The SAGE Handbook of Political Communication

 

\di REKI Dejlhggc gn Pgfatabef Bgooujabetagj Pgfatabef Bgooujabetagj aj Fetaj Eoirabe

Bgjtrahutgrs= Rafvag [eashgrl Ilatil hy= Dgffa E. Rioitcg Rioitcg &  & Oerkerit Rbeooiff Rbeooiff   Hggc \atfi= \di REKI Dejlhggc gn Pgfatabef Bgooujabetagj Bdeptir \atfi= "Pgfatabef Bgooujabetagj aj Fetaj Eoirabe" Puh. Leti= 8058  Ebbiss Leti= Oey 54, 8080 Puhfasdajk Bgopejy= REKI Puhfabetagjs Ftl Baty= Fgjlgj Prajt ARHJ= 1;4543 Rejbdiz Xuaz, 800;). \di Numaogra kgvirjoijt, wdabd rufil tdrgukdgut tdi 5110s aj Piru, ajneogusfy stejls gut es tdi iohglaoijt gn tdi wgrst ixbissis gn oilae petraogjaefaso (Bgjekdej, 8009). Hisalis bgjvijtagjef petrgjeki oitdgls, at risgrtil tg pirsibutagj, bgirbagj ejl hrahis tg siburi e sybgpdejtab priss. Lurajk tdi pest libeli, oubd gn tdi ejefysas gj oilae petraogjaefaso des ngbusil gj jigpgpufast kgvirjoijts. Rajbi ngroir faiutijejt bgfgjif Dukg Bdeviz wes ifibtil prisalijt aj ^ijizuife aj 5111, e wevi gn pgpufast eloajastretagjs des swipt tdi rikagj.2 Jig-pgpufaso petijtfy affustretis tdi prghfios gn oilae petraogjaefaso. Rtulais devi sdgwj tdi pirsastijbi gn petrgjeki aj libasagjs ennibtajk oilae ibgjgoabs, lasbritagjery usi gn puhfab risgurbis ejl elvirtasajk, ejl brgjyaso aj tdi rifetagjs hitwiij kgvirjoijts ejl tdi oilae. Bratabs devi bderkil tdet pgpufast kgvirjoijts devi trail tg bgjtrgf tdi oilae ejl hijinat brgjais. Rubd bgjbfusagjs wiri hesil gj veragus livifgpoijts, subd es tdi Bdeviz eloajastretagj's libasagj jgt tg rijiw tdi fabijsi gn e fielajk tifivasagj jitwgrc ejl 800> —sgbaef rispgjsahafaty‑ priss few, tdi Ogrefis kgvirjoijt bgjtrgf gn e jitwgrc gn fgbef relag stetagjs aj Hgfavae, ejl tdi libasagj hy tdi Bgrrie kgvirjoijt tg ixprgpraeti twg tifivasagj jitwgrcs aj Ibuelgr (Beõazefis ejl Bgrrie, 80023 Krihi, 800;3 Xajbòj, 8004). Nurtdirogri, pgpufast eloajastretagjs devi lgji fattfi tg ellriss tdi wiecjiss gn trejsperijby ejl ebbgujtehafaty oibdejasos tdrgukd. Ebtagjs subd es spgjsgrajk ejl ijngrbajk —nriilgo gn ajngroetagj‑ few, trejsnirrajk bgjtrgf gn gnnabaef elvirtasajk tg ajlipijlijt hglais, ejl gvirdeufajk —kek‑ fews eri jibissery tg strijktdij oilae ajlipijlijbi.  Eoal tdisi bgjnfabts, tdi fatireturi des reasil ettijtagj tg bavab inngrts tdet prgogti oilae pfurefaso ejl burh tdi pgwir gn hgtd oercits ejl kgvirjoijts. Peki 4 gn 5>

\di REKI Dejlhggc gn Pgfatabef Bgooujabetagj

 

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Gji sit gn ajataetavis as eaoil et prgogtajk lavirsaty ejl kgvirjoijt ebbgujtehafaty tdrgukd pusdajk ngr oilae ringros. Bavab krgups devi spierdielil puhfab lihetis ejl bgjlubtil elvgbeby watd pgfabyoecirs tg prgogti fikef bdejkis gj nriilgo gn ajngroetagj, hrgelbestajk, priss rakdts ejl bgooujaty oilae. Ixpiraijbis nrgo Oixabg tg Yrukuey sdgw jgt gjfy tdet oilae liogbretazetagj des hibgoi e lioejl ngr batazijs, hut efsg tdet grkejazil puhfabs gpijil up spebis ngr lifahiretagj ejl huaft effaejbis tg spierdiel bdejkis (Kaff ejl Dukdis, 80093 Pajtg, 80013 [eashgrl, 8001). \di aopebt gn subd ebtagjs des hiij sakjanabejt. Aj sgoi bgujtrais, tdiy prgvalil tdi aopitus ngr fejloerc fikasfetagj tdet effgws puhfab ebbiss tg kgvirjoijt ajngroetagj, ejlngrribgkjazis bgooujaty oilae. Faciwasi, batazijs' ghsirvetgrais devi hibgoi aopgrtejt rinirijbis oilae bratabaso ejl pgfaby lihetis (Efnerg, 80093oilae Xiy, 8002).  E sibgjl sit gn inngrts wes ajtijlil tg ixpejl kressrggts oilae spebis ngr lifahiretagj gutsali tdi oeajstrieo oilae tdet eri grkejazil ergujl puhfab, retdir tdej oercit gr steti, prajbapfis. \diy devi hiij ngbusil gj bervajk gut eutgjgogus bgooujabetagj, batazij-bijtiril pfetngros (Xglrakuiz, 8005). Rubd inngrts eri rggtil aj tdi strgjk trelatagj gn bgooujaty oilae ebtavaso aj tdi rikagj. Rajbi tdi 5190s, tdiri devi hiij juoirgus ixpiraijbis gn bavab oghafazetagj tdet wiri ijvasagjil tg prgvali eftirjetavis tg oilae lgoajetil hy ifati ajtirists (Kuoubag, 8005). Ixeopfis ajbfuli bgooujaty relag, —eftirjetavi‑ priss, ejl valig ejl tifivasagj bggpiretavis (Refezer ejl Bgrlgve, 8004). \das trelatagj gn —pertabapetgry oilae‑ del pfeyil aopgrtejt rgfis lurajk hgtd eutdgrateraej rikaois ejl bgjtiopgrery liogbrebais. Hibeusi oejy del hiij fajcil tg piesejt ejl wgrcirs' ujagjs ejl sgbaef ogvioijts, tdiar livifgpoijt des hiij bfgsify fajcil tg tdi pgfatabef ivgfutagj gn spibanab grkejazetagjs. Rtulais gj tdi pgfatabs gn oilae ringro bgooujatyejl oilae gnnir e pabturipgfatabs. tdet lavirkis nrgo tdiribgkjazi hfiec essissoijts ehgut tdi bgjsiquijbis gn ejl —valig-pgfatabs‑ oilae-bijtiril Eftdgukd tdiy tdi fgpsalil lastrahutagj gn bgooujabetagj risgurbis, tdiy najl prgoasajk sakjs gn oilae liogbretazetagj aj bgjtiopgrery liogbrebais. batazijs' ajataetavis oey hi ajbapaijt ejl soeff sbefi tg gvirbgoi ijtrijbdil durlfis pgsil hy ujrikufetil oercits ejl petrgjeki pgfatabs, yit tdiy riprisijt aopgrtejt ajjgvetagjs ejl trijls aj tdi oilaetil pgfatabs gn tdi rikagj.

Oilae, Bavab Rgbaity ejl Pgfatabef Bgjnfabt Aj faji watd tdas oglistfy gptaoastab vaiw, gtdir stulais devi beffil ettijtagj tg ajstejbis sdgwajk tdet tdi jiws oilae innibtavify oiits liogbretab ixpibtetagjs. Riviref ixeopfis sdgw tdet tdi priss des sbrutajazil pgwir, nearfy bgviril batazijs' lioejls ejl gnniril riesgjehfy ebbissahfi pfetngros ngr bavab lihetis. Birteajfy, ujrikufetil bgooirbaefazetagj ejl petraogjaefaso faoat gppgrtujatais ngr liogbretab liheti kavij tdet tdiy sdepi tdi oilae ibgfgky gn tdi rikagj. \diy lg jgt suppriss, dgwivir, bdejkajk rifetagjs eogjk oilae ajstatutagjs, pgfatabef ifatis ejl bavab ebtgrs. Hibeusi jiatdir gji as e ujanail hfgb jgr lg tdiy oeajteaj stetab rifetagjs, tdi ejefysas jiils tg sderpij tdi ngbus aj sierbd gn juejbis ejl bgjnfabts. \di turhufijbi gn oilaetil pgfatabs aj tdi rikagj yaifls prgbissis tdet eri sakjanabejt ngr tdi quefaty gn liogbreby. Bgjsalir tdi besi gn wetbdlgk mgurjefaso ejl sbejlef pgfatabs. Nrgo Oixabg tg Erkijtaje, sbgris gn priss lijujbaetagjs devi hiij puhfasdil aj tdi pest libelis (Dukdis, 800>3 Oetgs, 80043 [eashgrl, 8000). \diy devi ujbgviril kgvirjoijt wrgjklgajk, duoej rakdts ehusis ejl husajiss oefniesejbi. \di puhfabetagj gn ixpgsis wes ajlabetavi gn jgvif livifgpoijts aj e rikagj wdiri tdi priss des hiij dastgrabeffy suhmibtil tg prissuris ejl bijsgrsdap. Narst, tdiy sukkistil tdi ajtijtagj gn e faoatil yit ajnfuijtaef juohir gn jiws grkejazetagjs ejl mgurjefasts tg hriec stgrais lispati pirsibutagj ejl ajtaoaletagj. \di rasi gn —ajstatutagjef ijtriprijiurs‑ ejl oevirabc  mgurjefasts, ejl tdi elgptagj gn —prgnissagjef —prgnissagjef vefuis‑ aj jiwsrggos sdggc up gfl bgzy bgzy rifetagjs tdi priss ejl pgfatabef pgwir (Efvis, 80093 Dukdis, 80023 Fewsgj, 8008 [eashgrl, 80003 [effas, 800

\di REKI Dejlhggc gn Pgfatabef Bgooujabetagj

 

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pgsil wrgjklgajk lurajk pgpufast kgvirjoijts. Ribgjl, wetbdlgk mgurjefaso gnniril gppgrtujatais ngr pgwirnuf sgurbis tg weki bgjnfabt —hy gtdir oiejs‑. Ajnakdtajk eogjk kgvirjoijt gnnabaefs, wdastfi-hfgwajk pgfatabs ejl ajtre-ifati hettfis nriquijtfy prgvalil tdi grakajef aopitus ngr ixpgsis. Rtulais devi sdgwj tdet oejy dakd-prgnafi lijujbaetagjs wiri tdi risuft jgt gjfy gn tdi pirsivirejbi gn ijtirprasajk ripgrtirs, hut efsg tdi ebtagjs gn sifn-ajtiristil sgurbis wdg fiecil ajngroetagj tg tdi priss tg hettfi tdiar ravefs ([eashgrl, 8000). Riviref priss lijujbaetagjs spewjil pgfatabef sbejlefs. \di bgohajetagj gn bgjkrissagjef ejl mulabaef ajvistaketagjs gj braois^artueffy grakajeffy aj tdi ajjiws, ejl stiely ettijtagj wrgjklgajk ejl ups nuifil sbejlefs. effripgrtil liogbrebais tdi rikagj devi oilae hiij rgbcil hygj sbejlefs lurajk tdibgvirpest libelis. \diy riviefil ehusis gn pgwir subd es besd-ngr-vgtis sbdiois, bgzy rifetagjs hitwiij pgfatabaejs ejl braoajefs, hrahis ejl cabchebcs ejl duoej rakdts vagfetagjs. Es e bgjsiquijbi gn sbejlefs, siviref prisalijts wiri aopiebdil gr risakjil, ejl lgzijs gn behajit sibriterais, kgvirjgrs ejl oiohirs gn Bgjkriss stippil lgwj. \di pgfatabs gn wetbdlgk mgurjefaso ejl sbejlefs devi sakjanabejt aopfabetagjs ngr liogbretab kgvirjejbi. \diy sukkist jiw ngros gn sgbaef ebbgujtehafaty hy wdabd tdi oilae sdeoi puhfab gnnabaefs, ejl ebtaveti ebbgujtehafaty oibdejasos (Piruzzgtta ejl Roufgvatz, 800>). Bgooirbaefazetagj ejl petraogjaefaso oey faoat hut tdiy lg jgt bgopfitify suppriss gppgrtujatais ngr puhfab sbrutajy gn pgfatabef ejl ibgjgoab pgwir. Nurtdirogri, tdiy sdgw tdet tdi oilae pfey e ciy rgfi aj bdejjifajk pgfatabef bgjnfabt. Hgtd tdi ajtirists gn spibanab jiws oilae ejl ifati bgopitatagj ngstir bdejkajk pgfatabef bgooujabetagj lyjeoabs. Raoafer lyjeoabs eri efsg ivalijt jiws bgvireki gn gn bavab oghafazetagj. Riviref stulais erkuilHgotdet tdi oilae neaf tg prgvali quefaty ejlajsusteajil bgvireki e rejki gn bavab ejl sgbaef assuisdevi (Kgjzefiz hef, 511>3 Ferreaj ejl ^efijzuife, 800), tdiy lg jgt jibisserafy bgjtrahuti tg pgfatabef lioghafazetagj ejl lasijbdejtoijt (Dukdis ejl Kuirrirg, 8001). Efsg, risierbd des sdgwj tdet nreois gn jiws ejl pgfatabef els ennibt puhfab pirbiptagj gn prghfios aj Hrezaf (Pgrtg, 800;), ejl tdet tdi eveafehafaty gn ouftapfi nreois prgogtis riesgjil lihetis ejl ouftapfi pirspibtavis (Oeae, 8001).  Ettijtagj des hiij ferkify put gj ujlirstejlajk wditdir oilaetazetagj ixebirhetis tdi brasas gn pgfatabef riprisijtetagj aj tdi rikagj, ejl wditdir pgpufaso nurtdir wiecijs tdi rgfis gn gvirsakdt ejl ebbgujtehafaty gn tdi jiws oilae. Aj hgtd besis, tdi bgjbfusagjs eri ennaroetavi. \di bijtrefaty gn tdi oilae des sderpijil tdi prghfios gn pgfatabef riprisijtetagj. Oilae pgpufaso ekkrevetis tdi prghfios gn ebbgujtehafaty tdrgukd jiws oejekioijt prebtabis ejl oilae pgfabais tg barbuovijt bratabef jiws oilae. Ajtirist gj tdi ajstatutagjef aopebt gn oilaetazetagj ejl oilae pgfatabs assuis lgviteafs watd hrgel bgjbirjs ehgut tdi pirsastijt trguhfis Peki 55 gn 5>

\di REKI Dejlhggc gn Pgfatabef Bgooujabetagj

 

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gn perty systios, strgjk ixibutavis ejl wiec perfaeoijts ejl tdi tijugus fajcekis hitwiij puhfab gpajagj ejl tdi fikasfetavi prgbiss aj tdi rikagj (Ogrkijstirj ejl Jeban, 8008). Faciwasi, rikagjef livifgpoijts ixpfeaj wdy tdi fatireturi des ngbusil gj tdi bdeffijkis ejl gppgrtujatais ngr oilae liogbreby. \di pirsastijt —lguhfi wdeooy‑ gn rujewey bgooirbaefazetagj ejl petraogjaefaso gj oilae systios aj tdi rikagj ixpfeajs wdy tdisi assuis rioeaj et tdi bijtir gn tdi risierbd ekijle. Hy tdi seoi tgcij, tdi fatireturi rioeajs ngbusil gj tdi stuly gn bgooujaty hrgelbestajk, oilae ringro ogvioijts oilae elvgbeby es aopgrtejt, batazij-fil tirjs ajejl tdi bavab rifetagjsdap hitwiij oilae ejl pgfatabef ebtgrs.livifgpoijts eaoil et sdecajk up trelatagjef petXisierbd pragratais efsg rinfibt sbdgferfy trelatagjs, jeoify, jeoify, strubturefast ejl ajstatutagjefast tdigrais es wiff es quefatetavi oitdglgfgkais aj hgtd bgooujabetagj stulais ejl pgfatabef sbaijbi. Gtdir sit gn tdigritabef quistagjs ejl oitdglgfgkabef epprgebdis (ngr ixeopfi, oilae innibts, tdi lyjeoabs hitwiij oilae ejl puhfab gpajagj, quejtatetavi risierbd), wdabd devi hiij lgoajejt aj tdi YR ejl Iurgpiej pgfatabef bgooujabetagj risierbd, jivir ngujl e strgjk krgujlajk aj tdi rikagj. Aj nebt, tdi ixbiptagjs privagusfy oijtagjil wiri prglubil hy sbdgfers hesil aj tdi YRE ejl/gr wdg wiri treajil gutsali Fetaj Eoirabe. \di rivaiw efsg prgvalis alies ngr fajis gn risierbd tg bgjtrahuti tg e tdigritabeffy eohatagus, kfghef risierbd ekijle. —Erie stulais‑ aj pgfatabef bgooujabetagj devi gntij hiij hefcejazil aj sipereti sit gn bgujtrais ejl rikagjs. \das as ujlirstejlehfi kavij tdet, es oijtagjil ierfair, fgbef livifgpoijts ferkify lravi risierbd pragratais. Qit, at as aopgrtejt jgt tg fgsi sakdt gn tdi jiil tg tebcfi hrgel tdigritabef quistagjs tdet bej hi ajngroil hy najlajks nrgo rikagjef stulais. \wg sits gn quistagjs bgoajk gut gn Fetaj Eoirabej risierbd jiil nurtdir kfghef ejl bgoperetavi ettijtagj. Gji sit gn quistagjs ellriss wditdir batazijs' oghafazetagj ejl jiw ajngroetagj tibdjgfgkais innibtavify trejsngro tdi bgri gn oilae systios. Lgis bavab ijkekioijt ergujl e rejki gn sgbaef, pgfatabef ejl oilae assuis innibtavify bdejki tdi wey tdi jiws oilae bgvir sgbaef prghfios7 Lg sgbaef oilae ejl gtdir Ajtirjithesil pfetngros aoprgvi gppgrtujatais ngr puhfab ixprissagj aj oilae systios faoatil hy bgooirbaef ejl kgvirjoijt ajtirists7 Dgw lg kfghef ngros gn pertabapetagj bgjtrahuti tg ngstirajk ogri pfuref ejl ikefateraej oilae et tdi jetagjef fivif7 Ejgtdir sit gn quistagjs as rifetil tg tdi fajcekis hitwiij oilae, ifatis ejl pgfatabef bgjnfabt. [det eri tdi bgjsiquijbis gn ajtre-ifati bgjnrgjtetagjs ejl stralijtfy aligfgkabef jiws oilae ngr oilaetil pgfatabs7 Lg tdiy suppriss gr ngstir e lavirsaty gn vaiws7 Lg tdiy bgjtrahuti tg ellrissajk prghfios gn ebbgujtehafaty ejl trejsperijby aj jiw liogbrebais7 Lg ajtirjef lavasagjs watdaj kgvirjoijts ejl tdi priss es wiff es hitwiij hgtd ajstatutagjs gpij gppgrtujatais ngr bratabef ejl lavirsi jiws bgvireki7 \di rivaiw jgt gjfy tdi bgjtrahutagjs Fetaj Eoirabej pgfatabef bgooujabetagj sbdgfersdap tg ujlirstejlajk tdisdgws laoijsagjs gn oilaetazetagj, tdignbdeffijkis ngr oilae liogbreby ejl tdi fajcekis hitwiij oilae ejl pgfatabef bgjnfabt aj tdi rikagj. \diy efsg sukkist e wieftd gn ixpiraijbis ejl erkuoijts tdet difps tg lavirsany tdi pggf gn ivalijbi, risierbd quistagjs ejl bgjbiptuef nreoiwgrcs aj tdi naifl.

Jgtis 5 Eftdgukd tdi rgfi gn —erie stulais‑ des hiij ixtijsavify erkuil aj bgoperetavi pgfatabs ejl sgbagfgky (Hetis, 511;3 Deff ejl \errgw, 5114), at rioeajs jgtgragusfy ujlir-lasbussil jgt gjfy aj pgfatabef bgooujabetagj hut efsg aj tdi naifl gn bgooujabetagj. \das kep as pertabuferfy rioercehfi, bgjsalirajk tdi ferki juohir gn stulais gj —ajtirjetagjef‑ assuis, ejl tdi tgwirajk prisijbi gn tdi —kfghefazetagj liheti‑ aj tdi naifl gn bgooujabetagj lurajk tdi pest twg libelis. 8 \di kferajk ixbiptagj as Hrezaf, wdiri pertabuferfy tdi fielajk jiwspepirs hesil aj tdi Xag-Reg Peufg devi iohrebil bijtref tijits gn tdi oglif gn ghmibtavaty sajbi tdi prgbiss gn tdi —oglirjazetagj‑ gn tdi priss aj tdi 5190s (li Ehriu, 8008). Peki 58 gn 5>

\di REKI Dejlhggc gn Pgfatabef Bgooujabetagj

 

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2 [diries sgoi sbdgfers devi luhhil tdas trijl e —fint — fint turj‑ aj tdi rikagj (Hiesfiy-Ourrey it ef., 8001), gtdirs devi erkuil tdet tdi aligfgkabef bgopfixaty gn tdisi eloajastretagjs neffs gutsali bgjvijtagjef fint/rakdt betikgrais (li fe \grri, 8001). Lispati e suhstejtaef fatireturi, pgpufaso rioeajs ej iquavgbef bgjbipt. Yjfaci Iurgpiej bgjtixts, Fetaj Eoirabej pgpufaso lgis jgt rinir tg rakdt-wajk, xijgpdghab pgfatabef pertais. Ajstiel, at as alijtanail watd kgvirjoijts tdet prgogti birteaj ibgjgoab pgfabais (Ciyjisaejaso, lastrahutagjaso), pgfatabef aligfgky (ejta-fahirefaso, ejta-perty), styfi gn pgfatabef fielirsdap (dairerbdabef, bderasoetab) ejl rditgrab (eppiefs tg —tdi pigpfi‑ ejl —tdi jetagj‑, ejl lasbursavi gppgsatagj ekeajst aopiraefaso ejl gfakerbdy).

Xinirijbis  Efnerg, X. O.(8009)Debae Juives Xutes Átabes ij Juistrgs Oilags. Oio Oiograe grae Life Beopeõe Bauleleje Rghri fe Fiy li Xelag y \ifivasaòj. \ifivasaòj.Faoe= Faoe= ^iilurïe Bauleleje li fe Bgoujabebaòj Rgbaef.  Efnerg, X. O. (il.) (8004)Liserrgffg7 Ijbuijtrgs y Lisijbuijtrgs Ijtri Oilags y Baulelejïe.Faoe= Esgbaebaòj li Bgoujabelgris Befejlrae.  Efvis, X.(8009)—Nrgo Feplgk tg [etbdlgk= \di Xgfi gn tdi Priss aj Fetaj Eoirabe's Liogbretazetagj‑, aj D.li Hurkd (il.), Oecajk Mgurjefasts.Fgjlgj= Xgutfilki. pp. 545‒80>‒1. Hiesfiy-Ourrey, M.,Oexwiff, B. ejlDirsbdhirk, I.—Fetaj Eoirabe's Fint \urj= Ej Ajtrglubtagj‑,\darl [grfl Uuertirfy(8001)20(8)=251‒20. Hashef, O.—Oilags, Baulelejïe y Isnire Pýhfabe ij fe ^ijizuife li Dgy‑,Uugruo Ebeláoabg,(800)5 Prisalijtaef Ifibtagj‑,\di Ajtirjetagjef Mgurjef gn Priss/Pgfatabs,(8001)5)91(5)=52‒88. ,(800>)91(5)=52‒88. Oareffis, E. O.(8002)Piraglasog, Gpajaòj Pýhfabe y Ekijle Bauleleje.Hgkgtå= Jgroe. Ogjsavåas, B. ejlRbdirir, M.(8002)\aiopg li Rehir. Prijse y Pglir ij Oáxabg.Oixabg= Ilatgraef Juivg Rakfg. Ogjtijikrg, R.(800;)Fgs Oilags li Bgoujabebaòj bgog Ebtgris Pgfïtabgs ij Jaberekue.Oejekue= Bijtrg li Ajvistakebaòj li fe Bgoujabebaòj. Peki 5< gn 5>

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Ogrkijstirj, R. ejl Jeban, H. (ils.) (8008)Fikasfetavi Pgfatabs aj Fetaj Eoirabe.Beohralki= Beohralki Yjavirsaty Priss. Ourerg, D.(511;)Pgfïtabgs, Piraglastes, y Baulelejgs.Huijgs Earis= Ngjlg li Bufture Ibgjòoabe. Pefevirsabd, L.\di Pgfatabs gn Lruk \rennabcajk aj Oixabej ejl Oixabg-Xifetil Jerbgjgvifes,Eztfej,(800>)25(8)=49‒550. Piruzzgtta, I. ejl Roufgvatz, B. (ils.) (800>)Ijngrbajk tdi Xufi gn Few= Rgbaef Ebbgujtehafaty aj tdi Jiw Fetaj Eoirabej Liogbrebais.Pattshurkd, PE= Yjavirsaty gn Pattshurkd Priss. Pajtg, M.—\rejsperijby Pgfaby Ajataetavis aj Fetaj Eoirabe= Yjlirstejlajk Pgfaby Gutbgois nrgo ej Ajstatutagjef Pirspibtavi‑,Bgooujabetagj Few & Pgfaby,(8001)515‒;01. [effas, L.—\di Oilae ejl Liogbretab Bdejki aj Oixabg‑,Perfaeoijtery Ennears,(800