The Perfect Answer Biology Revision Guide - Edexcel IGCSE 9-1 - 1st Edition
October 4, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Cbifiay
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Nidt`dts
:. _h` djtur` jdo vjrb`ty il fbvbda irajdbses....................................................... > j. Nhjrjnt`rbstbns il fbvbda irajdbses ................................................................................ > c. \jrb`ty il fbvbda irajdbses............................................................................................. >
3. ^truntur` jdo ludntbids bd fbvbda irajdbses..................................................... 0 j. F`v`f il irajdbsjtbid ..................................................................................................... 0 c. N`ff struntur` ................................................................................................................. 0 n. Cbifiabnjf eif`nuf`s ...................................................................................................... < o. Eiv`e`dt il sucstjdn`s bdti jdo iut il n`ffs .............................................................. 8 `. Dutrbtbid ......................................................................................................................... 2 ]fjdts ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Huejds .................................................................................................................................... :=
l. S`spbrjtbid ................................................................................................................... :3 a. Ajs `xnhjda` ............................................................................................................. :> ]fjdts ....................................................................................................................................... :> Huejds .................................................................................................................................... :>
h. _rjdspirt ..................................................................................................................... :? ]fjdts ....................................................................................................................................... :? Huejds .................................................................................................................................... :0
b. @xnr`tbid ....................................................................................................................... :8 ]fjdts ....................................................................................................................................... :8 Huejds .................................................................................................................................... :8
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c. Bdh`rbtjdn` ................................................................................................................... 30
?. @nifiay jdo th` `dvbride`dt........................................................................... >= j. _h` irajdbse bd th` `dvbride`dt ................................................................................ >= c. L``obda r`fjtbidshbps .................................................................................................. >= n. Nynf`s wbthbd `nisyst`es............................................................................................ >: o. Huejd bdffiu`dn`s id th` `dvbride`dt ........................................................................ >:
0. Ps` il cbifiabnjf r`siurn`s .............................................................................. >> j. Liio priountbid .......................................................................................................... >> c. ^`f`ntbv` cr``obda ....................................................................................................... >? n. A`d`tbn eiobnjtbid (a`d`tbn `dabd``rbda) ................................................................. >? o. Nfidbda ........................................................................................................................ ><
Nipyrbaht © Hjz`f Fbdos`y & Ejrtbd Cjbf`y 3=:2. Jff rbahts r`s`rv`o. Di pjrt il thbs pucfbnjtbid ejy c` r`prioun`o ir trjdsebtt`o bd jdy lire ir cy jdy e`jds wbthiut prbir p`rebssbid lrie ^nb`dn` wbth Hjz`f Fto
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Dit`; Nidt`dt bd btjfbns wbff dit c` `xjebd`o id ]jp`r :
:. _h` djtur` jdo vjrb`ty il fbvbda irajdbses j. Nhjrjnt`rbstbns il fbvbda irajdbses _h` liffiwbda nhjrjnt`rbstbns jff fbvbda irajdbses shjr`; - Eiv`e`dt
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S`spbrjtbid(r`spido ti surriudobdas) ^`dsbtbvbty Nidtrif bdt`rdjf nidobtbids Dutrbtbid @xnr`tbid S`prioun` Ariw
c. \jrb`ty il fbvbda irajdbses Qhjt oi`s `ugjryitbn e`jd9 - Hjs e`ecrjd` ciudo irajd`ff`s `.a. Jdbejf n`ff hjs ebtinhidorbj, rbcisie`s jdo j dunf`us Qhjt oi`s prigjryitbn e`jd9 - Di e`ecrjd` ciudo irajd`ff`s - @.a. cjnt`rbj jdo vbrus`s Cith jdbejf jdo pfjdt n`ffs nidtjbd; - Dunf`us - nidtrifs th` jntbvbtb`s il th` n`ff - N`ff e`ecrjd` - nidtrifs `dtry jdo `xbt il sucstjdn`s bdti th` n`ff - Nytipfjse - wh`r` nh`ebnjf r`jntbids tjg` pfjn` - Ebtinhidorbj - wh`r` j`ricbn r`spbrjtbid tjg`s pfjn` - r`f`js` `d`ray - Sbcisie`s - prit`bd sydth`sbs ]fjdt n`ff idfy; - \jnuif` - ff`o wbth n`ff sjp nidtjbds obssifv`o suajrs, jdo ebd`rjf bids - Nhfiripfjsts - njrry iut phitisydth`sbs - N`ff wjff - prit`nts jdo suppirts th` n`ff, ejo` iut il n`ffufis`
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\brus
Cjnt`rbj
]ritintbst
Ludab
- N`ff wjff ejo` il ^truntur`
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]rit`bd nijt surriudos ODJ ir SDJ # Did-fbvbda
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N`ff wjff # \jrbjcf`# Di obstbdnt dunf`us - bdst`jo - Njd c` sbebfjr ti jdbejf n`ffs hjv` j nbrnufjr (pritjzij) ir nhrieisie`s pfjdt n`ffs (jfaj`) -
(dunf`ibo) jdo ilt`d pfjsebo
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Pdbn`ffufjr ir euftbn`ffufjr
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Pdbn`ffufjr
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Pdbn`ffufjr
]jthia`dbn9
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Jfwjys
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^ie`tbe`s
@xjepf`s
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HB\ (njus`s JBO^) # - ]d`ueininnus Bdffiu`dzj # (njus`s Nifo vbrus# E`jsf`s, eueps, pd`ueidbj)# - Fjnticjnnbfus ruc`ffj # _icjnni eisjbn cufajrbnus (us`o vbrus (pr`v`dts nhfiripfjst priountbid obsnifiurs f`jv`s)
bdejgbda) yiahurt
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nhbtbd# Nidtjbd usujf irajd`ff`s nytipfjse, n`ff e`ecrjd` `tn.# Hyphj` lire j d`twirg njff`o eyn`fbue
Njd c` `bth`r (eist jr` udbn`ffufjr)
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Njd c` `bth`r
^ie`tbe`s
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^ie`tbe`s
Nhir`ffj (hjv` nhfiripfjsts, pfjdt-fbg`), # ]fjseiobue (njus`s ejfjrbj)# jfaj`#
Eushriies # Eunir
jei`cj (eir` jdbejf-fbg`)
@xtrj dit`s
Njd idfy r`prioun` bdsbo` jdith`r fbvbda n`ff# - Did-fbvbda - oid‒t `xnr`t`, r`spbr`, eiv`, ariw `tn
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Ps`s sjpritriphbn dutrbtbid
Qhjt jr` th` 0 gbdaoies9 - ]fjdts - Jdbejfs - Ludab
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]ritintbsts Cjnt`rbj
Qhjt oi`s euftbn`ffufjr e`jd9 - Nidtjbds ejdy n`ffs Hiw bs njrcihyorjt` stir`o bd j) jdbejfs jdo c) pfjdts n) ludab9 j) Js afynia`d c) Js stjrnh n) Js afynia`d O`d` sjpritriphbn dutrbtbid - _h` us` il oba`stbv` `dzye`s ti `xtrjn`ffufjrfy cr`jg oiwd o`jo ejtt`r - Ludab (`.a eunir) hjv` hyphj` whbnh lire j d`twirg njff`o eyn`fbue O`d` pjthia`d - j ebnri-irajdbse whbnh njus`s obs`js`# Nipyrbaht © 3=:2 Hjz`f Fbdos`y & Ejrtbd Cjbf`y
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3. ^truntur` jdo ludntbids bd fbvbda irajdbses j. F`v`f il irajdbsjtbid Qhjt bs j n`ff9 - Ariup il irajd`ff`s wirgbda tia`th`r ti p`rlire th` sje` ludntbid Qhjt bs j tbssu`9
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Ariup il n`ffs wirgbda tia`th`r ti p`rlire th` sje` ludntbid
Qhjt bs jd irajd9 - Ariup il tbssu`s wirgbda tia`th`r ti p`rlire th` sje` ludntbid Qhjt bs jd irajd syst`e9 - Ariup il irajds wirgbda tia`th`r ti p`rlire th` sje` ludntbid Qhjt jr` th` ejbd irajds bd pfjdts9 - F`jv`s - Siits - ^t`es - Lfiw`rs Qhjt jr` th` 1 ejbd irajd syst`es liudo bd huejds9 - S`priountbv` syst`e - Nbrnufjtiry syst`e - Oba`stbv` syst`e - Ajs `xnhjda` syst`e - D`rvius syst`e - @xnr`tiry syst`e - @doinrbd` syst`e Fbst sie` irajds liudo bd th` oba`stbv` syst`e - I`siphjaus - ^tiejnh - ^ejff bdt`stbd` - Fjra` bdt`stbd` c. N`ff struntur` Qhjt bs j zyait`9 - ^bdaf` n`ff lire`o jlt`r l`rtbfbsjtbid innurs Hiw bs j :< n`ff `ecryi lire`o9 - Cy ebtisbs (n`ff obvbsbid) - 3 n`ffs ‟4 ? n`ffs ‟4 8 n`ffs ‟4 :< n`ffs Qhjt bs obll`r`dtbjtbid9 - ]rin`ss wh`r`cy n`ffs c`nie` sp`nbjfbs`o `.a. d`rv` n`ffs Qhjt bs j st`e n`ff9 - J n`ff whbnh hjs th` pit`dtbjf ti obvbo` ejdy tbe`s whbfst r`ejbdbda udobll`r`dtbjt`o (udsp`nbjfbs`o)
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Qhjt jr` th` 3 typ`s il st`e n`ff9 - @ecryidbn - Jouft Qhjt jr` `ecryidbn st`e n`ffs9 - Liudo bd `jrfy stja` o`v`fipe`dt il `ecryis typ` il n`ff - Njd obll`r`dtbjt` bdti JDR typ` Qhjt jr` jouft st`e n`ffs9 - Liudo bd pjrtbnufjr tbssu`s - @.a. cid` ejrriw, fbdbda il sejff bdt`stbd`, sgbd ti obll`r`dtbjt` bdti jdy typ` il n`ff - Pdjcf` ti Qhjt bs st`e n`ff th`rjpy9 - Ps` il st`e n`ffs ti tr`jt obs`js` - @.a. cid` ejrriw trjdspfjdts O`snrbc` th` us` il st`e n`ff th`rjpy bd th` tr`jte`dt il f`ugj`ebj - F`ugj`ebj - typ` il cfiio njdn`r - Nh`eith`rjpy o`striys cith h`jfthy JDO njdn`rius n`ffs - ^t`e n`ff th`rjpy suppfb`s st`e n`ffs thjt njd obvbo` jdo obll`r`dtbjt` jdo th`r`lir` r`pfjn` n`ffs fist bd nh`eith`rjpy Jovjdtja`s jdo obsjovjdtja`s il `ecryidbn st`e n`ff th`rjpy - Jcbfbty ti obll`r`dtbjt` bdti JDR typ` il n`ff - Niufo c` us`o ti tr`jt ]jrgbdsid‒s obs`js`, objc`t`s `tn `thbnjf bssu`s wbth th`br us` js th`y nie` lrie udcird li`tus`s - CP_ `thbnjf n. Cbifiabnjf eif`nuf`s Qhjt `f`e`dts jr` liudo bd njrcihyorjt`s9 - Njrcid, hyoria`d jdo ixya`d Qhjt `f`e`dts jr` liudo bd prit`bds9 - Njrcid, hyoria`d, ixya`d, dbtria`d (jdo sie`tbe`s suflur) Qhjt `f`e`dts jr` liudo bd fbpbos (ljts)9
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Njrcid, hyoria`d, ixya`d
Qhjt bs th` struntur` il j fbpbo9 - > ljtty jnbos - : afyn`rif eif`nuf` Qhjt jr` ibfs9 - ]fjdt fbpbos - Fbqubos jt riie t`ep`rjtur` Qhjt jr` prit`bds ejo` up il9 - Fida nhjbds il jebdi jnbos - _h`r` jr` 3= obll`r`dt jebdi jnbos Qhjt jr` stjrnh jdo afynia`d ejo` up il9 - ^bepf` suajrs kibd`o tia`th`r
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Abv` sie` `xjepf`s il prit`bds liudo bd th` huejd cioy - Niffja`d jdo g`rjtbd liudo bd sgbd jdo djbfs - Jff `dzye`s - Hj`eiaficbd Qhjt bs th` liio t`st lir stjrnh9 - Joo biobd` - ]isbtbv` r`suft; turds cfu`/cfjng Qhjt bs th` t`st lir afunis`9 - H`jt wbth wjt`r jdo C`d`obnt‒s sifutbid - Cfu` sifutbid turds crbng r`o bd th` pr`s`dn` il afunis` Qhjt bs th` t`st lir prit`bd9 - Joo Cbur`t r`ja`dt - ]isbtbv` r`suft; purpf` Qhjt bs th` t`st lir ljt9 - Joo `thjdif - Joo wjt`r - ]isbtbv` r`suft; ebfgy whbt` `eufsbid Qhjt bs th` rif` il a`d`s9
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Nidtrif th` jntbvbtb`s il th` n`ff O`t`rebd` whbnh prit`bds jr` ejo`
O`d` `dzye` - Cbifiabnjf njtjfyst - ^p``os up j r`jntbid - Qbthiut c`bda us`o up O`d` e`tjcifbse - Sjt` jt whbnh nh`ebnjf r`jntbids tjg` pfjn` bd th` cioy G`y `dzye` t`res; - ^ucstrjt` - eif`nuf` jd `dzye` jnts upid - Jntbv` sbt` - jr`j id jd `dzye` wh`r` sucstrjt` jttjnh`s O`snrbc` jdo `xpfjbd th` `ll`nt il tii hbah t`ep`rjtur` id `dzye` jntbvbty - O`nr`js`s jntbvbty - @dzye` o`djtur`s jdo sucstrjt` njd di fida`r t th` jntbv` sbt` Qhy oi`s o`nr`jsbda th` t`ep`rjtur` o`nr`js` `dzye` jntbvbty9 - Fiw`r gbd`tbn `d`ray - L`w`r niffbsbids c`tw``d `dzye`s jdo sucstrjt`s Qhy bs bt bepirtjdt thjt w` nidtrif iur bdt`rdjf t`ep`rjtur`9 - _ii hbah - `dzye`s o`djtur` jdo o njd‒t njtjfys` nh`ebnjf r`jntbids - _ii fiw - `dzye`s wirg tii sfiwfy (fbttf` gbd`tbn `d`ray) jd ljst `diuah O`snrbc` jdo `xpfjbd th` `ll`nt il tii hbah ir tii fiw pH id `dzye` jntbvbty - o`nr`js`s jntbvbty - `dzye` o`djtur`s jdo sucstrjt` njd di fida`r t th` jntbv` sbt` Nipyrbaht © 3=:2 Hjz`f Fbdos`y & Ejrtbd Cjbf`y
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o. Eiv`e`dt il sucstjdn`s bdti jdo iut il n`ffs O`d` obllusbid - D`t eiv`e`dt il pjrtbnf`s lrie jd jr`j il hbah nidn`dtrjtbid ti jd jr`j il fiw nidn`dtrjtbid - Oiwd j nidn`dtrjtbid arjob`dt Qhjt ljntirs jll`nt th` rjt` il obllusbid9 - Nidn`dtrjtbid arjob`dt ^urljn` jr`j ti vifue` rjtbi - Obllusbid obstjdn` - _`ep`rjtur` Qhjt ljntirs bdnr`js` th` rjt` il obllusbid9 - ^t``p nidn`dtrjtbid arjob`dt - Hbah surljn` jr`j ti vifue` rjtbi - ^hirt`r obllusbid obstjdn` - Hbah`r t`ep`rjtur` ou` ti bdnr`js`o gbd`tbn `d`ray il pjrtbnf`s O`d` jntbv` trjdspirt - D`t eiv`e`dt il pjrtbnf`s lrie jd jr`j il fiw nidn`dtrjtbid ti jd jr`j il hbah nidn`dtrjtbid J_] - S`qubr`s `d`ray lrie J_] Abv` `xjepf`s il jntbv` trjdspirt
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Siit hjbr n`ffs jcsircbda ebd`rjf bids Eiv`e`dt il afunis` thriuah th` fbdbda il th` sejff bdt`stbd`
O`d` iseisbs - D`t eiv`e`dt il wjt`r - Lrie jd jr`j il hbah wjt`r pit`dtbjf ti fiw wjt`r pit`dtbjf - _hriuah pjrtbjffy p`re`jcf` e`ecrjd` Qhjt hjpp`ds ti j pfjdt n`ff pfjn`o bd sjfty sifutbid jdo why9 - ^hrbdgs (ffijnnbo) - N`ff e`ecrjd` puffs jwjy lrie n`ff wjff (pfjseifysbs) - C`njus` hbah`r wjt`r pit`dtbjf bd n`ff niepjr`o wbth surriudobda sifutbid si wjt`r f`jv`s th` n`ff cy iseisbs Qhjt hjpp`ds ti j pfjdt n`ff pfjn`o bd pur` wjt`r jdo why9 - ^w`ffs (turabo) - C`njus` hbah`r wjt`r pit`dtbjf bd surriudobda sifutbid niepjr`o wbth bdsbo` th` n`ff si wjt`r `dt`rs th` n`ff cy iseisbs - N`ff wjff pr`v`dts curstbda Qhjt hjpp`ds ti jd jdbejf n`ff pfjn`o bd pur` wjt`r jdo why9 - Cursts - C`njus` hbah`r wjt`r pit`dtbjf bd surriudobda sifutbid niepjr`o wbth bdsbo` th` n`ff si wjt`r `dt`rs th` n`ff cy iseisbs - Di n`ff wjff si cursts @xjepf`s il fjra` surljn` jr`j ti vifue` rjtbis lir eiv`e`dt il sucstjdn`s - Jfv`ifb bd fudas lir jcsirptbid il ixya`d \bffb bd sejff bdt`stbd` lir jcsirptbid il sifucf` priounts il oba`stbid - Siit hjbr n`ffs lir jcsirptbid il ebd`rjf bids
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`. Dutrbtbid ]fjdts Qhjt bs th` wiro `qujtbid lir phitisydth`sbs9 - Qjt`r + njrcid obixbo` (+ fbaht `d`ray) ‟4 afunis` + ixya`d Qhjt bs th` cjfjdn`o syecif `qujtbid lir phitisydth`sbs9 :
Lir us` cy Jcouf Cjsbt cjng3cjsbtMaejbf.nie IDFR. Dit lir r`obstrbcutbid.
Qhjt `ll`nt oi`s th` `dhjdn`o ar``dhius` `ll`nt hjv`9 - Aficjf wjrebda - Bn` njps e`ft - ^`j f`v`fs rbs` - Fiw fybda fjdo ffiiios - Fiss il cbiobv`rsbty - @xtr`e` w`jth`r - Nhjda` bd cbro ebarjtbid pjtt`rds Abv` `xjepf`s il ar``dhius` ajs`s - E`thjd` (niws, rbn` pjooy `fos) - Qjt`r vjpiur - Njrcid obixbo` (curdbda lissbf lu`fs) - Dbtrius ixbo` Qhjt `ll`nt oi NLNs hjv` id th` `dvbride`dt9 - Ojeja` izid` fjy`r Qh`r` oi NLNs nie` lrie9 - J`risifs, lrboa`s Qhjt `ll`nt oi`s jnbo rjbd hjv`9 O`striys fbe`stid` cubfobdas, gbffs tr``s, jdo ejg`s pidos tii jnbobn f`jobda o`jth il sh
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Hiw bs jnbo rjbd ejo`9 - Jnbobn bepurbtb`s bd nruo` ibf ‟4 sufphur ixbo` ‟4 sufphurbn jnbo - Dbtria`d jdo ixya`d r`jnt bd njr `dabd`s ‟4 dbtria`d ixbo`s ‟4 dbtrbn jnbo
Qhjt `ll`nt oi`s njrcid eidixbo` hjv` id th` cioy9 - Niecbd`s brr`v`rsbcfy wbth hj`eiaficbd si f`ss ixya`d bs trjdspirt`o Qhjt `ll`nt oi`s o`lir`stjtbid hjv` id th` `dvbride`dt9 - Hjcbtjts jr` o`striy`o - ^ibf `risbid ‟4 f`jnhbda il ebd`rjfs ‟4 `utriphbnjtbid - ^ibf `risbid ‟4 ffiiiobda ‟4 fjdo sfbo`s - Obsturcjdn` il `vjpitrjdspbrjtbid - Curdbda il tr``s/nuttbda oiwd tr``s ‟4 r`f`js`s njrcid obixbo` ‟4 aficjf wjrebda
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0. Ps` il cbifiabnjf r`siurn`s j. Liio priountbid Hiw oi afjsshius`s jdo pifyth`d` tudd`fs bdnr`js` nrip yb`fo9 - Jffiw djturjf fbaht bd ourbda suee`r, jdo njd privbo` jrtbnbjf fbaht bd wbdt`r - ]rivbo` wjre`r `dvbride`dt thjd iutsbo` ou` ti trjppbda h`jt `d`ray (bdlrjr`o rjobjtbid) jdo r`ounbda nidv`ntbid
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Njd c` h`jt`o `f`ntridbnjffy bl bt‒s tii nifo iutsbo` ]rivbo` huebo jteisph`r` ti r`oun` wjt`r fiss cy trjdspbrjtbid
Qhjt `ll`nt oi`s bdnr`jsbda njrcid obixbo` jdo t`ep`rjtur` hjv` id nrip yb`fo bd afjsshius`s9 - Bdnr`jsbda njrcid obixbo` ‟4 bdnr`js`s rjt` il phitisydth`sbs ‟4 bdnr`js`s yb`fo - Bdnr`jsbda t`ep`rjtur` ‟4 bdnr`js`o ariwth jdo phitisydth`sbs ‟4 bdnr`js`s yb`fo Hiw oi l`rtbfbs`rs bdnr`js` nrip yb`fo9 - S`pfjn`s fist dbtrjt`s jdo ebd`rjfs bd th` sibf - Dbtrjt`s r`qubr`o lir prit`bd sydth`sbs bd pfjdts Qhy oi ljre`rs us` p`stbnbo`s9 - Gbff sp`nbn p`sts thjt wiufo ith`rwbs` ojeja` nrip - Bepriv` yb`fo Qhjt jr` th` jovjdtja`s jdo obsjovjdtja`s il usbda p`stbnbo`s9 Jovjdtja`s
Obsjovjdtja`s
@%`ntbv` jt nidtriffbda p`sts
@xp`dsbv`
S`jobfy jvjbfjcf`
]`rsbst`dt - ejy o`niepis` sfiwfy
@jsy ti us`
stir`o bd th` tbssu`s il fbvbda irajdbses (Cbijnnueufjtbid) (Cbijnnueufjtbi d) jdo c`nie`s eir` nidn`dtrjt`o jfida j liio nhjbd (Cbiejadbnjtbid) _ixbn jdo dit sp`nbn - gbff ith`r bds`nts
Qhjt jr` th` jovjdtja`s jdo obsjovjdtja`s il usbda cbifiabnjf nidtrif9 Jovjdtja`s
Obsjovjdtja`s
Did-tixbn
D`v`r luffy r`eiv`s p`st
_jra`ts sp`nbn p`st idfy
Bdtriounbda jfb`d sp`nb`s bdti jd `dvbride`dt njd hjv` udo`sbr`o r`sufts
^`fl-sustjbdbda
sfiw
Qhjt bs th` rif` il y`jst bd th` priountbid il cr`jo9 - R`jst r`spbr` usbda suajrs - R`jst r`spbr`s (j`ricbnjffy jt rst, th`d jdj`ricbnjffy) priounbda njrcid obixbo`
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Njrcidcjg`o, obixbo` ejg`s cr`jo rbs` ti abv` cr`jo bts t`xtur` Qh`d ajs cuccf`s `xpjdo
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Lir us` cy Jcouf Cjsbt cjng3cjsbtMaejbf.nie IDFR. Dit lir r`obstrbcutbid.
Hiw bs yiahurt ejo`9 - H`jt ebfg ti 8=-2= N ti pjst`urbs` bt, th`d niif cjng oiwd ti jpprix >0 N (fjnticjnbffus ) - Cjnt`rbj joo`o (fjnticjnbffus - F`jv` lir < hiurs jt th` iptbeue t`ep`rjtur` lir th` cjnt`rbj - Jdj`ricbn r`spbrjtbid nidv`rts fjntis` ‟4 fjntbn jnbo Qhjt bs j l`re`dt`r - J v`ss`f nidtjbdbda ebnriirajdbses us`o lir l`re`dtjtbid Qhjt jr` th` subtjcf` nidobtbids wbthbd j l`re`dt`r9 - Dutrb`dts - j nidtriff`o suppfy ti l``o ebnriirajdbses - pH - g`pt nidstjdt jt iptbeue f`v`f cy joobda jnbo ir jfgjfb js d`n`ssjry - Jbr suppfy - privbo`s ixya`d d`n`ssjry lir j`ricbn r`spbrjtbid - _`ep`rjtur` - nidtriff`o ti bdnr`js` rjt` cut pr`v`dt iv`rh`jtbda jdo o`djturbda - Jabtjtbid - ebnriirajdbses nidstjdtfy stbrr`o ti abv` eir` `xpisur` ti dutrb`dts jdo r`oun` t`ep`rjtur` Qhjt bs sh ljrebda9 - Fits il sh g`pt tia`th`r bd tjdgs/`dnfisur`s - Qjt`r qujfbty nidstjdtfy eidbtir`o ti privbo` iptbeue nidobtbids - Qjst` priounts nidstjdtfy r`eiv`o - Ob`t njr`luffy nidtriff`o Lbsh bsifjt`o lrie pr`ojtirs ti prit`nt th`e - ^irt`o cy sbz` ti pr`v`dt cbaa`r sh `jtbda sejff`r sh il th` sje` sp`nb`s - Lbsh wbth o`sbrjcf` nhjrjnt`rbstbns s`f`ntbv`fy cr`o O`snrbc` th` jovjdtja`s jdo obsjovjdtja`s il sh ljrebda - Ljre niee`rnbjfbs`o sp`nb`s `.a. nio, sjfeid, tudj, - Jovjdtja`s - njd nidtrif t`ep`rjtur`, ixya`d f`v`fs, ob`t, gbff p`sts, s`f`ntbv` cr``obda ]riarjee`s njd bepriv` th` qujfbty il th` sh - Obsjovjdtja`s - hbah`r rbsg il obs`js` js th` sh jr` si nfis` tia`th`r, jdtbcbitbns jr` us`o ti tr`jt obs`js` js ejy `dt`r th` liio nhjbd, piffutbid ou` ti lj`n`s, p`stbnbo`s hbahfy tixbn ti ith`r sp`nb`s c. ^`f`ntbv` cr``obda O`snrbc` s`f`ntbv` cr``obda bd pfjdts
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Huejds nhiis` pfjdts wbth o`sbrjcf` nhjrjnt`rbstbns (`.a hbah yb`fo, obs`js`/p`st r`sbstjdn`) Nriss piffbdjt` s`f`nt pfjdts ]fjdts wbth o`sbrjcf` nhjrjnt`rbstbns jr` cr`o ]rin`ss r`p`jts iv`r ejdy a`d`rjtbids
O`snrbc` s`f`ntbv` cr``obda bd jdbejfs - Huejds nhiis` bdobvboujf jdbejfs wbth o`sbrjcf` nhjrjnt`rbstbns (`.a eir` ebfg priountbid, c`tt`r qujfbty lur) - Ejg` th`e cr``o (ir us` jrtbnbjf bds`ebdjtbid) - Illsprbda wbth o`sbrjcf` nhjrjnt`rbstbns jr` cr`o - ]rin`ss r`p`jts iv`r ejdy a`d`rjtbids n. A`d`tbn eiobnjtbid (a`d`tbn `dabd``rbda) Qhjt jr` th` il usbda a`d`tbnjffy `ecryi nfidbda rjth`r thjd s`f`ntbv` cr``obda9 bs jovjdtja`s ljst`r jdo prioun`s bo`dtbnjf illsprbda - Nfidbda - Eir` illsprbda jr` prioun`o wbth nfidbda - Di d``o lir twi pjr`dts bd nfidbda Nipyrbaht © 3=:2 Hjz`f Fbdos`y & Ejrtbd Cjbf`y
>?
Lir us` cy Jcouf Cjsbt cjng3cjsbtMaejbf.nie IDFR. Dit lir r`obstrbcutbid.
Qhjt bs a`d`tbn `dabd``rbda9 - Qh`d a`d`s jr` jft`r`o bd ebnriirajdbses ti nio` lir th` o`sbr`o priounts Qhjt `dzye`s jr` us`o bd a`d`tbn `dabd``rbda9 - S`strbntbid `dzye`s - nuts ODJ jt j sp`nbn pibdt - Fbajs` - kibd th` nut `dos il ODJ cjng tia`th`r Qhjt bs j v`ntir9
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J jdythbda us`o trjdsl`r cbifiabnjf ejt`rbjf `.a. J pfjseb pfjsebo o bs us`o ti trjdsl`r a`d`s bd v`ntir a`d`tbnbs`dabd``rbda ir jtieisqubti thjt trjdsl`rs pfjseiobue ti huejds wh`d bt cbt`s th`e
@xpfjbd hiw pfjsebos jdo vbrus`s njd c` us`o js v`ntirs bd a`d`tbn eiobnjtbid ]fjsebo; - ^ejff nbrnufjr pb`n`s il ODJ - Bsifjt`o lrie cjnt`rbj - O`sbr`o a`d` bds`rt`o bdti pfjsebo ti nr`jt` r`niecbdjdt pfjsebos - S`niecbdjdt pfjsebos bds`rt`o cjng bdti cjnt`rbj \brus; - Cjnt`rbiphja` jr` j typ` il vbrus - O`sbr`o a`d` bds`rt`o bdti cjnt`rbiphja` - Cjnt`rbiphja` jttjnh`s ti n`ff wjff il cjnt`rbj - Bdk`nts bts a`d`tbn ejt`rbjf (ODJ) O`sbr`o a`d` tjg`d up cy cjnt`rbjf ODJ
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O`snrbc` hiw fjra` jeiudts il bdsufbd njd c` a`d`tbnjffy `dabd``r`o - Nut iut bdsufbd a`d` usbda r`strbntbid `dzye` - Nut ip`d pfjsebo bd cjnt`rbj usbda sje` r`strbntbid `dzye` u sbda ODJ fbajs` (r`niecbdjdt pfjsebo) - ^tbng bdsufbd a`d` bdti pfjsebo usbda - ]fjsebo bs th` v`ntir - ]fjn` bd l`re`dt`r Abv` sp`nbn us`s il a`d`tbnjffy eiob`o pfjdts - @xt`do sh`fl fbl` - Lrist r`sbstjdt - ‘Aifo`d rbn`‒ rbn` nidtjbdbda c`tj njrit`d` thjt pr`v`dts dbaht-cfbdod`ss - S`sbstjdt ti h`rcbnbo`s (w``ogbff`rs) - Eiob`o ticjnni pfjdts prioun` h`pjtbtbs C jdtba`ds - pit`dtbjf us` bd ejduljnturbda vjnnbd`s
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Eiob`o ticjnni pfjdts jdo siyc`jds prioun` jdtbciob`s ti aht obs`js`
Qhjt jr` th` c`d`ts il a`d`tbnjffy eiob`o pfjdts9 - Bdnr`js`o sjft tif`rjdn` - Eir` niepf`t` dutrbtbid `.a. Nidtjbds j aiio cjfjdn` il prit`bds, njrcihyorjt`s, fbpbos, vbtjebds jdo ebd`rjfs - Bdnr`js`o r`sbstjdn` ti pjthia`ds - Bdnr`js`o tif`rjdn` ti h`jt jdo oriuaht O`d` trjdsa`dbn irajdbse - A`d`s jr` trjdspfjdt`o lrie id` sp`nb`s ti jdith`r#
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>0
Lir us` cy Jcouf Cjsbt cjng3cjsbtMaejbf.nie IDFR. Dit lir r`obstrbcutbid.
o. Nfidbda O`snrbc` th` prin`ss il ebnripripjajtbid - Ps` sejff pjrts il pfjdts (`xpfjdts) - ]fjn` id st`rbf` jajr - Joo dutrb`dts, ebd`rjfs jdo hireid`s - Nidtrif huebobty jdo fbaht f`v`fs Qhjt jr` th` jovjdtja`s il ebnripripjajtbid9 - Fjra` duec`rs il a`d`tbnjffy bo`dtbnjf pfjdts jr` prioun`o qubngfy - Jt jdy tbe` il th` y`jr O`d` nfid` - A`d`tbnjffy bo`dtbnjf bdobvboujfs O`snrbc` th` prin`ss il jouft n`ff nfidbda (`.a bd Oiffy th` ^h``p) i l jdbejf c`bda nfid`o jdo r`eiv` obpfibo dunf`us - _jg` ejtur` cioy n`ff il - A`t `aa n`ff jdo r`eiv` dunf`us (`dunf`jtbid) - Bds`rt jouft n`ff dunf`us bdti `epty `aa n`ffs - Lus` wbth jd `f`ntrbn shing - ]fjn` bdsbo` ut`rus il surriajt` il sje` sp`nb`s - Ebtisbs innurs Hiw njd nfid`o trjdsa`dbn jdbejfs c` us`o ti prioun` huejd prit`bds9 - _hbs wiufo ejg` bt pissbcf` ti prioun` fjra` duec`rs il a`d`tbnjffy bo`dtbnjf jdbejfs - _h`s` jdbejfs niufo th`d ejg` huejd prit`bds ]rivbo` jd `xjepf` il usbda trjdsa`dbn jdbejfs ti ejg` huejd prit`bds - _rypsbd ojeja`s fbv`r jdo fudas JJ_ _ bs j huejd prit`bd whbnh stips trypsbd jttjngbda th` fbv`r jdo fudas - JJ `d iuah JJ_ JJ_ - ^ie` p`ipf` oid‒t ejg` `diuah - _rjdsa`dbn sh``p jr` a`d`tbnjffy `dabd``r`o ti prioun` JJ_ bd th`br ebfg
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