The Races of the Old Testament
May 9, 2017 | Author: Basil Chulev | Category: N/A
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The Races of the Old Testament...
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JLJHPaHjs
Bnotoletogi
of Bible
XVI
The
of the Old
Races
H.
A.
LL.D.
SAYCE, AUTHOR
'
THE
FRESH
HlTTITES,
THE
OR
Testament
LIGHT
OF
Ko\V.
\NH
A
FORGOTTEN
65
1(14
ST.
l'AUL*S
I'ICCADILI.V
l89l
'
EMPIRE,'
SOCIETY
TRACT
RELIGIOUS
I'ATKRNOSTKK
MONUMENTS
THE
FROM
STORY
THE
OF
CIIURCHYAkI"
ETC.
HORACE
HART,
PRINTER
THE To
UNIVERSITY
PREFACE.
following
THE
due
indulgence research. busied biblical
the
last of
ethnology We
the
owe
be
must
Old
based
to
that
that has
of
materials
the of
Flinders
practical archaeologists,
Mr.
and
ethnographic
on
of
photographs the
Egyptian
British
Mr.
us
R.
logical
to
us
the
belongs
in the
Institute
reproduction. carried
upon
very
the
of
far ;
the
to
of
first
the of
the
by
there
were
A
2
ancient of
obtaining
grant
which
a
itself needed
the
grant would the
it and
The
casts
represented for
have
the last
at
work.
To
calling
the
mine
unexplored
members
leading
But
to
pictures
that
which
the
possible.
made
1886-7,
merit
only
excavators
types
;
of
study
Petrie.
of
winter
anthropologists
preserved
artists, and
the
foundation
Poole of
attention facts
solid
a
S.
in
still
is
it
upon
he
of
its materials
become
which
monuments,
Association
given
the
science,
a
living
the
field
new
Indeed,
years
prince
a
young
Testament
part
greater
a
still.
four
or
in
arranging
younger
three
the
and
with
received
attempts
is but
its facts is
ethnology
within
itself
collecting
in
first
to
Ethnology
be
must
pages
of
Egyptian Anthropo for
their
not
have
seeing
eye
PREFACE.
4
the
and
graph British
in
1887,
a
Mr.
from
the
ancient
and Sculptures,' Tomkins
G.
Journal
in
found
unrestricted
an
a
complete
hundreds,
Apart
available
material
Most
ethnology. examples terra-cotta
must
be
the
of
Balawat
the memoir
are
on
them
Balawat,
Petrie
his
at
the
the
present
volume.
has
allowed
photographs
Those
who
photographs
several
45^. from
the
student
of
the
Assyrian in the
studied
in the Ornaments
published by
Old
Testament
Babylonian
and
Museum
depicted
reproduced Bronze
of
originalbas-reliefs
British
the
Kent.
is little published
there
for
the
on
in
desire
number
price of
low
in
which
to
High Street,Bromley,
75
soldiers
The
of
photographs, which
figuresin
Armenian
of
from
these
from
Mr.
Petrie
follow.
which
pages
Browning Hogg,
Mr.
the
to
made
be
to
obtain
can
Rev.
subject
same
references
generosity,Mr.
of the
set
the
Ethnographic
and
Record,
footnotes
the
use
the illustrating
by
the
Tomkins
and
Pictures
of
on
for
AnthropologicalInstitute, and
characteristic
With
Mr.
Oriental
and
Babylonian will be
the
of
articles
the
'Racial
on
paper
Collection
'
Further
published by
been
the
the
on
results
Science
of
Egyptian
supplementary
a
Egypt.'
in
Types have
in
The
himself
Petrie
by
photo
to
Report of
Advancement
report
Photographs
H.
for the
Association
the
in
given
are
the
select
explorer,to
scientific skill.
with
Petrie's labours
Mr.
the
preservedexamples, and
them
model
or
of
mind
best
typicaland
most
of
observing
the
;
the
bronze
and
figures gates
platesaccompanying of the
Palace
Society
of
Gates
Biblical
Archaeology Chaldacan
while
;
(3,6, 12,
22) of
and
the
photographs of
in
found
be
ACE.
discovered
heads
Louvre, will
PREP
The
picturesand
Heuzey's Dhouvertes
and
The
quity.
sculpturesbequeathed
of other
exceeding that
individual
face,and
at
be
can
he
may
head
of
times the
that
me
recede
in
proved
have
in
exaggerated
into stronger relief all be it
drawn
themselves the
heads
by
the
upon
goes
racial
Empire of
the
Hittite show
to
Egyptian in the
such
side.
in
strikingfeature remarked
has
forehead
is made
to
the
We
have
great
as
Hittite
profileas
by the
monuments
that
the
with
Egyptians
is
of the
comparison
after
it may
exaggeration
Hittites
exaggeration was only
published by inscriptions
the Hittites
at
exaggerations only bring
the a
photo
Doubtless
and peculiarity,
all events
At
profileas drawn
a
But
an
of his likenesses
Garson
the
anti
traits in
almost
with
some
Dr.
cases
questioned whether
seems.
them
instances.
numerous
unnaturally.
salient
trustworthiness
certain
far
gift for
innate
an
the
once
foreigner,and
a
had
reproduced
graphic fidelity.The
by the
us
relics of Oriental
artist
Egyptian
to
ethnological value
an
similar
portraiture; he seized
on
the
in
now
beautifully-executedplates
however,
have,
Egyptians
as
early
Chaldte.
en
to
the
the
and
Tello,
at
Sarzec
de
5
(platesviii and
look
to
Dr.
Wright
ix) to
assure
not
at
the
in his our
selves of the fact. The
Egyptian
prisoners whom
artists the
took
Pharaoh
as
had
their led
models
with
him
the into
6
PREFACE.
Egypt.
astonishing what instance
every
from
comes
the
of
its own,
Of
mistaken. selves not
in the
course
in the
portraits of have
natives
the
features Virchow's whose the
the
the
fact
new
been
of the
will be
Egyptian papyrus the
with
has
upon
further
who,
her
Before
from
in
the
the
which repetitions
in
or
at
actual
anthropologist.
the
be
for the
last
at
by
that
one
the
first
Zakkur settled
Golenischeff, must
be
the
definite habitation
for
those
Exodus,
I
offer with
been
Mr.
they
A
the
than
more
announced
Cyprus.
met
the
el-Bahari, illustrate
Deir
of the north.
will be
painting,
Pharaohs,
has
must
which
skulls of the
islands
concluding
Nile
the
after
age
The
Professor
obtained
been
does
preserved.
consequence in
he
allies.
in which
last winter
obtained
be
never
can
still
monuments
accordingly
Egypt
it
geographicalposition of
of Salamis
Teukrians
in statuary
to
to
peculiarities
the
following pages
found
the
of
a
of
this has
Thus
by
are
found
course
careful to
or
valley of
mummies
were
time. the
us
the
measurements
advantage In
to
dead
mummies
been
which
assistance
an
of the
bequeathed
of
individual
Egyptians them
of the
case
of their enemies
case
supplemented by
are
presented by
type
ethnologisthas
the
possess
they
racial
the
which
the
have
face may
individual
the
Though
artist has
the
in
exists group
a
in spiteof locality,
same
differences of detail which note.
of
members
it is
life,and
racial resemblance
close
a
between
the
from
consequently
drew
They
an
of
enemies descended
apology
in the volume.
for
the
They
PREFACE.
have
been
due
ligibleto In fact to
of my
present
clear
who
readers
one
a
necessityof making the book
the
to
difficulties in
form.
leptorrhine must
and be
given of
the
facial
ceeded
the
portion
remembered,
of their
in
subject,if
is called
make
science
ought
to
be
which ficiality
is too
I have
of such
terms
educated of
man
treat
We
manner.
the
be a
scientific value, in
thing, the
often
suc
It must
'
is one intelligibility
and
impossibleto
popular
of every
aim
that
meaning
of any
to intelligible
the
must
measured
are
hope
it is
it is to be '
a
dolichocephalic
repellentcharacter.
purely
a
I
in
robbing the explanations of
however, that
what
but
skulls
scientific
reader, and
been
explanations
occur,
in which
the
making
clear to every
scientific
mode
like
Terms
indeed
writing it has
ethnologicalstudy
angle determined, but
in
some
of
department
new
intel
ethnologistsby profession.
not
are
main
readable
and
.7
may
public;
science
do
to
inaccurate
signifiedby
'
it
so
;
super '
popular writing
is another. In
respect I have
one
down
for
those
audience. time of
to
the
many
I have
of its
of
facts,more Old
For
the
sake
more
than
break
gain the
ethnology
the
rule laid
of
a
wide
footnotes
from
ear
in the
made
in the text.
Many
still disputed,and
are
especiallythose bearing
Testament,
speak positivelywhere to
to
to
given references
conclusions
journals.
wish
for the statements
time
of the
races
who
ventured
are
hidden
of clearness the
evidence
away
I have does
not
and preponderant probability,
the
on
in learned often
had
yet
amount
in such
cases
to
8
PREP
it is in
detail
to
it.
author,
the
drawing
fresh be
to
opened
up.
observers
and
I shall of
the
lated
which
path
of
science,
of
but
Year
What
is
utilise
one
in
a
and
the
origin
common
diverse,
outlines
have
and
stimu
history
indeed, and
in a
AUGUST,
1891.
H.
of
the common
hope. A.
view
made.
are
main
the
humanity
of
workers
are
that
and
expect
points
and
in
new
a
may
wanted
pursue,
Europe.
succeeded
we
new
sketched
;
discussions
to
year
should
world
opinion.
the
students
by
Biblical
the
have
(a.s
authority
of Western if I
the
rests
or
decided
a
discoveries
have
they
give
chiefly
the
that
the
on
more
relating
means
which
races
discovered,
ancient
facts
regards
as
Biblical
investigate
to
the
be
the
accepted,
on
to
case
if I
content
others
races
of
be
to
one
upon
enquiry.
materials
subject
it
given
accomplished
be
of
is
prehistoric
attention
field
fruitful
to
will
aim
the
inscriptions)
the
the
with
connected
for
generally
is
called
fortunately
is
look
not
are
finally
or
study
to to
cuneiform
is not
ethnologist
My
where
text
of the
case
This
the
in
the
wish
references
Where
the
of
know
should
statement
in
who
those
that
right
ACE.
SAYCE.
the
eyes
TABLE
CONTENTS.
OF
CHAP.
PACK
I.
II.
THE
SCIENCE
OF
LANGUAGE
28
CHAPTER
THE
TENTH
IV.
THE
SEMITIC
THE
EGYPTIANS
9
RACE
AND
III.
V.
ETHNOLOGY
OF
GENESIS
39
69
RACE
.82 .
VI.
THE
VII.
THE
VIII.
IX.
PEOPLES
OK
CANAAN
100
HITTITES
130
EUROPE,
AFRICA,
ARABIA
AND
143
166
CONCLUSIONS
TABLE
OF
RACES
OF
THE
OLD
TESTAMENT
174 .
.
APPENDIX .
.
.175
INDEX
17? .
OF
LIST
ILLUSTRATIONS.
SAHOBCBDL.
"o,
So.
5o.
Head
i.
3.
Tie
"
RJBHKS
IT-
i
of
king
FFmrn
4.
of
ttflBc
"e
ieact
-nrnic
ae
inm
G"c
"e
Hall
Karaak
of
01
ide
2t
dme ,
5ii.
of
Ramses
s.
Thee
S.
EL
HrrtH".
ade
-me
r
u
beads
Ramses
iorn
die
top
"
tbe
TrioM
of
the
EL
.
So.
r
H"d
lae.atKamMk.
.
)i
tiie
dnef
of
Ganaa
or
GmA
oran
the
oaroie
a
IJST
P.
109.
Head
of
01'
Menti-Sati
a
123.
Head
of
Mitanni, Hall
P.
124.
Head
of
125.
Head
of III
P.
127.
Heads
153.
Head
inhabitant Karnak
of
of
of
Ramses
of
from
the
of
country
from
the
Great
the
Hall
Great
Karnak
of
II.
the
from
Damascus,
(southern
of
face
a
Thothmcs
of
pylon).
the
of
Ashkelon
temple
Hittite
type
from
the
cross-
Karnak.
Shakalsha
a
Ramses
from
III.
The
the is
type
fa9ade
of
Latin,
and
Habu,
Medmet
probably
time
of
represents
a
Sikel.
P.
155.
Head
of
Shairdana
a
time
Habu, P.
156.
Head
of
a
159.
Head
of
a
a
of
Hanivu
(Eighteenth P.
of
II.
type,
Ramses
of
Scripture,
gate
Jewish.
in
Euphrates,
of of
strongly
is
type
the
on
Hittite
time
inhabitants
of wall
P.
of
side),
at
lanua
time
Karnak,
an
The
the
from
Peninsula)
Aram-Naharaim
Rutennu
a
(north P.
of
the
of
Sinaitic
Karnak.
at
inhabitant
an
the
(of
Nekht-Hor-heb
P.
II.LVSTRATIOXS.
painting
Ramses
or
of
on
the
wall
from
Greek, at
the
the
from
fa9ade
of
Medinet
III.
Ionian
Dynasty)
member
Sardinian
or
the
pylon
of
Hor-em-heb
Karnak.
Western of
the
(or tomb
Libyo-European) of
Meneptah.
race,
from
THE
RACES
OLD
THE
OF
TESTAMENT.
CHAPTER
THE
WE
divided
allusions the
the
fact.
mind
Like
the
race
is
which
words
often
In
meaning. and
'species'
whatever
by
the
speak self is
a
is
ethnology mankind.
In of
special
divided,
it has
'
in
term
the
to
that
'
;
most
the
upon
term
their
the is
which
loose
*
and
is
lower
appropriated
race.' deals
into
The
with
definite '
'
race
to
man
signified
animals
species
word sense.
terms
application
term
the
the
use,
science, the
has
man
denote
science
first and
precise
very
one
of
case
species
and is
the
race
somewhat
a
the
popular
a
of
language
signified by
other.
only
in
equivalent
are
different
a
themselves
in
are
employed the
a
different
a
the
at
man.
which
Scientifically, however,
to
to
of
one
impress of
student
belongs
of
race,
look
cannot
ourselves, is
is full
Keltic
the
We
is
mankind
literature
he
that
from
that
fact
race,
like.
distinction
facts
most '
'
feeling
Racial
of
the
humanity
prominent
the Modern
races.
and
race,
of
species
with
Anglo-Saxon
without
negro
ETHNOLOGY.
OF
familiar into
to
Latin
in
SCIENCE
all
are
I.
we
to
which science
the
races
;
also can
him
he of of
RACES
THE
10
THE
OF
TESTAMENT.
OLD 0
A
is not
then,
race,
nation
a
or
nationalityor
a
a
consist people. A nation may bound to of more than one race ; it is a body of men and government gether by the possession of a common a common history, but not necessarilyof a common of various British nation is a mixture origin. The has which existed races politicalunion among ; the
community,
a
even
or
has
for centuries
them
part of
nationalityis
that
the
of its
memory
has population which similar laws, habits, and common
the
just as basis the
of
a
basis
history.
of
the
and
nation
a
preserved
It is that
part of
a
is the
government
common
possession of claims
The
race.
a
has
with community language. The possession of fact,the basis of a nationality, into
grown
language is,in possession of
A
nation.
a
which
nation
a
common
a
a
this mixture
made
of
origin nationalitymust
a
a
common
linguisticgrounds, those of a nation politicalgrounds, while racial unity is determined
be
decided
kinship
in blood
of
with
race
on
on
A
traits. physiological
and
nationality has
than
more
by
confusion
brought
once
results. political The term people is wider than those of nation than and nationality.'A people is a nation and more nation ; it represents the population, whatever a may exists in a particular be its origin or history, which
with
it disastrous
'
'
'
'
'
of
than
sense
narrower
England
'
do
not
the
'
term
include
nation whole
the
used
be
it to
cause
its
hand,
other
the
geographical locality. On graphical application may
'
'
;
in
a
people
the
of the
geo
'
British
nation.' We
must
fallacythat guage
is
the
at
no
race
test
outset
and of
disabuse
language race;
the
our
are same
of the old
minds
synonymous. race
may
Lan
speak
THE
SCIENCE
ETHNOLOGY.
OP
II
different
the
same
our
speak languages, and different races may need look further than not language. We
island
to
spoken by
men
own
Keltic
the
the
The the
as
Teutons
while
guages,
Kelts
of
Cornwall
Scandinavians of
the
within
speak northern
of the On
east
coast.
and
Wales
the
English is
this.
of
and
Teutonic, Scandinavian,
of
of Cornwall
Kelts
truth
the
alike
blood.
language or
discover
limits
the
speak
of Wales
the
same
counties,
other
hand,
different
lan
itself we
have
Welsh-speaking and an English-speaking population which nevertheless race. belongs to the same Perhaps the Jews afford the best proof of the futility of drawing ethnologicalconclusions from the evidence of language. Wherever the Jews have they have adopted the gone they have settled. language of the country in which There of Jewish descent numbers of Jews or persons are in England who know other language than no English, and who, on philologicalgrounds alone, could not be the The distinguished from ordinary Englishman. of Jews in communities sacred language of certain but old Spanish, South-eastern Europe is not Hebrew that the language of their ancestors having been when they were expelled from Spain in the fifteenth a
century. All social
that
is
contact.
proved by The
a
fact that
speak English proves that with Englishmen. contact and
easilylanguages
another,
and
there
community
are
are
of
Kelts
the
is
language of
Cornwall
they have been sociallyin It is astonishinghow quickly
borrowed certain
by races
one
people
which
seem
from to
peculiar readiness to adopt the language of others. Usually, of course, it is conquest which causes a people to adopt the language of another, the slave
display
a
servant
or
OF
rather
than
understand
what
throughout
Western
to
the
conquest
Norman
the
is said
TESTAMENT.
in
conquerors
him.
to
But
of Arabic
spread due,
not
of
need
through
the
the
to
and
reading
be
causes
The the
Italy adopted in
world
of
Islam,
understanding
the
the
and
era,
eastern
the
in
Palestine
Christian
trade
of
necessities
sword
before
result.
same
and
the
much
so
other
the
France
before
centuries
few
Africa
Northern
languages of the conquered ; the by Aramaic superseded Hebrew last
being compelled Latin was spoken
master
Europe and Roman Empire. will bring about
fall of the
sides
OLD
THE
RACES
THE
12
been
has as
the
to
its
in
Qoran
originaltongue. ethnologistcan derive from the he testimony of language is a presumption that where finds two language, peoples or tribes speaking the same him that they also be show further investigationmay race. Language, we have seen, in long to the same often implies social contact social contact, and dicates The
The
Kelts
have
intermarried
for
centuries
as
Cornwall
of
well.
intermarriage Wales
the
that
utmost
mixed
it is not
and
ethnologistwants in
even
see,
individuals
the
racial
the the
types
paternal
or
the
observer
has
no
it fall under
to
several race
as
races a
it have
within
individuals
pure
neigh
a
mixed
race,
which
races
investigate. Moreover, as we race a large proportion
belonging
Though
posed. to
mixed
a
characterise
which
the
to
but
races
the
with
bouring population of England. Intermarriage,however, produces only
of
maternal
their
the
a
side.
The
shall of
it is
the
on
most
at in distinguishing difficulty
com
mixed,
remains
tendency
ancestors
the
definite types
of which
whole
and
to
revert
either
the
superficial least
two
RACES
THE
14
At
led to their creation.
would
matters
One
of the
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OF
such
present speculation' upon
but
a
little way.
carry
us
most
important
characteristics
that
dis
shape of the is called dolichocepha what skull. Certain are races lic or long-headed, while others are brachycephalic or relate to the proportion round-headed. These terms If its transverse of the length of the skull to its breadth. diameter is to its longitudinalin the proportion of from the skull is dolichocephalic;if it is in the 70 to 80 to 100 proportion of from 80 to 90 to 100 it is brachycephalic. A skull which is in the proportion of 75 to is a 100 typicallylong one ; a skull which is in the proportion of 85 to 100 Skulls below is typicallybroad. the pro tinguish races
portion
of 70 to
met
with, and
the
proportion
medial.
short
many
Stature
skull, a tall
100
is
a
often
insufficient
Savage short
of 90 to
corresponds
accompanying
round
Stature, however, nourishment.
that
100
not
are
craniologists regard skulls in which about 80 to 100 as mesocephalic or
stature
stature
above
or
is the
another
from
one
the
to a
long
form
of the
skull
and
a
skull. is
largelydependent on food and Stunted growth is often the result 01 to insanitaryconditions. food, or exposure
tribes
which
before
have their
been
remarkable
for
their
with
European civili sation,have increased in height and general size when in receiptof a regularsupply of plentiful food. Stature be regarded as of those by itself cannot one physio It may be logicaltraits which separate race from race. a
stature
racial
in other to
the
Even
and characteristic, cases
it is
contact
is
so
dependent
on
growing child. craniology is
not
in
always
some
instances
the nourishment
a
safe
guide.
;
but
given Skulls
and
been of
tribes in which
of
know
we
North
for
America,
such
natural
form,
distortions
of the Flathead
children
The
customary.
15
their
from
distorted artificially
be
may
ETHNOLOGY.
OF
SCIENCE
THE
Indians
subjected
instance, were
have
to
an
flatteningof the skull while their bones were stillsoft and placed between plastic. Their heads were pieces of board, which gradually brought them into the required shape. In dealing with ancient skulls,there be on his guard against such fore,the craniologistmust artificial
deformations. to
Here,
from
argue
'
from
Apart
of the skull
elsewhere
as
in
science,it
singleinstance.'
a
artificial distortions,however, the
is
characteristics
of the
one
of
marked
most
It is
race.
and
startlingto
type of skull changeably the same generation after generation,in the same than
more
Where
and
that
causes
of two
shape
of the
which
act
transverse
tudinal
sutures
ones,
the
hand, the
other
cephalic. By the In
races.
in
earlier
becomes
from
the
moment
of
the
skull
of
case
period of it
were
running
skull,in fact,is
is
converse
of
that
as
is
the
skull bones.
of the
the
lower
higher
life. As a
reproduced,
is present.
race
long-headed
a
we
feel
may
sure
in their veins.
due
to
physiological
of birth. unite
Where
When
before
the
the
longi
dolichocephalic; where, on the is the case, the skull is brachy-
its various
the
member,
un
population we
a
family
same
races
skull
sutures
between
union
the
in
how
see
race.
one
shape
permanent
is
in
than
more
round-headed
a
the blood
The
than
find
we
member that
type of skull appears
one
safelyconclude
may
is unsafe
a
solid
These races
races, and
consequence mass
the
meant
are
of
vary
lines
of
in different
they are simpler disappear at an of this the skull
bone,
and
prevents
1
6
the
expansion Small single sutures
of the bones
than
the 'convolutions
that
on
so
little
individual
in
Inca-bone,' and
'
the
found
of certain
of
brains
'
It is true
weigh higher
races
of
the
general rule are cerebral capacity,' so-called,of
ethnologist. are higher races
the
the brains
than
important
it.
lower
the
exceptions
make
less
are
characterise
the
to
of
brains
to
as
use
placed.
with
met
brain
which
less space
occupy
numerous
'
the
the whole
but
races,
the
of the
size
weight and
less and
sometimes
are
is
tribes.
American
The
the brain
cavity in which
of the head, is characteristic
the back
South
TESTAMENT.
OLD
of these, called
; one
towards
THE
OF
RACES
THE
to
the
the
On
other
the
hand
distinguishedby
more
those of the inferior races, than complex convolutions than and though the subjectrequiresfuller investigation has yet been given to it,it is one which the ethnologist afford to neglect. cannot the shape of the skull the position of the Next to of ethnological tests. valuable jaws is perhaps the most The greater the projectionof the jaws beyond the line of
the
face, the has
alone
prognathism serious lower have
higher
the
minent
are
of
line from
ness
race
projection of Prognathism it
of
was
in the in the
the
Man
latter.
disappears where jaws exists to any
chin
the
as
is the
the is
characteristic
of
skulls
whose
early races
the
caves
of
Northern
Europe
scale
of
humanity
the
; the
less pro
jaws. It is not difficult to determine the prognathism in a given skull. By drawing a the forehead to the most protrusivepart of the
jaws, and obtain
as
found
been
degree
or
extent. races,
chin,
true
a
animal-like
more
what
of the
its
from
that
again
to
the
point
of
the
chin, we
maxillary angle.' The acuteangle necessarilydepends on the prominence is termed
'
the
THE
the
of
OF
SCIENCE
ETHNOLOGY.
17
The
ethnological importance of the be judged when find that whereas measurement we may in the case of the average European the angle is one of of the negro it is only 140". The 1 60",in the case negro, in fact,stands almost much below the European as as he stands above the orang-outang, whose maxillaryangle jaws.
is 110".
jaws imply the development of physical of the intellectual strengthand appetiteat the expense faculties. A race which is characterised by prognathism be expected to be characterised also by powerful may muscular appetites, vigour,and poverty of thought and be imagination. Individual exceptions will of course found arise among to the general rule ; thinkers may of brutish mind exist prognathic races, and men may orthognathic races, but science is concerned, not among with individual exceptions,but with the general rule. Along with the maxillary angle the ethnologist take note of the must facial angle.' This is formed by line drawn from the forehead a to the jaws as before, and second line drawn a at right angles to it which From the facial passes through the aperture of the ear. the prominence of the forehead angle we can determine Prominent
'
'
'
'
'
and
the
size
commonplace
of
the
that
anterior a
broad
intellectual
capacity, while hinder portion of the head development of the coarser instructive, therefore,to
see
part of the skull.
It is
a
indicates high forehead the development of the implies a corresponding animal qualities. It is how the closelyconnected
another. Pro maxillary and facial angles are with one gnathism is accompanied by a low receding forehead ; orthognathism by that with which Greek sculpturehas While the facial angle of the Euromade familiar. us
8
THE
pean that
averages
1
of the
80",that
Among
race.
while
sound,
and
readiness
littleto do
some
races
other
this
with
they
;
70",and
averages
while
food
to
seem
Egyptians of their
excellence them
difference
are
and the
a
remarkably large distinguished by their
are
Climate
neighbours lose
Nubian
negro
characteristic of
races
for the
celebrated
been
often
decay.
to
TESTAMENT.
40".
are
teeth again
OLD
THE
of the orang-outang
The of
OF
RACES
have
have
always
teeth, their
generallyat an early Most of the black-skinned populations have age. wisdom-teeth with three fangs,which cut are early and lost late,whereas of the European the wisdom-tooth are has but two fangs, is cut late and lost early. The wisdom-tooth, however, is evidently disappearing from the
mouth
in
Europe
of the white have
very
The
race.
wisdom-teeth
oldest
with
three
all.
This
skulls
found
fangs each like those which still survive among the less developed races of mankind, and there is a well-marked tendency among the upper classes of European societyfor the wisdomteeth to remain embryonic. In a large proportion of they
cases
the
are
cut
never
decreasingsize
at
of the
jaw, which
be
may
due
smaller
grows
the increased
with
development of the brain ; the smaller the wisdom-teeth jaw the greater the difficulty have forcingtheir way through the gums. The
form
tinguish with
the
of the
one
flat
the
somewhat
and
with
the
and
nose
race
from
nose
and
hooked
of the
another. wide
oblique and
We
nostrils of
nose
rounded
eyes
the
may
are
of the
Jew
eyes
or
to
the in
also dis
all familiar negro,
the
with
Beduin,
of the Chinaman
Japanese. Indeed the orbital index/ as it is techni cally termed, differs widely in different races. In the Mongolian the orbit is nearly circular,being sometimes or
'
ETHNOLOGY.
19
skulls have been 93-100, while of Gaul in which the in the ancient cemeteries
proportion of
the
in
OF
SCIENCE
THE
discovered
proportion is
much
as
racial
or
feature,characteristic
fulness of the
a
of the
also in the
lipsagain is African, and found
thickness
The
61-100.
as
Egyptian
and
the
Jew. Still some
races
like wool. the
nearer
distinctive is the character
more
it is
in straight,
others
The
difference
depends
shape
individual
of the
of the
curly,in upon
hair.
others
its form.
hair is to
a
In
again The
cylinder
woolly hair of the negro is due to the fact that his hair is oblong in form, while the examined under hair of the Mongolian or Malay, when a microscope,proves to be round, and consequently is straightand lank. the The of hair on amount body, again, varies in The different races. Ainos, the aboriginesof Japan, are thickly covered with it so as almost to resemble animals ; the Mongol and American, on the other hand, are distinguishedby its absence ; while the Australian and most of the European races possess it in consider able quantities.Artificial attempts to eradicate it,even do not seem when extended generations, through many to produce any effect. is an The colour of the hair, moreover, important white race is test for determining racial affinities. The The varieties. separated by it into three well-marked Scando-German with his pasty-white complexion has hair ; the hair of the freckled pale or straw-coloured Africa is of a golden red, Kelt or Kabyle of Northern the
flatter it will be.
The
'
'
while
the other
hair,or The
a
red
darkness
members
hair which
of the blond is
merely
of the hair will of B
a
course
a
race
have
black
variety of black. vary
in
intensity,
THE
20
in all
but
dark-haired
a
OLD
TESTAMENT.
be
which
hair
between
THE
distinguishedfrom the brown is the result of intermarriage
it must
cases
auburn
or
OF
RACES
and
fair-haired
a
Dark
race.
hair is
usuallyaccompanied by dark eyes; in the British Islands, however, and more especiallyin Ireland and
Scotland, the so-called 'Goidhelic' hair and
by black The the
colour
the blond
blue eyes.
of
the
is of
eyes
less
importance from
whereas
is
in
and
or
dark.
portion of the characterised by fair hair.
also
Scando-German
the
pale blue
least of that
at
or
race,
which
race
be
is characterised
point of view of the ethnologistthan the colour hair. of the characteristics Light eyes are one
the
is
stock
; in the
grey
The
colour
stock
Keltic
of
the
stock
of of
blond
But
normal
the blue
is
eye
deep
the
to eyes, however, seems racial mixture than almost
readilyaffected by other feature of the body, and its evidence, there any be pressed too far. not fore,must Indeed, Dr. Beddoe has pointed out in his Races of Britain that it largely of lightto which the eyes are depends upon the amount subjected. In a cloudy sky like that of the west of Ireland the is deprived of a organ portion of its colouring matter, blue eyes being the result, whereas more
where
the sunshine
is needed
as
a
is brilliant and
protection
the
and
the
constant
remain
eyes
pigment black
or
brown.
Closely eyes
connected
is the colour
of all the
with
of the skin.
distinctions
naturallythe first to to
construct
that ma-Ra
made
what in
about
we
the a
the
colour This
between
notice.
attract
may tomb
race
call of
an
the
century before
of
the
is the
most
and
race,
The
hair
and
obvious and
was
oldest attempt
ethnographic chart Theban prince Rekh"
the
birth
of
Moses"
all events, it is found
at
negro,
TES7AMEN7.
OLD
THE
OF
PACES
THE
3,1
muscles
in the
even
and
pigment mainly consists of carbon excreted of carbonic oxide, and by the lungs in the form the skin and mem upon deposited from the capillaries of the action Decreased lungs accordingly branes. Any impliesan increased deposit of colouring matter. will have the same thing which stimulates the capillaries The
brain.
result,and
it is
that exposure
this account
on
to
the
sun
tanning,however, is It is wholly be inherited. never permanent and cannot the dark tint which distinct from distinguishesthe skin from the Italian or of the Spaniard, and still more hue of the Malay and Polynesian. brown so
the
frequentlytans
probable that We primitiveman. It is
could
have
it could
animals
tend
manently the fox them. lished which in
what
'
; the
In has
bear
of
the black
difficult to
more
acquired.
become
albinoised
arctic
an
climate
called
been
assumes
pigment explain how
a
white
'
per
fur and
around adopt the colour of the snow Some an ingenious book was pub ago years writer, Dr. Poesche l,the object of by a German that the white Aryan race to prove was originated and
hare
Rokitno
the
Niemen based
to
characteristic
was
explain how
can
been
skin
dark
a
lost ; it is
been
have
Such
skin.
and on
marshes
the
Dniepr
the fact that the
which in
Russia.
fauna
between
extend
and
His
theory
the was
flora of the marshes
have
'
acquired for the most part a white or albinoised The hue. theory has not, however, stood the test of criticism ; the not Aryan stock does represent the whole
'
of the
white
clear that Western to
those
of
the
and
it archaeology has made akin Europe was inhabited by races the present day long before Aryan race,
1
Die
Arier.
Jena, 1878.
SCIENCE
THE
varietycould
marshes
Rokitno
man
when from had
or
23 either in the
them
elsewhere.
that the appearance know geology we now coeval with the period in Western Europe was still suffering continent was the largerpart of our The the rigoursof an arctic climate. glacialage
Thanks
of
off from
branched
have
ETHNOLOGY.
OF
to
'
;
yet passed away
not
; the
British Isles
were
stillthe
France and the rivers of Southern huge glaciers, The frozen during the greater portion of the year. were the same those which conditions of life were as prevail northern are in those globe which regions of our inhabited by the polar bear and the white fox. Now the home Europe is,and always has been, pre-eminently seat
of
of the white that it
by
in
was
the close of
probable long period covered
therefore
It would
race.
Europe, during the the glacial epoch, that
appear
the characteristics
stereotypedthemselves. The conclusion is confirmed by a fact which has been observed by travellers as well as by ethnologists. The is intimately of mankind colour of the different races which with the geographical area to connected they
of the white
race
still obscure to belong. Colour, in fact,is,for reasons that geography. Europe and dependent upon us, Asia which in Africa and Western portion of Northern formed the glacialage part of Europe, before the the primitive creation of the Mediterranean Sea, are home of the white race Papua and ; Africa, to which Australia races
;
must
the
be
yellow
is the
added, race
is
cradle
confined
to
of
the
Eastern
black and
Malayan district the to and copper-coloured race Polynesia ; and and America. Brown, copper-coloured, yellow may alike be regarded as faded varieties of a primitiveblack Central
Asia
;
the
brown
race
to
the
purityby the negro, while the has proceeded to its furthest discolouration in its
tint still retained of
process
in the
extent
several alone
races
has
period ments
the
of the white.
case
been
to
which
of
Egypt, proves
climatic and
four thousand
of
traits which
separate
frame
can
eye
the
In
have
to
seems
later ages from another
race
one
the
in
nor
change.
any
still
are
ago
the
when had
been
for all.
once
portion of the darker origin. The the whole
white
This
skin
which
races,
of persons
is
increase
an
the
who
freckles
that
the
is are
equally deposited in
freckled.
the result of
are
Exposure
error.
freckles
of its
traces
is distributed
in the darker
however
will doubtless
still bears
race
pigment
patches only in the case is commonly supposed burn.
monu
in colour
which
characteristics
the
A
over
years
; neither
then
readily perceive has there been the human earlyyouth of mankind been more plasticthan in those fixed
the
on
the
Egyptian artist they were to-day what other
back
them
trace
can
we
the
any
so
length of time during which of each were once subjected to certain geographicalinfluences. The races depicted
ancestors
by
the characteristic
That
indeliblyimprinted on the of blood to which they belong that mixture them caused to change since the earliest have
should
colours
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OF
RACES
THE
24
to
of the skin
It sun
the
sun
by stimu colouring
the lating the action of the capillaries ; but pigment is already present, and freckles will be found exist
posed of
portions of
on
to
sun
discoloured
air.
or
North-west
the
body The
Europe and
Scando-German
Attempts have
and
its
often
have
freckled
'albinoised' with
which
a
less
Africa
has
degree
than
purely white
unfreckled
been
to
made
been
Kelto-Libyan
Northern to
never
determine
to ex
race
been
the
skin. the
rious
25
distinguishthe va traits such distinguishing
intellectual traits which
and
moral
ETHNOLOGY.
OF
SCIENCE
THE
That
of mankind.
races
exist is admitted
talk about
We
all sides.
on
'the im
pulsive Kelt,' the dogged Anglo-Saxon,' the brilliant But anything like a scientific de but unstable Greek.' is of a race of the psychological character termination if not impossible; the at present exceedingly difficult, still wanting. We cannot materials for making it are It is the intellectual capacity of a race. even guage '
'
been
have
yet there
from
ambassador
equals in intellectual Europeans. The members
the
are
apt
consider
to
mankind
;
To
this
have
who
of the white
themselves
a
and
recent
themselves
shown
of the
power
or
;
cultivated
most
European
race
the intellectual leaders
of
of the scene their appearance on of their relativelylate, and the elements
nevertheless
history was civilisation
1
of thirteen
age
like Toussaint
negroes
Liberia
intellectual
the
that
generallyasserted, for instance, after the growth of a negro ceases
derived
were
day
a
Russian
from
the
peasant
natives cannot
of the be
East.
placed on or Mongol Babylonian
higher intellectual level than his Tatar a neighbour,and three thousand years ago have had as or Egyptian traveller in Europe would of for assuming the intellectual inferiority much reason the populations he found there as a modern European America. traveller has to-day in the wilds of Southern results of missionary labour the apparently The among confess that to helpless Fuegians obliged Darwin he had been mistaken in supposing those outcasts of humanity to be incapable of rising in the social
a
scale. It is the
same
with 1
the
moral
Dr. E. W.
as
with
Blyden.
the intellectual
26
THE
OF
RACES
qualities. We
has
Scando-German other
the
among
is very
racial
the
its past
far the
how
present know to
of mankind.
races
general assertions
such
of truth which
sense
a
which
elements
the
history and
the We
doubtful. of
value do
in
at
is due
it, how
circumstances
of
not
people
a
in
exist
found
is not
But
character
the
instance, that
told, for
often
are
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
far to
which
it is
placed. There
is
hesitation
out
point,however,
one
that
races
in which
differ from
we
can
say with
This
another.
one
the power of bearing and to disease susceptibility physical pain. The negro is almost impervious to the the whites who yellow fever and malaria which decimate is in
live beside
him
the
on
;
other
hand,
coloured
the
races
peculiarlysubjectto small-pox and pneumonia, and measles are singularlyfatal to the natives of Polynesia. Savages will survive surgicaloperationswhich would kill which to diseases a European, while they will succumb the European would shake off. This is doubtless soon due quiteas much to difference in culture to difference as
are
in
There
race.
found
are
to resemble
cases,
however,
the savage
in which
is
the
European, while among Europeans the tendency to contract themselves is certain diseases often confined to particular districts or populations. The Kelts of Western the to have Britain,for example, seem tendency to Upper Nile, while
same
the
natives
not
be
by
a
the
the
as
Italians
are
free from
as
of
which
We have
to do
particularrace.
of culture
than
call to
must
the
with The
our
the
Berberine
boatman
causes
culture
on
a
as
can
in the habits
degree of is
the it
difference
aid other
Chinaman
of
Nubians
the Egypt. In such cases explained merely by a difference
dailylife. those
pneumonia
of
besides attained
higher level
of the
Nile, yet
impossible
to
and
terials
the
nected
with
amount
of
be
must
we
which the
;
trace
can
It
has
hitherto
America
much
more
increased
coloured
March,
been
believed
rapidly this
element
1891.)
since
their
than
the
supposition, at
the has
rate
been
those
and
of
only
the
that
the
emancipation
shown
from
The that
24-67
per
13-90
per
cent., cent.
the
or
present,
measured
or
and
mental
fancy
we
future.
the
southern
slavery, been of
reality while
same
character
may
in
census
in
con
skull
the
the
the
negroes
the
racial
we
of
facts
For
of
now
care
whites.
of
handled,
even
than
intellectual
with
with
which
him
the
size
appraisement
left to
have,
before
brain.
and
of
seize, distinguish,
in the
seen
ma
framework
and
to
relative
content
be
must
North
disproved
the
scientific
moral
long
Its
these
but
ascertained
be
be
can
characteristics
moral
be
can
as
the
birth,
materials
of
mass
surround
that
difficult
are
of convolutions
weighed
has
them
certainty
number
istics
of
it will
and
arrange,
least,
forces
the
youngest.
physiological
influences
latter
the
large
a
sciences
many
witnessed of
one
the
ethno
of
science
superstructure; the
to
subtle
more
These
and
1
rather
is
which
stolidity
of
one
has
it is
its
external
the
world.
the
century
build
to
belong
and
man
that
already collected
have which
upon
a
It is
sciences
these
among
students
at
nineteenth
the
which
the
infancy.
is still in its
logy
to
remembered
be
with
l.
Berberine
the
it must
But
of
physical pain
endure
will
he
27
ETHNOLOGY.
Of
SCIENCE
THE
1890 the the
(Census
states
of
multiplying has, however,
white
population
increase
Bulletin,
in No.
the
48,
II.
CHAPTER
LANGUAGE
of
possession barous,
has
dialect
of
of
a
its
people
savage
of
complexity which
The
so
and
seemed
the
to
brute
and
of
five
of
the
of six
or
lower
and
with
thousand
said
action. to
different out
to
find
of form man
emotions these an
he
is
unable
of
azarae
other
elementary articulate
distinguished
'
the
the
parrot
real
the
reply
to
the
beasts
it
except is
true,
excite
six
but
species, been we
that
are
meaning.
it is
never
where
of
command
which
Go
speech.
none
faculty
their
it has
civilising
the
by
of
than
hand,
Paraguay,
members
who
vocabularies
other
sounds
sounds
from
to
memory
higher the
understand
different in
the
of
philo
grammar
the
possess
uttered
understanding
cebus six
utter
to
a
Fuegians,
acquired
ever
may
a
under
On
words
dog
him, The
has The
the to
effort,
the
of
hardly
brought
words.
animals
little
though
addressed
by
when
missionary
intelligent speech. uttered
Darwin
language
vocabulary
baffle
to
or
structure,
of
wretched
the
youthful
of
possess
almost
as
even
beasts, proved,
influences
America
of
the
admiration
bar
language
a
wealth
a
and
complex
learner,
the
wonder
not
delicacy
a
and
languages
difficult
of
betrays
the
by
however
unfrequently
not
grammar,
the
excite
logist.
And
own.
has
which
found
animals
tribe,
No
language.
been
yet
lower
the
from
separated
is
MAN
RACE.
AND
able
will,
perish
'
we
by
Scotland
English and
cases
What rest
find
we
a
in others
of the world.
Isles is also true
the Roman
Under
is in
some
Keltic dialect.
a
British
of the
is true
mother-tongue
whose
race
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OF
RACES
THE
30
Empire
the
of
the various
only to obey one law, but also that when to learn the language of the imperial city,so the common the empire fell Latin was speech alike of Northern Africa,of Spain and Italy,of Gaul and Britain. who barbarians The Teutonic poured into the devastated adapted their speech to that of the provinces soon languages of France subjectpopulations,and the modern of the West
races
and
Spain
later
and
the
date
had
not
Italy Northmen
Italyquickly forgotthe them and adopted that in
Britain,on
the
were
result.
ultimate
At
a
Southern and Normandy language they had brought with of their conquered vassals ; while in
the contrary, the
natives
accustomed
their
invader, speech of the Saxon or Scandinavian followed who of the French-speaking Norman or even him. In the East, Hebrew and Phoenician, Assyrian and all supplanted by the dialect of the Babylonian, were Aramaean tribes of Syria and Northern Arabia, and Aramaic in its turn was supplanted by the Arabic of Arabic after the triumph of Mohammedanism. Mekka has succeeded in superseding the old language of Egypt in spite of the tenacious of the Egyptian, conservatism the long resistance made to Mohammedanism by Egyp tian Christianity, and the continued of Coptic in the use For more than two centuries Arabic Egyptian Church. has had no rival in the valleyof the Nile, although the Coptic scribe never relinquished his control of the the bureaucracy, and the Christians still outnumber
lipsto
the
Mohammedans
again,
is
in the a
south
of the country.
conspicuous illustration
of
the
Asia
Minor,
fallacy of
LANGUAGE
arguing inhabited
different
RACE.
AND
It
from
language to race. by a variety of races, languages once spoken
31 was,
and
the
and
still is, of
number have
in it must
been
large. In the time of St. Paul the ancient language of in country places Lykaonia still survived, at all events (Acts xiv. n), and St. Jerome tells1 us that in his age there
were
stillKelts
in Galatia
in the
and
neighbourhood
spoke a Keltic dialect. But Greek had the earlier languages of the long been gaining upon peninsula,and by the sixth century of our era its victory was extinguished complete. The ancient dialects were as completely as the ancient language of Etruria. From of Treves
end
one
who
of Asia
Minor
to
the other
Greek,
Greek
and
known and Turkish only, was spoken. conquests Turk revolution. brought with them another linguistic ish took the place of Greek, and at the present day it is the of the language of the country and of most towns.
Language, then, What The
it indicates
is
no
is not
fact that the Kelts
characteristic racial descent
or
test
of
race.
but social contact.
speak English like
of Cornwall
Manchester that the or Jews of London proves population with which they have been brought into daily that speaks for a long number of years is one contact English. Community of language points to conquest or influence intercourse servitude,to commercial or religious the part of one other of the populations between on or whom it exists. the most Religion seems powerful the
instrument
for the introduction
people,and
of
a
new
languageamong
religion, slavery. Commerce, too, has if English is destined to a potent influence,and become the language of the world, as is thought by
a
1
next
to
Prolegomena to
the
Epistleto
the Galatians.
the
large measure
in
it will be
some,
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OF
RACES
THE
32
English
effect of
trade.
Perhaps
of
index
an
chief
the
been
has
race
of the belief that
cause
and
keeps and
government
forces
external but
cohesion
a
can
which
prevent
nation, and be
never
race
law, it is true,
common
a
the
of
sentiments
of
and
the
it from
language appeals to
common
a
confusion
is
which principal bond nationalitytogether; a common is
nationality. Language binds
a
language
very
the
where
close.
are
the
breaking apart ; sympathies and it is absent
Empires
the
like that of
realised the fact and devoted instinctively their energies towards forcing the imperial language of the French all their subjects. It was the use upon language which drew the sympathies of Lorraine and towards Alsace towards France rather than Germany ; has acted and the Russian Government wisely from its own point of view in endeavouring to extirpate the have
Rome
Polish tongue. afford to disregard however, cannot ethnologist, a altogetherthe evidence of language. In certain cases common language raises the presumption that the populationswhich speak it are descended from a common It may ancestry. suggest to the ethnologista particular line of investigation which otherwise might have escaped It was his notice. for example, who the philologist, first suggested the common origin of the MalayoHe found that the languages spoken Polynesian race. by the race implied a common mother-speech at no very distant period,and thus made it possiblethat the speakers The
also
were
happens peoples
derived
from
that almost of the past
the are
a
common
stock.
It sometimes
only clue to the affinities of the the linguistic records they have
LANGUAGE
AND
RACE.
33
though these records can prove of the languagesthey than,the relationship nothing more with a contain, they may yet provide the ethnologist researches. The fact that the for his own starting-point primitivelanguage of Babylonia was agglutinative points character of the populationwhich to the non-Semitic spoke it,a conclusion which is confirmed by the physio logicaltraits of the few representationsof the human them, and
left behind
art which
in Accadian
form
have
down
come
to
us.
which again,where the two populations be are brought togetherbelong to different races, cannot populationscannot neglectedby the ethnologist. Two Social contact,
in such
be
them
to
close touch
of
of blood.
But
remember,
does
ture
another
for
as
of
one
language of the other without a intermarriagetaking place. If the
populations represent
two
one
the
borrow
certain amount
to
with
two
mixture not
races, the
result is mix
of blood, it is
produce
characteristic features of the various
a
new
important The
race.
of mankind
races
indeliblyimpressed upon them before the has never dawn of historythat the fusion of two races been known during the historic period to give birth to a mixture of negroes and Europeans in The new race. results after two or three generationsin sterility. America been
have
this is not
Where of for
so
one
or
some
the
case
the children revert
to the
of the other of the parents, generally reason
or
other
represents the
one
type who
stronger and
Though the small dark Iberian of British Isles intermingled with the blond Aryan the Kelt centuries ago, no new type has been originated. To the present day the so-called Keltic race preserves in all their purity the two ethnological types of which in the same it is composed, and even family it often more
enduring race.
C
that
happens
type, others
THE
OF
RACES
THE
34
the other.
Mixture
reversion to an or sterility in not it is usuallytermed, The predominant ancestral
in as
TESTAMENT,
children
of the
some
to
OLD
belong of blood
ancestral a
"
new
the
to
results
type
"
one
only
atavism,
race.
type
is
must
go
generally that It has by long-continued which is native to the soil. habit adapted itself to the climatic and geographical of the country conditions more thoroughly than the followed that it. have Cromwell races planted his in Tipperary,but the children inherited the Ironsides of their Irish mothers. ethnic qualities In France and Southern Germany the short swarthy race whose remains in post-glacial found are deposits has in large measure Gaul of the classical supplanted the tall broad-shouldered yellow hair. To find the age with his blue eyes and '
'
brother
modern and
of the
Northern
England
latter
Germany
we
the
or
to
Scandinavia districts
eastern
of
Scotland.
and
Here, then, we
have
explanationof the fact that we from cannot from language to race or to race argue can language. We change our language, we cannot The English child born in China change our race. and ignorant of any other language than Chinese neverthe less remains an Englishman. Let him marry a Chinese wife ; his children
either
of
himself
originatea That
third
with
will or
race
it is otherwise
where English,' a
In
follow
Chinese
an
an
inherit the
of
their
which
to
Languages
a are
mother
is
a
cross
;
they
between
in
language is shown English vocabulary has
grammar
and
a
respect, however, the
one
racial characteristics
certain
extent
classified either
Chinese
been
not
the two. '
Pigeon
blended
pronunciation.
distinctions the
by
will
of
distinctions
language of
race.
or genealogically morpho-
RACE.
AND
LANGUAGE
logically.Genealogicallythey fallinto
35 certain groups
or
and grammar Thus to any other. stock of roots and has no relationship the Indo-European languages Greek, Latin, Scando-
families,each of which
a
possesses
common
"
Tcutonic, Litho-Slavic,Keltic, Iranic, and
Indie
"
form
Families of family,the Semitic languages another. be morphologi distinct,may language, genealogically cally identical. By the morphology of a language is
one
meant
in which
its structure, the mode are
grammar
connected
languages,such
Certain
with
one
the
as
another
in
Chinese,
are
that is to say, the relations of grammar them by the simple juxtaposition of
languages,like
those of America,
relations of
the
a
sentence.
isolating ; expressed in
are
words.
Other
polysynthetic. In is representedby a compound, the these the sentence in it being denoted by the parts of speech contained A large proportion several elements of the compound. of the the are agglutinative, languages of mankind relations of grammar being expressed by separate words less retain a concrete which more or meaning of their the agglutinativeelements In some own. cases are infixed;in other cases affixed,or even they are prefixed. Certain families of speech,again,are incorporating;in 'in these the of the pronouns are objective cases corporated into the verbal forms, I do a thing,'for example, being expressed by I-it-do a thing.' Lastly, there are the inflectional languages,in which the relations of grammar are symbolised by syllableswhich have no of their own. The inflectional independent signification languagesmay either be characterised by pure flection,' like the Semitic idioms,changes of grammatical meaning being representedby changingthe vowels within a word, in the Indo-European idioms, or as by impure flection,' '
are
'
'
'
'
C
2
36
THE
most
THE
OLD
grammatical relations
the
where
OF
RACES
TESTAMENT.
are
expressed for
the
part by suffixes.
morphologicaldivisions of language are also geographical. The home of each morphological type of The speech is limited to a certain geographicalarea. polysyntheticlanguages are confined to America, where the
Now
structure prevailsfrom north singletype of linguistic to south, although the different families of speech,spoken to one another, within its limits and utterly unrelated multitudinous. are Languages of the isolatingtype belong to Eastern Asia, those of the agglutinativetype a
of affixes to Central
which
make
of the
Pacific,those
use
of the
Asia
and
inflectional type
the islands to
Western
incorporatinglanguage is spoken Europe, while the larger by the Basques of South-western part of Africa is occupied by tribes whose dialects are that of prefixes. It is evident characterised by the use
Asia
and
Europe.
An
of the speech,'in the strict sense there togethergenealogically, term, which are connected also morphological families of speech,each of which are The morpho has arisen in a separate part of the world. unknown logicalcharacter of a language is,for reasons the geographical and climatic con to us, dependent on it originated. We ditions of the country in which may therefore regard it as, to a certain extent, a character A person whose istic of race. mother-tongue is polysynthe be presumed tic may be of native American to origin, the speakers of an agglutinativelanguage which makes of prefixesis likelyto come from Central Africa. use But it is important to remember that it is only from the morphological point of view that the evidence of language can be safely employed by the ethnologist. its study must Otherwise be left to the philologist and
besides
'
families
of
38
do
language
distinctions of
diversityof language. The
older than
be
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OF
RACES
THE
follow
not
of
distinctions
the
and
race,
impossibleto change one's race there is no difficultyin changing one's language. Language, in fact, belongs to the second stage in man's existence,
whereas
it is
he
when
had
animal,'and
become
stage in which
in
such
was
calls
communities, of
the great distinctions
there
That
settled
was
Aristotle
what
not
social
'
a
first grew
race
'of
desires
and
of
race
proved by the characteristics which, in
to
has not
educate
that
the
or
some
the most
gulf which
ourselves Give
fire
produce
which
or
race
was
due
We Paul
infirmities,our
and
wants
feelingsand emotions, we belong. There may
our
articulate
an
to
Our
barbarous, which
mankind, however
possess
how
hopes,
whatever
to
same
blood1.'
one
up.
earlier stage is
an
possession of those common make all the world akin. spite of racial diversities, all cast in the same are all,as St. are mould, we says,
first
the
to
the
are
is
does
no
not
language, which does not know defend itself by artificialweapons, have of religion. We only sense find to races degraded of human
seemed
only
to
exist
to
between and
habits
different
and
them
traditions.
Fuegian the education of an Englishman, and he becomes an Englishman in ideas and life. Great as be the diversitybetween under the and race race may underlies the unity which microscope of the ethnologist, the
it is greater nations
Black
by
a
of
still.
for to dwell
men
white, red
or
common
nature
ancestry, and '
in the
image
;
we
can
recognise that '
are
Acts
all
we
xvii. 26.
together
all bound
all alike
of the Creator. 1
blood
one
all the face of the earth.'
on
yellow,we
or
of
made
'hath
God
have
claim each
a
common
been
made
CHAPTER
TENTH
THE
tenth
THE
oldest
tomb
at
the
of
known
the
the
before
The
black-skinned
all
features
still
characterise
of the
representative and
with
Libyan,
sentative
olive the
of
fair
the
gods
'
;
in
has
the
traits
been
Egyptian features
of
On
the
red
had
the
several
other
hand, rather
profess
an
world to
their
and
give to
various
and
sun,
the
accurately of
races
the
whose
race
who
all
display of our
the
outward
far
so
to-day. era,
the
noted
of
land
'
a
before
from
comes
the
mankind
repre
Asiatic, with
Egyptian
century
the
is
they
as
him.
to
ethnographical to
the
by
with
is the
nose,
by
occupied
own
European
the
Nile, like
the is
sixteenth
artist
known
of
while
;
its
him,
eyes,
aquiline
distinguish
the
blue
somewhat
burnt
in
west
Arabia,
that
Already
and
valley
Southern
skin
were
and
the
and
and
a
find
we
negro,
white-skinned
the
;
hair
north
complexion east
south
in
Egyptian
with
depicted
characteristics. which
the
Exodus,
peculiar the
But
an
the
each
the
hand,
one
Rekh-ma-Ra,
world
called
existence.
in
On
to
century
a
been
has
record
belonging
lived
races
Genesis
strictly correct.
Thebes
GENESIS.
OF
of
ethnological
who
prince
CHAPTER
chapter
is not
statement
III.
the
than
account
separate
tenth
chapter
of
ethnological. of
them
characteristics.
one
the
different from
It is
another
Genesis
It races
does of
is not
the
according
descriptive merely,
THE
40
such
and
OF
RACES
of
races
OLD
THE
fell within
as
men
TESTAMENT.
horizon
the
of the
point of view of the geographer and not of the ethnologist. The Greeks and Medes, for example, are grouped along with the Tibarcnian and Moschian tribes because they all alike lived in the north ; the Egyptian and the Canaanite are similarly classed together,while the Semitic Assyrian and the writer
non-Semitic We
shall
the
from
described
are
Elamite
both
are
of Shem.
children
the
the
chapter rightlyunless we bear in mind is geographical. In that its main purpose Hebrew, as in other Semitic languages, the relation between mother-state of a town to its colony, or a or country to its inhabitants,was expressed in a genea The inhabitants of logical form. Jerusalem were the daughter of Jerusalem,'the people of regarded as the east were the children of the district to which they belonged. understand
never
'
'
'
When, Zidon the
therefore, we
his
and first-born,
cityof Sidon,
and
alike
to
made,
were
Canaan.
It
does
told
are
Heth,' all
the
Hittites
be
found
none.
we
But
inhabitants
they
were
know the of
Canaan,
or,
the
as
there
that
when
children
that
of
it is to
Shem,
of
north. was
of them
say, Canaanites
it is said
'
any
there
both
were
should
was
the
is
called
builders
from
research
we
is that
reference
Phoenician
Zidonian
begat
country
that
Hittites
modern
Hittite and
whom
in
the
Canaan
is meant
both, accordingly,the children
So, again, the
from
'
that to
follow
not
ethnologicalkinship between Sidon and the prognathous Indeed,
that
;
of Canaan.
Elam
and
Assur
'
geography, and not to ethnology,that we look for an must explanation. Assyria,Elam, and Babylonia,or Arphaxad' as it seems
were
'
to
be
called in the
'
EthnographicalTable,'
all
bordered,
at
time,one
one
CHAPTER
TENTH
THE
the other.
upon
GENESIS.
OF
41
their
world, and the three capitals, Nineveh, Susa, and Babylon, were which centres regulated the politicsof Western of the natives because brethren not They were three
claimed
from
descent
occupied the It is
known
light we
division of the
human
when
the
time
the
The
written.
three
sons
tenth
in the
south,
accordinglyregarded nations
The
them.
to
the
as
cities which
and
them
they
Japhet
fathers
nations
assigned
the
centre,
was
Genesis
of
in
the
north,
and
"
are
of the
ancestors
regions belonging
the
occupied
northern
or
it
as
each
are
in the
Shem
and
far
so
chapter
of Noah "
Ham
Asia.
regard
to
are
world,
separate place of settlement,
a
three
father,but because
common
a
in what
clear
at
eastern
quarter of the world.
same
now
threefold
was
of the
great monarchies
the
constituted
They
the
are
children
of
Japhet, the populations of the south are the children of Ham, the children of the populations of the centre the Shem. In one it necessary to group case only was tribe
same
Arabian the
'
two
tribe of Sheba
sandy
which
under
'
came
deserts into
of
different
spread
and Tiglath-pileser
twice,
once
of Ham,
once
as
a
as
Sargon. people of a people of
the north, through
far to
kingdom Assyria in the days of It is consequently named
Havilah,
conflict with
South
The
ancestors.
and
the
the
founded
south
a
under under
centre
the
head
the
head
of Shem. of the explain the names of Noah three sons as referringto the colour of the skin. Japhet has been compared with the Assyrian ippatu with the Assyrian samu olive-coloured/ white,'Shem kham while in Ham the Hebrew etymologistshave seen
Attempts
have
been
made
to
'
'
'
to
be hot.'
But
all such
attempts
arc
of very
doubtful
OF
THE
value.
It is,for instance, a
of
'
heat
'
which
RACES
the
the
possibleexception
Cush.
of
has
Prof. Virchow
of
part
a
population of Egyptian, like
the
that the
shown
Canaanite, belongs to the white race, his being merely the result of sunburn. The be content ethnologist,therefore,must of Noah
sons
the
to
from
the
must
start
have
settled in each that
world, and
historian
fact
that
of the
the
they
three
nations
the
or
a
children
and
ethnology The
has
three
bounded
the
the
formed north
Black
Mediterranean
themselves
; on
The of
by
west
northern
Cyprus
included
zone
Western
and
the
the south
by
To
our
limited. all the
Libyan ranges
Semitic
a
their of
student
They
on
the
Ocean
Arabia.
as
with
the the
; and
island central
Canaan
These
along
the
of the Nile.
Taurus;
Asia, except zone
Elam
and
far south
and
by
east
westward
of the
of
of the eastern
Indian
Media
were
mountains
the
as
all Western
southern
islands
desert
descended
the
in the
the northern
the
that
Caspian,the
South-western
and
comprised
the zone
and
of
zones
It is with
the
by Sea,
highlands of Abyssinia ; of Caspian and the mountains the
these
of square.
sort
a
the
on
known
the
idiom
to
do.
to
zones
on
Armenia,
with
not
of
inhabited
later
He
considered
were
day were, according to the language, their children and successors. at
leave
to
theologian.
zones
who
skin
red
the
the
'the
Moreover,
black-skinned, with
of them
none
were
a
bears.
never
'
meaning meaning, indeed,
' "
the
from
long stride
blackness
word
Hebrew
of Ham
sons
of
that
to
'
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
42
and
last
were
Egypt
and
portion of the Soudan. modern
But,
if we
notions
such
put China
civilised part of the
out
earth's
a
world
of
sight,it embraced
surface.
seems
The
very
civili-
CHAPTER
OF
of America
had
TENTH
THE
sations of India
and
elsewhere, with
the
been
Small
GENESIS.
not
43
yet arisen
as
;
exception of China, all was darkness and It was in the valleysof the Nile and barbarism. the Euphrates that the first civilised kingdoms of the world had the first systems of writing grown up, and maps,
devised.
the world
field in which
of Genesis the
the first harvests
gathered
it may
as
seeds
of science
and
thought
moreover,
a
world
which
different races. place of many American, the Australian, and
represented in than
first sown,
were
and
invention
were
in.
It was,
races
modern
our
the cradle of culture,the
was
of human
on
appear
of
it ;
mankind
but
on
the
all to
were
formed It
the
is
the
hand
found
be
the
that
true
Chinaman
other
meetingun
were
the
leading
there.
More
had its representa variety of the white race tives ; the Alarodian, the pale-skinned, dark-haired of blue-eyed Libyan, the dark-complexioned race Southern and Europe, the Semite of Arabia Assyria, the Egyptian with his thick lips and good-tempered smile. The Turanian was represented by the primi tive population of Babylonia ; perhaps also by the mysterious Hittite,with his yellow skin and Mongoloid features. the blackCush natives of were Among skinned and Nubians, though the main bulk of negroes the of Semitic or population was Egyptian descent. of the earth's surface into which a Truly it was square much that was crowded was interestingand important in the historyof man. Much research on the light has been cast by modern one
'
'
'
'
names
tenth
of
the
chapter
fresh additions
cities and
of to
countries
Genesis. our
enumerated
Almost
knowledge
every on
the
in
the
brings subject,and year
helps to
the
correct
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OF
RACES
THE
44
erroneous
or
defective
conclusions
enquiry. The cuneiform records of Babylonia of Egypt and Assyria and the hieroglyphicmonuments has so long en which fast clearingup the darkness are of whom Nations shrouded them. were only the names it were, are as issuing forth into previouslyknown now, the lightof day, and we determine the geographical can of earlier
positionof tribes and towns which have hitherto been despairof map-makers. from the north. The geography of Genesis starts
the
that
the
was
the
on
of
mountains
Ararat
Armenia
or
It
accordinglywith this region of the of world that our sons primitive chart begins. 'The and Gomer, are Japhet,'we told, were Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras.' Gomer is the Gimirra of the Assyrian inscriptions, the Kimmerians of the Greek Their writers. originalseat the river Tyras or Dniester, from whence was on they driven were by the Skythians shortly before the first unsuccessful siege of Nineveh by Kyaxares of Media, and while Psammetikhos I was reigning in Egypt (B.C. 664-6 ic)1. In a vast body they fell upon the northern frontier of Assyria,but there they were signallydefeated in B.C. of them by Esar-haddon 677, and while some ark rested,and
it was
'
remained the
behind
the
among
greater part fled westward
they
sacked
the
of
mountains into
Asia
Kurdistan,
Minor.
Here
Greek
city of Sinope, and finallyover ran Lydia on the shores of the Aegean. Gyges, the Lydian king,vainly endeavoured the torrent of to stem
their
attack
;
Sardes,
barbarians, and It
was
not
he
until the 1
his
himself
fell in battle
reign of
Herodotos
i.
burnt
capital,was his
and
son
103-106, iv.
n,
12.
by the against them.
successor
that
46 and
of the
shores
the eastern
them
But
in classical
the
which under
the
classed migrated were general title of Medes,' so that
be
distinctive
inhabitants
older
the
times
of
further south,
Gulf.
Persian
that of the
was
themselves
established
had
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
belonging to
of the tribes
one
Persians,who on
OF
RACES
THE
regions into along with them
the Medcs
assisted
by
of
Mada
It
the
'
the
of
empire
that
and
which
had
of
and its
confusion
between
the resemblance
the Manda,
was
The
race.
not
the
the
'
the
Assyrian
Manda,'
'
or
Mada, who
to
doubtless
was
Ekbatana
capitalat
ceased
name
name
nomads.'
founded and
was
the over
thrown
by Cyrus. Medic communities the southern on Sargon found shores of the Caspian. They were governed by inde like the small states of Greece, not pendent city-lords,' attacked by an enemy, the cities under by kings. When their several chief magistrates combined against the '
foe, but
common
acted
at
independently
government, its
manage
in which
other of
times
the
each
other.
small
affairs under
own
each
a
to
seems
This
have
system claims
community local head, is
of to
curiously
characteristic of the
Wherever this race is Aryan race. with in its purity, met as, for instance,in modern Norway, find the same we central impatience of external or control. Aryan predominance in ancient Greece and Italy was similarly marked by the development of municipal freedom and a dislike of centralisation, and the republicsof Northern Italy in the middle ages may be regarded
Javail island
ably
another
as
is the
of the to
'
'
Ionian
lonians'
Cyprus
reference is made
rather
example '
of the
same
spirit.
Greek.
by the than
called the Cyprus was Assyrians,and it is prob Greece to generally that
in Isaiah Ixvi. 19 and
Ezek.
xxvii.
19.
THE
CHAPTER
TENTH
Cyprus, too, would
to
seem
told that the 'sons
are
Elishah
Dodanim.
Elis, as
has
been
xxvii.
Tyre
to
the
'blue
Genesis,since
isles of Greece.
supposed
;
Tar-
in
Ezek.
brought
is to
say, from
usually identified
is
we
Hellas,
purple' were
and
Tarshish
and
is doubtless
the isles of Elishah,'that
from
47
Elishah
sometimes
7 it is said that '
in
Javan' were
and
GENESIS,
be meant
of
shish,Kittim not
OF
with
Gibraltar. Spain, not far from the modern It was the furthest point reached basin of in the western the Mediterranean by the Phoenician and Greek traders. The the voyage were ships which made consequently known traded the ships which to Tarshish, or as more The phrase gradually came briefly,ships of Tarshish.' kind of merchant to be applied to any to vessel,even Tartessos
in
'
those
which
Kittim
had
Kition
Tarshish
visited
never
all.
at
Cyprus, the site of which is now It was, however, a Phoenician occupied by Larnaka. and Greek not a settlement, a fact which strikingly was
illustrates the ter
Kittim
its inhabitants
other be
'
from
Rodanim
is
probably
the
had
the
island
a
of
represent
may
seen
denote
'
'
was
'
the
tenth
because
it
Greek
colony.
the
Authorised
one
to
natives
originallybeen
tombs
have
been
of the
island, but
reading of Dodanim, be preferred. In this case,
of the
island
in the
Phoenician
Rhodes.
ancient
settlers
the
As
will
and
is
it will
Rhodes
Phoenicians
occupied by
discovered the
of
on
Version,
alternative
an
situated
was
Dodanim,
of
chap
Javan, not because
Cyprus. a
margin
of
son
Greeks, but
were
Ionian
hand,
of the
geographicalcharacter
of Genesis.
in the
in
whose
cemeteries were
subse
Greeks. quently superseded by Dorian Tubal and Mcshech, whose follow that of Javan, names almost always coupled together in the Old Testaare
48
and
mcnt,
THE
OF
RACES
THE
for their skill in
famous
were
TESTAMENT.
OLD
Assyrian inscriptionsthe names known and Muska, they were graphers
however, their had
in the
been
the time
of
extended
as
of Asia
that
Minor their
found
they
it
Sea, and
to was
In
half of
retreat
north
in this
region
Greek
troops
his
and
Xenophon
they
monuments.
the northern
forced
were
than
their territories still
Cilicia and
as
Black
the
the north
to
Sennacherib
and
Later
In
Assyrian
of the
age
far south
towards
further
were
Sargon
Komagene. ward
seats
and
classical geo classical days,
the
Moskhi.
and
Tibareni
as
Tubla
as
appear to
In the
archery.
remains1.
scanty
continues only son of Japhet whose name to be obscure. Perhaps it represents the river Tyras, of the Kimmerians; the early home perhaps it is con of two countries in the neigh with the names nected of Carchemish mentioned bourhood by the Egyptian is the
Tiras
research
alone
be
can
expected
the
of
sons
A
Gomer.
Jeremiah (li.27) makes of
the
Minni,
world and
to
are
we
Ashkenaz
tions
The
of Armenia
Ararat between
and
the
on
the
east.
question.
are
stated to have in
passage
the in
clear
look
Ashkenaz.
for
called
there ; it is
have
must
Minni.
Araxes
Van, while the
settle the
book
what
upon
of
part
Ararat, to
march
evident, therefore,that
of neighbours one decipherment of the cuneiform inscrip has fixed the geographicalpositionof
countries
the other.
Future
it pretty
are
together against Babylon all three
to
Tarsh-ba.
Togarmah
Ashkenaz, Riphath, and been
and
III, Tarsh-kha
Ramses
king
Ararat and
the
been
the
was
mountains
district which
south
lay
of Lake
adjoined the kingdom of Ararat Ashkenaz have been accordingly must Minni
1
Anab.
v.
5.
TENTH
THE
OF
CHAPTER
GENESIS.
49
preciselywhere an inscriptionof Sargon places the therefore feel but people of the Asguza, and we may little hesitation in identifyingthe two together. The locality Gimirra, or Kimmerians, are placed in the same relate to the which inscriptions by certain cuneiform the In these closingdays of the Assyrian Empire. called the allies and companions in arms Gimirra are of the Minni, the Medes, and the Saparda of Sepharad (Obad. 20),thus explaining the relation which is said in Genesis
Gomer
exist between
to
On
lighthas
Riphath no decipherment of
thrown
yet been
as
the
of
records
the
Ashkenaz.
and
by
it is
past, and
has
the position of Togarmah questionablewhether Prof. Friedrich determined. been satisfactorily
litzsch has
it with
identified
Assyrian inscriptions.This of Malatiyeh,in the extreme it is difficult to
discover
Garmi
Gimirra.
and
the
called Gamir
belongs to
late
belief that the
east
of
probably
is
of Genesis
Gomer
it is true, is
writers ; but
period, and
But Til-
between
Kappadokia,
the
district
Kappadokia.
connection
the Armenian
by a
a
any
the
city in
was
De-
of
Til-Garmi
the
the
denoted
the
name
due
to
a
the
Kappa(xxvii.14)
highlands. We learn from Ezekiel that horses were imported from Togarmah ; this,how throw much light on the situation of the ever, does not mountains, as well as Asia place,since the Kurdish it famous for their breed of horses. Still, Minor, were rather is probable that Togarmah lay in the western
dokian
than
in the eastern
since Ezekiel mah'
Meshech From
'
(xxxviii. 6) couples
only
not
and an
part of the northern
with
the
Gomer,
land
of
but
the
zone
house
also with
of Genesis, of
Togar
Tubal
and
Gog.
ethnologicalpointof D
view
the northern
zone
RACES
THE
50
inhabited
not
was
have
we
as
Tubal
seen,
was
TESTAMENT.
of the
members
same
Phoenician
a
Meshech
and
so-called
the
by
OLD
consequently belonged
habitants In
THE
OF
to
must
we
Alarodian
colony, and
its in
the
stock.
Semitic
of representatives
see
which
to
race,
Kittim,
race.
the
modern
in exclusive was once Georgians belong. This race possession of the highlands of Armenia, and the cunei form of Ala the work inscriptionsfound there were rodian princeswho established a kingdom on the shores Van. 600 of Lake About B.C. Aryans from Phrygia
Armenia,
entered
their
imposed The
bulk
of
the older
the
Armenians, the
though
that
theless all alike
belong to
be
to
But
race.
various
but
language they have
white
they
mankind,
the white
granting
races
of
races
varieties of
even
ancestry, the that
however, still belong
although Semites, Aryans, different
said
old
monarchy, and indigenous population.
the
upon
represent
be
the
to
adopted
of their invaders.
It is true dians
rule
race,
that
was
overthrew
it to
be
the
fact cannot
be
proved,
and
thus
original
same
from
never
may
probable
all descended
are
they
stock, and and
one
Alaro-
and
a
that
the
common
it is
possible
have
than developed out of more one dark race. At any rate the ethnologistis bound to keep them is bound to separate apart, just as the philologist families of speech which, though morphologically the are several char same, genealogicallydistinct. The acteristics marked
The not
an
may
of the
out
different
for science
northern
of
zone
to
white
confound
Genesis
ethnologicaldivision
is that
while
it does
not
it includes possess
a
more
clearly them together. a geographical and
races
is
of the
too
world, and
than
monopoly
are
one
of
the
hence
distinct white
it
race,
stock.
THE
The
middle
TENTH
and
of fair-skinned The 'The and
southern
Phut,
and
Ethiopiaof
zones
arc
is described
zone
Ham,'
of
OF
GENESIS.
51
equally the
seats
races.
southern sons
CHAPTER
it is
Cush,
said,'were
Canaan.'
Cush
the
before
embraces
middle.
and
Mizraim,
not
only
the
but also the south geographers, western of Arabia and the oppositecoast of Africa coast well. It thus corresponds to the land of Pun of the as well as to Kesh or as Egyptian monuments, Ethiopia. It was inhabited for the most part by a white race whose with the them physical characteristics connect Egyptians. But in the southern valleyof the Nile this race
was
who
once
the
spiteof
in contact
with
extended
much
present, and
at
case
the classical
their black
handsomest
black
two
further
races, to
the Nubians.
the north The
usuallyclassed
skins, are
the
negroes,
than
is
Nubians, among
in
the
of
mankind, just as the negroes are among the ugliest.They are tall, spare, and well-proportioned. The
and there is very fairlystraight, littleof it on nostrils and lipsare thin, the body. The the eyes dark, the nose somewhat aquiline. The flat feet with which they are credited are not a racial char shoes. due to their walking without but are acteristic, As among is longer than the Egyptians,the second toe the first. Constitutionally the Nubians are delicate,and are peculiarlysensitive to pneumonia. They suffer also from earlydecay of the teeth, and are not a long-lived hair is black
and
race.
It will be
that
in their
physical characteristics
to the negro, the black strikingcontrast skin and hair alone excepted. The is dolicho negro nostrils,large cephalic and prognathous, with broad fine teeth, and woolly hair. His iliac bones are un-
they
form
seen
a
D
4
unusually long, the con of a in the case brain simpler than enjoys a good constitution, enabling
He
European. him
withstand
to
arc
fatal
so
to
Egypt.
It
cation.
On
attack
by
white
the
'
Asiatic
chain
a
that
of defence
the
however, did
denoted
side
Egypt
of
called from
Shur,
this line The
derived.
was
the whole
Northern
or
from
defended
was
it was
and
Mazor
apply to
not
of
name
Mazors,' or walls of fortifi
two
name
only Lower
Hebrew
fortresses,sometimes
of
which
fever
man.
of Cush, is the
signifiesthe the
yellow
and
wall/ by the Canaanites,
'the
name,
malaria
the
the brother
Mizraim,
or
his
of
TESTAMENT.
OLD
forearm
usually vertical,his volutions
THE
OF
RACES
THE
52
of
Egypt.
which
Egypt,
It
extended
Cairo. neighbourhood of the modern The rest of the country was Upper Egypt, called Pe-tothe land of the South/ in ancient Res, Egyptian, the Pathros of the Testament Old (Isaiahxi. Ji). The division of Egypt into two provinces dated from pre historic has been remembered times, and through all the vicissitudes of Egyptian history down to the present its land,' and essentially the double day. It was the
from
to
sea
the
'
'
rulers
form,
wore '
where
a
the
double
two
Hence
crown.
Mazors,'
in
the
Hebrew.
of the dual
use
there,
and
Here
Lower
Egypt is alone alluded to, the singular Mazor is employed1, but otherwise the dual 'Mizraim' The only is found throughout the Old Testament. of the northern name province, of that part of the country
which
fore best
known
embrace
to
that it was 1
As
in
bordered
upon
Palestine
there
was
as so Jews, has been extended the southern province as well. But the fact a southern province distinct from the province
to
the
Kings xix. 24, The Nile-arms besiegedplaces'),Is. xix. 6, xxxvii. 25. 2
and
'
of Mazor
'
(A.
V.
'
rivers of
THE
54
4, Amos
Jer. xlvii.
of the
several passages
from
learn
we
Bible
Genesis
In
7).
ix.
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OF
RACES
the
(Deut.ii. 23, reference
to
originalplace ; it should of the of the not follow the name Caphtorim and the garrison The Casluhim. Philistines,in fact, were the southern established by the Egyptian kings on The of Palestine. five cities which border they held the coast road from commanded Egypt to Syria (Exod. the starting-point and formed of Egyptian con xiii. 17), has
them
in
domination
and
quest
from
shifted
been
they should
be
inhabited
its
Asia.
It
that
needful
was
population which, though akin in race to that of Canaan, were yet subjects of the and bound by ties of birth to the Egyptian Pharaoh Pharaoh's land. from indeed Canaan, but They came As nevertheless of Canaan. not were long as Egypt strong
was
she
deserted
their devotion them
refused
mix
to
a
her
to
unshaken
was
;
when
within
the limits of her
still preserved their
and individuality
and
territorythey
own
by
retreated
with
the
population
that
surrounded
them.
The
which
name
follows that of Mizraim
still enveloped in mystery. it has ans
;
been
but
the
this
fashion
to
be
cannot
Since
in Genesis
is
the
days of Josephus identifyPhut with the Liby correct, since
the
Lehabim
or
the sons of Mizraim. A Libyans are included among broken has at fragment of the annals of Nebuchadnezzar last shed a littlelighton the question. We there read that the Babylonian king in the 37th year of his reign marched defeated the of against Egypt, and army Amasis, the Egyptian monarch, as well as the soldiers of the cityof Phut-Yavan Phut of the lonians.' We or '
know
that Amasis
specialprivilegesto
was
the
a
Philhellene
Greeks, had
; he
had
surrounded
granted himself
THE
with
Greek
a
TENTH
had
body-guard, and
55
GENESIS.
OF
CHAPTER
the
removed
camp
neighbourhood of In the city of PhutPelusium to that of Memphis. see some Yavan,' therefore,we must city to which the in a specialmanner considered Greek mercenaries were been the Greek have to colony of belong. It may wife. Amasis had obtained whence a Kyrene, from this may However no be, Phut can longer be said to in the Hebrew remain without a record save Scriptures. of those It was time the head-quarters of some at one mercenaries Greek who played so important a part in and Egyptian politicsin the age of Nebuchadnezzar thus understand can why Phut is asso Cyrus, and we ciated with Lud they threaten by the prophets when Jeremiah (xlvi.9) Egypt with its coming overthrow. with all its mer describes Egypt as risingup for war that of Phut troops, the Ethiopians and the men cenary and the shield, and handle the Lydians that handle the bow.' bend So, too, Ezekiel (xxx. 5) declares that Egypt shall fall with all her forces,Ethiopians and men Like the Lydians, the of Phut, Lydians and Arabs. Greek
of the
from
mercenaries
the
'
'
of Phut
men
offered their services
others
to
the
besides
along with the armies of Tyre
Egyptians, and accordinglywe find them Lydians serving in the ranks of the
(Ezek.xxvii. 10). Canaan
bordered
explainedto in
fact,the
sea
and
the
on '
mean narrow
the lowlands.'
stripof
mountains
on
land
the
coast
hence
voyages name
that
in search of Canaan
the of came
to
be
Here
of Palestine.
time
appliedto
it
built,and
ships started As
the
lies between
were
Phoenician wealth.
is
name
which
the great cities of the Phoenicians from
usually It originally denoted, the
and
Egypt,
went
the land
on
on,
was
their the
beyond
56
THE
the
mountains to
Exodus,
and
discovered
the
called the
land
of
Tel el-Amarna. the
barren
The
Even
the
In
Canaan
of
from
are
Zidon
in
south, with But
'
of
latter
the
the
books
acquired
it has
in the
north
these
have
become
far away
Gaza
to
even
an
tablets of
and
as
included
in
Canaanites, the north.
to
to
'
Gerar
and
the
the
in
Sea.
Dead
enlarged. The spread abroad,' so all grouped were '
were '
were
Hamathites
the fishers' town,' was, of Canaan. To the south
Sidon, '
'
Rock,' built from
the
on
a
shore.
Moses
tells
boats.
Its
us
told, the first '
we
are
of it
was
Tyre,
Greeks,
one
An
that
Its
2300 years of Sidon stood of the
the
rocky islet at a little distance Egyptian traveller in the age of had water to be brought to it in
founded
Northward
'
small
claimed temple of Baal Melkarth antiquity; its priest informed Herodotos that
land.
of the
them.
among
been
was
Genesis,however, the limits as properly extending only
limits
Canaanites
alike
are
easterly extension '
The
has
them,
of
described
that Hittites, Amorites
born
of
chapter
an
afterwards
families
Gebal. In
of Hamath
the
district
Philistines
than
the Amorites
tenth
the
cities of the Philistines, well as
east
like the inhabitants
el-
cities of the
Canaan
meaning
region
Canaan.
of
the
Tel
of
denotes
the
northward
ruins
the
Canaan
or
from
century before
a
among
the word
extent
court
of the Amorites.
Testament
greater
In the letters written
between
country
TESTAMENT.
OLD
Egyptian
intervened
and
Old
the
Kinakhkhi
Amarna,
THE
the east.
on
Palestine
which
OF
RACES
most
before
his visit to
great
a
it had
the
spot.
Gebal, called Byblos by the
sacred
spots in the Canaanitish
worship of the goddess throughout the civilised world.
Ashtoreth
was
famous
TENTH
THE
The
CHAPTER
of Canaan
originalland
the Greeks
and
GENESIS.
OF
called Phoenicia
was
by the Egyptians.
Kaft
57
It is
by possible
palms which Kaph and Kipptih signifya luxuriantlythere. grew palm-branch in Hebrew, and phoenix in Greek has the same meaning. But it is also possible that the latter that
both
from
derived
were
names
the
'
'
word
which
the Greeks
the
from
derived
was
its
from
name
the
the
'language of Canaan,' as it is called by Hebrew. (xix.1 8), differed but slightlyfrom tribes,in fact,like
Ammon, dialects
for the
settled. about
have
must
In
that
other
no
the
'
can
The and
their earlier Aramaic
of the
way
Isaiah
in Moab
their kindred
exchanged
language
palm,
tree.
The
Hebrew
in
country
acquainted with
first became
that the country took
not
the
of
name
in which
country
explain how
we
it
they came
'
Syrian emigrant (Deut.xxvi. 5) should
have
The acquired the ancient language of Canaan. doubtless facilitated adoption of the new language was dialects to Hebrew of the Aramaic by the relationship Phoenician. or family of They belonged to the same relation to one another that speech and bore the same French
bears
Heth, a
son
'
of
to
the
Italian.
who Hittite,'
Canaan,
primitive seat
of the
of
mountains
was
Asia
is named
stranger
a
Hittite tribes Minor.
From
next
in was
to
the
Sidon
land.
in
the
as
The
Taurus
hence
they had the fertile plains of Syria, and descended con upon quered a considerable part of the Semitic population The despatches sent to the Egyptian they found there. in Syria about full B. C. 1400 king by his governors are of references
to
the advance
requests for troops The
Jebusites are
to
be
used
classed
of the
Hittite
armies
and
against them. among
the
Amorites
in
;-)8
Josh. x.
5, 6,
Hebrew
text.
at
They
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
according
the
to
the
were
the
rendering of
correct
of
inhabitants
Jerusalem Canaan.
Israelites into
entry of the
of the
time
the
OF
RACES
THE
probable that they had not been long in the of the Egyptian de possession of the city. Some from the priest-king spatches alluded to above came obedient He of Jerusalem, Ebed-tob was an by name. been vassal of Egypt, but had appointed to his office, not by the Egyptian monarch, but by the oracle of the Mount Moriah. temple stood on god Salem, whose We threatened learn from his letters that Jerusalem was by an enemy, who had already despoiled it of a portion of its territory,and whose to have head-quarters seem it is
But
been not
Hebron.
at sent
at
Ebed-tob from
once
Egypt,
the
was city. Ebed-tob king Melchizedek, and
in
appears
Amorite whom
his
town,
we
Ebed-tob
declares
later
the no
there
is
saving of the priestof Jcbusites
successor name
was despatches. Since Hebron conjecturethat the enemy may
writes, consisted,
in
are
of
hope
no
of the
trace
if troops
that
about
least,of
at
part
an
Amorite
of the withdrawal that the Jebusites,and Palestine Egyptian garrisons from immediately after the date to which the despatches belong allowed the foe to capture Jerusalem. It is possiblethere Amorite fore
that
Ebed-tob
the
was
last
of
the
line
old
of
royal pontiffs. The
Amorite
Girgasiteand of
Arka,
from
a
which
must
the
be
Hivite.
Phoenician '
the
left to another The
Arkite
city north
Sinite
'
derived
was
of Gebal. his
name,
immediate the the
neighbourhood. Arvad, now villageof Ruad, lay upon the coast
maritime
trade
of
Tyre
and
chapter like the
Sidon.
the
inhabitant
Sin
Sina,
or
stood
in the
representedby and
shared
Zemar,
on
in the
hand,
other
Egyptian
CHAPTER
TENTH
THE
inland.
was
the
Phoenician
Hamath,
coast.
of Phoenicia, and far to
north.
the
there, from It
will
Canaan
be
we
infer that
have
to
nothing in with
from
common
another
one
now
the
pass
of
world
Shem,'
we
are
Arphaxad
and
the
was
which was
race
features ments,
race.
The
third
Genesis
told, Lud
is
their
characteristics
country
of
Kalah
of or
either
of Canaan. them
to
which
into
zone
children
'The
Asshur,
and
be
of and
Elam, 'the highlands,'
Aram.'
Babylonia, of the capital. Its population language was agglutinative. other hand, belonged both of
east
country
and
tribes
last
and
had
view
of
to
Amorite north
caused
Elam
were
was
the
point
has
related
blond
of
divided.
'
and
Shushan
capitalAssur,
mounds
sub
once
was
Assyria,on the and language to the Semitic of the Assyrian, as pourtrayed upon of a typical Semitic are cast, and
moral
found
been
were
The
Semitic
the
or
and
old
the
to
non-Semitic
Asshur, in
or
racial
ethnology
mountainous
Susa
a
with
or
Geography and not grouped together. We
Orontes,
cities of which
the father
been
only geographically. yellow-skinned Hittite
the
and
it
the
on
borders
of the
tribes and
the
that
another
one
the
outside
the
like
situated
to
domination.
seen
is said
subject
have inscriptions
may
an
Eighteenth
were
the banks
on
Hittite
which
Hittite
jected to
built
was
the
not
lay
of
scat
importance
were
Hamah,
now
of
lost its
59
the
been
Syria
wrhich
towns
GENESIS.
time
and
Palestine Dynasty, when Egypt. Subsequently it other
had
It
in
governor
OF
those
were
Assyria
took
Asshur,
now
Sherghat,
a
its
of
The
stock. his his the
name
monu
mental Semitic
from
representedby little to
the
north
the the
of
60
the
junction of
the
town,
Hiddekel
of the
Asshur'
to
(Gen.
ii.
it
Tigris that
or
is referred
Paradise
rivers of
the
is to
it is
where
goeth eastward
elsewhere
But
14).
'
It
Zab.
Lower
country, which
the
than
descriptionof
in the said
rather
the
Tigris with
the
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OF
RACES
THE
in
Old
the
Assyria1. signifies and the kingdom The founders of the city of Asshur from northward of Assyria had moved Babylonia. The Semitic language of Babylonia differed from that of differs from Assyria only as the dialect of Middlesex the
Testament
that
of Asshur
name
Oxfordshire.
of
It
Babylonia that the religion,their customs,
from
was
Assyrians had brought their their traditions. their art of writing,their science, and Their the gods of Babylonia, with the sole gods were Assur. They built their exception of the supreme houses
of
temples
and
been stone
from
brick
a
land
of
and
stone
raised
their
loftyplatforms,because this had in the alluvial plain of Babylonia, where exist and protection had to be sought
palaceson
necessary did
in
not
the floods of winter.
It
the
was
of those
ambition
in empire to be crowned could their right to dominion out side the boundaries of Assyria itself be recognised and made legitimate. To become king of Babylon and the to the adopted child of the Babylonian Bel was what in Rome to coronation Assyrian monarch was
Assyrian kings who Babylon. Only so
the
mediaeval
always been belonged to
German in
another
Except in Gen. xxv. occupied by the Asshurim Qazarnai belonged wild
who
beasts.
at
prince.
Semitic
1
foughtwith
aimed
hands. and
race,
18
where
of Gen. is described
Babylonia had not Its earliest population the language which
But
'Asshur' 3.
xxv.
in
an
It
was
the
denote
must to
district
these Asshurim
Egyptian papyrus
as
a
hero
that who
62
RACES
THE
possessionof older
its
hosts
down
in the pages we
paramount
lord
a
later date
of the Bible.
of
Babylonia
footing in Babylonia givesus
a
listof the most
has
the
obtained a
a
the
prince.
permanent
dynasty there
cuneiform
A
words
common
I4th chapter
Elamite
an
centuries.
left its
of Abraham
age
established
and
lasted for several
which
From
was
the tribe of Kassi
neighbouring
conquest
in the
that
the
from
such
One
learn
of Genesis
fusion with political time to invading
time
them
upon
of Elam.
mountains
At
From
inhabitants.
TESTAMENT.
OLD
after their
the country
rushed
record
THE
OF
tablet
in the Kassite
To what language,together with their significations. family of speech they belong is quite unknown. Kassites and Babylonians intermingled together,and of Kassite rule has been the long continuance thought of Kasdim to explain the name given to the inhabitants of Babylonia in the Old Testament. Chesed, of which Kasdim is the Hebrew plural,has been explained as the country of the Kassites.' But the explana Kas-da tion is more than it is quite as easy doubtful, and to derive Kasdim from the to Assyrian verb Kasddu would be the conquer/ so that the Kasidi or Kasdim Kassite of the Chaldaean plain. conquerors In the Septuagint the Hebrew is trans word Kasdim lated by Chaldaeans.' In the Greek period 'Chaldaean' and Babylonian had become terms, and synonymous Chaldaea. But the to be known Babylonia had come as Chaldaeans formed no part of the population originally of the country. In the inscriptions with first meet we '
'
'
'
'
'
'
the
name
century which the
of the before
our
Kalda era.
or
It
Chaldaeans was
the
lived in the great salt-marshes
Euphrates and Tigrissouthward
in
of
of
name
at
the
the
ninth a
mouths
Babylonia.
tribe of This
tribe, however, influence
dach-baladan
they
(B.C.721),and
for twelve
exert
to
of
fortunes
the
on
destined
was
important
an
Mero-
Under
Babylonia.
of
possession
gained
63
GENESIS.
OF
CHAPTER
TENTH
THE
Babylon
Merodach-baladan
years
was
He legitimatesovereign of the people of Bel.' then forced to fly before Assyrian invaders, and was for to Babylon, it was more once though he returned but a short time. Sennacherib ravaged Babylonia with
the
'
fire
and
Assyrian But
the
destined
not
the
are
and forgotten,
it is that while as
the
Kasdim,
and
the
Latin
and
The '
;
of the
the
by
predominating preva
Greek
the
This
descent.
position attained
whole
writers
it
Babylonian
all other elements
in
alone survives.
Hence
Babylonians are Septuagintthey
known
the Chaldaean
in the Greek
Nebuchad
that
the
Chaldaean
in Hebrew
Babylonian has recently
It
of Chaldaean
all others. '
in
here.
Winckler
Dr.
In the
name.
place of population is called it
of
appanage
Kalda
end
to
made
lence of their
the
played by
part
probable by and his family were nezzar would for fully account Chaldaeans in Babylonia takes
an
crown.
historywas been
it became
and
sword,
become
Chaldaeans. It is to
probable that
the Semitic
race.
the
This
regards the largerpart Kasdim
in the
Old
Kalda at
Chaldaeans
or
any
of those
rate
are
At
the
forget that since the name frequentlyused of the whole population must
other
According the Kasdim, uncle
of Aram.
racial elements to
Gen.
was
the Huz
besides
xxii. 21, 22,
brother and
Buz
by time
same
of of
as
the we
Kasdim
is
Babylonia
it
Semitic.
Chesed, the father of
of Huz are
case
meant
not
included
the
was
who
Testament.
belonged
the
and
Khazu
Buz
and
and
the Bazu
64
who
tribes
Aramaean
of
district
northern
settled in
tribes
Aramaean Assyrian inscriptions,
of the the
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OP
RACES
THE
Arabia.
Aram
extended
from
the
denotes the
western
Babylonia to the highlands of Mesopotamia of and Aramu Arma the Arumu, and Syria. They are of them, like the Some the Assyrian monuments. settled in even (Jer. 1. 21), were Puqudu or Pekod be the relationshipthat existed Babylonia. Hence frontiers of
them
tween
in the
Hebrew the
In
the
and
genealogicalform. chapter of Genesis Arphaxad
tenth
He
is
therefore he would
whom
placed next
have
been
Now
Arphaxad is written Arpha-Chesed, 'the Arpha of
tact.
is doubtful.
means
expressed
is
in
usual
of Aram.
brother
which
Kasdim,
Professor
is the with
Asshur
to
geographicalcon in the originalHebrew What Chesed.' Arpha in
Schrader
it with
connects
'urfak and accordingly renders the name the territoryof Chesed.' Up to the present no light has been cast on the word by the Assyrian texts. The Lud that which follows of Arphaxad name be correct. The be cannot corrupt, reading must it could though it is impossible to conjecture what Lud or originallyhave been. Lydia belongs to a
the
Arabic
'
different
and,
as
zone we
from
have
of
that
seen,
is
of
the
children
already referred no were Lydians
to
of
Shem,
under
the
There in the service Magog. of the Babylonian kings as We in Egypt. there were of a people or region which ought to have the name touched the the one on side and on Babylonia on
name
Aramaean would
tribes be
on
some
'nomads,' the Nod Babylonia
the
other. like
name
of
Gen.
in the north-east.
What that
iv.
should
we
of
16, who
the
expect or Manda,
bordered
upon
'
of
name
divided
one
;
told,
are
Peleg ;
was
his brother's
and
were
for in his was
name
Arabia
districts of South-eastern
and
modern
them
Among
Joktan.
to
or
two
'
Hebrew.'
sons
the days was Joktan.' The traced
find
we
Ophir, the
Hadhramaut,
Eber
born
'
65
GENESIS.
grandfatherof
the
Arphaxad was Unto Eber,' we
OF
CHAPTER
TENTH
THE
the
;
earth tribes
their descent
the
Hazarmaveth,
famous
sea-port and
the emporium of the goods of the further east, Havilah compassed by the river Pison (Gen.ii. u), sandy region,' of Ishmael and (Gen. xxv. 18), occupied by the sons '
7),as well as Sheba, the Saba whose ancient of the native inscriptions, capitalis now in the south-western representedby the ruins of Mareb after of Arabia. The corner kingdom of Sheba arose its the Minaeans, and the decay of that of Ma'in or of Northern Arabia in the rulers were already masters and Sargon (B.C. 733, 715).The time of Tiglath-Pileser
(i Sam.
Amalek
and
xv.
had heard of the fame of Solomon,' for of Sheba queen the northern limit of her dominions adjoinedthe southern '
limit of his. northern
The or
Mash,
Mash.
the
frontier of the
four
of
sons
Mash
we
learn from
of
Joktan was
verse
23,
was
Mesha one
of
Uz, the land of Job, being Assyrian inscriptionsthe country
Aram,
the
In
another.
as
sons
the frequentlyreferred to. It was northern occupying not only Arabia part of Arabia but also the Nejd to the south. Petraea Sargon tells that his conquests had extended us throughout the whole
of Mas
or
of Mas
'
is
far
the river of
Egypt,'and Assurhimself its bani-pal found compelled to traverse in his march waterless wastes againstthe Nabatheans. in the There is one EthnographicalTable' of passage Genesis in which the geographicalsystem on which it is land
as
as
'
E
66
THE
founded
is
the
Lord.'
the
of
name
is the
Asshur'
'
Book
'the
and
before
hunter once
occurs
the
relating
passage
mighty
Nimrod
In
Testament. of
land
'the
This
of Cush, the
son
The
Old
the
in
TESTAMENT.
OLD
departed from.
Nimrod,
to
THE
OF
RACES
more
(v.6)
of Micah
land
of
}
Nimrod
are
Both, it would parallelismone to the other. consequently justify the signify Assyria and seem, marginal rendering of Gen. x. n : Out of that land he in
placed
'
Assyria.' Testament But outside the pages of the Old nothing of Assyria and of Nimrod. The is known monuments Babylonia have hitherto refused to divulge the name. Certain scholars indeed imagined that it might be of the hero of the the pronunciation of the name know that such is not Epic,but we now great Chaldaean that is to say, Nimrod
"
the
Nimrod
case.
cuneiform
The
still remains
of Nimrod
kingdom and
Accad
chief
the
moved
in the
discovered
be
to
texts.
lon, Erech were
into
out
went
"
in the of
seats
northward
began
in
Babylonia. Baby
North, Calneh
his
From
power.
founded
and
in the south,
thence
he
and
the
Nineveh
adjoining towns. the
Erech,
the
presented by of
Semitic
But of
it
fact that
cluded
in the
town
of
seems
to
would
account
of
the
Babylonia
in the
only city of kingdom of Nimrod Kul-unu
that the
at
an
empire
the
indicate
It
immediate
first Semitic
Kalneh, called
Assyria was
inscriptions,is
of Warka.
in
Accad,
at
was
the
mounds
influence
Sippara,that
The
of
Uruki
kingdom
in was
built
by
the
mighty
centre
established.
was
Shinar
or
the
the
in
unimportant native
texts,
Semitic.
This
for the further fact that the '
a
early period. neighbourhood
Sumir was
was
re
now
future
hunter
'
of
capital Baby-
THE
The
Ionia.
CHAPTER
TENTH
of
name
It
founders
of the younger Nineveh of Nineveh lie remains
The mounds
from
Nina,
Kouyunjik and city of Mosul).
circuit of land.
Within of
kings,the temples the people,as well markets
held.
were
'Ir
Rehoboth '
Rehoboth
palacesof
the
and
the
the mounds had
of
built
been
had
Calah
Between
country.
the hamlet
of Res-eni
the
of the sweet
or
Resen waters
'
the with
of
houses
'
the
called
are
the
city of
the south
stand, was
now
Shalmaneser
by
it for
made
To
Nimrud
the
in which
squares
Version.
vast
a
Genesis, mistranslated
(B.C.1300) who
source
(oppositethe
public squares
in the Authorised
Calah
the
These
in
Nineveh, where Calah.
open
rubbish
the
embraced
these stood
the
as
beneath
gods
the
derived.
were
Its walls
the
that
appear,
Nebi-Yunus
of
modern
of
it would
Semitic
a
cityof Baby
ancient
an
lonia.
was
67
GENESIS.
(Ninua) was
Nineveh
of Nina,
of that
modification
OF
awhile
I
the
capital and Nineveh lay head of the spring,' which the neigh
bouring populationwas supplied. These geographical details will show that the passage be from a departurethough it may relatingto Nimrod the general scheme can yet justifyits place in the chapter. It is an episode,but an episode which has a geographical rather than a historical or an ethnological "
"
interest.
he
is
a
Nimrod
hero,
is as
introduced, not
because
he
is
so
much
connected
because with
the
geography of Babylonia and Assyria. Nevertheless
the episode is one
the
which
does
violence to
general geographical scheme. Assyria and Baby lonia belong to the central,not to the southern zone, and are consequentlycorrectlygiven under the head of Shem. From a strictlyscientific point of view the E
3
68
THE
of
names
RACES
the
enumerated
cities after
chapter
is
Apart
the
the
episode
is
ought and
due
which
upon
be
to
Arphaxad. to
the
however,
different
a
of
rest
the
it
contrary,
has
nothing
to
in is
not
one
the
of
character
true
being tells
with
that
documents
Genesis
to
as
us
do.
Bible,
the and
ethnological
an
ethnology
them.
of
analysis
an
its
claim
no
speak it
of
Asshur
abundantly
can
ethnological
of
episode,
lays
On
ethnologist
chapter
the
It
purpose.
language
names
that
proves
record.
in
based. from
chapter
stood
of from
conception
them
which
the
introduction
The
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OF
There but
plainly and
may the
as
the be
tenth
TESTAMENT.
OLD
'
term, philological
the
fullyfrom
THE
OF
RACES
THE
70
Semitic
the
family of
speech.' that
already seen
have
We
there
of the
members
are
speak Semitic languages,and speakers of Semitic languages who do not belong to the There Semitic race. are Jews who know only English German or or Spanish, while Arabic dialects are spoken the Nubians of Southern and Egypt. by the Maltese mixed ancient population of Babylonia was The a one, in it is probable that the and predominant element the end, although it had it remained non-Semitic to learned It is questionable to speak a Semitic idiom. the Phoenicians of purely whether Canaanites or were Semitic
who
race
do
ancestry, and
Semitic
Israelites learned is
There
another and
imply
relation
dialects.
are
a
that
as
Latin remote
Semitic
idioms
parent-speech. But they were same strong family features, characteristic
languages as
the
words
which
of
the
is met
world.
built upon
grammatical vowels nounced.
with
meaning the help
Thus
skeleton of
each
of which
\qatal(a)means
slayer,' qutdl slain,' q '
a
tol
'
the
to
the
all
same
Romanic of
off from
branched
it is this
distinguishedby the especially by a
more
in
is
roots.
of three word
of
none
is what
'triliteralism' of Semitic are
in the
that the record
with This
use
may
stood
stands
period so
several
we
language convertibly. closely akin to one languages of Europe,
Romanic
modern
them
At
lost,the
Semitic
and
the
call Hebrew.
which
in
that
them
we
parent-speech which
a
to
from
was
language which
languages
the
as
it
however,
race
Semitic
The
yet
the
sense,
a
Semitic
terms
not
usuallyknown Semitic
Most
consonants,
depending
the
consonants '
he
other
the
on
are
the the pro
slew,' qatil
'
a
slay,' qutl,'slaughter.' qatl,gitl,
almost
regularityas which
at
time
of mankind
the rest
of two it.
to
con
Such
a
the imprinted itself upon isolated when its speakers were in a and lived by themselves
community.
compact There
are
community
which
life as
animals
dialects
point to On
and
the
plantsas
a
hand, there
largecity.
Indeed
led
and The
in all the
found
are
that this
show
to-day.
this part of the world
the other
settled life in
of
Bedawin
to
go
Arabia
lived in North-eastern
nomad
stock.
evidences
many
of such
a
a
conform
to
words
Even
consisted originally made
such
with
out
artificial.
seem
have
can
language only
the
been
only have
characteristic
to
have
to
appear
sonants
same
Jl
principleof triliteralism is carried
The
from
RACE.
SEMITIC
THE
are
the
names
Semitic
as
the
cradle
of
no
indications
of
the word
dtu, which
'city'in Assyro-Babylonian the first of the signifies under the influence of culture Semitic languages to come the Hebrew ohel tent,' is the same and civilisation as "
'
"
primarily meant, not the city of civilised life,but In Hebrew the word the tent of the wandering nomad. it is of home,' and when retained its old signification told by his said that the Levite of Beth-lehem was father-in-law that he might (Judg.xix. 9), go home the expressionliterally to means thy tent.' The go than 'house' of the primitiveSemite was nothing more and
'
'
'
'
shelter he erected for himself in the desert ; he became acquainted with the palacesof Accadian
the temporary when
the non-Semitic term by Babylonia he had to borrow which described, c-gal or 'great house,' and they were of speech,making it ekallu in adapt it to his own organs Assyrian and hekal in Hebrew. it The it was in which circumstances placed make probable that the primitiveSemitic community consisted
THE
72
of only practically have
slaves
been
one
cruited
in such
how a
; it is also
have
But
be
who
individual
caused
members
from
join it
to
time
have
been
to re
these additions
the whole
on
may
that the attractions
largelythe Gypsies
way.
there
in its midst
true
nations
or
that
It is true
captured wives
or
know
We
TESTAMENT.
OLD
race.
longed to another race of a wandering life may of neighbouring tribes time.
THE
OF
RACES
much have made impression community cannot it. The of the country it geographical conditions upon inhabited and kept the race preserved it from mixture The offspring have inherited of foreignwives would pure. the physicalcharacteristics of the stronger parent,and in this case the stronger parent belonged to the nomad race. If ever, then, there was instance in which an language the
to
and
race
convertible
were
primitiveSemitic of
the
which
world,
they
of mankind when
time If
would
we
look
must
almost
which
led
these
a
parent Semitic
isolated
life at the
of the
speech.
Arabia
was
the
early home
with
littlechanged. In Central
terminations
may
three
of
still be the
another, but which in Semitic
singlefamily
a
characteristic features
it is in Northern
cases
upon
which
stock, and it but
'
life its younger still preserve, tribes who
localityin
the entirety,
the
permanently fixed. in its purity we race
Semitic
nomad
among
triliteralism of
separate and
the
for it in the
'
creation
were peculiarities
still find
in their
Northern
the
built,are
are
nursed, and
was
languages from especiallythe
more
of
that
was
which peculiarities the other languages
The
community,
off the Semitic
mark
it
terms
speech.
Arabia
heard
of the
that
which
long
It is
since
still meet the vocalic
Arabia
distinguishedthe
primitive Semitic have
we
Semitic
from
noun
been
there, too, that
one
lost elsewhere we
may
still
THE
RACE.
SEMITIC
73
which peculiarsounds of the parent-language, cultivated Assyrian four had already disappeared from thousand they were ago, pronounced to-day as years And of the Semitic there, race. by the first ancestors stillsee the Semite we leading the life of moreover, may his earliest ancestors, wandering with his flocks in search of tent of pasture, shelteringhimself at night under a of the desert on camel's hair, or traversingthe sands a
hear
the
camel's back.
the settled
garded
as
Semitic
But
type.
trace
their
is to
discover
the
even
the
In
The
and
to
a
lesser extent
population of the Hijaz, may therefore be re presentingus with the purest examples of the
admixture.
race.
Arabia,
of Northern
Bedawin
The
Sinaitic
past history,and in
anywhere
we
it shows
us
the world
a
the
free from
not
are
Peninsula
form
who
Towarah,
Bedawin
able
are
how
to
difficult it
reallyunmixed bulk
main
of
the
population of the Peninsula, are emigrants from Central Arabia. They poured into the country at the time of the Mohammedan conquests and dispossessedthe older Nabathaean as they were population, the 'Saracens' called by Christian writers. One tribe only, the Jibaclaim different ancestry. mountaineers,' can a liyeh or from the Egyptian And these are partly descended even and Wallachian prisoners whom Justinian attached as serfs to the Monastery of St. Catherine. The people who engraved the Sinaitic inscriptionson the rocks in '
'
'
the
earlier
make
way
It
must
Peninsula
centuries
of
the
Christian
have
era
had
to
for strangers. be
remembered,
is but
an
however,
of the
outlying appanage It is in
Semitic
domain.
the rest
of Arabia, and
a
certain
since the
measure
age
the
that
of
primitive
cut
the
Sinaitic
off from
Third
and
THE
74
THE
OF
TESTAMENT.
OLD
Egyptian Dynasties its western Further the influence of Egypt.
Fourth under been
RACES
less
for
reason
mixture
a
has
coast
been
there
east
has
displacement of
or
population. If. the
then,
Semite
would
we
trace
the
racial characteristics
and
Central
it is to Northern
Arabia
of
that
we
should
that we And are right in doing naturallyturn. find there is shown so by a comparison of the type we with that of the modern Jews on the one hand and of the ancient Assyrians,as depicted on their monuments,
the
on
other.
The
three
types
must
be
all essential
in
agree
features. But
here
no
the modern
by
mean means
a
various
again we
of
It has
nations,and
intermarried
at
Malabar, for example, who
Dravidian
Jews
'
natives
of certain
rather than
of Southern
The
its
the
India,there
Falashas
is
race
by
has
career
black
'
descended
are
we
proselytes from
are
parts of Europe whose
Jewish.
Jewish
periods in
There
races.
define what
admitted
different
other
with
The
Jewish type.
one.
pure
careful to
Jews the
from the
are
'
'
white
type is European
of
Abyssinia are Jews by religionrather than in origin,and it is only by the aid of intermarriagethat we in can explain the contrast the two type between great divisions of European Jews the Sephardim of Spain and Italyand the Ashkenazim of Germany, Poland, and Russia. Indeed know that we "
few of the
leading Spanish
families
admixture
of
in their veins, which
a
Jewish
blood
corresponding admixture Even
means
in a
red-haired
Biblical
pure
one.
l, which 1
i
Sam.
on
times
the
David, may xvii. 42.
the
we
have
a
certain
implies
other side.
Jewish are
race
Ruth
was
told, was
possiblyindicate Compare
not
i. 4,
an
by
blond infusion
iv.'ip,.
no
and of
THE
of
his chief officers a
of
house
Philistine
a
captains of
an
2.
or
Kretans
Ammonite,
The
of Gath
ark
3,and
one
l, and an
found
himself
with
among
Arabian, shelter
of the
most
and
in the
trusty
the
Israelitish army, whose wife afterwards of the kings of Judah, was the ancestress Uriah
became the
find
we
75
he surrounded
Cherethites
Maachah
of
Syrian
RACE.
all events
At
foreignblood. a body-guard
SEMITIC
it is the
But
Hittite.
which Egyptian monuments have afforded us the most convincing proof of the mixed The character of the population in the Jewish kingdom. of the Jewish towns names captured by the Egyptian and king Shishak in his campaign against Rehoboam, recorded the walls of the temple of Karnak, are each on with the head and of a prisoner. surmounted shoulders Casts have of the heads been made by Mr. Flinders Petrie. and the racial type represented by them turns and out to be Amorite not Jewish. We must conclude,
therefore, that the
even
after the
revolt of the Ten
Tribes
of the
bulk
population in Southern Judah continued in race, though not in name. to be Amorite. The Jewish so scantilyrepresented that the Egyptian artist type was when passed it over depicting the prisonerswho had been brought from Judah. Palestine is but another example of an ethnological has been fact which in Western observed Europe. A tends to conquering and intrusive race disappear. It survive
may
have
crushed
many
learn
We
defended
3
may
even
to
seem
the
from
Sennacherib
Jerusalem againstthe
Arabians. *
centuries,it
subject population for ever, and to planted itself too firmly in its new possessionsto
have 1
for
2
Sam.
i
Sam.
xxiii. 37, 35, 34. vi. 10, n.
that
the
body-guard of Hezekiah Assyrians similarlyconsisted of
which 'Urbi
or
76 be
rooted
France,
in
But
out.
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OF
RACES
THE
already been Aryan conqueror,
has
as
noticed, the blond, broad-shouldered the has race
known
only Gaul had
make
to
which
has
Britain, in the
the writers
to
way
for the
same
way,
the
and
Rome,
dark, small-limbed
older
the
again become
of Greece
predominant type.
darker
all events
at
race,
In
by taking its revenge upon its conquerors slowly supersedingthem. What has happened in Western Europe has happened The Jews flourish everywhere except also in Palestine. in the country of which they held possessionfor so long exist there are The few Jewish colonies which a time. mere exotics, influencingthe surrounding population as is
in the west,
little as beside
the
colonies
German
them.
That
have
that
population
is
founded
been
In
Canaanite.
moral and characteristics, physical features,in mental of the population it is the descendant in its folklore, even which the Israelitish invaders vainly attempted to extirpate. It has survived, while they have perished or elsewhere. The succeeded in driving wandered Roman the Jew from the soil which his fathers had won ; the Jew succeeded in drivingfrom it its originalpossessor. never When for exile in the Jew departed from it,whether Babylonia, or for the longer exile in the world of a later day, the older population sprang again in all its up vigour and freshness,thus assertingits rightto be indeed the child of the soil. It must
have
of Samaria. Palestine south. evidence
been
that
same
in the
northern
kingdom
To-day the ethnologicaltypes of Northern
present And
the
yet the
but we
little variation have
from
contemporary
people of the Ten Tribes purest Semitic race. Among the spoilswhich
those
of the
monumental were
the
of the
British
78
RACES
THE
THE
OF
TESTAMENT.
OLD
more or strictlyspeaking a special race, The hair is glossy-black,curly and strong,
constitute
a
sub-race.
"
The largely developed on the face and head. skull is dolichocephalic. It is curious,however, that in of the Jews has shown Central Europe an examination that while about blonds, only 25 per 15 per cent, are cent, are brunettes, the rest being of intermediate type, almost and that exclusively brachycephalism occurs and
is
the
among
except
the
on
the
somewhat skin
redden
eyes
a
a
dull
white, which
good dark
are
the
to
exposure
of colour
deal
like the
is better
able
given premiss, or sary's argument, favour
than 1
of
as
See
a
to
than
attain
pioneer
to
There
in the
does
1.
not
usually,
is
cheeks.
lips and
rather
'
than
weakness the
He
of
a
retentive, inductive. from
consequences
conclusion.
in inductive
is
memory
balance
eminence
with versatile,
and
the the
expose
inductive
some
likelyto
more
blood
hair.
deduce
to
but
tans
sun.
Mentally the Semite is clever His specialaptitude for finance. his mode of reasoning deductive He
of
mixture
race
is of
under
however, The
of extensive
theory
for this
account
is pure, the nose is prominent, and the lipsare thick,and the face oval. aquiline,
Whenever
The
It is difficult to
brunettes.
an
a
adver
probabilitiesin is consequently
in mathematics
or
music
science.
in the Mittheilungen Fligier, Zur Anthropologie der Semiten der Wiener the ix. pp. 135 sq. In the Caucasus anthropol.Gesellschaft but as brachycephalismcharacterises the Jews are hyper-brachycephalic, Caucasian intermixture would populations fullyexplainthe fact. According '
,
Reclus
(vi.p. 225) the Suabian colonies in the Kura valley in the course of two assimilated in general type to their Caucasian generationsbecame d ark hair and On the other hand, the Russian neighbours, eyes included. colony planted in the time of the empress Katherine,on the shores of the Gygaean Lake, near Sardes, remains unchanged,with tall stature, blond blue complexion, pale eyes and lightyellow hair. to
THE
SEMITIC
RACE.
79
religionthe Semite has always been distinguished by the simplicityof his belief and worship ; in social of his matters by his strong family affection. Another of display, to which characteristics has been fondness and unwearied the love of acquisition, be added must industry in certain pursuits. But he has little taste for and except perhaps in the case of ancient agriculture, distaste for the discipline a Assyria, has always shown of a militarylife. Intense to fanaticism, however, he has roused, of carrying on a proved himself capable,when heroic strugglein contempt of pain and death. Along of character with this intensity element of fero goes an city to which the Assyrian inscriptionsgive only too frequentan expression. The love of travel and restless of disposition which further distinguishes the Semite ness habits of his must probably be traced to the nomadic In
forefathers.
remote
Physically he has a strong and enduring constitution. The Jews have survived and multiplied in the mediaeval of Europe under towns the most insanitaryconditions, and
if
turn
we
to
Assyrian monarchs of years.
Diseases
whom
among
past
find
averaging an that
prove have
Jews
the
reigns of the unusually long number fatal to the populations
we
lived
like the natives of Arabia
and
over,
the
the
seem
they
to
pass
them
resist malaria
remarkable
degree. Is it possible, with the materials at present at our dis posal,to reach beyond the primeval home of the Semitic the traits which family, that Arabian region where to
a
characterise became answer
is
a
the
fixed in the
distant
Semitic and
race
and
the
stereotyped?
affirmative.
On
relationshipbetween
Semitic
languages
Many scholars will the linguistic side there the Semitic family of
80
it is true, there
Old
is
the distinguishes But
of
the
difference
wide
dialects
the fundamental
roots
Egyptian in
the
two
them, and
between
triliteralism which
of the
traces
no
Semitic
Old
and
of Semitic many
a
Egyptian shows
of mankind.
Structurally,
language of ancient Egypt.
the
speech and
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OF
RACES
THE
the
among forms
and are
grammar groups
languages conceptions
of
the
speech
same,
agree
together,and it is possiblethat future research may dis in the department them between even close a similarity of phonology. On the other hand, the so-called Hamitic Africa also exhibit sub-Semitic languages of Northern or resemblances to the language of ancient Egypt as well of the Semitic family. In the Libyan dialects to those as double verbal form find the same employed with the we double function as in Assyrian,and throughout the same is denoted Hamitic by a languages the causative prefixed sibilant as it was in the parent Semitic speech. We cannot however, from language to race, argue, and as we shall see in a future chapter the Libyans have '
'
the with the Semites connection or no ethnologically Egyptians. Moreover, in several instances the Hamitic dialects are origin, spoken by tribes of negro or Nubian while the physiological characteristics of the Egyptians '
'
are
very
different
originalSemitic Africa, as many such
new
and
from
those
family may, writers definite
of
Semite.
the
indeed, have
maintain features
; but
if
The
migrated from so, it acquired
in its Arabian
home
as
it a distinct race, but also to efface the only to make proofs of its originaldescent. only of History knows which Semitic Arabia Africa into migrations from resulted in the foundation of of Ethiopic kingdoms, not migrationsfrom Africa into Arabia. At present, therefore, with tracing be content must we not
THE
Semitic
the Here
Egyptians of
its
by
primitive
indeed
that
of
human
history
white
had
race
there
race
are
unable
to
speech
which
of its
own
the
stitutes
humanity.
individuality
distinct
to
define
Semitic for
;
the
it
and
which
apart of
that
and
in
which
within
the
the
white
ethnologist
is
One from
ethnology
all
a
is
families
separate
family
its
remote
some
in
the
it
accentuate.
stands
student
each
with
know
morphological
same
like
race,
the
We
region
which
the
it
boundaries
race,
But
like
are
within
Each
languages.
ethnology is
They exist
abode.
the
unsupported
guesses
come
from
connect
the
white
the
races
many
unite.
the
from
off
demands.
have
earliest
its
to
but
are
cradle.
it
beyond
pass
of
consequently
mark
science
branch
a
must
ancestors
period
is
it
to
which
evidence
Arabian
attempts
home,
desert
solid
the
and
Libyans,
or
its
which All
mankind.
of
races
than
features
the
8l
RACE.
further
no
assumed
it
other
race
SEMITIC
of
the of
of
group has
speech,
of
purpose these
others
peculiar
races
and
con
type
of
V.
CHAPTER
EGYPTIANS.
THE
E
earlier
of
Egypt.
1 down
It
sojourn,
to
Egyptian-born. of
children
of Israelitish Who
exodus
the
nation, and
these
of the
At
sight, it
the
of
;
upon
to
the
them.
The
of
the
of
the
throughout
a
ally, who
has
his
Arab
with often
And
of
the
into
a
and
life.
it has
very not
with
same
his the
found
valley called
been
people
who
filled
with
are
the
modern
with
painted of
Egyptian,
still
moral
displays
qualities
native,
more
temptation
to
ancient easy
the
of
his
especi intermix
brother,
Mohammedan
very
monu
representations
the
Christian
exactly been
the
and
country,
the
as
conquerors
of
?
answer
executed
accuracy,
of the
the
had
an
of the
women,
Moreover,
or
give
Europe
and
and
Copt,
not
of
concerned
alike
have
features
covered
are
to
earlier
numberless
them
life-like
mental,
reproduces yet
history
the
inhabitants
men
large part
The
ancestors.
difficult
museums
and
daily
the
physical,
was
starting-point
deeply
so
are
sculpture forms
tombs
of
scenes
whom
seem
Egyptian
skill
marvellous walls
with
behind
and
portray
statues
the
first grew
is the
ancient
left
painting
erected
not
The
have
Nile
ments
the
does
question.
the
Sarah
bondage
Egypt
Egyptians Testament
Old
records
to
of
they
of
out
of
went
history.
were
first
Goshen
In
of
centre
house
the
it became
Israel.
of
the
forms
that
Abraham
that
handmaid
the
Hagar
and
with
is interwoven
Egypt
to
was
Egypt
and
Joseph,
Israel
of
history
type. to
determine
THE
83
EGYPTIANS.
It is precisecharacteristics of the Egyptian race. that the but recentlythat ethnologistshave discovered of the white race. Indeed, Pro Egyptian is a member
the
fessor Virchow
the
sun-burn
to never a
The
case.
himself
than the
Italian is darker-skinned skin of the
is not
Egyptian
the
this is never
and
sun
or
native
wind
is
as
who white or
as
South
pure-bloodedEgyptian. unfrequently freckled ;
with the true members
case
is
is due
townsman
a
fact,the ordinary Spaniard
In
European.
to
that such
prove
Egyptian
newly-born infant
exposes
The
of the
red skin a
;
the first to
been
has
of the South-
acknow The artists of the Pharaohs European race. belonged to the white ledged that their countrymen is painted red,the skin While the skin of the men race. The white. is a pale yellow or of the women even did women protectedthemselves from the sun ; the men not
As the
alone
hence
;
approach
we
of
colour
in the colour
the difference
skin
the
frontiers of
southern
the
of their skin.
Egypt,
constantly darker.
becomes
with the long-continued intermixture dark-skinned once Nubians, who occupied the whole like Edfu, where the Coptic of this region. In a town population has kept itself comparatively free from the rule, but such intermixture, fair complexions are have we only to step into the country to find the Mohammedan peasantry darkening from brick-red to combined effect of ex a deep copper-brown. The This
is due
posure often
to a
to
the
colour
which
ber
of
although the
neighbour, a
strain
a
is but
a
few
blood
of Nubian
is
degrees lighterthan
himself.
that of the Nubian But
of
and
sun
the
white
blond.
pure-blooded Egyptian race,
he
His F
is
not,
hair
and
2
like eyes
is his are
a
mem
Libyan black.
84
RACES
THE
is true
It
that
They
were
of
mummy
of
oppressor
told
are
we
hair, and
the
by
Israelites classical
sacrificed
were
sons
red
OLD
TESTAMENT.
especially a red with. moustache, are occasionally met with also met in ancient The Egypt. Ramses II makes it probable that the
and
beard
THE
OF
more
had
red
writers
Typhon,
to
hair,
that
since
and
red-haired belief
the
per
that
such
general. red hair referred to, however, is merely a variety The of black, black hair, when partiallydeprived of its pigment, assuming a reddish tinge. The muscular, Egyptian is well-proportioned and existed
persons
delicate
with
in the
hands
and
contradistinction
in
country
to
feet. the
have
must
Like
ancient
been
Italian,and
the
Greek,
second
the
is of longer than the first. He medium height, and is dolichocephalic. His hair is much developed on the face straight,and is seldom somewhat His small, his nose are or body. eyes straight,though the nostrils like the lips are inclined lower jaw is massive, but the general His to be full. is that of good-temper and expression of his mouth belied is not by his actual light-heartedness,which of
toe
his
From
character. has of
foot
is
the
days
of
the
Greek
dispositionis singularlysweet incapableof bearing a grudge, and the
under
tionate
in
his
nations,
as
Sir
i. p.
The
Manners
364.
adverse
most
proverbial. He
1
he
always been celebrated for the size and excellence of his skull. the thickness his teeth,and
His is
travellers
and
docile.
and
circumstances
his
He
cheerfulness has
become
kindly and hospitable,and affec Alone of ancient family relations. Wilkinson has pointed out 1) Gardner is
Customs
of
the Ancient
Egyptians,
Birch's
edition,
86
THE
The the
RACES
monuments
small
of the
OF
THE
of
the
found
articles
is
lost,as
proved by similar
and
scarabs
cleverness
The
modern
peasantry intellectual
go
is
Egyptian learn,and
through which
cracy the
shows
Arab
of the
age
of finance, as makes
He
also
he a
has
Egypt
conquest.
specialaptitude
a
the
constituted
have
They
the
for
fact that domi the
keep their
financial
own
bureau
governed since Indeed, the Egyptian been
acquiring languages. than
subordinate, however,
better
can
mastering the intricacies
for
does
exceed
nothing
throughout the long centuries of Mohammedan contrived the Coptic scribes have to nion of the country in practicaladministration hands.
been
never
of ancient
clearly than
more
the
of
imitation
skill
artistic
and
evidences
are
workmanship
objects by the
Along with abilities of a high order. ingly quick to understand his
tombs,
successful
the
especially
more
skill has
artistic
of Thebes.
prove
the
delicate
This
race.
TESTAMENT.
past, and in
artistic skill and
Egyptian
OLD
principal. He possesses little of the pioneering spirit is science, and requisitefor discoveries in inductive intel unfitted for taking the initiative in practicalor He is quick to lectual movements. learn, but he requires the lesson to be already given to him. the Egyptian has best that It is in Central Egypt preserved here races
his
purity
that
there
who
have
of the
Pharaohs.
has
of
been
entered
But
blood.
least
the the
That
is to
admixture
country
question
since
say.
it is
with
the
the
still remains
period how
himself Egyptian of the age of the Pharaohs call the Was what we race. belonged to an unmixed under the offspring of the conditions Egyptian race earlier settlers in the valley of Nile the were which far the
historic
the
times
Recent
of
these
did
placed, or
different
two
blending of
land
of
the
the
of
that
earlier
have
found
the
on
they
that
it represents
tions, of
the
on
system
a
conclusion
religionhas Mr.
excavator.
Petrie
at
of
monly
mean
The
Edfu1, and
it is
aboriginalrace. ancient Egyptian
of
enquirers to
as
the
to
belief that
religiousconcep imply a difference
two
held
who
explain
arrived
Rhind
the
them.
is
It
of
union
firstwas
another
a
found
on
which
pan
In
these
1879, the otlier by Mr- Petlie in l887at
the
time
of the
of
tombs the
to
which
ex com
we
interments
there
by Mr. Slopesin by Mr. Petrie
found paleolith when
it
the Libyan plateauwhich by the explorer, was desert since the beginning of Egyptian history, discovered
the
the site of the Petrified Forest The
Egyp
Flinders
Mr.
point
that
of
spade
and
among
besides
by Egyptian.
the
by
found
interments race
student
the
Gizeh,
at
have
Dynasty
by
at
confirmed
been
is water-rolled,proving that
streams.
the
of Africa.
Medum,
Fourth
istence
1
of
Traces
of
tribes
lowest
The
the
abori
character, religion,of high spiritual beast-worship,characteristic of grossly sensuous
theistic
tian
occupied by
paleolithicweapons, neighbourhood of Cairo
between
to
dawn
of
of those
part
otherwise
difficult
the
fusion
a
there.
study
radicallydifferent
so
race
with
led
since
the
relics of the
the
be,
stock ?
"
hills behind
be
may
may
religionhas long
the
in
of the
summit
possiblethat However
both
one
already in posses later immigrants
the
shape
in pre
will term
we
was
arrived
"
stone-age, in the
been
and
proper
it
even
since
been
has
of these
when
country
Egyptians
that
Egypt
One
races.
than
more
shown
have
ginal, meaning thereby sion
include
conditions
researches
history,the
87
EGYPTIANS.
THE
left where
was
has
been
well
a
it was
waterless
supplied with
88
THE
is
RACES
of
trace
no
in the
tomb
crouched
without and
up
the
to
the
and
dead,
in these
over,
OLD
the
;
bodies
which
placed
are
the
with
covering, and resting against the any
chin.
knees
It
is
a
was
ideas
which
upon
interments
Egyptian eyes to deposited along with the earthenware
coarsest
Nevertheless, the among
those
matter
of
this
of the
none
tial in
and
TESTAMENT.
certain of prevalent among of ancient Libya, but it stands in marked the Egyptian manner of the disposalof the
tribes
contrast
THE
mummification
of burial
mode
OF
the
;
of the
tombs
in
placed in question are
essen
dead
vessels of the
alone
are
More
objects so
repose
corpse
rested.
are
rudest
the tomb. scattered
which
of display all the characteristics The Egyptian burial. people to whom they belonged therefore have lived side by side with the Egyp must been affected by not tians, though as yet they had in the Egyptian beliefs and practices,at all events
habitants
burial. of
Professor the '
'
Kopts between
the
is
that
of or
remarked or
the
rather
close
of
the
Nubians, fluctuate
of
from
Sixth
much
the
mummies
and
the
the
Dynasty,
native
Nile, whether to
in
fall of
the
statues
all
the
startingfrom
existing peasantry. '
the
all
alike. that
of the
the
says,
valley of
later
their dead
presented by
indices,'he
cerebral tants
at
centuries
has
Dynasty,
type
Egypt
few
bury
Virchovv
Empire
racial of
Egypt
Eleventh
Old
A
the
'
The
inhabi
fellahin same
or
extent
dolichocephalism and mesocephalism, as in of the royal mummies of the Theban the case princes. All these populationsare, speaking generally,straighthaired and orthognathous ; their relatively narrow noses project strongly,and their chin is very power fully developed. I can peculiarityin the quote no
THE
skulls
in which from
manently None
of
teenth
the
old
skulls
the
Dynasty
Egyptian1.' are brachycephalic.
which
to
Egyptian type differs
modern
the
89
EGYPTIANS.
II, the
Ramses
The
per
Nine of
oppressor
the Israelites, belonged,is
dolichocephalism shows
an
index
of
index
distinguishedby its marked long-headedness. His mummy
or
of
74, while
The
103.
and
aquiline,and
chin
is
The
great king III
the
of
with
is oval
an
prominent, but leptorrhine jaws are orthognathous. The long, like the fingersand nails.
broad, the neck
Ramses
face
is
nose
to
seems
the
the
have
had
Twentieth
red
hair.
Dynasty
was
also
with an index But the monarchs of 73. dolichocephalic, of the inclined rather to Eighteenth Dynasty were mesocephalism, Thothmes III, for example, the con of Canaan, having a of index skull with an queror
78-2 2. But when
turn
we
find evidences
we
of the most Cairo '
is
a
of
to the a
of
older
period brachycephalic population. One monuments
an
of strikingrelics of the past in the museum wooden the Sheikh as el-beled, figureknown
Headman
of the
Village.'It represents a well-to-do his Egyptian of the lower middle class walking over fields. An and satis expression of quiet contentment his face, and faction rests his corpulent limbs upon show that he was accustomed to good living. The and is evidently a very figure is exceedingly life-like, accurate portraitof the individual in whose tomb it was found. It is as old as the Fifth or Sixth Dynasty, when Egyptian art had not as yet stiffened into that conor
1
K.
'Die
Mumien
Preussischen 2
The
der
Konige
im
Akcuicmif,xxxiv.
measurements
are
Museum
von
der Bulaq' (Sitzungsbcrichte
1888).
those of Virchow
in the paper
quoted
above.
THE
90 ventional made
RACES
with
form
THE
OF
which
OLD
the
TESTAMENT.
of
museums
have
Europe
familiar.
us
Now
the
Professor
of
measurements
Virchow
have
the figureis brachycephalic, index as 85-7. The nostrils are some being as much what being very much larger broad, the nasal index than that of the royal mummies of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasties. The jaws are orthognathous,the limbs stout and thick,while the height is that of a man who than the Egyptian of to-day. In fact shorter was
proved that
the
of the
head
'
'
in
the
'
differs
Sheikh
by
the
exhibit
figureswhich the
same
The of
the
second
cephalic; of
later
the
image
Only time
one
only where or
lower
conclusion
of the
find
we
and
other of
statues
is
represented. King Khephren, for example, the builder pyramid of Gizeh, are distinctlymeso-
earlier
can
be
type
is that of
a
member
brachycephalism Egyptian societyalready
class
higher caste of dolichocephalism.
to
type
the
The
appears. tended
it is
middle
the
the
of
'
el-beled
Sheikh
'
type, which
new
a
later date.
a
similar
a
which
in
age
statues
of the
side
have
we
that of
strikinglyfrom
But
'
el-beled
that
from
drawn
dynasties
it
this fact.
the
was
In
ruling class
displayed the physical characteristics of the classes belonged to a lower typical Egyptian. The The civilisation which different and a lower race. they alien race by an given to them possessed had been and to in subjection, which held them compelled them alone
which
the
execute name
of In the
monumental
Egypt course
famous
works
which
have
the
world.
throughout
of time, however,
completely amalgamated, and and more more superseded
the the
the
two
races
made
the
became
dolichocephalictype brachycephalic. That
EGYPTIANS.
THE
which
to
race
;
will
mummies
of
characteristics
other
the
we belonged disappeared altogether, of careful examination Egyptian a con doubtless bring to light many
it
believe
cannot
the
and
brachyccphalism
91
But skulls. short-headed with temporaries of Ramses the prevailing type became dolichocephalic or mesothat so careful an observer as ccphalicto such an extent with Virchovv met no examples of brachycephalism of the valley of the Nile. the present inhabitants among They exist,indeed, but in no large quantity. the originalhome to determine It is a harder matter the culture of Egyptian immigrants to whom who and due ancient Egypt was represent the typical exist for solving even But materials Egyptian race. this problem of ethnology. Ancient Egyptian tradition
of those
pointed
'
smelling incense
which
also
as
source,
of the sacred
trees
the
of
temples
Persea
and
the
proof that they
of Arabia
Ra
which
were
not
that
migrated. Hathor journeyed like the spices. The divine
of
the
offered
their deities. sycamore,
as
'
source
of
the
sweet-
the
gods. It was has latelyshown, Schweinfurth the Egyptians planted beside
was
Dr.
Felix
had
had
land
Arabia,
Southern
was
'
deities principal
the Arabian
from
the
land
divine
goddess of Pun,
the
Phoenix land
the
their
which
from was
'
to
are
to
These now
indigenous
trees, such
extinct, a
as
the
manifest
in the soil of
Egypt
preserved from extinction there by artificial that removed with protection was protection. When of Egyptian paganism the sacred trees the overthrow also disappeared. Botany thus corroborates the tradition which brought the of Arabia divinities The Felix. Egypt from migration of the divinities implies the migration of their and
were
RACES
THE
92
worshippers the
logicaltypes the
intimate
an
people of
southern
Africa the
region.
the
he has
of
it
the
subjects
In of
further
was
the been
shapely limbs
same
face.
has
hands
only the
and
two
extended
burnt
red
medium same
he
Egypt. sun,
stature, of
differ from
jaw
is
of
the
by the
form
ol
the
to
of
lower
the
time
inhabitant
feet, the His
the
in
features
and
and
which
and
respects does
Pharaoh.
ethno
opposite coast
Egyptians, and
resembles
Pun
the
as
colour, form,
In
latter his skin
delicate
same
and
the
to
the
under
name
well
as
Eighteenth Dynasty
inhabitant Like
of Arabia
known
was
is the
Pun
of
Egyptian monuments the Egyptians between
connection
Pun.
coast
Somali
Petrie
by Mr. Flinders represented on the
taken
casts
show
surprising,therefore,ii
It is not
well.
as
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OF
not
the
skull the so
in this seems Egyptian, who acquired a Nigritian characteristic,and respect to have the square beards which in Egypt were reserved for the gods or for the kings who impersonated the gods were massive
as
that
of
the
94
THE
RACES
OF
THE
OLD
TESTAMENT.
side
of by side. As we have seen, the primitivehome the Semitic family of speech,the regionwhere triliteralism became its stereotyped characteristic, Northern and was
Central
Arabia.
earliest seat
Southern
of the
Arabia, the land of Pun, the
Egyptian
would
race,
thus have
been
with the earliest seat of the geographically in contact Semitic which exists languages, and the connection Semitic would between be Egyptian and grammar satisfactorily explained. We from the must conclude, accordingly,that it was of Arabia, perhaps also from the neigh southern coast bouring shores of Africa, that the Egyptians originally came. They found the valleyof the Nile in the posses and a lower race which sion of another they were easily able to subdue and subsequently to amalgamate. They brought with them the arts of industryand agriculture, the brackish marshes and by slow degrees transformed of the Delta into the garden of the ancient world. They taught the Nile to spread its waters over fields of ripening faraway into the desert by means crops, and carried them alone worship In placeof the animals to whom of canals. the deities of the had hitherto been paid,they introduced divine land,'deities of lightand gladness and moral attri and butes, and erected temples to them, first of wood afterwards of stone. Kingdoms sprang up on the banks of pictorialwriting was in of the Nile, and a system of which vented out a syllabary and then an alphabet works already graduallydeveloped. Great monumental began to be executed, and it is probable that the sphinx carved of a rock in this early age. At of Gizeh was out '
length the whole country was Menes, the king of This, and Lower placed Egypt were
united the on
of
crowns
the
the sway
under
head
of
Upper and of a single
EGYPTIANS.
THE
monarch.
Nile
The
was
turned
95 aside
from
its ancient
still Libyan hills by a dyke which from thus won remains, and on the huge embankment the river Memphis, the capitalof the united kingdom, built. Through six long dynastiesthe Old Empire was lasted ; then came a period of disaster and decay, and in history under the when more Egypt once appears and Thirteenth rulers of the Twelfth Dynasties, in the Middle of the so-called Empire,' its capital has age been shifted from Memphis to Thebes, and the faces of the kings themselves to have undergone a change. seem It is probable that foreign elements, perhaps Nubian, in the to mingle themselves perhaps Libyan, had come blood of the royal family. Middle overthrown The by the invasion Empire was The of the Hyksos or Shepherd-kings from Asia. native princes sought refuge in the far south, while the Central Delta, and time at one Egypt, passed under The exact nationality of the Hyksos is foreign rule. with of dispute. All we know still a matter certainty is that they came from Asia, and they brought with them of Semites who in their train vast numbers occupied the northern Comparatively few Hyksos part of Egypt. course
under
the
'
'
'
'
'
monuments
have
as
yet been
discovered.
These
exhibit
peculiar type of features, very unlike that of the Egyptians. The face is thicklybearded, the hair being the head. The curly,with a pigtailhanging behind and is broad nose sub-aquiline,the cheek-bones high, and the forehead knitted, the lips prominent square The and kindly expressive of intense determination. urbanityso characteristic of the Egyptian face in statuary and is replaced by an expression of sternness vigour. Among the ethnologicaltypes presentedby the Egyptian a
96
THE
RACES
sculpturesthere
THE
OF
TESTAMENT.
OLD
only
one
which
It
was
a
be
compared with This is the type peculiar that of the Hyksos monuments. of North-eastern to the inhabitants Syria,in the district in called Nahrina by the Egyptians and Aram-Naharaim the Old
Testament.
Mitanni
was
is
in
the
the Christian
before
recentlydiscovered
district of which
fifteenth
at
Tel
and
the centre
following centuries the
since
and
era,
can
cuneiform have
el-Amarna
tablets
disclosed
to
neither language of Mitanni was Semitic nor perhaps conclude Indo-European, we may that the populationwhich spoke it was also non-Semitic. this may However to regard the so-called are be, if we Hyksos sphinxes of San as reproducingthe Hyksos type us
the
the
fact that
of countenance,
it would
the
that
follow
which
hordes
Egypt in the twenty-third century B.C. led by princesfrom Northern were Syria. the Hyksos monu It has been questioned whether ments reallyrepresent the features of the Hyksos them selves,or whether they are not the product of a provincial of the Twelfth art of the time Dynasty which has been As usurped and appropriated by the foreign invaders. first pointed out, the existingpopulationin the Mariette still exhibits neighbourhood of San. the Hyksos capital, But the traits similar to those of the Hyksos statuary. fact would only go to show that the Hyksos population never were extirpated from the district in which they overwhelmed
ruled
had
otherwise the
for to
so
explain how
populationin
from
what
with
justice that
we
find
In
the
at
indeed
colossal Bubastis
Mr.
be
different
so
Tomkins1
head has
it is difficult
physicaltype of
the
Egypt should
elsewhere. 'the
;
it is that
this part of
lately found prince) 1
centuries
many
remarks
(of the the very
Institute Journal of the Anthropological
Hyksos
same
xix. 2, p. 193.
cast
THE
EGYPTIANS.
97
'
expression as that of the monuments of San, though heightened in all their finer attributes and this must softened by Egyptian culture,'and that practicallysettle the question of the Hyksos origin of the older sphinxes and statues.' We must accordingly of features
and
'
'
to
return
head
and
face
that which found
old view
the
very
remarkable
presented by the Hyksos
characterised them.
upon
the
that
Prof.
Flower
monuments
whose
the monarchs
considers
of
type was
names
are
the type
to
himself more Mongoloid ; Prof. Virchow expresses doubtfully. If.as we have seen, its nearest ana'ogue is to be sought in Northern Syria and Mesopotamia within the limits of the old kingdom of Mitanni, it is among the inhabitants that ethnologists of this region of Asia expect to discover the racial origin of the Hyksos may of Egypt. conquerors After 669 years of occupation the Hyksos were finally
be
driven
back
into
Asia
by Ahmes,
the
founder
of the
to Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty, and what is known Egyptologistsas the New Empire' was established. The '
conquered Canaan, and extended of the the banks the dominion of Egypt almost to the royal families Euphrates. But it is doubtful whether who governed the Egyptian people after the expulsionof the Hyksos were, blood. The of them, of pure any earlier princes of the Eighteenth Dynasty seem to have been in descent ; the later kings of the partly Nubian with the royal family of Mitanni, dynasty intermarried and to impose upon eventually endeavoured Egypt an The Asiatic faith. troubles brought about by this and attempt ended in the fall of the dynasty of Ahmes, the expulsion or enslavement of the Asiatic foreigners of
successors
who
had
Ahmes
filled the
court.
The
foundation
of the
98
THE
RACES
Nineteenth
OF
Joseph.' Dynasty Their and
'
a
the
But
OLD
king
new
TESTAMENT.
the
marked
Dynasty
nationalism, and
THE
Setis and
triumph which
arose
Ramses
hardly have been type of face is European it is possible that Hyksos
of
can
of
Egyptian knew
of the
not
Nineteenth
unmixed
ancestry.
rather
than
Egyptian,
blood
may
also
have
in their veins.
flowed
the
As
New
Empire advanced, the dynasties became The and mercenaries more more foreign in character. who fought the battles of the Egyptians avenged them selves from time to time by placing chiefs of their own The Twenty-second Dynasty, to which upon the throne. of Jerusalem, belonged, was Shishak. the conqueror of of Libyan ancestry, and the Twenty-fifth consisted Even the Twenty-sixth, which Ethiopian invaders. attempted an antiquarian revival and professed to re in the Egyptian national most present all that was from the mixed character,came population of the Delta allied
and ages
of
lishment
itself with
Persian of
Greek
and
Greek
Greeks.
the
Then
followed
domination, and
cities and
the
the
estab
settlements
throughout The the country. preservationof the Egyptian type has been mainly due to the physical and constitutional toughness of the Egyptian, and the fact that he was which better sur adapted to the climatic conditions rounded To even
this
him
day
than the
in Northern
the
strangers who
children
of
settled in his midst.
Europeans
thrive
but
badly
Egypt.
Egypt referred to in the In Old Testament was already full of foreignelements. the age of the patriarchsNorthern Egypt was governed by Hyksos kings,and the princeswho received Abraham and have adopted Egyptian Joseph, though they may It will thus
be
seen
that
the
THE
titles and *
Egyptian Pharaoh his and the
and
customs, names,
EGYPTIANS.
called
even
Asiatics
were
99
in
race.
themselves Ramses
by
II,the
Oppression, has features which declare mixed origin,and Shishak, like the EthiopiansSo Tirhakah1, could not claim to be an Egyptian in racial sense of the word. the subjectsof the It was of the
the
Pharaohs, Pharaohs
scribes
and
the
peasantry, and the
themselves, to whom
Israelite had
not to
the look
for the essential characteristics of the
Egyptian race. The fact strikinglyexemplifiesa leading feature in the The of Egyptian character. Egyptian is a man The the pioneer of civilisation, peace, and not of war. shone amid a pharos which once surrounding night of been since the days barbarism, Egypt has nevertheless of the Middle of the nations.' It Empire 'the servant them the has, indeed, subdued by its culture,and even rude last to assume at the Hyksos princes submitted attributes and adopt the manners of the ancient Pharaohs. But although the foreigner was Egyptianisedhe remained a foreignerstill. The Egyptian could not govern him self;
the
other
than those qualities
head
of the Nile. it the want
of the
state
needed
to
which
be
possessed
of
the denizen distinguished The want of the militaryspirit broughtwith also of a power of political initiative. 1
2
Kings xvii.
G
2
4, xix. 9.
CHAPTER
THE
1888
IN
ruins
of
brought with
tact
the
royal
the
officials
the
to
force
of
the
of
a
the
of
glory
selytising the
zeal
of
mounds
of
Khu-n-Aten's
signal
was
the
the
kingdom
his
his
and Tel
of
even
capital
himself
disk.'
powerful
were
city
the
for once
civil more
at
and
short
endeavoured
subjects,
solar
disk.
and
;
he
most
Syria,
of
the
spot
along
existence.
itself
united
the ;
the
Thebes, the
pro
forced
was
found
and
of
that
to
that The
foreigners,
religious discord, found
with
Asiatic
an
withstand
spread
now
a
and
into
Canaanitish
priesthood to
Aram-
Khu-n-Aten,
monarch
followers
but
of
into
enough
fathers,
had
son
by
con
court
contained
The
el-Amarna
of
Palestine
Amun,
god
solar
the
however,
occupied
which
the
their
also
the
into
married
unwilling in
from
been
fathers, and
his
name,
Egyptian
the
adored
Semites
had
Syria
filled but
his
of
were
his
and
upon
as
state
changed
prescribed
for
of
were
king
quit
Baal
Asiatic
whom
faith
The
They
IV,
religion
new
offices
great
Mitannian,
Egypt.
Mitanni,
or
Testament.
of
of
and
the
among
Dynasty
Canaan
Mitanni,
the
abjured
cities
Nahrina
Amenophis
extraction.
mother,
of
of
only
not
made
was
Egyptian
of
Old
family
CANAAN.
ancient
conquest
kingdom
of
Naharaim
the
Eighteenth
their
by
OF
discovery
of
one
the
of
kings
PEOPLES
remarkable
a
VI.
a
new
where
to
city the
the
bank.
His
death
and
when
under
the
THE
102
sea, and
RACES
OF
THE
plainof Sharon.
the
comprised
TESTAMENT.
OLD
The
Canaanites
Phoenicians, and when accordinglythe southern Isaiah (xix.i"8)describes the Hebrew language as 'the Phoenicians it is to these southern language of Canaan that reference is primarilymade. The country occupied in the Kaft of the Egyptian monuments, by them was were
'
contradistinction
Syria,a with
which
name
that
Khal,
to
the
of
Amorites.
the
Amorites
of Canaan It is
Amarna
tablets
Amorites
of Southern
have
their
made
them
Jerusalem, who It is
into the hands
reference
the
coast
case
to
the
whose
Tradition
the tradition
language1. closelyakin See
the
of the than
;
yet
reference
no
Strabo Herodotos
tribe
should
had
of
to
not
yet fallen
Jebusites. Had expected some
have
The to
of
Zidon,
averred
that
confirmed
of
Assyria
and
'
the
he
town
had the
by
spoke
he
language
that
and
Babylonia
has been
was
of the
Persian
a
from
come
the
of
Gulf,
evidence
Semitic
of one,
Babylonia.
xvi. 3, 4; 4, 27 ; Justin xviii. 3, 2 ; Pliny,X. II. ; vii. 89 ; Scholiast on Homer, Od. iv. 84. According of the migrationwas an earthquakein the vicinity
i. 2, 35; i.
i
'
the Dead
to
if not
successor,
a
city was
legendthe cause Assyrian'or 'Syrian Lake;
to
as
of
oldest
and
to
been
cityhe governed we
name
neighbourhood
36
is
The
texts.
seem
el-
in function, of Melchizedek.
of the Amorite
the
iv.
There
have
to
all events
at
the
fishermen/
1
not
Tel
Jebus. primarilythe Phoenician Canaanite, then, was
The the
do
famous.
appears
descent,
been
Egyptian
Palestine
name
possiblethat
such
the
to
region that
of the
writers
or
despatches of Ebed-tob, the priest-kingof
in the
in lineal
the
of Amurra
land
northern
in this
to
and
the
was
only
known
are
ingeniouslyconnects Im river of Aleppo.
the
Khal-os,
mediately north the
Tomkins
Mr.
and
Phoenicia
Northern
or
Sea
as
'
has sometimes
this refers rather been
imagined.
to
the Persian
Gulf
THE
the
But the
Canaanite
built.
of the
tribes
Europe
of
coast
on
and
populationsbegan to to intermarry with or
pass
the
and
beyond
the
of Canaan
of the
spiritsmade and
Canaanite
supremacy, In this way
race.
to be extended
came '
the
In
of the
families
the
of
days
the whole
included
there
neighbouring
Canaanitish
Canaanitish
Canaan
the barbaric
The
Arka.
originalfrontiers,and were spread abroad.'
Israelitish conquest
with
Lebanon,
their
Canaanites
the Mediterranean
adventurous
under
with
content
his first settlements
which
Africa,
103
remain
ships traversed purple-fishor traded
their way into the fastnesses built cities like Zemar and
names
long
not
his
While
in search
CANAAN.
OP
did
stripof
narrow
were
PEOPLES
the
country
Tribes, and inhabited by races occupied by the Twelve of various originand history. Here and there, it is true, xiii. 29, its limits are more defined,and in Numb. strictly told : the Amalekites dwell in the land we are explicitly of the south ; and the Hittites and the Jebusitesand the '
Amorites dwell
by
dwell
the
people Egyptians with however,
and
sea
The
the
in
of
red
Canaanites
Jordan.' usually represented by
are
skins, like
of
themselves.
chief of Kaft
the
the
; and
the coast
by
Kaft
that
notes
mountains
is
Mr.
Petrie,
depicted
yellow complexion, black eyes, and light brown though the colour of the hair has probably faded. yellow complexion of the chief,however, indicates the red tint usuallyassigned to the skin was the of exposure the
of
to
Egyptians. Kaft
Syrian,so
the
as
far
of the white race
the sun,
which
We
as
may,
ancient
as
colour
race,
but
has its seat
indeed
was
case
with
hair, The that result
with
therefore,regard the Canaanite
representative of the is concerned.
of that on
also the
the
darker
the shores
He
was
portion of
a
modern member the white
of the Mediterranean,
THE
IO4
RACES
OF
THE
OLD
TESTAMENT.
black. In his eyes and probably also his hair were the tomb of Rekh-ma-Ra, a Theban prince who lived in and
the age
of the
of
have
Kaft
Eighteenth Dynasty, the uniformly black hair, with
rather
tress, on
by
Sarrug that
Mr.
born
with
older.
black
The
either
side
is shown
face. children
in the Lebanon
hair,which
hair
of the
becomes
long curl,or
a
I
tress
handsome
men
informed
am are
lighteras
the
by
tribute-bearers
to
frequently they grow
have
been
slightlycurly. The
tribute-bearers
features,and
presented the
same
with
regular
type
of face
Syrian of to-day. The latter is generallyregarded as dolichocephalicand leptorrhine. though unfortunately the physiological characteristics of the present population of Syria are The skulls still but imperfectlyknown. brought from the burial-placesof Coele-Syria by Sir as
the
doubtless
are
PEOPLES
THE
CANAAN.
OF
1
05
Tyrwhitt Drake, and examined by Dr. Carter Blake, offer two entirelydifferent types, one of dolichocephalicand the other brachycephalic. Some the brachycephalicskulls are also prognathous and may Richard
be
Burton
looked
and
In
female
a
skull from
(seeabove,
assigned
'
the
Shakkah
to
origin.
native
a
an
'
Inca-bone
occurs
6)l.
p.
people of Kaft
The
be
must
exhibit
others
but
Turko-Tatar,
as
upon
aquilinenose
Mr.
and
who
painted
are
of
the walls
on
kilts and richly-embroidered of which have upturned toes. embroidered buskins, some One resembles of the buskins closely the shoes very latelyfound in a prehistorictomb depicted on remains the head on near Sparta in Greece. Nothing is worn the tribute brought from except a simple fillet. Among Kaft to the Egyptian king are rings of preciousmetal, of of animals, reminding us with and the heads vases at the owl-headed disinterred by Dr. Schliemann vases
Rekh-ma-Ra's
tomb
'
'
Hissarlik
Shasu
They
of
Canaan
We
hear
Burton
M-
227-377. index
of
discovered The
at
are
existingfrom
the
of Palestine, ' the
land
as
Drake,
Unexplored
Bertholon
77-80 which by Burton
of the
at
Beddoe
Palmyra
the
are
Egyptian
monu
populations the present day. Egyptian frontier of the
skulls found
two
compares well as
with as
with
Amorite/
1872, vol. ii. pp.
Syria, London,
has described
Dr.
Kaft
of the settled
their descendants
north and
'
the scourge
of them
of
Phoenicians
Plunderers
'
were
as
the
to
the
from
Bedawin
or
ments.
1
in the Troad. distinct
Very
up
wear
in Tunisia
with
an
skulls the dolichocephalic skulls found
in Sardinia.
temporal region flat, the frontal replaced by a singlemedian prominence,with a certain degree of and parietalbosses well marked but placedso paiieto-occipital flattening, forehead
is
'
narrow,
the
anterior
bosses
far forward
as
be
to
vertical aspect is Tunisia Journal
a
immediately above
kind
of the
the auricular
lozenge.' No such type xx. Institute, Anthropological of
meatus,
seems
to
so
that the
exist
4, pp. 350,
now
351).
in
106
THE
RACES
their
where
OF
place
THE
OLD
taken
was
TESTAMENT.
fifteenth
the
in
century
Hittite.
They were pro of the desert, who perpetuallyhovered perly inhabitants the borders of the cultivated land, taking advantage on the of every opportunity to harry and plunder it. When their their wandering troops made weak government was before
our
era
to the very
way
contending the plains and
to
by
the
invading
and gates of the cities, At
chiefs.
times
survived, and
the
mixture
of the worst
vices
peasantry.
the other The
settled
Bedawi
of his wilder
from
races
It would Hebron
appear at
savage
is
in in
usually
brother
and
a
the
an
outcast
among
of mankind.
by Capt
Hebron,
settled
Idle, treacherous, avaricious, cruel,
frontier-fortress
identified
of
of them
some
cowardly, he deservedly remains
and
their services
but their adopted village-life,
stincts
native
hired
of
Kanana,
Conder
with
which
Khurbet
has been
Kan'an,
happily six miles
against Seti I by the Shasu. they formed part of the garrison
defended
was
also that the
time
of the
Israelitish invasion, since
Hebron
is stated
Sheshai.
and
'
means
OF
PEOPLES
THE
have
to
the
Talmai,
the Shasu.'
CANAAN.
107
occupied by 'Ahiman, children of Anak,' and Sheshai been
Their
the spear
were
arms
and
the
battle-axe. The
Shasu
arc,
to
the
use
of Mr.
words
Tomkins,
The with rather receding foreheads. sharp-featured,' noses are pointed,and look towards the ground, straight, the nostrils and lips are thin,the eyebrows prominent, full whisker and pointed and the face is set in a somewhat '
beard. At
A
moustache
Abu-Simbel,
yellow, his
eyes
red.
It
beard
does
the skin are
not
of the
blue,
is clear
and
that
Shasu his
the
have
to
seem
been
worn.
is
painted a light hair, eyebrows, and
Shasu
are
the
same
people as the 37 Asiatics,'who brought collyrium to an Egyptian king of the Twelfth Dynasty1 under the '
leadershipof 'a mountain-chieftain' who are depicted on the walls of 1
called Absha, the
In the sixth year of Usertesen
tomb
II.
of
and
Nofer-
io8
THE
RACES
THE
OF
hotep at Beni-Hassan. or yellow pale brown
similar
to
those
they are preciselythe same
the head
of the
The skins
OLD
followers with
those which
of Absha
whiskers
Shasu, except
painted black. as
TESTAMENT.
and
have beards
that like the hair of
Their
features also
characterise
the
are
Shasu.
OLD
RACES
OF
only to the Hyksos,' but also
hordes
who
to the
nomad
THE
[10
'
not
Peninsula
the
and
the
the whisker
and The
profilesof
the
hooked
full
and
all the
on
The
lower
part of the
beard
Bedawi, of
Jehu
is
at
long,
cheek.
recalls the
and the
on
site of Calah
the
rounded
noses,
lips.
than
tribute-bearers found
Obelisk
Black
'
'
Jewish rather
is
type
Egypt under the population of the Sinaitic The Menti or Shepherds
with
covers
TESTAMENT.
invaded
Hauran.
strong-looking men, point,wide nostrils
are
THE
and
Assyrian in the
now
Physiologicallythe Jew thus claims of the Egyptian sculptures relationshipwith the Menti Museum.
British
with
not
the
Egyptian
Peninsula and tive The
The
Shasu.
the
and
Menti
inhabiting the
inscriptionsas
far back
the
mentioned
are
time
of the
Fifth
with
which
the
in
Sinaitic
Dynasty, given to them is merely descrip though the name been confined to a particular to have it seems race. be added, signifies'archers,' term Sati, it .may as
the
indicates
and
as
weapon
Sati
were
armed1. The ments, As
is called
Arnorite
in the cuneiform
Amurra
has
Amar
the
tablets
remarked, the
been
already
on
Egyptian of Tel
name
was
monu
el-Amarna.
applied to
lay immediately to the north of Pales the sacred the included on tine, and city of Kadesh became afterwards a stronghold of the Orontes, which the
district which
Hittites. Amorites
But
also to be
were
well
Palestine, as In
the the
on
1
learn
we
as
on
days
of Abraham
western
shore
It would
seem
from
one
the
from found
the
Testament
in Southern side
eastern
they
of the
Old
lived
Dead
of the Tel el-Amama
at
Sea
and of the
that Central
Jordan.
Hazezon-tamar
(Gen. xiv. 5),and
letters that the Sati
are
the
who occupied the desert Assyrian inscriptions, the of frontiers of Babylonia from the risingto setting the sun.' same
as
the
Suti
of the '
According 22, Jacob
to
Amorite,'
and
3,
45) that
its father
'
Shechem
the
Sam.
2
plain of
of
out
xxi.
hand
the
of
an Jerusalem was Amorite, conformably to the
mother
the an
xlviii.
the
of
is stated
(xvi.
Hittite,and statement
of
inhabitants
the
Josh. x. 5, 6, which makes Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish
Hebron.
declares
Ezekiel
2.
three
of Gen.
population of Gibeon
Hivite
in
'
the
with
translation
correct
more
took
'
Amorite
be
to
the
Ill
the
inhabited
who
brothers
Amorite
CANAAN.
confederate
patriarchwas
Hebrew
the
OF
PEOPLES
THE
in
Jerusalem,
Eglon all alike Amorites. had side of the Jordan the Amorites On the eastern established two powerful kingdoms in the age of the Exodus. Og, the Rephaim king of Bashan, is entitled Amorite in Deut. iii.8, while the kingdom of Sihon an that of the Amor known at Heshbon was as explicitly ites.' An old song, apparently of Amorite origin,de and scribed how Sihon had conquered the king of Moab carried the sons and daughters of his people into captivity and
;
(Numb. If
26-29).
xxi.
combine
we
the
ian monuments
and
gather that centres,
the to
one
Palestine. came
The
Amorite
Hittite
south
to
had
spread
the
and
the
north
from
other
be
also
territory of in
the
north
the time
of
separate
two
in the
south
of
localities
in both
gather that intimatelyassociated
may
conquerors
with
the
was
occupied by
Ramses
Hittites.
II ; in
the
the
Hittite Hebron ite.
Testament
Amorites
We
they
Old
the
by the Egypt records, we may
furnished
information
When
southern Amorite
partly Jebusite population of Jerusalem was and partly Amorite, while the inhabitants of arc
called sometimes the
Israelites invaded
portion hands.
Hittite. sometimes
of the
country
Canaan for
the
they most
Amor found
the
part in
heaven.'
to
discovered to
proves
l.
ness
OLD
TESTAMENT.
Amorites
were
'great and
OF
cities of the
The
THE
RACES
THE
112
Amorite
wall
of
Flinders
Petrie
at
The Mr.
by
Such
thickness
a
capture of cities
The
of
matter
What
so
it
in thick
8 inches
impliesa correspondingheight.
like
was
have
which
traits of him
been
el-Hesy, and
well deserved
know
we
left to
been
to
be
a
Egyptian monarchs, of Israel.
the part of the children
on
Amorite
the
Tel
feet
defended
so
has
Lachish
the part of the
boastingon
stillmore
and
brick, 28
of unburnt
be
walled-up
us
the
from
por
artists of
by the
regular,his pointed,his lipsand nostrils nose straightand somewhat high, his jaws orthognathous,and thin, his cheek-bones His skull is apparently doli his eyebrows well defined. chocephalic,he possessed a good forehead, and a fair in a which ended of whisker amount pointed beard. and strength. intelligence Altogether his face expresses his skin is painted a pale yellow, his Abu-Simbel At Egypt.
on
skin
his
the other
the
beard
and
eyebrows
hand
At
is black.
light-red,rather
a
the
Libyans,
Egyptians
themselves.
and
handsome
were
'
is coloured
colour,'unlike as
features
blue, and
eyes hair
His
who
are
red, while Habu
Medinet
the the
pinker than fleshthere painted as red
depictedon the monu Twentieth and of the Nineteenth Dynasties,are ments identical with those of the figuresat Karnak, practically of the cities captured by the names which surmount The
Shishak
of profiles
the Amorites,
in Southern
Judah.
as
It is therefore
predominant type of population in Palestine in the reign of Rehoboam was The Jew held possessionof Jerusalem and
the
1
p.
Quarterly 163.
Statement
of the
Palestine
clear
that
that
part of
still Amorite.
Hebron,
Exploration Fund,
and
July,1890,
THE
the
he would
elsewhere
extirpated,and
appear
Jews
the revival of the ancient
a
comparison
Shasu
have
to
AX.
113
formed older
therefore
can
we
that the exile of the
A
C ANA
population. The
in the
element
OF
villagesimmediately surroundingthem
and
towns
PEOPLES
from
of
with
is
a
which
lead to
the
same
the
it
resemblances
that possibility
that of
both
contrasts ; but
un on
between
the them
referable to
are
original type.
However
belonged
certain
was
degraded form of is exaggerated
pointedness of the nose in the Shasu, and his receding forehead favourablywith the profileof the Amorite are
it
brought with
Amorite
an
the first. The
there
how
stock.
suggests that the second
whole
never
was
understand
Amorite
of the head
subordinate
a
race
Palestine
;
this to
the
may
blond
be, it
is
race.
plain that
His
hair prove this incontestably. So of his skin, when compared with
the
Amorite
blue
light eyes and also does the colour that
of
other
races
Habu, depicted by the Egyptian artists. At Medinet for example, where is a pale the skin of the Amorite or pink,that of the Lebu or Libyan and the Mashuash Maxyes is red like that of the Egyptians, though we know that the Libyans belonged to a distinctively fairIn a tomb complexioned race. (No.34)of the Eighteenth chief of Kadesh has a Dynasty, at Thebes, the Amorite white skin and light red-brown hair, his fol eyes and lowers being painted alternatelyred and white, while the
chief of the
hair,and
the
Hittitcs has
chief of the
Kaft
brown
a
skin
and
black
yellow skin and light brown hair. In the tomb of Meneptah, where the four of the world known to the Egyptians are races repre sented, the populations of Europe have a pale yellow skin and blue eyes, the Asiatics a lightIndian red skin a
'
IT
'
THE
114
RACES
OF
THE
OLD
TESTAMENT.
blue eyes ; in the tomb of Seti I, on the other hand, the skin of the European is yellow,his eyes blue and his and
hair
; the
dark
of the
skin
Asiatics
in
being
case
one
white. in a third red, and yellow, in another III,the Europeans are Finally,in the tomb of Ramses depicted with yellow skins,red eyes and black hair, and the Asiatics with light-redskins, blue eyes and black
dark
hair1.
evident, therefore,that the pale yellow and
It is
flesh of the Amorite
than
of the
that
is intended
denote
to
skin, in fact, of
the
Egyptian, "
a
pink lighterskin the
Libya also belonged to and the blond are accordingly classed with the race, people of Europe and the Aegean by the Egyptians. the Tahennu or as crystalspeciallyknown They were thus distinguished are clear/ and according to Lefebure blond
of
the natives
Now
race.
'
from
the
over,
as
Shasu
Tamehu
fair
seen,
the
'
have
we
or
blond
type
of the
Shasu,
Palestine,are
of Southern
ing to the same a accordingly,
'
men
as
or
at
north.
More
all events
the
representedas belong
the Amorites.
We
have,
extending from the northern of Africa as far as Coele-Syria.and broken coast only by still of Egypt. the Delta Throughout this region we The of the race. find traces Kabyles of Algeria,with their clear, and their fair golden hair, their blue eyes the resemble the fair Kelt, and freckled skin, strikingly Kabyles is
are
spread
Northern
line of blonds
but
a
branch
the
over
Africa.
whole In
of the Berber of
Marocco
the the
populationwhich part of
mountainous mountains
are
occu
whose men, pied by the Riffis,large,broad-shouldered physical characteristics are those of the Kabyles. The 1
Flinders
445-449-
Petrie
in
the
Report of
the British
Association,
1887,
pp.
THE
same
I have
Tripoli
in the
dren
is stiO
Idanfh, and
Canary
OF
C A \~AAN.
myself
.--.:
fair-haired,
seen
the type '-
.'..-
:
-
and
blue-eyed chil
Fill ilinr,and
-.-.:.
the
-
-...-.-.
of
in Tunis
with
met
of villages
mountain
115
Gnanches
the
represented by
was
race
PEOPLES
.
l^tfffita
fl^SHi
itMpf
m
who
joined
CTKT
.
"^
.
the
on
"
"" "
:;"-;:":
..::".:
-
"
-
~.
-
.
.
.
-
-
.
.
.
.
only had die complexion,bat also the precisefeatures III to the captive attributed by the artist of Ramsrs not
A
~
--_._._.-
the of the blond race surviving members Mediterranean "5 tall and dolichocephalic. That these characteristics have always belonged to it is shown by In
its
the skulls
found
in the
cromlechs
-
:
-.;
-
cuuuUy of die
Kabyles.
anrirnt
Amorites.
spies srrmrd
.
.
of the
Im-nEiMi
::'-.:
: .
.
IE "!""""
of
dolmens
or
.
well
as
by the great
as
the
By
of
side
stature
them
the
be but
grasshoppers(Numb, xiii. 33). The Amorite dan of Anakim, who took refuge in the Philistine cities of Gaza, Gath, and Ashdod (Josh. iiuitnl out by then- size from the rest of 1 1) were :!-.;
to
"
.-
..-.:.. . .
It is rmratilr is
race
kkori
to
that
""fc"*""
a
fiiimilhi the
be
in Hebrew
-
means
Old
white
'
'-.'.'.
'-
Testament.
-
\-
,-
-
I-:
-
-
a
The
void
root
winch
way Horites,the
or -
:
.-.
of
ex
prede-
-
-
-
-
.:
:
.
.
:
from
Amorite
natural
most
-
:
*
bread
signifiesto be white,* and the of the Horim plainingthe name :.--
the blond
to
A.-"...:
:":
.
"
-:
A.--
: .
: -
"
.-.
.-
:
_
.
-
-
,--
";-
---
Il6
RACES
the
of Northern
as
It
as
did
Hence
his
brother
ii. 24). As
also in the
in
the
mountains of the later
mountains
its natural Semitic
climate
hot
Ash-hur,
was
in the
strongholdagainstthe
thrive
not
TESTAMENT.
of Palestine found
race
itssurest
OLD
ii. 50),and
Africa, so
the blond
well
THE
(i Chr.
of Hur'
man
Edom,
OF
(i Chr.
of Hur
son '
THE
of
home, invader.
the
plain.
explain the early disappearance of the from the valleyand delta of the Nile. The race Egypt ian immigrants had in securing these for no difficulty Asiatic and so themselves, and dividing the African halves of the blond this happened while the That race. still livingin the Stone age may be concluded race was we
may
the fact that
from
no
of metal
trace
of Northern early cromlechs The cromlechs, consistingof proached by a short passage, or blocks surmounted by one or more in the
of the
characteristic
In Africa
settled.
once
reveal
which
tons met
with
the
eastern
countries
in those side
their
of
cairn
a
of
a
horizontal
in which
Jordan,
stones
circle of
with
upright
blocks,are with
were
skele
dolmens
are
especiallyon
which
Cromlechs
ap
the blonds
parts of Palestine, more of the
discovered
Africa.
they are associated origin,and similar
is connected.
the Amorites
been
has
the
of
of
name
like
a
form
in Britain, Spain and France, and even in remains and since the Libyan race, whose they cover Africa, claims physiologicalrelationshipwith the Red as Kelt,'it is permissibleto regard them marking the exist
in Western
'
former
presence
belonged.
The
is stillin its
of
the
scientific
race
to
which
Amorites
the
study of megalithic structures be far distant the day may not
infancy,but will enable the shape of the cromlech when determine to by what population or race found in Europe east of not Cromlechs are
the it a
enquirer
was
built.
line drawn
Il8
THE
RACES
extirpated and
OF
THE
succeeded
the
to
who
in that part of the
country
mim
(Deut. ii. 20
xiv.
in
closer relation
a
the
in
of the
Lord
Indeed,
the
a
of
Kenizzite
learn
from
Chronicles
that
'
to
descent.
(Numb, the
'
inferred
the
the
the
'
or
language of their
from
to
in
with
with
'
;
an
of
the
congregation
or
of them
'
the children
(Judg.i. 16),while 1
See
when
the
went
of '
father
of Beth
ii. 51). Like Ammonites
this had
seems
Petra
at
out
up
the
the had
the dialect of
were
we
(i Sam.
hear
of them
6),while to imply that they had (Numb. xxii. 20, 21). A of the city of palm-trees xv.
into the wilderness
Heber
the Nov.
the
im an They formed art of metallurgy was
Judah
Academy,
of
already been discovery of
Amalekites
of Saul
Amalekites
Balaam
themselves
hands
inference.
In the time the
and
portion of
in the
inscriptionin
Edomites
age
the
and
names,
its
the
few.
a
camping among the prophecy of portion
'
(i Chr.
Canaan
proper
the
as
established
was
wandering 'smiths1.'
portant Guild confined
Caleb
of
Stone
Separate Kenites
the
considerable
a
Salma
Even
confirmed
has
children
and
;
of them
south
son
12
Edomites, Moabites,
from
Moabite
Moab
the
the
was
adopted
Jacob,
Josh. xv. 17),and of chapters of the Book district surrounding Hebron
earlier
descendants.
Israelites
of
Caleb, like Othniel,
xxxii.
not
the territoryto
lehem
into
enter
only the Kirjath-sepher,but also
Caleb's
brother
stood
northerly
more
Egyptians the
Edomite
was
and
its two
the
been
however,
generation'(Deut. xxiii. 8). large portion of the population of Southern
was
we
5). Edom,
Giants,'
Zamzum-
termed
were
'
or
in their third
Judah a
had
allowed
were
Rephaim
Israel than
to
of
case
Edomites
Gen.
Esau
neighbours. as
;
TESTAMENT.
OLD
Kenite
of
Judah
'
pitched his tent'
27, 1886, p. 364.
THE
in the
Rechabites
even
In
Some
of
of the traveller.
doubtless
As
The
who
art
of
repairedthe working iron
who
desert
race,
But
or
which
one
the secrets
it in
certain
nomad
became
more
art
to
it will thus
even
tribe.
a
they had
was
adopt a settled life. Their very disappear, and their stronghold in the wasted was by the armies of Assyria.
Kenites,
The a
of
to
southern
chariot
broken
practised,the Kenites ceased to have the trade,and degenerated into mere
and
refused
came
name
the
advanced
culture
widely known the monopoly nomads
the
their way
found
and requiredpeculiarskill and strength, volved were jealouslypreserved among
families.
that
period of the Israelitish invasion. in an Egyptian tourist's adventures time of Ramses II, specialmention
of the iron-smith
is made
Chr. ii. 55
before the
in the
that country
i
origin. The Kenites were, in tinkers of the old Oriental travelling
of the tribe had
account
an
Naphtali (Judg. iv.
of
from
119
of Kenite
were
into Palestine
CANAAN.
Kadesh
appear
fact,the gypsies and world.
OF
of
neighbourhood It would
11).
PEOPLES
be
did
seen,
They
like the
originallycome,
most,
at
were,
constitute
not
a
Israelites
caste.
the
or
regionsof Northern Arabia which were peopled by the Menti of the Egyptian in scriptions.Racially,therefore,we may regard them as from
Edomites,
those
barren
allied to the descendants
While in
the
their
Kenites
origin,the
associated sent
the
who
lived
with
of Abraham. and
Hivites
Amalckites '
or
Amorites.
It may
Hivites
'
Mount
be
population of Amorites of the immediate vicinity
stronghold. We hear of the mon (Josh. xi. 3) that dwelt Baal-Hermon
unto
the
Semitic
'
Villagers
mixed in
thus
were
in
specially that they repre and
are
Canaanites
the great Amorite under
Mount
Mount
Lebanon,
entering in
of
Herfrom
Hamath
'
THE
120
RACES
(Judg.iii. 3 of
THE
Sam.
; 2
of the Amorites tablets
OF
xxiv.
el-Amarna.
further south, at Gibeon
fore,we
Gen.
Testament, where tine
is
not
a
xi.
of
elsewhere
the Horites, there
in the cuneiform
so
similar
in
not
; it
documents.
of the
passages
of the
is made
Perizzites,however, did
them
Shechem
19)and
list of the older inhabitants
given, mention
the
as
and
19-21
and
predominantly Amorite in the Egyptian texts appear
if it does
xv.
country
texts
Amorite
xlviii. 22). Like
does
name
doubtful
is very In
; Gen.
;
called
are
the
also hear
we
(Josh.ix. 7
regard them
may
The
race.
But
2), which 2
TESTAMENT.
7). This was the Egyptian
according to
Tel
(Gen. xxxiv. (2 Sam. xxi.
OLD
Old
of Pales
Perizzites.
represent either
The
race
a
a
or
cultivated the people of the They were plain,' of that part of the country which the agriculturists was like the modern capable of tillage, fcllahin of Egypt. and nation They belonged accordinglyto various races
tribe.
alities ;
'
there
Canaanitish
Israelitish
were
Amorite
or
Perizzim.
descriptive one, like that of denoted the populationon The are Rephaim, who Perizzites, are is translated
Bible, but
'
the
of the Amorite
the
Giants
'
in the
only support Anakim the
as
The
Kadmonite
name
Eastern
'
or
eastern
side of the
mentioned
difficult to
more
Perizzim
along
determine.
Authorised
in the descendants
Philistine
as
was
a
'
which
Jordan.
with
The
Version
for this is the
well
the name
of the
gigantic cities who
size are
Rapha(2 Sam. xxi. 16-22). The size of the sarcophagus of Og, the king of the Rephaim in Bashan (Deut. iii. n), proves nothing There of to the size of the king himself. traces as are the Rephaim in several parts of the Holy Land. On the south-western side of Jerusalem itself was a 'valley Bethof the Rephaim a (Josh.xv. 8, "c.),there was said to have
been
'
of
THE
PEOPLES
of
House Rapha or iv. 12),and the '
OF
and
Moabites
and
the
Rephaim
(Deut.ii.u, 20).
Ammonites,
is named
Dynasty,
in
The
Ashtarah
and
men
of Ashtcroth-
Rephaim
has shown
the
that
latter
Onor Anau-Rapa cities are two now represented by Tell Er-rafeh,the Raphon or Arpha of classical
is followed
Rapha.
Zuzim,
chapter
place III of the Eighteenth Egyptian towns captured by himself in Pales of Astartu, his list under the form
the
among
It appears
tine. and
called
are
Tomkins
Thothmes
by
among
In the fourteenth
immediately after the Mr.
also reckoned
were
of Genesis, the Zamzummim
Karnaim.
Judah (i Chr. who preceded
Zamzummim,
the
tioned
121
in Southern
Rapha'
Emim
CANAAN.
and
the
by
of
name
geography. It will
Rephaim
confirmed
by
ascribed them
out
the
on
from
stock, that
fact
Amorites the
them
Rephaim.
which
con
have
been
which
is
tall stature
same
inhabitants
racial characteristic
to
were
conclusion
a
the and
other
occupied by the
the Amorites
consider
Amorite
the
both
to
the
was
the
districts
which
therefore
may
of
the
with
those
We
branch
that
noticed
were
nected. a
be
the
of
It
marked
land,
impressed
most
is
and
itself
Israelitish invaders.
Jebusites,like the Rephaim, We also an Amorite tribe. must were remember, how xiii. 29 they are distinguishedfrom ever, that in Numb. well as from the Hittites,though this the Amorites as be merely due to the important positionthey occu may pied as the possessors of the strong fortress of Jerusalem. It is
At
possiblethat
all events, Ezekiel,
population rite,and the
the
of
knows
lengthy
as
we
have
seen,
Jerusalem partly Hittitc of
letters
no
other
written
clement
by
the
makes and in
the
older
partly Amo it. Moreover,
priest-kingof Jeru-
THE
T22
salem Tel
RACES
about
other
OLD
hand, from
to
in the
mounds
of
historyof Melchizedek the name of Jebusite. On
in
the
the time
of
down
the
ites into Canaan
TESTAMENT.
discovered
with
agree
reference
no
THE
B.C., and
1400
el-Amarna,
making
OF
to
the
of the
entrance
in
the
Tel
of the
age
Exodus of
Jerusalem commonly known
the
which
century
el-Amarna
local
most
possess
at
As
was as
seem,
elapsed between and
the
into
passed
force of Amorites
Hittites
and
the
hands whom
to
of
Such, at least, Jebusitewas attached. probable explanation of the facts which we
name
is the
It would
correspondence
of Israel,Jerusalem had
combined
a
the
Israel
when
day
was captured by David, its name as Jebus, and its inhabitants Jebusites.
therefore, that
the
present.
for the
Girgashitewho is coupled with the Jebusite (Gen. xv. 21),his place has been already fixed by the He there appears be ethnographical table of Genesis. the Amorite and the Hivite, and consequently in tween that
northern
were
more
alone
lead
of
which
Gar-Emeris, Carchemish
Damascus
is written
it is
possiblethat fying the Place of '
see
in the
place
of
learn
from
the work that
Gulf ; we
longed
this
centre
of the
name
Gar-Gamis
Gar-Emeris
was
the Amorites.'
is called
Hittite
capital in the Assyrian texts, Hittite title signi a In this case we might
Girgashitea Hittite Gar-Gis. chief seat, the Guans,5 a people whose name
the
of the
cuneiform
of Antioch.
at
do or
the
was
the
since
and
than
Hivites
the
conjecture Assyrian inscriptionsthe
the
In
us.
in which
Further
especiallyfound.
can
district
part of the country
present not
we
know
records, All
on
this, however,
must to
was
what
be
race
the precise localityin which
the
as
we
the shores is but
with
content
'the
of
guess
admitting
Girgashitesbe they dwelt.
THE
OF
PEOPLES
CANAAN.
123
known of the word, was Syria, in the widest sense Rutennu of the the country the Egyptians as to or ]. It was Lutennu divided into Upper and Lower, the of the the Lower Rutennu extending from ranges is meant Lebanon far as What as by Mesopotamia. the Upper Rutennu clear in an is made inscriptionof Thothmes
from of
Kadesh
As
might graphical sense one
described
have
On
in which
the
No
ilUtinction
pronunciation.
was
made
the
have
the
between
r
a
hand
other
Hittite.
boundaries
Upper
belong
we
conquered,
There and
/
to
geo
physical than
more
type a
Rutennu.
vague
is used, the
term
Rutennu
hand
pronouncedly Semitic, on is just as pronouncedly 1
cities of the
the
the
one
the southern
expected from
been
represented by race.
as
to
had
he
towns
the Orontes
on
Palestine,are
types
the
III, in which
which
type
which
is further in
ancient
is
the
K^yptian
THE
124
type which other
RACES
resembles
type which
high
and
OLD
TESTAMENT.
that of the
Hyksos,
OF
THE
by itself and
stands
refined character.
This
is
as
is of
well
as
an
remarkably the type presented a
city which Mr. Tomkins has identified with Einya on the Euphrates. The nose is mesorrhine the lipsthin and well-formed, and straight, the cheek-bones are high, the eyebrows prominent, the the
by
defenders
forehead
yond Are the
a
high.
to
see
Mitannian Karnak
like that it is men
which bound
of the
lanua,
There
moustache.
we
At
of
is but
The
in the
a
little hair
hair itself appears
face the features
the
on
face
be
be
of
straight. the subjectsof
is
painted
to
king? the
skin
of the
Hittites,and
Rutennu in the tomb
orange
of Rckh-ma-Ra
The pink in others. are represented with beards and long-sleevedrobes, the head, reach he to ankles, a cap being on with fillet : the women round wear a a long
light yellow
in
some
cases,
126
THE
The
OF
RACES
type is
THE
handsome
a
OLD
one,
TESTAMENT.
with
high forehead, straight
to the Punite lips. Its close resemblance interestingquestions,and inclines us type raises many to the belief that Lepsius was right in connecting the
and
nose
thin
Phoenicians, of
Punites
the
Southern
remarkable
Phoenicians
the
Persian the
Arabia.
from
in
the
of
At
writers,with
all events
the
tradition
the western
shores
Old
chapter ;
two
The
the
Palestine
the
it offers
which
islands
and
a
brought
only
Philistines
portrayed
or
of
Syria on
the
remain, the Hittites
now
Hittites
Southern
and
Testament
Egypt,
Philistines.
another
of
populations of
monuments
the
of Latin
Gulf1.
mentioned
and
Poeni
or
confirmation
the
Of
Puni
be
must
have
reserved
already been
for dis
the Pulista Philistines are (supra, pp. 53, 54). The of Palastu of the Egyptian inscriptions, the Piliste and in the Assyrian annals, and still survives their name geography in the shape of Palestine.' As has been of Caphtor on the in origin Phoenicians said, they were cussed
'
coast
of the
after their settlement
Delta, and
in the
five
the Asiatic Judaea they formed We find their of the Egyptian monarchy. outpost Habu the temple-wallserected on portraitsat Medinet III. Their features are regular and some by Ramses what is straight,the eyebrows unde small, the nose veloped,no depressionbeing visible between the forehead and the nose, the upper lipprominent, and the chin small and receding. They have no hair on the face,and wear the head on or a helmet cap of peculiarshape, like that chief
worn
cities of Southern
by
their
allies the
Zakkur
shall have
to
speak
they present
is
remarkable,
we
1
Cf.
hereafter.
Lepsius,Nubische
and
Grainmatik
and The
Danauna,
of whom
physiologicaltype
it is difficult to (i88o\
pp.
xcix. sq.
say
to
OF
/'///": PEOPLES
what
it
The
attached.
complicated by the fact
further kelon
be
can
a
century
CANAAN.
127
ethnologicalproblem is that the people of Ash-
earlier,in the time
of
II, had
Ramses
that of the Hittites. physiognomy which resembles Chabas by denying sought a solution of the difficulty and seeing the identityof the Pulista with the Philistines, But the recent the Pelasgi of Krete. in them progress such a solution impossible. of Egyptian studies has made a
The the
Pulista who near
attacked
neighbourhood
of the Asiatic
papyrus land of
latelyacquired by
distance
from
fall back
Zakkur
on
'Foreigners'as a
mixed
the
race.
Phoenician
in the
the
city
III
Ramses
sea
of
Mr.
of
by
sea
came
continent,
GolenischefT
Khal,
Gebal.
We
and must
from and
a
places the at
no
great
therefore
explanation that the Philistines,or they are called in the Septuagint,were from indeed They came Caphtor, from settlements in the Delta, but their ranks
the
128
RACES
THE
OF
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
chieflyrecruited not by Phoenicians but by strangers Hittite of unknown origin. The type of countenance be due which notice in the people of Ashkelon must we the same that which to cause as brought Hittites to Hebron and Jerusalem. Apart from the Hittites and the Philistines it will thus be seen that the ancient population of Palestine fell were
three
under ethnologically which
to
reach
records
our
spread the country
under
In
heads.
earliest
Amorite
back
clans
ages over
Rephaim,
Anakim,
like
names
the
They belonged to the blond race, of and claimed relationshipwith the cromlech-builders Africa and Western Northern Europe. By the side of the Amorites find the Canaanites, settled mainly on we Zamzummim.
and
the coast
an
which
race
had
early period,and
resemblances
Lastly
to
the
the
came
Semitic
the
but
race,
or
desert
and
'
people of invading
Arabia.
Southern Semitic
to
Of
course
the
are
of the
name
life of the
them
at
a
com
of to-day.
Bedawin
possiblethat
it is very
population,which obliged to group
for want
there
belong
the blond
may
have race.
among
of fuller information
together under
Amorite, to
kindred
Isaac, and Jacob period ; Abraham, from place in tents, moving restlessly
stilldwellers
place like
left the
had
Edomites,
races,
behind
free wanderer
parativelyrecent were
a
separated from the parent-stockat they exhibited strong physiological
Shepherds.'They the
in
to
whose Moabites, Ammonites, and Israelites, depicted by the artists of Egypt under the Menti
villages. portion of
than
rather
than
rather
traders
were
lived in towns
and agriculturists, They belonged to
the
who valleys,
in the
and
been The
the
common
tribes
enormous
which
older
the we
head did
are
of not
preponderance
THE
of
dark
whites
it is
Moreover, first from
the
Africa,
not
means
of
land, into
the
that
the
or
times
Egyptian
empire into
walls
like
ment
of
that
'
the
at
not
and
the
built
It
Amorites
;
in
who
the
is
Kelt
but
the
resisted
plain not
it
was '
be
his
The its
in
the
of
the de
with
cities
only
In
have
indeed
long.
in
there
only
overthrow
and
was
could
the
it
the
Canaanite
the
Heshbon,
Lachish
successfully
35)
from
independence.
be
first in
already
Like
to
the
history
are
may
no
aboriginal
the
When
himself
and
and
heaps.'
of
the
of
preceded
Pyrenees,
destined
hand,
i.
that
he
Lachish not
Amorites
have
followed
plain
ruinous
we
his
Canaan
was
(Judg.
enemies and
them
But
retreating
the
in
of
those
was
became
the
north.
day.
maintain
to
coast
mountains.
in
which
troublous
scended
the
Basque
the
Canaanite
is
of
able
was
the
there
arrived
and
relics
later
the
was
Europe
what
a
and
fastnesses
the
invader
to
race
have
was
can
supposition.
a
blond
must
it
or
Amorite
the
though
he
Amorites,
Amorite
or
who
survived
the
Wales
east
discovering
population begins
the
from
of
arrival
Western
such
the
It
Syria
modern
on
that
Palestine.
129
in
except
probable
from
west,
CANAAN.
whites
for
not
of
possessor
OF
blond
over
accounted
be
scarcely
PEOPLES
huge enjoy
Israelite
sister
cities
Mount attack the
driven
Heres of
their
Canaanites out.'
VII.
CHAPTER
HITTITES
THE
AND OF
IN
is made
that
a
Hittite
it
bought of
vaders
were
trict which and
in
the
established
at
David's
of and his
of Tel
Kadesh '
his
only
in
We
learn
fact
limits and
Abraham from
in the
that
Arkite
'
the
closing
Horns
of
and
the captains was corrected reading of on
the
'
north
on
in
Sinite.'
the
'
2
the
the
One
Uriah,
Hittite
trusted
most
xxiv.
Sam.
6
of the
land
of Kadesh.'
with
decipherment has poured a and
that
Lake
the
Ethnologically,however, connected
the
mother,
Hittite
el-Amarna
on
the
according to the kingdom touched
Hittites
the
within
Hebron
Machpelah.
Hittite,'
the
Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty Hittite in into the dis the north advancing from lay at the back of the cities of Phoenicia, find them II we firmly reign of Ramses
vicinityof
near
of
tablets
the
of
a
'
expresses
found
itself had
Hittites
field
the
cuneiform
days
the
Heth,
This be
to
were
Jerusalem
from
was
of Canaan.
son
TIGRIS.
Genesis
of
chapter
tribes
of Canaan.
AND
VALLEYS
THE
IN
EUPHRATES
THE
tenth
the
POPULATIONS
THE
own
the other of the
flood
Hittite
inhabitants
in
was
also in
have
been
Kappadokia
no
of Palestine.
inscriptionsof Egypt of lighton his character
monuments
Syria,but
the
and and
other
The
Assyria origin,
discovered and
way
not
parts of
THE
Asia
Minor1.
The
HITTITES.
131
display a peculiarstyle of art, ultimatelyof Babylonian and Assyrian derivation, and are usually accompanied by inscriptionsin a peculiarsystem of hieroglyphicwriting which we are but justbeginning to decipher. The Hittites,in Hebrew Khittim, are called Khata in Egyptian, Khatta in Assyrian, and Khate in the Their cuneiform Armenia. inscriptionsof ancient in the ranges of Taurus the were primitive seats mountains
westward
From into
Boghaz Keui a city and of still exist.
Asia and a
The
in the
appears
the
and
of Antioch.
monuments
at
country hence
the
of
head
they spread
Minor, southward
the
Gulf
northward
into
Syria.
and At
Eyuk in Kappadokia the ruins of temple or palace which they erected large and city was important; it of the
pages
Greek
historian Herodotos
Ramsay has shown the meeting-place of the high-roads that it was which It was Asia Minor. in early times traversed along of the Hittite princes these high-roads that the armies marched far as the shores of the Aegean, carrying as the
under
with
them
name
a
of
Pteria, and
culture and
which
art
Professor
exercised
its influence
that of
Greece. prehistoric Glimpses of the southward advance of the Hittite have revealed been Tel elto at us by the letters found Amarna. The Egyptian governors in Syria despatched for help urgent requests to the Egyptian monarch The help,however, was not forth againstthe enemy. population of Syria coming, and the older Aramaean had to succumb invader. to the northern Carchemish, Hittite the Euphrates, became now a Jerablus, on on
1
Sec
The
Society,[888
Ike Story of lliltitcs,
Forgotten i:nipirc^Religious Tract
a
,
i
a
THE
132
RACES
capital; Pethor, of
south
the
the
city
OLD
of
TESTAMENT.
Balaam,
the Hittite
captured; and
was
THE
They of the
customs
the
the
guard Egypt
with
them
north.
Even
at
of
statement
the
is
the
had
Doubts
The
pictured
on
marked
have
of
the
Hittite
from
type, and
Unlike
and the
hot
snow-shoes
been
accustomed
the
the
on
are,
study Egyptian of
other
fact of
is
in
its sister cities,Ashkelon
in
of the
the
of monu
Ashkelon, the
most
inhabitants
of
of distinctively
rendered
hair
the
on
existed
a
differ
however,
vicinityof
truth
inhabitants
of the
tresses
the
by
advance-
cast
tribe
But
Karnak,
those
They
the
to
Hittite
a
the of
an
frequentlybeen
Palestine.
of
walls
by the three
evident them.
the
Palestine.
Southern
of
their
of
in
empire
thoroughly vindicated heads
manner
had
land
manners
the
wear
its way
made
ethnologicaltypes represented ments.
the
Kadesh,
Hittite
Scripture that south
extreme
statement
of
nation
itself.
we
homes.
the limits
of the
as
there,
in the
frontier
southern
to plain of Syria, they continued with upturned ends to which they
Beyond
the
Hamath,
;
Orontes,
brought
in their mountain
to
discovered inscriptions on
formed
Amorites,
empire.
Kadcsh
few miles
a
it,passed into Hittite hands
infer from
may
OF
which must
still
hang
more
from
therefore
garrisonedby Hittites,whose presence in the in an south is thus indicated unexpected way. We know now pretty exactly their physiologicaltype. alike by the It is reproduced in astonishingharmony Egyptian artists and by the Hittite sculptorsthemselves in their bas-reliefs and hieroglyphics. The face is so repulsivelyugly that we might have imputed to the had it Egyptians a desire to caricature their enemies their own in preciselythe same been drawn on not way have
been
THE
134 and
RACES
OF
characteristic
a
THE
OLD
Hittite
TESTAMENT.
the
was
weapon
double-
battle-axe.
headed
It must
be
sometimes
remembered,
included
however, that the Egyptians
among
the
Hittites
the
natives
of
the
Syrian countries in which only the they formed ruling caste, while on the other hand figureswhich display all the features of the Hittite type are given under
the
Aramaeans
head
of
Rutennu.
Thus
the beardless
among
find
we
Hittite
bearded
enemies
of
the
Egyptian king, and in the great hall of Karnak of Northern portraitsare given of the Rutennu Syria which are manifestly those of Hittite prisoners. The he not an con Egyptian artist was ethnologist,and to sequently did not trouble himself distinguish into their racial elements the armies of the Hittite king. So far as the evidence of proper be trusted, names can it is probable that the the dialects spoken among Hittite various tribes and kingdoms belonged to the Alarodian family of speech of which Georgian is a exist for modern reasons representative. At all events the language of the cuneiform with connecting them of Van well as with that of in Armenia, as inscriptions which has the long letter in the language of Mitanni been
found
Community community
among of of
In fact, if the
the
tablets
Tel
of
language, however,
does
el-Amarna. not
imply
race.
the
people of Mitanni were allied in language to the populations to the north and of them, it is pretty certain that they were east only racial type of the The partiallyallied to them in race. early inhabitants of Ararat or Armenia, as sculpturedon the walls of the palace of the Assyrian king, agrees with that
of
the
Hittites
present
and
inhabitants
of
the
country.
The
THE
from
ambassadors
HITTITES.
Ararat
who
135 visit Assur-bani-
to
came
with high foreheads, are pal at Nineveh dolichocephalic, welllong curved noses terminating in a point,thin lips, formed
chin,
and
bronze
gates
of
somewhat
short
Balawat, the
On
stature.
soldiers
the
Ararat
of
are
of the Greek represented as wearing crested helmets shape, tunics which reach just above the knee, and boots with upturned ends, while in their hands they carry a small round ethnologicaltypes target. But here two them are resembling that represented among ; one of the ambassadors to Assur-bani-pal with the ad of
dition
faced
whiskers
beard
and
prognathous, with
and
other, smooth
the
;
profileslike
those
of
the
Hittites. neither of these
In The
decipherment
has
shown
language did
not
that of which
enter
types
of the
the
can
cuneiform
speakers
of
until
the
Aryan. of Van inscriptions the Indo-European
Armenian
modern
the country
discover
we
is the descendant
after
the
downfall
of the
the statements They thus confirm of the Greek writers according to which the Aryan Armenians were a colony of Phrygians from the west, their way who made into Armenia at no long period
Assyrian empire.
the age
before 1
It is
of Herodotos1.
singular that
the
ambassadors
to
Assur-bani-palshould
be
re
since the modern Armenian presentedas dolichocephalic, type is distinctly the to char brachycephalic, average index rising 85-7. IJrachycephalism the
acterises
Krckert's down
to
Caucasian
measurements, 8
1
-8 and
nations
though
generally,as the
that of the Ossetes
has
average index Von to 80.
been
shown
by
of the Circassians
I.uschan
finds
a
von
comes
similar
inhabitants of l.ykia,the people the modern brachycephalic type among ot" Greek nationality there presentingtwo types, dolichocephalicand while the and he recognisesthe Hcktash, in whom brachycephalic, Takhtajis ancient l.ykians,arc all brachyccphalic Journal of the Anthropological
Institute,
xx.
41.
136
THE
Biainas
RACES
the
was
the
princes who inscriptionsand in fact, is the
have who
in the
days
which
still survives
centuries
before
the
Ararat
the
which
ancient
The
As
has shifted
mountain
the
the
in its
so
ninth
as
many
rises to
the
its
known Old
other
the
cases, now
of the
to
the
Testament. and
north
seventh
the
the Araxes
is
name
Dhuspas, The of Tosp. to
of the
position and
Van,
been
was
era,
Ararat
far northward
as
Van.
capitalat
from
Vannic
Van.
Biainas.
name
by
over
the
capitalat
of the district
Christian
Assyrians as Urardhu.
them
princeshaving
in that
lasted
behind
of the
the Vannic
ruled
kingdom
their
form
which
It extended
left
fixed
kingdom,
TESTAMENT.
OLD
of the
name
modern
of
THE
OF
had
its
of
name
applied to a highlands of
Urardhu.
regionsof Kurdistan to the south of Lake Van inhabited were by tribes who spoke much tlie same language as that of the people of Ararat and were The often race. presumably of the same country was referred to by the Assyrians under the general title of Nahri
mountainous
'
or
of
kingdom
have
We
River
'-land.
South
of
it
again
the
came
Assyria.
previous chapter that the founders of this kingdom had and belonged to the Semitic race from originallycome physiological Babylonia. Their thick-set and They were type is very pronounced. in
seen
muscular, with face
as
well
a
abundance
as
on
the
of
black The
head.
hair
wavy
skull
was
on
the
dolicho
cephalic,the forehead straight,the lips full,the nose the eyebrows prominent and aquilineand leptorrhinian, curled in black and beetling. The hair was artificially the
whiskers
skin to
white
the
sun
and but and
beard.
The
easilyburnt wind.
eyes
red In
or
also brown
character
were
when and
black, the
exposed intellectual
THE
HITTITES.
Itf
a typicalSemite, and his capacity the Assyrian was and war. favourite occupations were commerce the last merely a But the Assyrian remained to His superiority, physical and mental, conquering caste. had made the older population of the country his to and the iron discipline first invasion of it irresistible, and organisationwhich he subsequently maintained political
him
enabled '
the
to
preserve
the
of
Roman
his power.
East,' and
He in
has
been
called
respects the
many
he had a genius comparison is just. Like the Roman for administering, for making and organising and obeying laws, and for submitting to the restraints of an inexorable discipline.The armies of Assyria swept all before them, and the conception of a centralised empire first formed and realised by the Assyrian kings. was
ing caste which brought with it the
even
classes,of that
of the upper
exhaustion
The
kingdom of Assyria, downfall of the Assyrian empire and older of the Assyrian name. The predominant, the Assyrian language
had the
extinction
created
the
population became was superseded by Aramaic,
prevailed. This continued
to
we
head
is small
see
of
the
another
racial
type which
Semitic
had
and
From by the side of them. the monuments. represented on
round, the
type
existed
Assyrians, and
exist it
time
and
the ancient
was
arrival
the
before
conquer
forehead
low
and
had
time
to
The
receding,
high, the jaws prognathous, the nose prominent and leptorrhine,the eyebrows well marked, short. the chin retreating,the hair frizly,the stature the Semitic Unlike Assyrian, the aboriginal of the country had comparatively littlehair on the face. We with the same racial type in Babylonia. It meet the
cheek-bones
is found
on
one
of the
oldest
monuments
of
Chaldaean
138
THE
RACES
OP
Assyrian
In
Elam,
not
the
be
armies.
in fact,it
Elamites
and
have
with
the
been
the
Among
it in Elam.
prevailingif representa
numerous
bas-reliefs of
in the
occur
in the
now
Babylonian soldiers
also meet
to
which
Tello
in the
We
seems
TESTAMENT.
at
detected
only type.
of
tions
OLD
discovered
yet known, Louvre, and may
art
in the
THE
the
Assyrian palaces the head is uniformly of a brachyIn the case of the cephalicand prognathous character. ruling family,it is true, the lines are softened, the hair sub-aquiline; being straightand not curly,and the nose the same. but in all important points the traits remain We in looking upon this particular therefore justified are that which originallyoccupied the southern type as valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris as well as the of
mountains further
Elam
to
In the
it is at
its
present
im
say.
fertile
plain of Babylonia several
mingled with
was
been
What
them.
of
east
have
affinities may
possible to
the
this
aboriginaltype
Berossos, the
others.
Chal-
beginning of the meeting-place of different history Babylonia was it easy to and its geographicalposition makes races, historian,tells
daean
the
believe
shown
us
which
in
no
the
culture
that the civilisation and
invented, by dialects
since
cuneiform
The
statement.
records
have
of the country
writing itself spoke agglutinative a population which related to the Semitic languages,and way
founded, and
were
that
us
the cuneiform
consequently
was
system
probably
not
of
of
the
Semitic
race.
The
of
the
probabilityis documents
bequeathed to us. practicesforeign to
raised
which
They those
to
the
a
certaintyby
Accado-Sumerians
reveal
of the
a
study have
religiousideas and Semites. They reveal
THE
of
also the existence and
marked woman
Even a
father
reckoned The
stood
question
to
therefore
term
type
of
materials to
be
may
have
we
at
answered
present
too
Elam,
probable that it the early Sumerian
does
scanty The
not.
rulers
it
the
peculiar existing in
which
and
for want
Elamite, represents the
satisfactorily ; on
is
time
the Accadian
found
Accado-Sumerians.
the are
we
Semite
whether
arises
of
name
and
dawn.
in
better
the
with
sunset, with
physiologicaltype which Assyria,in Babylonia and a
Accado-Sumerians
the
to
dawn
of the
head
While
sunset
from
the
at
successors.
from
is reckoned was
the mother
matriarchate,in which
a
between
difference Semitic
their
139
family,in the Semitic contrast to degradation of the the mere reflection and helpmeet of the man. as in so trifling the reckoning of time we matter as a the
not
find
HIT7ITES.
which
to
Unfortunately our allow this question
the whole, however,
figuresand have
been
heads
it of
disinterred
Certain totallydifferent character. remind heads terra-cotta on cones us curiouslyof the Chinese representationsof old men, though the effect is perhaps produced by the form of the beard, the heads In one case, being apparently long and not round. in stone. however, have we a carefullyfinished head at
Tello,
Here
the
are
of
head
a
seems
to
be
round, but
the
forehead
jaws orthognathous, the cheek-bones nose large,straightand slightlyplatyrrhine. is curly, the face itself The hair on the head A similar type is presented by the head being smooth. of king Khammurabi (B.C. 2400),except that there is is the face,and the nose here a good deal of hair on moreover, prominent and leptorrhine. Khammurabi, have of Kassite been origin,though his profile may
is
straight,the prominent, the
OF
RACES
THE
140
resembles
that
THE
the
on
OLD
TESTAMENT.
terra-cotta
alluded
cones
to
above. It will thus
be
of
pre-Semitic population
the
difficulties which
burial-ground of be
have
to
such
monuments
with as
that
Tello
at
Chaldaean
the
content
Berossos
by
indubitablySumerian
examined, either
and
found
present be cleared
at
until skulls of
wait
must
cannot
ethnologicalaffinities of Babylonia offer many
the
that
seen
we
in
or
plain.
the
confirmation
possess
of the
Babylonia
originare other
some
Meanwhile
we
afforded
home
by
made
statement
the
was
We
up.
of
many
races.
We
indications,however, that these
have
inter
races
a mingled freely during the historical period. Thus of king Merodach-iddin-akhi, who bas-relief reigned in is Semitic with a profilewhich 1 1 oo, presents B.C. us
features,but dashed
its main
the
On
type.
with
a
trace
of the
hand, the Babylonians who
other
Elamite
fought
Assur-bani-pal belong to neither type. They are dolichocephalic,with high foreheads, straight flat cheeks, orthognathous mouths, leptorrhine noses,
in
the
hair
wavy of
the
and
Persian
covered
by
recall to
a
the
of
service
M.
guard
that
Their
whose
Dieulafoy
less extent
terra-cotta
certain
tall stature.
those
of
of
cones
these
at
were
from though they came Babylonian dress. of Westward Babylonia race,
over
Aramaic
dialects,for the
sidered
as
by
belonging
to
most
the
Of
it is
course
dis also on
not
really Babylonian by the Babylonia and wore
were
Semitic
roamed
recall those
portraitshave been Susa, though they the pre-Semitic heads
Tello.
soldiers
features
the
nomads.
part, and Aramaic
desert
regions They spoke
may branch
be of
con
the
THE
142
the
and
cavator
is
of
us
Jews
is
which the
the
Jewish
names
lonia,
a
clear
the
ex
to
Babylon.'
Like
influence
of
all
mixed
of
the
body,
Chosen the
bore '
mixed
the
the
seed
of
race
has
and
later
Baby
from
exiles
intellectual
the
the
Zeru-Babili,
and
Chaldaea
of
borrowed
races,
mind
in
upon
records
returning
the
Alexandrine
the
Even
were
the
upon
through
us
obligations
Zorobabel,
vigorous
to
come
the
upon
exercised
conquerors.
of
of
has
clay
the
months
leader
name
was
the
dwell
to
Greeks
of
the
has
the
Babylonian of
and
lasting
the
revealed
have
which
It
and
make
their
Chaldaea
of
spade
culture
world.
to
Babylonian of
in
decipherment
beginning to
the
decipherer
place
Exile
The
People
the
Babylonian
modern
of
age.
the
not
influence
TESTAMENT.
which
of
skill
OLD
century1.
nineteenth This
THE
literature
and
civilisation
our
OF
RACES
history
exerted of
man
kind.
1
the
See
Berlin,
Anthropological
'
The
Races
Institute,
of
the
xviii.
Babylonian 2.
Empire
'
in
the
Journal
of
VIII.
CHAPTER
CUSH, before of
was
country
between
of fall
eldest
of
son
Mcneptah, of
Princes
Egyptian As '
the
Pharaoh
Kash
had the
Kash
the
fessor
Schrader
Muzri,
followed has
in
derivation,
by
the
Canaan,
tablets as
in
Old
thus
of
son
the
but
the Tel
Mizraim,
or
the
name
pronunciation Pro
pronunciation
supposition
el-Amarna, the
Egypt,
an
Cush.
Testament.
that
of
these
may
transformed
the
in
of
Assyrian
of
by Josephus,
Mizri
this
supposed
Canaanitish
that
is
It
reign of
and
adopted land
of
one
reported
they
too
so
the
Mes,
transformed
Kusu.
been
disproved
show
which
Assyrians
into
of
legend
Jewish
the
title
the
In
of
name
Thothmes
Dynasty
Exodus,
princess, conquered
has
been
the
the
the
which
was
of
the
and
of
bore
Kash.
of
the
denoted
reign
monarch
Moses,
to
into
Egypt,'
of
the
originated
according
Prince
Cush
Cataract
the
come
name
Egyptian
Egyptian
or
The
First
from
and
already
vaguely
Twentieth
the
the
Son'
'Royal
have
of
Kash
the
Abyssinia,
l.
chapter
which
lay
has
Mizraim,
former
a
origin.
the
to
in
us
Egyptian
mountains I
of
brother
the
ARABIA.
AND
EUROPE,
AFRICA,
has
which
pronunciation
Kas.
was
Kas known
or
as
Cush
was
Ethiopia
thus, properly to
the
speaking,
geographers
of
the Greece
region and
RACES
THE
144
Rome. to
But
cover
it
Second
has
been
the
boundaries
head
of them
district Near
Twelfth
of
age
of the
province
of
ushered
in
Solomon
allied
the
With
the
change.
of
in
and
'
and
of
the
Certain
in
the
the
belonged
to
the
like
the
white
regained
of
and
sacred
race.
there of
The
kingdom and
Testament,
kings of which
They
in the Mount
Theban
the
of
the
high-priestly
shadow
Sabako
court
found
underwent
Cush
Ethiopia,and
so-called of
Soudan
Dynasty,
of the
members
of Cush.'
its
against another.
one
worship
vassal
which
with
tribes of the
fortunes
the
a
days which
troublous
Twenty-second
of persons of the Old
subjection. The Egypt reallyconsisted kings,
arms
fled to
kingdom
a
Tirhakah
These
formed
Cush
this
From
Egyptian yoke,
their
turn
itself to of
Nubia.
time, the
the
under
Napata,
long, and
the
in
our
off
Barkal, established Amun,
of
whole
But
had
Thebes
family at
district of Kash.
or
centuries
Shishak, the
of
another
city
rise
the
Dynasty
tribe
Almost
Nile.
Twenty-first Dynasty himself in marriage, Cush
to
from
marched
he
as
that
free
themselves
inscription conquered by
Eighteenth Dynasty, however,
Egypt.
independence. As successfullythrew
side of
the
the
up
for several
onwards
time
outset
an
tribes
the
the
southern
Helfa
Wady
came
name
at
the
stands
the
on
Dynasty,
Egypt
already includes
term
So
At
enumerating
the
TESTAMENT.
of country.
extent
Cataract.
Usertesen, of
OLD
the
small
a
found
the
THE
only by degrees that an
only
it denoted
In
was
wide
so
the
OF
god, lasted
Taharka,
reduced
the
Egypt
Ethiopian Dynasty Cush. surrounded were
of
them,
Egyptian
first at language and habits were a change. Egyptian. Gradually, however, there came The Egyptian language was superseded by Nubian, and
descent, and
their
145
ARABIA.
AND
EUROPE,
AFRICA,
continuallybe with less foreign. It is clear that intermarriages came taken place, the natives had and that the purityof the Egyptian blood was beginning to be contaminated. have characteristics of the Nubians The physiological been described earlier page. on an Racially and lin guistically they stand apart from the rest of mankind. Just as their languages form an isolated familyof speech, the ethnologicalside, they form a separate so too, on the
and
customs
It may
race.
of the
manners
their
that
be
court
earliest home
was
in
the
be that their racial Abyssinia, it may the is now became peculiarities stereotyped in what still a wellit was desert of the Sahara, at a time when watered and well-wooded plateau. It is useless to speculateon the subject; the materials for arrivingat a conclusion are entirelywanting. to establish one The Egyptian records,however, seem mountains
of
fact.
negro
The
the north than
it does
extended
once
race
much
further
to
to-day in the valleyof the Nile,and
have been must ground occupied by the Nubians There was a period when proportionatelysmaller. comprised within the Negroes, as well as Nubians, were
the
frontiers of Cush. The
negro
south, and
the
on
find
We
limited by the Equator practically in the north. the Tropic of Cancer
is
race
it east
Sennaar, on the White Lake Chad, on the banks
of
neighbourhood of and the Senegal,and of it is the
south
largerpart
on
Ban-tu
of Southern
the
coast
Kaffir
or
Africa,and
Nile, in the of the
of Guinea.
Niger To
the
occupying the constitutinga race
race,
apart. The with
and highly prognathous, dolichocephalic, is correspondingrecession of the chin. His nose negro
a
is
K
146
RACES
THE
flat with
wisdom-teeth
The
The
late.
OLD
cranial
sutures
colouring
muscles, and
comparatively simple.
for
art, except
He
is moved
after
studies is
negro
The
he
of
age
passionatelyfond. by argument, and
is
than
seldom
advance In
slave
as
the
From
servant.
or
him
caused
his
littlesympathy
but
fourteen.
qualitieshave
latter
the
of which
in their the
character
faithful.
and affectionate, indolent,superstitious,
two
after
the
great
to
convolutions
has
He
children
negro
the
extends
negro
rather
emotion
alleged that
it is
the
of which
music,
long,the
already observed,
brain, the
his
are
by
been
lost
are
tibia flattened, and
of
matter
even
large and
early and simple,the arm
are
leg deficient,the prehensile. As has
black
teeth
appear
calf of the toe
TESTAMENT.
his lipsfleshy, his nostrils,
wide
good.
THE
OF
be
to
of
age
expeditionswere Egyptian dynasties armed against the land of Cush, chieflywith the the number slaves, and carrying off negro have been at all times slaves in Egypt must saved the Ethiopian,'who Ebed-melech, '
sought first
the
organised purpose of very
the
of
negro
great. life of
xxxviii. 7-13),like probably a negro (Jer. Cushi 'the Cushite,'the great grandfather of Jehudi with 'the Jew' (Jer.xxxvi. 14). Although in contact centuries,the negro Egyptian civilisation for so many learnt little or nothing from it,except perhaps the art of
Jeremiah, was
smelting has
iron.
followed
negro
singular
drawing. the
that In
cultured
Bushmen
the
of copper is
of several
case
immediately
interveninguse The
In
upon or
eminently
he
has
this
he
never
differs
Egyptian,
of the extreme
but
a
stone
iron age the age, without
tribes
an
bronze. imitative.
It
is, therefore,
displayed any aptitude for profoundly not only from the from also degraded
south
of Africa.
The
paint-
AFRICA,
ings
of
animals
AND
EUROPE,
of
walls
the
on
ARABIA.
147
Bushman
the
rock-
would and of them some extremely spirited, not disgrace a European artist. These paintingsraise bears on the earlyhistoryof the negro a questionwhich shelters
are
race.
In the south
of
Egypt the sandstone rocks are covered with the figures of animals and of them some men, date, but others as manifestlyof manifestlyof modern stone with meet we antiquity. On the same prehistoric of the Fifth these figuresas well as with inscriptions Dynasty, and weathering of
the
in
whereas the stone
been
has
of
case
the
latter the
slightas to make of yesterday,the weathering the work them appear lapse of undergone by the figuresindicates an enormous the figures, that of the giraffe time. Moreover, among of the giraffe the presence Now constantlyappears. shows
the country which
that
has
so
been
a
barren
desert
have beginning of Egyptian historymust once been a well-watered plateaucovered with the brushwood, the giraffeis accustomed which The to browse. upon and ostrich is as common a figureas the giraffe, yet the of the ostrich from the hieroglyphicsyllabary, absence where the birds of Egypt are so plentifully represented, unknown of the to the inventors implies that it was ancient Egyptian system of writing. It would, there that Mr. Flinders Petrie is right in seeing in fore,seem of the pre these prehistoricdrawings the memorials of the Egyptians in the valleyof the Nile l. decessors His view is corroborated by the discoveries made by since the
travellers
in other
south
Tunisia, of
of
drawings 1
are
Flinders
met
Northern
parts of with
Petric,A
Oran
and the
on
Season
K
in 2
of
rocks.
Africa.
To
similar
Marocco, In
one
the
instance
Egypt (1888),pp. 15, 16.
148
relative
their Dr.
by
was
Egypt, It
yet the
as
been
not
engraved,
of
use
stone
metal.
back
very
this takes
us
to
a
a
as
superseded by
possible,therefore,that
seems
Sahara
Egypt
still
was
ranged along
mountains, and the
one
to
the
race
a
of
from banks
epoch
an
men
the
In
early
the shores of the
Nile
when
Delta
allied
slopesof
the southern
extended
side
at
fertile land, and
a
of the sea,
arm
an
Bushmen
on
been
indeed.
age
the
had
all events,
at
had
they
instru
stone
rock where
a
graver'stools were belong to the period when cutting material
the actual
found
they occur, and at no the the neolithic manufactory where fashioned. Consequently the figures
foot of
great distance
determined. satisfactorily
which
of
means
TESTAMENT.
OLD
been
in Oran, has
the
lying at
has
age
Bonnet1,
ments
THE
OF
RACES
THE
to
of the
the Atlas
of the Atlantic on
the
other.
and other dwarf brachycephalic Akkas be survivingrelics. They tribes of Central Africa would their primitivehaunts driven from by the negro were south of invasion, and finallyforced into the extreme the continent by the pressure of the Ban-tu or Kaffir inferior to tribes. Physically,if not morally,they were both art in which their enemies, but they possessed an the art of drawing. Kaffirs and deficient, were negroes less The indeed, could not have designed,much negro, or achieved, either the rock-paintingsof the Bushmen, Africa. the rock-engravingsof Northern the region of the Sahara which bound The mountains
Of
1
the
this
race
Revue
cT Ethnographic, viii. For
the
drawings on
the rocks in Marocco
367), in the district between Tripoli and Rohlfs (Qucr (lurch Afrika,i. p. 52),in the country of the Tibbu Ghadames Lejean (HartNachtigal(Sahara wtd Sudan, i. p. 307), and in Kordofan
see
Lenz
mann,
p. 117.
( Timbuktu,
ii.pp.
Nigritier,i. p. 41).
10,
C'f. my
letter to
\hz* Academy,
Aug.
9,
1890,
THE
150 will have the
RACES
left traces
similar
OLD
TESTAMENT.
of themselves
in the
refuse-heapson
skulls have
coast, since
Portuguese
them
THE
OF
found
been
in
of the
those
be Basques. But it must remembered that the peculiarly oval skull which charac terises the dark Basque, goes along with black hair and and dark a complexion, features which are eyes On incompatible with relationshipto the Libyan race. the other hand the Basque in the Libyan resembles of his intellectual and moral qualities.'He is many industrious,and honest, brave and hardy, and intelligent, is attached to his own Monogamy, moreover, country. the rule in spite of the permission given by Moham to
'
'
medanism
to
The
Twice
the
of
north
Meneptah
5th
year
scended
the
the Lebu
Kaikash,
Shakalsha
or
A
the
and
again invaded. armies against the On
in
the
decaying
the
the
the
themselves '
Tulsha
allies.
of
host
vast
a
In
Exodus.
Libyan prince,de
Aqaiusha,
the
and
the
Ma-
of the
the
peoples
the
Shairdana, the or
Tuirsha.
the
Uashash.
III, Egypt reign of Ramses Libyan princes again led their signally Pharaoh, and again were
this
their
occasion
joining them. Egyptians had to face
late
nations
later, in the
was
defeated.
all the
the
also
were
Shakarsha,
Liku
century
Libyans
there
north,'the Zakkur,
of
with
Delta or
other
Egyptian empire to ward off took invasion place in the reign
Pharaoh
the
Maxyes,
or
it needed
king, Maraiui,
the
of upon
Besides shuash
I,
with
in concert
the
first
The
attack.
the
east, and
of discipline
and
in
Egypt
and
of general name Egyptian inscriptions.
the
under
go
'-men
white
invaded
they
power the
'
or
wives.
many
tribes
Libyan
Tahennu
from
marry
Three
the
years
northern
allies
northern
elapsed foe.
We
before are
were
the
told
that
the
coasts
islands and
them
of Carchemish
the Hittitcs
of Kadesh.
the Amorites
151
their spread from through Syria and
marched
had
Palestine,bringingwith and
ARABIA.
populations had
northern
and
AND
EUROPE,
AFRICA,
Pulosata
The
the Zakkur, the Shakalsha, the Daanau
or
Philistines,
the Uashuash
and
leagued together to destroy Egypt. But a great naval battle was fought off the Egyptian coast, and the Three afterwards saved. valley of the Nile was years the Delta : they were, fell upon the Maxyes once more however, utterlyexterminated, and the danger of Libyan were
conquest The
past.
was
identification of the
Libyan allies has
occasioned
About there the Mashuash good deal of controversy. of Herodotos the is no Maxyes dispute. They are told we are Tunisia, of whom (iv.191) in the modern the rightside of the that they left a long lock of hair on We learn from the head and painted their bodies red1. circumcised,the Egyptian texts that while the Lebu were a
Mashuash terises them in the a
of the
good deal
Lebu.
the
nose
high, the
is
on
the is
is also
monuments
like the
But
charac
of hair which
lock
Egyptian
of hair
defined, and forehead
the
on
case
The
not-.
were
wanting they have
Lebu
face, the eyebrows
straightand
lipsthin, and
well-
are
leptorrhine. The the jaws orthogna-
thous. '
coasts peoples of the north ? The Northern shores from which and they descended upon the adjacent islands. and Syria point to Asia Minor
But
who
'
were
the
'
'
1
The
patterns
on
head, whereas a
his
also have
may
See Max
Jan.
chief is
Lebu
7, i8S8.
arms
been
each
representedby
and
merely
legs.
These
stained.
of his followers
the
have
may
lie has
Egyptian artist with two
wears
but
been
ornamental
tattooed,but they
ostrich
feathers
on
his
one.
Miiller in the Proceedingsof the
Societyoj
IHblical
Arclucology,
RACES
THE
152 In the
of
the Akhaeans
seen
in the
fact that
the
III,
whom
to
is better
to
colonists in
Zakkur
The
Cyprus, than
Not
imagined. Pulosata
the
with
is also
head-dress
of the Troad,
only
they
are
head-dress
The
Philistine.
be
head-dress, it may The
Daanau. the
sword,
round has
the Zakkur
consists
have was
lived the
of
sea on
soldiers
are
that
stopped
Khal.' the eastern
legendary
the way
on
The
founder
the coast
on
Zakkur of
coast
of
to
similar
by the girdle,
and
broad
spear,
their
destina
of the
Zakkur
consequently
must
Teukros
Cyprus, where
Salamis, and
called Teukrids. Light is family were the Zakkur were the Aqaiusha with whom have of Egypt. invasion They would shore of the Akhaeans,' which, as we '
a
with
A
tunic
a
geographicalpositionof settled by a papyrus been now recently It describes Golenischeff. an embassy of the Twenty-firstDynasty to the king
tion the ambassadors in the
Greek
a
is
helmet
also
worn
face
The
shield.
acquired by Mr. sent by Hir-Hor of Gebal, and states '
of
by the
carried
arms
and
dress
observed, is
as
asso
their
Philistines, but
or
peculiar one, and apparently represents a of bronze. set in a frame a quiltedcloth cap
and
of
Akhaeans
the
be the Teukrians
cannot
been
often
ciated and
the
legend.
Homeric
has
Thothmes
of Kilikia,
Hyp-Akhaeans
the
in them
see
Greek
the
or
the
isles of
'the
that
declares
poem
a
reign of
in the
mentioned
But
Danaans.
or
is
name
shall be be
to
Daanau
their
subject. If,therefore, the Aqaiusha of the Greeks, it identified with the Akhaeans
Daanau' are
already
are
III
of Ramses
age
of the
that
replaced by Daanau
sea,'accordingly,scholars have and have pointed to Greek history,
of the
Aqaiusha
'
TESTAMENT.
OLD
THE
OP
thus
the thrown
united come
learn
royal on
in their
from
the
from
the
AND
EUROPE,
AFRICA,
153
ARABIA.
geographer Strabo (p.682),representedthe north of Cyprus l. eastern coast The Shakalsha Shakarsha or belong to a different type from that of the Zakkur. Their as features, depicted on the walls of Medinet us Habu, remind forciblyof those of the ancient The hair on the face is curly, Romans. Greek
SHAKALSHA.
and straightlike that of the Zakkur the eyebrows arc prominent and meet over and the lipsare itself is sub-aquiline, nose
the
Libyans,
the
nose,
not
1
None
of the
strikingas to
Lykia
of the
those
Greeks
of
to
as
faces
has
found of
as
The
Bedawin.
be of Phoenician
Semitic
are
well
Luschan
von
inhabitants
northern
that
the
expressiveof
the more in type. Thi* is skulls of some of the modern
neighbourhood of Solymi of Lykia were
descent
the
on
account
the
Adalia
are
.similar
supposed by
of the likeness of their
the
name
Hiero-Solyma, Jerusalem. poet Chaerilos, that Whiston's i. (Cont. tr.), Ap. quoted by Josephus 22, says of them their heads \\ere they spake the Phoenician tongue with their mouths horses' heads also them ; they wore on flayed sooty, they had round rasures
to that of
the Greek
form
of
The
as '
.
that had
been
hardened
in the smoke.'
.
.
THE
154
RACES
and
firmness
OF
TESTAMENT.
OLD
The
determination.
is somewhat
hand,
THE
receding. They
cloth
wore
the
fell behind
cylindricalshape which clad in kilts, carrying in
the other
forehead, on
their hands
head, and and
spears
a
of
caps were
weapon
scythe. They have been but in spite of their identified with the Sikels of Sicily, Latin to the ancient extraordinaryethnologicalsimilarity Professor Masit is perhaps better to regard them, with the Pisidian from city of deriving their name pero, as which
resembles
Asia
Sagalassosin Tulsha
The
sea.'
It
from
coasts
beards, their were
encased
hung
a
have
of
age
the
side of the
probably They wore
Minor.
At
the Lykians
all events
a
word
personalappearance
of
been
of
Lykians, if the name Meneptah. This, how
in their
Tramele have
may
in
doubt
with
own
and inscriptions, invention.
of Greek the
tablets
of them as
Mittheilnngcn
aiis
Liku
like
was
we
the
or
of Tel
Shairdana, called 1.
el-Amarna
Egyptian
The
artists leave
us
their dress.
The
the lipsthin,the leptorrhine,
upper
features
and
Sammlttngen, ii.47. The writer, men the Egyptian king that of Gebal, informs
den orientalischen
the governor of the country of the Sute
'
Rib-Hadad,
apparentlyin
by
their
to
Shardina
the
of the
one
straightand
was
was
the
doubtful.
portraitsmade
who
of
know.
Serdani
no
the
been
than
It is otherwise
1
"'
sub-aquiline,and their heads pointed cap from the top of which
to
'
the
nose
been
were
a
themselves
not
in
of Asia
back
more
Lykian
do
have
said to
are
islands
noses
may
goes
is
What
Minor.
or
in
Liku
Lykian
'
a
waving ribbon.
The
called
of
accordingly from the European that they had originallycome,
was
the
blade
Tuirsha
or
Mediterranean
ever,
the
'
had
come
his service.
againsthim
and
'
slain
a
Serdanian
'
AFRICA,
EUROPE,
lipbeing somewhat face
in
one
member
of
Shardina
were
and
a
But
with
in
the
helmet
another
people
island used of the
of
in Sardinia
covered
a
Now
a
from
explain relics of
similar
with
Sardinia.
The
seems
In
horns
helmet
a
The
race.
Tuirsha
and
broad was
of
before
spike crowned characterised
figures dis
bronze
cither
of
is that
earlyinhabitants on
the short
a
of the
another
that the
show
It
like that
was
antiquity.
clusion that the Shardina came
case
shields,spears,
the top
helmet
Shardina.
another
the head on they wore spike projected from it
A
on
ball.
metal
tunic
a
round
same
behind, while a
high, and
was
Altogether the face dolichocephalic European
peculiar character.
and
In
155
worn.
clad
the
ARABIA.
forehead
beardless.
is a
carried
swords.
long,the
case
pointed beard
AND
side
of the
like that
impossibleto avoid the con of the Egyptian records really this way
we
shall
be
able
to
of scarabs and other easilythe occurrence remains of the prehistoric Egyptian art among
most
156
THE
RACES
We
Sardinia. alliance
between
Tunisian
Gulf.
The
Shardina
troops of find them
THE
shall also
be
TESTAMENT.
able
to
Shardina
the
famous
were
OLD
the
army
militaryqualities
for their
an
serving in
explain the close the Maxyes of the
and
important element Egypt. Already in the
became
and
OF
among time
the mercenary of Ramses
II
we
of the Pharaoh.
,""*!
(GREEK).
HANIVU
We
may
Libyans Southern
conclude, then, that were
included
Europe
and
some
Asia
among of
the
Minor,
the
allies of the
populations whose
of
lineaments
by Egyptian art. These populations were comprised under the general title of in the Ptolemaic Hanivu, the meaning of which came have
been
preserved
for
us
158 the
RACES
THE
OF
THE
those found
OLD
TESTAMENT.
in the earliest
sepulchresof the In the tall, broad-shouldered country. Scandinavian, his flaxen hair,his light blue eyes, his long head with and the modern mealy-white skin, we may see repre sentative of the primitiveAryan. same
as
Scandinavia
glaciersand
has
fiords have
of irresistible
whom
been
ever
from
a
to
age
bodily strength and
their native
land
could
heroes.
of
nursery
sent
age
forth
adventurous
Its men
courage
In longer support. historical times they became the Vikings and Norsemen for so long a period the scourge who were of Christen In prehistorictimes, before the sail or sagulum dom. been had borrowed from Rome, their migrations must have moved along the lines of the great rivers. Wher the dominant and ruling ever they went, they became in Normandy and caste, like the followers of Rollo in Sicily. Except where of Roger Guiscard the lan of the conquered was law, protected by religion, guage the populationsthey subdued forced and were literature, To learn the language of their new the to masters. ascribe difficulties they experienced in doing so we may of the phonetic peculiarities which separate, the many another. To chief Indo-European languages from one
the
same
which
cause
in
must
we
Greek
or
no
also ascribe
other
the
Latin, or
of the words
many
Indo-European
be traced to an Indolanguages of the old world, cannot European etymology. They will have belonged to the languages spoken before the arrival of the Aryan race1. 1
After
while
an
analysisof
words
641 etymology,there discovered. the
We
are
remain may
the classical Greek
borrowed about
therefore
and 520
1580
can
be
for which
regard
language,or languages,spoken Aryans (Etyma Graeca, p. vi). to
lexicon
a
Mr.
Wharton
finds that
assigned Indo-European such etymology can be an
no
large part
in Greece
of them
before
as
belonging
the arrival of the
AFRICA, The
further
AND
EUROPE,
the
ARABIA.
advanced
race
159 their
from
primeval
home, the less pure their blood became, and the greater their tendency to die out be absorbed in the was or north aboriginalpopulation. It is only in the extreme of
west
members
India
that
of the
Aryan
it is race
still ;
possible to
elsewhere
meet
in the
with
peninsula
Indo-European languages are spoken by those who have It is question littleor no Aryan blood in their veins. of pure Greek far the ancient able how was Aryan descent ; it is certain that the typicalmodern Greek, with
his black
belongs to 1
hair
another
and
eyes
and
complexion,
stock1.
Risley,in reportingthe chief results of enquiry in India, states that three main types Mr.
dark
the
recent
are
to
be
ethnographic found
in the
160
THE
Let
OF
THE
OLD
TESTAMENT.
forget,however, that
not
us
the
and
RACES
Greek
modern
are
the
primitiveAryan
alike members
of the
white
that the
and
primitiveAryan was but the member of the race who had his dwelling-placein north-eastern Europe and there spoke the language from which the derived. Indo-European languages are Archaeology has shown that Western Europe has been the home race,
of
four distinct varieties
first of all
a
gnathous,
with
blond
race,
blue
of
this
white
race.
We
tall,dolichocephalicand
have ortho-
light hair, full beard, well eyes, prominent eyebrows, and
eyes,
developed chin, narrow One section of it is represented leptorrhinenose. straight, by the Kelto-Libyan, by the Scandinavian, another Secondly, there is a race tall in stature, with reddish hair, fair,freckled skin, brachycephalic skull, somewhat pro gnathous jaws, prominent cheek-bones, round eyes, and chin. It has been called the Kymric type, under square and ancient the belief that the majority of the Welsh the country:
(i) 'A leptorrhine, pro-opic,dolichocephalic and tall of narrow light build, face,comparativelyfair stature, long type, complexion and high facial angle. This type is most marked in the Panjab. mesopic or nearly platyopic, dolichocephalic type, of low (2) A platyrrhine, broad face,usually stature, thickset make, very dark complexion,relatively in Chota distinct low facial angle. This type is most Nagpore and the A Central Provinces. mesorrhine, platyopic,brachycephalictype of (3) face and low or medium stature, sturdy build, yellowishcomplexion, broad and facial angle. This low eastern type is found along the northern In of and is of the frontiers Mongoloid origin. dolichocephalic Bengal north-western of and frontier the present day the at Panjnb type leptorrhine of the invading Aryans of 3000 years recognise the descendants we may and doubt in hair,eyes, complexion, but retainingthe more ago, changed no in the shape of their head, their enduring characteristics of their race Survivals of fair or stature, and the finelycut proportionsof their nose.
populationof
'
rather reddish still to
be
among
the
'
eyes, and Penka has
hair, grey
found, as Kafirs
from
reddish
blonde
completion are
moreover
pointed out, and as I myself have seen, beyond the Panjab frontier (Journal of the
Institute,xx. Anthropological
'
3).
AFRICA,
AND
EUROPE,
l6l
ARABIA.
have
is repre belonged to it1. A third race dark Kelts,'and more sented by the especiallyby the of Auvergne. inhabitants In this the skull is more brachycephalic than in the Kymric race, the stature is Britons
'
short, the
round
eyes
and
dark, the
hair
black, the
complexion brunette, the jaws fairlyorthognathous,and has been termed the forehead some large. This race times Keltic,'sometimes Ligurian.'The fourth and last race Euskarian is the the or Basque.' Here the skull dolichocephalic, is medium, the length stature being in the back part of the head, the face oval, the hair and eyes dark, and the complexion sallow. '
'
'
'
four types have
These
intermixture
on
the
In
one
result has been same
family we
belongs to one of the who four types, another member belongs to another. The brunettes, however, are steadilyincreasingat the of the blonds. Where, for instance, a brunette expense is married found that ten per to a blond, it has been of the offspringtake after the brunette than cent, more that This after the blond. points to the conclusion Western the not Europe was originalcradle of the be sought must blonds, and that their earliest home find
individual
The
centuries.
large scale.
a
with
in close contact
been
for unnumbered
another
'
one
rather
to
Until 1
The
the
north-east.
latelyit of
name
'
who
'
It may
introduced
barrows. Denmark
the
has
Belgic
settled in the southern
JuliusCaesar.
use
has
also been
part of have
Britain
been
of bronze
from
that all four types
believed
been
given two
it from
to
the
Belgae who
centuries before the invasion
by represented
the
into this country and
of
brachycephalicrace constructed
the round
found in are agree with those which the beginning of the stone age down to the present time, as
But the skulls of this
with
who
member
well
as
with
those of the modern
the
'
Helvetic
'
race
skulls discovered
Walloons
at
Sion
in the Ardennes. L
in Switzerland
and
j62
THE
RACES
represented
are
was
weapon a
handle
when
had
not
of
remains
of
block
Europe only tpol
his
and
so-called
the
in Western
man
yet been
as
TESTAMENT.
mammoth,
large
a
OLD
the
of the
contemporary
THE
among
epoch,
quaternary a
OF
was
and
flint for which
chipped
invented.
however,
Now,
it is
alleged that this is a mistake, and that no brachybe assigned to that remote cephalic skulls can period of European history1. If so, we shall have to seek the than in origin of the brachycephalic types elsewhere Western as Europe, and regard them emigrants from the
east.
The
Aryan the
upon
race
exercised
once
of the
fortunes
restored
Babylonia by Cyrus
of
their
to
country, but
own
hundred
two
Palestine
empire, habits
laws
years,
ideas
and
down
fall of
Persian
a
of
Judaea
freedom. political the
to
exiles
the
to
not
remained
of its inhabitants
civilisation
and
important influence Jewish people. The conquest an
the
Persian the
province, and modified
were
The
of Persia.
For
the
by
Persians
spoke an belonged to the
Indo-European language, and further The physical type of the countrymen Aryan race. Darius
and
Xerxes,
like that
of
their
modern
of
descen
Aryan in all its traits. Travellers still speak of the fair-complexioned,blue-eyed populations met of the with in the Persian highlands, though the mass people belong to the dolichocephalicbrunette type with dants,
was
black
hair and
1
Salmon,
2
Penka
Les
eyes 2.
Races
humaines
{Die Herkunft
der
The
Persians
the inhabitants of the (1879) that among Caspian Sea individuals with blond hair are
one
of the Kurdish
Blonds
are
chiefs at Khorremabad
also to be
seen
type exists,according to
among
the
prehistoriqties, p. 20 (1888). Arier, pp. ill sq^} quotes from
Schindler the
at
were
had
province to
be
of
on
found, while
blue eyes and a blond The of Feridan.
all parts
General
of Gilan
the Armenians
Pietremont, in
outset
Persia, so
beard.
blond that
as
AFRICA, Median
a
the
tribe. of
rest
in the
EUROPE, had
They
further south
established
and
the eastern
on
163
ARABIA.
pushed
their kinsmen
of Elam,
rear
AND
than
themselves
shores of the Persian
Gulf.
of They thus formed part of that Aryan wave eastward till it was arrested by migration which moved the hot suns and burning plainsof Hindustan. In the districts to the south of the Caspian M. de Morgan has discovered the tombs and relics of the early emigrants. it would in the stone still, They were seem, age when their
first leaders But
opened. of
Assyria
and
intercourse
the
Aryans
already wielded the metal
far
Here, had
the
he
was
of
was
ians
told, individuals reddish
and
a
portionof by the
the members
ii.p. 406). and blond hair
45, p. u). well known
smelt
to
A
Further
(Bulletinsde
considerable
same
la
always
Pun
(seeBiddulph,Tribes
Kafirs
a
seen,
type
resembles
the
lower
jaw
from
it.
They
of them family may be some de Paris, Societe d? anthropologie
or
of the Hindoo L
the
Egypt
Punite
massive
absent
portionof the
the blond
the
by
be, their
been
have
we
Kurds
are
tall men
(Schweiger-Lerchenfeldin Petermann's east
found
have
Egypt
the
with who
this may
The
of
Arabia.
met
As
Hebrews.
of the
be traced
can
be
has
regionscalled
the
race
race
race.
monuments
brunettes and others blonds
eyes
how
in Southern
Arabia
the white
in the
Cush
ourselves
ser.
Punjab, they
However
Egyptian, excepting only that and full lipsof the Egyptian are
y
of bronze of 'Nineveh.
the
might
hair.
south, Southern
represented on
amongst
has
kingdom
use
knew
and
of Yemen
mountains
included and
first entered
stray waifs of the blond
far
so
home it
as
if no
way
the
to
glazed pottery
weapons,
he
civilised
be trusted, the blond
may
blue eyes
even
tumuli
in the fire.
If Bruce as
of India
iron
the
them
the
to
even
the
in
with
introduced
soon
iron, and
When
buried
were
Siah-Posh
in
with blue
Mittlu-ilun^cn,
Afghanistanare
Koosh, p. 128).
l6~4
THE
RACES
have
may
been
Nile.
the
scribed
THE
acquired Egyptian
OLD
TESTAMENT.
from
the
of
country
Nigritianaborigines settlers found first in the valley of At all events the Punite profilemay be de refined duplicate of the Egyptian profile, a
the
whom
OF
as
befittingthe inhabitants that Egyptians believed which
they
native
of
the
gave
Southern to
appearance his skull is
their
Punite
the
'
which
from
had
gods
title of
Arabia
the
a
the
and
come
land.'
divine
to
The
still corresponds in .outward of old
his dolichocephalic,
We
time.
are
told that
his features straight, his hair dark and wavy or handsome, straight,his lips his complexion reddened thin, his stature medium, by he has migrated to the the From time to time sun. neighbouring shores of Africa, and there mingled his blood with that of the earlier populations. It is to this the typicalAbyssinian of must trace mingling that we features,straightor wavy hair, to-day, with his handsome In fact, thin nose and lips,and dark Nigritiancolour. apart from colour he has preserved all the characteristics of the
from
race
which
nose
bulk
main
the
of his
ancestors
people of Southern Arabia who have exchanged the Christianityor the Judaism the professed for the religionof Mohammed, they once of faithful to the Christianity Abyssinian has remained were
But
sprung.
his fathers.
unlike
Though
the
from
resisted side
one
which
he
and
The the
queen
earth
of
speaks
professesis to
Church
influence
the
twelfth
in the
Coptic
of the
the conversion
Mohammedanism
to
the
of
and
Egypt,
paganism
on
the
is still Semitic,
him
off
cut
he
successfully
has
of Islam The
other. and
tribes
century
assaults
armed
Nubian
the
on
the
language
faith which
he
still Christian. of Sheba hear
'
came
the wisdom
from of
the
Solomon
utmost '
; the
parts of descen-
IX.
CHAPTER
CONCLUSIONS.
task
is
at
OUR ethnological materials
of
world
in
which
the
from
Biblical
do
Ixix.
12
with
the
in
Isolated her
pursued
that
probable
life
Chinese
the
armies
of
which
adjoined
the
the
appearance
attention
of
peculiarity. Chinaman, 1
kings
the Of
even
or
at
must
populations
of
the
Mongol
or
Babylonian
and
Tatar, Oriental
the is
de
east, China
If
in
the so,
its
Mongoloid,
n
(1887).
the
lands their the
striking whether
brachycephalic
Record, i.
to
race,
arrested
from
west
in
is
it
served
have
the
by But
settled
once
height
medium
Professor
empire.
Assyrian
of
nothing
Mongoloid
have
may
the
Sinim
unaffected
the
is
of
has
Asia.
of
stage.
world
extreme
and
a
Hindu-Kush1.
the
the
"
to
Western
belong,
Persian
physical
in least
at
some
which
of
unafifecting
course,
human
of
current
of
Shinas
seclusion
the
reading
According
the
the
the
that
agreed
was
drama
horizon
the
a
which
in
ancient
beyond
correct
the
upon
the
of
now
a
and
played,
it
but
of
as
not
was
ideas,
parts
far
so
It
so.
appeared
Chinese.
it denotes
Lacouperie
modern
lies
it is
as
if it be
"
to
have
China
Scriptures,
do
to
the
reviewed
Testament,
us
kingdom
it.
Old
been
races
civilised
one
excluded
to
of
have
important
most
have
history
large variety
Isaiah
allow
according
human
Only
of the
world
possess
We
end.
an
world
large
very a
we
now
with
167
CONCLUSIONS.
flattened which
contracted
are
muscular
arrested and
races,
high cheek-bones,
nose,
there
giving
is littleon
inner
the
eye the is black,
the face and
black
eyes
angle, the result
development where
hair of the head
The
the
at
small
and
it
of
obliquity. abundant, but
and
still less
in other
occurs
appearance coarse
of
the rest
on
of the
The legs body, the skin of which is of a yellow colour. are distinguishedby their thinness. is the general type of a race Such which extends over look in But we so large a part of the continent of Asia. for
vain
representations of
it
the
on
of
monuments
It has been said that the Egypt, Babylonia or Persia. Hittite face belongs to it ; if so, the type has been so profoundly modified as to be hardly recognisable. known to the Apart from this doubtful case, the races Old
Testament
the
lands
surrounding
exception of to essentially the
negroes
of the white The white
the
the
still occupy
Mediterranean.
and
historical
descendants
the
the
Nubians, they belong With
sea.
With
Nubians, also, they
the
exception of
are
all divisions
race.
fact that race
the
negroes
that
and
whose
those
are
the
introduces
white us
races
to
are one
all divisions of
those
of the
defects
in
how the ethnologicalterminology which show young of ethnology must still be. It has not science as yet acquired a settled and definite terminology,such as shall and the be understood alike by the ethnologicalstudent reader. ordinary educated Just as in the science of shall distinguish which want term some language we the genealogical families of speech from the morpholo into which they fall,so in the gical classes or groups
ethnology we distinguisha race, in the science
of
want
usual
some
term
which
shall
acceptation of the word,
1
68
THE
from
RACES
those
them
his
proposed larger divisions of
'
of
'
stitutes
an
branches,
mankind, The
'
'
and
being
includes
under
Abyssinian
the
South
The
Hamitic
three
for
it other
in
Euskaric
from
starts
species,and
it is the
by
'
'
race
both
in
'
stocks,'the Arabian,
genus
under
'branch'
Basque, Aryac or latter representingthe
has the that
to
substitute
'
'
race
the
alone
what
a '
Egyptian
rather
of
usage
understand '
It
this scheme.
group from
than
?
the
species that is primarilysignified ordinary language and in ethnology.
The
higher units or race, the yellow race, the primary objectof 1
the
the
or
where
cases
two
and
Mediterranean
determined English language has Who would should be employed. who writer meant spoke of the
Moreover, it
'
classed
are
'
words
into
the
'
North
white
Mediterranean
stock, while groups
con
'groups' being
African
Indo-European, and Caucasic, the different populationsof the Caucasus. there But are objections to grave restricts the term race unduly, and '
he
divided
a
again
by
Semitic
'
stocks/
'
Thus
South
and
East
The
be
Mediterranean
Chaldaean
stock.
and
nose,
and
would
sense
into
divided
*.
those
to
characterised
race,
Hamitic
the
and
Semitic
comprises
'
Mediterranean.'
Libyan, Egyptian, classed
'
stocks
nations
or
narrow
'
to
Brinton
usual
'race' in the
branch,'and
'
stand
'race'
of
name a
a
Eurafrican
one
'North
branch
the
the
called
which
species. Peoples Dr.
a
and
Races
stocks.'
hair
wavy
to
genus
confine
to
TESTAMENT.
of mankind
into tribes,peoples
divided
other
a
on
being
term
number
skin,
of
Lectures
has
of the
OLD
THE
larger divisions
in the relation
In
'
OF
Races
genera the the and
"
the
white
race,
the
black
not are copper-colouredrace investigations ethnologist's any "
Peoples, pp. 98, 99.
CONCL
more
than
and
mental
169
US IONS.
the
morphological classes of language are the What researches. we primary object of the philologist's if we want the races to investigate, are are ethnologists, who another are separated from one by physiological materials
characteristics,and reduce
with
whom
present
our
singletype. These are the with which have races we primarily to deal, to determine the points wherein they differ or agree, and their historyas far back is possible. If we to trace as the genus the higher from the species, to distinguish are unit from in the common the race acceptation of the word, it is for the higher unit that we ought to find some other of speaking of white a designation. Instead cannot
we
to
a
'
'
'
'
black
'
race
or
some
such The
a
term
races
what
us
who
little of of
the
fullest
the savages
while
the
ransacked
in order and
continent
our
has
been
is
Syria than
of modern
North
Indians.
American
who
Among
visit Palestine, and
who
have
lived
none
who
has
or
travelled
devoted
the
in its
himself
to
just
the
we
the
ethnology
the thousands
of of
explorers
midst, there task
the
that
about
numerous
the
lands
where
is known
about
may
of the
for the
expected
Less
meagre.
they
prehistoricdays,
done
Egypt excepted, it information might have been the most
that
condition
in
of
gravel-beds
and
Bible.
be
use
barbarians
and
caves
character
scientific nature
a
ethnology tourists
to
the
inhabited
find it to
the
been
were
could
impressed another fact anthropologistshave abundant
While
have
if we
well
will have
regard world, and
Europe
be
stock.'
in
modern
tell
as
minds.
our
information
of
'
foregoing pages
upon
the
race,'it would
of
has
been
studying
physiologicalcharacteristics of the people themselves. the Burton and on Tyrwhitt Drake, indeed, excavated the
THE
170
sites of several the
TESTAMENT.
cemeteries, and brought
old found
they
cases
conquerors
further
OLD
England
to
nothing to show in whether the skulls belonged to Turkish to the or indigenous population,and until
skulls
most
THE
OF
RACES
of
researches
there
; but
the
was
kind
same
made
are
it is
dangerous to draw from them ethnologicalconclusions. Yet ethnologicalobservations are within the reach of find Like the geologistwho almost can every traveller. he may materials for his study wherever go, the traveller is brought into daily,if not in Syria or the Holy Land with the human subjectsof ethnological hourly,contact research. shall
be
To
and
measure
serviceable
the
to
take
such
observations
as
anthropologistrequiresbut
previous knowledge and involves but little labour. Paul d' AntJiropoloProfessor In Topinard's Elements requisie gie ghierale will be found all the instructions make the measurements to for enabling the observer little
which
of
shall be
unwillingto angle,'he can
is
natives has
least
at
cast
on
science.
the skull
measure
he
with whom
been
to
use
the dark
or
determine
photograph
meets.
if the
Even
We
the
facial
profilesof
the
have
'
traveller
what
light ethnology by
seen
past of Biblical
the
portraitstaken by the Egyptian artists of their foes be cast on and prisoners; and a still greater lightwould the present ethnology of Bible lands by a judicioususe of the photographic camera. and Without Syrian a fuller knowledge of Palestinian
the
be left questionswhich must be solved. cannot problems which unanswered, and Even so elementary a point as the prevalentform of the It is usually skull in modern Syria is still uncertain. but the as that the skull is dolichocephalic, assumed
ethnology
there
sumption
rests
are
on
many
a
small
number
of
measurements,
CONCLUSIONS.
of them
some
of doubtful
i;i
value.
The
questionacquires
importance in view of the fact that whereas the Arab is dolichocephalic,a large proportion of the Jews at the brachycephalic. Putting aside the ex present day are aggerated brachycephalism of the Jews of the Caucasus, with the brachycephalic due, doubtless, to intermixture that in Central Europe an natives,statistics have shown overwhelming proportion of the Jews have broad, round heads. Dolichocephalismis found only among the blonds, and the blonds form but 15 percent, of the whole Jewish If,therefore,dolichocephalismis the rule community1. in modern decisive proof be a Palestine, it would that the Jewish element of its has been stamped out population. I drew
Until observed
that
the
Amorites
had
cared
attention a
blond
it,no
to
with
race
traveller
to
seems
have
the features ascribed
to
Egyptian sculptorsstill exists in Southern Palestine. it might have Yet been thought that such a fact could not have escaped the notice of the least observant But the ethnologisthad tourist. not been in the country, and the physical appearance of its the ordinary traveller the last thing which people was to
note
or
the
Every becoming
year
has
done
for
the
Nile, others
Syria and
the
by
record.
and
more
Egypt
of the
countries
accessible.
more
in the
will be
Old
of
course
found
the districts further
to
a
abundance
data.
perplex
up,
or
whether
at
any
rate
answered. partially
the Phoenician 1
above, p. 78.
Virchow
us
Palestine
up
and
neglect of the of ethnological will be We
type of countenance, See
are
singlejourney
The
past will be
replaced by an Questions which now
What
for
do
east.
Testament
cleared
shall learn
such
as
it is
RACES
THE
172
for
portrayed vives
us
the
on
of
coast,
of
only
can
Exodus
as
lead
the
state
the
Arabia,
would
of Karnak
the walls
while, we
Southern
Egypt, stillsur the population
whether
or
in the century before that
allied to
TESTAMENT.
OLD
monuments
the Phoenician
on
of Damascus
on
THE
OF
remarkable
a
in the
problems
face
infer.
to
us
really
was
Mean
hope
that
solve them. It to go forth and they may stimulate some soil of and the sacred is given to few to survey measure Palestine;it is given to stillfewer to disinter from beneath cities ; but
it the ruins of its buried its visitors who Testament Let
and
not
us
late
as
Southern blood with
Or,
?
whom
who
could
has
the
Egyptians Algeria have
of
found
a
home
in
for us, and
less in store
contended,
once
shall
in race
times,
the Amorites
were
these
as
to
come
of
the French
as
in these later
contended
not
imagined
predominantly Amorite guessed that the blond
surprisessuch we
could
inhabitants
the
Palestine,and
Other
sacred history?
especially already gained
more
been
Rehoboam
have
among
ethnologistof the Old
the
ago we years instance, could have
still
were
one
no
few
a
reign of
Judaea
conquerors had
the
as
but for
Who,
dream.
that
is
his facts. collecting however, that,thanks forget,
learned, of which
even
help
not
Petrie's exertions, much
Mr.
to
in
could
there
learn
are
of
doubt about
more
populationswhich have left so deep an impress on the history of the people of Israel,and through them on the
the
The
study of ethnology
theoretical appear,
and
a
been
negro
Racial
side.
these
racteristics but has
world.
Christian
the
history of
argued by and
a
traits
traits
mental an
has
practicalas
a
include
and
do
not
as
a
dis
only physical cha qualitiesas well. It
not
moral
able and
fixed
once
well
cultivated
Christian,that Mohammedanism
writer, himself is better
174
OF
TABLE
RACES
OF
THE
OLD
TESTAMENT.
Israelites Edomites, _
'g
0
"" o
w
^
-11
_"
APPENDIX.
TERMS.
ETHNOLOGICAL
Dolichocephalic
(round) headed/ phalic by
index and
100
Topinard,
to
is the
the
by
the
to
where
longitudinal skulls
it is
sub-brachy,
75"80
to
brachy, hyper
skull
ce
Following
into
the
'
multiplied
diameter.
ultra, hyper, of the
proportion
is 55-75
diameter
longitudinal
The
the
(subdivided in which
those
sub-doh'cho)are
of
short
'
or
medium-headed.'
'
diameter
transverse
dolichocephalic
transverse
cephalic
long-headed,' brachycephalic
mesocephalic
divided
and
dolicho
into
'
'
or
to
meso
100,
100,
brachycephalic (subdivided
and
ultra]
where
it is
and
divided
80-100
100.
The
height
skull multiplied by
of the
skulls
length gives hypsicephalic 75
to
to
100,
chamaecephalic,
100,
and
orthocephalic
Maxillary angle most
prominent
parts
of the
Facial
part
forehead
angle
:
prominent
most
the
:
part
through
the
centre
The
nasal
index
:
formed
the
of
of the
a
the
when
lines
most
the
from
prominent
of the
is
and
flat
which
is
thin
and
prominent mesorrhine.
nasal
is
at
from
line
a
the
to
line
most
the
prominent
right angles
to
it
ear.
aperture
platyrrhine;
large
are
70
100.
the
to
jaw
second
aperture
is
form
to
by drawing
upper
which
mediate
it is below
by drawing
maxillaries
angle
forehead, and
of
formed
is above
proportion
it is 70-75
by the
chin.
the
part
where
the
and
the
the
where
platycephalic,where
or
angle
of
100
when
is
nose
the
nose
narrow
leptorrhine ;
Following
wide, the
noses
Collignon,
of the
inter nasal
1
76
APPENDIX.
index
height
multiplied
by
platvrrhine
platyrrhine
is
Prognathism
the
the
at
nose
when
leptorrhine
40-54,
base
mesorrhine
55-69,
hyper-platyrrhine
under,
or
40
its
to
ultra-
100-114,
more.
when
:
of
ultra-leptorrhine
85"99,
and
115
breadth
100
when
hyper-leptorrhine 70"84,
the
of
proportion
or
the
(upper
maxillaries
and
jaws)
lower
project. Orthognathism Euthycomic
with
:
Euplococomic Eriocomic
is
is
multiplied
from
:
Mesosemic
black and
:
white
race
the
red
race
and
orbit
narrow
is
as
below
with
eyes
to
90-95
(80-90 (60-80
to
Erythro-chroic.
of
yellow
as
race
face
above the
short
an
no.
to
100).
100). 100).
to
described the
index
an
the
and
with
mesopic
(the proportion
being
nose
breadth,
107^,
pro-opic
eyes
their
by
the
of
height
divided
sometimes
Melano-chroic,
shape).
flattened
the
eyes
medium
with
race
as
the
with
:
when
round
with
shape).
hair.
index
an
(of cylindrical
(of
and
no,
of
Microsemic The
to
diameter
long
hair
:
100
has
\
107
Megasemic the
by
and
platyopic,
index
index
slight.
hair.
bushy
naso-malar
The
hair
wavy
woolly
with
:
is
projection
straight
with
:
the
with
:
Lophocomic
cheek
when
:
Leuco-chroic, as
Xantho-chroic,
the
INDEX.
Abyssinia, 145, 164. Accad, 61, 66. Accado-Sumerians, 138 Aegean Sea, 114, 131. Ahmes
Bertholon, M., 105. Berlin, Mr., 142.
(Van\ 136. skin, cause of, 21. Blake, Dr. Carter, 105. Blyden, Dr., 25. Bonnet, Dr., 148. brachycephalism, 14, 162, 175. Biainas
sq.
black
(king),97.
Akkas, 148. Alarodian, 43, albinoism, Amalekites,
(king), 100.
28. Ammonites, Amorites, 56, 59, 75, 121,
sq., 119,
Brinton, Dr., 168. Bruce, Mr., 163.
117. IV
Amenophis
137 sq.
50,
22.
102,
128,
125,
mi,
Buz, 63.
103, 149,
107, 115,
Anamim,
53.
105.
Calah, 67. Canaan, Canaanites,
128.
Aqaiusha (Akhaeans),
R., 146.
Bushmen,
171.
Anakim,
Sir
Burton, no
150,
1^2.
language of, 57, Caphtor, 53, 126.
"
Arabs, 75, 141, 171. Aram, 63, 64, 69. Aram-Naharaim
(or Mitanni), 96,
100.
Aramaeans,
134,
140,
141.
Ararat
(Armenia), 44,48, Araxes, the, 136. Arkite, 58, 103, 130. Armenians, 135.
Arphaxad, 59, 64. Aryans, originof, 22, Ashkelon,
45,
135,
136.
157 sq.
Carchemish, 131, Casluhim, 53. Chabas, M., 127. Chaldaeans, 62. Cherethites, 75. Chesed, 62, 63. China, 166. Circassians, 135.
137 sq.
Dr.,
Beni-Hassan
20,
depends
on
geo
23.
105.
161.
tomb, Berossos, 138, 140.
108.
128.
152.
Damascus, 122, 125. Danauna, Daanau, 126, 151, 152. David, racial type of, 74.
sq.
153-
Belgic type,
races
in
Cyprus, 47,
Balawat, gates of, 135. Basques, 36, 149, 150. Bedawin, 72, 105 sq., 117, 128, Beddoe,
151.
Conder,
61.
Babylonians, 137
118.
Egyptian tombs, 113. Capt., 106. Cro-magnon, 149. cromlechs, range of, 115, 116, Cush (see Kash), 43, 51, 143. "
121.
59,
Babylonia, 60,
of
graphy,
Ashkenaz, 48.
Asshurim, 60. Assyrians, 40,
55 sq., 101,
circumcision, 151. colour
127, 128, 132.
Ashteroth-Kamaim, Asshur, 59, 69.
40,
103.
141,
Dieulafoy, M., 140. Diodoros, 85. disease,susceptibilityto, 26. Dodanim (or Rodanim), 47.
dolichocephalism,14, 171, 175. Drake, Mr. Tyrwhitt, 105.
178
INDEX.
hypsicephalic, 175.
Ebed-melech, 146. Ebed-tob, 57, 102. Eber
lanua, 124. Inca-bone, 16, 105.
(Hebrews),65, 69.
Edomites, 117, 128.
India, 159.
Esypt" 52 sq-m
Indo-European languages,35, 158, 160, 162. 128. Israelites,
"
two
in,87.
races
Egyptians, 21, 39, 43, 82 sq., originof, 91. language of,93.
144.
"
Japhet,41.
"
Javan (Ionian',46.
Prof.,69.
Eichhorn,
Jebusites, 57, 102, 103, tribute of, 77, no. Jehu,
Elamites, 40, 59, 138 sq. Elishah
(Hellas), 47.
Emim,
Jerome, St.,31. Jerusalem,58, 102, 1 1 1, 1 1 2, 1 22,130. Jews, the,n, 29,70, 74, 76,110,171. in the Caucasus, 78. Joktan, 65, 69.
121.
117,
Erech, 66.
Ethiopia,143,
144,
121.
in,
165.
"
Euskarian
type, IOI.
eyes, the, 18, 20,
176.
Josephus,153. Kabyles in Algeria,19, 21,
facial
angle,the, 17, 175. Flathead Indians,15. Flower, Prof., 97. cause of, 24. freckles, Fuegians, 25, 28.
Kadesh
Kadmonites, 120. Kaffirs,145, 148.
Gaul, 35. Gaza,
Kaft
Shechem,
near
Gebal, 56,
101,
127,
114, 149.
Orontes, 113, 130. Kadesh-barnea, 117. on
101.
(Phoenicia),53, 57,
102,
105, 113. 66.
Kalneh,
152, 154.
122. Girgashites, Gog (Gyges),45,
hair, the, 19, 176.
Kanana, 106, 117. Kappadokia, 130, 131. of Babylonia, 62. Kasdim or Cush, 143. Kash, Kassites, 62, 139. Kelts, 26, 29, 31, 33, 114, 161. smiths,'1 1 8 sq. Kenites, or Kenizzites,117.
Ham, 41. Hamath, 59, 132.
Khal, 102, 127, 152. Khammurabi, 139.
49. Goleniscneff, Mr., 127, 152. Gomer (Kimmerians), 44, 49.
Greeks, 40, 46, 157, 159. Guanches, 115, 149. Gyges (Gog), 44.
Hamitic
'
130.
Helvetic
type, 161.
Herodotos, 131, 135, 151. Heth, 40, 57. Hittites,40, 43, 59, 103, 124, 126, 128, 130 sq.
Hivites,119, 122. Horites, 115, 117, 120. Huz, 63. Hyksos, 95 sq., 124.
(Gomer), 45. (Canaan), 101. Kittim (Kition),47, 50. Kurdistan, 136. Kurds, 162, 163. Kymric type, 160. Kimmerians
(Hadramaut), 65.
Hebron,
.
khori, 115.
(lonians),156. Havilah, 41, 65.
Hanivu
Hazarmaveth
,
Khephren (king),90.
languages,80.
no,
rai,
Kinakhkhi
Lachish, in, 129. Lacouperie, Prof, de, 166. language and race, 10, 28 sq. morphology of, 35, 36. Lebanon, people of, 125. M., 114. Lefe'bure, "
103,
INDEX.
Lehabim
(Libyans),53,
Nebuchadrezzar, 54, 63. Negroes, 1 7, 1 8, 26, 2 7, 39, 5 1 mix with Europeans, 33.
54.
Lepsins,Prof.,126.
leptorrhine, 175. 39, 43, 53, 80, 83,
1
149 sq. Ligurian type, 161.
67.
Nod, 64.
Xiku,the, 154.
Nubians, 51, 70,80,83,144,145, 164.
-Lud, 64.
(Lydians), 53. Lydia,Lydians,44, 33, 55. Lykaonia,language of, 31.
Og, in, 121. Ophir,65. orthocephalic, 175. 176. orthognathism,
Lykians, 135,
Ossetes, 135.
Ludim
153, 154.
pain,endurance of, 26. in Egypt, 87palaeoliths
Magog (Lydia),45. Malay o-Polynesians,32. nomads,' 46,64. Manda, or
originof Palestine,
Mariette, M., 96.
Pathros, 52, 53.
'
name,
126.
Penka, Dr., 162.
(Mesha\ 65. 156.
people,a,
Mashuash, Maxyes, 150, 151, Maspero, Prof., 154. Max Dr., 151. Mtiller, maxillaryangle,the,16, 175. Mazor (Lower Egypt\ 52. Medes (Mada), 40, 45, 46, 163.
Perizzites,120. Persians, 162. Pethor, 132. Petrie,Mr. Flinders, 87, 92,
megasemic, 176.
Philistines
or
Megiddo, 101. Melchizedek,$8, 102, Meneptah I, 143, 150. Mesha Meshech
10.
(Pulosata), 53,
Phoenicians, 40, 70, 126.
Phrygians,135. Phut, 54, 55.
Pigeon-English,34.
50.
mesorrhine, 175. mesosemic,
Poesche, Dr.,
14, 175.
mesopic,176. 176.
Pun, Punites, 91, 92, 94, 125, 163, Prof, de, 149. Quatrefages,
Mizraim, 52, 143. Moabites, 128. Mongoloid type, 166, 167.
race,
races,
12.
antiquityand
permanence
Ramsay, Prof., 131. Ramses II,84,89,99, I", "7, 13", '5r"Ramses III, 85, 89, 114, 126,
Napata, 144. 53.
15-'-
10.
nationality, 10,
9, 168.
mixed,
"
Mongols, 133. Morgan, M. de, 163. Moschians (Meshech), 40, 48.
nation,
164.
(Aram-Naharaim), 96, 97, 124, 134.
Naphtuhim,
22.
prognathism,16, 176. proopic,176.
microsemic, 176. Minaeans, 65. Minni, the, 48. 100,
126
sq., 151.
platycephalic, 175. 176. platyopic, platyrrhine, 175.
Mitanni
54,
Phoenicia, 53, 57, 93.
122.
(Mash),65. (Moschians),47,
mesocephalism,
103,
114, [47, 172.
112,
109, 119, 128.
MentiofSati,
45 */.
Nimrod, 66. Nineveh,
112,
Mash
,
"
Libyans,or Lcbu, 88,
'79
Rechabite.;,i nj.
3.1.
M
2
of,
'"9, 127,
iHo
INDEX.
Kekh-ma-Ra,
Rephaim,
of,
tomb
124,
105,
20,
39, 104,
133.
118,
in,
121,
120,
128.
Resen, 67. Rhind, Mr., 87. Rhodians, 47.
Riphath, 49.
cromlechs
Rutennu, sacred
trees
of, 115.
sq., 134.
123 in
96, 100,
Egypt, 91.
Sagalassos, 154. Sahara, desert of, 145, 148. Salmon, M., 162. Sarrug, Mr., 104. Scandinavia, 158. Schliemann, Dr., 105. Schrader, Prof., 143. Semites, characteristics of, 77 sq. Semitic
cradle
race,
Accadians, 140. (Shushan), 140. of the skull, 15. sutures Syria, 123, 164. Syrian type, 104.
Susa
Tamehu, 114. Tarshish, 47. teeth, 1 8. Tehennu, Tahennu, 114, 150. Tel el-Amarna, tablets found at, 56,
Risley, Mr., 159. rock-drawings, 147 sq. Roknia,
Strabo, 153. Sumerians, or
of, 71, 72.
131,
Teukrians, Thothmes
Shairdana,
or
(Sardinian;,
Shardina
150,154.?? Shakalsha (Sikels), 150, Shasu
^Bedawin),
105
151,
153.
sq., 113,
114,
117. Sheba
(Saba), 65, 164. 120. Shechem, in, Sheikh el-beled,'89, 90.
143,
120,
122,
130,
154.
152.
III, 89,
Tibarenians
121,
125.
(Tubal), 40, 48.
Tires, 48.
Tirhakah, 99, 144. Togarmah, 49. Rev.
Tomkins, 124,
Sepharad, 49.
134,
IIO,
Tello, 13 sq.
languages, 70.
"
IO2,
H.
G.,
96, 107,
121,
133-
Topinard, Dr. Paul, 170, 175. Tosp, 136. triliteralism, 70, 72. Tubal (Tibarenians), 47, 50. Tulsha, or Tuirsha, 150, 154, 155. Tyre, 55, 56. Uashash, Uz, land
or
Uashuasha, 150, 151.
of, 65.
'
Shem, 40, 41, 59. Sheshai, 107. Shinar, 61, 66.
Van, 134 sq. Virchow, Prof.,42, von
Shishak, 75, 77, 98, 99, 112, 144. Sidon, or Zidon, 40, 56, 102. Sihon
Sikels, 154. Sinaitic Peninsula, 73, Sinim, 166. Sinite,58, 130. skin, colour of, 20.
(king),99, Solymi, 153.
So
stature,
144.
14.
Slopes, Mr., 87.
von
Luschan, 135, 153. Mr., 158. of Palestine, 114
Wharton,
(king),in.
white no.
83, 88, 91, 97,
171. Erckert, 135.
race
Wilkinson, Yemen, Zakkur
Sir
sq.
G., 84.
blonds
in, 163.
(Teukrians),126, 127,
Zamzummim, Zemar, 58,
118, 101.
Zorobabel, 142. Zuzim, 121.
121,
128.
150 sq.
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