst`mk `cskcpjcefs 8>98
8>
Gitbs ie` kmgputfr skcfekfs ;% Dfmskcfekfs ;%
9> Jcof skcfekfs ?6%
> 9343
^sykbmjmdy, smkcij skcfekfs ie` mtbfr 6%
8>98 [MVXKF< EIPCMEIJ IKI@FGCF[ IKI@FGCF[
Ocdurf 96.6 Pbf pmst`mk pcjfup. Pbf eughfr mo rfsfirkbfrs ce V[ pmst`mktmrij pmsctcmes bis gmrf tbie trcpjf` scekf 9343. Pbf vist gilmrct gilmrcty y mo pmst` pmst`mks mks irf ce tbf jcof skcfek skcfekfs. fs. Ikrms Ikrmsss fj`s, gf`cie pmst`mk sijircfs irf mutstrcppf` hy tbmsf wbm kbmmsff eme-p kbmms eme-pmst`m mst`mkk kirff kirffrs, rs, wbfe gfisu gfisurf` rf` up tm vf yfirs iotfr rfkfcvced i ^b@. Iotfr ^mwfjj Q86?W.
me tbmsf ^b@ stu`fets wbm dri`uitf` hftwffe 8>>3 ie` 8>99, tbfy omue` tbit ijgmst 0> pfrkfet bi` fetfrf` ce`ustry, wctb giey dfttced lmhs it jirdf, bcdb-widf fstihjcsbgfets ce tbf tfkbemjmdy ie` prmofsscmeij sfrvckfs ce`ustrcfs. Pmp fgpjmyfrs cekju`f` fjfktrmecks, fedceffrced ie` pbirgikfutckij kmgpiecfs. Pbfsf rfsujts sbmw tbit ^b@s wbm jfivf skcfekf tfe` tm eivcditf tmwir` jirdf rgs ie` fire i gf`cie sijiry mo gmrf tbie V[$3>,>>>. Xfjitf` rfsfirkb ijsm suddfsts tbit skcfetcsts ce tbf prcvitf sfktmr fxpfrcfekf vfry jmw uefgpjmygfet ritfs
mvfrijj Q862W. Ikkmr`ced tm tbf Eitcmeij [kcfekf Omue`itcme s [urvfy mo @mktmritf Xfkcpcfets, lust 8.9 pfrkfet mo ce`cvc`uijs wctb `mktmritfs ce skcfekf, fedceffrced, mr bfijtb ce tbf Vectf` [titfs wfrf uefgpjmyf` ce 8>9;, wbcjf tbf mvfrijj eitcmeij uefgpjmygfet ritf omr pfmpjf idf` 86 ie` mj`fr wis ?.; pfrkfet. Pmdftbfr, tbfsf `iti sbmw tbit omr tbf vmyidfrs, tbf mkfie mo aemwjf`df ie` mppmrtuectcfs cs dfttced cekrfiscedjy krmw`f`. Is tbf eughfr mo ^b@s drmws ie` tbf eughfr mo ivicjihjf uecvfrscty pmsts rfgices kmestiet, kmgpftctcme cetfescfs, jfi`ced tm i smirced eughfr mo pmst`mks, ie` gmrf pfmpjf jfivced iki`fgci tm pursuf kirffrs fjsfwbfrf. Hut ct cs cgpmrtiet tm emtf tbit tbcs trfe` cs emt efkfssircjy `ftrcgfetij tm smkcfty, emr tm tbf skcfetcsts wbm pursuf i wc`f riedf mo kirffrs. Ijj scdes sm oir ce`ckitf tbit ^b@s wbm jfivf skcfekf `m tfe` tm e` oujjjced lmhs. Ie` wbcjf tbfy giy emt hf krfitced aemwjf`df ce tbf skbmjirjy sfesf, tbfcr wmra motfe jfi`s tm krctckij pitfets, prm`ukts, @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttpss. Pbfrfom Pbfrfomrf, rf, fvfe fvfe tbmudb tbmud b prmkfs prmkfssce sced d pmwf pmwfrr kmetce kmetceufs ufs tm drmw drmw fxpme fxpmefe fetci tcijjy jjy,, wbfe wbfe cctt kmgfs kmgfs tm prm`ukced tbf efxt dfefritcme mo gckrmkbcp, ce`cvc`uij prm`uktcvcty bis pjuggftf`1 fvfry efw rfjfisf rfqucrfs ueprfkf`fetf` igmuets mo giepmwfr. [cgcjir pittfres bivf hffe mhsfrvf` ce i wc`f irriy mo ce`ustrcfs, ormg idrckujturij krmp ycfj`s tm tbf eughfr mo efw `ruds ipprmvf` pfr hcjjcme `mjjirs spfet me rfsfirkb Q863W. Pbcs gfies tbit ce tbfsf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttpsW. Pbcs suddfsts tbit tbf kmdectcvf spikf mo skcfekf ‛ ipprmxcgitced tbf eughfr mo `cstcekt skcfetck c`fis ce fxcstfekf ‛ giy hf drmwced gukb sjmwfr tbie skcfetc k mutputs. [m, cs skcfekf rueeced mut mo dis= Is sbmwe ce tbcs kbiptfr, tbf fxpmefetcij cekrfisf mo skcfetck puhjckitcmes cs ce`ff` ikkmgpiecf` hy ie fxpmefetcij drmwtb ce tbf eughfr mo skcfetcsts. Hut, co wf kmgpirf tbf twm drmwtb ritfs ikrmss i jirdf vircfty mo `cskcpjcefs, riedced ormg kmgputfr skcfekf tm pbyscks ie` kbfgcstry tm hcmgf`ckcef, wf e` tbit tbf omrg omrgfr fr cs motfe motfe kmg kmgpi pirih rihjf jf wc wctb tb tbf tbf jittfr jittfr Q0W. Ce`ff`, is wf `cskussf` ce Kbiptfr 9, ce skcfek skcfekf, f, ce ce`c `cvc` vc`ui uijj prm`u prm`uktc ktcvct vcty y bis stiyf` stiyf` rfjit rfjitcvf cvfjy jy stihjf mvfr tbf pist kfetury, ie` fvfe cekrfisf` sjcdbtjy ce rfkfet yfirs. Is skcfetcsts jmma hika upme tbf twfetcftb kfetury, wf girvfj it tbf `cskmvfrcfs ie` cevfetcmes tbit mur prf`fkfssmrs bivf gi`f, ormg cetfreij kmghustcme fedcefs tm kmgputfrs tm ietchcmtcks. Pbf trfgfe`mus prmdrfss ce tbfsf irfis kmuj` cgpjy `cgcecsbced rftures, is tbf swfftfst, luckcfst ippjfs irf ijrfi`y birvfstf`. Sft tbcs `mfs emt sffg tm hf tbf kisf. Pbf `iti suddfsts tbit wf irf pmcsf` tm `cskmvfr ie` cevfet fvfe gmrf ce tbf efxt 8> yfirs tbie wf bivf ce ijj mo skcfetck bcstmry. bcstmry. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, fvfe iotfr i kfetury mo hrfiaefka prmdrfss, skcfekf tm`iy cs orfsbfr ie` gmrf fefrdftck tbie fvfr.
Bmw kie skcfekf kmetceuf tm rue tcrfjfssjy iotfr i kfetury mo fxpm fx pmef efet etci cijj dr drmw mwtb tb== Hfki Hfkius usff uejc uejcaf af i kir kir mr i kmjm kmjmey ey mo hikt hiktfr frci ci,, skcfekf rues me c`fis. Tbcjf i kir wcjj fvfetuijjy rue mut mo dis, ie` hiktfrci wcjj rue mut mo eutrcfets, c`fis irf rfsmurkfs tbit drmw tbf gmrf tbfy irf usf`. Fxcstced c`fis dcvf hcrtb tm efw mefs, wbckb smme hfdce tm gujtcpjy. [m, wbcjf mur ihcjcty tm ourtbfr cgprmvf cetfreij kmghustcme fedcefs, kmgputfrs, mr ietchcmtcks giy ce`ff` bivf `cgcecsbf`, wf emw jmma jmma omrwir omrwir` ` tm efw i`vie i`viekfs kfs ce dfeftc dfeftckk fedcef fedceffrc frced, ed, rfdfef rfdfefrit ritcvf cvf gf`ckcef, eiemtfkbemjmdy, ie` irtckcij cetfjjcdfekf ‛ fj`s tbit wcjj mekf idice rfvmjutcmeczf skcfekf ie` mur smkcfty, mpfeced up wbmjf efw kbiptfrs hfyme` mur wcj`fst cgidceitcme.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps> gftfrs ‛ efirjy bijo mo tbf gmuetice ‛ wmuj` kmescst mo pipfrs tbit bivf efvfr hffe kctf`. It tbf mtbfr fxtrfgf, tbf tmp 9.6 gftfrs wmuj`
bivf efvfr hffe kctf`. It tbf mtbfr fxtrfgf, tbf tmp 9.6 gftfrs wmuj` kmescst mo pipfrs tbit bivf rfkfcvf` it jfist 9,>>> kctitcmes. Ie` lust i kfetcgftfr ie` i bijo it tbf vfry tcp mo tbcs gmuetice wmuj` bivf hffe kctf` gmrf tbie 9>,>>> tcgfs, ikkmuetced omr smgf mo tbf gmst rfkmdeczihjf `cskmvfrcfs ce tbf bcstmry mo skcfekf.
9?.9 9? .9
Kc Kcti titc tcme me @cst @cstrc rchu hutc tcme me
Pbf `coofrfekf ce cgpikt igmed pipfrs kie hf kipturf` hy i kctitcme `cstrchutcme, ^ `cstrchutcme, ^((k), rfprfsfetced tbf prmhihcjcty tbit i rie`mgjy kbmsfe pipfr bis k bis k kctitcmes. kctitcmes. `f [mjji ^rckf wis tbf rst tm kmgputf tbcs `cstrchutcme Q8?8W, rfjyced rfjyced me kctitcme kctitcme `iti `iti gieuijjy gieuijjy kuritf` kuritf` hy Dirfj` ie` [bfr ce tbf firjy 93?>s Q8?;W. Omr tbcs bf kmuetf` hy bie` tbf eughfr mo pipfrs tbit bi` hffe kctf` mekf, twckf, tbrff tcgfs, ie` sm @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps8> Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps90, tbf stika wmuj` rfikb ijgmst tm tbf tmp mo Gt. Acjcgielirm. Mejy tbf tmp 9 .6 g mo 9 >>> kctitcmes mr gmrf, ie` lust 9 .6 kg tbit stika wmuj` wmuj` bivf hffe bivf kctf` rfkfcvf` gmrf tbie, 9> ,>>> tcgfs. Pbf tmp 9>> pipfrs bivf ijj hffe kctf` gmrf tbie 98 ,>>> tcgfs, cekju`ced smgf mo tbf gmst rfkmdeczihjf skcfetck `cskmvfrcfs ce bcstmry. Iotfr _ie Emmr`fe Q 8?9W.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
94 94??
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Pb Pbff [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [kcf [kcfek ekff
omrtb. Bf omue` tbit gmst pipfrs bi` vfry ofw kctitcmes, hut tbit i bie`ouj mo pipfrs bi` giey gmrf. ^jmttced tbf `iti, bf rfijczf` tbit tbf kctitcme `cstrchutcme kie hf ipprmxcgitf` hy i pmwfr-jiw ouektcme, ^(k) ~ kλ, (9?.9) wctb kctitcme fxpmefet λ ; . Gmst quietctcfs ce eiturf omjjmw i emrgij mr Diusscie `cstrchutcme, kmggmejy aemwe is i hfjj kurvf. Omr fxigpjf, co ymu gfisurf tbf bfcdbt mo ijj ymur i`ujt gijf ikquicetiekfs, ymu wcjj e` tbit gmst mo tbfg irf hftwffe vf ie` scx offt tijj. Co ymu `riw i hir dripb tm rfprfsfet rfprf sfet tbfcr bfcdbts, ct wcjj bivf i pfia smgfwbfrf smgfwbfrf hftwffe vf ie` scx offt, ie` wcjj `fkiy quckajy is ymu gmvf iwiy ormg tbf pfia ce fctbfr `crfktcme. Iotfr ijj, ct cs vfry uejcafjy tbit ymu aemw ie fcdbt-ommt mr i omur-ommt i`ujt. Giey pbfemgfei, ormg tbf spff` mo gmjfkujfs ce i dis tm bugie CY, omjjmw i scgcjir hfjj kurvf. ^mwfr jiws jcaf (9?.9), bmwfvfr, hfjmed tm i `coofrfet kjiss mo `cstrchutcmes, motfe kijjf` ‚oit-ticjf` `cstrchutcmes.‗ Pbf afy prmpfrty mo tbfsf tbf sf oit-ti oit-ticjf cjf` ` `cs `cstrc trchut hutcme cmess cs tbfcr tbfcr bcdb bcdb vircie virciekf. kf. Omr fxigpj fxigpjf, f, is Ocd. 9? .8 sbmws, tbf gcjjcmes mo pipfrs wctb mejy i ofw kctitcmes kmfxcst wctb i tcey gcemrcty mo pipfrs tbit bivf tbmusie`s mo kctitcmes. ([ff ijsm Hmx 9?.9 Pbf 2> / 8> 8> rujf.) Co kctitcmes wfrf tm omjjmw i hfjj kurvf, wf wmuj` efvfr mhsfrvf sukb bcdbjy kctf` pipfrs. Ce`ff`, cgidcef i pjieft wbfrf tbf bfcdbts mo tbf cebihctiets omjjmw i oit-ticjf` `cstrchutcme. Me
(i)
(h ) Giey pipfrs wctb i ofw
kctitcmes ( )
( )
Ofw pipfrs wctb giey kctitcmes
Ocdurf 9?.8 Cjjustritced emrgij, pmwfr-jiw, ie` jmdemrgij `cstrchutcmes. (i) Kmgpirced i pmwfr jiw ie` i jmdemrgij ouektcme tm i emrgij `cstrchutcme me i jcefir‛jcefir pjmt. (h) Pbf sigf kmgpircsme sbmwe me i jmd‛jmd pjmt, bfjpced us sff tbf oue`igfetij `coofrfekf hftwffe tbf emrgij ie` oit-ticjf` `cstrchutcmes ce tbf bcdb kctitcme rfdcgf. I pmwfr jiw omjjmws i stricdbt jcef me i jmd‛jmd pjmt, cts sjmpf ce`ckitced tbf kctitcme fxpmefet λ. [mgftcgfs, ct kie hf `co kujt tm tfjj jmdemrgij ie` pmwfr jiws ipirt, is tbfy ippfir scgcjir me i jmd ‛jmd pjmt.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
94 9444
/
Kc Kcti titctcme me @c @csp spir irctctyy
sukb i pjieft, gmst krfiturfs wmuj` hf quctf sbmrt, ue`fr mef ommt ‛ hut wf wmuj` ijsm mkkiscmeijjy fekmuetfr twm-gcjf-tijj gmestfrs wijaced `mwe tbf strfft. hftwffe Pbf striedfefss mo tbcs cgidceiryomjjmwf` pjieft bcdbjcdbts tbf stira `coofrfekf tbf oit-ticj `cstrchutcme hy kctitcmes ie` tbf hfjj kurvfs orfqufetjy sffe ce eiturf (Ocd. 9?.8).
Hmx 9?.9 9?.9 Pbf 2>/8 2>/8>> rujf ^mwfr jiw `cstrchutcmes irf orfqufetjy sffe ce tbf kmetfxt mo cekmgf ie` wfijtb. _cjorf`m ^irftm, i eceftffetb-kfetury fkmemgcst, emtckf` tbit ce Ctijy i ofw wfijtby ce`cvc`uijs wfrf fireced gmst mo tbf gmefy, wbcjf tbf gilmrcty mo tbf pmpujitcme firef` ritbfr sgijj igmuets. Jmmaced gmrf kjmsfjy, bf kmekju`f` kmekju`f` tbit cekmgfs omjjmw omjjmw i pmwfr jiw Q8?0W. Bcs e`ced cs 8> rujf< Bf mhsfrvf` tbit rmudbjy 2> pfrkfet mo ijsm aemwe is tbf 2> / 8> gmefy cs firef` hy mejy 8> pfrkfet mo tbf pmpujitcme. 8> rujf ippjy tm giey quietctcfs tbit omjjmw oit_frscmes mo tbf 2> / 8> ticjf` `cstrchutcmes Q?2, 8?6, 8??W. Omr fxigpjf, ce huscefss, 8> pfrkfet mo sijfs rfps typckijjy dfefritf 2> pfrkfet mo tmtij sijfs1 me tbf Tmrj` Tc`f Tfh, 2> pfrkfet mo jceas jfi` tm 96 pfrkfet mo wfhpidfs1 ie` ce bmspctijs, 8> pfrkfet mo pitcfets ikkmuet omr 2> pfrkfet mo bfijtbkirf spfe`ced.
9?.88 9?.
Vecvfr Vecvfrsij sijcty cty mo Kctitc Kctitcme me @cstrc @cstrchut hutcme cmess
Pbfrf irf rfgiraih Pbfrf rfgiraihjf jf `coofr `coofrfek fekfs fs ce kctitcme kctitcmess hftw hftwffe ffe `cskcpj `cskcpjcef cefs. s. Omrr fxig Om fxigpj pjf, f, hcmj hcmjmd mdy y pipf pipfrs rs rfd rfduj ujir irjy jy km kmjjf jjfkt kt bue` bue`rf` rf`ss mr fv fvfe fe tbmus tbmusie ie`s `s mo kcti kctitc tcme mes, s, wb wbcj cjff i bcdb bcdbjy jy ceuf ufet etci cijj gitb gitb pipf pipfrr giy giy stru strudd ddjf jf tm kmjj kmjjfk fktt i
ofw `mzfe. Pbfsf `coofrfekfs irf cjjustritf` ce Ocd. 9?.;i, wbckb `fpckts tbf `cstrchutcme mo kctitcmes omr pipfrs puhjcsbf` ce 9333 ikrmss sfvfrij `cskcp `cs kcpjce jcefs. fs. Is tbfs tbfsff pjm pjmts ts sbmw, sbmw, tbf prm prmhi hihcj hcjcty cty mo ie ifrmspi ifrmspikf kf fedcef fedceffrfrced ced pi pipf pfrr ditb ditbfrc frced ed 9>> kcti kctitc tcme mess cs ihmu ihmutt 9>> tc tcgf gfss sg sgij ijjf jfrr tbie tbie tbf tbf m``s m``s mo i `fvfjmpgfetij hcmjmdy pipfr rfikbced tbf sigf tbrfsbmj`. Pbfsf systfgi syst fgitck tck `coofrfe `coofrfekfs kfs ce`cki ce`ckitf tf tbit tbit scgpjy scgpjy kmgpi kmgpirce rced d tbf eughfr eughfr mo kctitcmes rfkfcvf` hy twm pipfrs ce `coofrfet `cskcpjcefs wmuj` hf gfiecedjfss. Pbf jfss-kctf` ifrmspikf fedceffrced pipfr giy bivf rfpmrtf` `feced eced `csk `cskmv mvfrc frcfs fs ce tbit tbit fj`, fj`, wb wbfr frfi fiss i gmrf gmrf-k -kct ctff` hcmj hcmjmd mdy y pipf pipfrr giy giy bivf rfpmrtf` i gfrfjy cekrfgfetij i`viekf wctbce cts `cskcpjcef. Pm dft i hfttfr c`fi mo bmw ceufetcij i pirtckujir pipfr cs, wf kie kmgpirf ct tm tbf ivfridf irtckjf ce cts `cskcpjcef. @cvc`ced i pipfr–s @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
94 9422 (i)
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Ocdurf 9? .; Vecvfrsijcty mo kctitcme `cstrchutcme. (i) Pbf `cstrchutcme mo kctitcmes omr pipfrs puhjcsbf` ce 9333, drmupf` hy `cskcpjcef. Pbf piefj sbmws tbf prmhihcjcty ^ prmhihcjcty ^((k) mo i pipfr rfkfcvced fxiktjy k fxiktjy k kctitcmes kctitcmes omr sfvfri sfvfrijj skcfet skcfetcck `cskcpjcefs, cjjustritced tbit ce smgf fj`s, jcaf `fvfjm `fvfjmpgfet pgfetij ij hcmjmd hcmjmdy, y, bcdbjy kctf` pipfrss irf gmrf kmggme tbie ce fedce pipfr fedceffrced ffrced.. (h) Xfskijf` kctitcme `cstrchutcm `cstrchutcme, e, cjjustritced tbit ijj kurvfs sbmwe ce (i) omjjmw tbf sigf `cstrchutcme, mekf rfskijf` hy k , tbf ivfridf eughfr mo kctitcmes ce tbf sigf fj` ie` yfir. Pbf `isbf` jcef sbmws jmdemrgij t (9?.8) tm tbf `iti. Iotfr Xi`ckkbc ft ij. ij. Q 0;W.
b c
kctitcmes hy tbf ivfridf eughfr mo kctitcmes omr pipfrs ce tbf sigf fj` ce tbf sigf yfir dcvfs us i hfttfr gfisurf mo rfjitcvf cgpikt. Tbfe tbf riw kctitcme kmuets irf emrgijczf` ce tbcs wiy, wf e` tbit tbf
`cstrchutcme omr fvfry fj` emw efitjy omjjmws i scedjf uecvfrsij ouek tcme tcm e (Oc (Ocd. d. 9?.;h) h).. Pbf Pbf e` e`ce ced d tbit tbit tbf tbf kurv kurvfs fs tbit tbit wfrf wfrf sm vc vcsc schj hjy y `coofrfet ce Ocd. 9? .;i emw kmjji kmjjipsf psf ce i scedjf scedjf kurvf moofrs twm cgpm cgpmrtrtiet gfssidfs< (9) Kctitcme pittfres irf rfgiraihjy uecvfrsij. uecvfrsij. Tbftbfr Tbftbfr ymu puhjcsb ce gitb gi tb,, tbf tbf smkc smkcij ij sk skcf cfek ekfs fs mr hcmj hcmjmd mdy, y, tbf tbf cgpi cgpikt kt mo ymur ymur wmra wmra rfjitcvf tm rfjitcvf tm ymur mwe `cskcpjcef bis tbf sigf m``s mo hfced gf`cmkrf, ivfridf, mr fxkfptcmeij is tbf rfsfirkb bippfeced ce fvfry mtbfr hucj`ced me kigpus (Ocd. 9?.8h). (8) Pbf uecvfrsij uecvfrsij kurvfs irf wfjj ipprmxcgitf ipprmxcgitf` ` hy i jmdemrgij jmdemrgij ouektcme ouektcme
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9?‛846W, tm mtbf mtbfrr gmrf gmrf kmgp kmgpjc jcki kitf tf` ` om omrg rgss Q84?‛82>W. Bmw wfjj tbfsf `cstrchutcmes suct tbf `iti motfe `fpfe`s me wbckb kmrpus mo pipfrs rfsfirkbfrs ieijyzf`, tbf puhjckitcme yfir, tbf sfjfktcme mo lmureijs, skbm skbmji jirs rs,, ie ie` ` tbfc tbfcrr `f `fpi pirt rtgf gfet ets, s, ue uecv cvfr frsc sctc tcfs fs,, ie ie` ` ei eitc tcme mess mo mr mrcd cdce ce,, tm ei eigf gf i ofw oiktmrs. Pbf gfkbiecsgs dmvfreced tbf fgfrdfekf mo `coofrfet omrgs omr ^(k) cs ie iktcvf rfsfirkb tmpck ie` wcjj hf `cskussf` ce tbf efxt kbiptfrs.
Pbf uecvfrsijcty mo tbf kctitcme `cstrchutcmes moofrs i scgpjf wiy tm kmg kmgpir pirff skc skcfet fetcck cgpikt cgpikt ikrmss ikrmss `cskcp `cskcpjce jcefs. fs. Jft–s omk omkus me twm twm bypmtbftckij pipfrs< ^ipfr I cs i kmgputitcmeij dfmgftry pipfr puhjcsbf` ce 9342, wbckb bis kmjjfktf` ;8 kctitcmes tm `itf1 pipfr H cs i hcmgf`ckij pipfr puhjcsbf` ce 8>>8 wctb 9>> kctitc kctitcmes. mes. Ijtbmud Ijtbmudb b ct giy offj jcaf ie ippjfs-tm-mriedfs kmgpircsme, tbf rfjitcvf kctitcme ouektcme bfjps us kmgpirf tbf cgpikt mo tbf twm pipfrs. Pm `m sm, wf rst tiaf ijj kmgputitcmeij dfmgftry pipfrs puhjcsbf` ce 9342 ie` kmuet tbfcr ivfridf kctitcmes. [cgcjirjy, wf tiaf ijj hcmgf`ckij pipfrs puhjcsbf` ce 8>>8, ie` kijkujitf tbfcr kmrrfspme`ced ivfridf. Kmgpirced tbf riw kctitcme kmuets mo pipfr I ie` H tm tbf ivfridfs ce tbfcr rfspfktcvf fj` ie` yfir prmvc`fs i gftrck mo rfjitcvf cgpikt rfjitcvf cgpikt omr fikb, ijjmwced us tm giaf ie uehcisf` kmgpircsme hftwffe tbf twm.
Ce Pihjf I8.9 (ce Ippf Ippfe` e`cx cx I8), wf kijk kijkuj ujit itff tbf tbf ivfr ivfrid idff kctitcme kmuets up tm 8>98 omr ijj suhlfkt kitfdmrcfs ce 8>>0. Is tbf tihjf rfvfijs, tbf gmrf pipfrs ce i pirtckujir suhlfkt irfi, tbf gmrf kctitcmes cts ivfridf pipfr tfe`s tm rfkfcvf ‛ jcafjy hfkiusf tbfrf irf gmrf mppmrtuectcfs tm hf kctf` ce tbit fj`. Omr cestiekf, tbf hcmjmdckij skcfekfs skcfe kfs bivf smgf mo tbf bcdbfst ivfridf ivfridf kctitcme kctitcme kmuets, kmuets, gmstjy gmstjy ce tbf 8>s, wbfrfis tbmsf ce fedceffrced ie` gitb bivf smgf mo tbf jmwfst. Pbfr Pb frff kie kie hf jird jirdff `coo `coofr frfe fekf kfss fvfe fvfe wctb wctbce ce tbf tbf sigf sigf suhl suhlfk fkt. t. Omr Omr fxig fx igpj pjf, f, hcmg hcmgit itfr frci cijs js,, i bm bmtt su suh hfj` fj` mo gitf gitfrc rcij ij sk skcf cfek ekff ivfr ivfrid idfs fs 8;8. Sft, tbf kbiriktfrczitcme ie` tfstced mo gitfrcijs, iemtbfr suh fj` mo git gitfrc frcij ij skc skcfek fekf, f, ivf ivfrid ridfs fs lust lust 028 vs. 9,8;3), suddfstced tbit hcmgitfrcijs pipfrs irf motfe kctf` ce mtbfr `cskcpjcefs. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
92 92>>
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Pb Pbff [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [kcf [kcfek ekff
Hmx 9?.; 9?.; Pbf wc`fec wc`feced ed kcti kctitcm tcmee dip Pbf 8>>2 Mkkupy Tijj [trfft Gmvfgfet, bcdbjcdbtf` tbf oikt tbit ce tbf V[, 9 pfrkfet mo tbf pmpujitcme fires i `csprmpmrtcmeitf 96 pfrkfet mo tmtij cekmg cekmgf. f. Pbcs scdei scdeijs js i prmom prmomue` ue` cekmgf `cspirct `cspircty, y, rmmt rmmtf` f` ce tbf oikt tbit tbf cekmgf `cstrchutcme omjjmws i pmwfr-jiw `cstrchutcme. Sft tbf `fhitf ihmut tbf 9 pfrkfet cs jfss ihmut tbf gidectu`f mo cts wfijtb tbie cts trfe` mvfr tcgf< Cekmgf `cspircty bis hffe sayrmkaftced omr tbf jist sfvfrij `fki`fs (Ocd. 9?.0).
86
^X kctitcme V[ cekmgf
8>
W 96 % Q f r i b9> [ 6
>
93>>
936>
8>>>
Kctced yfir Ocdurf 9? .0 Pbf tmp 9 pfrkfet mo [kcfekf. Pbf oriktcme mo cekmgf firef` hy tbf tmp 9 pfrkfet mo tbf pmpujitcme ce V[ hftwffe 93;> ie` 8>9>, ie` tbf sbirf mo kctitcmes rfkfcvf` hy tbf tmp 9 pfrkfet gmst kctf` pipfrs ce ^bysckij ^bysck ij Xfvcfw Xfvcfwss (^X) (^X).. Tf usf` tbf ^X tbf ^X kmrpus kmrpus mo 0?; 0?; ,;02 pipfrs puhjcsbf` hftwffe 923; ie` 8>>3 tm fxigcef tbf sbirf mo kctitcmes fikb pipfr dices tbf
omjjmwced yfir. Iotfr Hirihésc, [med, ie` Tied Q829W.
Dcvfe tbit kctitcmes omjjmw oit-ticjf` `cstrchutcmes, kmuj` tbfrf hf i scgcjir rcsf ce cgpikt `cspircty ce skcfekf= Pm ieswfr tbcs, wf jmmaf` it tbf gmst-kctf` 9 pfrkfet mo pipfrs puhjcsbf` ce ^bysckij ce ^bysckij Xfvcfws lmureijs Xfvcfws lmureijs ce fvfry yfir scekf 923;, gfisurced wbit oriktcme mo tmtij kctitcmes tbmsf pipfrs rfk pipfrs rfkfcv fcvf` f` ce tbf yfi yfirr omj omjjmw jmwced ced puh puhjck jckitc itcme me Q829W. Is Ocd. 9?.0 sbmw sbmws, s, cg cgpi pikt kt `csp `cspir irct cty y ce tbf tbf pb pbys ysck ckij ij sk skcf cfek ekfs fs bi biss ij ijsm sm hf hffe fe rc rcsc sced ed stfi`cjy mvfr tbf pist kfetury.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
92 9299
9?.; 9? .;
/
Kc Kcti titctcme me @c @csp spir irctctyy
Tbit Tbit @m Kcti Kctitc tcme mess (Emt (Emt)) Kipt Kiptur urf= f= Kctitcmes ie` kctitcme-hisf` ce`ckitmrs irf motfe usf` tm quie-
tcoy tcoy tb tbff cgp cgpikt ikt mr tb tbff qui quijcty jcty mo i pipfr ipfr.. Pbfs Pbfsff gftr gftrck ckss pjiy pjiy ie cgpmrtiet rmjf hmtb ce skcfekf pmjcky ie` ce tbf fvijuitcme mo ce`cvc`uij skcfetcsts, cestctutcmes, ie` rfsfirkb fj`s. Omr fxigpjf, kctitcme kmuets irf motfe `cskussf` it bcrced ie` tfeurf `fkcscmes, is wfjj is ce prczf rfkmggfe`itcmes. Ourtbfrgmrf, giey kmuetrcfs kmesc`fr tbfg ce `f `fkc kcscm scmes es pfrti pfrticec ceced ed tm driets driets ie ie` ` mtbfr mtbfr rfsmu rfsmurkf rkfs. s. Dc Dcvf vfe e tbfcr tbfcr wc`fsprfi` usf, ct cs fisy tm omrdft tbit kctitcmes irf gfrfjy i prmxy omr cgpikt mr skcfetc k quijcty. Ce`ff`, tbfrf irf giey drmue`hrfiaced skcfetc skcfetck `cskmv `cskmvfrcf frcfss tbit tbit bivf bivf rfkfcvf` rfkfcvf` rfjitcvf rfjitcvfjy jy ofw kctitcm kctitcmes, es, fvfe is jfss cgpmrtiet pipfrs igiss bue`rf`s. Kmesc`fr smgf mo tbf rfismes wby tbcs kmuj` hf<
Xfvcfw pipfrs tbit suggirczf tbf stitf mo i fj` mr i tmpck, tfe` tm
hf gmrf orfqufetjy kctf` tbie rfdujir irtckjfs, yft irf motfe vcfwf` is gcemr kmetrchutcmes tm skcfekf tbie mrcdceij rfsfirkb Q828W. [mgftcgfs kctitcmes sffa emt tm hucj` upme wbit kigf hfomrf, hut ritbfr tm krctckczf mr kmrrfkt prfvcmus pipfrs. Pbfsf sbmuj` hf vcfwf` is ‚efdit efditcvf cvf kctitcmes kctitcmes‗ ‛ yft yft kcti kctitc tcme me kmue kmuets ts `m emt emt `cst `cstce cedu ducs csb b hftwffe suppmrtced ie` krctckij rfofrfekfs Q82;W. [mgf kctitcmes giy hf ‚pfrouektmry,‗ scgpjy ikaemwjf ikaemwjf`dce `dced d tbit mtbfr stu`cfs bivf hffe kme`uktf` wctbmut kmetrchutced tm tbf gice ;> irtckjfs eirritcvf mo tbf `cskmvfry. `cskmvfry. Ce`ff Ce`ff`, `, gieuij fxigceitcmes mo ;> ce ^bysckij ce ^bysckij Xfvcfw me Xfvcfw me tbfmrftckij bcdb fefrdy pbyscks ormg 93?2 tm 9348 suddfst tbit tbf oriktcme mo sukb kctitcmes kmuj` hf suhstietcij Q820W. Pbcs gfies, wbcjf fikb kctitcme cs kmuetf` tbf sigf, tbfy bivf `coofrfet rmjfs ce i`viekced skcfekf.
Ijj mo wbckb prmgpts tbf qufstcme< Irf hfttfr kctf` pipfrs rfijjy hfttfr= Pm wbit `fdrff `m kctitcmes kmrrfktjy ipprmxcgitf skcfetc k cgpikt, mr wbit wmraced skcfetcsts pfrkfcvf is cgpmrtiet= I eughfr mo stu`cf stu`cfss bi bivf vf fxpjmrf` fxpjmrf` tbfsf qufstcme qufstcmes. s. Mvfrijj Mvfrijj,, tbfy e` tbit kctitcmes kctitcmes kmrrfjitf pmsctcvfjy wctb mtbfr gfisurfs mo skcfetck cgpikt mr rfkmdectcme, cekju`ced iwir`s, rfputitcme Q826W, pffr ritceds Q82?‛83>W, is wfjj is tbf iutbmrs– mwe issfssgfets mo tbfcr skcfetc k kmetrchutcmes Q828W. Omr fxigpjf, i survfy mo tbf 0>> gmst-kctf` hcmgf`ckij skcfetcsts isaf` fikb mo tbfg i scgpjf qufstcme Q99W< Cs ymur gmst bcdbjy kctf` pipfr ijsm ymur gmst cgpmrtiet mef= Pbf vist gilmrcty mo tbcs fjctf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
92 9288
/
Pb Pbff [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [kcf [kcfek ekff
drmup ieswfrf` yfs, kmergced tbit kctitcme kmuets `m kmestctutf i vijuihjf gftrck omr i pipfr–s pfrkfcvf` scdeckiekf. Hut wmuj` mtbfr rfsfirkbfrs ce tbf fj` idrff= Co wf pckaf` twm pipfrs ce tbf sigf fj`, sbmwf` tbfg sc`f-hy-sc`f tm rfsfirkbfrs wbm wmra ce tbit irfi, ie` isaf` tbfg tm siy wbckb cs gmrf rfjfviet tm tbfcr rfsfirkb, wmuj` tbfy rfjcihjy pcka tbf pipfr wctb gmrf kctitcmes= Kjmsf tm 8,>>> iutbmrs ormg twm jirdf uecvfrsctcfs pfromrgf` prfkcsfjy tbcs fxfrkcsf. Bmwfvfr, tbf rfsujts wfrf emt stricdbtomrwir` Q839W. Pbf skbmjir–s sfjfktcme typckijjy `fpfe`f` me wbftbfr mr emt bf wis isaf` tm lu`df bcs mwe wmra. Co hmtb pipfrs moofrf` bi` hffe iutbmrf` hy tbf rfsfirkbfr, bf systfgitckijjy pckaf` bcs hfttfr kctf` pipfr is tbf gmrf rfjfviet mef. Co, bmwfvfr, tbf iutbmr wis isaf` tm kmgpirf bcs pipfr wctb i pipfr hy smgfmef fjsf, bf mvfrwbfjgcedjy prfofrrf` bcs mwe pipfr ‛ fvfe co tbf mtbfr mptcme wis mef mo tbf gmst kctf` pipfrs ce tbfcr fj`, ie` fvfe co tbf `coofrfekf ce cgpikt igmuets tm sfvfrij mr`frs mo gidectu`f. Pbfsf rfsujts suddfst tbit, lust is smgfmef fjsf –s hihy ‛ em gittfr bmw i`mrihjf ‛ kie efvfr kmgpirf tm ymur mwe, skcfetcsts bivf i hjce` spmt wbfe isaf` tm kmgpirf tbfcr wmra tm tbit mo mtbfrs, wbckb kie safw tbfcr pfrkfptcme mo fvfe tbf gmst pcvmtij wmra. Piafe tmdftbfr, tbfsf survfys sffg tm tfjj twm kmecktced stmrcfs. Me mef fe`, skcfetcsts irf emt cgguef tm hcisfs, fspfkcijjy wbfe ct kmgfs tm tbfcr mwe wmra. Hut it tbf sigf tcgf, kctitcmes kmuj` hf i gfiecedouj gfisurf, scekf tbfy jirdfjy ijcde wctb tbf pfrkfptcmes mo fxpfrts. Pbcs suddfsts tbit, `fspctf tbfcr sbmrtkmgceds, kctitcmes jcafjy pjiy i krctckij rmjf ce diudced skcfetck cgpikt. Hut tbfrf cs iemtbfr, gmrf oue`igfetij rfisme wby kctitcmes gitt gi ttfr fr yfirs iotfr tbfcr cevfetcme, isaced tbfg bmw gukb tbfy sbmuj` bivf isaf` omr tbfcr pitfet aemwced wbit tbfy aemw tm`iy. Pbf rfspmesfs rfvfijf` i `rigitck, fxpmefetcij rfjitcmesbcp hftwffe tbf fkmemgck vijuf mo i pitfet ie` ie ` ct ctss kcti kctitc tcme mess Q83?W< I pitfet wctb 90 kctitcm kctitcmes, es, omr fxi fxigpj gpjf, f, bi` 9>> tcgfs tbf vijuf mo i pitfet wctb 2 kctitcmes.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps
94
BCDBB-CG BCD CG^^IK IKPP ^I^F I^FX[ X[
Tby irf gmst pipfrs rirfjy kctf`, ie` bmw `m i ofw jukay mefs ture cetm rueiwiy sukkfssfs= Pbfsf qufstcmes prfsfet i `ffp puzzjf. Ce fvfry efw pipfr, tbf iutbmrs kirfoujjy sfjfkt wbckb wmra tm kctf, hisf` me tbf tbf tmpc tmpckk mo tb tbff gi gieu eusk skrc rcpt pt ie` ie` tb tbfc fcrr mwe mwe oi oigc gcjc jcir irct cty y wctb wctb tbf tbf jctfriturf. Sft smgfbmw tbfsf giey pfrsmeij `fkcscmes rfsujt ce i bcdbjy stihjf kctitcme `cstrchutcme, kipturced cgpikt `cspirctcfs tbit trieskfe` `cskcpjcefs. Bmw `m kctitcme supfrstirs fgfrdf= Tbit `ftfrgcefs wbckb pipfrs irf bcdbjy kctf`, ie` wbckb irf omrdmttfe= Ie` wby irf tbfsf uecvfrsij kctitcme `cstrchutcmes uecvfrsij, ce`fpfe`fet mo tbf `cskcpjcef= Ce tbcs kbiptfr wf sbmw tbit, pfrbips smgfwbit kmuetfrcetuctcvfjy, kctitcme supfrstirs ie` tbf uecvfrsijcty mo tbf kctitcme `cstrchutcme fgfrdf prfkcsfjy hfkiusf prfkcsfjy hfkiusf kctitcmes kctitcmes irf `rcvfe hy ce`cvc`uij prfofrfekfs ie` `fkcscmes. Ijtbmudb mur ce`cvc`uij kbmckfs `coofr wc`fjy, tbf hfbivcmr mo tbf skcfetck kmgguecty is i wbmjf omjjmws bcdbjy rfprm`ukchjf pittfres. Is sukb, `fspctf tbf sffgcedjy kmuetjfss oiktmrs tbit dmvfre fikb pipfr–s cgpikt, tbf fgfrdfekf mo fxkfptcmeijjy cgpiktouj pipfrs
kie hf fxpjicef` hy i bie`ouj mo scgpjf gfkbiecsgs.
94.9
Pbf Xckb-Dft-Xckbfr ^bfemgfeme ‒
–
Em skcfetcst kie rfi` tbf gcjjcme mr sm skcfetck pipfrs puhjcsb jcsbf` f` fi fikb kb yf yfir ir.. [m wf ty typc pcki kijj jjy y `csk `cskmv mvfr fr pipf pipfrs rs mo cetf cetfrf rfst st wbcj wbcjff rfi`ced mtbfr pipfrs, ie` jmmaced it tbf wmra tbfy kctf. Pbcs jfi`s tm i kurcmus hcis< tbf gmrf wc`fjy kctf` i pipfr ijrfi`y bippfes tm hf, tbf gmrf jcafjy ct cs tbit wf wcjj fekmuetfr ct tbrmudb mur rfi`ced. Ie` scekf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps89 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps, 834, 833‛;>0W. Pb Pbff hf hfst st-a -aem emwe we vf vfrs rscm cme e wi wiss cetr cetrm` m`uk ukf` f` ce tb tbff kmet kmetffxt mo kmgp kmgpjf jfx x eftwmras Q?4, ?2W, wbfrf tbf tfrg prfofrfetcij ittikbgfet wis prmpmsf` wctbc wc tbce e tbf km kmetf etfxt xt mo tbf Hi Hirih rihés éscc‛Ij Ijhf hfrt rt gm gm`f `fjj Q;>0W tm fxpj fxpjic ice e tb tbff fxcs fxcstf tfek ekff
mo buhs buhs ce rf rfij ij ef eftw twmr mras as.. Ce sm smkc kcmj mjm mdy dy,, ct cs mo motf tfe e ki kijj jjf` f` ‚tb tbff Gittb Gittbfw fw foofk foofkt, t,‗ is `csk `cskus ussf sf` ` ce Kb Kbip iptf tfrr ; ie ie` ` ijsm ijsm ki kijj jjf` f` ‚kuguji kugujitcvf tcvf i`vietidf i`vietidf‗ hy `f [mjji ^rckf Q834W.
Pbcs ieijyscs jfi`s us tm krctckij tiafiwiy. Kjfirjy irf gyrci` oiktmrs tbit kmetrchutf tm itbf cgpikt mo i pipfr, smgf tbfrf mo wbckb wcjj hf kmesc`frf` ce jitfr kbiptfrs. Hut tbf ikkuriky wctb wbckb ^rckf –s gm`fj kipturfs tbf fgpcrckijjy mhsfrvf` kctitcme `cstrchutcme `fgmestritfs tbit tbfsf i``ctcmeij oiktmrs `me–t gittfr co mur mejy dmij cs tm @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps89 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps6W, e`ced i kjfir rst-gmvfr foofkt, wbmsf gidectu`f ie` `uritcme irf quctf scgcjir tm tbit prf`cktf` hy ^rckf–s gm`fj. Pm ipprfkcitf tbf sczf mo tbcs foofkt, jft–s jmma it tbf fj` mo eftwmra skcfekf, hmre it tbf fe` mo tbf 933>s. Pbf rst 9> pfrkfet mo pipfrs puhjcsbf` ce tbcs fj` rfkfcvf` me ivfridf 9>9 kctitcmes, wbcjf tbf sfkme` 9> pfrkfet rfkfcvf` lust 8? me ivfridf. [cekf tbf sfkme` hitkb wis puhjcsbf` cggf`citfjy iotfr tbf rst, tbf `coofrfekf cs jcafjy emt `uf tm tbf oikt tbit tbf sfkme` hitkb bi` jfss tcgf tm kmjjfkt kctitcmes. [kcfetcsts tfe` tm trfit tbf rst pipfrs is omue`frs mo i fj`, wbckb giy fxpjice tbfcr bcdb kctitcme kmuet. Pbf rst rfsfirkbfr tm hrced
i prmhjfg tm tbf ittfetcme mo tbf skcfetck kmgguecty `fsfrvfs krf`ct omr ct, rfdir`jfss mo wbftbfr ijj mo tbf mrcdceij rfsujts rftice tbfcr rfjfviekf. Mkkisc Mkk iscmei meijjy jjy,, bm bmwfv wfvfr, fr, prmgce prmgcefet fet jitfkm jitfkmgfr gfrss `m tiaf tiaf mvfr. mvfr. Kmesc` Kme sc`fr, fr, omr fxigpj fxigpjf, f, tbf Hir`ff Hir`ffe e‛Kmmpfr‛[kb [kbrcf rcfoof oofrr (HK[) (HK[) pipfr pipfr
Q;>?W, wbckb cetrm`ukf` tbf jitf rstkmetrchutcme wc`fjy ikkfptf` tbfmry mo supfrkme`uktcvcty. Ct wis i rfjitcvfjy tm tbf fj` mo supfrkme`uktcvcty. Sft hy fxpjiceced i wc`f riedf mo puzzjfs pjiduced tbf fj` wctb i scedjf fjfdiet tbfmry, ct quckajy hfkigf tbf `feced pipfr, ie` tbf kctitcmes omjjmwf`. Bfekf, tbf HK[ pipfr cs i jcvced tfstigfet tm tbf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps4W. ^rckf–s gm`fj issugfs tbit tbf drmwtb ritf mo i pipfr –s kctitcmes cs `ftfrgcef` smjfjy hy cts kurrfet eughfr mo kctitcmes. Pm hucj` upme tbcs tb cs hi hisc sckk gm`f gm`fj, j, jft jft–s issu issugf gf tb tbit it kcti kctitc tcme me ritf ritf cs `r `rcv cvfe fe hy hmtb hmtb prfofrfetcij ittikbgfet ie` i pipfr–s tefss. Pbcs cs kijjf` tbf tefss gm`fj Q Q ;>4, ;>2W, mr tbf Hciekmec‛Hirihésc gm`fj, wbckb cekmrpmritfs
tbf omjjmwced twm cedrf`cfets. ([ff Ippfe`cx I 8.; omr gmrf `fticj.) (9) Drmwtb< Ce fikb tcgf stfp, i efw pipfr pipfr c wctb wctb i kfrtice eughfr mo rfofrfekfs ie` tefss ƕc cs puhjcsbf`, wbfrf ƕc cs i rie`mg eughfr kbmsfe ormg i `cstrchutcme `cstrchutcme p(ƕ). Mekf isscdef`, tbf pipfr–s tefss `mfs emt kbiedf mvfr tcgf. (8) ^rfofrfetcij ittikbgfet< Pbf prmhihcjcty tbit tbf efw pipfr kctfs ie fxcstced pipfr cs prmpmrtcmeij tm tbf prm`ukt mo pipfr c –s prfvcmus kctitcmes ie` cts tefss ƕc . @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps4W. Ce`ff`, co fvfry pipfr bis tbf sigf tefss, tbieas tm prfofrfetcij ittikbgfet, kctitcmes wcjj omjjmw i pmwfr jiw `cstrchutcme. Co, bmwfvfr, pipfrs `coofr ce tbfcr tefss, tbfe tbf ue`frjyced `cstrchutcme mo tefss p((ƕ), ormg wbckb wf `riw i eughfr tm isscde i pipfr cts tefss, pirigftfr p pirigftfr `ftfrgcefs tbf sbipf mo kctitcme `cstrchutcme. Omr cestiekf, co p( p(ƕ) omjjmws i emrgij `cstrchutcme, wbckb cs i eiturij issugptcme omr hmue`f` quietctcfs jcaf tefss tefss,, tbf tefss gm`fj prf`ckts tbit tbf kctitcme `cstrchutcme sbmuj` omjjmw i jmdemrgij ouektcme Q84;W. Is wf sbmw ce Kbiptfr 92, wbfrf wf fstcgitf tbf tefss mo i pipfr, tbf tefss `cstrchutcme cs ce`ff` hmue`f`, jcaf i emrgij `cstrchutcme. Pbcs suddfsts tbit co wf wcsb tm fxpjice tbf fgpcrckijjy mhsfrvf` kctitcme `cstrchutcmes, wf kieemt cdemrf tbf oikt tbit
pipfrs bivf `coofrfet tefss.
@coofrfekfss ce tefss fxpjice bmw i jitfkmgfr kie mvfrtiaf @coofrfekf fstihjcsbf` kctitcme jfi`frs. Ce`ff`, i strmed pipfr giy ippfir jitf ce tbf digf hut efvfrtbfjfss drih ie fxtrimr`ceiry eughfr mo kctitcmes wctbce i sbmrt tcgf origf. Vejcaf ^rckf–s gm`fj (wbckb prf`cktf` tbit kctitcmes mo ijj pipfrs drmw it tbf sigf ritf), tbf tefss gm`fj prf`ckts
tbit tbf drmwtb ritf mo kctitcmes cs prmpmrtcmeij tm tbf pipfr –s tefss, δ. Pbus, i pipfr wctb bcdbfr tefss ikqucrfs kctitcmes it i bcdbfr ritf, ie` dcvfe suo kcfet tcgf, ct wcjj jfivf hfbce` tbf mj`fr pipfrs wctb jmwfr
tefss. Hut wbit `mfs ct tiaf tm wrctf i bcdb tefss pipfr=
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps3W. Pbf stfighmit cs i kmghceitcme mo i sicjced sbcp ie` i stfig fedcef, ie` tbf Hfez ^itfet-Gmtmrwidfe, tbf rst iutmgmhcjf ce tbf wmrj`, kmghcef` i hcky hckykj kjf, f, i kirr kirrci cidf df,, ie ie` ` ie cetf cetfre reij ij km kmgh ghus ustc tcme me fedc fedcef ef.. Fvfe Fvfe tbf tbf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>
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Pb Pbff [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [kcf [kcfek ekff
irff motfe ie mrcd mrcdceij ceij kmgh kmghceitcm ceitcme e mo fxcstced fxcstced Ocdurf 92.9 Efw c`fis ir mefs. Pbf Hfez ^itfet-Gmtmrwidfe (‚pitfet gmtmrkir‗), hucjt ce 9226, cs rfdir`f` is tbf wmrj` –s rst prm`u prm`uktcme ktcme iutmgmh iutmgmhcjf. cjf. Pbf vfbckjf vfbckjf wis iwir`f` iwir` f` tbf Dfrgie pitfet eughfr ;40;6, omr wbckb Airj Hfez ippjcf` me Lieuiry 83 , 922?. Pbf Gmtmrwidfe rfprfsfets i kmghceitcme mo tbrff prf-fxcstced c`fis< hckykjf, kirrcidf, ie` cetfreij kmghustcme fedcef.
sgirtp sgir tpbm bmef ef ce ymur ymur pmka pmkaft ft cs sc scgp gpjy jy i kmgh kmghce ceit itcm cme e mo gi giey ey prfprffxcstced pirts ie` ofiturfs< gfgmry, `cdctij gusck, i kfjj pbmef, Cetfreft ikkfss, ie` i jcdbtwfcdbt hittfry. Pbf tbfmry tbit fxcstced tfkbemjmdcfs irf rfkmghcef` tm dfefritf efw cevfetcmes cs kmergf` hy tbf ieijyscs mo V[ pitfets Q ;9>W.
Fikb pitfet kjissc hystbf V[ spitfet kf (V[^PM) uscedpjf, i uec skbfg skbfgf f mo tfkbemj tfkcsbemjmdy mdyf` km`fs km`f (i kjiss kjis ie` i mo su suhkji hkjiss). ss). Omr fxig fxigpjf, mef f` mo tbf mrcdceij pitfets omr c^m`, isscdef` tm Ippjf Kmgputfr, Cek wctb [tfvf Lmhs jcstf` is mef mo tbf cevfetmrs QV[8>>;>>36>3?I9W, bis i kjiss-suhkjiss picr ;06 / 96? 96?, `femtced kjiss ;06 (Kmgputfr Dripbcks ^rmkfs ^rm kfssce sced d ie` [fj [fjfkt fktcvf cvf _csui _csuijj @cspj @cspjiy iy [ystfg [ystfgs) s) ie` suhkji suhkjiss ss 96? (@cspjiy ^frcpbfrij Cetfroikf Ceput @fvckf). Fxigceced ijj V[ pitfets `itced ormg 943> tm 8>9>, rfsfirkbfrs omue` tbit, `urced tbf eceftffetb
kfetury, efirjy bijo mo ijj pitfets cssuf` ce tbf V[ wfrf omr scedjf-km`f cevfetcmes ‛ tbmsf tbit utcjczf i scedjf tfkbemjmdy, ritbfr tbie kmghceced gujtcpjf tfkbemjmdy irfis. Pm`iy, hy kmetrist, 3> pfrkfet mo cevfetcmes kmghcef it jfist twm km`fs, sbmwced tbit cevfetcme cs cekrfiscedjy i kmghceitmrcij prmkfss. Pbcs kmghceitmrcij vcfw mo ceemvitcme moofrs i wiy tm quietcoy emvfjty ce skcfekf. Ce`ff`, skcfetck pipfrs `riw tbfcr rfofrfekfs ormg @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>9 pipfr ce tbf Lmureij tbf Lmureij mo Hcmjmdckij Kbfgcstry, Kbfgcstry, wbckb pcepmcetf` tbf prmtfce wctb wbckb i aemwe ietcps iet cpsykb ykbmtc mtckk `ru `rud d cetfri cetfrikts kts ie` ie` usf usf` ` tbcs tbcs cescd cescdbt bt tm c`fetc c`fetcoy oy mtbfr mtbfr hcmjmdckij foofkts Q;9;W. Cts rfofrfekf jcst cs tbf rst fvfr tm kctf hmtb tbf lmureij Dfef Fxprfsscme ie` tbf Lmureij mo Kjceckij ^sykbcitry Q;90W, rfprfsfetced i emvfj kmghceitcme mo prcmr aemwjf`df. Me tbf mtbfr bie`, mtbfr lmureijs kctf` ce tbf sigf pipfr, jcaf tbf Lmureij tbf Lmureij mo Hcmjmdckij Kbfgcstry ie` Kbfgcstry ie` Hcmkbfgckij Hcmkbfgckij Lmureij , irf orfqufetjy kmkctf` ce tbf jctfriturf, ie fxigpjf mo tbf kmevfetcmeij picrceds tbit rf fkt gmrf gicestrfig tbceaced ce tbf fj`.
92.9 92.9.8 .8
Pbf Pbf Emvf Emvfjtjtyy ^iri ^iri`m `mxx
Fvc`fe Fvc` fekf kf or ormg mg i hrmi hrmi` ` irri irriy y mo cevf cevfst stcd cdit itcm cmes es km kmes escs cstf tfet etjy jy sbmws sbm ws tbit tbit rir rirff kmghce kmghceitc itcme mess ce skcfet skcfetcck puhjck puhjckitc itcmes mes mr pitfe pitfetf` tf` cevfetcmes irf issmkcitf` wctb i bcdbfr jcafjcbmm` tbit tbf puhjckitcme mr cevfetcme wcjj ikbcfvf bcdb cgpikt. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, wctb emvfjty kmgfs ie cekrfisf` kbiekf mo bcttced i bmgf rue. Pbcs e`ced ijsm vijc`itfs tbf afy prfgcsf mo cetfr`cskcpjceiry rfsfirkb Q;96‛;94W ‛ tbit giey oructouj `cskmvfrcfs kmgf ormg tbf krmss-pmjjceitcme mo `coofrfet fj`s ie` wiys mo tbceaced, kmghceced prfvcmusjy `cskmeefktf` c`fis ie` rfsmurkfs Q6, ;94, ;92W. Sft, wbcjf emvfj c`fis motfe tm jfi` tm bcdb-cgpikt wmra, tbfy ijsm jfi` tm bcdbfr `fdrffs mo uekfrticety Q;99, ;93, ;8>W. Ce oikt, vfry emvfj c`fis ie` kmghceitcmes kie lust is wfjj jfi` tm oicjurf is tm i hrfiatbrmudb. Omr fxigpjf, ie ieijyscs mo gmrf tbie 94,>>> pitfets omue` omue ` tbit tbf drfitfr drfitfr tbf `cvfrdf `cvfrdfekf ekf hftwffe hftwffe tbf kmjjihmrit kmjjihmritmrs mrs– fj fj`s `s mo
fxpfrtcsf, tbf bcdbfr tbf virciekf mo tbf mutkmgfs1 bcdbjy `cvfrdfet pitfets wfrf gmrf jcafjy tbie ivfridf hmtb tm hf i hrfiatbrmudb, ie` tm hf i oicjurf (Ocd. 92.8) Q;8>W. [cgcjirjy, pipfrs tbit kctf gmrf emvfj kmghceitcmes mo lmureijs irf gmrf jcafjy tm hf ce tbf tmp 9 pfrkfet mo kctf` pipfrs ce tbfcr fj`. Sft it tbf sigf tcgf, tbfy irf ijsm rcsacfr, tfe`ced tm tiaf i jmedfr tcgf hfomrf tbfy hfdce ikkugujitced gmrf kctitcmes Q ;99W. Pbf bcdbfr rcsa @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttpsW.
cebfrfet ce ceemvitcme giy pjiy i gilmr rmjf ce `ftfrgceced wbit ace` mo ceemvitcme tiafs pjikf (mr `mfse–t) ce iki`fgci. Omr cestiekf, ce tbf fj` mo hcmkbfgcstry, stu`yced kbfgckij rfjitcmesbcps hftwffe uefxpjmrf` kmgpmue` picrs cs gukb gmrf emvfj tbie omkusced me wfjjstu`cf` kbfgckijs, ie` sukb stritfdcfs irf ce`ff` gmrf jcafjy tm ikbcfvf bcdb cgpikt. Hut tbf rcsa mo oicjurf mo fxpjmrced sukb prfvcmusjy uefxpjmr pjmrf` f` kmgh kmghce ceit itcm cmes es cs sm bcdb bcdb tbit tbit,, is ie ieij ieijys yscs cs fs fstc tcgi gitf tf`, `, tbf tbf i``ctcmeij rfwir` giy emt lustcoy tbf rcsa Q ;93W. Pbf bcdb virciekf ce tbf cgpikt mo emvfj c`fis giy hf rmmtf` ce tbf bugie hcis idicest emvfjty. [tu`cfs mo driet ippjckitcmes sbmw tbit skcfetcsts tfe` tm hf hcisf` idicest emvfj kmekfpts hfomrf tbf wmra cs rfijczf`. It i jfi`ced V[ gf`ckij skbmmj, rfsfirkbfrs rie`mgjy isscdef` 908 wmrj`-kjiss skcfetcsts tm rfvcfw 96 driet prmpmsijs. Ce pirijjfj, tbf rfsfirkbfrs gfisurf` tbf mkkurrfekfs mo rirf kmghceitcmes mo afywmr`s
ce fikb prmpmsij Q;89W. Omr fxigpjf, prmpmsijs kmghceced tbf tfrgs ‚Pypf 9 `cihftfs‗ ie` ‚Cesujce‗ wfrf typckij, wbfrfis prmpmsijs wctb ‚
Pypf 9 `cihftfs‗ ie` ‚\fhrisb‗ prfsfet prfsfetf` f` i emvfj emvfj kmghc kmghceit eitcme cme rirfjy sffe ce tbf jctfriturf. Hut wmuj` tbf gmrf emvfj prmpmsijs hf dri`f` gmrf mr jfss oivmrihjy= Pbf rfsfirkbfrs omue` tbit prmpmsijs tbit skmrf` bcdb me emvfjty rfkfcvf` systfgitckijjy jmwfr ritceds tbie @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps88 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps kctitcmes fxtriktf` ormg tbf Lmureij tbf Lmureij mo Cgguemjmdy, ced tbf kctitcmes is ‚efditcvf‗ mr ‚mhlfktcvf‗ wctb tbf bfjp mo vf cgguemjmdy fxpfrts. Pbfy tbfe usf` tbf tmmj tm ieijyzf 96 ,4;9 irtckjfs ormg tbf sigf lmureij. Pbfy omue` tbit pipfrs piy mejy i sjcdbt jmedtfrg pfeijty ce tbf tmtij eughfr eughfr mo kctitcmes tbfy rfkfcvf iotfr iotfr i efditcvf mef, ie` tbf krctckczf` pipfrs kmetceuf tm direfr kctitcmes mvfr tcgf, wbckb picets tbf pckturf tbit ct–s hfttfr tm rfkfcvf efditcvf ittfetcme tbie emef it ijj. Pmdftbfr, tbfsf rfsujts sbmw tbit kmggfets ie` efditcvf kctitcmes sffg tm pjiy i rmjf tbit–s tbf mppmsctf mo wbit cs cetfe`f`1 tbfy irf firjy ce`ckitmrs mo i pipfr–s cgpikt. Tby `mfs sukb hi` puhjckcty igpjcoy kctitcme cgpikt= Pbf gice kujprct cs i sfjfktcme foofkt< [kcfetcsts irf motfe rfjuktiet tm `fvmtf tcgf tm wrctced kmggfets me wfia mr crrfjfviet rfsujts Q;;9W. Bfe Bfekf, kf, mejy mejy pipfrs pipfrs pfrkfc pfrkfcvf` vf` is pmt pmtfet fetcij cijjy jy scdec scdeckie kiett `riw `riw femudb ittfetcme tm hf kmggfetf` me ce tbf rst pjikf. pjikf. Gmrfmvfr, Gmrfmvfr, wbcjf kmggfets mr efditcvf kctitcmes irf krctckij ce tmef, tbfy motfe moofr i gmrf euiekf` ue`frstie`ced mo tbf rfsujts, i`viekced tbf irdugfet prfsfetf` ce tbf pipfr ritbfr tbie scgpjy cevijc`itced cts afy e` e`ce ceds ds.. Ce i``c i``ctc tcme me,, km kmgg ggfe fets ts ijsm ijsm hrce hrced d ittf ittfet etcm cme e tm tbf tbf pipf pipfr, r,
ourtbfr hmmstced cts vcschcjcty. Fvfe ce skcfekf, ct ippfirs, tbfrf s em sukb tbced is hi` puhjckcty.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps88 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps.>? t
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Ocdurf 93.9 Pbf idf mo kctitcmes. Pm ue`frstie` wbfrf efw aemwjf`df kmgfs ormg, wf kie jmma it bmw mj` tbf rfofrfekfs mo i pipfr irf. Pbf idf `cstrchutcme `cstrc hutcme mo kctit kctitcmes cmes omr pipfr pipfrss puhjcs puhjcsbf` bf` ce 8>9> sbmws i pfi pfia a irmue` irmue` twm yfirs ie` `fkiys quckajy iotfrwir`s. Gukb rfsfirkb bis hffe `fvmtf` tm rfismeced ihmut bmw hfst tm kbiriktfrczf tbf `cstrchutcme mo kctitcme idfs. I kjissck gfti-ieijyscs mo mvfr 8> stu`cfs ce`ckitfs tbit tbf idf mo rfofrfekfs rfofrf ekfs cs hfst ipprmxcgi ipprmxcgitf` tf` hy ie fxpmefetcij fxpmefetcij `cstrchut `cstrchutcme cme Q 834W. I gmrf rfkfet ieijyscs suddfsts tbit i jmdemrgij `cstrchutcme wctb ie fxpmefetci fxpme fetcijj kutmoo moofrs i hfttfr t Q86;W, sbmwe ce tbf durf is i smjc` jcef. Iotfr Sce ie` Tied Q86;W.
pittfres mo ceomrgitcme omridced prf`ckt tbf cgpikt mo tbfcr wmra= Cs tbfrf i sfirkb stritfdy tbit cs pirtckujirjy wfjj-suctf` tm prmgptced tmgmrrmw–s hrfiatbrmudbs=
93.8 93 .8
Pbf Pbf Bm Bmts tspm pmtt mo @csk @cskmv mvfr fry y
Cgidcef omur pipfrs tbit `coofr ce tbf wiy tbfy kctf prfvcmus jctfriturf (Ocd. 93.8). Tbckb mef wcjj bivf tbf bcdbfst cgpikt= Tf kie giaf i kisf omr fikb mo tbfg. Pbf `ffp-rfikb pipfr (Ocd. 93.8i) prcgircjy kctfs mj` pipfrs, hucj`ced me wfjj-fstihjcsbf`, wfjj-tfstf` kjisscks. Hy kmetrist, tbf pipfr ce Ocd. 93.8h `riws mejy upme bmt, rfkfet tmpcks
tbit irf ihsmrhced tbf kmgguecty–s ittfetcme it tbf gmgfet. Pbf pipfr ce Ocd. 93.8k kmghcefs tbf hfst mo hmtb wmrj`s, ofiturced i lu`ckcmus gcx mo ef efw w ie ie` ` vcet vcetid idff aemw aemwjf jf`d `df, f, wctb wctb ie fgpb fgpbis iscs cs me gmrf gmrf rf rfkf kfet et @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps8; Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps>
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Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
> 93?6
9346
9326
9336
8x
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2x
9>x
98x
90x
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92x
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(i) Mj` gfie & jmw virciekf
;.8 8.2
(h) Xfkfet gfie & jmw virciekf
ϋ P
8.0 8.> 9.? 9.8
(k) Xfkfet gfie & bcdb virciekf >.2 >.0 >.>
(`) Mj` gfie & bcdb virciekf >
6
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96
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86
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(yfirs)
Ocdurf 93 .8 Aemwjf`df bmtspmts prf`ckt bcdb cgpikt. (i ‛`) ^mtfetcij ceomrgitcme sfirkb pittfres kbiriktfrczced ce`cvc`uij pipfrs. (f) Pbf bmtspmt, sbmwe ce rf`, kipturfs ‚bct‗ pipfrs tbit kctf prcmr aemwjf`df wctb i jmw gfie idf, : P 5, ie` i bcd bcdb b kmfo kcfet mo vircitcme omr idf, ϋ P (`iti sbmwe omr tbf yfir 9336, kipturced E 7 7 60? ,398 puhjckitc puhjckitcmes). mes). Pbf hikad hikadrmue` rmue` ritf cs tbf jcafjcbmm` tbit i pipfr kbmsfe it rie`mg cs ce tbf tmp 6 pfrkfet mo kctitcmes omr pipfrs ce cts fj`. ^ipfrs ce tbf bmtspmt irf me ivfridf gmrf tbie twm tcgfs gmrf jcafjy tbie tbf hikadrmue` ritf tm hf bcts. Emtihjy, 46 pfrkfet mo pipfrs irf mutsc`f tbf bmtspmt, ie` tbfcr jcafjcbmm` mo hfced i bct cs em drfitfr tbie fxpfktf` hy kbiekf. Iotfr Guabfrlff ft ij. Q;;0W.
`cskmvfrcfs, wbcjf tbf mef ce Ocd. 93.8` `riws upme aemwjf`df smgfwbit uecomrgjy ikrmss tcgf. Tbck Tb ckb b st stri ritf tfdy dy cs issm issmkc kcit itf` f` wctb wctb tbf tbf drfi drfitf tfst st cg cgpi pikt kt== Pm ieswfr tbcs qufstcme, i tfig mo rfsfirkbfrs ieijyzf` gmrf tbie 82 gcjjcme pipfrs ce tbf Tfh mo [kcfekf, kipturced twm pirigftfrs omr fikb pipfr Q;;0W< tbf gfie idf mo cts rfofrfekfs ( : P 5) ie` tbf kmfo kcfet mo vircitcme (ϋ P ) omr tbf idf `cstrchutcme mo cts rfofrfekfs, wbckb kipturfs bmw oir tbmsf rfofrfekfs– puhjckitcme `itfs irf sprfi` mut. Pbfe tbf rfsfirkbfrs gfisurf` tbf eughfr mo kctitcmes fikb pipfr bi` ikkugujitf` fcdbt yfirs iotfr cts puhjckitcme. Pbfy kmesc`frf` i wmra mo bcdbcgpikt (c.f., i bct pipfr) co ct jiy wctbce tbf tmp otb pfrkfetcjf mo kctitcme kmuets ce cts suhfj`. Pbf rfjitcmesbcp hftwffe : P 5, ϋ P , ie` cgpikt cs kipturf` hy tbf bfit pjmt sbmwe ce Ocd. 93.8f. Fikb pmcet rfprfsfets tbf : P 5 ie` ϋ P vijufs mo pipfrs puhjcsbf` ce 9336 ie` tbf kmjmr kmrrfspme`s tm tbf
prmhihcjcty mo e`ced bct pipfrs it tbit pirtckujir kmghceitcme mo mo P κ κ ie` ϋ P , `feced tbf ‚bmtspmts‗ mo `cskmvfry. Pbrff gice kmekjuscmes fgfrdf ormg Ocd. 93.8f< @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps9 8>9
/
Pb Pbff Pc Pcg gf @cg @cgfesc fescme me mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
^ipfrs wctb jmw : P 5 ie` bcdb ϋ P irf ce tbf gc``jf mo tbf bmtspmt, moofrced tbf bcdbfst cgpikt. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, pipfrs wbmsf rfofrfekfs irf kfetfrf` lust hfbce` tbf hjff`ced f`df mo aemwjf`df hut wbckb ij ijsm sm kmg mghc hce ef ie ueusui suijjy jjy hrm hrmi` gcx gcx mo mj` ie` ie` efw (i (iss ce Ocd. 93.8k) tfe` tm direfr tbf gmst kctitcmes. ^ipfrs mo tbcs smrt irf 8.8 tcgf tcgfss gmrf gmrf jcaf jcafjy jy tm hf hfkm kmgf gf bmgf bmgfru rues es ce tbfc tbfcrr fj` tbie i rie`mgjy kbmsfe puhjckitcme. ^ipfrs tbi tbitt kfetfr kfetfr tbfcr tbfcr rfofrf rfofrfekf ekfss fxkjus fxkjuscvf cvfjy jy me efw aemwj aemwjf`d f`dff ^ipfrs (tbmsf wctb jmw : P 5 ie` jmw ϋ P , Ocd. 93.8h) bivf i surprcscedjy jmw cgpikt, rirfjy fxkff`ced wbit wmuj` hf fxpfktf` hy kbiekf. Pbcs suddfsts, suddf sts, tbf kmevfetcm kmevfetcmeij eij hcis tmwir`s tmwir`s bfiv bfivcjy cjy rfofrfekce rfofrfekced d rfkfet rfkfet wmra giy hf gcsduc`f`1 gmrf rfkfet rfofrfekfs irf mejy vijuihjf wbfe suppjfgfetf` wctb mj`fr rfofrfekfs. ^ipfr frss wbms wbmsff rfofr rfofrfe fekf kfss irf irf kfet kfetfr frf` f` ce ‚vcetidf‗ aemwjf`df ^ip (pipfrs wctb bcdb : P 5 ie` jmw ϋ P , Ocd. 93 .8i) bivf i pirtckujirjy jmw cgpikt. Pbfcr jcafjcbmm` mo hfkmgced bmgfrues ce tbfcr fj` cs ihmut bijo mo wbit cs fxpfktf` hy kbiekf. Pbcs cs quctf rfgiraihjf, dcvfe tbit smgf 84 pfrkfet mo ijj pipfrs oijj ce tbcs kitfdmry. Ocdurf 93 .8f sbmws tbit hfced it tbf kuttced f`df cs afy omr outurf cgpikt, hut mejy wbfe picrf` wctb ie ipprfkcitcme omr mj`fr wmra. Hucj`ced mejy me rfkfet aemwjf`df igmuets tm tbrmwced i `irt tm `ftfrgcef ymur pipfr–s cgpik cgpiktt ‛ ymu irf jfivced ct fetcrfjy tm tbff wbcg tb wbcgss mo kb kbie iekf kf.. Ou Ourtb rtbfr frgm gmrf rf,, tbf tbf jmwf jmwfst st cgpi cgpikt kt wmra wmrass irf irf tbms tb msff tbit tbit irf irf st stuk uka a ce tb tbff pist pist,, hucj hucj`c `ced ed fxkj fxkjus uscv cvfj fjy y me vcet vcetid idff aemwjf`df wbcjf mhjcvcmus mo rfkfet `fvfjmpgfets. Pbfsf irf emt gfrfjy swffpced dfefrijczitcmes< @csiddrfditced tbf `iti hy fj` rf rfvf vfij ijss tbf tbf sigf sigf pitt pittfr fre e mo bmts bmtspm pmts ts ce efir efirjy jy fv fvfr fry y hrie hriekb kb mo skcfekf. Tbit–s gmrf, tbf foofkt mo rfofrfekced pittfres bis hfkmgf gmrf gm rf uecv uecvfr frsi sijj ce rfkfe rfkfett `fki `fki`f `fs. s. Tb Tbcj cjff it tb tbff hfdc hfdcee eece ced d mo tbf tbf pmstw pm stwir ir fr fri i ihmu ihmutt ?> pfrkf pfrkfet et mo fj fj`s `s `csp `cspji jiyf yf` ` i kj kjfi firr jcea jcea hftwffe bmtspmts ie` bcts, hy tbf 8>>>s, tbcs jcea wis `ftfktihjf ce ijgmst 3> pfrkfet mo rfsfirkb fj`s. Pbcs suddfsts, `fspctf cgpmrtiet `coofrfekfs igmed skcfetck fj`s fj`s ce gftb gftbm` m`s, s, kujt kujtur urf, f, ie` ie` tb tbff usf usf mo `iti `iti vfrs vfrsus us tbfm tbfmry ry,, tbf tbf
wiy i skcfetcst kbmmsfs tm hucj` upme firjcfr wmra kmescstfetjy ce ufekf fe kfss wbftb bftbfr fr mr emt bfr wmra mra wcjj cjj giaf iaf i spji spjisb sb,, em gitt gittfr fr bfr fj`. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps8; Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps8
93.; 93 .;
/
Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
Pbf Pbf Drm Drmwc wced ed Cg Cgpi pikt kt mo Mj`f Mj`frr @cs @cskm kmvf vfrc rcfs fs
Ikkfss tm skbmjirjy aemwjf`df bis oue`igfetijjy kbiedf` mvfr tbf yfirs. Pm`iy–s stu`fets giy efvfr sft ommt ce i jchriry. Cestfi`, tbfy buet omr tbf rfjfviet jctfriturf ormg tbfcr hrmwsfrs, usced pmwfrouj sfirkb fedcefs jcaf Dmmdjf [kbmjir. Ie` wbcjf tbfy giy hf cgprfssf` hy tbf bfivy hmmasbfjvfs ie` efit pcjfs mo prcetf` lmureijs ce i prmofssmr–s mo kf, ct giy hf bir` omr tbfg tm cgidcef bmw bf mekf rfjcf` me tbfg tm affp up wctb tbf jitfst `fvfjmpgfets ce bcs fj`. Giey skcfetcsts tm`iy rst jfire ihmut tbfcr kmjjfidufs– efw rfsfirkb ormg smkcij gf` gf `ci ie` tb tbffy of offfj sitc sitcssf` wb wbfe fe sm smgf gfme meff rf rftw twff ffts ts tbfc tbfcrr jitf jitfst st prfprcets. Hut bmw `m tbf kbiedfs ce ceomrgitcme ikkfss ijtfr tbf wiy wf hucj` me pist aemwjf`df= Me mef bie`, efw tmmjs ie` tfkbemjmdcfs ijjmw us tm rfikb `ffpfr cetm tbf pist Q;;6‛;;4W. Pm`iy fvfry lmureij moofrs mejcef ikkfss 80 ie` i `cdctij irkbcvf cts mj`fr irtckjfs, giaced ijj rfsfirkb ikkfsschjf / 4 omr ieymef wctb mo Cetfreft ikkfss. Pbfsf kbiedfs giaf mj`fr aemwjf`df gmrf ikkfsschjf Q;;4W, mstfeschjy cekrfisced tbf kbiekfs tbit skcfetcsts wcjj hucj` upme ct, fspfkcijjy scekf sfirkb fedcefs motfe ijjmw usfrs tm sff tbf gmst rfjfviet rfsujts rst, emt lust tbf gmst rfkfet mefs. Sft tbfrf irf ijsm rfismes tm hfjcfvf tbit tbfsf kbiedfs giy ce oikt eirrmw tbf c`fis skcfetcsts hucj` upme Q;;2W. Omjjmwced bypfrjceas cs jcafjy tm stffr rfsfirkbfrs tmwir`s tbf kurrfet prfvicjced mpcecme, ritbfr tbie smgftbced `ffp wctbce tbf irkbcvfs. Ce`ff`, trcps tm tbf jchriry gcdbt bivf hffe cefo kcfet, hut tbfy ijsm moofrf` ie mppmrtuecty omr sfrfe`cpcty1 cppced tbrmudb `usty pidfs, skbmjirs wfrf omrkf` tm cetfrikt wctb e`ceds ormg tbf `cstiet pist, emtckced pipfrs ie` aemwjf`df tbfy wfrf emt efkfssircjy sffaced. Pbfrfomrf, `cdctij puhjcsbced bis tbf pmtfetcij tm giaf us gmrf gympck, cts kmevfecfekf sbcotced us iwiy ormg tbf kjisscks ie` tmwir`s gmrf rfkfet wmra. Gmrfmvfr, tbf `cdctij tmmjs wf rfjy me ijsm pusb us kjmsfr tbie fvfr tm tbf ormetcfr mo aemwjf`df. Pm`iy–s skcfetcst rfkfcvfs ie fgicj ijfrt tbf gmgfet i efw pipfr ce bfr fj` bis hffe puhjcsbf` mr cs sbirf` me smkcij gf`ci. [bf `mfs emt fvfe eff` tm wict omr i lmureij puhjckitcme tm jfire ihmut tbf jitfst i`viekfs, is prfprcet sbirced (wbfrfce i pipfr cs kcrkujitf` puhjckjy hfomrf hfced puhjcsbf` ce i pffr-rfvcfwf` lmureij) cs emw tbf emrg
ce sfvfrij `cskcpjcefs. Piafe tmdftbfr, tbfsf kbiedfs giy ourtbfr rf`ukf tbf tcgf dip hftwffe wbit skcfetcsts prm`ukf ie` wbit tbfy hucj` upme.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps8; Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps; 8>;
/
Pb Pbff Pc Pcg gf @cg @cgfesc fescme me mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
Pm fs fstc tcgi gitf tf tbf tbf cg cgpi pikt kt mo `cdc `cdctc tczi zitc tcme me,, rf rfsf sfir irkb kbfr frss stu` stu`cf cf` ` pipfrs puhjcsbf` hftwffe 933> ie` 8>9;, kmuetced bmw giey kctf` pipf pi pfrs rs tb tbit it wfrf wfrf it jfis jfistt 9> yfirs mj` Q;;4W. Pbfy Pbfy omue omue` ` tbit tbit tbf tbf oriktcme mo mj`fr kctitcmes drfw stfi`cjy hftwffe 933> ie` 8>9;, fvfe ikkfjfritc ikkfj fritced ed iotfr 8>>>. Pb Pbff sbco sbcott wis wis gmst gmst prme prmemu muek ekf` f` hftw hftwff ffe e 8>>8 ie` 8>9;, wbfe smpbcstckitf` sfirkb fedcefs fgfrdf`. Hy 8>9;, omur mo tbf ecef hrmi` rfsfirkb irfis bi` it jfist 0> pfrkfet kctitcmes tm mj`fr irtckjfs, tbf ‚bugiectcfs, jctfriturf ie` irts‗ kitfdmry jfi`ced tbf pika wctb 69 pfrkfet. Pbcs trfe` cs emt jcgctf` tm tbf jist twm `fki`fs. ^jmttced tbf ivfr iv frid idff idf idf mo rf rfof ofrf rfek ekfs fs mvfr mvfr tc tcgf gf,, wf e` tbit tbit scek scekff tbf tbf 93?>s, skcfetcsts bivf hffe systfgitckijjy rfikbced `ffpfr cetm tbf jctfriturf, kctced mj`fr ie` mj`fr pipfrs (Ocd. 93.;). Tby `c` sukb `ffp rfofrfekced stirt ce tbf 93?>s= Tbcjf tbf ieswfr cs emt fetcrfjy kjfir, mef pmsschjf ieswfr cs rmmtf` ce tbf i`vfet mo pffr rfvcfw Q 6W. Hfomrf tbf 93?>s, 9>
3.6
3 f d i f k 2.6 e f r f o f X 2
4.6
4 936>
934>
933>
8>9>
Sfir
Ocdurf 93 .; Hucj` Hucj`ced ced me tbf pist. Pbf ivfridf idf mo tbf rfofrfekfs mo pipfrs stiyf` irmue` 4 .6 yfirs ormg 936> tm 934>, iotfr wbckb wf mhsfrvf mhsfr vf i rfgira rfgiraihjf ihjf cekrfisced trfe`, ce`ckitced tbit skcfet skcfetcsts csts irf systfgitckij systfg itckijjy jy rfikb rfikbced ced `ffpfr cetm tbf jctfrit jctfriturf. urf. Pbf `mttf` jcef giras tbf yfir 93?4, wbfe Eiturf mo kcijjy cetrm`ukf` pffr rfvcfw. Pbf oikt
tbit tbf stirt mo pffr rfvcfw kmcekc`f` wctb kbiedfs ce rfofrfekced pittfres bis jf` rfsfirkbfrs tm bypmtbfsczf i jcea hftwffe tbf twm Q6W.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps8; Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps0
/
Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
pipfrs wfrf ikkfptf` gicejy it tbf f`ctmrs – `cskrftcme Q;;3W. Hy tbf gc`twfetcftb kfetury tbf cekrfisced spfkcijczitcme mo skcfekf bi` cetfesc f` tbf eff` omr fxpfrt mpcecmes ‛ yft `cssfgceitced i pipfr tm dfmdripbckijjy `cspfrsf` rfi`frs wis `co kujt uetcj pbmtmkmpyced hfkigf ivicjihjf ce 9363 Q;0>W. W. Eiturf Eiturf mo mo kcijjy cetrm`ukf` pffr rfvcfw ce 93?4, ie` tbf priktckf hfkigf gicestrfig tbrmudbmut skbmjirjy puhjcsbced sbmrtjy tbfrfiotfr. Ct cs jcafjy tbit tbfsf rfvcfwfrs kmuj` pmcet mut rfjfviet mj`fr wmra wm ra omr omr tbf tbf iutb iutbmr mrss tm km kmes esc` c`fr fr,, emt emt mejy mejy hmms hmmstc tced ed rf rfof ofrf rfek ekfs fs tm kiemeckij jctfriturf, hut ijsm ce`ukced i hfbivcmrij kbiedf, prmgptced iutbmrs tm gmrf kirfoujjy krf`ct firjcfr wmra. Pmdftb Pmd ftbfr, fr, tbfsf tbfsf rfsujt rfsujtss ce`cki ce`ckitf tf tbit tbit tfkbe tfkbemjm mjmdck dckij ij sbcots sbcots bivf bivf gi`f ct fiscfr tm e` tbf gmst rfjfviet irtckjfs, crrfspfktcvf mo tbfcr idf. Bipp Bi ppcj cjy, y, cgpm cgpmrt rti iet i`vi i`viek ekfs fs irf irf em jmed jmedfr fr dftt dfttce ced d jmst jmst me sb sbfj fjv vfs fs,, hut hut ir irff ihjf tm kmetceuf tm ceufekf rfsfirkb omr `fki`fs jmedfr. Hut lust bmw jmed kie i rfsfirkbfr fxpfkt tbfcr kmrpus mo wmra tm rfgice rfjfviet=
Hmx 93.9 Pbf idf `cstr `cstrchu chutcm tcmee mo kctitc kctitcmes mes>> gmstjy rfjcf` me tbf rftrmspfktcvf ipprmikb. Pbf rfisme cs gicejy kmgputitcmeij< tbf
rftrmspfktcvf ipprmikb cs fiscfr tm cgpjfgfet, scekf tbf kctced tbf kctced pipfr pipfr cs xf`.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps6 8>6
/
Pb Pbff Pc Pcg gf @cg @cgfesc fescme me mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
8.6
^uhjckitcme yfir
8.>
936> 93?> 934> 932> 933>
9.6 9.> >.6 > >
9>
8>
;>
Ocdurf 93 .0 Pbf lugp-`fkiy pittfre mo kctitcmes. Pbf ivfridf eughfr mo kctitcmes is i ouektcme mo tbf tcgf fjipsf` scekf puhjckitcme. Fikb jcef rfprfsfets i drmup mo pipfrs, tbf kmjmr `femtced tbfcr puhjckitcme yfir. Is tbf kurvfs ce`ckitf, gmst kctitcmes kmgf wctbce tbf rst vf yfirs iotfr puhjckitcme1 iotfr tbit, tbf kbiekf mo i pipfr hfced kctf` idice `rmps `rigitckijjy.
93.0 93 .0
Smur Smur Fx Fxpc pcri ritc tcme me @itf @itf
Is wf siw siw ce Ocd. Ocd. 93.9, mur kbiekf kbiekf mo rfofrfekced rfofrfekced ie mj`fr pipfr pipfr `fkiys quckajy wctb tbf pipfr–s idf. Omr tbf skcfetcst, tbcs prmgpts i krctckij, co uekmgomrtihjf, qufstcme< @m pipfrs bivf ie fxpcritcme `itf, iotfr wbckb tbfy jmsf tbfcr rfjfviekf tm tbf skcfetc k kmgguecty= Pm ieswfr tbcs qufstcme, wf kie kmesc`fr tbf ivfridf eughfr mo kctitcmes kþt Õ i pipfr ikqucrfs fikb yfir iotfr puhjckitcme. Is Ocd. 93.0 kctitcmes sbmws sbm ws,, kct kctitc itcme mess omjjm omjjmw w i lugp-`fkiy lugp-`fkiy pittfre pittfre Q832, ;06W< I pipf ipfr–s kctitcme ritf rcsfs quckajy iotfr puhjckitcme, rfikbced i pfia irmue` yfir twm mr tbrff, iotfr wbckb ct stirts tm `rmp. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, i typckij pipfr ikbcfvfs cts drfitfst cgpikt wctbce tbf rst ofw yfirs mo cts puhjckitcme. Iotf Io tfrr tbit tbit,, cts cts cgpi cgpikt kt `cg cgce cecs csbf bfss quck quckaj ajy. y. Is Hm Hmx x 93.8 fxp fxpji jices ces,, tbc tbcss lug lugpp`fki `f kiy y pitt pittfre fre cs tbf tbf ritc ritcme meij ijff hfbc hfbce` e` tbf tbf twmtwm-yfi yfirr wce` wce`mw mw usf` usf` tm gfisurf tbf ‚cgpikt oiktmr,‗ i gftrck usf` tm fvijuitf lmureijs. Pbf lugp-`fkiy kctitcme pittfre suddfsts tbit, co wf wcsb tm oicrjy kmgpirf tbf cgpikt mo twm pipfrs, wf gust rst oiktmr ce tbfcr idf. I pipfr puhjcsbf` ce 8>>> giy bivf i bcdbfr kctitcme kmuet tbie i 8>9> pipfr scgpjy hfkiusf ct bis hffe irmue` jmedfr (Ocd. 93.6i). Sft, is Ocd. 93.6h ce`ckitfs, i pipfr–s kugujitcvf kctitcmes `m emt cekrfisf ce`fectfjy, hut situritf iotfr i ofw yfirs. Omr fxigpjf, hy 8>>? tbf kctitcme `cstrchutcmes mo pipfrs puhjcsbf` ce 9339 mr 933; wfrf stitcs-
tckijjy tckij jy ce`c ce`cstced stceducsb ucsbihjf ihjf (Ocd. 93.6h) h).. Ce mtbf mtbfrr wm wmr` r`s, s, tb tbff kc kcti titc tcme me @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps?
/
Pbf [kcfekf mo [kcfekf
(i) y t c s e9.> f 8>>0 ` 8>>8 y t c j >.6 c h i h m r >.> >.6 9.> ^
(h) y t c s e9.> f ` y t c j >.6 c h i h m r >.> ^
8>>> 9332
9.6
8.>
8.6
;.>
8.6
;.>
Jmd9> (Eughfr mo kctitcmes)
>.6
9.>
9.6
8.>
Jmd (Eughfr mo kctitcmes) 9>
Ocdurf 93.6 Pcgf fvm fvmjutcme jutcme mo kcti kctitcme tcme `c `cstrchu strchutcmes. tcmes. Piaced pipfrs puhjcsbf` hy Lmureij mo Hcmjmdckij Kbfgcstry, (i) sbmws tbf `cstr `cstrchutcm chutcme e mo kctitcmes ikkruf` hy tbf fe` mo 8>>? 8>>? Q 84;W. ^ipfrs puhjcsbf` ce 8>>0 kmestctutf tbf oir-jfot kurvf, hfkiusf tbfy bi` mejy twm yfirs tm kmjjfkt kctitcmes. ^ipfrs puhjcsbf` ce firjcfr yfirs, wbckb bivf bi` gmrf tcgf tm kmjjfkt kctitcmes, irf ourtbfr tm tbf rcdbt. Bmwfvfr, is pipfrs dft mj`fr, tbcs tfgpmrij sbcot wiefs. Ce (h), wf kmesc`fr tbf kctitcmes tm pipfrs puhjcsbf` hftwffe 9339 ie` 933;. [cekf tbmsf puhjcsbf` ce 9339 bivf gmstjy stmppf` ikqucrced efw kctitcmes hy 8>>?, tbfcr kctitcme `cstrchutcme cs c`fetckij tm tbit mo pipfrs puhjcsbf` ce 933;. Iotfr [trcedfr ft ij. Q84;W.
`cstrchutcmes kmevfrdf tm i stfi`y-stitf omrg iotfr i kfrtice tcgf pfrcm` (wctb tbit pfrcm` viryced ormg lmureij tm lmureij) Q 84;W. Ormg tbit pmcet me, tbf eughfr mo efw kctitcmes i pipfr direfrs hfkmgfs efdjcdchjf ‛ tbmsf pipfrs bivf rfikbf` tbfcr fxpcritcme `itf.
[uggiry It tbf hfdceeced mo tbcs kbiptfr, wf pmsf` i `co kujt qufstcme< Co ymu wfrf it tbf Jchriry mo Ijfxie`rci witkbced tbf igfs drmw efirfr, wbckb wbc kb rfs rfsfir firkb kb wm wmuj` uj` ymu sivf sivf ‛ tbf tbf mj`, mj`, mr tbf tbf efw= efw= Pbf Pbf cssu cssufs fs `cskussf` ce tbcs kbiptfr emt mejy bfjp us tm ieswfr tbcs qufstcme, hut giy ijsm bfjp skcfetcsts gmrf rfijcstckijjy ue`frstie` tbf jcofspie mo
tbfcr wmra. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps8; Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps4 8>4
/
Pb Pbff Pc Pcg gf @cg @cgfesc fescme me mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
Hmx 93.8 93.8 Cgp Cgpikt ikt oi oiktm ktmrr Pbf cgpikt oiktmr (CO), motfe usf` tm quietcoy tbf cgpmrtiekf mo i lmureij, kipturfs tbf ivfridf eughfr mo kctitcmes tbit pipfrs puhjcsbf` ce tbit lmureij kmjjfkt wctbce twm yfirs mo puhjckitcme. Eiturf puhjckitcme. Eiturf,, omr fxigpjf, bis ;2 .9 omr tbf yfir 8>96, wbcjf ^bysckij ie cgpikt oiktmr mo ;2 wbcjf ^bysckij Xfvcfw Jfttfrs Igfrckie [mkcm [mkcmjmdck jmdckij ij Xfvcfw Xfvcfw 0.;, ie` biss ie cg bi cgpi pikt kt oikt oiktmr mr mo 4.?, Igfrckie Lmureij mo ^frsmeijcty ie` [mkcij ^sykbmjmdy 0.4. Jitfjy, bmwfvfr, tbf cgpikt oiktmr bis stirtf` tm tiaf me i efw, kmekfreced ouektcme. Tbfe i pipfr pip fr cs puh puhjcs jcsbf bf` ` ce i kf kfrti rtice ce lmu lmurei reij, j, rfi rfi`fr `frss cekrfi cekrfisce scedjy djy usf tbi tbitt lmureij–s cgpikt oiktmr tm fvijuitf tbf pmtfetcij cgpmrtiekf mo tbf pipfr. Pbcs cs is gcsduc`f` is tryced tm lu`df i hmma hy cts kmvfr. Ce`ff`, is Ocd. 93 .? sbmws, pipfrs puhjcsbf` wctbce tbf sigf lmureij kie bivf vistjy `coofr `co ofrfet fet cgpikt cgpikts, s, tfjjce tfjjced d us tbi tbitt tbf cgp cgpikt ikt oik oiktmr tmr kieem kieemtt prf prf`ck `cktt ie ce`cvc`uij pipfr–s cgpikt. 9>-9
Kfjj ^EI[ ^XH
9>-8 > 9
9>-; 9>-0 9>-6 >
9>
9>>
9,>>>
9>
Ocdurf 93 .? Cgpikt oiktmr `mfs emt prf`ckt tbf cgpikt mo ce` ce`cvc`uij cvc`uij pipfrs. 9>
(i) @cstrchutcme mo tbf kugujitcvf kctitcmes tfe yfirs iotfr puhjckitcme (k ) omr ijj pipfrs puhjcsbf` ce Kfjj (CO (CO 7 ;;.?8 ce 9338), ^EI[ (CO 7 9> .02), ie` ^bysckij ^bysc kij Xfvcfw H ( ^XH) (CO 7 ; .8?). ^ipfrs puhjcsbf` hy tbf sigf lmureij bivf vistjy `coofrfet cgpikts, `fspctf sbirced tbf sigf cgpikt oiktmr. Iotfr Tied ft ij. Q832W.
Is wf bivf `cskussf`, skcfetcsts omjjmw rfprm`ukchjf pittfres wbfe `riwced upme prcmr aemwjf`df. Pbf kuttced f`df mo efw rfsfirkb cs cetfdrij tm tbf `cskmvfry prmkfss, dcvfe tbit tbf vist gilmrcty mo rfofrfekfs irf tm pipfrs puhjcsbf` wctbce tbf jist twm tm tbrff yfirs. Sft kctced wmra ormg tbf ormetcfr hy ctsfjo duirietffirf cgpikt< ^ipfrs wctb i lu`ckcmus gcx mo efw`mfs ie` emt kiemeckij aemwjf`df twckf is jcafjy tm hf bmgf rues tbie typckij pipfrs ce tbf fj`. Pbfrfomrf,
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wbcjf hucj`ced upme kuttced-f`df wmra cs afy, i pipfr–s cgpikt cs jcotf` wbfe ct kmesc`f kmesc`frs rs i wc` wc`ff bmrczme bmrczme mo rfsfirkb. rfsfirkb. ^ut scgpjy, scgpjy, co tbf pfrsme it tbf Jchriry mo Ijfxie`rci wietf` tm fesurf tbit drfit skcfetc k `cskmvfrcfs wmuj` stcjj hf pmsschjf dmced omrwir`, sbf sbmuj` try tm stika up me efwjy puhjcsbf` skrmjjs, hut ijsm drih i ofw mj`fr mefs. Ce dfefrij, i pipfr direfrs gmst mo cts kctitcmes wctbce tbf rst kmupjf mo yfirs mo puhjckitcme. Bmwfvfr, mj` pipfrs irf efvfr fetcrfjy omrdmttfe ‛ bfekf, omkusced fxkjuscvfjy me tbf cgpikt direfrf` wctbce tbf rst ofw yfirs cs jcafjy tm gcss tbf jmed-tfrg cgpikt mo i `cskmvfry. Pbit gfies ct cs mejy oicr tm kmgpirf tbf cgpikt mo twm pipfrs co tbfy bivf bi` i scgcjir igmuet mo tcgf tm hf kctf`, mr co hmtb pipfrs bivf hffe irmue` jmed femudb tbit tbfy bivf ijrfi`y kmjjfktf` tbf huja mo tbfcr kctitcmes. Motfe, wf giy emt aemw i pipfr –s truf cgpikt omr gmrf tbie i `fki`f. Omr skcfetcsts, tbfrf cs iemtbfr tiafiwiy< Fikb mo mur pipfrs bivf ie fxpcritcme `itf. Tbftbfr wf jcaf ct mr emt, tbfrf wcjj kmgf i pmcet wbfe fvfry pipfr wf bivf wrcttfe stmps hfced rfjfviet tm tbf kmgguecty. Bmwfvfr, tbcs `ira kjmu` bis i scjvfr jceced< Pbieas tm `cdctczitcme, mj`fr irtckjfs irf dfttced gmrf ie` gmrf ittfetcme, ce`ckitced tbit tbf kmjjfktcvf bmrczme mo skcfekf cs fxpie`ced. Hut co fvfry pipfr wcjj smmefr mr jitfr stmp ikqucrced kctitcmes, wbit cs tbf ‚ujtcgitf‗ cgpikt omr fikb pipfr= Ie` kie wf fstcgitf i pipfr–s tmtij cgpikt ce i`viekf=
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Pbf lugp-`fkiy kctitcme pittfres `fskrchf` ce tbf jist kbiptfr kijj tm gce` tbf emtcme mo ‚96 gceutfs mo oigf.‗ Irf wf jfot tm kmekju`f tbit tbf pipfrs wf puhjcsb ‛ wmras wf spfe` kmuetjfss `iys ie` ecdbts rfsfirkbced, wrctced, ie` idmeczced mvfr ‛ wcjj mejy hf rfi` omr it gmst i ofw yfirs iotfr puhjckitcme= Ocdurf 8>.9 sbmws tbf yfirjy kctitcme kmuet omr 8>> rie`mgjy sfjfktf` pipfrs puhjcsbf` hftwffe 93?> ie` 934> ce ^bysckij Xfvcfw, Xfvcfw, kmevfyced i kjfir gfssidf< kctitcme pittfres omr ce`cvc`uij pipfrs irf kmgpjckitf`. Tbcjf, ce iddrfditf kctitcmes giy omjjmw i uecomrg lugp-`fkiy pittfre, kctitcmes mo ce`cvc`uij pipfrs `m emt ippfir tm hf `ckt `cktit itf` f` hy iey iey ippi ippirf rfe et tfgp tfgpmr mrij ij pitt pittfr fre. e. Cest Cestfi fi`, `, tb tbfy fy irf irf rfgiraihjy vircihjf. Tbcjf gmst wmra cs omrdmttfe sbmrtjy iotfr puhjckitcme, i ofw pipfrs sffg tm bivf ie fspfkcijjy jmed jcofspie. Bmw kie wf giaf sfesf mo tbcs `cvfrsf sft mo trilfktmrcfs= Co ijj pipfrs wfrf tm omjjmw tbf sigf lugp-`fkiy pittfre, tbfe wf kmuj` fiscjy prf`ckt tbf outurf cgpikt mo iey pipfr iotfr lust cts rst ofw yfirs. Bmwfvfr, scekf ce`cvc`uij `cskmvfrcfs tiaf wcj`jy `coofrfet pitbs tmwir` tbfcr ujtcgitf cgpikt, fstcgitced tbf outurf cgpikt mo i pipfr ippfirs i bmpfjfss tisa. Giaced tbf gittfr wmrsf cs tbf oikt tbit giey ceufetcij `cskmvfrcfs irf emtmrcmusjy ue`fr-ipprfkcitf` it rst ‛ rfsfirkb suddfsts tbit tbf gmrf i `cskmvfry `fvcitfs ormg tbf kurrfet piri`cdg, tbf jmedfr ct wcjj tiaf tm hf ipprfkcitf` hy tbf kmgguecty Q63W. Ce`ff`, dcvfe tbf gyrci` oiktmrs tbit ioofkt bmw i efw `cskmvfry cs rfkfcvf` ‛ ormg tbf wmra–s cetrc cetrcesc esckk vijuf vijuf tm cts tcgced tcgced,, puhjcs puhjcsbce bced d vfeuf, ie` sbffr kbiekf ‛ e`ced rfdujirctcfs ce tbf kctitcmes mo ce`cvc`uij pipfrs rfgices fjuscvf.
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Ocdurf 8> .9 Kctitcm Kctitcme e bcstm bcstmrcfs rcfs mo cce`cvc` e`cvc`uij uij pip pipfrs. frs. Tf rie`mgjy sfjfktf` 8>> pipfrs puhjcsbf` hftwffe 93?> ie` 934> ce ^bysckij Xfvcfw, sbmwced bmw giey kctitcmes fikb ikqucrf` yfirjy omjjmwced cts puhjckitcme. Pbf kmjmr mo tbf jcefs ce`ckitfs ce`cki tfs tbf puhjck puhjckitcme itcme yfir. Hjuf pipfrs pipfrs wfrf puhjcsbf` irmue` 93?>, wbfrfis tbf rf` wfrf puhjcsbf` kjmsfr tm 934>. Iotfr Tied ft ij. Q832W.
Sft, is wf wcjj sbmw ce tbcs kbiptfr, hfefitb tbf rie`mgefss ie` tbf ippirfet jika mo mr`fr jcf smgf strcaced pittfres. Ie` tbfsf pitt pi ttfr fres es giaf giaf tb tbff kc kcti titc tcme me `yei `yeigc gcks ks mo ce ce`c `cvc vc`u `uij ij pipf pipfrs rs qu quct ctff prf`cktihjf.
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Jft–s rfkip tbf gfkbiecsgs tbit wf bivf ijrfi`y sbmwe tm ioofkt tbf cgpikt mo i pipfr Q832W< drmwtb mo skcfekf (Kbiptfr 96). Ce mr`fr omr tbf fxpmefetcij drmwtb mo Ocrst cs tbf fxpmefetcij
pipfrs tm dice efw kctitcmes, efw pipfrs gust hf puhjcsbf`1 bfekf, tbf ritf it wbckb tbfsf efw pipfrs irf puhjcsbf` ioofkts bmw fxcstced pipfrs wcjj ikkugujitf kctitcmes. [fkme`, prfofrfetcij ittikbgfet ittikbgfet kipturfs tbf oikt tbit bcdbjy kctf` pipfrs irf gmrf vcschjf ie` tbus gmrf jcafjy tbie tbfcr jfss-kctf` kmuetfrpirts tm hf kctf` idice (Kbiptfr 94). Pbcr`, tefss kiptu kipturf rfss tbf tbf cebf cebfrf rfet et `coof `coofrf rfek ekfs fs hftw hftwff ffe e pipf pipfrs rs,, ikkmuetced omr tbf pfrkfcvf` emvfjty ie` cgpmrtiekf mo i `cskmvfry (Kbiptfr 94). Ie` jistjy, idced jistjy, idced kipturfs kipturfs bmw efw c`fis irf cetfdritf` cetm suhsfqufet wmra< Fvfry pipfr–s prmpfescty omr kctitcmes fvfetuijjy oi`fs (Kbiptfr 93), ce i oisbcme hfst `fskrchf` hy i jmd-emrgij survcvij prmhihcjcty.
Tbit `m tbfsf oiktmrs tfjj us ihmut kctitcme pittfres= Ct tures mut tbit wf kie kmghcef tbfsf ofiturfs ce i gitbfgitckij gm`fj, ie` tbfe smjvf tbf gm`fj ieijytckijjy (sff Ippfe`cx I8.0 omr gmrf `fticj), irrcvced tm i
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps.9). Pbf kctitcme bcstmry mo Ocdurf 8>.8 Kctitcm pipfr c cs kbiriktfrczf` hy tbrff pirigftfrs< ( 9) tbf rfjitcvf tefss αc kipturced i pipfr–s ihcjcty tm ittrikt kctitcmes rfjitcvf tm mtbfr pipfrs1 ( 8) tbf cggf`ciky κ c kipturfs bmw quckajy i pipfr wcjj dft ittfetcme ormg tbf kmgguecty, dmvfreced tbf tcgf rfqucrf` rfqucrf` omr i pipfr tm rfikb cts kctitcme pfia, ie` (;) tbf jmedfvcty ϋ cc kipturfs bmw quckajy tbf ittfetcme `fkiys mvfr tcgf.
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8> .8 cjjustritfs, omr `coofrfet pirigftfrs (8>.9) `fskrchfs i wc`f riedf mo kctitcme trilfktmrcfs. Fquitcme (8>.9) giafs i rfgiraihjf prf`cktcme< Is emcsy ie` uepr ue prf` f`ckt cktih ihjf jf is kc kctit titcm cme e pittf pittfres res mo ce ce`c `cvc vc`u `uij ij pipf pipfrs rs giy giy sffg sffg (Ocd. 8>.9), tbfy irf ijj dmvfref` hy tbf sigf uecvfrsij fquitcme. Pbff `coof Pb `coofrfe rfekf kfss hftwf hftwffe fe pipf pipfrs rs kie hf rf`uk rf`ukf` f` tm `coof `coofrfe rfekfs kfs ce tbrfff oue`igf tbrf oue`igfeti etijj pirigftf pirigftfrs, rs, α, κ, ie` ϋ . Ce`ff`, Fq. (8>.9) prf`ckts tbit co wf aemw tbf ( αc , κc , ϋ cc ) pirigftfrs omr fikb pipfr ie` ie ` rfski rfskijf jf tbf omrgu omrguji ji ik ikkmr kmr`c `ced edjy, jy, usced usced ~tt je t κc 7ϋ c c ie` 8
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Jft us sfjfkt omur pipfrs wbmsf kctitcme bcstmrcfs irf kjfirjy `csscgcjir (Ocd. 8>.;i). Sft, Fq. (8>.9) tfjjs us tbit, co wf mhtice tbf sft mo ( α ,c κ ,c ϋ cc ) piri pirigf gftfr tfrss tbit tbit hfst hfst `fsk `fskrc rchf hf fikb fikb pipf pipfrr–s kc kcti titc tcme me bc bcstm stmry ry ie` ie` rfski rfs kijf jf tbfg tbfg omjj omjjmw mwce ced d (8>.8), ijj ijj tbfs tbfsff `coo `coofr frfe fett kurv kurvfs fs giy giy kmjj kmjjip ipsf sf cetm cetm i sced scedjf jf mef. mef. Is Ocd. Ocd. 8>.;h cjju cjjustr strit itfs fs,, tb tbit it cs prfk prfkcs csfj fjy y wbit wbit bipp bippfe fes. s. Ce mtbf mtbfrr wmr`s, fvfe tbmudb wf sfjfktf` tbfsf pipfrs spfkc kijjy omr tbfcr `cvfrsf kctitcme bcstmrcfs, emef mo tbfg ippfirs tm `foy tbcs uecvfrsij pittfre. Ce oi oikt kt,, wf kmuj kmuj` ` kbmm kbmmsf sf iey iey eugh eughfr fr mo pipf pipfrs rs pu puhj hjcs csbf bf` ` ce `coo `coofr frfe fett `fki `fki`f `fss hy `coofrfet lmureijs ce `coofrfet `cskcpjcefs, is wf `c` wctb smgf 2,>>> @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps.9 8>.9 [jf [jffpc fpced ed hfiut hfiutcfs cfs ie` sfkm sfkme` e` ikts Pbfrf irf smgf pipfrs wbmsf kctitcmes `fvcitf ormg tbf typckij rcsf-ie`-oijj trilfktmrcfs mo Fq. (8>.8). Pbfsf kmgf ce it jfist twm kitfdmrcfs. Ocrst, tbfrf irf ‚sjffpced hfiutcfs,‗ pipfrs wbmsf cgpmrtiekf cs emt rfkmdeczf` uetcj yfirs iotfr puhjckitcme Q;0?‛;02W. Pbf kjissck pipfr hy Dirfj` tbit cetrm`ukf` kctitcme ce`ckfs moofrs i ef fxigpjf (Q;03W, Ocd. 8> .0). ^uhjcsbf` ce 9366, cctt mejy mejy ‚iwmaf‗ iotfr 8>>>, tbie tbieas as tm ie ce cekr krfi fisf sf` ` ce cetf tfrf rfst st ce kc kcti titc tcme me eftwmras. Mtbfr sjffpced hfiutcfs mejy iwiafe wbfe tbfy irf ce`fpfe`fetjy `cskmvfrf` hy i efw skcfetck kmgguecty. Mef fxigpjf cs tbf 9363 gitbfgitcks pipfr hy ^iuj Fr`řs ie` Ijorã` Xãeyc me rie`mg eftwmras Q;6>W, wbmsf cgpikt fxpjm`f` ce tbf twfety-rst kfe kfetury tury omjjmwc omjjmwced ed tbf fgfrdfekf fgfrdf ekf mo eftwm eftwmra ra skcfek skcfekff (Ocd. 8> .0). Pbf ‚tbfmry mo supfrkme`uktcvcty‗ pipfr hy Hir`ffe, Kmmpfr, ie` [kbrcfoofr (HK[) Q;>?W moofrs ie fxigpjf mo i ‚sfkme` ikt‗ Q 848W, iemtbfr omrg mo ityp itypckij ckij tril trilfktmrcfs fktmrcfs (O (Ocd. cd. 8>.0). Pbf pipfr tmma tmma moo quck quckajy ajy iotfr iotfr cts puhjckitcme ce 9364, ie` fvfe wme cts iutbmrs tbf Emhfj ^rczf ce pbyscks ce 9348. Sft, smme tbf fetbuscisg `wce`jf`, hmttmgced mut ce 9326. Bmw-
fvfr, tbf 932? `cskmvfry mo bcdb-tfgpfriturf supfrkme`uktcvcty gi`f tbf HK[ pipfr rfjfviet idice, bfjpced ct fxpfrcfekf i ‚sfkme` ikt.‗ Pbfsf itypckij trilfktmrcfs irf emt pirtckujirjy rirf Q;04W. Ce`ff`, ce gujtc`cskcpjceiry lmureijs gmrf tbie 4 pfrkfet mo pipfrs kie hf kjisscf` is sjffpced hfiutcfs. Tf kie fxtfe` tbf kctitcme gm`fj `cskussf` ce tbf prfvcmus sfktcme tm cekju`f i sfkme` pfia, bfjpced tm prf`ckt ihmut 3> pfrkfet mo tbf itypckij kisfs Q kisfs Q ;02W. ;>> 86> 8>>
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Ocdurf 8> .0 Itypckij kctitcme bcstmrcfs. Dirfj`–s pipfr me kctitcmes cs ie fxfgpjiry kisf mo i sjffpced hfiuty Q;03W. [cgcjirjy, tbf Fr`řs‛Xãeyc pipfr (FX) wis bcdbjy rfdir`f` wctbce gitbfgitcks hut bi` mejy jcgctf` cgpikt mutsc`f mut sc`f tbf fj`. Bmwfvfr, Bmwfvfr, tbf fgfrdfe fgfrdfekf kf mo eftwmra skcf skcfekf ekf ce 9333 `r `rfw fw efw, efw, gujtc`cskcpjceiry gujtc`cskcpjcei ry ittfetcme tm tbf pipfr, oufjced cts fxpjm fxpjmscvf scvf kctitcme kmuet. Pbf supfrkme`uktcvcty pipfr hy Hir`ffe, Kmmpfr, ie` [kbrcfoofr (HK[) fxpfrcfekf` i sfkme` ikt wbfe bcdb-tfgpfriturf supfrkme`uktcvcty wis `cskmvfrf`. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps.;k, ie` ikkmr`ced tm Fq. (8>.8) tbfy sbmuj` ijj kmjj km jjip ipsf sf me tbf tbf sigf sigf uecv uecvfr frsi sijj kurv kurvf. f. Is mur mur si sigp gpjjf mo pipf pipfrs rs dr drm mws ws,, tbfr tbfrff irf cefvctihjy smgf tbit bivf bi` crrfdujir kctitcme bcstmrcfs (sff ijsm Hmx 8>.9). Sft, rfgiraihjy, mekf wf `ftfrgcef tbf pirigftfrs omr fikb pipfr ie` rfskijf tbfcr trilfktmrcfs ikkmr`cedjy, tbfcr kctitcme bcstmrcfs jirdfjy omjjmw tbf sigf kurvf (8>.8). Is sukb, ijj mhsfrvf` `coofrfekfs ce kctitcme bcstmrcfs kie hf ittrchutf` tm tbrff gfisurihjf pirigftfrs< tefss, cggf`ciky ie` jmedfvcty. Pbcs rfvfijs i surprcsced `fdrff mo rfdujircty ce i systfg tbit sffgs emcsy, ueprf`cktihjf, ie` `rcvfe hy kmuetjfss mtbfr oiktmrs. Pbcs rfdujircty cs rmmtf` ce tbf oikt tbit kctitcmes irf i kmjjfktcvf gfisurf, rffktced tbf kmjjfktcvf mpcecme mo tbf skcfetc k kmgguecty me i pipfr–s cgpmrtiekf. Bfekf ce`cvc`uij iktcmes `m emt gukb ijtfr i pipfr –s pitb tm sukkfss mr mhjcvcme ‛ ct cs tbf kmjjfktcvf iktcme mo kmuetjfss skcfetcsts tbit sbipf tbfcr cgpikt. Is sukb, rfkmdectcme ormg tbf kmgguecty is i kmjjfktcvf omjjmws bcdbjy rfprm`ukchjf pittfres ie` cs ijsm `mgceitf` hy i sgijj eughfr mo `ftfktihj `ftfktihjff gfkbiecsg gfkbiecsgs. s. Hut wby `mfs tbcs uecvfrsijcty gittfr=
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8>.;), mejy mef pirigftfr cs rfjfviet< tbf rfjitcvf tefss α. Ct `mfs emt gittfr bmw smme tbf pipfr stirts tm direfr ittfetcme (cggf`ciky, κ), mr bmw oist cts ippfij `fkiys mvfr tcgf (jmedfvcty, ϋ ). ). Cts ujtcgitf cgpikt cs `ftfrgcef` hy cts rfjitcvf rfjitcvf tefss mejy, mejy, kipturced tbf pipfr–s cgpmrtiekf rfjitcvf tm cts pffrs.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps80 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps yfirs. @fspctf hfced puhjcsbf` ce lmureijs wctb wc`fjy `coofrfet rfi`frsbcp rfi`frsbc p ie` cgpikt, tbf tmtij kctitcme kmuets ikqucrf` hy tbfsf pipfrs irf rfgiraihjy scgcjir (Ocd. 8>.6). Pbcs cs prfkcsfjy wbit ( 8>.;) tfjjs us< dcvfe tbf scgcjir tefss α, tbfy sbmuj` ujtcgitfjy bivf tbf sigf cgpikt, k 7 69 .6. Pbf tiafiwiy< Lust is wf `me–t lu`df i hmma hy cts kmvfr, wf kie–t lu`df i pipfr hy cts lmureij. Kfjj lmureij. Kfjj giy giy ippfir tm hf i gmrf kmvftf` vfeuf tbie ^EI[ ‛ hut is jmed is tbf pipfrs bivf tbf sigf tefss, ujtcgitfjy tbfy irf fxpfktf` tm ikqucrf tbf sigf eughfr mo kctitcmes.
∕
8>.0 8> .0
Ou Outu turf rf Cgp gpik iktt Ocdurf 8>.? sbmws i typckij wfitbfr omrfkist, tbf ace` tbit
motfe icrs me P_ efws. Ct wires mo i burrckief hrfwced ce tbf Kirchhfie ie` prf`ckts wbfrf ie` wbfe ct wcjj bct Pfeefssff. Pbcs ace` mo `fticjf` prf`ck prf `cktcm tcme e kie bfjp bfjp rfsc`f rfsc`fets ets ie` fgfrdf fgfrdfeky eky pfrsme pfrsmeefj efj giaf giaf hfttfr hfttfr pjies, tm stmka omm` ie` sffa sbfjtfr. Bmw `c` skcfetcsts ikqucrf sukb i prf`cktcvf kipihcjcty= Ocrst, gisscvf igmuets mo `iti me pist burrckief trilfktmrcfs ijjmwf` tbfg tm stu`y ce gceutf gceutf `fticj `fticj tbf pittf pittfres res kbiri kbiriktfrc ktfrczced zced tbfsf trilfktmrc trilfktmrcfs fs ie` tbf pbysckij oiktmrs tbit `rcvf tbfg. Pbfe, usced tbit ceomrgitcme, tbfy hucjt prf`cktcvf gm`fjs tbit tfjj us wbfrf burrckiefs tfe` tm dm, dcvfe wbfrf tbfy bivf ijrfi`y hffe. Kie wf usf tbf sigf ipprmikb tm prf`ckt tbf cgpikt mo i puhjckitcme= Ct ture turess mut, mut, wf ki kie e i`i i`ipt tbf tbf gm gm`f `fjj cetr cetrm` m`uk ukf` f` ce tb tbcs cs kb kbip iptf tfrr tm prf`ckt outurf kctitcmes mo fikb pipfr. Omr tbcs wf usf i pipfr –s kctitcme bcstmry up tm yfir P yfir P Price Price iotfr puhjckitcme tm trice tbf gm`fj, ijjmwced us tm fstcgitf tbf pirigftfrs αc , κc , ϋ c c omr tbf pipfr. Tf cjjustritf tbcs ce Ocd. 8>.4i, wbfrf wf usf i vf-yfir triceced pfrcm` tm prf`ckt tbf suhsfqufet trilfktmrcfs mo tbrff pipfrs. Pbf durf sbmws tbf prf`cktf` gmst jcafjy kctitcme pitb (rf` jcef) wctb ie uekfrticety fevfjmpf (sbi`f` irfi) omr omr fikb fikb pi pipf pfr. r. Kmgp Kmgpir irce ced d mur mur prf` prf`ck cktc tcme mess tm tbf tbf iktu iktuij ij kc kcti titc tcme me bc bcstm stmrc rcfs fs,, wf e` tbit twm mo tbf tbrff pipfrs ce`ff` ofjj wctbce tbf fevfjmpf. Omr tbf tbcr` pipfr, tbf gm`fj mvfrfstcgitf` outurf kctitcmes. Hut usced i jmedfr jme dfr trice triceced ced pfrcm` pfrcm` igfjcm igfjcmritf ritfss tbc tbcss prm prmhj hjfg fg.. Ce`ff Ce`ff`, `, co wf cekrfi cekrfisf sf tbf tbf
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Ocdurf 8> .6 Vjtcgitf cgpikt. Tf sfjfkt tbrff lmureijs wctb `coofrfet rfi`frsbcp ie` cgpikt< ( 9) ^bysckij Xfvcfw H ( ^XH ), wctb ie cgpikt oiktmr (CO) irmue` ;.8? ce 9338, cs tbf jirdfst lmureij wctbce tbf ^bysckij Xfvcfw oigcjy, kmvfrced i spfkcijczf` `mgice mo pbyscks1 ( 8) ^rmkff`ceds mo tbf Eitcmeij Iki`fgy mo [kcfekfs (^EI[) (CO 7 9> .02 ) cs i bcdb-cgpikt gujtc`cskcpjceiry lmureij kmvfrced ijj irfis mo skcfekf1
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps80 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps .? Burrckief omrfkist. Ijtbmudb tbf stmrg cs tbmusie`s mo gcjfs iwiy ormg Pfeefssff, rfsc`fets aemw wfjj ce i`viekf wbfe ie` wbfrf ct cs dmced tm bct tbfcr stitf ie` cts jcafjy cetfescty upme irrcvij. Kie wf `fvfjmp scgcjir prf`cktcvf tmmjs omr skcfe skcfekf= kf=
triceced pfrcm` ormg 6 yfirs tm 9> yfirs, tbf kmef mo prf`cktcmes sbrceas (Ocd. 8>.4h) ie` tbf gm`fj–s prf`cktcvf ikkuriky cgprmvfs< Pbf tbcr` pipfr emw oijjs wfjj wctbce tbf prf`cktcme fevfjmpf, wbcjf tbf fxpfktf` pitbss mo tbf mtbfr pitb mtbfr twm pipf pipfrs rs emw ijcde ijcde fvfe gmrf gmrf kjmsfjy kjmsfjy wctb wctb tbfcr rfijjcof kctitcme trilfktmrcfs. Emtf tbit tbf gm`fj `cskussf` ce tbcs kbiptfr cs i gcecgij gm`fj, cetfdritced gfkbiecsgs aemwe tm ceufekf kctitcmes. Is sukb, tbf fxigpjfs sbmwe ce Ocd. 8>.4 rfprfsfet ie cectcij ittfgpt, wbmsf prf`cktcvf ikkuriky ie` rmhustefss kie hf ourtbfr cgprmvf` wctb gmrf smpbcstckitf` gm`fjs.
Ocdurf 8> .6 (kmet–`) ie` (;) Kfjj (CO (CO 7 ;; .?8 ) cs ie fjctf hcmjmdy lmureij. Omr fikb pipfr puhjcsbf` ce tbfsf lmurei lmureijs, js, wf gfisu gfisurf rf tbf tefss α, mhticeced tbfcr `cstcekt lmureij-spfkc k tefss `cstrchutcme (i). Tf tbfe sfjfkt ijj pipfrs wctb kmgpirihjf tefss α 9 puhjcsbf` ce fikb lmureij ie` omjjmw tbfcr kctitcme bcstmrcfs. Is fxpfktf`, tbf pipfr –s pirtckujir pitb `fpfe`s me tbf lmureij –s prfst prfstcdf< cdf< Ce firjy yfirs, Kfjj pipfrs pipfrs rue sjcdbtjy ibfi` ie` ^XH pipfrs stiy hfbce`, rfsujtced ce `cstcekt kctitcme `cstrchutcmes ormg yfir 8 tm yfir 0 (P 7 7 8 0). Sft, hy yfir 8> t tbf bf kugujitcvf eughfr mo kctitcmes ikqucrf` hy tbfsf pipfrs kmevfrdfs ce i rfgiraihjf rfgir aihjf wiy (h). Pbcs cs prfkcsfj prfkcsfjy y wbit (8> .;) tfjjs us< dcvfe tbfcr
scgcjir tefss α, fvfetuijjy tbfsf pipfrs sbmuj` bivf tbf sigf ujtcgitf cgpikt k 7 69 .6. Iotfr Tied ft ij. Q 832 W. ∕
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps> 86> e m c t 8>> i t c k 96> j i t m P 9>>
P Price 7
6
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6
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Pcgf (yfirs)
(h) ;>> 86> e 8>> c t m i t c 96> k j i t m 9>> P
P Price 7
9>
6> > >
6
9>
96
8>
Pcgf (yfirs)
Ocdurf 8> .4 ^rf`cktced outurf kctitcmes. Tf kie i`ipt tbf kctitcme gm`f gm`fjj tm prf`ckt outurf kctitcmes mo iey dcvfe pipfr, hy jfireced tbf gm`fj pirigftfrs ormg cts fxcstced kctitcme bcstmrcfs. Pbf uekfrticety ce fstcgitced tbfsf tbf sf piri pirigftf gftfrs rs tbfe tri triesji esjitf tf cet cetm m i prf` prf`cktc cktcme me fev fevfjm fjmp p wctb cts gms gmstt jcaf jcafjy jy trilfktmry, scgcjir tm wbit wf siw ce tbf burrckief–s fxigpjf. Is wf mhsfrvf gmrf mo cts kctitcme rfkmr`s, tbf fevfjmpf sbrceas, ie` gmrf ikkuritfjy ikkur itfjy fekip fekipsujitf sujitfss i pipfr–s kctitcme bcstmry. Iotfr Tied ft ij. Q832W.
Ce suggiry, fikb pipfr omjjmws wcj`jy `coofrfet pitbs me cts wiy tm ikbcfvced cts ujtcgitf cgpikt. Sft, is wf sbmwf` ce tbcs kbiptfr, tbcs ippirfet vircihcjcty ce kctitcme `yeigcks bc`fs i rfgiraihjf `fdrff mo rfdujircty. Ce`ff`, kctitcme bcstmrcfs kie hf ikkuritfjy kipturf` hy i scgpjf gm`fj wctb lust tbrff pirigftfrs< tefss, cggf`ciky, ie` jme–
dfvcty. Mekf wf `cskfre tbf tbrff pirigftfrs kbiriktfrczced i pipfr s
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>> efw strices ie` `fef`-drmwtb-gf`cug fxpfrcgfets fikb `iy. Iotfr Aced ft ij. Q ;60W.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps tm 96 pfrkfet mo cts rmudbjy ?,>>> dfefs rfgices rfgic es ueaemwe ueaemwe.. I`ig–s gcssc gcsscme me wis wis tm sbf` sbf` jcdb jcdbtt me tbf tbf rmjf rmjf mo smgf smgf mo tbfsf gystfry dfefs. I`ig wis irgf` wctb i gm`fj mo yfist gftihmjcsg mjc sg i ie` e` i `itihi `itihisf sf mo tbf dfefs dfefs ie` ie` prm prmtfc tfces es efkf efkfssi ssiry ry omr gftihm gftihmjcs jcsg g ce mtbfr spfkcfs. Pbfe ct wis sft jmmsf, wctb tbf rmjf mo tbf supfrvcsced skcfetcsts hfced jcgctf` tm pfrcm`ckijjy i`` jihmritmry kmesugihjfs ie` tm rfgmvf wistf. I`ig smudbt mut dips ce tbf gftihmjcsg gm`fj, icgced tm uekmvfr ‚mrpbie‗ fezygfs, wbckb bivfe–t hffe jceaf` tm iey pirfet dfefs. Iotfr sfjfktced i `fscrihjf mrpbie, I`ig skmurf` tbf `itihisf omr scgcjir fezygfs ce mtbfr mrdiecsgs, ijmed wctb tbfcr kmrrfspme`ced dfefs. dfe fs. Vsced Vsced tbc tbcss ceomr ceomrgit gitcme cme,, I`i I`ig g tbf tbfe e bypmtb bypmtbfsc fsczf` zf` tbit tbit scgcji scgcjirr dfefs ce tbf yfist dfemgf giy fekm`f tbf mrpbie fezygf ie` hfdie tm tfst tbcs bypmtbfscs. Ct `c` sm hy pfromrgced hisck mpfritcmes< Ct sfjfktf` spfkc f` yfist yfi st strices strices ormg ormg i jchrir jchriry y bfj` bfj` ce i orffzf orffzfr, r, cemkuj cemkujitf itf` ` tbfsf tbfsf strice stricess cetm cetm gckrmtctfr pjitf wfjjs kmeticeced rckb gf`cug, gfisurf` tbfcr drmwtb kurvfs, birvfstf` kfjjs ormg fikb wfjj, cemkujitf` tbfsf kfjjs cetm wfjjs kmeticece kmeti ceced d `fef ef` ` gf`c gf`ci, i, ie ie` ` gf gfis isur urf` f` tbf tbf drmw drmwtb tb ku kurv rvfs fs me tbf tbf spfkcf` gf`ci. Pbfsf mpfritcmes irf vfry scgcjir tm tbf tisas pfromrgf` hy i jih isscstiet, hut tbfy irf fxfkutf` rmhmtckijjy. I`ig `ig cs i dmm dmm` jih issc isscst stie iet, t, hut wbit tru trujy giaf giafss tbcs tbcs gikbcef sm fxtrimr`ceiry cs cts ihcjcty tm ‚kjmsf tbf jmmp,‗ iktced is i skcfetcst wmuj`. Iotfr ieijyzced tbf `iti ie` rueeced omjjmw-up fxpfrcgfets, ct tbfe `fscdef` ie` cectcitf` mvfr i tbmusie` efw tbmusie` efw fxpfrcgfets. fxpfrcgfets. Tbfe Tb fe ij ijjj wi wiss sic` sic` ie ie` ` `m `mef ef,, I`ig I`ig omrg omrguj ujit itf` f` ie` ie` tf tfst stf` f` 8> bypmtbfsfs rfjitced tm dfefs tbit fekm`f 9; `coofrfet mrpbie fezygfs. Pbf wfcdbt mo tbf fxpfrcgfetij fvc`fekf omr tbfsf bypmtbfsfs vircf`, hut I`ig–s fxpfrcgfets kmergf` 98 emvfj bypmtbfsfs. Pm tfst I`ig–s e`c e`ceds eds,, rfsfir rfsfirkbf kbfrs rs fxigce fxigcef` f` tbf skcfet skcfetcck jctfriturf me tbf 8> dfefs cevfstcditf`. Pbfy omue` strmed fgpcrckij fvc`fekf suppmrtced ? mo I`ig–s 98 bypmtbfsfs. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, ? mo I`ig–s 98 e`ceds wfrf ijrfi`y rfpmrtf` ce tbf jctfriturf, sm tfkbeckijjy tbfy wfrf emt efw. Hut tbfy wfrf efw tm I`ig, hfkiusf ct bi` ie cekmgpjftf hcmceomrgitcks `itihisf, bfekf wis ueiwirf tbit tbf jctfriturf bis ijrfi`y kmergf` tbfsf scx bypmtbfsfs. bypmtbfsfs. Ce mtbfr wmr`s, I`ig irrcvf` it tbfsf scx e`ceds ce`fpfe`fetjy. Gmst cgpmrtietjy, I`ig `cskmvfrf` tbrff dfefs wbckb tmdftbfr km`f` omr ie mrpbie fezygf. Pbcs e`ced rfprfsfets efw aemwjf`df @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps pfrkfet mo tbf dripb kie hf efirjy 9> tcgfs gmrf fo kcfet tbie tbf rie`mg stritfdy, wbckb tfsts ijj f`dfs wctb fquij prmhihcjcty. Pbcs cjjustritfs tbit i `ffpfr ue`frstie`ced mo bmw skcfekf fvmjvfs kmuj` bfjp us ikkfjfritf tbf `cskcpjcef–s drmwtb, drmw tb, ijjmwced ijjmwced us tm stritfdcki stritfdckijjy jjy kbmmsf kbmmsf tbf hfst efxt fxpfrcgfe fxpfrcgfets. ts.
89.; 89 .;
Ef Efw w Kb Kbij ijjf jfeedf dfss Tbctf spikfs‗ moofr hmtb mppmrtuecty ie` pfrcj. Pbfrf cs, mo
‚
kmursf kmu rsf,, uet uetipp ippf` f` pmtfe pmtfetci tcijj ce fxpjm fxpjmrce rced d orfsb orfsb kmeefk kmeefktcm tcmes. es. Hut tbf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps8? Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps> rues mo tbit sfirkb stritfdy. Pbf stritfdy swirgs irmue` i ofw ‚cgpmrtiet,‗ bcdbjy kmeef kmeefktf` ktf` kbfgckijs, wbfrfis gmrf mptcgij stritfdcfs fstcgitf` irf gukb gmrf fvfe ie` jfss jcafjy tm ‚omjjmw tbf krmw`‗ ce tbfcr sfirkb ikrmss tbf spikf mo skcfetck pmsschcjctcfs. I`iptf` ormg Q;64W.
ue`frjyced `iedfrs irf ce tbf ‚jf-`riwfr prmhjfg,‗ c.f. rfsujts tbit efvfr dmt puhjcsbf`, wbckb cs `rcvfe hy skcfetcsts– prfofrfekf omr puhjcsbced pmsctcvf rfsujts Q2, ;63W ie` stitcstckij e`ceds tbit fxkff` fj`spfkck tbrfsb tbrfsbmj` mj`ss (f.d. (f.d. p-vijuf : >.>6) Q;?>, ;?9W. Ct cs pm pmss ssch chjf jf,, tbfrfo tbfr fomr mrf, f, tbit tbit giey giey di dips ps ce tbf tbf jctf jctfri ritu turf rf bivf bivf hffe hffe fxpj fxpjmr mrf` f` hy prfvcmus dfefritcmes mo skcfetcsts, hut, hfkiusf tbfy `c`e –t e` cetfrprftihjf rfsujts, tbfy efvfr rfpmrtf` tbfcr foomrts Q ;6;W. Co wf wiet tm ikkfjfritf skcfetck prmdrfss, prmdrfss, tbfsf efditcvf rfsujts bivf pmsctcvf vijuf. Ce`ff`, cestfi` mo hfced `cskir`f`, efditcvf rfsujts sbmuj` hf sivf`, sbirf`, kmgpcjf`, ie` ieijyzf`. Pbcs wmuj` emt mejy moofr i jfss hcisf` vcfw mo tbf aemwjf`df aemwjf`df jie`skipf jie`skipf ‛ bfjpced us sfpiritf mppmrtuecty ormg pfrcj ‛ ct wmuj` ijsm cgprmvf tbf rfprm`ukchcjcty mo e`ceds, scekf wf cekrfisf tbf krf`chcjcty mo pmsctcvf rfsujts wbfe wf pjik pjikff tbfg tbfg ce tbf tbf km kmet etfx fxtt mo ef efdi ditc tcvf vf mefs mefs.. Pbcs Pbcs cs ij ijrf rfi` i`y y `mef `mef ce kj kjce ceck ckij ij tr trci cijs js,, wbfr wbfrff rf rfsu sujt jtss gu gust st hf puhj puhjcs csbf bf` ` it bttps pfrkfet mo `csfisf kiusitcme Q;?4W. Gukb jfss oue`ced cs `fvmtf`
tm fevcrmegfetij foofkts ie` `cft, `fspctf tbfsf hfced rfspmeschjf omr tbf jcme–s sbirf mo tbf `csfisf hur`fe fxpfrcfekf` hy tbf pmpujitcme Q;?4W, ormg `cihftfs tm bfirt `csfisf. Pbfsf e`ceds bcdbjcdbt i systfgck gcsijcdeg ijc degfe fett hftwf hftwffe fe V[ bfijtb bfijtb eff eff`s `s ie` rfsfir rfsfirkb kb ce cevfs vfstgf tgfet, et, kistce kistced d `muht me tbf `fdrff tm wbckb oue`ced idfekcfs ‛ wbckb irf motfe rue hy skcfetcsts fghf``f` ce fstihjcsbf` piri`cdgs ‛ kie sukkfssoujjy ceufekf tbf fvmjut fvmjutcme cme mo skcf skcfekf ekf wctbm wctbmut ut i``c i``ctcmei tcmeijj mvfrscd mvfrscdbt, bt, cekfetcvf cekfetcvfs, s, ie` ie` off`hika. Pm gieidf rcsa, skcfetcsts kie jfire ormg Tijj [trfft, wbckb cevfsts ce pmrtomjcms ritbfr tbie ce`cvc`uij stmkas. Tbcjf em mef kie rfijjy prf`ckt wbckb fxpfrcgfet wcjj wmra ie` wbckb wme –t, wf kie sprfi` tbf rcsa ikrmss i pmrtomjcm mo fxpfrcgfets. @mced sm wmuj` tiaf smgf mo tbf prfssurf moo mo ce`cvc`uij rfsfirkb fe`fivmrs ie` ce`cvc`uij skcfet skc fetcst csts. s. Omr Omr fxi fxigpj gpjf, f, pmjcky pmjckygia giafrs frs kmuj` kmuj` `fscde `fscde cestct cestctutc utcme mess tbit tbit kujtcvitf cetfjjcdfet rcsa-tiaced hy sbcotced fvijuitcme ormg tbf ce`cvc`uijj tm tb ui tbff dr drmu mup, p, is pr prik iktc tckf kf` ` it Hfjj Hfjj Jihs Jihs.. Pbfy Pbfy kmuj kmuj` ` ij ijsm sm oue` oue` prmgcsced pfmpjf ritbfr tbie prmlfkts, ie ipprmikb sukkfssoujjy cgpjfgfetf` hy tbf Bmwir` Budbfs Gf`ckij Cestctutf. Tctb tbf rcdbt cekfetcvfs ie` cestctutcmes, rfsfirkbfrs kie kbmmsf fxpfrcgfets tbit hfef t emt lust tbfgsfjvfs, hut ijsm skcfekf ie` smkcfty gmrf hrmi`jy Q ;64W. * Mo kmursf, wf oikf kbijjfedfs ce rfijczced tbcs vcscme, hut tbf pmtfetcij hfeft mo `mced sm cs femrgmus. Fcdbty pfrkfet mo tbf gmst triesomrgitcvf tcvf `rud `rudss or ormg mg tbf tbf pi pist st 86 yfir yfirss kie kie hf trikf trikf` ` tm hi hisc sckk sk skcf cfet etcck `cskmvfrcfs Q;?2W. [bmkacedjy, tbmudb, tbfsf `cskmvfrcfs wfrf puhjcsbf` me ivfridf ;9 yfirs yfirs hfomrf hfomrf tbf rfsujtced `ruds ikbcfvf` O@I ipprmvij. Pbf `fki`fs-jmed dip hftwffe i hisck `cskmvfry tm i O@I ipprmvij bcdbjcdbts lust bmw vctij tbf skcfekf mo skcfekf kmuj` hf ce oue`igfetijjy triesomrgced tbf priktckf mo skcfekf ie` cts pmjcky. Tbit co wf kmuj` c`fetcoy co i efw `cskmvfry kmuj` jfi` tm i efw `rud it tcgf mo cts puhjckitcme= Tbit co wf kmuj` sbmrt kut tbf pitbwiy tm irrcvf it efw tfkbemjmdcfs ie` ippjckitcmes oistfr= Ce`ff`, is wf `cskuss efxt, wctb tbf rcsf mo irtc kcij cetfjjcdfekf, smgf mo tbfsf dmijs em jmedfr sffg oir-oftkbf`. Ce oikt, tbf rfsujtced i`viekfs giy fvfe kbiedf tbf vfry gfieced mo `mced skcfekf.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps8? Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps92 wis mef mo puzzjfgfet. KI[^, sbmrt omr tbf Krctckij Issfssgfet mo [tru gfet [trukt ktur urff ^rf` ^rf`ck cktc tcme me,, cs i hcie hcieeu euij ij kmgp kmgpft ftct ctcm cme e icgf icgf` ` it prf`cktced prf`c ktced tbf ;@ str strukt ukturf urf mo prm prmtfc tfces es ‛ jirdf, jirdf, kmgpjfx kmgpjfx gmjfkujfs gmjfkujfs fssfetcij omr susticeced jcof. ^rf`cktced i prmtfce –s sbipf cs krukcij omr ue`frstie`ced cts rmjf wctbce i kfjj, is wfjj is `cidemsced ie` trfitced `csfisfs kiusf` hy gcsomj`f` prmtfces, sukb is Ijzbfcgfr –s, ^iracesme–s, Buetcedtme–s, ie` kystck hrmscs Q;?3W. Hut bmw prmtfces omj` tbfcr jmed kbices mo igcem ikc`s cetm i kmgpikt ; @ sbipf rfgices mef mo tbf gmst cgpmrtiet uesmjvf` prmhjfgs ce hcmjmdy. Fstihjcsbf` ce 9330, KI[^ cs tbf Afetukay @frhy mo prmtfce omj`ced. Fvfry twm yfirs, jfi`ced drmups ce tbf fj` kmevfef tm ‚bmrsf‗
rikf fstihjcsbced efw tbfmtbf fetcrf fj`. fj`. tbfcr Pbfe Pbfe hfst tb tbff gftbm`s, rf rfsf sfir irkb kbfr frs s rf rftu ture re tm itb tbfc fcrr hfekbgira ji jihs hs,, stu` stu`y y omr fikb fikb mt bfrr–s gftbm`s, rfef ie` `fvfjmp tbfcr mwe ipprmikbfs, mejy tm rfkmevfef ie` rikf idice ce iemtbfr twm yfirs. It tbf 8>92 kmeofrfekf, twm tbceds wfrf ueusuij. Ocrst, tbfrf bi` bi ` hffe hffe ‚uep ueprfk rfkf`f f`fetf etf` ` prm prmdrf drfss ss ce tbf ihcjct ihcjcty y mo kmgpu kmgputit titcme cmeij ij gftbm`s tm prf`ckt prmtfce strukturf,‗ is tbf mrdieczfrs put ct. Pm put tbit tb it prmd prmdrf rfss ss ce pfrs pfrspf pfkt ktcv cvf, f, rmud rmudbj bjy y twm twm kmgp kmgpft ftct ctcm cmes es wm wmrtb rtb mo cgprmvfgfet bi` hffe ikbcfvf` ce mef. [fkme`, tbcs dciet jfip wis emt ikbcfvf` hy iey mo tbf skcfetcsts ce tbf fj`. Pbf Pbf wceeced wceeced tfig wis wis i kmgpjftf striedfr tm tbf kmgguecty.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps84 Kighrc`df Kmrf tfrgs mo usf, ivicjihjf it it bttps92 KI[^ kmgpftctcme wis gfrfjy mef cestiekf mut mo giey ce tbf pist ofw yfirs, wbfrf irtc kcij cetfjjcdfekf
(IC) systfgitckijjy mutpfromrgf` bugie fxpfrts ce i jirdf vircfty mo `mgices. Pbfsf i`viekfs bivf jf` tm tbf kmesfesus tbit tbf medmced IC rfvmjutcme wcjj kbiedf ijgmst fvfry jcef mo wmra, krfitced femrgmus smkcij ie` fkmemgck mppmrtuectcfs, ie` lust is giey kbijjfedfs Q ;4>W. Is smkcfty cs prfpirced omr tbf gmgfet wbfe IC giy mutpfromrg ie` fvfe fvfe rfpjikf rfpjikf bugie `mktmrs, `rcvfrs, ie` hieafrs, wf gust isa< Bmw wcjj IC cgpikt skcfekf= Ie`, smj`cfrs, wbit `m tbfsf kbiedfs gfie omr skcfetcsts=
88.9
Tbit s Efw Tctb Pbcs Tivf mo IC= –
Pbf tfkbemjmdy tbit ue`frjcfs tbf kurrfet IC rfvmjutcme cs kijjf` `ffp jfireced , mr gmrf spfkckijjy, `ffp efurij eftwmras. Tbcjf tbfrf irf giey tbceds IC fxpfrts bivf yft tm idrff me ‛ cekju`ced wbftbfr wf sbmuj` kijj tbf fj` ‚irtckcij cetfjjcdfekf‗ mr ‚gikbcef jfireced‗ ‛ tbfrf cs i kmesf sfe esus, sus, ce ie` mut mo iki`fgci, tbi tbit tbc tbcs rfijjy cs tb tbff efx efxt hcd tbce tbced. d. I `feced ofiturf mo `ffp jfireced cs tbit ct rfijjy ct rfijjy wmras. wmras. [cekf 8>98, ct bis hfitfe fxcstced gikbcef-jfireced tfkbecqufs ce gmrf irfis tbie wf kie affp trika mo. Pbfsf i`viekfs bivf surfjy kbiedf` sukb typckij typck ij kmgputfr skcfekf irfis is cgidf Q;49‛;40W ie` spffkb rfkmdectcme Q;46‛;44W, qu qufs fstc tcme me iesw ieswfr frce ced d Q;42W, ie` ie` jiedui jieduidf df triesj triesjitc itcme me Q;43, ;2>W. Hut `ffp efurij eftwmras bivf ijsm sbittfrf` rfkmr`s ce sukb oir-ued `mgices is prf`cktced tbf iktcvctcfs mo `ruds Q;29W, ieijyzced pirtckjf ikkfjfritmr `iti Q ;28, ;2;W, rfkmestruktced hrice kcrkucts Q;20W, ie` prf`cktced dfef gutitcmes ie` fxprfsscme Q;26, ;2?W. Gmst cgpmrtietjy, giey mo tbfsf i`viekfs wfrf emt cekrfgfetij, hut rfprfsfet lugps ce pfromrgiekf. Tbfe ce 8>98, `ffp jfireced `fhutf` it tbf CgidfEft Kbijjfedf, tbf prfgcfr ieeuij kmgpftctcme omr rfkmdeczced mhlfkts ce cgidfs, ct ijgmst bijvf` bijvf` tbf stitf-mo-irt frrmr ritf. rit f. [cekf [cekf tbf tbfe, e, `ffp `ffp jfirec jfireced ed ijd ijdmrc mrctbg tbgss irf ripc`j ripc`jy y ipprmi ipprmikbc kbced ed bugie-jfvfj pfromrgiekf. Ce smgf kisfs, jcaf stritfdy digfs sukb is Dm mr sbmdc (Lipiefsf kbfss), ie` gujtc-pjiyfr vc`fm digfs tbit fgpbisczff kmjjih scz kmjjihmri mritcm tcmes, es, mr hj hjuo uo ed it Pfxi Pfxiss bmj` bmj`–fg ti tihj hjfs fs,, tbfy tbfy fvfe fvfe surpiss tbf pfromrgiekf mo bugie fxpfrts. It tbf KI[^ kmeofrfekf ce 8>92, `ffp jfireced i``f` mef gmrf ikkmji`f tm cts drmwced rfsugf mo supfr-bugie pfromrgiekfs< Ct hfit ijj skcfetcsts skcfetcsts it prf`cktced tbf ;@ strukturf mo prmtfces. @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps yfirs idm, CHG–s kbfss-pjiyced prmdrig, @ffp Hjuf, hfit Dirry Aispirmv, hika tbfe tbf wmrj` kbigpcme. Ce tbf pist IC wis gftckujmus jmus,, hut hut ct ji jika kaf` f` cetf cetfjj jjcd cdfe fekf kf.. @f @ffp fp Hjuf Hjuf `fof `fofit itf` f` Gr. Gr. Aisp Aispir irmv mv hfkiusf ct kmuj` fvijuitf 8>> gcjjcme pmsctcmes pfr sfkme`, ijjmwced ct tm ietckcpitf wbckb gmvf wis gmst jcafjy tm jfi` tm vcktmry. Pbcs typf mo IC oicjs it gmrf kmgpjfx digfs jcaf Dm mr tbf prmtfce omj`ced prmhjfg, wbfrf ct kie–t prmkfss ijj tbf pmsschcjctcfs. @ffp jfireced, jfireced, me tbf mtbfr bie`, bie`, bis hffe wcj`jy wcj`jy sukkfssouj sukkfssouj ce tbfsf irfeis. Ce 8>9?, IjpbiDm, krfitf` hy rfsfirkbfrs it @ffpGce`, `fofitf` tbf wmrj` Dm kbigpcme Jff [f`mj mvfr vf gitkbfs. Ct `c`e–t @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps prmtfces. Pbf ;@ sbipf mo tbfsf prmtfces wis aemwe hut bi` emt yft hffe puhjcsbf`. Pfigs tbfe kmgputf` bmw tbf prmtfces wmuj` omj`. Hy scotced tbrmudb pistt aemwe pis aemwe prmtfc prmtfce e omj`c omj`ced ed pittfr pittfres, es, tbf prf`ck prf`cktcm tcmes es hy Ijpbi IjpbiOmj Omj` ` wfrf, me ivfridf, gmrf ikkuritf tbie iey mo cts 34 kmgpftctmrs. Pbfsf sukkfssouj usfs mo IC tfkbemjmdy pmssfss tbf twm krctckij cedrf`cfets omr `ffp jfireced< i jirdf igmuet mo triceced `iti ie` i kjfir wiy tm kjisscoy kjisscoy ct. Omr fxigpjf, fxigpjf, tm `ftfkt `ftfkt sace kiekfrs, kiekfrs, rfsfirkbfr rfsfirkbfrss of` tbf ijdmrctbg wctb gcjjcmes mo cgidfs mo sace jfscmes, tfjjced ct wbckb mefs irf hfecde ie` wbckb irf gijcdeiet. Hfkiusf tbf ijdmrctbg `c`e –t dm tbrmudb tbf sigf triceced is `frgitmjmdcsts `m, ct giy emt sff tbf sigf pittfres tbit `frgitmjmdcsts irf tricef` tm sff. Pbcs gfies, tbf IC systfg giy ijsm rfkmdeczf pittfres tbit bivf sm oir fju`f` us. Tbit skcfetck irfis wmuj` gmst hfeft ormg tbfsf i`viekfs= Ct giy hf bfjpouj tm tbcea ihmut tbcs qufstcme ce tfrgs mo tbf twm krctckij cedrf`cfets omr `ffp jfireced ‛ kmpcmus `iti ie` kjfir pfrcgftfrs omr @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps96, tbf ‚Xfprm`ukchc Xfprm`ukchcjcty jcty ^rmlfkt< ^sykbmjmdy‗ (X^^) gieuijjy tfstf` tbf rfpjckihcjcty mo 9>> pipfrs ormg tmp psykbmjmdy lmureijs hy usced tbf fxikt prmkf`urfs cgpjfgfetf` ce tbf mrcdceij stu`cfs, e`ced tbit ?9 mo 9>> pipfrs oicjf` tbfcr rfpjckitcme tfst Q;82W. [cekf tbfe, stu`cfs ce psykbmjmdy, fkmemgcks, eiekf, ie` gf`ckcef bivf rfpmrtf` scgcjir kisfs omr pipfrs tbit oicj tm rfprm`ukf Q;39‛;30W. Ce rfspmesf, rfsfirkbfrs kmghcef` irtckcij ie` bugie cetfjjcdfekf dfe kf tm fstcgi fstcgitf tf rfpjck rfpjckihc ihcjct jcty y Q;36W. Vsced `iti me 3? stu`cfs stu`cfs tbit tbit ue`frw ue` frwfet fet rcdmrm rcdmrmus us gieuij gieuij rfpjck rfpjckitc itcme me tfsts, tfsts, tbf tbfy y tricef tricef` ` i efurij efurij eftwmra tm fstcgitf i pipfr–s jcafjcbmm` mo rfpjckihcjcty ie` tfstf` tbf gm`fj–s dfefrijczihcjcty me 803 mut-mo-sigpjf stu`cfs. Pbf rfsujts irf oiskceitced< Pbf gm`fj ikbcfvf` ie ivfridf irfi ue`fr tbf kurvf (IVK) mo >.48, ce`ckitced tbit cts prf`cktcmes wfrf scdec kietjy hfttfr tbie @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps.?2). Pbfsf rfsujts suddfst tbit tbf IC rfjcfs me `cidemstck ceomrgitcme emtt kipt em kiptur urf` f` hy fx fxpf pfrt rt rf rfvc vcfw fwfr frs. s. Ce`f Ce`ff` f`,, ijtb ijtbmu mudb db tbf tbf stit stitcs cstc tcks ks rf rfpm pmrt rtf` f` ce tbf tbf pi pipf pfrr irf irf ty typc pcki kijj jjy y usf` usf` tm fvij fvijui uitf tf cts cts gfrc gfrcts ts,, tbf tbf ikkuriky mo tbf IC sbmws tbit tbf eirritcvf tfxt iktuijjy bmj`s gmrf prfvcmusjy uefxpjmrf` fxpjieitmry pmwfr. Gmst cgpmrtietjy, kmghceced tbf ceomrgitcme ormg tbf eirritcvf gm`fj ie` tbf rfvcfwfr gftrcks gm`fj ‛ ce mtbf mtbfrr wm wmr` r`s, s, km kmgh ghce cece ced d tb tbff cesc cescdb dbts ts mo gikb gikbce cefs fs ie` ie` bugies ‛ ycfj`s i efw IC gm`fj wctb tbf bcdbfst ikkuriky (IVK 7 >.40). Ieij Ie ijys ysfs fs mo tbf tbf gfkb gfkbie iecs csgs gs hfbc hfbce` e` tbf tbf gm`f gm`fjj–s prf`ck prf`cktcv tcvff pmwfr ce`ckitf tbit kmespckumus oiktmrs ‛ sukb is wmr` mr pfrsuiscme pbrisf pbr isf orfqu orfqufek fekcfs cfs,, wrctce wrctced d styjf, styjf, `cs `cskcp kcpjce jcef, f, lmure lmureij, ij, iutbm iutbmrsb rsbcp cp,, mr tmpcks ‛ `m emt emt fx fxpj pjic ice e tbf tbf rf rfsu sujt jts. s. Xitb Xitbfr fr,, tbf tbf IC syst systfg fg usfs usfs ie cetrckitf cetrck itf eftwm eftwmra ra mo jceduc jceducstc stckk rfjitc rfjitcme mesbc sbcps ps tm prf`ck prf`cktt rfpjck rfpjckihc ihcjct jcty. y. Ie` wbcjf wmr`s muteughfr stitcstcks ce skcfetck pipfrs hy mr`frs mo gidectu`f, i pipfr–s tfxt bis sm oir hffe jirdfjy uefxpjmctf` ce tbf skcfekf mo skcfekf. Ijdmrctbgs kie emw tiaf i`vietidf mo tbf oujj tfxt mo pipfrs, tm `ftfkt efw pittfres ie` wfia skcfetc k e`ceds tbit bugie fxpfrts giy gcss. Pbcs fxigpjf bcdbjcdbts i emvfj, ie` pmtfetcijjy omrgc`ihjf, bugie‛gik gikbc bcef ef pirtef pirtefrsb rsbcp cp.. Ce`ff` Ce`ff`,, wbcjf wbcjf gikbce gikbcefs fs kie kmesug kmesugff ie` `cdfst gmrf ceomrgitcme tbie bugies kie, tbf kurrfet IC ippjckitcmes ijj hfjmed tm tbf kitfdmry mo ‚eirrmw IC,‗ ce tbit tbfy kie mejy tikajf i spfkckijjy `fef` prmhjfg. prmhjfg. Ce tbcs rfspfkt, kurrfet kurrfet IC systfgs irf gukb jcaf wisbced gikbcefs. Pbfy kie wisb iey pcfkf mo kjmtbced ymu tbrmw tbfcr wiy, hut tbfy wmuj`e–t aemw wbit tm `m wctb ymur `csbfs. Omr tbit, ymu eff` tm hucj` iemtbfr eirrmw gikbcef kijjf` i `csbwisbfr. [cgcjirjy, wf kie hucj` IC systfgs tbit irf fxtrfgfjy dmm` it prmtfce omj`ced, hut wbckb kie `m ijgmst emtbced fjsf. Hy kmetrist, bugies bivf tbf ihcjcty tm jfire, fxtripmjitf, ie` tbcea krfitcvfjy ce wiys tbit gikbcefs kie–t. Pbf pbyscks Emhfj jiurfitf Oriea Tcjkzfa oigmusjy prf`cktf` tbit, ce 9>> yfirs, tbf hfst pbysckcst wcjj hf i gikbcef. I`viekfs jcaf IjpbOmj` moofr krf`chcjcty tm tbcs prf`cktcme. Hut Tcjkzfa –s prf`cktcme @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps90, Igizme bis hffe hucj`ced kmgputfr prmdrigs tm rfvcfw lmh ippjckiets – rfsugfs. rfsugfs. Pbf kmgpie kmgpiey y–s fxpfrcgfetij IC tmmj ritf` lmh kie`c`itfs hy mef tm vf stirs ‛ gukb jcaf sbmppfrs `m wbfe tbfy ritf prm`ukts me Igizme. It rst djiekf, ct jmmaf` tm hf ie BX bmjy dricj. Smu dcvf ct 9>> rfsugfs, ie` ct–jj spct mut tbf tmp vf. Hut smme, tbf kmgpiey rfijczf` tbit cts efw ijdmrctbg systfgitckijjy pfeijczf` ofgijf kie`c`itfs. Pbf prmdrig wis tricef` tm vft ippjckiets hy mhsfrvced pittfres ce rfsugfs suhgcttf` tm tbf kmgpiey mvfr i 9> -yfir pfrcm`, gmst mo wbckb kigf ormg gfe. [m, tbf @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps>
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Pbf Pbf [kc kcfe fekf kf mo [k [kcf cfek ekff
systfg quckajy tiudbt ctsfjo tm prfofr gijf kie`c`itfs. Ct pfeijczf` rfsugfs tbit cekju`f` tbf wmr` ‚wmgfe‗ ie` `mwedri`f` dri`uitfs mo twm ijj-wmgfe–s kmjjfdfs Q;34W. Pbf gmrij mo tbcs stmry cs emt tbit IC kie–t `m cts lmh rcdbt. Iotfr ijj, tbf systfg `c` fxiktjy wbit ct wis tricef` tm `m. Bugies isaf` ct tm
jmma it gcjjcmes mo pist rfsugfs, hmtb rflfkts ie` bcrfs, ie` tm usf tbcs ceomrgitcme tm spmt outurf bcrfs. Tbit Igizme –s `fhikjf cjjustritfs cs tbit, is mur tmmjs drmw ce ikkuriky ie` smpbcstckitcme, tbfy –jj igpjcoy ie` bfjp pfrpftuitf wbitfvfr hcisfs wf bugies ijrfi`y bivf. Tbckb gfies tbit is tbf skcfekf mo skcfekf i`viekfs, tbfrf wcjj hf ie cekrfisf` eff` tm ue`frstie` hcisfs ie` kiusij rfjitcmesbcps ce tbf tmmjs ie` gftrcks mur kmgguecty hucj`s.
@mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps9, pitfet ippjckitcmes jf` it tbf V[ ^itfet ie` Pri`fgira Mo kf (V[^PM) bivf hffe puhjcsbf` wctbce 92 gmetbs mo tbfcr prcmrcty `itf, rfdir`jfss mo wbftbfr tbfy–rf drietf` mr emt. Hy trikced ijj ippjckitcmes jf`, rfsfirkbfrs kie emw c`fetcoy sukkfssouj c`fis tbit wfrf drietf` pitfets hy tbf V[^PM, ijmedsc`f tbmsf tbit wfrf turef` `mwe. Driet ippjckitcme `itihisfs, wbckb kmetice hmtb oue`f` ie` ueoue`f` driet prmpmsijs, rfprfsfet iemtbfr rckb smurkf mo ceomrgitcme omr `ffpfeced mur ue`frstie`ced mo sukkfss ie` oicjurf ce skcfekf. I jcgctf` eughfr mo rfsfirkbfrs bivf dicef` ikkfss tm cetfreij driet `itih `itihisfs isfs it oue`ced oue`ced idfekc idfekcfs fs sukb is tbf V[ Eitcmeij Eitcmeij Cestctu Cestctutfs tfs mo Bfijtb (ECB) Q;32W, ie` tbf Eftbfrjie`s Mrdieczitcme mo [kcfetck Xfsfirkb Q;33W. Tbfe kmghcef` wctb fxcstced puhjckitcme ie` kctitcme `itihisfs, tbcs `iti kmuj` feihjf skcfetcsts tm gip mut tbf rckb kmetfxts ce wbckb sukkfss ie` oicjurf ueomj`s. Cectci Cec tcijj cevfst cevfstcdi cditcm tcmes es ce tbc tbcss `crfktc `crfktcme me bivf bivf moofrf moofrf` ` sfvfri sfvfrijj kmuetfrcetuctcvf cescdbts. Piaf mef mo mur mwe stu`cfs is ie fxigpjf Q;32W. Tf omkusf` me luecmr skcfetcsts wbmsf X >9 prmpmsijs tm tbf ECB ofjj lust ihmvf ie` hfjmw tbf oue`ced kutmoo, ijjmwced us tm kmgpirf ‚efir-gcss‗ wctb ‚eirrmw-wce‗ ce`cvc`uijs ie` tm fxigcef tbfcr jmedfr-tfrg kirffr mutkmgfs. Pbfsf twm drmups mo luecmr skcfetcsts wfrf fssfetcijjy tbf sigf hfomrf tbf ‚trfitgfet‗ hut oikf` i kjfirjy `coofrfet rfijcty iotfrwir`< Mef drmup wis iwir`f` me ivfridf V[$9.; gcjjcme mvfr vf yfirs, wbcjf tbf mtbfr drmup wis emt. Bmw hcd @mwejmi`f` ormg ormg bttps pfrkfet kbiekf tbf rfsfirkbfr wmuj` `csippfir pfrgiefetjy ormg tbf ECB systfg. Pbcs ritf mo ittrctcme cs smgfwbit ijirgced,
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