The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty, 1900-1901 (1900)
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DT 62-
THE ROYAL TO MS
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OF
THE EARLIEST DYNASTIES PAET
1901.
II.
BY.
FLINDERS
W. M.
Hon. D.G.L., Litt.D., LL.D., I'h.D..
.OK "" EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSI'i
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With F.
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4: 3
ABYDOS.
TOMB OF KING
ZER.
BRACELETS.
THE ROYAL TOMBS OF
THE EARLIEST DYNASTIES n
PART
1901.
II.
BY
FLINDERS PETRIE
W. M.
Hon. D.C.L., Litt.D., LL.D., Ph.D., Hon. F.S.A.
(Scot.)
EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, nNIVERSITT COLLEGE, LONDON MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
;
;
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN
;
MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES. ;
With F.
Chapter
by
GRIFFITH, M.A.,
Ll.
F.S.A.
TWENTY-FIRST MEMOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND PUBLISHED BY OBDEB OF THE COMMITTEE
LONDON SOLD AT
The OFFICES OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, and
and by B.
59,
37,
Great Russell Street, W.C.
Temple Street, Boston, Mass., U.SA.
KBGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road, W.C. QOARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ASHER & Co., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C. ;
1901
:
LONDON riUNTED BY GILBERT AND JUVINGTON, LT ST.
JOHN'S HOUSE, OLE It KEN WELL.
EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. ©resident.
SIR
JOHN EVANS,
K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., P.R.S.
H)lce=ipresi5ent6.
Sie E.
Maunde Thompson,
K.C.B., D.C.L.,
LL.D. Lt. - General
Sie Feancts G.C.M.G., G.C.B.
The Hon. Chas.
L.
Hutchinson
(U.S.A.).
Peof. G. Maspebo, D.C.L. (Prance).
Geenfell,
The Eev. Peof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D. The Rev. W. C. Winslow, D.D., D.O.L.
Peof. Ad. Eeman, Ph.D. (Germany). Josiah Mullens, Esq. (Australia).
M. Chaeles Hentsch
(Switzerland).
(U.S.A.).
1bon. treasurers.
P. C. Postee, Esq. (Boston, U.S.A.).
H. A. Geuebee, Esq., E.S.A.
1foon.
J.
S.
Secretaries.
The Rev. W.
Cotton, Esq., M.A.
Winslow, D.D. (Boston, U.S.A.).
C.
,/IBembers ot Committee.
T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D. Miss M. Beodeick, Ph.D. (for Boston).
The Rev. W. MacGbegoe, M.A.
Majoe E. B. Cassatt, B.A.
The Mabquess of Nobthampton.
(for
Phila-
delphia).
Somees Claeke, Esq., P.S.A. W. E. Oeum, Esq., M.A. Louis Dyee, Esq., M.A. (for Chicago). Aethue John Evans, Esq., M.A., P.R.S. P. Ll. Geiffith, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.
Mes. P. Ll. Geiffith. T. Paemee Hall, Esq. P. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., Litt.D.
Mes. McCluee.
A. S.
Mueeay, Esq., LL.D., P.S.A.
Pbancis P. G.
Wm.
Peecival, Esq., M.A., P.S.A.
Hilton Peice, Esq., Die.S.A.
Mes. Tibabd.
The Rev. H. G. Tomkins, M.A. Emanuel M. Undebdown, Esq., K.C. Sie Heemann Webeb, M.D. E. Towey Whyte, Esq., F.S.A. Majoe-Geneeal Sie Chaeles W. Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., P.R.S.
CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. SBCT.
1.
Details of publication.
2. Previous
wreck of tombs
CHAPTER
.
I.
Site of the Royal Tombs. 3. 4. 5.
6.
The The The The
groups of tombs
.
order of tombs
kings before the 1st Dynasty kings of the Ilnd Dynasty
.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
VI.
The
The Vases.
By SECT.
SECT.
PAGE
36. Condition of the material
41
37. Method of classifying
41
38. Restoration of forms
42
39. Igneous rocks
42
.
40. Sedimentary rocks
43
4 1. Secondary examples
44
42. The Aegean pottery
46
43. The marks on pottery
47
VII.
Inscriptions.
F. Ll. Griffith, M.A., F.S.A.
LIST OF PLATES (WITH REFERENCES). The plates
i.
—
lxiii.,
without
The plates for Students,
iiiA.
letters,
are given
—
with
IviA.,
Plate I.
PAGE
III.
IIIa.
IV.
Mena
Mena
Tablets of
Mena
of
21, 49
Inscriptions of Zer
23, 49
Objects of Zer
VIA. VII.
...
11
Inscriptions of Zet
Den
Objects of
VIII.
Inscriptions of Mersekha,
XII.
XIII.
XV. XVI.
„
of
„
of
164—177 XXII.
of
Khasekhemui
,,
of
Khasekhemui
191—201
50
XXIV.
27
Copper objects
28
XXVIII.
„
XXIX. XXIXa. XXIXb.
„
19/51 28, 51
XXX.
„
„
120—132 Den 133—146 Den
30, 51
XXXa. XXXI.
„
Perabsen
Tablets of
,,
Narmer and
Tablets of
Mena
.
.20.
Painted inscriptions
Ka and Nar89—96 mer of Aha Mena 97—104 of Zer— Ta 105—113 of Zer— Ta 114—124
21,51
Sealings of
„
—
XXXII. 30, 52
31, 52
„
„
„
.
Inventory
of
54 32
32, 54
.
.
33,
54
Mena
.
Inventory of
31,
.
49—94 Key 95—146 Key 49—60 Zer 61—71 Zer 72—82 Zer 83—94 Zer
period
XXXIII. 30, 52
Signs on vases Steles
31, 53
31, 53
202—216
Objects of Khasekhemui
27, 51
31, 53
Perabsen
„
XXIII.
31, 52
Perabsen
XXV. XXVI. XXVII.
.
XIV.
XXI.
31, 53
—
178—190
Inscriptions of Merpaba,
Mena
XL
of
,,
31, 52
—
26, 50
Qa, and Perabsen
X.
24, 49
25,
Qa, and Perabsen
IXa.
XX.
136—145 Den Setui, 146—155 Den Setui, 156—163
23, 49
25, 49
VIIa.
IX.
„
of
and
Den
VIIIa.
of
XIX.
31, 32
Den— Setui
„
22, 49
.
125—135
Merneit
XVIII.
and
Zer
of
and
Va. VI.
page Sealings
49
21, 49
11
11
19, 48 20,
earlier
V.
Plate
17
Inscriptions before
Objects
Subscribers.
are issued in a Supplement, which can be ordered,.
XVII.
Jewellery
Frontispiece.
of Zer II.
to all
letters,
Tomb
.
36
M.I.
36
XXXIV.
„
of Zer, ivory
37
XXXV.
„
of Zer, ivory
37
XXXVI.
„
of Zer,
wood.
37
8 7 1
LIST OF PLATES. PAGE
PLATE
XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLT. XLII. XLIII.
XLIV.
Inventory of Zet of
n
.
Cemetery
ofMerneit
>i
W
38
LIh.
.
38
LII.
11
.
38
Lilt.
11
.
38
LUIa.
11
1 1
,,
of
Mersekha
of
Mersekha and
11
„
.
.
.39 .
.
Qa
XLV.
Vases
of
Quartz
XL VII. XLVIIa. XLVIIb. XLVIII. XLVIIIa. XLVIIIb.
XLIX. XLIXa. L.
Basalt,
„
„
Porphyry,
11
Volcanic, „
La. LI. LIa.
LIb. LTc.
LId.
Serpentine, Slate,
Dolomite
„
LIe.
LIf.
LIg.
„
coloured limestone
LIIIc.
399—425 426—445 446—458
39 39
LIIId.
39
Alabaster
39
LIIIe.
ii
11
Vases
of
grey
limestone
„
459—474 475—484
1—26 27-50 51—68 69—83 84—106
107—121 122—128 129—136 137—150 151—160 161—175 176—190 191—206 207—230
LIV.
43
43
LV. LVa. LVb. LVc. LVd.
43
LVI.
Views
of
LVIa.
Views
of
43
43
.
LVII.
44
LVIII.
LX. LXI.
44
LXII.
44
LXIII.
44
44
44
44 44 44
1
Views of
44 46
.
— 62
47 47
„
25'J— 354
47
355—491 Tombs, Mena to Den Tombs, Den to
47
47
7—9
— 11
Tombs, Perabsen and Khasekhemui 11
LIX. 44
.
Perabsen 9
43
43
44
63—160 161—258
43 43
44
„
„
43
43
44
485—502 Aegean pottery Marks on pottery,
42
43
44
white limestone
,,
42
marble
231—252 253—266 267—288 289—311 312—328
LIIIf.
LIIIg.
Crystal
329-344 345—360 361—377 378—398
LIIIb
of Perabsen and
„
Khasekhemui
XLVI.
Vases of Alabaster
.
Den ofDen ofAzab of
PAGE
PLATE
General Plan
Plan of B tombs
... .
.
Plan of Zer tombs
.
Plan of Zer and Perabsen
Plan of Den tomb
.
Plan of Khasekhemui tomb
— 12 3
.
3
.
3
.
— — 1
.
9
.
12
KINGS MENTIONED IN THIS VOLUME.
THE
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE
1st
DYNASTY.
INTRODUCTION. 1
The present volume describes the continu-
.
ation and conclusion of the
Tombs
of Abydos,
begun
work on the Royal It has not
last year.
been practicable to include every result in
this
arranging
material.
Miss
Orme's
was
help
more valuable than ever, as she developed
my of
all
photographs, and inked in fifty-seven plates
my
pencil drawings, beside drawing
marks
account, as some classes of objects require more
on pottery and helping in sorting the stone vase
study, such as the carved slate fragments and
Without her doing such a great mass of work, this volume could not have appeared till many weeks later. Miss A. Urlin sorted much of the vase fragments, and joined
the
worked
Nor
flints.
there
is
virtue in comprising the whole of
two volumes, when
site
now
is
But
Paris awaiting publication. is
my
special
results in
an amount of the
so large
material from the same
any
still
lying in
at least there
issued every inscription, and almost every
class of objects,
this final
which have been obtained
work of rescue
by my
careful
in
work-
many complex
The production
of ninety-eight plates
is
a
matter requiring time, both for digesting the material into order from rough heaps of frag-
ments, and for the merely mechanical labour of
To carry out this, several workers were needed. Mr. Mace superintended the excavations, and so left me free to work out the drawing.
of sealings, stone fragments, and small
objects.
part of the daily marking of objects.
The general course of work was, that I photographed in the morning, sorted and drew stone vases in the afternoon, and sorted and
saw the digging,
I only occasionally
general interest in the subject, divide the
Dendereh.
Perabsen, the central chamber of Zer, and the
graphs.
of
Khasekhemui
planned by Mr. Mace. plans,
besides
doing
My much
;
the
wife in
rest
drew
were
all
sorting
the
and
plates
The
as
in
the
we have had
to
publication of
large edition presented to all
subscribers contains sixty-three plates, of fifteen
half
;
drew
though each kind of
work was also taken at other times. The importance of the material for study makes it needful to thoroughly publish every But as much of it will only be fragment. wanted by specialists, and would not add to the
mainly for planning the tombs of Den and
south
fractures, besides doing a great
sealings in the evening
men.
piles
fragments.
which
are photographs and forty-eight litho-
Besides this the supplementally plates
which are not of general interest number thirtyfive, of which ten are photographs and twentyfive lithographs.
These are
all
distinguished B
by
ROYAL TOMBS OP THE added to the numbers, and are
letters
DYNASTY.
1st
the
most
perience "
(Fouilles,
described in the text of this volume.
interesting
remains of the wooden tomb chamber
be procured either separately or
of Zer, a carbonized mass 28 feet
whole
Avith the
2
fully
They can bound together
Again a rich harvest of history has come from the site which was said to be exhausted ;
and in place of the disordered confusion of names without any historical connection, which Amelineau, of kings
Mena
known from
that was
all
we now have
the
Mission
the complete sequence
from the middle of the dynasty before
to probably the close of the Ilnd Dynasty,
and we can trace in
detail the fluctuations of
The 166 plates need some twenty
art throughout these reigns. results
from our work
will
of
or
thirty to be yet added to record the whole of
the information, which no one could hope to
recovery
this
;
by
3 feet,
not only after
is
the
removal of everything that was thought of value, both by the Mission, and
also
by the
Abydos who did the work, but
it
is
tomb we read "
disappeared, and of another
j'y
rencontrai environ deux cents kilos de charbon de bois" (Fouilles, 1896, p. 15), which has been
The ebony
removed.
all
—the most
Mena
— were
tablets of
priceless historical
Narmer and monuments
broken up in 1896 and tossed aside
all
whence we have rescued them and rejoined them so far as we can. In every
in the rubbish,
we can but apply
direction his
own words
to
the destroyer
who
concerning the Copts
" tous
the remains,
brises
.
left
de la maniere la
plus sauvage " (Fouilles, 1896, p. 33).
Of new methods employed
may
have recovered two years ago.
And
18)
p.
studded with copper fastenings, have entirely
series.
.
was
1896,
in this
work some
be Avorth future use, such as the restitution
of the forms of the stone vases
frame, the
clearing
thieves of
by a
in spite of
of a complete
the weathered
of
sand on the
filling of
mode
by an adjusting stones
and the adoption
face,
of registering every
wrought
the determined destruction of the remains on the
fragment from a tomb by inventory sheets of
were smashed, avowedly
outlines (plates xxxii. to xlv.), Avhich enable a
spot.
The pottery
jars
any one
to prevent
obtaining them.
else
stone vases, broken anciently by
fanatics,
The are
referred to thus, " ceux qui 6taient brisks et que j'ai
reduits
en miettes
1897, p. 33), and to
chips
the
;
"
(Amelineau, Fouilles,
we indeed found them stamped
stacks of great jars which
are
recorded as having been found in the tomb of
Zer
(Fouilles,
destroyed
we read,
;
1898,
p.
42) were
entirely
the jars of ointment were burnt, as
" les matieres grasses brulent pendant
des journeys entieres,
comme
j'en ai fait l'ex
general idea to be obtained of the contents, and the trial of any union with pieces
elseAvhere
preserved.
As most
of the
tombs are diagonal to the
points of the compass,
upper
it
may be
stated that the
sides of all the plans here are called the
north in the descriptions, except top of Avhich
shape
it
plan, pi.
the top.
is
called
lviii.,
which
is
lxii.,
the
as oAving to the
east,
could not be turned
pi.
;
and the general
placed with the west at
—
—
CHAPTER
I.
THE SITE OF THE ROYAL TOMBS. 3.
The general
periods
the
of
different
groups of tombs can be readily distinguished
X
by the change
U.
in the character of the objects
found in them. there
is
a class of animal-figure seals which are
work these
only found commonly in the
B
r
in that of
On
V
still
T)
the IVth Dynasty
rerabsen latest,
:
like those of
and those of Perabsen are
intermediate between the earlier style and that
Y are
From
Avest of
U
Khasekhemui.
therefore,
it is
which the
objects
which are the
clear
latest
the
tombs
;
alone,
earliest
and
while the relative posi-
on the ground show
most cases the
in
It is evident that
order betweeen these limits.
the earliest royal tombs are the easternmost of
the larger ones, and that the progress was to the west, planting the tombs alternately north and
south of the middle
Even without any
line.
internal evidence of the order of certain kings,
we should
groups in
the
place
general
this
When
tive order
we"
examine the
more
is
closely fixed
of re-used vases of a king in .
So that
later king. lists
we can
if
we
details,
the rela-
by the presence the tomb of a
ignore
all historical
restore the order of the
tombs
in
the following manner, referring to the letters
shown
in
pi. lviii.
B by
:
style of
sealings,
Qrder
B
)
by re-use
Z
)
of vase.
z
Y
the
/
sealings.
by
sealings,
between Z and T.
;
B
to
Y
;
X, and
T,
and then,
is
in a line
then alternate on each
U Q
placed further
is
;
after a pause,
opposite side, and then
V
comes P on
again opposite
to P.
In this order we have not fixed the place of
B
the separate kings of the
group, nor that of
Hotepahaui, except that he
But
Perabsen.
so
far
pendent of the historical 5.
In the
first
have already shown
shortly before
inde-
lists.
volume
how
is
we have been
Royal Tombs we
of
this order of the
tombs
agrees with those which can be identified in the lists.
succession.
4.
by
of vases.
|
Hence the order of the tombs westward from side of
tions
r
i
the other hand, the seals of Perabsen
and Khasekhemui are more nearly
of
/by re-use J
,
group of tombs,
few in the tomb of Zer, fewer
\
,T JN eteren r.
of vases.
position after U.
Raneb
are
;
by re-use
Q by
In the sealings, for instance,
closely like the later prehistoric
Zet.
}
Two more
be added
;
for
such identifications can
on seal 109 we read Zer
and similarly on
seal 2 (vol.
i.)
now
—Ta,
we read Zet
Ath, thus corresponding to the Teta and Ateth of Sety's
list.
Of the tombs placed
in order
above we can then identify
Zer— Ta=Teta, 2nd king, Z Zet— Ath = Ateth, 3rd,
Y T Den — Setui=Hesepti,
5th,
— Merpaba=Merbap,
X
Azab
TJ
Mersekha
6th,
— Shemsu=Semempses,
7th,
b 2
—
EOYAL TOMBS OF THE and
bave sbown bow tbe early form of the
I
second
Qebb
name
(vol.
of
—was
Qa — Sen :
mistaken for
23), and so stated in tbe
i.
It is evident
named
kings
then that
in the 1st
to the
must look is
Aha
for
Mena and
Hence
B
that
his predecessors;
it
we
and
it
abundant objects of King
with Mena, entirely apart from the evidence
of the ivory tablet from Naqada, on which that identification has hitherto rested. arises,
How
is it
that objects
Aha
should be so abundant at Abydos when tomb has been already found at Naqada ? Where was his tomb ? at Naqada or Abydos ? Now at Naqada were found many ivory labels of necklaces, mentioning the number of stones, and with the name Neit-hotep on the back. These probably belonged to a queen of Mena. And if we must fix on one tomb as that of Aha, and one as that of a connection of his, it would be the Abydos tomb which would be that of Aha, where several ebony tablets record offerand it would be the tomb with ings to him Neit-hotep's necklaces which would be that of a queen. Also it is far more likely that a tomb of
his
;
in the great series of royal
of the king,
tombs should be that
and that a tomb apart in another
cemetery should be
for a
queen of
his.
Hence it seems that the facts as now known would show that Aha Mena was buried in the and that the tomb at royal series at Abydos
— ;
Naqada was
that
of
his
queen
Neit-hotep,
naturally buried with vases and objects belong-
ing to
the king.
Further,
it
seems not im-
probable that one of the sealings there found to be
559),
consider this group of
B
tombs
We know
of this age several
Mena, and who therefore must be presumed to
identified
are found.
Here a question
in detail.
fig.
Dynasty are
Hence Aha must be within a reign or two of Mena. Looking at the sealings, is it clear that the seals of Aha are more like those of Zer than are any of the other earliest sealings. Hence Aha would come to be identified
We may now
ii.,
seal.
kings whose works are ruder than those of
group of tombs marked
in this group that
Becherches
five or six of the eight
here in the right order of the tombs. is
De Morgan,
and was the queen's own
more
Sety.
DYNASTY.
hotep (see
of
list
1st
is
read " the spirit of Neit-hotep," ba Neit-
have preceded him in that rapidly rising
But unhappily
zation.
B
tombs have been
the contents
civili-
of these
so ruthlessly confused
and
destroyed by recent digging that the chance of recovering their history has been almost
The
list
tombs
of
is as
named
©bjects associated with certain
follows (see pi. lix)
Ka, pottery
lost.
:
—
—
;
THE SITE OF THE ROYAL TOMBS.
we
are Jed to place
Sma
immediate pre-
who married
decessor of Mena,
The
Neit-hotep.
as the
extreme
rudeness
Ka
sealing and pottery inscriptions of
point to his being before Narmer.
have the
series
daughter
his
and hence they seem to have been added in reign as tombs of his domestics.
certainly
Hence we
probably a queen or daughter of Mena
The whole
Ka,
gether
Narmer,
thrown,
Mena,
B
Hence Mena; and it
west.
joining
it (15, 17,
probably the tomb of
is
and the tombs ad-
18) that the objects of
Mena
such have doubtless
been
And
found.
are
19
in No. 19
is
scattered in throwing the contents of No.
19
B
into tombs already opened.
B
15,
who found
but on the surface, so that their place
is
not
xl. 8)
Sma
objects of
There would be nothing against the being B 15, next to Mena. tomb of The objects of Narmer are found in B 6, 17,
certain.
Sma
The large
18.
been thrown turned out of
jar in
far,
B
B
tomb
so small a
is
as
B
17 or
B
18,
where only
So that
B
10
19
14
Bener-ab
16
Domestics of
and a
Mena
i.,
xxxix.
2,
bit of a bracelet
Aha roughly
with what
is
So pro-
cut.
bably these were of sons or brothers of Mena.
Thus we have reconstructed the list ofThinite and perhaps
not likely to have had
Narmer
Sma Mena
there pottery (see B. T.,
kings before
is
10 15
ascertain
Mena
The
fused by the previous
The
we
are
allow,
ever likely to
would have been had these tombs not been so con-
them.
very different
6.
so far as the facts
so far as
facts
case
work
here.
about the second dynasty, the
now be studied. In the tomb of Perabsen we found that there were buried with him vases of three other kings, kings after Qa, must
Ka is certain, as it was still full jars, many of which bore his name
The tomb
of
;
the only other things of his
And
Zeser
10 in throwing the contents
of Narmer.
on either
9
•
with rough figures of a hawk like that on
sealing 96,
has a better claim than any other to be the tomb
and
B B B B
probably the name
not likely to have
small objects of his were found.
of cylinder
Ka
and might well have been
So great a king
back.
6
7
The two tombs Unnumbered to the north of 14 were cleared last year by Mr. Maclver,
are found about
The
:
B
B B
lay near by.
from the order of the kings, where their objects have been
thus
with Zeser probably before Sma, and yet after Ka. How far can the tombs be identified with these kings ? The general order is from east to
and
can,
sites is
name
;
result of this inquiry, piecing to-
we
all
and the
Sma,
14, in-
cluding three with Bener-ab, " sweet of heart,"
other pieces with this same
:
B
Moreover objects of Mena were in
the
of
his
side, at
as Zeser
were found some
11 and 15.
which
—by the
unbroken rule here — are there-
fore his predecessors.
was probably
B
after
Ka
it
is
9 was his tomb,
ahaui, Raneb,
Their names are Hotep-
and Neteren
;
Raneb preceded Neteren,
and
it
is
certain
as the latter
had
the only dated object in which was a sealing of
defaced and re-used a vase of the former
(pi.
Narmer, who was probably his successor. The whole of the three rows of private tombs
As on statue No. 1 (Cairo Museum) 2). these three names are in the above order, and
more
likely than not that
to the east of these great
name on
tombs contained no
the sealings but that of
Aha— Mena
that
viii.
the succession of two of is
them
is
now
proved,
it
only reasonable to accept them in this order,
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE The only
link to the
of Sety
list
these are the immediate successors of
(who closed the
the king Baneteren of the
may
list.
As
if
King Qa
Dynasty), then Neteren
1st
contrary fact this
that
I. is
there
is
is
no
1st
DYNASTY.
The length of the Ilnd Dynasty in the copyists of Manetho would at first sight be longer. But in the version of Africanus, which is
usually the best, Syncellus, his copyist, intro-
duces two more kings from Eusebiiis
be accepted.
After these comes Perabsen, and therefore he
now
see
that this
emendation. There
however, a King Khaires,
would be the Uaznes of Sety's list. Before Khasekhemui must probably be placed
who may
Khasekhem, whose statues and vases were found
Mr. Quibell found at El
at Hierakonpolis (Hierakonpolis, pis. xxxvi. to
From all we ought to
xli.)
;
if so
he w»uld be the Senda of the
list,
well be the king
Sethenes of Manetho.
Then there remains but one name dynasty, Zaza, according to Sety's
Now
that of Khasekhemui. for this
king being the
dynasties, as there
is
than his at Abydos.
in this
list,
to 'be
there seems reason
last ruler of the Thinite
no royal tomb known later Moreover we meet in his
tomb with sealings naming the " king-bearing mother " Hapenmaat. She seems to have been throughout
the
Illrd
thus appears to be
the
deified
adored
Dynasty, and ancestress
of
that dynasty.
Also a sealing of Perabsen was found in the
tomb
king
of
Neterkhet
working
Grarstang,
for the
(opened
by Mr.
Egyptian Research
and this king is the same as Zeser on the Seheyl stele, the 2nd king of the Illrd Dynasty according to Sety. This shows that there was no great interval between Perabsen
Account)
;
and the Illrd Dynasty.
Tombs.
and we
probably an erroneous
is is,
;
Kara whose cylinder
Kab
(El
these available facts
Kab it
restore the dynasty thus
xx. 29).
seems that :
—
;
CHAPTEE
II.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMBS. The
7.
assign of
is
tomb that we can definitely marked B 7 (pi. lix.), the tomb
posts on each long side, and probably one in the
This
This tomb was never burnt.
oldest
that
King Ka.
about 20 feet by 10 brick walls
is
is
a pit with sloping sides, 1
The
middle of each end, to carry the wooden
thickness of the
9.
that of the length of one brick,
Sma
feet.
about 11 inches; and the
thrown the longer never been burnt.
the
soft footing of
wall and pressure of sand behind
it
has over-
The chamber has The broken pottery mixed sides.
with the sand, which
filled
it,
largely consisted
The tomb
B
15
thick, beina;
probably that of King
is
Its walls are
(see pi. lvi. 2).
roof.
not quite so
50 inches at the end.
about 26 feet by 16 feet
;
and there
The
size is
is
a large
batter of 14 inches in the sides, and 12 inches in the ends.
The depth
is 13-| feet.
holes in the floor suggest that there
The post
were
five
on
of cylinder jars, like the later prehistoric form
the long side, and one in the middle of each
W
end, as in the
80 (see Naqada,
many
pi.
xxxii.)
;
and these had
inscriptions on them, written in ink with
a brush, most of which showed the in the usual panelled frame
.
name
of
Ka
There can therefore
tomb of Narmer. But along the sides are holes for roofing beams near the top of the wall (lower sides at 149 from the floor, the wall being 160 to 170 inches high)
;
they are drawn
be no doubt of the attribution of this tomb.
here on the east side, but others on the west were
The tomb B 9 is perhaps that of King Zeser, who seems to have been a successor of Ka. It
mostly broken away and inaccessible.
is
of the
same construction
about 18 by 10
feet.
The tomb
8.
B
It
as that of Ka,
and
10 appears to be the oldest
by point to this as his Narmer of objects and the tomb (see pi. lvi. 1). The brick walls are 5 feet of the great tombs,
and
this proves
all
These
accord with the posts
;
that, here at least, the posts
were for backing a wooden chamber inside the
never was burnt.
its
roof beams do not at
easternmost position
thick at the end, and 7 feet on the long The batter is 9 inches at the end, and 12 inches side.
brick chamber.
If this be the case here
probably also true
in
Narmer's tomb
it
was
;
and
hence these brick tombs were only the protective
around a wooden chamber which conThis same system is known tained the burial. shell
in the 1st
Dynasty tombs, and we
see here the
and
source of the chambered tombs of Zer and Zet.
the batter of the walls there is a care shown in proportioning the strength of the ends and the
Before the age of Mena, the space around the
Thus
in the sides.
The
sides.
floor,
side
;
feet.
feet
one being at the middle of each long and two other holes between these and the
south corners i
by 16 feet, and There are two holes in the
about 26
size is
the depth 10|
in both the thickness
The
:
so
it
seems that there were
five
details of exact dimensions are placed together
for comparison at the
end of
this chapter.
wood chamber was used for dropping between the framing posts
;
in offerings
and then,
after
Mena, separate brick chambers were made around
wooden chamber in order to hold more This chamber was burnt offerings. and is the
;
apparently that mentioned by M. Amelineau Fouilles, in extenso, 1899, p. 107.
10.
The tomb
B
19,
which contained the
;
EOYAL TOMBS OF THE best tablet of Aha-
we bave
for, as
at INaqada
—Mena
probably his tomb
is
tomb with
noticed, the
more probably that of
is
;
his vases
queen
his
The length
it
mud thus
have had
It appears to side, like the
As both
about 26
feet,
five posts along each
B
tombs
17 and 18, to the
contained objects of Mena,
this,
it
is
the triple
row
of the
Royal tombs
here no
name was found
the jar sealings
of
tombs
to the east
34
tombs
beside that of
Aha on
in
;
all
the
and the two tombs
;
B
6,
14,
seem to be probably of the same age. In B 14 were only objects of Aha, and three of them with Bener-ab, probably the name of a wife or
daughter of Mena, which other tomb.
In
B
6
is
not found in any
was a vase of Narmer, pro-
bably turned over from his tomb
same group
is clearly of the
as
B
B
10, as
B
6
tomb
14, the
of Bener-ab. 11
(pis. lx., lxi.),
has an important secondary history as the of the
shrine
of
XVIIIth Dynasty offered there
is
Osiris (for
earlier
;
established
none
of the
in
site
the
pottery
than that of Amenhotep
and visited with offerings from that time
III.),
the
until
XXVIth
Dynasty, when additional
sculptures were placed here. especially despoiled
worship
of Osiris.
by But
Afterwards
it
was
the Copts in erasing the of this later history the
main remains were collected already by Amelineau, and it is the early state of the place as the tomb of King Zer that we have to study here.
The tomb chamber has been and the brick sequently
cells
against
around the
it
built of
wood
were built sub-
wooden
chamber,
as
their rough unplastered ends show (pi. lvi. moreover the cast of the grain of the 3, 4) ;
shallow grooves in the
for
There are also long a wide one (10
floor,
cross groove
all
:
and a short
to that
(2 inches across) parallel
these there was, of carbonized
probably the places of beams
X
331
floor,
Besides
four years ago, a great mass
till
wood along the north and
Avhich were copper wire
side of the
X
36 inches, or 28
3 feet
nails.
;
destroyed after M.
has entirely been lineau uncovered
The
floor
in
This was
probably part of the flooring of the tomb, but
it
Ame-
it.
tomb, beneath the wood-
of the
work, was covered with a layer of bricks 3 inches thick, which lay on
But
sand.
all
size
over
tomb had been
marl for building the
which some fragments of sculp-
ture in hard limestone are
The
inches of clean
5
the middle of the
cleared to the native Osiris shrine, of
The Tomb of King Zer—Ta
.
and leaving 4 inches wide
which supported the wooden chamber.
the great cemetery of the domestics of is
inches,
5
inches across) near the west wall, 3 narrow ones
other tombs.
of the
;
and the
mortar stood out 2 inches more, covering
the footing of the planks.
probable that they were tombs of his family.
age
9x5 inches
planking of the sides rested were
and
is
walls like that of the other tombs.
But
mortar adhering
The beams on which the wooden
to the bricks.
17 feet; with a batter of the
tomb
of the
the breadth of
this
mud
seen on the
wood can be
of the 9 inches the Avail end covered 3,
Neit-hotep.
north of
DYNASTY
1st
all
of the
have been about 28
now
all
that remain.
wooden chamber must
feet
square
;
the whole
space including the cells around being about 43
x
feet
38
feet.
The
best preserved parts of the
wall are 9 feet high, and
A
strange feature here
recesses,
the
it is 8-|
that
is
such as I have described
tomb
of Zet.
The
of the red last
year in
large ones are on the
west wall, and in the second wall.
feet thick.
cell
on the north
Beside these, there are very shallow ones
on each side of each of the
cell walls
on the
north and south, except the eastern narrow
cell
on the north, and the two most eastern ones on the south there is also one niche in a cell on ;
the east.
No meaning
can yet be assigned to
these, except as spirit-entrances to the cells of offerings, like the false doors in
Kingdom.
tombs of the Old
DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMBS. In the north-west corner of the tomb, a
way
was roughly inserted
of bricks
stair-
in later
times in order to give access to the shrine of
That
Osiris.
manifest
an original feature
this is not
is
the walls are burnt red by the burn-
:
ing of the tomb, while the stairs are built of
mud brick with
black
fresh
over the reddened wall
tomb are 9^ inches
mud mortar
long, those of the stairs are
14 inches long.
we found
(base of pi.
several jars of the
remaining perfect, with car-
liv.)
bonized cloth
these
;
are noticed with pi.
The later stairway was recover the
to
entirely
removed
which was under the
liv.
in order
including the
early remains,
beautifully engraved ivory box, 13,
Aegean type
xxxv.
pi. v. 4,
took place before the re-use in the XVIIIth
Dynasty
;
the tomb
also seen
as
is
of
Den
by the rebuilt doorway of 6), which is of large
(pi. lvi.
black bricks over smaller red burnt bricks.
mark
therefore quite beside the
burning to the Copts. great ranks of graves of domestics around
The tomb had been nearly
this
plunderers of the past
;
vi.
34) in
in
31
;
all
cleared out
as the ivory lions (pi.
the copper tools
;
(pi. vi.
the gold pin and tablet
7), etc.
The tomb
12.
of
by the
and only a few objects
were found in them, such 29
King Den
(pi.
pletely examined.
how some
invented.
The
;
indeed
it is
difficult
tion;
(1)
(2) the great
The
sur-
rounding rows of graves are probably later than the setting out of the great chamber, later, that
by some hours or perhaps days.
bearing
it
the
two stairways having the same
of the
fact
From
seen that their direction
is
It seems
a stray error.
most
not
is
likely that the
marked out by pointing to an object on the horizon, and the pit dug for the chamber. The error arose in making the stairways were
south side
side,
of
first
pit
this
not
the
to
parallel
the building was started on the south
;
the north had then to
follow
that
the
;
north and south rows of graves followed the sides of the
chamber
;
while the east row had to
be square with the entrance passage.
The length Its
of the passage
is
78 feet over
all.
general appearance in relation to the pit
is
shown on pi. lvi. 5, and a nearer view in fig. 6. The great brick chamber is about 50 feet by 28 feet, and 20 feet deep. The recess at the east end of it is 15 feet by 5 feet. The astonishing feature of this chamber is its pavement,
such
quite
considerable
unknown
until
use
the
of
step
pyramid of Saqqara, early in the Illrd Dynasty. At first sight it might here be connected with the repairs of this
tomb under Aahmes
II.
;
but
I found that the casts of stone vases (of the 1st
Dynasty forms) yet remained upon the granite, proving that it was a part of the original tomb.
Of
this
paving but few blocks remain
;
one at
of his imaginary details were
the west end, three at the north side, three or
of the building,
four lying loose, one threshold, and three small
irregularities
the varying angles, and the curvature of the entrance and sides of the chamber, are all carefully verified.
is,
can this error have arisen?
granite being
seen to differ considerably from that
published by M. Jequier to see
How
va. 6,
pi. lxii.
the other system
to the west.
granite
— Setui was par-
The plan given on
;
—26)
23
tially cleared last year around the smaller graves on the N.E. and S.W. ; it has now been com-
will be
and those
It is
to attribute this
it
chamber, the north and south rows of graves,
north
stairs.
burning of these tombs
It is notable that the
great
of the
and the south-west step passage and
;
chamber by
is,
In the narrow chamber at the head of this stair
chamber
the north side of
it,
brickwork
the excavation and
smeared
also the bricks of the
;
chambers on either side of
There are two systems of direc-
the entrance passage,
the
eastern
blocks in the south-west chamber.
The western it, is shown in Around the sides
block, with a groove cut along
photographs, of the
pi. lvi a.
chamber
is
1,
2.
a flooring of bricks, bordering
EOTAL TOMBS OF THE
10
the granite are
laid
seen in
as
floor,
and
three lengths
as
making up 27 inches width
At
Some
thick
;
X
other
thin
the north side are (1)
blocks
clear
is
by the
X
53
the
hammer-
of
(2)
;
like
pavement on the other
stele,
but
is
;
it
is
6
X
remaining
The all
The
clearly a paving stone.
10
stele
like those of
back of a limestone is
stele
lying in
the tomb of Den. is
left
of the
we turn to the traces of the structure over it. Upon the three northern granite blocks traces remain of the wooden structure, casts of granite,
two beams, two planks, and seven post
ends.
It will be best if I describe the structure
which
they prove to have existed, rather than state
timber
side, of
planks laid horizontally, the outer
skin 3 inches thick, the inner 2 inches
it
;
is
possible, however, that one cast might be due to
a plank dropping out of place, so that there
have been only one skin 2 or 3 inches
may
thick.
These horizontal planks were fastened to upright posts to maintain them
;
the posts were on the
much
like
3x10 inches, with the narrow planks
;
modern
joists,
edge against the
and they were at intervals of about 35
Having thus faced the brick wall, much like a modern timbering of an earth face inches.
outer and
between the
joists stood
inner plank facings was 38
wide.
This space, partially divided
upright
joists,
and
was
inches
by the
floored over with brickwork
And
in the
In the burning of the tomb, the
vases.
resins, ointment,
&c, which were in
these,
melted
and ran out, forming a paste with the mud, and so the vases
became bedded.
stone vases were
Afterwards these
removed, probably at the
all
Aahmes
a piece of a stele of
On
Amelineau.
II.,
is
dated by
found here by
tomb there
the east side of the
appears to have been only a single screen of planks, as a foot joists
beam
7 inches
of the wall.
wide
may
It
is
placed at the
be noted that the
were roughly hewn at the lower end, of
and every
Avas left in the
mud brick
;
had twisted on the base where it had no attachment, showing that it was firmly joist
attached at the top. in the wood,
is
This twist, due to winding
about 20°, and
is
exactly like
that often seen in the posts supporting railway
platform roofs.
The
handed screw in
all cases.
Against the north wall was a
inner side, and were
which the
in
which the impression
Having now described what
details.
The space
the door jambs, a restoration which
block lying in
+ x X 47 X
with rounded top, 21* 6 inches wide,
the
uprights towards the other joists, and the 'Smooth
plank face forming the inside of the chamber.
A
55
has been called an uninscribed
as the
joist
time of clearing out the tomb and rebuilding
of Den was probably of limestone,
Zer and Zet,
with the
side,
bordering of the
sides.
the middle of the chamber inches thick
the
form the chamber
space were placed large quantities of stone bowls
98
eastern recess of the chamber was, however,
paved with brick,
built to
28, running
of blocks.
line
such timbering was
excavations, a second
in
on the granite, 5 inches thick.
cast of a block
side of this
DYNASTY.
The blocks on
28; (3) That there were other
27 inches.
against the
masses,
slabs are
inches under the east wall
x X
16 inches
is
64 inches, and only
dressed massive pink granite.
+
breadth,
of brick bordering.
into
splits
western slab being 111 inches
these
;
of the slabs are of grey gneissic
which
granite,
52
one
the north side the brick border
wide.
5
pi. IviA. 1
1st
twist
was that of a
The height of the chamber
The thick wall has a
is
quite
left-
unknown.
definite flat top, plastered
over 259 inches (21-J feet) above the granite floor. This top has a sharp outer edge, which I carefully searched for, regarding it as a
wall like that of Zet
;
but when
it
dwarf was defined
proved to be in line with the outer face of the thick wall where broken down and hence it is it
;
which was smooth plastered
the wall
itself
on the
top, while a coat of
also spread out eight inches
on the native marl,
far
outer rows of graves.
.
mud
plaster
flat
was
lower than the wall,
beyond the
wall, to the
;
DESCEIPTION OF THE TOMBS.
The outside of the west wall was not found, is left in open outline. The spaces left
11
The tomb appears
to have been cleared out
XX Vlth Dynasty
so it
with a view to repairs in the
white as chambers on the west wall were the remains of chambers built on the wall, which is continuous below them.
the door jambs were renewed with thicker bricks
At the south-west corner is a strange annex, the irregularity of which gave some trouble.
bricks burnt red were thus replaced
A
down from
stairway leads
turns to the north
;
At
in pi. IviA. 3, 4.
of steps
this
lower end of it
the foot of the
a space for
is
brickwork to
the west and then
close the
like the block-
ing of the door of the tomb of Azab (R.T. This
In the chamber
One
three blocks of granite.
was
embedded
still
(see cross shade
was the
X
itself
were
29 inches)
in the floor on the west side
on plan)
and
;
in the wall above
wood
of 12
X
14
floor,
and a block of granite (20 it, which fitted, and is
23 inches) lying by
drawn here
therefore
in place (see cross shade).
brick paving covered the north half of the
chamber
;
the square hole in this has blocks
of limestone foundation beneath, apparently to
support a slab of grey granite (23
X
43 inches)
of suitable thickness, which lay displaced near it.
It
seems then that there were three slabs of
granite in a line, one of which certainly was the footing for a great
wooden
post, so
others were for a similar purpose.
probably the
These three
posts thus indicated must have carried a great weight, as there would be only 6 or 7 feet space
the old bricks,
;
which has never been
there
is
crumbling
the
-
brick,
by black But since.
fired
no sign of such repair having been
carried out around the chamber, the sides of
which are much crumbled away. dated example of late work here
Aahmes
is
The only the stele of
II.
The tomb
13.
lxi.).
the east wall, opposite to this, was
a hole in the
A
(20
cast of a large post of
At
inches.
X
i.,
small chamber below was therefore in-
tended to be closed.
it
shown
planks and
inserting
chamber,
is
first flight
X 7 X 5 inches, in place of X 4 8 X 2'9 inches and
14 9-7
of Perabsen shows a great
change in form since the earlier
series.
A new
dynasty with new ideas had succeeded the great founders of the monarchy
and three reigns had
;
passed by before we can again see here the system of the tombs. Even the national worship
was changed, and Set had become prominent. The type of tomb which had been developed under Azab, Mersekha, and Qa seems to have given
In
way
this
to the earlier pattern of Zer
tomb
of Perabsen
by
of small cells separated of the early kings central
;
same row
cross walls, like those
is
a brick chamber, and a
around
left
is
see the
but in place of a wooden
chamber there
free passage
we
and Zet.
communicating
it
What was
the
form of the
south side of that chamber cannot
now be traced, now entirely
with the
if
as,
cells.
any wall existed,
destroyed.
The
entirely
it
is
new
feature
is
the
continuous passage around the whole tomb
;
reminds us of the continuous passage around
this
that splendid rock-cut
known
tomb
of the Old
Kingdom
between them and over to the walls. Whether this small chamber was for the burial of one of
in
the royal family, or for the deposit of offerings,
plunderers entering by digging sideways into
we cannot now
the tomb.
say.
Of the various rows of graves around the great tomb there is nothing to record in detail. In two places, one in the north and one in the east row, a large block of limestone came in the
way
;
round
it it.
was
left
where
it
stood,
and walls built
at Grizeh,
both
the
as Campbell's
object
The same
Amarna where
was
Tomb. guard
to
principle
is
Perhaps against
seen at Tell el
a passage thus runs round the
royal palace in the thickness of the wall.
The
central
chamber
is
24
and the outside passage around feet.
The views
given in
pi. IviA.
feet is
of corners of the ;
by 9J
feet,
53 feet by 42
chamber are
the view looking west along
;
ROYAL TOMBS OP THE
12
the north passage
is
in pi.
lvii. 1
end of the central chamber
is
;
and the north
shown
in
lvii. 2.
The many holes in the wall there have been made by plunderers seeking for hidden treasure.
We
did not find anything of importance in
position
been recorded with
stone vases being only loose in the
filling,
and
summary
a
give
Chambers
—
1
the passage
on the west he
found a great quantity of pieces of stone vases,
The
but neither are these published.
which I found
tomb
in this
series, pis. xxi., xxii.
sealings
218
different
known.
Khasekhemui is very from any of the other royal tombs yet The plan on j)l. lxiii. is divided in two of
other plans
make
the
;
numbering of the chambers
the junction of the two parts clear.
The length from chambers
2 to 32
is
103 feet
from 32 to 46, the central block, is 39 feet and from 46 to 58 is 81 feet, making a total of 223
The breadth
But the whole to
add
was
in
the middle
structure
is
is
40
very irregular
and
to the confusion the greater part of
built
of freshly
made mnd
it
which
bricks,
have yielded with the pressure and flowed out sideways, until the walls are often double their original breadth.
Nothing could be taken
as
certain except the bottom inch or two of the walls, or the points of
walls to the side walls.
attachment of the cross It
was only owing
to
this flow of the walls over the objects in the
chambers, that
we succeeded
many Where
in finding so
valuable things perfect, and in position.
the whole of the original outline of a wall had
disappeared,
the
form
is
given in the plan
As
nearly
all
tomb were 1897, and have
the contents of this
removed by the French work
in
any of the
and pottery.
tools, flint tools,
Copper vases
(as
ix.
pi.
table of
13);
Vases of syenite
plan), red marble,
(see
blue veined with white, porphyry, &c. 17.
Large vases of red and white breccia, 200
vases in
all.
18. In
two great
corridor opposite,
De Morgan,
alabaster (see
Recherches
jars of ii.,
figs.
822, 823), marble and alabaster vases, table in
two
steps,
19.
and fragments of
Copper needles,
handle (Bech.
Two
20.
vase with
chisels, axes,
827).
fig.
ii.,
inscriptions.
copper
had
which
axes,
been
wrapped in cloth (pi. xlv. 76). Cylinders of limestone, and spherical vases of breccia and of,
granite. 21.
In corridor opposite, a complete deposit
of copper dishes
and model
tools,
see descrip-
tion of pi. ixA.
Near these were
six vases of
dolomite marble and one of carnelian, with gold covers (see
and ewers
pi.
ix.
(pi. ix.
3
13
— 10)
;
and copper bowls
— 15).
22. Flint knives, scrapers, axes,
594
&c, in
all
objects.
29 and onward, pottery jars 32. Five perfect jars,
filled
with grain.
like canopic
jars, in
a
wooden box. 34
with wavy outline.
fit
offerings.
feet. ;
alabaster,
Also sealings in black and yellow clays,
vases.
.14.
and
58),
and covers of lime-
however, would not
metal
—
In 1897 were found
xxv.).
xxiv.,
stone, which,
;
feet.
clay
drawings 211, 216, 217,
in
parts in order to preserve the same scale as the
will
(pis.
16.
The tomb
yellow
end of the tomb (55
coarse vases
in pi. xlv.
14.
of
found here are of different types from those found
are given in this
and the few small objects
;
of 1901.
Sealings
12.
are distinguished in
In
remains whose
the
all
my own
and
tions of 1897,
sand to the S.W. of the tomb.
published.
will be useful here to
positions are known, from the French excava-
at the opposite
chamber Amelineau found vases of copper, of stone, and glazed objects, none of which are
it
of
the two great steles lying under a few inches of
In the central
than was the case
less loss
with the other tombs,
the names of three earlier kings on
;
DYNASTY.
1st
que
—36. je
"
Ne
n'eusse
contenaient absolument deja trouve"
fois" (Fouilles; 1897; p. 42).
rien
des centaines de
DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMBS.
Many hundreds
37.
carnelian beads
of
of
spheroidal form, found under the wall in 1901. 38. Stone chamber.
13
courses vary two or three inches in different parts
but these, and
;
the exact dimensions,
all
Fragments of vases of dolomite marble, beads and small objects of
are given in the next section.
glazed ware.
dragging under the
Fragments of vases
40.
breccia, nearly all chisel in
of
alabaster
wooden
in
cases.
and
Copper
doorway.
41. Skeleton
43. In passage
two bowls or cups of copper,
ixA. 2, 3.
and diorite bowl,
chisels of copper,
pi. ix. 11.
45. 46.
47
—
jars of offerings.
;
jars placed in
grain stored in large boxes.
Of the gold and sard
48.
by the radius of curvature of the and the cutting edge was of flint and not cuts of copper, as seen by examining the marks of The internal joints dressing with a magnifier. ;
doubtless
it
the
stone
being
0,
The
chamber.
(pi. ix. 1)
the
floor
of
the top of the stone wall
the south gallery
is
is
preserved
It
doorway.
One
57.
Basket work, from
A
or two packets of reeds. seats, &c.
great quantity of sealings of yellow clay
few chambers, and they
were found in the
last
had probably been
all originally in
55
—
Black clay
58.
Hapenmaat (No.
of
other
chambers
210), were
45
— 54
found in 1897 had nearly
the chambers
mainly of the
seals,
but
;
all
official
found in the the
pottery
been removed or
chamber
central stone
tant part of the whole, as struction yet known.
north the
is
given in pi.
work
dressing in
and that of
chamber 161 inches. But these latter have lost, both by wear and by The top of the west outer wall sinking bodily. is 172 inches, and this is the highest and best part.
seems
then,
that
the
chambers were about 7^ high, and the stone chamber sunk 6 feet
generality of brick feet
below the general
floor.
The arrangement of the brick walls around the central chamber is strange but it was very carefully verified by cutting back the masses of ;
crushed brick to reach the original
faces,
of
which only a few inches remained at the base.
scattered.
The
stone
69 inches,
81 inches, the top of the
is
stone
shorter part lay near
the
78 inches, the floor of
the walls by the
55.
are
walls are at a higher level around
having been passed over within an inch or two this in the
but
square,
all
There is no sign of any was of wooden beams, and
frequently skewed. ;
not
are
stones
walls in the south gallery 160 inches,
The
and the
The adze had a short
larger part lay close to the wall of the chamber,
by previous work.
;
All of the adze-dressed
the floor of chamber 41
sceptre
The
dressed.
face will be a cleavage,
hammer-dressed.
The brick
objects of copper.
some
when
and
soft,
has been entirely destroyed.
54. Pottery jars with clay sealings con-
taining grain and fruits
tool,
being
;
handle, as seen
roof
Large pottery
Some
47.
and often half a
of the
Model
44.
fresh quarried
faces are entirely dressed.
These two bodies were doubtless those of domestics, like those found around other royal tombs.
pi.
all
of
natural cleavages were used as far as possible
rest
broken up by plunderers.
Contracted skeleton.
42.
stone were
The blocks
in
fig.
fig. 6.
5,
it is
is
the most impor-
the oldest stone con-
The general view looking 4
the closer view of and the mode of stone
lvii.
;
The chamber
is
207 to 211
The
cross walls of
brick wall between
also verified.
cross walls
nearly 6
feet.
The
and the chamber.
Remembering that the chamber
was probably roofed over
17 by 10 feet
is
them
The very thick wall east of the chamber was
level
the depth
were traced forward
chamber, and leave no room for a
close to the
inches long, and 121 to 128 inches wide, roughly :
— 36
34
around
it, it
may be
flush with the floor
suspected that perhaps
were put over the chamber opposite
EOYAL TOMBS OP THE
14
those of 34
—
36, so as to hide it
a part of the chambers
On
1
—
and make
it like
32.
the east side of the chamber a hollow has
been cut out of the stone
at 15 to
40 inches from
the north end, for three courses from the top
4 inches have been cut away
maximum. cutting away of
at the
This was probably, like the
some brick walls elsewhere, done some large wood which was too tight a for
The southern end
:
coffin or
to find place
other furniture
fit.
of the
tomb was walled up But it was clear
anciently at chambers 53-4.
that there were two doorways through the wall
between 31 and 34, which were merely with fallen earth and bricks. 1
5
.
The
filled
principal measurements of the royal
tombs are here stated in inches in the same order which has just been given.
as the description
B
Ka. E. 247,
N. 128,
7.
W. 246
B
Zesek.
inches.
S.
126 (118 at base),
Probably
6x12
cubits.
9.
Top
.
N. 118
Base
.
109
S.
127
E. 223
W. 240
120
218
223
This seems to be only a bad copy of the previous tomb in
Narmer.
its
dimensions.
1st
DYNASTY.
—
.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TOMBS. 16.
The mean dimensions
of the bricks of
the tombs are as follow, in inches
B B
:
15
Mersekha
Qa
.
Perabsen 15 (Sma?)
19 (Mena?)
Zer
.
Merneit
Den. Azab
8-9x4-5x3 9-6x4-9x3 9-6
X 4-8x2-5
8-8x4-5x2-4 9-7x4-8x2-9 9-8x4-7x2-8
.
Khasekhemui
9-2x4-4x2-5 9-9x4-9x3-0 9-5x4-6x2-8 10-5x4-9x2-9
There seems in these fluctuations to be a slight lengthening, the latter five
first five
averaging 9 "4, and the
averaging 9'8 inches.
;
EOYAL TOMBS OF THE
16
CHAPTEE
DYNASTY.
1st
III.
THE INSCRIBED TABLETS, Pls.
The account
17. in the
tombs
will
II.— XII.
of the various objects found
be stated in the order of their
publication in the plates, as that enables the
way between
reader to refer most readily either the plates and text.
C Plate
I.
tomb
The most important
is
that of the jewellery in
King Zer, which belonged to his While my workmen were clearing the
queen.
of the
verification
my
magnifier,
When
hour
an
occupied
threading
exact order of or
two,
working with a
and Mr. Mace
wife
assisting.
recorded, the gold was put in the scales
and weighed against sovereigns before the work-
(Frontispiece).
discovery of this year the
&c.
of
man, who saw everything.
Rather more than
the value of gold was given to the men, and thus
we ensured
and honesty
their goodwill
The sequel
future.
is
for the
Though
instructive.
all
tomb they noticed among the rubbish which they were moving a piece of the arm of a
several other finds of gold, yet the willing separa-
mummy
tion
in its wrappings.
It lay in a
hole in the north wall of the
seen in the top of the in views pi.
found
it
cell
tomb
broken
—the
hole
next to the stairway,
between our workmen (who came from Koptos, fifty miles away) and the local natives
was
second bracelet.
They
rosette in the
did not yield
to
but laid the arm down where they found
Mr. Mace should come and verify
it.
it
after I
had
left
Egypt,
the neighbourhood, and huge tales of the
it
gold and treasures rent the hearts of the local
until
Nothing
who
plunderers,
till
the valuables that
could not be a more
workmen than
it
On
seeing
it
to our huts intact,
quite undisturbed.
Mr. Mace told
and
I received
In the evening the most
intelligent of the party
was summoned up
as
whole
The
then were in ignorance of
my men
workmen, and paying them for all they find, could ever make them deal with valuables in it
caused a great ferment
in
but obtaining the complete confidence of the
manner.
it
the
natural wish to search further or to remove
them to bring
tales of the gold got
When the Arabic papers The party of four who 3, 4. in to the end of the wrappings copied the discovery from my letter in the Times,
and saw a large gold bead, the
this careful
no
so complete that
about the country.
lvi.
looked
our camp of workers knew about this and about
had found.
that which
is
proved by
history
inferred.
It
by any one
of the
arm can be somewhat
certainly had not been looked into since the first
plunderer, or the
obvious lump of gold would have been taken.
who broke up
And
that there should be no suspicion that I had not
the queen must have been
dealt fairly with the men.
hacked the holes in the walls in
linen bandages,
and found,
then cut open the
to our great surprise,
the four bracelets of gold and jewellery, in the
order in which they are shown upon the
arm
the central photograph of the frontispiece.
in
The
this
affair.
a witness of the opening of the wrappings, so
I
There
satisfactory hold over the
the plunderers
treasure.
the body of
later than those
who
search of
So we may reconstruct the history in
this fashion.
decayed and
The roof let
of the
tomb had become
the sand pour through, over the
queen's body, before the
first
plunderers broke
— —
;
THE INSCRIBED TABLETS, in to ransack the king's treasures.
They made
holes
in the walls while probably standing on a sand heap, high up, in search of hidden
When
valuables.
building
the
Amenhotep
the
Osiris
tomb was
time
the
of
III. (for the oldest offerings are of
and none even
his age,
cleared out for
in
shrine,
Tahutmes
of
III.),
then
17
&c.
order was
outward, the photograph.
showing
this
forearm in the hole in the wall, and then either got so
much more plunder
that he ran away, or
perished in a squabble.
else
This hole never
81),
the gold are to be understood as part of the
rough rendering of the spaces
panelling, or as a
of turquoise,
put
xxxv.
rectangles on
Whether the punched
existed.
broken
hastily
(pi.
lazuli
that other jewellery of this design also
in the sign Zer,
One workman
of
pieces
and of ivory have been found loose
central
the
in
as
Similar single
probably the body of the queen was found and up.
;
On
not certain.
is
which are the
the plaques the
older,
holes
generally conform to the three grooves below,
but on the gold plaques there
and
this points to their
is
no conformity,
being copied from the
seems to 'have been disturbed when building the
spaces in the zer sign.
stairway close by
and for more than a
system of numbering on the bases beginning
thousand years offerings continued to be made
with the largest, and proceeding in gradation
and
here,
the
it
;
visitors passed within a
arm without looking
at
destroyed the shrine and
feet
of
The Copts then
all
that they could
The Mission the arm
but never touched the arm.
find,
few
it.
Amelineau cleared the tomb, but
still
Lastly
lay in the hole in the wall.
eyed the gold, and preserved
with
it
my men care
all
to the smallest
;
The plaques have a
numbered with upright
half are
strokes for one half of the
bracelet,
and the
But
5 of gold
other half with sloping strokes.
and 4 of no
lazuli are missing
strokes,
the places still
and these bracelets will now be preserved in the Cairo Museum, until some future convulsion when they may share the fate which denies more
but by their marked with
preserved are
;
size (?)
and 4
lazuli
have
probably belong to
The numbers
here.
:
GoldUpright
lines
Sloping lines
..
2
1
2 3
..
4 5 6 ..
..
5 6 7
8 9 ..
9
than a few centuries of existence to any known treasure.
18.
G
Turquoise
1
We now
turn
to
the
details
Upright
of the
Sloping lines
bracelets.
The hawk
bracelet (pi.
1)
i.
consists of 13
gold and 14 turquoise plaques in the form of the facade with the hawk, which usually encloses
name
the
lea
up
for
lines 1
of the king.
The
photographing with
strip
the
was
inner
set
side
..
2 3 4 (?)....(?) (?)
3 4 5 6 7 8
..
(?)
The gold hawks have been cast in a mould with two faces, and the junction line has been They are carefully removed and burnished. alike in the height of the bird,
but
differ in total
and the width
;
height from the varying depth
which the mould was filled at the base. The two horizontal threading holes were probably cast, as there is no tapering and no burr to to
1
last century has seen Napoleon's raids
The
on
artistic
wealth, thefts from at least three national museums, the attempted burning of one great museum, the destruction of the gold in two provincial
museums, and the
entire
wreck of every thing in another important museum, without counting the looting and burning of the Summer Palace
Such are the chances that valuables suffer when known. The printed description distributed in all tbe longer than most of the libraries of the world will last far at Pekin.
objects themselves.
any diffused record their destruction.
To is
leave important remains without
a crime only exceeded by that of
them but they are not all on the same level. The gold was worked by chisel and burnishing no grinding or file marks are visible. The chisel used for surface work Avas "035 inch wide ;
;
X
'016.
pieces are
made
the punch Avas "026
The end
as a beaten cone,
flatted to an oval, and closed at the open end
c
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE
18
by a
plate soldered in.
afterwards drilled
in
holes were
Four thread the
burr of
the
plate,
The turquoise was cut with a saw, and worked over with a drill and a graving point. The drill holes for threading are conical, up to "024 inch wide.
drilling
still
showing.
On examining plaques there
is
the
edges
the turquoise
of
seen on some of them a wear
distance from the threading holes,
at a little
DYNASTY.
1st
front
group has the gold rosette in the middle
this is copied
made
from
;
the centre of the lotus flower,
hollow, and pierced with three holes at
The middle
each side for threading.
plate has
been soldered halfway down the cup of gold, and the edges then turned inward over it. The turquoises are irregular in form, but polished
and
The
pierced.
separate them,
hammered
are
which
balls
gold
three
out,
and then
can only have been caused by a large bead with
but so finely that no trace of soldering can be seen and the only evidence
a wide conical hole (such as the amethyst ball
of
beads in bracelet 2) wearing on the turquoise.
askew.
And
holes next to the amethysts
leaving a rise of stone around the hole.
be seen that the hawks on the
will
it
This
Mena
turquoise are like those of
(see pi.
iii.
1,
soldered together
it
piece
is
;
The
little
Zer
of deep colour.
fHence the history of the (1)
bracelet seems to be
an armlet or bracelet of turquoise plaques
and amethyst
(?) ball
beads,
made
of Mena's reign or beginning
at the close
of that of Zer,
very probably at the queen's marriage
(2) the
;
hawks cast of a later style when the permanent type was almost developed, and the armlet threaded with gold and turquoise altergold
nate
(3)
;
nine of the plaques
lost,
and the
threaded to the smaller size of a bracelet
rest
for
;
is
slightly
three
spacer pierced with
hammered
is
in one
spacer in the middle of
like a similar
the back group.
&c).
axis of one ball
that the
&c), while those on the gold are like those of (see pi. v. 1,
;
large ball amethysts are
The The
fastening of the braclet
This button
was by a loop and button.
is
a
hollow ball of gold with a shank of gold wire fastened in it no trace of solder can be seen ;
on examining the inside with a magnifier but the perfectly tight union of the wire and the ;
inside of the ball
The
shows that
third bracelet
is
it
must be
soldered.
formed of three similar
groups, one larger, and the other smaller on either side.
The middle
of each
group consists
of three beads of dark purple lazuli, a bint that
Egyptian
had the diminution been intentional the plaques
I
would have been removed
These beads are carved in a spiral imitating the
in
and not
pairs
irregularly.
(The
by
of
this
beautiful
bracelet
is
embodying the turning point of the crystallization of Egyptian style, containing, as
its
does, the archaic
it
which
is
use.
The long gold beads are made by a gold wire, which is wrought thicker at
gold beads.
interest
increased
have never seen before in
work along with
that
the barrel form of the whole bead.
same form
as the large gold
Mena found by
almost fully developed^]
^The second
coiling
the end than' in the middle, to harmonize with
bracelet, with the rosette,
is
en-
The two groups
pure and
the
is
bead of the age of
De Morgan.
soft that
This
The gold
on parting the
is
coils of
so
one
of
bead with the finger-nail to see whether they
beads are united at the sides by bands of gold
were soldered, the gap could be closed again by
wire and thick hair, probably from
a simple pressure on the end.
tirely different in design.
The
plait
hairs,
hair
)
tails
was made with three gold
wires, three
and three wires, interwoven is
now
so brittle that
of oxen.
some of
]J
it
but the is
lost.
The wire has been carefully wrought to just the same thickness as the hair, "0L3 inch. The
are
all
The gold
balls
wrought hollow, and the groups of three
are soldered together. turquoise.
The
The smaller beads
are of
fastening of this bracelet was
by a loop and button. The fourth bracelet, with the hour-glass beads,
THE INSOEIBBD TABLETS, again entirely different from the other three.
is
The groups on either
of hour-glass beads are each of gold
and of amethyst
side,
in the middle,
brown limestone. Each bead has a double ridge around the middle of it, with a deep groove between. Two hairs were passed through the pierced beads, and then or in one case of dark
on either
parted one
of the
side
hour-glass
and lodged in the groove.
The hairs were kept in place by binding them close on each side of the bead by a lashing of very fine gold wire. The turquoises are lozenge-shaped, with gold caps on the ends to prevent wear beads,
;
'
19
&c.
photograph will be seen how small impression that
we
mud, and seems
to
have.
the sole
is
on hard black
It is
have consisted of only a row
of enclosures containing the name.
A
2.
fragment of a name appears on close
A fine jar of
3.
— Mena.
Aha
examination to be that of
alabaster (see pl.
liii.),
partly
broken, was found in the most south-western of
B
the small
graves, and
The forms
here.
inscription
its
like that
curved top
shown
are coarser than on the slate
carvings, but are very distinct
much
is
on the great
hawk
the
:
slate
the deeply
;
usual under Narmer, though only
is
the caps in the middle being each a double cone
occasional under Mena, and then flatter, and
in one piece.
never seen under later kings.
\Such
known, some two thousand years
oldest jewellery
Dahshur.
from
that
before
crystallizing point of
unlimited
and
variety
and
fertility
with
interchangeable
free
Each from
art,
we
design.
not a
is
all
of independent design, fresh
And
convention or copying.
yet not any one of these would be in place
among the
jewellery of the Xllth Dynasty
all belong to the taste of their age,
;
they
—the purest
handwork, the most ready designing, and not a suspicion of merely mechanical polish and
The
"litter.
technical perfection of the solder-
ino- has never been excelled, as the joints show no difference of colour, and no trace of excess.
Happy
is
it
that the exact order of the beads
so different
from the
and collection, which has been Dahshur fate of the gathered together all confused, owing to being original design
;
by ignorant workmen, and
the value of
thus
it
19. Pl. that of
1.
II.
The earliest
King Ka, which
the others in
were found recently broken in tomb
and unfortunately the remainder
18,
it
the fish nar
;
mer
chisel
its
differs
simplicity.
with the sealings on
pl.
sealing found
much from
was
all
of
It will be noticed
xiii.
;
but from the
clear,
is
is
lost.
enclosure contains the sign is
new
The
fortified
and another which
s,
The vase with wavy
to us.
lower piece
and the top of the
preserved.
just
is
on the
line
apparently intended for a stone
is
drawn on a
vase of water, similar to that
tablet,
pl. xii. 4. 5.
A
6.
A
it.
name
high peak like that on No. 7.
piece
of
scratched upon 8.
A
;
Sma
known
Tombs,
with
jar
i.
a
sign
" ;
9
name
of
shows the same on
and 10 the same on an ivory rod. title is rare,
than King Zer
also
3.
alabaster
piece of a basalt jar bears the
an ivory jar
is
of Narmer, with the
it.
the " double lord,
later
of
fragment of an alabaster jar has the
front corner of the
A
name
small piece of ivory has the
Narmer engraved on
This form of the
partly lost^
drawing
(see
The name was not seen until it was cleaned, owing to the coat of burnt resins which clogged
was fully observed, so that we can replace their effect
fish is well
the true mer with
is
ebony tablet
pieces of an
B
another
in
Two
4.
in pl. x. 1)
of
chisel
The
is
excentric blade.
see the
balls, there is
those
and the
figured,
the
at
any one braclet which would
single bead in
bracelet.
Here,
Egyptian
Excepting the plain gold be
group of the
extraordinary
this
is
is
(see v. 13,
as the title of
iv. 3).
and does not occur
But
14
;
xii. 1)
;
it
King Zeser (Royal
in later times
has the vulture and uraeus upon
it
it,
always
as in the
c 2
;,
.
ROYAL TOMBS OP THE
20
many examples
of
King Qa
Apparently the same name irregular in form the sign
sects.
11, for
though
closely like the
is
in
that Neit-hotep was
King Sma, and
as she appears
have been the wife of Mena,
this suggests
closely related to to
on the
As we have pointed out
9.
9, this indicates
4,
viii).
pi.
placed
is
No.
ivory lid of Neit-hotep,
example No.
(see
Sma was
that
her father, reigning next before
Mena.
An ivory jar of Neit-hotep found, with 1 1
2
1
in a grave of a domestic of
King Zer
DYNASTY.
1st
The king is said to be ones Anpu, "born of Anubis " just as on the other ebony tablets, iii. 4, iiiA. 5, 6=x. 2 and xi. 2, he is said to be born of Horus and Amiut (a form of Anubis). Then follows the name of a town or palace. bow."
;
3.
An ivory label apparently belongs to objects
from Khent-ta, or Nubia.
condition,
is
probably been a handmaid of Queen Neit-hotep,
half, 6, of
a label
and so had received the disused
the
13, 14.
toilet articles.
These inscriptions, as
are on hard
si,
pottery and alabaster, and should be compared
with other early groups, up as (Royal Tombs, 5
iv.
;
15.
An
irregularly cut
piece
of serpentine
from the group of three birds on the vases of the Naqada Mena-tomb, as those always have small wings above the back. .
has the
III.
hawk
1.
The large thick
label of ivory
developing toward the later form,
tail sloping down and a separate wing The name of Aha is followed by the palm and heart, which often occur on small
with the tip.
tree
objects of this reign, see
iii.
De Morgan,
ii.,
Becherches
20
;
figs.
iiiA. 9, 11,
or
name Bener-ab very probable all
;
is
daughter of Mena;
— "sweet
13
813, 814.
has been well suggested that this of a queen
of heart''
;
It
name
the
and
this
—would
be
moreover, as these objects are
small pieces of ivory, they are likely to be
from 2.
toilet articles.
(See also the drawing,
tablet of
Aha
of
Aha
now is
Next
receiving
(captives)
In front of
carbonized.
a building with the khaJcer res
is
tneh
perhaps
shep,
south and north.
of the
a superintendent standing, and a
is
man
seated, apparently stabbing a seated captive in
bowl seems to have a part of the same group as on the sealing No. 113 (pi. xv.). These differ
20. Pl.
name
apparently duplicated in the lower
ornament.
Below
i.
here, xxv. 2).
might further
Pa-sha, a town of
Upper Nubia (Br. Geog. 767), or Shat, a district of Nubia (Br. Geog. 774). This is from B 10. 4. The upper half of an ebony label, in good
she had
;
It
"wood from Sha,"
refer to
the breast.
This suggests a scene of sacrificing
captives at the royal funeral. " born of 5.
A
An
ebony
—Mena was broken in pieces in the
is
the
title,
Horus and Amiut " (Anubis).
well-cut piece
bowl, with the
name
of
of
a dolomite marble
Aha
followed by
pa
t.
Compare the fragment of a porphyry cup from tomb of Den (B. T. i. xi. 7) with the same
the
bird after the name. 7.
The name
Aha on
of
another piece of
dolomite marble. 8.
A
ebony
piece of the top of an
tablet,
showing the horns and ear of an ibex, and a branch (Jchet) bowl (neb) and numerals 23. 9
—
18.
Small ivory
labels,
with signs incised,
and, in one instance, painted (17).
numbers ("100" on
9,
16) like the labels with
tomb
"6"
on
numbers
Three bear 14,
in the
"8" on Naqada
of Mena, though here these are too few
numbers the Naqada labels. to be the
pl. xi. 1.)
Lastly
on No. 11,
of beads
on a necklace
like
The hippopotamus occurs and the elephant on No. 18. The
previous excavations, and only the upper two
birds can hardly be identified in view of the
parts have been recovered.
diversity of drawing of well-known bird hiero-
This seems to have
been an enumeration of captives, of which the is lost below, but the name remains,
glyphs at this time.
apparently Khent-ta or Nubia, " the land of the
scorpion holding a pick, like the scorpion tribal
number
19.
An
ivory
slip
from an inlay with the
THE INSCEIBED TABLETS,
emblem on the lower part
of a carved slate at
showing the capture of towns. 20. An ivory comb, probably of Bener-ab Jm-ab), a queen or daughter of Mena. Cairo,
Pl.
IIIa.
1
The ivory
slips
figures of captives, probably of
with these compare
Libyan
and
pl. iv. 3 to 6,
twist pattern of border
2,
1,
(or
bear
race,
and
painted signs
12.
The
sign with
crescents below
The
An
which even appear down to
name
of
Aha. See the drawing,
much
in xi. 2.
broken,
work
B
Mena
is
The lower
complete of his works.
of
and a drawing
in No. 6,
is
This ebony tablet of
found in tomb
A duplicate
pl. x. 2.
the most half
was
18,
and at the
close of all the
the upper half
came from
B
19.
In the
top line after the name of Aha, with the title, " born of Amiut," there are two sacred barks,
and a shrine and temenos of
The resem-
Neit.
:
in No. 6,
a spindle
(pl.
x.
3),
and the whole
Near the top
name
that the
and a men
Aha
of
fig. 7.
carefully
is
a hole, and below
is
At
incised.
the lower
a close cross hatching, and the same
entirely unguessed.
it is
It
on
is
The purpose
the under side near the upper end. of
not
is
the backs of these tablets are
sides are even,
is
is
drawn
two ends of which are shown in
18, the
end
5.
this,
A
7.
of such that
first
two kinds of gaming pieces (pl. xi. 3). curved bar of gold was found in tomb
wrought.
126-132).
ii.
ivory hemisphere with the
On
3,
essential.
a continuous
is
shows that the second sign
in pl. xi. 2,
B
4.
the
The second version
known.
here seen on No. 1 to be as old as Mena, having the same mysterious it
In the fourth line
line of hieroglyphs,
is
the Xllth Dynasty (L. Denk.,
Fayum.
the
21
&c.
weighs 216 grains,
a heavy example of the old standard for gold,
known
as early as
Khufu.
An ivory figure of a girl was found in tomb B 14, possibly of the deceased Bener-ab, The to whom this tomb apparently belonged. 8.
dress
is
long, to the ankles,
on the breast.
It differs
known of this age
and the hands placed
from any other figure
blance of this to a shrine on a cylinder, copied
yet
on
In the next line
with the mantle folded across the arms, being
with two signs
most
a
is
be noted.
this plate, should
man making an
offering,
above, possibly uaau, " alone."
a bull running over
Behind him
wavy ground
is
into a net
stretched between two poles, exactly the same position
of the
net as seen on the far later
Vapheio gold cups. stork standing on a
At
the end
a crane or
is
Compare with
shrine.
this
the stork on a shrine, above an enclosure of
wild
cattle,
Iconpolis,
on the mace head of Narmer (Hieraxxvi. B).
pl.
The
third line shows
three boats on a canal or river passing between certain places.
It is
tempting to see in these place
Pa
Memphis (Br. Geog. 184), " dwelling of the lake," capital of She, the
the
Fayum,
names Bin, a
district of
and the canal of
Mer
or
Bahr Yusuf
(B. G. 278), divided in two, above
and below
9.
like
volume. given in
The more important enlarged drawings on
tablets of this plate are also pis. x., xi.
those from Hierakonpolis,
(Hierakon. x.
it.
A polygonal slip
7, 8, 11.)
on one
of ivory, flat
side,
and with three faces on the other side, seems to imitate a flint flake.
It bears the
name
of xAha,
and pieces of other such models were found.
A piece
10.
of an ivory
from the Mena tomb Rech&rches, 11.
An
ii.,
figs.
fish,
similar to those
Naqada (De Morgan, 702—707). at
ivory handle of a fan
(?)
cut along the widened end, has on of Aha,
having a the
it
slit
name
and Bener-ab.
An
12.
ivory rod, bearing also the
name
of
Aha.
A
13. lid,
panel of ivory, probably from a box
with the name of Aha, and Bener-ab.
Pl. IV.
known All plates with lettered numbers are issued only as a supplement, which can be also had bound together in the 1
;
3,
4,
1, 2.
Pieces
of alabaster with un-
signs. 5.
Pieces
of ivory with
subject race doing homage.
may
The
not belong together, but
figures
of a
pieces 4 and 5
are
clearly of
.
EOYAL TOMBS OF THE The long spotted robe
similar nature.
is like-
that belonging to a conquering people on the slate palette 6.
with giraffes
of a
subject
bearing a stone vase on the head. 7.
Part of an ivory bracelet.
8.
9.
so different in
Pieces of ivory with parts of a figure
They seem to name " Hathor in the marshes of King Zer's city of Dep" or Buto (Br. Geog. 939-41). The figure of Hathor with the between the horns
box with name
of Aha,
and
Bener-ab.
The sides appear to be of reeds bound together and the roof was probably of palm ribs interlaced and covered
name can be disproved, it Buto far down in the marsh of the
Delta was already established at the beginning of the 1st Dynasty, and
or maize-stalks
as the farms
with palm-leaf mats,
like the Bisharin tents of
the present day at Aswan.
These huts are
like
named
named
after the kings
who founded them.
2,3. Small ivory labels, burnt.
commander
a subject bearing a branch, as in
tion on either side, the better of
5
(see
A figure
of a
Libyan captive on
ivory,
arrow-heads
tomb
from
B
18.
A
5.
Mer-neit
unfortunately not one of them
16.
is
now to be found
Museum. of
bringing vases as
subjects
on an ivory panel. projected holding a
mace, possibly part of the group Aha.
which
is
ivory with
of
site,
as
on the
slate
Narmer, " the prince of the lake," 18. 19. Pieces of
bound together
;
i.e.
from
Below palette
is
of
Fayum.
an ivory cup.
20. Slip of ivory with a
much
like
row of five captives the work of groups
of captives from Hierakonpolis. 21, Pl. V.
1.
Two
is
shoAvn
one of the best examples of the
pieces of an ivory tablet
tomb
of Zer.
piece of an ivory ;
for
names a man
wand
bears the
name
may, of course, have strayed over
it
from the tomb of that
kina-.
Several ivory cylinder cups were inscribed
King Zer
example shows how complete of drawing the royal hawk had become ;
this
The conventions are fixed in the final form which lasted down to Roman times.
at this early date,
8
a standard,
an arm holding a cord.
perhaps ua
in the
the style
Piece of ivory with a part of a standard,
17. Piece
A
6.
7.
from which an arm has
she.
two length-
which
piece of a limestone vase
already removed in the French work, though
15. Figures
and 3
and was found with other objects
sign,
Neit-her.
offerings,
in
;
xxxv. 13), has a similar inscrip-
It gives
Some dozens of these were found in the filling of the pit. Some hundreds had, however, been
in the Cairo
Fayum, ur
box of ivory divided
(see pi.
Dynasty
Unexplained fragment of ivory.
14. Flint
zer
names the
covered over by the brick steps of the XYIIIth
with the feather in the hair. 13.
A long
4.
here.
Fouilles, in extenso, 1899, pi. xlii.). 12.
refer to the ruler of the
ways
2
of Zer's palace, Zer-hor-ab
may
fig.
after Zer, just
and towns of the Old Kingdom were
shown on the mace head of Narmer, and on the long slate palette. The upper part of this ivory slip has the dome top of the hut and
those
Unless the
tomb.
at the royal
early huts.
;
an offering
to
continuity of the
shows that
Piece of ivory decoration with figures of
already known.
is
may have been attached
This label
made from Buto
10. Piece of ivory
appearance that their con-
nection was not seen until they were photo-
feather
and of a dog.
11
were
graphed.
(Brit. Mus.).
of ivory with figure
Piece
DYNASTY.
1st
a small ivory label with a
is
unknown 9,
ram and an
sign.
wooden
10, are
labels,
respectively for
arrows and for clothing. o 11.
Only a piece of one ebony cylinder for was found, although thousands of im-
sealing
pressions were placed in the tombs, from
over
two hundred
have been copied. of a cylinder
;
it
different
seal
This piece
is
which
inscriptions
about a third
bears ankh and mid around the
THE INSCRIBED TABLETS, top, and below that repetitions of a
written with Neit,
A
12.
piece of
petals carved in
and
Jch,
or
relief
These
14.
vases to have
two
of crystal has
on the surface
Other
fragments
strangely carved
found
last
year (B.
Among
16.
flat
the
T.
found
of
the
xii. 10).
unique
clay
with
of
King Zer
a is
on a stone bowl, similar pi. va.
shown
3, 4.
to the jar outline
on
24.
Va.
Pl.
—5
are
small
fragments ;
of
4 and 5 being
from ivory cups.
An
7
though not bright, there copper corrosion upon centric circles
is
it.
round a spot
as,
no trace of green
The pattern also occurs
early ivories, and therefore there
is
of con-
on the
no ground
for assigning this to a later age. 8.
A
with a standard.
— 12
Below
is
which do not
fit
12 seems to show the king on
a throne and a lesser figure perhaps,
of
upon
his knee,
an
Akhenaten's family
group. 13.
A
piece of
an ebony tablet
The three bound captives. legible.
14
is
jar.
iias alternately.
of a snake in
ivory, carefully
were found
lions carved in ivory
and the
;
by sliding worn off by
the bases
lines of the fur are
enclosure
contains
is
scarcely
apparently
it.
they were
playing pieces in some game, probably as the prehistoric
game
the
of four lions
and
Naqada vii. 2). The form of the more advanced than that of the lion found in the Naqada Mena-tomb (De Morgan, a hare (see is
Becherches
ii.
699)
;
but the
tail
turns up the
back with a crook at the end in the regular prehistoric mode.
The two
spots over the eyes
of the lesser lion are not usual
but are
Mesopotamian 5
—
10.
known,
I
am
on Egyptian informed,
on
figures.
Some
arrow-heads
of crystal
were
These do not bear the same regular and delicate
work
and they are
as the flint arrow-heads,
doubtless funerary offerings.
11
—
16. Flint
arrow-heads were also found
around the tomb of Zer, mostly of the same type Two are, however, of a form as those of Mena. entirely
The end
a square tipped rod of ivory, with the
sign of the same, engraved upon
It is evident therefore that
gravity.
found, and the handle end of a crystal knife.
a canal.
are ivory fragments
any yet' known. anticipation,
ast
fragment of an ivory bracelet,
much worn on
are
figures,
fragment of an ivory tablet shows the
king walking, and a small attendant following 9
about
lion
a metal pin, apparently of base gold,
is
Two
up
one of the private tombs around that of Zer.
They
same
ivory label bearing up-as, as on pieces
and an uncertain sign below.
22, 23,
roughly incised
is
long continued handling just at the centre of 1
inscription on stone and ivory
6.
The head
carved.
was engraved
figure of a corded jar
A
1.
bearing anlch and
in
The
18.
it
and the outlines of a corded
ast,
Pl. VI.
very
here.
of that king, as
up
khent,
sealing
piece of a stone
tomb
2.
A
17.
A
22, 23, 24. Pieces of stone bowls, bear
barley.
elaborate door pattern
(?) Ichent
like his other works.
carbonized
fragments was found a wooden carving of an ear of bearded
bowls with du
bowl inscribed Merneit may very probably have strayed from
dish of dolomite marble, i.
;
be found in some
Iwtep.
21.
the
were
may
19, 20. Pieces of stone
and
show the " the washing of
the hand of the double lord." 15.
Fragments of ivory disconnected
other collection.
it is
;
inscriptions
been used for
— 18.
23
possibly the -remainders
polished outside, but finely ground inside. 13,
15
title
ijwo yokes.
a thin vase
low
name
&r
unknown is
as yet in
any country
of the chisel form,
below into the pointed form.
and
It
(13, 14).
this passes
might be made
with a view to a second use of the arrow after
.
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE
24
the tip had broken off in some
animal
;
the
detached arrow shaft would then retain enough be quickly trimmed into a pointed
to
flint
The
arrow.
capable
flint set in
bearing
of
tatuing
my
by
explained
wood
the
any
but
friend Prof.
instrument of the
was
it
As
form.
there
nothing surprising in finding such a
is
signs that are not yet read.
—26.
A set of three chisels and a graver in
tomb
of the graves around the
tombs
The
forms are such as we should expect then
;
the
and that of the Illrd Dynasty.
signs on a chisel are given enlarged in
The
tools
— 21.
19
23—26
are on scale
18.
were found, which from the uniform dead black colour seem to have been intentionally stained, and not merely burnt
by
9.
Part of a figure of a hunting dog
Part of an ivory
Deshasheh (Desk.
22.
A piece
a bull's head,
13.
from
Top
of a chair
Naqada
14.
A
27.
form
is
15.
pattern in Pl. VIa.
covered with a carved
net
of ivory label
with
the royal hawk, and ha signs. 2.
that 3.
Part of a label so similar to that on
pl. v. 1
might be from the same source. Sign on a panel of ivory. For such signs
it
on stone vases
;
of these are half
all
Upper part
of a
chair
leg
foil,
row of nail holes. Lower end of a wooden
staff,
16.
17.
Slip
as
of wood,
shown by
also covered
foil originally.
of
highly-polished
cloudy
agate,
white.
18.
Clay sealing of King Zer,
16.
Hollow frame of gold, forming a cap
it.
It is closed at the top
carefully 20.
Fragment
of a dwai'f
to
some woodwork, which remained carbonized in
relief. 1.
(De Morgan,
originally covered with copper
a style very different
small pink marble vase of the usual entirely
Mena-tomb
689, 690).
figs.
Humerus
leg in ivory, like those
scale.
of ivory cup has a bold relief of
from usual Egyptian work.
wand with animal's head.
xii.).
the
brown and
full face, in
lions, pl. vi. 2.
12. Bull's leg in ivory.
;
detailed.
pro-
This bent form appears in the dancers' wands at
with copper
more
;
Piece of an ivory vase with plaited pattern
.
21 have patterns somewhat like those cut on the ivory slips (see pis. xxxiv. 53 55 xl. 56), but far
found in most of the royal
ivory wand, complete.
the
—
is
An
19 has a twisted net pattern over it, and shows a trace of the name of Kino- Zer. 20 chance.
stool or
8.
11
Pieces of elaborately carved broad
bracelets of ivory
from a
leg
bull's
(see pis. xxxii. to xliv.).
Berherches,
|-.
11.
in bands.
The
fig.
a slate palette for kohl,
bably a game piece, like the
adze 23 being intermediate between the late prehistoric type
ii.
one of the most perfect examples
is
which
of this type,
31, one
of Zer.
This
casket.
1
of copper were found together
lid of
Carved ivory
7.
82, 83.
23
The ivory
6.
similar to that in pl.
17.
18,
wooden wand, now carbonized,
An ebony label with veryroughly scratched
5.
tool.
Model ears of corn carved in ivory were found, and other pieces are shown on pi. xxxiv.
piece of a
hieroglyphs, aitpu, tep.
tatuing was used in prehistoric times (as shown
on figures then), and in the Xllth Dynasty (as shown by the body of a priestess at Cairo),
A
4.
Giglioli as a
usual
DYNASTY.
with the name of Zer, and the jackal and dagger
did not seem
strain,
1st
see pl. xxv. 6, 7.
rounded
Handle
21.
Cap
to a saucer of ivory
and
;
others of the
in carbonized wood. is
sunk, and a groove
side.
of electrum, on
engraved the sign
Abydos.
flat plate,
at the ends.
same pattern are found The end of the handle runs up the
with a
which
ab, the Osiris-wig
is
minutely
standard of
.
THE INSCRIBED TABLETS, Pieces
22, 23.
of the
dish with reliefs, in
dolomite marble, like that in 24. Piece
marble,
inscribed
" libation to Anubis." 25, 26. Pieces
of
brown
schist,
elaborately carved with basket pattern.
King
1.
Piece of serpentine bowl of
King
of
Zet.
about
Scale
one
third.
The
this year.
The
Den
Piece of dolomite marble bowl, inscribed
probably in the whole.
King Den. to be, (1)
above. (2)
The whole design of the seal appears The lea name Den with the hawk The king standing. (3) An inscrip-
....
se ab en
hooked a crocodile
is
uebti.
Den having
(4)
drawing him up out of the
water, and preparing to
spear him.
king's personal name, Setui or Semti.
wrestling with a hippopotamus.
such an impression was found object which
a
cylinder
the goddess Mafdet and the
an
is
name of Den.
This
of
an ivory plaque shows around
the edge the line of a fortification, implying that the whole subject
is
with khalcer ornament in the walls
and a
is
shrine,
within a is
city.
seen at the
above which
is
The gate
left.
a sacred enclosure with a
With-
ram
in
it,
a bucranion, similar
doorways on an ivory carving from with bucrania surmounted Hierakonpolis, to
the
(Hicralcon. xiv.)
;
note the use of animal skulls
for hanging up, by the " pan-grave " people In 9 we see a part of (Diospolis Parva xxxix.). a duplicate of No. 8, showing the king's name
and
title,
and the head of a man.
latter
These plaques
were smashed up in the general wreck of these
there
reign.
the uraeus of
is
instructive, as hitherto that
is
finger ring, but such a ring
and the base of it
quite
is
unknown
far too
is
at
long for a
It is clearly the figure of a
signet cylinder rolling on the clay.
This group
box had contained the golden of judgment of King Den.
suggests that the seal
A
cylinder of ivory has the lower end
polished quite
flat,
and the upper end
slightly
coned and pierced with a small hole in the axis.
It
adapted for the handle of
exactly
is
On
a measuring cord.
the only such relief inscription yet found.
A portion
The
seal.
bezel of any period.
jar
Den
bears the
this
hieroglyph has been taken to be a figure of a
Den
showed that Den was the
alabaster
of
of
judgment, the sign of gold, and the sign of a
13.
tall
name
Beside the
(6)
and was
tablet of
a duplicate of that
it is
cutting
fine
this age,
A small part of
last year,
most crisp and
The
inscription in high relief, with the standard of
8.
title
4 and xv. 18, in part, and
xi.
i.
(5)
of Setui.
On
the
is
A small ivory panel from a box
12.
5^6. The only impression of the royal seal of
7.
Mafdet is standing
does not seem to join any of those already
4.
for Zet.
name
was
group can now be
Another fragment of a Avooden
11
figured in B. T.
first
vii. 4,
i.
holding an uas sceptre, beneath her
Piece of ivory rod of King Zet.
the
Tombs
lioness goddess
published last year, but
em
many
of the finely- engraved
Avhole
3.
tion,
like so
" mistress of the house of life."
Zet.
limestone
is
found
restored.
Piece of a large and thick bowl of rough
2.
The upper part
10.
crystal vase, figured in Royal
of a tray
22. Pl. VII.
tombs by the Mission Amelineau, other precious records.
pi. v. 15.
dolomite
of
25
&c.
it
the
is
measuring cord, and the
of a
hieroglyph
name,
king's
Setui.
Pl. VIIa.
]
Fragments of an ivory
.
tablet,
with the king holding turns of cord on his arm his
name
above, Setui
in front.
year 2.
(Z?.
A
It
T.
i.
may xi.
;
be part of one found
the same as on the tablet
A
fragment which
piece in B. T.
mes Tehuti, 4.
An
i.
like
last
8 and xiv. 8).
piece of an ebony
tablet.
signs in the fortified enclosure
3.
;
and the jackal standard
xi. 5
pl. is
may
The three perhaps be
va. 13.
a duplicate
of the
and xiv. 12, with the
title
mes Anpu, &c.
ebony fragment which seems
to be a
—
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE
26
duplicate of the left-hand side of tablet B. T. xi.
King Mersekha
14 and xv. 16.
A fragment
5.
B. T.
A
6.
same
style as
and
A
i.
xi. 5.
i.
one of the private graves west of that of Den.
together
fastened
plug of wood in the cores
;
by
a tapered
doubtless binding
round the horns secured them from
Inscription on stone bowl
published in B. T.
—
bowls.
These show that the signs are not seh-
hem, as was supposed from the engraving on the
Museum but from
The wooden plug is seen just below the two top horns. The arrows are long bone points set in
tops these
must be aha.
reed shafts, with a notch for the bow-string cut
xxiv.)
— 13.
Fragments of carved wood now
bonized were found in the tomb of Den.
car-
T.
10.
ix.
i.
1,
8
compare B.
;
10. Inscriptions of Hotep-ahaui on stone
8
statue No.
below a knot in the reed.
a duplicate
on stone bowl, joining that
Inscription
splitting.
just
is
viii. 9.
7.
are formed of two long straight horns
of the oryx,
as it
xvii. 26.
6.
group of bows and arrows was found in
The bows
— Semempses,
of that found last year, figured in B. T.i. xii. 1
fragment which might by the work
belong to B. T. 7.
of tablet of the
xl. 6.
i.
This piece of a tablet appears to be of
5.
i.
DYNASTY.
1st
sealings is
Cairo
;
the open
In no case on the
showing the selchem sign (pis. xxiii., The the top divided in this manner.
name of the tomb is given as " the house Ka of the Horus Hotep-ahaui."
No. 13
On
11.
this piece
— found
of the
like the Nos. 8
— we
shows the shoulder and arm of the king grasp-
13 in the tomb of Perabsen
ing a group of emblems, including a ring and a
tomb name, which
dad sign or possibly the hand held a staff, and a group of lotus flowers stood before the king as on the slab of Men-kau-hor in Paris.
that above named, but which might belong to
:
A piece
14.
upon
of which half the
it,
bow and one end
A
bull's
leg in ivory shows a clumsier
A
T
5,
has two signs upon
to those 17.
baster
A
it,
in
grave
which are similar
scratched
upon
ala-
is
of the
by
his
—
loose
rubbish that had been thrown out of
this
4.
Four of these are of King Qa, No. 3 being repeated in drawing in pl. xii. 6. It will tombs.
be seen
how
the
name
sen on these has the sign
of breath (the nose) as a determinative.
From
a comparison of these tablets the separate groups can be cleared up, when the serious
study of these inscriptions
is
undertaken.
.
.
palace .
."
;
the
of
This
name
as those of the palaces of
and king Hotep-ahaui
This inscription has been
in use
labels
1
approaching the
is
" the
for
(Sa-ha-iieb),
successor
inscription
Pl. VIII.
-This
showing that
erased
was not
this
inscribed for the tomb, but for the palace,
Some weathered ivory were picked up by our workmen from the
23.
called Neteralchet "or
.
.
called Sa-ha
same type
Qa
kings
so left
be read.
.
reads " the
bowl of grey volcanic rock,
inscribed
originally
(So -ha-ha).
a group of three neter signs can alone
:
piece of a
Horus Ra-neb
(via. 7).
on the pottery.
Several signs are :
Zer
perfect jar of slate, found
of
it
:
type of the pyramid names of the Old Kingdom. 12.
style than that of the reign of 16.
of
Ka
" the divine glory."
remain.
the tie 15.
of ivory inlay has the sign anlch
probably a fuller form of
is
either of the following kings
house of the
see another
is
till
the next reign.
The
and
later
of the king Neteren, the third of
those on statue No.
From
1.
bowl was used
for
this we see that the king's " washing
every day," like the bowls and jars for the king's hands, pl. v. 13, 14, xii. 13.
Another
inscribed
for
piece
of
1,
xxv.
1.
bowl was carefully
king Neteren.
The presence
of
the boat here alone, and the instances of specific
use of bowls which
we have
just noted, suggests
that the boat inscriptions on bowls
show that
THE INSCBIBED TABLETS, such objects belonged to the king's travelling outfit.
It
would be quite
detailed account keeping,
in character with the
and the
strict
personal
could not be a handle for a fan, as
cylinders is,
own weight
its
own 1,
Pieces of inscriptions
of
Merpaba. " royal
the
for
Piece of an inscription of king Qa, fitting
name
5.
Piece with
6.
Piece with a royal
ginning with a bird.
of king Qa.
Unfortunately,
The
7.
sealing
finest
of
8.
Sekhem-ab
pl.
gold
Each
her,
For adjusting the fragments of stone
the forms and draw the restored outlines.
This
tie
fixed.
bracelets, one perfect,
12. Pieces of a dish of dolomite
— 15.
Two
;
from the longer, but was not complete at either end it was 5 inches long. In the photograph each piece but it is is shown one end of ;
;
to
represent
the
whole of such a long slender object on any From this plate can be seen the useful scale. double bands of thick gold which encircle the sceptre at every fourth cylinder, the cylinders of polished sard which form the body, and the
corroded rod of copper which binds the whole As to the purpose of this object, it together.
copper pans, two copper ewers,
and a vase of dolomite marble were under
together
chamber
24.
double spouts.
piece was complete at the thinner end and 23 the shorter had been broken inches in length
marble were
found carved in imitation of basket-work.
tomb of king Khasekhemui were found two pieces of a The larger sceptre (see chamber 48, pl. lxiii.). In the
impossible in a book-plate
lump
is
by the yielding of the wall. bowl of diorite was also found
A perfect
together as in
I.
Over the
of sealing clay
two gold
these were
is described in the account of stone bowls, chap. vi.
IX.
over the top and secured with a
foil fitted
covered over by the collapse of one of the walls,
13
Pl.
24,
the other crushed
khent.
bowls a frame was employed in order to obtain
24.
chamber
(near
of these has a cover of thick
of the wire a small
style.
12.
to say, the royal sceptre.
Khasekhemui
of
11.
Probably of the time of Merneit, by the rough
—
is
between chambers 40 and 44.
Part of an inscription, Neit,
10
seems
It
can only have been a ceremonial
double turn of twisted gold wire.
xxi.
in ochre on a
piece of an alabaster vase. 9.
complete at
is
vase of carnelian were found together in the
With
king
The jackal standard written
so
belongs to a
it
Perabsen, drawn in seal No. 164,
be-
is
it
it
it
its
Six vases of dolomite marble and one
10.
pl. lxiii.).
name apparently
much sand -worn that whether new name cannot be decided.
—
tomb
viii. 3.
i.
it
rod of the king, that 2
the piece published in B. T.
Again,
safely.
shows no sign of any attachment.
palace." 4.
in fact,
clear that
Base of vase inscribed
3.
;
only just strong enough to carry
the thinner end with a plain cap of gold, which
canteen and furniture.
2.
too
is
any weight bent the copper rod
if
royal service, for the palace, for travelling, &c,
Pl. VIIIa.
it
far too liable to fracture of the sard
and
long,
responsibility for things, that each branch of the
should have
27
&c.
may
form
worship of ings 191
a
One fig;.
of each kind 13.
perhaps
Set and Horus
— 205)
;
opposite
were grouped
The ewers both have
The motive
be seen
wall
collapsed
for so
strange a
the
in
co-equal
in this reign (see seal-
the simultaneous offering of
libation to both gods could be secured
double spout.
Similarly there
co-equal temple of
Ombo,
of
found
Set
is
the
and Horus
which the foundation seems
by
this
double at
Kom
likely to
belong to this age. 16.
A
piece of dolomite marble was inserted
damaged bowl, and held in place by a lining plate, to which it was fastened by long
in
a
pins of gold.
The photograph shows the inner
side of the patch with the gold pins projecting.
17
—
18. Pieces of ivory
which seem
to
have
belonged to a carving of a panelled doorway, as
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE
28
they have bands of the usual
ornament
in
relief.
Pl. IXa.
1
— A 3.
dish and
two vases of
copper were found near together, in the doorway
between the south and middle parts of the tomb of Khasekhemui. 4
—
11.
A
large
mass
ol
funeral models in
copper were found stacked together, the tool
models inside of the large pan, and the
lesser
The whole group had been covered by a collapsed wall. The dishes turned
models are copper 1
;
all
over them.
roughly cut out of thin sheet
they comprise the following forms
pan, 15 inches across, riveted
:
—
1st
DYNASTY.
THE INSCRIBED TABLETS, chamber fortified
as
generally
supposed, but it is the gateway, as in the Shunet ez Zebib at
Abydos, and elsewhere. This was suggested by Maspero in Proc. Soc. Bib. Arch. xii. 247. 4.
A
part of a very thick tablet of ebony
shows traces of signs in red and black. 5.
A
wooden
cylinder, found last year near
tomb
the
29
&c.
of Qa, has
written inscription on of
Anpu and
funerary
model
the of
remains of the ink-
the it,
alternately the shrine
king's
an
name.
incised
It
was a
cylinder
for
sealing. 6.
The
ivory
tablet
drawn here
already mentioned in the account of
is
that
pi. viii. 3.
—
EOYAL TOMBS OF THE
30
DYNASTY.
1st
CHAPTER
IV.
THE SEALINGS AND STELES. 26.
Pl.
Royal
in
alone
The
XIII.
Part
Tombs,
I.
;
the
of
number
thus the
any
distinguish
to
suffices
numbers
from those described
are continuous
sealings
published
The form sign
94.
Only a
single impression of the seal of
King Ka was found the
of
reality
writing of
it
(see
name
pl.
ii.
1)
by
enforced
is
here figured, and by the ink writing of
many
jars
of
published
be
it
on
found together in one tomb, which
was probably that will
the
on the unbaked clay of several jars
king Ka.
after
being
These
latter
cleaned,
but
them prevent their being yet photographed. The ka arms are turned downward more usually than upward in this name. incrustations on
90.
A
stood,
small piece of sealing cannot be under-
but
it
may have some
— 92.
Several
sealings
and that
mer
is
of
Narmer
Nar alone
is
were
the true
an epithet separately
applied. 93. This seal, of sions remain,
the
is
word men.
which fragmentary impres-
Narmer alternating with Were it not for the clear
of
evidence of the ivory tablet from the Naqada-
Mena tomb, we should see in this perhaps a reason for Narmer being the name of Mena.
There
is,
however, a possibility that
may have been two kings named Mena, with ha names Narmer and Aha. If so, it is nevertheless Aha who is the first king of the there
1st roll
Dynasty, because of his position in the of
;
xxxv.
5,
6
;
in xli.
the
74
;
Narmer by the
Two seals may be
either of the time of
Mena or a little before that. 97—104. Sealings of King Aha-Mena. these 98 and 99
Mena tomb
were
also
(Becherches,
is
associated sealings.
Of
found in the Naqadafigs.
556,
557);
the
Naqada The seal 100 is the only example of the sign men that we find in this reign, except tbat on the back of the wooden tablet, pl. xi. The objects figured on the animal other six are new, and four found at are
unknown
at
Abydos.
probably traps.
seals are
105—107. Sealings
27.
of
King
Zer, with
only his name.
found, which show that
name,
34
with a repetition of lake signs
seal
94, 96.
connection with
King Ka. 91
A
of the age of
but the
;
found actually
that
xxxii.
(pis.
men
xlv. 46).
sealing.
89.
exactly
is
tombs
playing pieces on the
of the
eight
kings
recorded
whose
tombs
can be identified in that order on the ground.
The most advanced sealing of the early time is the royal seal of King Zer, showing him seated, wearing the crown of Upper and that of Lower Egypt. The work is final as regards 108.
the position, the crowns, and the throne
;
and
type might belong equally to any subsequent
its
age down to
Roman
times.
109. This seal, with the
ing with Zeren and
Ta
is
name of Zer alternata valuable link.
a seal of Zet published last year (B. T.
name
i.
On
xviii. 2)
Ath which I suggested might refer to Ateth, his name in the list of Sety I. Now we can place together his
[a
alternates with
name
;
;
THE SEALINGS AND STELES.
From these
seems that we have the original
it
name
the
Zer, as
Narmer
•
a fuller form of
is
Nar.
duplicate in sed nebui
(?)
un nebui
(?)
arrangement, the series running nebui;
jackal standard; selchet
;
zef
uaz nebui jackal standard
;
and another standard, making a six-group
Ill
the
is
latest
of
seal
style
with groups of animals
here
is
an
anticipation
Merneit and the 112. There
work
steles of
are
of these
down
from
101—104, of Zer;
the
of
Mena,
sealings
of
Den. or
a
;
even
&c.
coarse
figures
come
scale
time
see
;
of
96,
111, 113,114, 122, 123, after
;
which
The common hieroglyph
28.
Den
sealings of
are solely of
and language, and so need
of Zet.
very delicate work, which
The
164, &c.
Perabsen name in
and
might have
this
some
sealings
many cases
unique sealing (F.P.
from the tomb
of
a king Sekhem-ab,
led to difficulties, but for a coll.),
Avhich Avas found at
unknoAvn, some years ago, Avith the
site
form Sekhemperabsen, showing the
tAvo
names
combined.
seals
105—107, 116, 124 of Zer; 1—7, But an entirely different
;
The
interest for titles
very
three,
separately; see 91, 92, 97, 98, 99 of
— 127
— 163.
136
not be noticed in this chapter.
128, 132, of Zet
8, 9, 10,
;
seal
altogether.
but the alchu ha the
of
prehistoric
Mena,&c.
such disappear.
may rank
prehistoric
The rough
seals.
men on
and
animals
tAvo,
;
the
running on concurrently in the
different styles
125
loAver lines are perhaps
The upper and
135.
forms of the personal names that were modified by Sety I. Zeren is perhaps a fuller form of
31
It
be seen that the haAvk of Horus
Avill
always over the Sekhem-ab name,
Avhile Set is
always over the Perabsen name on the
on
is
seals, as
These are then the Horus
his stele, pi. xxxi.
was probably on stone rather than on wood
and Set names of the king. The seals of the Ilnd Dynasty are generally
see 108, 109, 112, 118, 119, 120 of Zer; 135 of
of a smaller style
class is that of the
Zet.
It
is
not
till
the time
of
Den
that a
and more elaborate than those
The sharp
of the 1st Dynasty.
detail of those
general coarse uniformity of style was fixed
best preserved points to their being
upon, though even then the royal seal was of
stone or metal rather than in Avood.
the delicate class 113. See pi.
ii.
The
(pi. vii. 5, 6).
account of stone vase inscription,
first
figures of deities are found
The haAvk -headed god,
seals.
made
in
on these
Avho has some-
times the feather on the head (No. 199), and the
15.
— 117.
with a shrine should be
goddess of vegetation (No. 176), Avith growing
compared, though none of them are duplicates. On 116 seems to be the earliest form of sah.
plants on her head, and probably the same Avith
The leopard and bent bars on his back recall The genei-al form of the the panel of Hesy.
On
114
shrine
is
The
seals
like the early huts, Avith reed sides
palm rib roof. the same design
and
123
is
but a different 121
is
as the seal 10 of Zet,
case Set
The
and Horus placed together
full-length
seal.
the same design
in Avhich
'
;
name
as
the
seal
20 of
zet in
the
194. is
very
of the
as co-equal.
king expressly
the appearing of the dual poAver
the two gods
Maspero, Rev. Grit., 15
Merneit, but differs in having du for
The appearance surprising,
are
at
peace"
The group
of four bars in this, as in Nos.
shown in seal they are distinguished in two forms. 122, 143,
is
better
142,
where
be explained as
(see
Dec, 1897). of the
but
if
a
name Amen here more
impression could be obtained, perhaps
fortress.
129.
the seals of
refers to this,
interAvoven
hand (Nos. 191, 192, &c). Khasekhemui Ave see in every
lotus sceptre in the
complete it
Avould
Amenti, or otherAvise.
The impressions of this seal are perhaps the commonest of all they are entirely on flat 210.
;
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE
32
The name of" the royal mother occurs on the tomb of Amten,
DYNASTY.
1st
caps of black clay.
that
Hapenmaat " who made daily
localities,
the lea-house, or
offerings in
funerary chapel, of this queen (see L. Denk.
queen of one of the
the
was
Illrd
only proves that her worship
Dynasty," but
it
was continued
to the
It
kings of
last
6).
ii.
This has been quoted as evidence that she "
end of the Illrd Dynasty.
seems not improbable that Khasekhemui
the same as Zaza of the
of Sety, last king
list
of the
Ilnd Dynasty (see
might
well be
is
sect. 6)
;
queen
his
" king-bearer
"
of
Nebka, the founder of the Illrd Dynasty, and
so
the
called
sealings
we
Illrd Dynasty, as
Aahmes
Nefertari was vene-
XVII Ith Dynasty.
rated in the
from Thinis to Memphis in the
The change
title
of the Illrd
fresh start to have taken place
then.
Hence
this
be practically
all
shall have for the restoration of the first
two
Dynasties.
29. Pl. with
XXV.
1,
2 have been already noticed
13 and va.
pis. v.
6,
On
4—11.
the bases
of stone bowls are occasionally very delicately-
drawn signs, which are not hieroglyphic in some Such signs are here shown on enlarged cases. 13
12 will be noticed with
—27.
Many
pl. liv.
stone vases bear signs written
These can scarcely be
in ink with a brush.
photographed, owing to the slightness of the ink-stain on dark slate
and such
Some
stones.
Of these 1 = drawing 17, 2 = drawing 21, 3 = drawing 19, 5 = drawing 26, 6 and 7 4 is sufficiently clear Only two of these are are sufficiently clear. are
Dynasty shows a
will
dry
bureaucracy and organization of the
scale.
she might be venerated as the foundress of the
216 sealings
less
in
such as the temple area.
collection of
that
preserved
be
will
shown
in
B.
T.,
pl.
x.
;
The greater part
of the
sekhemui are on yellow
sealings
clay,
of
Kha-
and very frag-
a king's name, the Setui
brushed broadly on
mentary, as the area of each originally was only a small part of the whole
Hence
seal.
by comparing dozens of fragments of each seal that
it
is
slate dishes in figs. 17, 18. it is
only
of impressions
possible to
reconstruct
even the broken views here given.
From
the character of the sealings above,
it
would be clear that Perabsen was intermediate between the 1st Dynasty and Khasekhemui, and
this accords
with the general features of the
It is also clear that these
long precede King Neterkhet
Dynasty, as
two kings cannot
— Zeser of the Illrd
an impression of a
was found in
his
seal of
Perabsen
tomb.
have drawn now
ful to
it is
only need-
quote the number in order to define any
of the 146 steles
forty steles or so, published
all
sealings found in our
the figures of seals that
work
in the
Royal Tombs
;
and, after going over the collection made in past
now
in the Cairo
Museum,
I
found that
only the completion of a few signs could be obtained from that material.
Hence
likely that other sealings will
add any serious
amount
to this corpus,
them, B.
lines of
The
discovered in 1900-1.
by M. Amelineau,
my out-
T., pl.
xxxii.
It is to
be hoped
that
whenever those are properly published
their
numbers
will begin 147,
and
so avoid
any
ambiguity in quotation.
can possibly be obtained from the thousands of
years,
those published last year, so that
have no numbers except those added in
tombs.
I
30. Pl. XXVI. The steles drawn here are all shown in photograph in pis. xxviii.,xxix.,xxixA., xxixB. The numbers are continuous from
and also
it
is
it
is
un-
unlikely
The
pieces of the stele of
published
next
photographs of
The
steles
it
year,
were
as
King Zer
unfortunately
the
lost.
from around the tomb of Zer are
mostly so deeply weathered that trace the original relief; see
it is difficult
fig.
In order to draw the outline, or
photograph
will be
it,
the only
method
is
the weathered hollows with sand.
to
50, pl. xxviii. still
to
more, to
fill
up
all
Accordingly,
THE SEALINGS AND STELES.
33
handfuls of sand were thrown over each stone,
rainstorm, and
and then the raised
photographed.
and
figures
signs
wiped
This was done twice, once for drawing
Besides the Zer steles
and once for photographing, and hence the drawing is quite an independent interpretation
finishing the excavations
apart from the preparation for photographing.
pl.
How much is gained
The most
clear.
in clearness
by comparing figs. the same stone, unsanded. seen
by
this sanding
Of course the photographs were taken looking almost vertically down-
occur on No.
21,
notable that the king
ward, the stone being only inclined enough to
never Den, in this
obtain a shadow to the
carefully erased
were made to
scale
The drawn
by using a frame
outlines
of threads
over the stone, and a card ruled in squares
beneath the thin drawing-paper. are ignored, the object being to
The damages show the best
material that can be obtained for reading, while
the photograph
No
shows
the
actual condition.
comparison has yet been made between the
of
interesting titles,
relief.
in
around the tomb of
These are drawn in the lower half of xxvii., and photographed in pis. xxx., xxxa.
with uniform
49,
many were found
Den.
sanded, and 50,
is
be preserved or
so could not
120
six
the
are
these
125, which also
to
published last year.
It
is
always named Setui, and
is
Two
title.
steles
had been
but by examination in sun-
;
shine each sign could be tolerably restored (see
Nos. 131, 132). It
may
be noted that Nos. 128, 129 seem to
contain only a
as
title,
occurs on
same
the
No. 96 with the addition of a name, Ketka. Pl.
XXXI. Two steles of king
Perabsen were
found lying in the sand to the south of his
They seem
been
have
photographs and the drawings, which are en-
tomb.
tirely independent.
placed near the entrance to the tomb, which
be noticed that out of 70 stones with from around Zer, 16 have names com-
It will
signs
pounded
with Neit
;
one
The
king
Libyans,
dynastic race
the 1st Dynasty.
mentioned.
pact syenite, and
relief inscription
deity
the
belonged rather
59
is
is
domestics and to
than
the to
Neit the
inscription 102, written on less than half the size of the other,
stone.
The
with red paint on a smooth
differences
between the two forms
of the signs are instructive.
Pl. XXVII.
They
much
are cut in very com-
rather askew view, which reduces the largest of
strongly shows that
worshipping
may name Horus
duplicated by the
This
the
was at the south corner, and not on the east of the tomb, as seems to have been the case in
which specially adored Hathor.
100), but no other
of
to
by sand wear, It was there, so that no sharp edges are left; fore not satisfactory to photograph them in front, by the shadows and the best result was from the side, by reflections. This makes a
(No.
harem
therefore
Several of the steles last found
polished
;
the two steles to an equality with the
The
plate here
lesser.
an enlargement of a ^-plate
is
snapshot with a hand camera, as
it
was
difficult
to fix a stand at the exact angle for the reflections r-
and
I
doubt
if
any better result could
were not photographed owing to lack of time caused by illness, but all were drawn, and the
have been got by using a stand.
drawings of these, together with some of the steles which were too much damaged to be
worn masses of grey syenite
about 5 feet high
;
the hieroglyphs
to flakes since being drawn, owing to the great
in later times.
Set above the
steles are
cut from natural long water-
hammer-dressed down to a
worth photographing, are given in the upper Some had entirely crumbled half of this plate.
The
left
in
;
flat
relief.
with one face surface,
The
and
figure of
name has been hammered away
;
EOYAL TOMBS OP THE
34
1st
CHAPTER
DYNASTY.
V.
THE INVENTORY PLATES.
XXXII.— XLV.
Pls.
31
In examining a period so
.
little
known,
and so important, as that of the development kingdom, nothing should be slighted
of the
its
original
Changes can be seen in the historic
design.
of this form disappears in the
The use
time.
from
remote
and
conventional,
and in even the smallest matters of decoration
reign of Qa, last of the 1st Dynasty, and no
every fragment should be recorded and added to
such
To
our knowledge.
describe objects in detail
useless without figures,
inventory useless
merely a tedious legal formality,
is
practical
for
record
efficient
is
and therefore a written
is
archaeology
and
:
the
such an outline of every
decoration
different
fragment in wood
idea revived, as
L. Denlc.
lion's legs,
in future, can be recognized
as joining pieces
form
comparing
one tomb with
as a whole,
another.
This
have given on the fourteen plates named above
I ;
there every object (not given already in photo-
graphs)
is
outlined, or sufficient
shown of any large and uniform
samples class,
make some
to
notes
class
;
on the plates
time
prehistoric
one grave at Naqada (No. 3) had a couch
;
supported on
bull's legs
carved in wood about
they had been entirely eaten 1 5 inches high by white ants, but yet the form could be traced. The date of this is about s.d. 66 (see Diospolis ;
Parva
for this
mode
of dating), or perhaps five
or six centuries before the 1st Dynasty.
there
is
Hence
a long past in the history of this form,
and the use of
it
in the royal
tombs
is
and
became
(L. Denlc.
Roman
so
;
highly
it is
the
;
time (L. Denlc.
ii.
usual
128,
in
129),
ii.
the Xllth
and on
in the
and
of Hatshepsut),
time.
only from the remains here that
we can glean
the
The wavy
changes.
line
around the leg appears under Mena (xxxii.
and continues which
supports begin in
bull's-leg
109)
86,
have been removed to Paris, and their history
such changes as
first
Medum
such as
separately.
The
the
(see
however, began to supplant the older
XVIIIth Dynasty (throne till
Yet the
Unfortunately most of the perfect examples
can be traced from tomb to tomb in each
and then
110),
90,
Kingdom
10, 84, 85,
ii.
one
6).
the constant type of the
in the latter part of this
Dynasty
lost
be best to notice
is
(xlv.
of
very
are
the arrow points. It will
it
of seats in the Old
legs xiii.,
can be identified
already known, and can be studied
tombs
the
in
Perabsen and Khasekhemui except
it
intelligible fragment, that
seen
is
on
;
ceases.
it
divisions
the
to
under the
maximum
Merneit
(xxxix. 2),
The number of feet decreased as
in each reign
is
:
9),
after
or
discs
time went
—29 under
Mena, 19 under Zer, 18 under Merneit, and 14 under Den and Mersekha. The general size diminished, as the (xxxii. 5),
and the
largest
leg
Dynasty
found in the tomb of Qa or
Sma fit
to
seats.
The arrow points of ivory are earlier part of the 1st
from
seem only
later ones
support caskets and not actual
is
later.
;
common in
the
but none were
They are
often
;
THE INVENTORY PLATES.
35
unknown
but
tipped with red ochre, which has been supposed
origin of this pattern
to be a poisoned tip,
mainly appears in representations of the hollows
though iron oxide would
is
quite
be the worst substance to maintain a poison
of panelled
probably the red colour was put on with the
plaited cord used to close shutters high
draw
idea of sympathetic magic, in order to
the arrow to the blood of the animal at which it
was
The ivory
shot.
were probably
tips
the tomb
of
Den
viiA. 7)
(pi.
;
but the ivory
has better survived the destruction by
by
so the
insects,
In the tombs of the
separate.
earlier only iv.,
vi.)
Under
into
full
period and (pis.
any other
in
of
them with reddened
quadrangular barbed
tips),
The pattern Zer
under Zet (xxxvii.
style
under Den the old
Only the plain circular
tips
down
to
Mersekha, except an example of the oval form
The inlay patterns are scarcely known in the Mena period, the strips with a diagonal cross beginning then (xxxii. 19), and continuing in 99), after which the time of Zer (xxxiv. 94
—
The twisted cord border begins
under Mena (xxxii. 35 ; iiiA. 1 iv. does not recur till Merneit (xxxix. ;
become common
till
Den
lines beneath the twist
35
(xxxii. (iiiA. 1
Den
;
;
46
xl.
iv. 17),
(xli.
(xlii.
72),
(xliii.
41).
xxvii.), the
;
xli.
(xl.
are
16,
37), nor
45—48).
straight
17),
(xl.
56
— 43), yet very rough imitations occur — 69 4 — 6). Such are continued Azab (xliii.
(xl.
11, 26, 27,
10,
(xlii.
54, 55),
Qa
34
(xliv.
57
under
xli.
;
xli.
;
61—65), Mersekha 37), and even till
—
work, such
The mat pattern
is
Sma
the reed tray of
as
and the mat of bound rushes
(xxxii. 54),
on a
flat slip of
(62).
Zer (xxxiv.
Plain ribbing occurs under Zet (xxxvii.
— 66). A
mat
Merneit (xxxix. 58
—
bound rushes under
of
61).
Plain ribbing
(xl.
85—90, 105—106 xli. 48—50) and bound matwork (xli. 52—54, 65, 69) under Den. The The woven flat mat under Azab (xlii. 68 69). mat of rushes carved in wood under Mersekha ;
at
30), or curved
ii.
Plain ribbed ivory inlay,
(29—33). probably from a woven
Qa
rush mat pattern, under
But
in the Ilnd
Dynasty
this
(xliv.
27
—
down
The
31).
seems to have
disappeared.
Fluted patterns are important as being pro-
earliest is a
130, et seqq.),
the lines are curved upward at the ends.
and plain ribbing
28),
first
are
the Xllth Dynasty (L. Denlc.
27,
(xliii.
bably derived from the fluted columns;
but begin to curve up under
35),
kept
though
and
The
straight under Azab under Mersekha down and curve In the Vth Dynasty (Deshasheh, Vlth Dynasty (Dendereh, iii.), and in
32,
;
—
(xli. 41).
they cease.
46)
style is
of
becomes cheaper in
42
56, 62
under Den
this
;
row
always as a
55),
early
41,
there are the
reigns,
—
squares set diagonally
92).
succeeding
below are copied from
of diagonal lines begins under
53
(xxxiv.
46), and the flanged tips (47, 48), beside others
appear in the
in the
the surplus of the cord resting on the ground.
tips (43), the square tips (44), the oval tips, (45,
of ebony (50, 51).
up
—
(42), the pentagonal
tips
lines
represents a
it
reign.
Beside the plain circular points (xxxiv. 27
many
Possibly
it
Khasekhemui (xlv. 29, 32). Bibbed and mat-work patterns, imitating rush mats and trays, are elaborately wrought in the
were
hundreds
;
and the variety of
;
than
greater
Zer the ivory arrow-
use
gathered from his tomb is
all
excepting one specimen of Mena's
;
sprang
forms
nearly
arrow-heads are found
flint
reign (xxxii. 37). tip
now Mena
are
tips
man and
and the
panelling,
all
inserted in reeds, like those from a grave near
woodwork.
;
flutings
the
model column of Zer with sixteen (xxxiv. 73), and a flatter fragment (72).
The next
is
of
Den
(xl. 107).
Under Khase-
khemui, an ivory model column with eight lobes, or colonnettes,
is
seen (xlv. 23), probably also
of architectural origin.
Bracelets or bangles are found in most reigns,
sometimes bangles,
abundantly.
made
The
flint
or
chert
in prehistoric times, continued in
v 2
—
;
;
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE
36
Mena
use under
Zet
(xxxii. 42), Zer (xxxv. 60
(xxxviii.
The
(xlv. 14).
under Zer
and
45),
even
till
—
65),
Perabsen
greatest variety of material
(see pi.
is
are very rare, until
many
large marble bangles
wavy line or time of Den (xl. 39)
cord-pattern last until the the only surprising variety
is
row
that with a
of
(xxxiv. 71) under Zer, otherwise they
of ivory resemble those figured
on the men sign
(pi. xiii.
93),
and are usually
about the thickness of a finger or larger
xxxv.
xxxii. 34;
wrought with
(see
73; xli. 74; xlv. 46). Parts of an alabaster draught-board were found 5,
widely scattered in
6,
B
Silver is
joints like a reed,
is
and
time, and
the tombs (xxxii.
nails are usual in
65
(xlv. 18),
with
of
91
in early
under Zer (xxxv. 84
prehistoric use, appear
Zet
many 75,
74,
we know
Needles, which
xliii. 12, 16).
89),
xxxviii.
;
Den (93, xli. 86), Qa (xliv. 49), Perabsen
(xxxviii. 76), 13, 14),
(xliii.
and Khasekhemui
the second fang,
unknown
copper, were found under
Mersekha
Khasekhemui
in
prehistoric
Zer (xxxv.
well
(xliv. 12), as
Harpoons,
(xlv. 70).
92),
and
models under
as
(ixA. 5).
Small chisels continued to be
(xxxii.. 71).
(88)
not yet drawn.
rare in the prehistoric
is
it
gold,
not found in the Royal Tombs.
Mersekha
closely follow the forms in stone.
Draughtsmen
copper
another
with
rod plated
Copper wire and
(xlv.).
Cylinder jars of ivory with a
circles
gold with a socket and pin-hole to attach
xxxv), and after that bracelets
appear in the Ilnd Dynasty
DYNASTY.
1st
made from the
by Zer (xxxv. 91), 90 93), and Khase-
early prehistoric time, as
32.
Glazed pottery
known
first
is
the
in
form of beads, very early in the prehistoric time. It occurs here as a bead of Zer (xxxv. 75)
inlay of Zet (xxxvii. 42) 13,
20, 21, 25,
vases (55, 58) xli. 73,
75
glaze
— 62).
tile
Den
(xxxvii. 78
— 84,
Azab
— 43)
Qa (41
;
(xlii.
25
and beads of Khasekhemui
(xlv.
examples and
After such
;
and as a tall the
for the
doorway of glazed
Of metals we
69—75).
Pins like those of the prehistoric age are
92),
Mersekha
(xliv. 11),
The unusual objects
— 95), Den (xxxviii-
and Qa
(48).
are the tweezers
(xliii. 15),
which are admirably made with a wide hinge and stiff points; the rymer (xliii. 17), the bowl (xliii.
axe
18), the fish-hooks (xlv. 19, 20),
(xlv.
and the
For the great mass of copper
76).
models see the account of 33. plates
find gold, silver, copper,
and
lead in the prehistoric time, and their uses here
Dynasty are naturally continuous
from. that.
The gold bar
gold bracelets of Zer 7),
of
(pi.
Mena
i.),
(iiiA. 7),
gold-topped
vases,
gold
the
the gold pin of
the gold frame of Zer
mounted sceptre, and gold pins (ix.)
(xlv.
—
xli.
found under Zer (xxxv. 93
from
in the 1st
Zer (va.
khemui
Illrd
tiles
the step pyramid of Saqqara.
the
94;
(xxxviii.
pi. ixA.
found at Hierakonpolis there can be no
hesitation in accepting the date of the
Dynasty
as
and
as tile (52),
as decoration of
as beads of
;
stand, inlays,
50
;
;
as a vase of Mersekha (xliii. 24,
;
xliv. 10)
33)
as vases of
79, 81)
— 77)
35,
;
28, 29,
;
as beads (xxxviii. 11,
;
Den
(viA.
bangles,
19),
gold-
Khasekhemui have been already described. Of minor
objects there are here on pi.
We
will
now
note the objects on these
which are outside of the above which need some explanation. Pl.
XXXII.
10, a scratch
comb
classes,
of obsidian,
of the type of later prehistoric times.
model cylinder needles. legs.
seals.
40,
42,
26 43,
—28, bone
51, 63, portions of the tops of chair
59,
60,
parts
carved in imitation of
sycomore
38,
and
figs
of ivory
gaming
slips of reed.
strung on a thread.
sticks,
66, dried
67, 68, a slate
of
palette for grinding eye-paint, with ivory lid to
xli.
xxxiv. 23
a copper rod
plated thickly with gold (83), and a knob of thin
keep dust from Pl.
;
it
;
such were usual (see ii. 11-
xxxviii. 2, 50, 51).
XXXIII.
An
undisturbed
tomb was
;;
THE INVENTORY PLATES.
37
found by accident in the Osiris temenos last year. The soil was so wet that the bones were mostly
gether, so
and only fragments of the skull, crushed under an inverted slate bowl, were pre-
has a long division
The head had been laid upon a sandstone corn grinder. The beautiful ivory duck dish found by the head was figured last year
thin division, such as that in
dissolved;
served.
(B. T.
i.,
and
see pp. 27, 28, for
Around
the sides of the
xxxvii.
the pottery).
1,
And
of ivory.
7,. 8,
are
new to
(23),
—
pi.
151).
1.
—21), with
and a piece of
A few flint flakes
scraper (24).
The
scarcely
is
elsewhere, except in stone (see
few beads lay by the neck (16
bit of a shell bangle
Some
us.
a
shell
were scattered
As there is no museum in 35 ) England where such a complete tomb can be placed, it was sent to Philadelphia, in order that the whole series should be arranged as originally in the grave (26
The age
found.
reign of Mena,
pottery forms
.
of as
B.
it
certainly close to the
seen on
is
T.
is
pis.
i.,
comparing the
xxxix.,
on which everything from
xlii.,
marked Pl.
xl.,
xli.,
tomb
this
is
XXXIV.
from statuettes
19, ;
Carved ivory hands
20.
compare
pl.
This forepart of a dog
is
like
in the
one found by 56
Naqada Mena-tomb.
—
82, 83.
of corn, also photographed in pl.
vi.
An
17.
7,
9,
XXXV. 10,
15.
chair legs.
rod
;
78
— 79. A
80.
many such were
conical
bangles
of
of
the cloudy chalcedony (58) of these,
being highly
A
piece of the clear green ser-
is
frequent in prehistoric work.
Pieces of malachite cut for ornament.
serpent head of lazuli highly polished
one of the very few things that might be
this is
of uncertain age (pl. vi.
it
Fragments ;
work
may
;
and though the snake head
2) shows that is
much
so
this
might occur then, yet
like that of later times that
belong to some offering to
Osiris.
There
were a few distinctly late objects found, due to the Osiris worship here, which
volume
in this
;
we do
not notice
but scarcely anything found
age.
81.
A
lazuli
plaque
that other jewellery like that of pl.
i.
is
shows
here.
1 existed
83.
;
XXXVI.
Pl. sticks
were found,
and
gether,
observed. figs.
Many
1,
2,
any
It is
14,
all
of
wooden throwwhich I compared to-
pieces of
possible
connections
were
not certain that the pieces in
are really connected, but they
3
— 13.
Many
explain one another.
84,
pieces of
wooden wands were found carved
the form of shoots of a reed or rush
Parts of the heads of staves or of long
— 72.
pentine which
its
Fragments of thin bangles
52.
serve to
2,3,4. Portions of boxes of ivory.
11. Pieces
—
77.
the
Fragments of decorated bracelets
48.
the most striking
polished.
showing
bracelets,
40.
the curvature of the frag-
it
various stones, &c. is
—
ear
86, 91. Pieces of small bowls of ivory.
Pl.
—
24
holes.
small nails.
Rods of ivory with flat ends, but longer than these, were found in prehistoric tombs {Naqada 74. The carving of a bundle of reeds vii., lxi.). bound together is also in xxxix. 47, and xliii. 35—37. 81. An ivory spoon of the same form as the later prehistoric spoons.
A
20.
13.
61.
22.
also in pl. viA. 9.
box
De
21.
is
it
18. Parts of a
The overlaying of wood with thin sheet copper was a favourite manufacture the sheet is usually attached by a close row of very
xxxviii. 54.
This portion of a dog
Morgan
and below
section,
of doubtful
M.I.
ivory
of
53
strange three-sided pottery bowl, 22,
A
Fragments
49
of the forms, such as 3,
13
;
the middle of
show the cutting and
side to
of ivory.
in this pi. xxxiii.
boxes
hollowed-out base of ivory, drawn on the under
near the body were sixteen stone
drawn
down
for the inscription see pl. v. 4.
ment. 41
vases and bowls,
known
of
probable that there were several
12, 13. Portions of ivory
such rods.
tomb most of them
were over two dozen jars of pottery, large.
list
it is
ivory
found, but none fitted to-
all
;
in
nearly
have been burnt, and broken into small
pieces.
unknown objects Pieces of thin wood with
23, 24, 25. Pieces of
carved in wood. 27
— 30.
incised pattern, probably copied
from feathers
;
EOYAL TOMBS OF THE
38
31
like pi. xliv. 26.
—
34. Pieces of small boxes.
35.
Middle plug, of a bow made of two horns.
36.
Tip of a born bow.
A curious piece of
39.
a wooden cup, which has had a
and secured by twisting should catch in a
round
it
dropping
lid
in,
so that a stud
44. Part of a large conical
slot.
DYNASTY.
Tst
xxxiv. 19, 20.
pl.
A strange piece of inlay,
57.
apparently of green glass, partly decomposed,
with a dark strip
let into it
that of the piece on
the form
;
like
is
pl. xli. 82.
The lower division of plate should have been marked as being from the tomb of Den Setui.
—
85. Part of a mace-head of quartz covered with
cup of wood.
green glaze, like the glazed quartz of Hiera-
34.
Pl.
carved as a
underside
XXXVII. 19. A wand of wood human arm, with bracelet the ;
almost
is
from boxes.
column of
Small studs
18, 22.
flat.
32. Part of a fluted octagonal 33. Part of an ivory carving
ivory.
of a growing plant.
Two
39, 40.
fragments of
delicate ivory carving of feathers, probably
a
hawk
royal
ivory of
in
large
from 42.
size.
Pieces of glaze for inlaying, of two different
designs alike in outline.
57. Piece
many
Pieces of ivory tusk pierced with
purpose of which
pl.
is
unknown.
placed
below
smooth
light red pottery,
8.
each.
1.
Part
a
of
vase
of
marked with cordage
Part of an ivory
2.
kohl
lid of a
slate.
Ivory hair pin, with degraded form of bird
on the top
the bird top
:
common
is
in all the
prehistoric periods, see Diospolis Parva, p. 21 viB.
pl.
75 of
— 84
;
878
and
;
Naqada,
this is
lxiii.
47
— 50
grouped according to the graves 34. Tip of a
some of the copper
has
still
it,
and the
nails
at
the
foil
xv. 113.
of reeds.
kohl
;
50
29.
age,
staff
which
Piece of
34. after pl.
ii.
baking 15 and
48, 49. Portions of ivory carving
50, 51, 53. is
—
covering upon
side.
apparently the same signs as on
this
which they
in
wooden
on pottery, incised
inscription
pl.
9
Small
much hollowed by
slate palettes for
use.
54. Finely
carved ivory hand from a statuette, see also
is
tomb,
the second season of work.
pis. xl., xli. to
The dried sycomore figs strung together (as on pl. xxxii. 66) were found in great quantities such strings of figs are commonly 90.
;
Egypt
sold in
at present.
XXXIX.
Pl.
21—25. (see
carved on
a large
with
cordage
the vase
of a
copied
of separate staves
94),
like
it,
of
Pieces
xli.
26. Pieces
27.
pl. vi.
of Zer,
cylinder vase
of
from a bucket made
bound
together.
Small
32.
thin slips of ivory have been found, with a slot
running rather more than half through.
Fragments of decoration of uas and the bracelet
pl.
vi.
A
50.
1.
34.
anleh, like
thisk piece of
ebony with notched edge, perhaps part of an adjustable rack work.
ebony
51. Bull's leg in
attached to the side of a stool or casket.
;
probably the latest example
Examples of the various beads of were found.
and
still
lxiv.
;
at the close of the archaic period.
it,
a repeated order of the objects from
ivory, aparently
XXXVIII. The numbers of the tombs in cemetery W, where the objects were found, are
There this
as pis. xxxviii., xxxix. belong to the first season,
serpentine vase
See also
mace-heads
of dolomite marble, as on pl. xli. 95.
pattern
Pl.
pattern.
87. Pieces of fluted
— 61.
— 57.
xxxix. 55
86,
holes,
59
carved to represent a growing shoot.
the
wood
of
konpolis.
Wooden
54.
tablet
with
ink
writing
still
partly legible. Pl.
XL.
1, 2.
Plates of ivory,
burning of the tomb
known.
their
;
10. Parts of a large
warped by the
purpose
is
un-
bodkin of ivory.
A
fragment of a bone comb, like the prehistoric form (see Diospolis, ix. 22, or Naqada, 21.
lxiv. 70)
later
;
as this type entirely died out in the
prehistoric age,
it
seems most probable
an older object strayed here.
that this
is
Part of a
flat 'stand of
22.
ivory with rope border,
and part of the name of Den on the edge. 23. Piece of ivory with the bee from the royal titles.
24. Piece
of
ivory
with
part
of
a
THE INVENTOKY PLATES. deeply incised.
rekjiyt
39
The mouth
of a
those from Zet, Den, and Mersekha
leopard in ivory, front and side view,
with
have been scattered from one tomb.
drilled holes to
be
26.
with inlay.
filled
Pieces of the haunch of a lioness Pieces of ivory
boxes,
&c.
28, 29.
30
(?).
—
36.
of an
38. Piece
they
;
may
78.
A
piece of an ivory bracelet with a royal name. 83.
Block
use
sandstone,
quartzite
of
un-
known.
ivory thistle or corn flower
Pl. XLIII. 10. Apparently the two legs of an
87. Part of a (?). square of ivory inlay with dovetail on the back,
animal in ivory, from the support of some small
see xliv. 29.
object.
figure,
92. Piece of the
which must have been
material, as this piece
Horn cut
96.
is
thin.
wig
of a life-size
A
21.
highly finished piece of wood
built
carving, of unknown purport.
93.
mat- work in wood.
up of varied Top of a staff.
to imitate poles lashed together.
22. Finely-carved
wood with
23. Piece of
three finger- signs engraved on
26. Pieces of
it.
99. Probably part of a rope pattern inlay of
wood
different woods.
the middle pieces of the twist pattern,
Pl. XLI.
A piece
52.
of mat-pattern ivory,
with signs cut on the edges of the back, to mark the fitting of the next piece.
55. Part of a
cylinder of ivory, probably a small case, with recess for fitting in the bottom.
thick cylinder of ivory.
57. Part of an ivory
wood carved with
of carbonized
relief pattern, apparently of a net
hung on
spiral pattern
with copper
Piece of
70.
it. ;
pl.
is
wood with with weights
wood carved with
secured at the row of nail
holes along the side.
ware
mat
seems to have been coated
it
foil,
61. Piece
plaited
62. Piece of carbonized
pattern.
73, 81.
The blue glazed
like that found in the previous year,
xxxviii. 82, 83.
76.
The
flat
ribbed bead,
pierced to serve as a spacer in a necklace or bracelet, use.
on
77.
shows that such a form was already in
Fragment
pl. xl. 28, 29.
of a lioness, like the pieces
82. Inlay of
see pl. xxxviii. 57.
84.
banded limestone,
Fragment
cylinder seal, with ink inscription.
of a 87.
model
Appar-
now broken as this pattern is well known in the off XlXth Dynasty and onward, this may well be
ently a weight, with a loop top ;
later
than the tomb.
Pl. XLTI. Great quantities of ivory inlay from
a box were found in the grave X 62. 37. Handle 41. Piece of adze, the only early one yet found. of ink- written tablet of wood. 75-77. of
narrow ribbed
violet glazed
on a large
Some pieces
ware resemble
and of
traces of linen
have lain on the
Pl.XLIV. of reed.
2.
1.
probably fig.
40,
27, 28. Pieces of a large bier
scale.
carved with mat pattern
56. Part of a
box, with holes for lashing together.
for inlaying in coarse patterns,
upon such
;
pieces are
ornaments which
silver
bier.
Wood carving of a growing shoot
Part of wooden thro wstick. 22. Part 23. Piece of horn bracelet.
of another.
wood carved with net pattern. wood carved with a pattern which of
dark colour.
26. Piece
24. Piece
25. Piece of is
inlaid with
of elaborately-carved
feathering from a large figure of a bird in
compare the
finer ivory carving
on
wood
;
xxxvii.
pl.
The above objects were found in the earth which had been thrown over from the tomb of Qa and mixed with that of Mersekha, 39, 40.
their original place
so
Pieces of dovetails
is
uncertain.
27
— 31.
ivory inlay showing the system of
on the
slant,
by which each piece
could be keyed into a wooden base, without sliding
Pl. the
it
in a long groove.
XLV.
tomb
Scarcely anything was found in
of Perabsen,
and
been noted under their
all
these objects have
classes.
The same may
be said of the objects from Khasekhemui. While
work
Amelineau was going on I bought a copper axe of the same form as fig. 76, but with the numerals " 43 " upon it. the
35.
of M.
Some
analyses of the metals were
made
by Dr. Gladstone, F.R.S., who has kindly communicated to
The
me
the following results.
alloy of the gold
was always with
silver,
—
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE
40
and in about the same proportions. contained
The samples
1st
on the surface, which was seen with the micro-
There was no copper or
scope.
:
Gold
.
Silver
.
Zet.
Mersekha.
Qa.
.
79-7
84-2
84-0
.
13-4
13'5
12-95
.
93-1
97'7
9695
The
loss is
probably due to chloride of silver
iron.
This
proportion suggests the native electrum of Asia
Minor
as the source of the metal.
The copper,
Percent.
DYNASTY.
copper
bands
were
practically
but containing about
manganese.
I
There was no trace of
pure
per cent, of tin.
:
41
CHAPTEE
VI.
THE VASES. 36
"When we began to accumulate thousands
.
fragments of
of
stone
vases
from the royal
I
mass of material became urgent.
To
merely photograph the fragments in front view place
we had
to
the problem.
classes,
exhaustively for possible join-
was
distinctive
less
clearly hopeless to deal
without bottom or edge.
tomb
and the great bulk was
slate,
marbles and limestones, saccharine marble, grey
Hence the
classes
slate
and
behind on the top
left
in future) or in heaps at our huts.
But every fragment
of
all
collected
was exhaustively
thousands of pieces have
other kinds of stone :
all
and these tens of been exhaustively
compared, so as to secure every possible joining: and nearly
to
the forms that
could be
now drawn, and are
given on
all
restored have been
liiic
much had been
Most
unfortunately
for
already carried away to
has lain there since, entirely useless
and unstudied. Whenever that mass of fragments is open to research it is obvious that most will fall into place along with the other
them
pieces
sorted into
which I have already
hundreds of separate bowls. such re-union of fragments
dolomite marble, alabaster, various coloured
limestone,
surface of our excavations (so as to be accessible
of
They were
worked up.
granite, volcanic ash, metamorphic, serpentine,
is
classified
At
into
present any
declined.
So the
The
and coarse white limestone.
were made as small as was compatible with
no piece being of uncertain class.
pieces as gave in themselves some distinct form
and
until
fragments of bowls
alabaster fragments were only searched for such
Paris,
place all the pieces
such as quartz crystal, basalt, porphyry, syenite,
with the
science
first
slate bowls, or the alabaster cylinder
it
xlvi.
In the
about two dozen different classes of materials,
very few that
pis.
and identify the varied
such as the
we searched
wanted
to separate
were treated without reference to any other
In
ings of the pieces from one tomb, but found so
if
How
37.
forms from each cart-load of broken scraps, was
abandon any hope of re-uniting
some of the most promising jars,
which
from any one tomb were kept together, and such
In the
study.
the pieces of broken slate and alabaster.
brims of
to publish the forms
first
absolutely useless for
is
is
have restored.
tombs, some practical method of dealing with so great a
now
only course
tomb
All the pieces of one class from one
were then laid out, often numbering hundreds
;
many
such as were of any peculiar stone
were put together, and the rest were laid with all
the brims together in lines along the top of
the table,
all
the middle pieces laid with the
axis vertical, and all bases together along the
A
brim was then compared with every other piece, and any of the same radius of curvature and profile lower edge of the table.
piece of
were put together. The same was done with the bases. The brims and bases thus sorted were then compared with the middle especially
noting
the
angle of
pieces,
the line
of
fracture
with the vertical, which
gives
quickest
means
Sometimes
of identification.
several different bowls
the
were so nearly alike that
only a complete and exhaustive
trial of fitting
each piece to every other would suffice to settle
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE
42
Such work
their real connection.
and exhausts the
;
and
would sometimes remain
full
tedious
the piece of brim
;
and
the pieces extend to
if
cannot be
the same radius of the bowl, they are merely
difficult tables-
adjusted to bring the outer surfaces into one
attention, so that
usefully continued for long
is
DYNASTY.
1st
for
it
many
days,
being attacked by different sorters whenever
line
or if there
;
an interval, yet
is
easily seen, within a very small
it
can be
amount, what
work allowed. The final condition of all these fragments now that there are some eight hundred paper
the height must be to render their outlines into
packets each containing the fragments of some
were taken: Height; radius, maximum; radius
one vase, each labelled with the name of the
of lip
;
and the number of the form.
radius
;
other
is
material, the tomb,
Whenever
may
fragments
fresh
be
available,
one curve.
For the drawings the following measurements radius
of base
of
angle of rise from base
of side with brim
angle
height
;
;
maximum if
needful,
sometimes also the
;
it is
only needful to look over the forms drawn,
angle at some intermediate point of the curve,
for
any that correspond,
or the height and radius of points along the
in order to at once
turn up the parcels of those forms, and see joining
a
In this way, after I had done
possible.
is
if
the greater part of our material, I frequently
from
identified the rest of a vase
ment
in a
a single frag-
minute or two.
After
curve, especially for pieces of large bowls.
marking
all
these dimensions and angles on half
a freehand outline was drawn, looking
scale,
Then the
closely at the character of the form.
thickness of the bowl was measured at two or
The restoration of the forms from the fragments was another question. Any piece of brim, or of base edge, gives two facts, (1) the
three points, and the inside curve was drawn.
radius of curvature, or distance from the axis of
drawing the inner curve.
the vase, and (2) the angle that the side makes
this
38.
with the
Hence
horizontal.
it
is
possible to
Lastly the drawings were all inked in
Orme, blacking the whole of the ground, and drawing
is
For dark materials
then photographically reversed,
so as to give a dark figure with a white line.
place a piece of brim and a piece of base into
The numbers and
approximate position without any intermediate
with white on the black ground.
The mode of doing this may be
parts or joining.
seen at the base
of pi. viiiA.
A
frame, like
three sides of a cube, has on the floor of
card ruled into
circles, half
piece of brim
set
is
on
this,
an inch apart.
it
a
A
mouth down, rocked
until the edge rests fairly on the card all along,
and,
wax
if
needful, held at that angle
stuck on to
the centre until circles.
Thus
Then
it.
it
it is
fits
by a to
leg of
and from
parallel to the nearest
put at the right angle, and
centred on the card. its
it is slid
Next the
piece of base has
curvature measured by a celluloid film ruled
with
circles.
And
it is
then stuck with
wax on
references
were written in
The forms are
from the most open to the most
all classified
closed.
39. Pis. xlvi., xlvii. Quartz Crystal. These vases were mostly of smaller size than those in
The colour varies a good deal, and serves to distinguish the vases into several other materials.
classes.
The chatoyant
tints in the sunshine,
quartz, often with opal
was used mainly
for thick
forms, and
is
yellowish or
smoky quartz was mainly of small The very thin, clear
size,
restricted
to
Den.
The
and used by Qa.
The fragments of No. 22 were scattered tombs
the rod moving in grooves exactly above the
it
is
;
in three
but they probably belong together, as
a peculiar oval bowl, of which the two
centre of the card.
sections are shown, one inside the other.
be
piece of base
slid
clear
quartz, like a watch-glass, belongs to Mersekha.
to the foot of a sliding rod centred to the axis,
Thus the piece of base can up and down on the same axis as that of
by Miss
is
The intermediate between the two
THE YASES.
Where an
axes.
inner curve
in these restorations, it
not continuous
is
means that there are no
fragments completing the whole that
it
is
carried out
by
pieces at top and base.
base
projection from the
Where
either top or
entirely missing, then a broken outline
is
is left,
but
outline,
as in Nos.
3,'
The thick
4c.
5, 6, 10, 13, 14,
probably the neck of a small
46
;
is
43
The large
jars,
Nos. .122 —127, are only found
otherwise in serpentine
they descend from the
;
types which were usual throughout the latter
The
half of the prehistoric age.
forms, Nos. 129-132, also have as long a history
descent from the prehistoric.
of
form, 129,
same
of the
is
48
—
The
fluted
class as the fluted bowl,
88, from the pattern of the base
bottle.
flattened ovoid
it is
evidently
basalt
The same type was in the Naqada Mena-tomb (De Morgan, Bechemhes, ii. fig. 684). The very large porphyry
of the same quality as that used in the fourth
with a dark grey base, like 133, seems to have
dynasty for building, coming from El Khankah near Bubastis. It is too soft to bear working:
been only worked in the age of Mena, as the
very thin in general, and most of the vases are
others
salt-cellar forms, Nos.
50, are
only found in crystal.
is
The
thick and heavy.
wavy
The brown
Basalt.
Pis. xlvi. a, b.
tall
cylinder vases, with
or rope lines (Nos. 76
— 83)
Most of
the other basalt forms also are akin to those in
and
alabaster,
belonging to the Nile valley
;
make
each vase felspar
is
shown by
is
impossible to
The general nature
where the
sy. for syenite,
surrounds the darker base
of
;
por.
for
porphyry, where the darker base surrounds the felspar
crystals,
large
for.
for large
porphyry, with detached big crystals of
and
di. for
looking,
speckled,
grained felspar,
meaning the rather soapy-
diorite,
translucent,
1a.,
1.,
very
is
difficult
have distinguished in the draw-
I
to classify.
The
Volcanic.
Ii.
variety of the volcanic material
sub-crystalline
Probably a petrologist would replace rock. each of these names by much longer, less known, but my object is to and more exact terms ;
by the obvious appearances which the ancients probably recognized. The fluted bowl of red porphyry, No. 88, is like some pieces found at Naqada, which were probably of the same age. The pink granite, No. distinguish the rocks
102, was published last year in B. T.
lavas,
&c.
includes
class.
Porphyry and Syenite. There are here classed together some very different materials, but they vary so impercepit
xlix a.,
Pis.
of varying grain such as volcanic ash, crystalline
Pis. xlviii. a, b, xlix.
a clear division.
603).
fig.
while the forms
eastern desert, are of a different
from another that
in
ings between vole, which includes all material
of the materials from the igneous rocks of the
tibly one
came from group B, and are like the Naqada Mena-tomb (Bech. ii.
all
materials
three
all
examples
are seldom
found except in basalt and alabaster. limestone
copied from basket work.
i.
vi.
8.
and
;
(metamorphic), which
met.
materials which have a uniform fine
all
grain of recrystallization
As
altered.
all
or
much
clearly
is
metamorphic rocks are included be in this
here, gneiss has to
It
class.
was
needful to wet most of the pieces and examine
with a magnifier before even this rough
The three -lobed bowl,
cation could be made.
No. 151,
is
very unusual
pottery
in
;
the same idea occurs
Mena
age of
the
of
classifi-
xxxiii.
(pi.
22).
PL Ha.
The colour
Serpentine.
varies greatly
some
;
is
jars
:
other
this
of the green translucent
kind usual in the prehistoric age with red veins
of
is
brown
;
;
other
is
green
and the large
are coarse yellow with black veins
much
decomposed.
40. slate
PI.
Kb.
Slate.
bowls are nearly
One bowl, 214,
is
all of
The
hundreds
the types 222
oval, the
of
—227.
drawing showing
the narrow view, and the wide view being
Two curious necked And besides the cylinder
about half as wide again. vases occur, 228, 229.
;
EOYAL TOMBS OF THE
44
vase, 230, there pi.
another in the photographs,
is
terial varies
much, but cannot be confounded
with any other
It
class.
hard, opaque, white,
is
sometimes the veining
:
This ma-
Dolomite Marble.
Pis. lie, d, e.
of clearer
is
white, but usually of grey, and sometimes of
The magnesia of the on the surface as a powdery
almost black.
quartz
dolomite
white
left
is
incrustation, if
solution
it
by weathering.
like those of the volcanic
No. 265 other
tombs
;
often of a pinky all
veined.
The
a plain ring of stone, perhaps an
Pis. Hf., g, h, Hi.,
Alabaster.
liii., liiiA.
the commonest material of
all,
and
used for cylinder jars, which are of to nine inches also
across.
is
This
mainly
all sizes
up
The bowls, which are
very common, are not fully represented
here, as illness during the last
flat
week
at
Abydos
my
working over a large quantity. saucers, Nos. 295 298, are like what
prevented
The
—
were found at Hierakonpolis, probably of the age
of
became more
cylindrical again (Dios. xxviii.)
and in the Xllth Dynasty
much
Narmer
again widened
it
to the top (Dios. xxix.)
;
which
after
Pis.
(Hierakon.
in nature, to
and none of them numerous enough
form a separate
pi.
xxxiv.).
The
They
class.
are
more usual
in the later reigns, as soft stone supplanted the
hard igneous rocks that were most used at
The forms are not
distinctive
;
types occur, such as 403-6, 412, 454, and the
The pendant form
in this dynasty. differs
Nos.
much from
129
— 131
which comes to
of this type
the spheroidal type given in so
:
far
as
have seen the
I
examples, both from the royal tombs and else-
made
where, the pendant form was only
and
breccia,
in a late period
form was the for the
earlier,
the spheroidal
;
hard rocks.
Pis. liiiE., e.
some
the examples are put in historical order.
age,
The
to the earlier part of this
and disappears altogether half-way through The most important example
the 1st Dynasty. of the rope
No. 359.
band
is
the great vase of Narmer,
The rope pattern
is
often
made with
wide cuts across the ridge at all periods of this age.
The
unusual.
double
band
(368,
Some examples
half view (381
are
369)
The very narrow
very
only given in
— 388), to save space
thus they give the general
is
;
but paired
effect of the size.
forms, 379, 392, belong to the
in
and was preferred always
Grey Limestone.
varieties in this class
There are
the grey and white
;
brown-grey limestone taking
;
end
its
band (336—344), with wavy band (345—355), with rope band (356 392), and with plain band (393 398) and in each of these classes
—
first.
but some unusual
saccharine marble, often with green tints
wavy band belongs
A
Coloured Limestone.
d.
c,
liiiB.,
cylinder jars are divided into those without a
—
it
seems to have become extinct.
old prehistoric form 455,
armlet.
is
;
are all grouped together here, as being similar
white colour, and scarcely at is
Vlth Dynasty, widened much to the top with in the Xth Dynasty it flat brim (Dios. xxviii.)
The forms are much vases. The spout in
is
it
lasted on to the
it
;
great variety of marbles, limestones, and breccias
met with in volcanic ash from The type No. 281 is a favourite
in the earlier
iii.)
has been exposed to
also
is
sites.
form 288
This type had begun early in the
later time.
prehistoric (Diospolis,
vik. 16.
with veins
DYNASTY.
1st
a soapy polish
the grey and white shelly limestone
earthy limestone
;
and
grey taking a high
soft
The forms are mostly usual types
the
ribbed saucer, 462,
oval jar with
wavy
;
the dull
;
polish. little
the
;
is
unique
;
;
but
and the
handle, 483, differs from
all
other examples. PI. liiiG.
Rough Limestone.
always coarse and thick
in
This class
the
material being unsuited to the finer
most of
it is
is
forms,
the
work
and
;
of the later period.
41. Beside the vase forms
drawn here there were many examples which were so closely like others already drawn that it was needless to repeat them.
directly
They need, however,
THE VASES. to be recorded in order to be able to identify
any fragments that may be elsewhere, and to show what are the forms known in each material. Also the statistics of the use different reigns,
of materials in
and the history
of the different
types, will require a complete record such as this,
whenever they are worked
following
lists
out.
In the
the materials are classed as in the
number of the form duplicated the tomb letter, and any needful detail
plates, the
is
given,
of
the material, or note of different
Crystal.
size.
45
ROYAL TOMBS OP THE
46
42.
Last
many
year
closely resembling
the
pottery
of
pieces
Aegean ware came
to
tomb of Mersekha, and a few in Den these are shown on pi. liv.
light in the
that
of
:
Before publishing
these
ascertain whether
known
in
thought
I
best
was
such pottery
any other connection, and
to
already
if
were
it
possibly due to any later offerings than those of
The opinion of Prof. FurtWolters was that the ware
the 1st Dynasty.
wangler and Prof.
most resembled the
earliest Island pottery
that the exact fabric soil. it
but
;
was yet unfixed on Greek
Mr. Arthur Evans, however, claims that
resembles some of the pottery of tbe Ilnd
Dynasty from El Kab, which
have not yet
I
had the opportunity of comparing with
it.
If
would only show that such pottery continued to come from the same source, wherever so, it
We
that might have been.
will
now
look at
the internal and external evidences.
The body of the ware is identical with that of the same later Aegean or Mykenaean pottery ;
soft,
Such
light-brown clay, decomposing in quite
is
unknown
flakes.
The face is a manner unknown
in Egypt.
finished with a finer clay, in
DYNASTY.
1st
The marks on the pottery are not Egyptian another example of such found this year is shown on pi. xxv. 12. The external evidence for the decorated common.
;
pottery
that the
is
found
the
in
Mersekha
all
—that
of
of one
ruins
and no
;
fragments are nearly
later
tomb
there beyond a small sprinkle of
XXIInd
of the
Dynasty.
not a single piece
—the
found on the tomb of Zer,
is
shrine
Osiris
—where
tons
XXVIth that
it
ings.
The evidence
Dynasties.
tomb of Den (the first three pieces on the plate and others this year) are of a ruder and less complete fabric, and might well precede the rest by a few generations. The evidence about the second class, the unpainted pottery,
N.-W.
small
now
is
the
of
cell
tomb
brick stair having been built over
XVIIIth Dynasty, In
Mykenaean pottery a colouring unEgypt until the Greek influence, and then very unusual. The patterns are those common on the Mykenaean pottery, such as
tunately
< < < ^
by a peculiar
followed
" ?)
("northern sign.
Mr.
measuring cord
form of the
staff
"
on
engraved.
vii. a.
1.
From
a hunting
scene.
The
jackal standard appears thus also in B. T.,i.,
PL
xxxii.
Note
2.
fig.
39.
^ jj^
o,
etc., as
on B. T.,l, xv.
"J
16 (see p. 41), xvii. 28. Cf.
B.
T., L, xi. 5
4.
Cf.
B.
T., L, xi.
5.
Cf. B. T., L, xi. 6.
1
as in Hierakonpolis, viii.
2.
ii.
Note the name of the king written
(?)
in B. T., L, xii. 2. A/WW\
PL
•£
with the det. of the nose, as a variant of
(,
/wwvs
left.
Note the emblems S passed through
13.
much PL I
= xiv. 12. L4 = xv. 16
3.
of
M. Capart has quoted some of
be affirmed
of Crocodilopolis, the capital of
10. See note
or in the
the fasces
name
the Faiyum, and
goddess of hunting
compare
may
Note that the shrine surmounted by a bucranium, as here shown, forms the hiero-
would
thus be very appropriate as a symbol of " attendants " armed to follow their lord in
Further
xxxii. 39, the
8.
a ceremonial combination of the instruments
(hooked
PL
and executioner in their employ.
|
for catching
I think that it
associated.
It scarcely
seems to be an instrument for use, but rather
i.,
that the jackal was the servant messenger and
consists of a taper-
curved over into a rather
T.,
S
symbol of Mafdet and the jackal symbol of Anubis or of Upuat (Ophois) are seen
broad hook at the top, and a handled knifeblade,
that in B.
is
feline
in texts of the
on the Palermo
as
we may note
determined by a
is
In the Pyramid Texts
cat. ;
name
the
This points to the same interpretation.
likewise accompanied
no indication of spots. Probably, therefore, Mafdet is a goddess. In a leopard, as there
depicted dangling from the hooked staff of
but the
and could hardly be
lioness,
tombs of the kings, in which a human head
attendant of the gods
not certain, and the
is
DYNASTY.
1st
suffix /,
;
,
,
51
THE INSCRIPTIONS. R.
5.
Cf.
6.
For another boat R.
see
Horus
PL
T., I, xii. 1
L,
T., is
viii.
= xvii.
26.
inscription of this king
The p^q
9.
under
sign
compared by Mr. Petrie with that
xxvi. 59, xxvii. 102, and B.
which he thinks may be a
T.,
in
x.
i.
fishing-net.
the bull and net (see Mr. Petrie's note), probably the ibis of Thoth on a shrine compare Eiera;
konpolis,
T
^L
followed
by
~^
R.
xv., etc.
__^
T.,
i
i.,
The legend
xxvi.B.
I.,
"
s=
with variations
,
PL PL
xi. 1
=
iii.
2.
xi. 2
=
iii.
6,
at this period in inscriptions of the earlier kings,
PL
xii.
The forked
8.
R.
L, xiii.
T.,
appears
later.
27, 50)
and
sign like i
xix.
2,
9,
%
dis-
appropriately red, as
must be admitted that the differences are striking, and that there seems some distinction between the two in their it
employment however, ^- | ¥ The early engravers translate. :
,
certainly
a tendency to incomplete outline,
warrant for
in
it
in D,
M
,
the nature of the object.
seems very probable that
It
e.g.
show
though possibly not without some
i,
3,
difficult to
is
"
1
ii.
8.
is
Note the erased inscription mentioning the palace s'-h* of the Horus Ra-neb with the king
of
inscription
subsequent
~"wvn
See
.
The
p. 26.
name
scribed
u
°
p\
ma)
^j
ings 20
^^
§
—
R.
(cf. viii. 6,
7
=
= seal
8.
Apparently Upuat.
9.
Neit,
ft
the
in
third
ys.
viii. 3.
and ii.
to
the
df|.
= iii.A
etc.
of the
Here at the top
name
The other
1.
ii.
figured
l~~\
in
the plate are from jars.
Note
92.
91,
the
Mer on the sealings awkward to arrange together compartment, see the
R.
of Menes,
PL
the
in a rectangular
grouping on the
xxix.,
and above
ii.
Here tmh alternates with the .Ka-name
Nar-mer, suggesting that the latter Menes, in the same give
?),
evidence wise
(?)
are
signs
T,, L, iv. 2.
|
In the second row, behind
I.,
artistic
;
Nar
of
separation
from
93. 5, 6.
=
89
Horus name
slate Hierakoivpolis,
symbol, a divine boat (of Sokaris
a temple of Neit,
No.
king's
4.
2
xiii.
xxi.
have, beside the Horus
%Z
48. PL
3,
§
=
PL
164,
x. 2, xi.
-[)-
group
on the
those
Anubis
sign beneath
instances
they belonged
that
7.
the
seal-
and 129.
T., L, viii. 9)
and others again to the tomb. PL viii.A. 4 fits R. T., I, viii. 3. part of a bird. 6. The standard shows the upper
we
resembles
closely
instance appears to be 6.
(hardly
Sealings.
palace,
x. 1
[l^
40, 41, 118, while the whole
LJ
(?)
The
5.
last sign
travelling outfit, just as others belonged to the
PL PL
•
=6=
a^ so f
mi2 )> c ^-
Qed-hotep of Zer, occurring also in an inscrip-
|
Mr. Petrie's interpretation,
n^
be
contains the
3
the correct reading.
12.
is
it
'^^
common group
contains the
3
(unless
[l
muy
U
and O are The , With the first group later.
("washing of the king's hand," Petrie) compare v. 13, 14, viii. 12, also the note on on
Hetep-Sekhe-
a
a
and black,
colours, red
used in the hieroglyphs on these tablets, are not
(sealings 75, 78, etc.) suggests
of each other, but
xii.
The
1, 3, 4.
altogether arbitrary.
only variants
found in
is
see x. 2.
of I If (sealings
forked sign and 8 are
that the
but
21, 22, 27,
The occurrence
8
not
is
takes the throne of Horus,"
who
uncommon
7 joins the fragment R. T., L, ix. 10.
in the last line
names
the
it
is
way
of Zet
that No.
2,
and Zer
;
may be 109, may
but
such
very far from trustworthy, other-
would prove that Aha was
also
e 2
named
;
.
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE
52
%j%?^» P e Morgan,
both | ^ (No. 99) and
Naqada
558), whereas the tablet of
fig.
gives his
name with royal title,
viz.
or at least some very similar sign. of the
king
a
of (pi.
name with
personal
on one
those
and of Azab (B.
vii. 5, 6),
T,,
and the indirect cases of Azab and Semerkhet
4^
i.,
seal 57)
(seals 58,
(seal 72).
contrast to Az-ab, No. 57)
not in
itself signi-
as that title never appears
before the
is
xiv.
PI.
99 were
98,
found also in
the
Naqada tomb (De Morgan, Becherches, ii., figs. For the group 8 ^ cf. No. 116 and 556, 557).
^[l~
y-t
PI. xv.
B.
T.,
(?)
in No. 53 (B. T.,
111.
cf.
the sealings of Mer-neit,
/*
Den and
and the
stelae
(?)
may
later.
(j
5?5?
i.).
of the time of " keeper
be
of
the rams (or goats)." 112. " 113.
Compare PL
group
the
(Ptahhdep,
may
also
the
of I.,
15.
ii.
?
Beyond is nubis hnt-sh-ntr. For the town name cf. 45 47, 149, 153, 159, 161—63. The city- name occurs on Nos. 23 52,
private name.
PL
49, 50,
139.
—
136.
xviii.
=&= occurs on Nos.
141. S"
118
84,
83,
Morgan,
141,
(?),
Bech.,
ii.,
made
are
have
"^
plovers
three
^ "^
be followed by
or by
(j
s '
fl .
The
Hieralconpolis, L, xxvi.
PL
xvi.
and
o. 1,
xxxi.
of
the its
bird
in
occtirrence
1 (?), 3.
yyy
In every instance the
with bent bars on his back as on the tablets of Hesy, also
^
sh and a shrine, which in
signs
A East and
W North
<
(making North-east
121—24. seem
Cf.
PL
?),
are in juxtaposition
as in No. 37.
takes the place of
but
cf.
136
group
is
De Morgan as OS: in increased
by S8S
by
^= bac~k of re.dL
B
^^ J
18
2:1
ABYDOS.
TABLETS OF KING AHA-MEN.
XI.
2:1
ABYDOS.
PAINTED INSCRIPTIONS,
&C.
XII.
,iiiift}
|BIIIIIIIIIWI||||
•
% X
'if
dLif'f
i
Piece of Wooden Figure,
painted on breast nith Necklaces. C.
wESSi Wooden cylinder inscribed
in ink.
Q
Ivory Tablet
Q
2:3
SEALINGS OF KINGS KA AND NARMER
ABYDOS.
PL. XIII.
(B).
89
B7
B
ll
90
B
B7
15
92
91
bODDlU V
vvvvvvv
_£
fi^DC?
iQDDDLir
isc
m
B 9.17
94 93
eh eqi nil eddoiii 111 yiith
NARIAE.R
B6
B 18?
96 95
B
16
2:3
ABYDOS.
SEALINGS OF KING AHA-MEN
PL. XIV.
(B).
98
LB DDDD DDDD DDDD
^g
D
DDDD DDDD DDDD
99
100
101
102
Sfefg^v^; Hff
103
104
ABYDOS.
SEALINGS OF KING ZER-TA
105 "jonon
DDDn noDDn
^SSC
ifumnl innru
Lnaru innnl
m
noon
nooorr
Innn
uwu
DOf
106
-
(O).
PL.
XV,
2:3
ABYDOS.
SEALINGS OF KING ZER-TA
PL. XVI.
(O).
114
116
115
bK
117
12-1
118
119
121
7
123
120
122
124
2:3
ABYDOS. SEALINGS OF KING ZET-ATH
(Z)
125-130 and KING
^
125
uu
A
u 010
DEN-MERNEIT
(Y) 131-135.
126
PL. XVII.
127
:^
.\^
128
129
131
130
132
134
133
-M
135
—=3iifc=™
^1
Ip^l
#1
V
T
144
hrifi
& wit A A^#W
flOODO" &
DDD0
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