The Professional Life Cycle of Teachers: Michael Huberman

 

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Ib`k-eyeik rkskhre rkskhregg ghs mkka hrfual, tf mk surk, sbaek pgbifsfpgkrs hal afvkibsts ghvk mkka stulybao ibvks. \gk df dfrk rk ’sebkatb`be— trkhtd trkhtdkat kat f` ibvks, gfwkvkr, ghs `fiifwkl lbsebpibahry trhe trhejs, js, kheg wbtg bts ’dh ’dhrjkr rjkr—— stulbks fr efaekptuhibzhtb efaekptuhi bzhtbfas. fas. @fr kxhdpik, tgkrk bs h eikhr, psyegflyahdbe trhej rruauaabao-`rfd @rkul tgrfuog Gkary D Durrhy urrhy hal Ofrlfa Hiipfrt hal euidbahtbao ba Krbjsf Krbjsfa‒s a‒s kbogt afrdhtbvk ’ib`k-erbsks—8 hal ]fm ]fmkrt krt _ _gbtk‒s gbtk‒s Utuly f` Ibvks.‒ \gkrk bs haftgkr, df dfrk rk sfebfifobehi, trhe trhejj mkobaabao ba rkekat tbdks wbtg tgk Egbehof Uegffi hal tgk rkvbvhi f` tgk frhi gbstfry trhlbtbfa, efupikl wbtg tgk lkvkifpd lkvkifpdkat kat f` sydmf sydmfibe ibe batkrhetbfabsd. Hifao tgk why, tgbs segffi ghs prfluekl sfdk bdpfrthat stulbks f` hluit sfebhi sfebhibzht bzhtbfa bfa hal ehrkkr phttkrabao. Utbii haftgkr bd pfrthat ba`iukaek ghs stkd dk dkll `rfd tgk duitbvfiudk stulbks f` ’ib`k-spha lkvkifpd lkvkifpdkathi kathi psyegfifoy.’5 \gk kvfiutbfa f` tgk ib`k-spha skrbks ghs hisf rk`iketkl tgk efaekptuhi hal dktgflfifobehi dktgfl fifobehi sgb`ts tgk `bkil hs h wgfik ghs ualkrofak sbaek tgk 8203s. Ba phrtbeuihr, tgk ba`iukaek f` tgk ’frohabebst— hpprfhe hpprfhegg ghs mkka httkauhtk httkauhtkl. l. _k ghvk efdk tf skk tght dhay phttkras faek httrbmut httrbmutkl kl tf hok-rkihtkl ba`iuba`iukaeks hrk ba `het hs dueg fr dfrk tgk rk rksuit suit f` ’efgfrt— fr ’pkrbfl— ba`i ba`iukaeks, ukaeks, wgbegg dkhas tgh wgbe tghtt gb gbstfrb stfrbehi ehi fr sfebfifo sfebfifobehi behi `hetfrs akkl tf mk efuatkl dfrk gkhvbiy.< gkhvb iy.< _k ghvk hisf ikhrakl tght gu gudha dha lkvkifpdkat mkyfal hlfiksekaek bs h `hr df dfrk rk lbsefatbaufus, `iubl, lbhiketbehi, sfd sfdktbd ktbdks ks lfwarbogt rhalfd musbakss faek f aek fak mkobas tf iffj ht balbvb balbvbluhi luhi ibvks. Kvka tgfsk f` us wgf ghl gkhvbi gkhvbiyy h gfiifw fa tgk vhrbhmik, frohabeb frohabebst st h sfrt hpprfheg‒ ghvk hldbt tght ’hok— mhajkl bs ksskatbhiiy f` rkekpth rkekptheik eik efdk `fr tgktf batkrpihy f` duitbpik, lb``krkatbhiiy lb``krkatbhiiy pfwkr`ui lktkrd lktkrdbahats. bahats. _ght lf wk jafw ba phrtbeui phrtbeuihr hr hmfut tgk ehrkkrs f` tkhegkrs6 [atb [atbii tgk ihtkr 82?3s, prkebfus ibttik, ibttik, hsblk `rfd Mkejkr‒s skdbahi stuly0 hal h pkrekptbvk eghptkr my Sktkrsfa fa skefalhry-segffi tkhegkrs.‒ Ubaek tgka, tgk pbeturk ghs mrbogtkakl. Ht prkskat prkskat,, mftg ifaobtulbahi hal erfss-sk erfss-sketbfahi etbfahi hpprfhegks hpprfhe gks hrk `ifurbsgbao. 7 Hisf, sfdk f` tgk dfst prfdbsbao wfrj ghs efdk `rfd Kaoihal.2 _k hrk mkob mkobaabao aabao tf ualkrsthal gfw tkhegkrs‒ ehrkkrs pihy fut hal wgbeg hr hrkk tgk df dfst st ba`iukatb ba`iukatbhi hi lktkrd lktkrdbahats, bahats, wbtgb wbtgbaa hal futsblk tgk bastbtutbfa.

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Bt wfuil mk `hbr- kvka eghrbthmik-tf shy tght tgk kdpbrbehi ibtkrhturk blkatb`ybao pghsks fr sthok sthokss ba tkhegbao bs mftg uakvka hal baefaeiusbvk. \gkrk hrk, gfwkvkr, sfdk rkhsfahmi rkhsfahmiyy strfao trkals tght rrkeur keur herfss stulbks, kvka herfsss stulbks ba lb``krkat ahtbfahi efatkxts. herfs Uurvbvhi hal Lbsefvkry Ht tgk pghsk f` ehrkkr kkatry, atry, wgkrk kdpbrbehi rkskhreg bs dfst pikat pikatb`ui b`ui,, wk `bal tgk rkeurrkat tgkd tgkdks ks f` ’survbvhi hal ’lbsefvkry.— \gk survbvhi tgkd tgkdkk ghs tf lf wbtg rkhibty-sgfej rkhibty-sgfej,, kspkebhiiy `fr tkhegk tkhegkrs rs wbtg af prbfr tkhegbao kxpkrbkaek, ba efa`rfatbao tgk efdpikxbty hal sbduithakbty f` bastruetbfahi dhahokd kat> tgk prkfeeuphtb dhahokdkat> prkfeeuphtbfa fa wbt wbtgg ski` (’Hd B up tf tgbs eghiika eghiikaok6’), ok6’), tgk oui` mktwkka prf`kssbfahi prf`k ssbfahi blkhis hal tgk lhbiy orbal f` eihssrf eihssrffd fd ib`k, tgk `rhodkathtbfa `rhodk athtbfa f` thsj thsjs, s, tgk fsebiihtbfa mktwkka batb batbdhey dhey hal lbsthaek wbtg fak‒s pupbis, tgk hpphrka hpphrkatt bahlkquhey f` bastruetbfahi dhtk dhtkrbhis rbhis obvka tgk lbvkrsbty f` pupbi eghrhetkrbstbes eghrhetkrbstbes-tgk -tgk ibst ofks fa.8= Fa tgk ftgkr sblk f` tgk iklokr, tgk lbsefvkry tgkd tgkdkk trhas trhasihtks ihtks tgk babtb babtbhi hi katgusbhsd f` ghvbao fak‒s ’fwa— pupbis: fak‒s fwa eihss eihssrffd rffd,, dhtkrbh dhtkrbhis, is, hal ykhri ykhriyy prforhd: hal f` `kkib `kkibao ao fakski` h efiik efiikhouk houk hdfao pkkrs. Ufdk f` tgksk stulbks suooks suookstt tght tgk survbvhi hal lbsefvkry lbdkasbfas efkxbst, hal tght tgk ihttkr hiif hiifws ws tgk afvbek tkhegkr tf tfikrhtk tgk `frdkr. \gkrk hrk, gfwkvkr, hisf fak-lbdkasbfah fak-lbdkasbfahii prf`biks, hal prf`biks ba wgbeg tgksk twf tgkdks hrk hmskat. @fr kxhdpik, tkhegkrs wbtg ibt ibttik tik babtb babtbhi hi efdd efddbtdkat btdkat tf tkhegbao ( B'ii nust ghvk h iffj—) hrk aft hpt tf pkrekbvk babt babtbhi bhi lb``beuitbks hs h dhttkr f` survb survbvhi vhi afr tf strkss tgk gkhly hspkets f` lbsefvkry. Uthmbibzhtbfa \gk sueekklbao pghsk mrbaos us lbrketiy tf tgk eihssbe ib`k-eyeik ibtkrhturk hal bts trkhtd trkhtdkat kat f` efd efddbtd dbtd kat, sthmbibzhtbfa, hal ’thjbao fa hluit rkspfasbmbibtbks.— Ba phrtbeuihr, hutgfrs ba tgk psyegfhahiytbe trhlbtbfa ghvk strks strksskl skl tgk sboab`behaek, ba tgk ’gkhitgy— prfeks prfeksss f` kof lkvkifpd lkvkifpdkat kat mkyfal hlfiksekaek, f` dhjbao h efdd efddbtdkat btdkat tf h lk`bakl prf`kssbfah prf`kssbfahii rfik.85 Dhjbao tght efddbtdkat efdd btdkat rksfivks tgk lhaokr f` kof lb`` lb``usbfa usbfa tgrfuo tgrfuogg prfifaokl rfik lbspkrsbfa fr rfik uaekrthbaty. Ba tkhegbao, tgk sthmbibzhtbfa pghsk efrrksp efrrkspfals fals tf h sumnketbvk egfbek (h

55

 

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Efiikok

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lk`babtbvk efddbtd lk`babtbvk efddbtdkat kat tf tgbs prf`kssbfa) hal tf ha hldbabstrhtb hldbabstrhtbvk vk het (ha f``bebhi f``beb hi hppfbatdkat fr tgk orhatbao f` tkaurk). Hs dhay mbforhpgbehi heefuats balbehtk, sueg h efddbtd efddbtdkat kat bs aft h sbdpik h``hbr, ba tght bt kathbis ruibao fut ftgkr pfssbmbibtbks (h ehrk ehrkkr kr ba rkskhre rkskhregg fr ba nfurah nfurahibsd, ibsd, ha hrtbstbe ehrkkr), tgk lfumik het f` egffsbao hal f` obvb obvbao ao up ftgkr egfbeks. \gbs hppkhrs tf mk kspkebhi kspkebhiiy iy ghrl `f `frr uppkr-skefalhry tkhegkrs, wgf hrk f`tka hmik tf jkkp ftgkr fptbfas fpka `fr skvkrhi ykhrs. Uthmbibzhtbfa Uthmbib zhtbfa hisf dkhas ha h``bi h``bibhtb bhtbfa fa tf ha feeuphtbfahi efdduabty, `rkklfd `rfd lb lbrket rket supkrv supkrvbsbfa, bsbfa, hal orkhtkr bastr bastruetbfahi uetbfahi dhstkry hal efd`frt. Fak ghs wfrjkl up h rulbdkathry bastr bastruetbfahi uetbfahi rkpkrtfbrk tght `bts dfst sbtuhtbfas kaefuatkrkl kaef uatkrkl ba tgk babtb babtbhi hi tgrkk tf `fur ykh ykhrs rs f` tkhegbao, hal fak bs afw hllbao tf bt, rk`b rk`babao abao bt, dfilbao bt tf `bt fak‒s fwa, dfr dfrkk efaokabhi styik f` bastruetbfa.8< bastruetbfa.8< \gkrk bs hisf ha httkalhat skask f` rkibk` ht ghvba ghvbaoo rkhegkl tgbs sthok, f` spfathakbty, f` pikhsurk hal gudfr, kvka h tfueg f` gkhlbakss, ba tgk hmbibty tf skbzk tgk dfd kat, bastruetbfahiiy spkh spkhjbao.— jbao.— Kxpkrbdkathtbfa/Hetbvbsd \gk sthmbibzhtb sthmbibzhtbfa fa

pghsk bs prfmhmiy

tgk dfst skeurk ba tgk kdpbrbehi

ibtkrh-

turk, my af dkhas uabvkr uabvkrshi. Mkyfal tgbs sthok, stulbkshitgfuog lbvkrok. btB`, bsgfwkvkr, wk thjk tgk shi. dhbastrkhd-tgk dflhi gfwkvkr, skqukaek futibakl futib akl ba tgk ibtkrht ibtkrhturk-wk urk-wk efdk fa h pghsk f` ’kxpkrbdkathtb ’kxpkrbdkathtbfa— fa— fr ’lbvkrsb`behtbfa.’80 vkrsb`b ehtbfa.’80 Gkrk, hahiysts str strkss kss fak fr dfrk f` tgk `fii `fiifwbao fwbao tgrkk hspkets. @brst, tgk orhluhi efasfib efasfiblhtbfa lhtbfa f` ha bastr bastruetbfahi uetbfahi rkpkrtfbrk ikhls ahturhiiy hiiy tf httkdp httkdpts ts tf baerkhsk fak‒s bdphet. \gbs mrbaos fa h sdhii `iur `iurry ry f` kxpkrbdkats - wbtg lb``krkat dhtkrbhis, lb``krkat pupbi orfupbaos, lb``krkat skqukaebao. Srkvbfusiy, tgbs jbal f` pklho pklhofobehi fobehi tbajkrbao whs bdpfss bdpfssbmik: bmik: tgkrk whs tff dueg uaekrthb uaekrthbaty, aty, efa`usbfa, rboblb rboblbty, ty, hal dfst httkdp httkdpts ts tf vhry bastr bastruetbfahi uetbfahi trkhtdkats prfluekl uaprklbethmi uaprklbethmikk hal dfstiy uawhatkl rksuits. Akxt, tgk lksbrk tf baerkhsk fak‒s bdphet ba tgk ei eihssrffd hssrffd ikhls tf ha hwhrkakss f` tgk bast bastbtutb btutbfahi fahi mhrrbkrs tght hrk lkprkssbao fr efastrhb efastrhbabao abao sueg ha bdphet hal, `rfd tgkrk, tf httkdp httkdpts ts tf eghaok tgk dfrk surrkhi `ihws ba tgk segffi fr segffi lbstrbet. \gbs akw-`fual hetbvbsd eha hisf mrbao fa akw rkspfasbmb rkspfasbmbibtb ibtbks ks (hs effrlbahtfr f` h prfnket, hs lkikohtk), wgbe wgbegg eha ba tura fpka hvkauks f` ehrkkr ’prfdftbfa.’8? H tgbrl ibak ibak f` hahiysb hahiysbs> s> Ghvbao mkka h `kw tbdks hrfual tgk mifej, tkhegkrs dhy mk rkhly `f `frr akw eghi eghiikaoks, ikaoks, `fr akw stb stbduihtbfa.87 duihtbfa.87 \gk bdpibe bdpibebtbt tgkdk gkrk bs tgk akwi akwiyy kdkrobao efaekra wbtg orfwbao sthik ba tgk prf`kssbfa, h dhihly fak skks hdfao filkr pkkrs. \hjbao Utfej> Uki`-Lfumts Ba dfst kdpbrbehi

 

stulbks, ttgk gk kxtkat tf wgbe wgbegg kxpkrbdkathtb kxpkrbdkathtbfa fa

obvks why tf

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sfdk `frd f` ’dbl-ehrkkr erbsb erbsbs— s— bs aft eikhr eikhriy iy lfeudkatkl. Hisf, `rfd fak stuly tf haftgkr tgk syd sydptfd ptfdss rhaok `rfd tgk supkr`bebhi tf tgk erbtbehi`rfd h oahwbao skask f` rfutbak tf h `uii`uii-mifwa mifwa kxbstkatbhi erbsbs fvkr sthyb sthybao ao ba fr ikhvbao tgk prf`kssbfa. Ufd k hahiysks basbst fa tgk orfwbao skask f` dfaftfay sfdkw sfdkwgkrk gkrk mktwkka tgk twki`tg hal tgk twkatbktg ykhr f` tkhegbao: ftgkrs gbogib gbogibogt ogt `kkibaos f` lbskaeghatdkat `fiifwb `fiifwbao ao httkd httkdpts pts tf rk`frd prhetbek ht tgk segffi fr lbstrbet ikvkis. Ba mftg ehsks ehsks,, tgkrk bs h dfd dfdkat kat f` ’stfej-thjbao,— ’stfej -thjbao,— hifao wbtg tgk rkhibzhtbfa tght ftgkr ehrkkrs wbii ghvk tf mk ruikl fut b` fak lfks aft het qubeji qubejiy. y. \f ehii tgbs tgbs ha hregktyphi pghsk bs uawhrrhatkl ba tgk `hek f` tgk lhth, wgbeg dhy wkii mk iudpbao tfoktgkr lb``krkat pkrekptbfas feeurrbao ht rfuogiy tgk shd shdkk tbdk ba tgk tkhegbao ehrkkr. @fr kxhdpik, af stuly eihbds tght tgk tgk dhnfrbty f` tkhegkrs stulbk stulbkll rkpfrtkl h dbl-ehrkkr erbsb erbsbs.i2 s.i2 Ufdk rkskhreg- dbak, `fr basthaek-lfks `bal up tf baerkhskl `kkibaos f` skrkabty of ghal-ba-ghal wbtg tgk skask f` orkhtkr rkihtbfahi lbsthaek vbs-hvbs pupbis. \gk yfuao tkhegkr dfvks `rfd tgk ’filkr sbstkr— rfik tf tgk dhtk dhtkrrahi rfik tf tgk orhaldftgkriy rfik, wgb wgbik ik gkr pupbis sthy rkikatikssiy yfuao, ykhr h`tkr ykhr. Ba phrt, bt bs tgk pupbis wgf hok-lbsthaek tgkbr tkhegkrs, aft faiy tgk tkhegkr wgf lbsbavksts

 

orhluhiiy

ba rkihtbfahi

eifskakss.

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50

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Efiikok

]kefrl

Efaskrvhtbsd Sktkrsfa‒s hal Srbej‒s sumshdpiks f` filkr (;3-03) tkhegkrs hisf tkal tf efdmkdfha fha tgk akw okakrhtbfas f` pupbis (ikss lbsebpibakl, pihba h ift. =5 \gky mkd ikss dftbvhtkl, dfrk ’lkehlkat—), tgk dfrk akohtbv akohtbvkk pumib pumibee bdhok f` kluehtfrs, tgk ihx fr fppfrtuabstbe ahturk f` segffi hldbabstrh hldbabstrhtfrs, tfrs, tgk ihej f` efddbtdkatt efddbtdka tf tgk prf`kssbfa hdfao yf yfuaokr uaokr efiikhouks efiikhouks.. Ba Sktkrsfa‒s stuly, bs ha kxpibeb kxpibebt t skquk skqukaek-`rfd aek-`rfd skrkabty tf efaskrvhtbsd efaskrvhtbsd-wgkrk-wgkrkhs ftgkrtgkrk rkskhreg bs dfrk kqubvfe kqubvfehi. hi. \gbs batkrskets eifskiy wbtg kdpbrbehi wfrj bbaa tgk ib`k-eyeik trhlbtbfa tght gbogibogts tgk ibaj mktwkka hok hal lfo lfodhtbs dhtbsd, d, wbtg balbehtbfas f` baerkhsbaoiy orkhtkr prulkaek prulkaek,, orkht orkhtkr kr rksbsthaek tf baafvhtbfa, orkh orkhtkr tkr afsthiobh `f `frr tgk phst, hal dfr dfrkk efaekra wbtg gfilbao fa tf wght fak ghs tgha wbtg okttbao wght fak whats. = vk> h orhluhi lbskaohob lbskaohobao ao `rfd bavkstdkat ba fak‒s wfrj tf ftgkr kaohokdkats, hal `rfd ’bas ’bastrudkathi— trudkathi— efaekras tf dfrk df rk rk`iketbvk pursubts. Dfrk spkeb`be wfrj fa tkhegk tkhegkrs‒ rs‒ prf`kssbfahi ib`k eyeik prfvblks ibttik dfr dfrkk tgha hakelfthi ha kelfthi kvblkaek. Mke Mkejkr jkr `fual sueg h trkal ba gbs sumshdpik sumshd pik f` filkr tkhegkrs, tkhegk rs, mut httrbmutkl bt tf `rustrhtk `rustrhtkll hdmbtbfas hdmbtbfas,, tf ha khriy ’pihtkhubao ba tgk prf`kssbfa. =0Ftgkrs =0Ftgkrs suookst tght tgk ahturhi efaskquk efaskqukaek aek f` baerkhsbao efaskrvhtbsd efaskrvht bsd bs tght f` lbskaoho lbskaohokdka kdkatt `rfd pf pfibebks ibebks hal prhetbeks f` wgbeg fak lbshpprfvks.=? Sktkrsfa‒s tkhegkrs skkd tf ykhra `fr ehidkr ykhrs hs tgky hpprfheg rktbrkdkat. =7 Hs dhay sfebfifob sfebfifobsts sts ghvk pfbatkl fut, tgbs trkal dhy mk `hr iikss kss psyegfi psyegfifobehi fobehi ba ahturk tgha h rkspfask tf prkssurks `rfd tgk kavbrfadkat kavbrf adkat tf eklk fak‒s pihek tf yfuaokr efii efiikhouks khouks hal `rksgkr blkhs. Ba hay kvkat, h lbstbaet lbskaoho lbskaohokdka kdkatt pghsk ghs aft mkka eikhriy lkdf lkdfaastrhtkll ba tgk kluehtbfahi ibtkrhturk-hitgfuog strhtk sgfrtiy B wbii mk trybao tf dhjk h ehsk `fr fak. Dfrk okakrhi okakrhiiy, iy, gfwkvkr, tgkrk bs af rkhsfa tf mkibkv mkibkvkk tght tgk tkhegb tkhegbao ao prf`kssbfa wfuil sgfw trkals lb`` lb``krkat krkat `rfd ftgkr ehrkkr phtgs wgkrk tgk shdk lktkrdbahats (pgysb (pgysbfifob fifobehi ehi eghaoks, sfeb sfebhi hi prkssurks) hrk prkskat. H

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Hs tgk `bourk sgfws, tg tgkrk krk bs h sbaoik sstrkhd trkhd ht ehrkkr katry, tgrfuog tgk sthmbibzhtbfa mbibzht bfa pghsk. \gkrk hhrk rk tgka duitbpik strkh strkhds ds ht dbl-eh dbl-ehrkkr, rkkr, efavkrobao

hohba batf h sbaoik phtg ht tgk kal. Lkpkalbao fa tgk prkvbfus trhnketfry,

 

57

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Efiikok

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tgbs `bahi `bahi pghsk eha mk kbtgkr skrkak fr herbdfabfus. trhnketfry trhnketf ry wfuil mk tgbs fak> Kxpkrbdkathtbfa Kxpkrbdkath tbfa

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(skrkak) Lbskaohokdkat

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Lbskaohokdkat

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Lbskaohokdkat

B wbii rktura tf tgksk ehrkk ehrkkrr sekahrbfs ssgfrtiy, gfrtiy, hs bt mkef mkefdk dkss hpphrk hpphrkat at wgktgkr hal gfw tgk trhnketf trhnketfrbks rbks f` Uwbss tkhegkr tkhegkrss bbaa dy shd shdpik pik hetuhi hetuhiiy iy pihy fut. Dfrk oifmhiiy, tgksk trkals hrk efasfahat wbtg tgk ibtkrhturk mkhrbao okakrhiiy fa tgk prf`kssbfah prf`kssbfahii ib`k eyeik. Ba dhay w whys, hys, Jugika‒ Jugika‒ss fvkrhregbao tgksbs bs efdpk efdpkiibao> iibao> h `hbriy sghrp eurvk f` kxphasbfa, mftg ba tkrd tkrdss f` hetbvbtyy hal ehrkk tbvbt ehrkkrr prforkss prforkssbfa, bfa, tgka h orhluhi, usuhiiy `iubl, lbskaoh lbskaohokdk okdkat.=2 at.=2 Rkt, tgk ahturk f` sueg h lbskaoho lbskaohokdka kdkatt bs efatrfvkrsbhi. \gk mhsbe gypftgksbs bs psyegfifobehi, tght f` h orhluhi batkrahib batkrahibzhtbfa zhtbfa ht