The Neoliberal Turn in Sri Lanka: Global Financial Flows and Construction After 1977

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[j Ajlh jlhoej oejrdh rdh ura ura oa oa Sro Hdabd7 Fhledh Noadacodh Nhlws dak Clastructola Dntjr 4?66  Dmohda Bdkorfd`dr 

Oatrlkuctola

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y tmj 4?69s, kjspotj Sro Hdabd‟s hlw pjr cdpotd oacl`j, ot wds oatjradtoladhhy clasokjrjk d `lkjh nlr ots mofm mu`da kjvjhlp`jat oakocdtlrs dak rjhdtovjhy jquotdehj kostroeutola ln wjdhtm. Sro Hdabd wds tmj fflrst cluatry oa Dsod tl o`phj`jat uaovjrsdh dkuht nrdacmosj oa tmj jdrhy 4?39s, wmocm clatroeutjk tl plhocojs ln nrjj jkucdtola dak mjdhtm stdrtoaf oa tmj 4?;9s, dak jvjatudhhy d slcodh wjhndrj stdtj dak prlfrjssovj slcodh kjvjhlp`jat. Mlwjvjr, Mlwjvjr, tmj hjfdcy ln tmos slcodh wjhndrj stdtj strjaftmjajk ey da o`plrt suestotutola rjfo`j nlr chlsj tl twl kjcdkjs os rdrjhy koscussjk oa clatj`plrdry dadhysjs ln Sro Hdabd. Oastjdk, tmj crosos ln tmj 4?69s, wmocm wds d fhledh jclal`oc crosos cmdrdctjrozjk ey d hlaf klwatura nlhhlwoaf tmj plst-Sjclak p lst-Sjclak Vlrhk Vdr Vdr ell` oa tmj 4?:9s dak 4?>9s, os rjkucjk tl d kl`jstoc jclal`oc crosos ln flvjra`jatdh `os`dadfj`jat. Laj prlehj`dtoc dspjct ln tmos rjkuctola os tmj hdcb ln dttjatola tl fhledh kjvjhlp`jats dak d nlcus la prjscroptovj slhutolas  wotmoa tmj tjr`s sjt ey d hoejrdhozjk jclal`y jclal`y.. [j prlehj`s wotm tmj clatj`plrdry jclal`y oa Sro Hdabd drj alt dadhysjk ey crotocdhhy scrutoaozoaf tmj tura tlwdrks hoejrdhozdtola. hoejrdhozdtola. Udtmjr, ot os chdo`jk tl ej laj ln tmj wdr mdvoaf clatroeutjk tl d `dglr hlst lpplrtuaoty tlwdrks mofm frlwtm dak kjvjhlp`jat (Bjhjfd`d 599>). Nlhhlwoaf tmj ”lpja jclal`y‟ rjnlr`s ln 4?66, tmjrj wjrj d au`ejr ln @drxost dak ltmjr scmlhdrs wml dadhysjk ot ds j`ehj`dtoc ln d structurdh dkgust`jat prlfrd` ds ot cd`j tl ej balwa hdtjr. [j erdzja dttotukj ln tmj rjfo`j tmdt erlufmt delut hoejrdhozdtola,  wmjrj Yrjsokja Yrjsokjatt GU Gdydwdr Gdydwdrkjaj kjaj nd`lushy stdtjk, ‘Hjt tmj rleejr edrlas cl`j!‐‛ajcjssdrohy hjk tl crotocdh dadhysjs (Bjhjfd`d 599>, p. :5). Mlwjvjr, Mlwjvjr, njw dadhysts =

mdvj suesjqujathy usjk ajlhoejrdhos` ds tmj nrd`j ln dadhysos ln jclal`oc rjnlr`s oa Sro Hdabd. O krdw la tmj wlrbs ln Kdvok Mdrvjy, Fïrdrk Ku`ïaoh dak Kl`oaoquj Hïvy, Hlìc Vdcqudat, Gdydto Fmlsm, dak C. Y. Y. Cmdakrdsjbdr Cmdakrds jbdr4 d`laf ltmjrs tl nrd`j tmj jclal`oc trdgjctlry oa Sro Hdabd ds laj smdpjk ey ajlhoejrdhos` (Mdrvjy 59932 Mdrvjy 599:2 Ku`ïaoh dak Hïvy 59442 Vdcqudat 5945). Oa pdrtocuhdr, O krdw nrl` Mdrvjy‟s Mdrvjy‟s dadhysos ln ajlhoejrdhos` ds d chdss prlgjct ln ffladacj cdpotdh tmdt j`jrfjk wotm tmj fhledh cdpotdhost crosos oa tmj 4?69s. Noadacj cdpotdh prlpjhhoaf ureda dak oanrdstructurj euohk-lut os cjatrdh tl tmj ajlhoejrdh jclal`oc trdasnlr`dtola hjdkoaf tl kosplssjssola dak oacrjdsoaf oajqudhotojs. Nurtmjr`lrj, tmos prlcjss mds njdturjk dutmlrotdroda rjfo`js tmdt dttj`pt tl crusm lrfdaozjk hdelur dak dttdcb pjlphjs‟ `lvj`jats dfdoast jxphlotdtovj jclal`oc cmdafjs. Ajlhoejrdhos` os cjatrjk la ffladacodhozdtola. O krdw nrl` Eja Noaj‟s wlrb la ffladacodhozdtola, tl kjfflaj ot ds tmj ‘oatjasovj dak jxtjasovj dccu`uhdtola ln fflctotolus cdpotdh lr, oa ltmjr wlrks, tmj oacrjdsoaf sclpj dak prjvdhjacj ln OEC Roatjrjst ejdroaf cdpotdhP oa tmj dccu`uhdtola ln cdpotdh‐ (Noaj 594;, p. ::). Noadacodhozdtola oavlhvjs tmj jxpdasola ln ffladacodh dssjts, oachukoaf tmrlufm d prlcjss ln ‘dccu`uhdtola ey kosplssjssola‐, wmocm os lntja alt dttdcmjk tl prlkuctola (Mdrvjy 599:), ds wjhh ds ffladacj cdpotdh dttdcmjk tl ltmjr nlr`s ln cdpotdh oavlhvjk oa prlkuctola dak jxcmdafj, pdrtocuhdrhy oakustrodh dak cl``jrcodh cdpotdh. [j rosj ln ffladacj cdpotdh tmrlufm sucm prlcjssjs ln ffladacodhozdtola mds hjk tl tmj stdtjffladacj ajxus (Mdrvjy 599:), wmjrj ajlhoejrdhos` kl`oadtjs stdtj plhocojs. Ajlhoejrdhos` ds klctroaj prl`ltjs nrjj trdkj, nrjj ſtlw ln cdpotdh, provdtj jatjrprosjs, d smroaboaf slcodh  wjhndrj rlhj nlr tmj stdtj dak da oacrjdsoaf jclal`oc Ylhoty | ^lhu`j 6, Ossuj 5

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eurkja la pjlphj. Mlwjvjr, oa prdctocj, ajlhoejrdh jclal`oc plhocy pdcbdfjs mdvj vdrojk kjpjakoaf la phdcj, to`j, dak plhotocdh rjdhotojs. [jrjnlrj, jdcm ajlhoejrdh wdvj sjts ko﬉jrjat prolrotojs la ffladacodh dak trdkj hoejrdhozdtola, la provdtozdtola dak cuts tl suesokojs dak stdtj sjrvocjs. [j kjdrtm ln scmlhdrsmop la tmj ko﬉jrjat ajlhoejrdh plhocy pdcbdfjs oa Sro Hdabd dak tmjor rjhdtolasmop tl ajlhoejrdh fhledhozdtola mds o`phocdtolas nlr dadhysoaf Sro Hdabd‟s clatj`plrdry slcodh, jclal`oc, dak plhotocdh prlehj`s. [os drtochj dkkrjssjs tmj crucodh yjdrs ejtwjja 4?66 dak 4?=3, wmja tmj Gdydwdrkjaj rjfo`j supplrtjk ey fhledh dctlrs kuroaf tmj claguacturj crjdtjk ey tmj hlaf fhledh jclal`oc klwatura ln tmj 4?69s phdcjk Sro Hdabd la d ajlhoejrdh jclal`oc trdgjctlry. Ot ejfoas wotm tmj hjfdcy ln o`plrt suestotutola oa tmj kjcdkjs prolr tl hoejrdhozdtola. Ot tmja dadhysjs tmj O@N‟s dak Vlrhk Edab‟s jafdfj`jat wotm Sro Hdabd kuroaf hoejrdhozdtola. [j drtochj tmja luthoajs tmj kjvjhlp`jats hjdkoaf tl da jclal`oc ell` dak crosos. [jsj jclal`oc kjvjhlp`jats drj dadhysjk tl ohhustrdtj mlw tmj ajlhoejrdh trdasnlr`dtola oa Sro Hdabd wds cmdrdctjrozjk ey oacrjdsjk fhledh ſtlws ln cdpotdh dak tmj jxpdasola ln ureda dak oanrdstructurj rjhdtjk clastructola. [j clachukoaf sjctola koscussjs sl`j pdrdhhjhs ejtwjja tmj clatj`plrdry dccjhjrdtola ln ajlhoejrdh plhocojs dntjr tmj wdr oa Sro Hdabd dak tmj prjvolus pmdsj ejtwjja 4?66 dak 4?=3. O`plrt Suestotutola dak tmj Crosos ln tmj 4?69s

 Vmohj tmj ZAY rjfo`j slla dntjr Oakjpjakjacj oa 4?;= nlcusjk la supplrt nrl` tmj Vjst dak tllb nlrwdrk tmj oatjrjsts ln tmj j`jrfjat elurfjlosoj dak hdrfj hdaklwajrs, tmjrj wds d sofaofflcdat smont ln dttotukj oa tmj flvjra`jats tmdt j`jrfjk dntjr 4?:> dak clatoaujk uatoh 4?66. [j rjfo`js tmdt hjk tmjsj flvjra`jats kjpjakjk la jxpdakoaf tmj rlhj ln tmj stdtj nlr tmjor plhotocs dak tmjor claslhokdtola. Laj cmdrdctjrostoc ln tmjsj rjfo`js wds tmj oastru`jatdh usj ln stdtj oastotutolas dak stdtj plwjr tl euohk d slcodh edsj dak jhjctlrdh supplrt d`laf vdrolus chdssjs, rdtmjr tmda usj stdtj plwjr tl cdrry nlrwdrk tmj slhj chdss oatjrjsts ln tmj elurfjlosoj. [j plhotocs ln tmjsj rjfo`js  wjrj cmdrdctjrozjk ey chdss cl`prl`osjs ds lpplsjk tl lutrofmt dttdcbs wmja ot cd`j tl tmj kj`daks dak struffhjs ln tmj wlrboaf dak rurdh chdssjs. Oa tmj rjdh` ln jclal`oc plhocojs, tmjsj rjfo`js prl`ltjk slcodh  wjhndrj plhocojs, adtoladhozdtola ln sl`j oakustrojs dak sjrvocjs, dak o`plrt suestotutola plhocojs, ds lpplsjk tl frjdtjr oatjfrdtola wotm tmj fhledh `drbjt oa cdpotdh dak fllks. Ylhoty | ^lhu`j 6, Ossuj 5

[j cmdafoaf rjhdtolasmop ejtwjja rjfo`js dak tmj stdtj dntjr 4?:> mdk twl cmdrdctjrostocs. Norst, tmj jxpdakoaf slcodh edsj ln tmj stdtj wds cmdrdctjrozjk ey nurtmjr slcodh sjrvocjs oachukoaf supplrt dak suesokojs prlvokjk ey tmj stdtj. Sjclak, tmj stdtj tllb d frjdtjr rlhj oa tmj jclal`y tmrlufm tmj oaotodtola ln stdtj clrplrdtolas dak frjdtjr puehoc sjctlr j`phly`jat (Zydaflkd 5993). [jsj cmdafjs tl tmj stdtj‟s rlhj  wjrj tdbja nlrwdrk wotm o`plrt suestotutola plhocojs oachukoaf tmj adtoladhozdtola ln d au`ejr ln oakustrojs, sjrvocjs, dak tmj jstdtjs. [jrj wjrj d au`ejr ln j﬉lrts dt hdak rjnlr` dak rurdh kjvjhlp`jat ejtwjja tmj `ok-4?:9s dak tmj `ok-4?69s. Oa tmj hdtj 4?:9s, hjntost hjdkjr Ymohop Fuadwdrkjad wml mdk gloajk tmj SHNY cldhotola ds @oaostjr ln Dfrocuhturj, tllb d bjja oatjrjst oa hdak rjnlr` dak rurdh kjvjhlp`jat oachukoaf tmrlufm tmj prl`ltola ln cl-lpjrdtovjs. Oa tmj 4?69s, tmj Zaotjk Nrlat flvjra`jat tllb nlrwdrk `lrj jxtjasovj hdak rjnlr` plhocojs dak adtoladhozjk tmj jstdtjs. Vmohj tmj jstdtj hdaks dntjr adtoladhozdtola kok alt rjdcm tmj hdakhjss oa day sofaofflcdat hjvjh,5  hdak rjnlr`s, `dglr orrofdtola prlgjcts wotm clhlaozdtola ey hdakhjss pjdsdatry, ds wjhh ds clasokjrdehj stdtj supplrt dak oanrdstructurj nlr rurdh kjvjhlp`jat wjrj `dglr j﬉lrts tlwdrks rjsmdpoaf tmj plhotocdh jclal`y ln Sro Hdabd. Sucm rurdh kjvjhlp`jat plhocojs oachukjk tmj prl`ltola ln cl-lpjrdtovjs dak supplrt nlr dfrocuhturdh cl``ottjjs dak jxtjasola. [j o`plrt suestotutola jrd hjk tl sl`j fdoas tl tmj rurdh chdssjs dak kjcrjdsoaf oajqudhotojs oa tmj cluatry. Nurtmjr`lrj, dfrocuhturdh prlkuctola oacrjdsjk kuroaf tmos pjrolk, pdrtocuhdrhy wotm `ucm mofmjr prlkuctola ln rocj wmocm wds tmj stdphj nllk. Ejtwjja 4?:9 dak 4?=5, tmj hjvjh ln sjhn-sufficojacy oa rocj wjat nrl` 5: pjrcjat tl ?9 pjrcjat, wotm daaudh rocj prlkuctola dak plpuhdtola frlwoaf dt ;.3 pjrcjat dak 5.5 pjrcjat rjspjctovjhy (Fuadtohhjbj 4??3, p. =). Sucm dfrocuhturdh prlkuctola wds oacrjdsjk tmrlufm tmj njrtohozjr suesoky ds wjhh ds orrofdtola supplrt. Mlwjvjr, prlkucjr procjs  wjrj bjpt hlw dak dak tmj surphus wds trdasnjrrjk tl tmj rjst ln tmj plpuhdtola, pdrtocuhdrhy oa tmj ureda drjds.3 Oa tmj clatjxt ln o`plrt suestotutola jclal`oc plhocojs, wjhndrj plhocojs wjrj prltjctjk dak jvja jxpdakjk. Mlwjvjr, procj ſtuctudtolas oa tmj wlrhk `drbjt nlr jxplrts nrl` Sro Hdabd dak o`plrts oatl Sro Hdabd tllb tmjor tlhh la tmj j﬉lrts dt adtoladh rjnlr`s. [j fhledh jclal`oc klwatura dak tmj loh crosos ln tmj 4?69s cropphjk tmj stdtj-hjk jclal`oc jxpjro`jat oa tmj 4?69s dak jakjk tmj o`plrt suestotutola plhocojs hdstoaf chlsj tl twl kjcdkjs oa Sro Hdabd. ?

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O@N, Vlrhk Edab, Noadacj, dak Clastructola

[j clhhdpsj ln tmj Erjttla Vllks Dfrjj`jat (Mjhhjoajr 4??;), tmj wlrhk jclal`oc klwatura oa tmj 4?69s (Erjaajr 599>), dak tmj rjhdtjk Sro Hdabda jclal`oc crosos ln kosdkvdatdfjlus tjr`s ln trdkj, dak d edhdacj ln pdy`jat crosos hjk tl tmj Gdydwdrkjaj rjfo`j cl`oaf tl plwjr wotm d hdakshokj voctlry oa tmj pdrhod`jatdry jhjctola ln 4?66. Gdydwdrkjaj usoaf mos fflvj-soxtms `dglroty oa Ydrhod`jat nurtmjr claslhokdtjk plwjr ey eroafoaf oa tmj jxjcutovj prjsokjatodh systj`,  wmocm jatrjacmjk plwjr oa laj oakovokudh. oakovokudh. Cjatrdhozjk plwjr wds crucodh nlr tmj jclal`oc trdasnlr`dtola tmdt mj erlufmt delut wotm mos lpja jclal`y plhocojs. [jsj plhocojs cd`j wotm hdrfj kjvjhlp`jat prlgjcts dak d clacjrtjk dttdcb la hdelur, pdrtocuhdrhy trdkj uaolas. Oakjjk, eltm la tmj plhotocdh dak jclal`oc nrlats, tmj Gdydwdrkjaj rjfo`j prledehy erlufmt delut tmj `lst sofaofflcdat dak hdstoaf cmdafjs oa Sro Hdabd‟s plst-clhlaodh mostlry.  Gdydwdrkjaj `lvjk Sro Hdabd tlwdrks ZS  Gdydwdrkjaj fjlplhotocdh oatjrjsts dak dwdy nrl` ala-dhofa`jat dak tmj prl-Slvojt-hjdaoaf nlrjofa plhocy ln tmj prjvolus flvjra`jat. [os smont tlwdrks tmj ZS dak d `dglr structurdh dkgust`jat prlfrd``j jasurjk `ucm hdrfjr ſtlws ln dok nrl` Vjstjra flvjra`jats dak klalrs (Edstoda 5996). [j structurdh rjnlr`s oachukjk rjkucoaf jxcmdafj rdtj dak procj clatrlhs, trdkj hoejrdhozdtola pdrtocuhdrhy rjkuctola ln o`plrt tdro﬉s, ndcohotdtoaf nlrjofa oavjst`jats, dak ffladacodh kjrjfuhdtola (Vjjrdblla 599;, p. >4). l strjaftmja ots ffladacodh plsotola, tmj Flvjra`jat wjat oatl d stdakey drrdafj`jat wotm tmj O@N. Ylhotocdh Scojatost Uladhk Mjrroaf prlvokjs d pjrcjptovj jvdhudtola ln tmj O@N dfrjj`jat7 Oatjradtoladh ndctlrs oa tmj ajw strdtjfy tmus ejcl`j crotocdh2 jxtjradh supplrt oa `dtjrodh tjr`s mds drfudehy ejja d ajcjssdry clakotola nlr tmj hoejrdhozdtola oaotodtovjs. [j oatjradtoladh kjvjhlp`jat cl``uaoty mds prlvokjk rjslurcjs tl tokj tmj rjfo`j lvjr tmj pltjatodhhy rlcby rjdkgust`jat pjrolk. [j kyad`ocs drj nd`ohodr. Nlhhlwoaf d smdrp kjvdhudtola ln tmj rupjj oa Alvj`ejr ln 4?66, tmj O@N daaluacjk supplrt nlr ”tmj cl`prjmjasovj prlfrd` ln jclal`oc rjnlr` ... oa supplrt ln wmocm tmj prjsjat stdakey drrdafj`jat (ln SKU ?3 `ohhola) mds ejja dpprlvjk‟. O@N dpprlvdh os da o`plrtdat sofadh oa oatjradtoladh ffladacodh dak kjvjhlp`jat cl``uaotojs, dak tmj rjfo`j quocbhy tllb dkvdatdfj ln ots ajw stdtus (Mjrroaf 4?=6, p. 35=).

49

 Votm tmj O@N dfrjj`jat;  oa phdcj, Sro Hdabd `leohozjk clasokjrdehj klalr nuaks nrl` tmj Vlrhk Edab oa pdrtocuhdr, dak d au`ejr ln eohdtjrdh klalrs ds wjhh. [j lpja jclal`y plhocy pdcbdfj, balwa oatjradtoladhhy ds structurdh dkgust`jat plhocojs oachukjk jxcmdafj rdtj dak trdkj hoejrdhozdtola2 d smont nrl` dk`oaostjrjk procjs tl `drbjt procjs wotm puehoc clrplrdtolas:  pusmjk tl ejcl`j cl``jrcodhhy vodehj2 cuts tl eukfjtdry jxpjakoturj oa nllk suesokojs oa phdcj nlr chlsj tl tmrjj kjcdkjs2 dak prl`ltola ln provdtj jatjrprosjs oachukoaf Nlrjofa Korjct Oavjst`jat (Hdbsm`da 4?=:). 4?=:). [jrj wds clasokjrdehj clasokjrdehj prl`ltola prl`ltola ln nlrjofa oavjst`jat tmrlufm oacjatovjs2 nlrjofa oavjst`jat nrl` 4?69 tl 4?66 wds d `jrj Us. 46 `ohhola (ZS$ 5.> `ohhola)>, eut nrl` 4?66 tl 4?=; ot  wds Us. :,;;= `ohhola (ZS$ 3;9 `ohhola) (Fuadtohhjbj 4??3, p. 3;-3:).6 Structurdh dkgust`jat oa Sro Hdabd wds dhsl sjhjctovj oa tmj cmlocj dak o`phj`jatdtola ln rjnlr`s fovja tmj plhotocdh clacjras. [jrjnlrj, provdtozdtola ln puehoc sjctlr cl``jrcodh dak oakustrodh uakjrtdboafs  wds dvlokjk. Nurtmjr`lr Nurtmjr`lrj, j, tmjrj wds d smdrp oacrjdsj oa flvjra`jat cdpotdh jxpjakoturj, pdrtocuhdrhy la oanrdstructurdh dak mlusoaf prlgjcts, rjsuhtoaf oa mofm eukfjt kjfflcots (Hdbsm`da 4?=:). Oa ndct, `ucm ln tmj oaſtlw ln nlrjofa cdpotdh wds deslrejk oa clastructola dak oanrdstructurj euohk lut. Oatjradtoladh oaſtujacjs dak kjvjhlp`jats hjk ey tmj Oatjradtoladh Zaotjk Stdtjs dak `uhto-hdtjrdh lrfdaozdtolas smdpjk tmj lpja jclal`y rjnlr`s oa Sro Hdabd. [j Vlrhk Edab supplrtjk tmj Dccjhjrdtjk @dmdwjho Kjvjhlp`jat Yrlgjct tlwdrks d `dssovj orrofdtola dak clhlaozdtola scmj`j, wmocm os tmj hdrfjst adtoladh kjvjhlp`jat prlgjct tl kdtj. Nurtmjr`lr Nurtmjr`lrj, j, Jxplrt Yrlcjssoa Yrlcjssoaff Wlajs (JYWs) wjrj crjdtjk tl ndcohotdtj Jdst Dsoda cdpotdh oavjst`jat oa fdr`jat prlkuctola, dak wjrj supplrtjk  wotm clasokjrdehj clasokjrdehj tdx oacjatovjs oacjatovjs dak trdkj hoejrdhozdtola. hoejrdhozdtola. [j flvjra`jat `lvjk la edaboaf rjnlr` ey oavotoaf `day nlrjofa edabs tl lpja lpjrdtolas oa Sro Hdabd.  Dcclrkoaf  Dcclrk oaf tl Bdruadtohdbj7 ‘[j edaboaf dak tmj ffladacodh systj` ejtwjja 4?6? dak 4?=5, jxpdakjk ey hjdps dak eluaks dak `lrj tmda 4; hjdkoaf oatjradtoladh edabs lpjajk erdacmjs oa Sro Hdabd. [us, ey 4?==, tmjrj wjrj 5> cl``jrcodh edabs lpjrdtoaf oa tmj oshdak dak tmj `dglroty wjrj erdacmjs ln nlrjofa edabs‐ (599;, p. 3?4). [jrj wjrj dhsl plwjrnuh oavjst`jat oacjatovjs nlr nlrjofa dak kl`jstoc cdpotdh (Mjrroaf 4?=6). [jsj `jdsurjs tdrfjtjk oavjstlrs tl jxpdak tmj tlurost sjctlr dak tmj ajwhy nlr`jk fdr`jat sjctlr.

Ylhoty | ^lhu`j 6, Ossuj 5

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[j mofm jclal`oc frlwtm oa tmj fflrst njw yjdrs dntjr hoejrdhozdtola wds `doahy kuj tl oacrjdsoaf ſtlws ln cdpotdh nrl` klalrs dak d `dssovj clastructola ell` oa oanrdstructurj dak mlusoaf. Ey 4?6?, wotm `dssovj oanrdstructurj prlgjcts, clastructola frjw ey 54 pjrcjat, wmohj kl`jstoc oakustrodh lutput frjw lahy ey ; pjrcjat (Fdajsda 4?=5, p. >). [us tmj clastructola sjctlr chjdrhy ejcd`j tmj hjdk sjctlr oa kjvjhlp`jat kuroaf tmos pjrolk. [j Dccjhjrdtjk @dmdwjho Kjvjhlp`jat Yrlgjct dak mlusoaf dak ureda kjvjhlp`jat wjrj eltm clastructola mjdvy.= [j tmork  wds tmj Oavjst`jat Yrl`ltola Yrl`ltola Wlaj Wlaj uakjr tmj Frjdtjr Clhl`el Jclal`oc Cl``ossola, wmocm hjk tl tmj j`jrfjacj ln tmj fdr`jat sjctlr (Fdajsda 4?=5, p. 5). Sjqujacj ln Ell` dak Crosos

Laj ln tmj `lst dcutj dadhysjs ln tmj jdrhy yjdrs ln hoejrdhozdtola cd`j nrl` wotmoa tmj ZS Flvjra`jat. D ZS Nlrjofa Sjrvocj lfficjr dak ZSDOK lfficodh edsjk oa Sro Hdabd dt tmdt to`j, Glma Studrt Ehdcbtla, rjvojwjk tmj jclal`oc kjvjhlp`jats nrl` 4?66 tl 4?=3 ds laj ln oaotodh ell` wotm jupmlrod nlhhlwjk ey wlrrojs dak rjvjrsdh, wmocm mj chdo`jk os tmj clavjatoladh pdtm ln hoejrdhozdtola.?  Vmohj kjscroeoaf tmj ell` dak tmja tmj shlwklwa oa tmj prlcjss ln hoejrdhozdtola, Ehdcbtla ajvjrtmjhjss prjscroejk nurtmjr ffladacodhozdtola oachukoaf da jxpdasola ln tmj edaboaf sjctlr dak prl`ltola ln cdpotdh `drbjts. Oa day jvjat, oa mos dssjss`jat ds jdrhy ds 4?=3, Ehdcbtla wds clrrjct delut tmj trdgjctlry ln hoejrdhozdtola7   [j clasjasus ln `lkjrdtj dak clasjrvdtovj lpoaola sjj`s tl ej tmdt daltmjr sox yjdrs ln hoejrdh jclal`oc plhocojs wohh ej sufficojat tl `lvj tmj cjatrj-ploat ln Cjyhla‟s plhotocs sofaofflcdathy tl tmj rofmt, dak tmdt al nuturj ala-@drxost flvjra`jat wluhk ej prjpdrjk tl dedakla d edsoc cl``ot`jat tl tmj nrjj `drbjt (Ehdcbtla 4?=3, p. 6:9). Oakjjk, lvjr tmrjj kjcdkjs hdtjr alaj ln tmj flvjra`jats  wjrj dehj dehj tl smont sofaofflcdathy sofaofflcdathy nrl` nrl` nrjj `drbjt plhocojs. plhocojs. Ehdcbtla dhsl dadhysjk tmj o`phocdtolas ln tmj  Gdydwdrkjaj  Gdydwdr kjaj rjfo`j‟ rjfo`j‟ss j`erdcj ln tmj Soafdplrj `lkjh dak `lrj fjajrdhhy ln tmj Jdst Dsoda mofm frlwtm `lkjhs. Mj chdo`jk Sro Hdabd cluhk ejcl`j d `lkjh ln mofm frlwtm, jquoty dak d kj`lcrdtoc plhotocdh systj`, rjnutoaf crotocos` tmdt mofm frlwtm wds lahy plssoehj uakjr dutmlrotdroda flvjra`jats ds wotm Jdst Dsod. Mlwjvjr, tmos adrrdtovj ln Ehdcbtla‟s wds prjscroptovj, rjſtjctoaf ZS fjlplhotocdh oatjrjsts. Ylhoty | ^lhu`j 6, Ossuj 5

Ey 4?=3, tmj Gdydwdrkjaj rjfo`j wds daytmoaf eut hoejrdh. Vmohj Gdydwdrkjaj wla mos sjclak tjr` ds prjsokjat, mj `doatdoajk mos hdrfj `dglroty oa Ydrhod`ja Ydrhod`jatt  wotm d prlehj`dtoc dak uakj`lcrdtoc jxtjasola ln tmj tjr` ln Ydrhod`jat tmrlufm d rjnjrjaku`.  Gdydwdrkjaj  Gdydwdr kjaj wds oa ndct j`uhdtoaf tmj dutmlrotdroda Jdst Dsoda stdtjs. Oa day jvjat, dntjr tmj oaotodh ell`  wotm structurdh dkgust`jat nrl` 4?66 tl 4?=3, tmj Sro Hdabda jclal`y ejfda tl stdfadtj jvja ds plhotocdh kjvjhlp`jats kjstdeohosjk tmj cluatry cluatry..  Gdydwdrkjaj Ujfo`j Ujfo`j dak Dutmlrotdroda Ujprjssola Ujprjssola

[jsj ajlhoejrdh rjnlr`s ajcjssdrohy jatdohjk tmj cjatrdhozdtola ln stdtj plwjr ds wotm Gdydwdrkjaj‟s crjdtola ln tmj uakj`lcrdtoc jxjcutovj prjsokjacy. Nurtmjr`lrj, pusmoaf tmrlufm tmjsj ndr rjdcmoaf jclal`oc rjnlr`s hjk tl clasokjrdehj rjprjssola ln hdelur dak nlr`s ln dfotdtola. Sucm rjprjssola wds jadehjk ey d krdclaoda hjfdh rjfo`j tmdt oachukjk tmj Yrjvjatola ln jrrlros` Dct dak tmj kjchdrdtola ln d Stdtj ln J`jrfjacy oa 4?6?. Oa d clatjxt ln hdelur dfotdtolas cuh`oadtoaf oa tmj fjajrdh strobj ln Guhy 4?=9, Gdydwdrkjaj rjsplakjk ey crusmoaf hdelur tmrlufm tmj kos`ossdh ln tjas ln tmlusdaks ln wlrbjrs eltm oa tmj stdtj dak provdtj sjctlrs. Vmohj tmj Flvjra`jat `doatdoajk tmdt nlrty tmlusdak wlrbjrs wjrj la strobj, trdkj uaola jsto`dtjs vdry dak chdo` ds `day ds laj muakrjk tmlusdak  wlrbjrs wjrj la strobj. [j `dglroty ln tmjsj uaolas  wjrj oa tmj tmj stdtj sjctlr sjctlr,, eut eut d sjctola ln tmj provdtj provdtj sjctlr sjctlr uaolas dhsl gloajk tmj strobj (Njradakl 4?=3). [j Flvjra`jat wds `ucm ejttjr prjpdrjk nlr tmj strobj2 ot kovokjk tmj trdkj uaolas la tmjor jclal`oc kj`daks dak wds plhotocdhhy prjpdrjk nlr d kjcosovj dttdcb. [j crusmoaf kjnjdt ln tmj trdkj uaola `lvj`jat wjdbjajk tmj` oatl tmj nlrjsjjdehj nuturj. [j ltmjr hjfdcy ln Gdydwdrkjaj wds tmj jscdhdtola ln tmj dr`jk claſtoct dak tmj j`jrfjacj ln d covoh wdr. Slla dntjr Gdydwdrkjaj‟s jhjctlrdh voctlry, tmj rolts tmdt lccurrjk wotm tmj cl`phocoty ln tmj ajw flvjra`jat oa 4?66 wjrj nlrjelkoaf ln wmdt wds tl cl`j. Ey tmj hdtj 4?69s, Gdydwdrkjaj wds dffrjssovjhy dttj`ptoaf tl crusm d`oh `ohotdacy. Ujprjssola wds tmj rjsplasj tl eltm d`oh ylutm uarjst dak hdelur dfotdtolas. Jvja ds tmj oaotodh spurt ln frlwtm prlpjhhjk ey tmj oaſtlw ln cdpotdh ejfda tl tdpjr, tmj hdrfjhy stdtj-lrcmjstrdtjk plfrl` ln Guhy 4?=3 hjk tl tmj j`jrfjacj ln d covoh  wdr.. [j rjfoladh plwjr dak prl-Slvojt hjdaoaf Oakod,  wdr nrustrdtjk wotm tmj smont ey Gdydwdrkjaj tlwdrks tmj ZS, supplrtjk d`oh dr`jk `lvj`jats. [j Sro Hdabda stdtj ejcd`j j`erlohjk oa d prltrdctjk dr`jk claſtoct nlr tmj nlhhlwoaf twl dak d mdhn kjcdkjs. 44

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Clachusola7 Ajlhoejrdh rdgjctlry rdgjctlry dntjr 4?66

Ajlhoejrdh plhocojs mdvj ejja oa phdcj oa Sro Hdabd dak `day ltmjr cluatrojs nlr chlsj tl nlur kjcdkjs, eut tmjy tdbj la ko﬉jrjat cmdrdctjrostocs dt ko﬉jrjat ploats oa to`j dak oa ko﬉jrjat phdcjs. Sro Hdabd ejcd`j tmj fflrst cluatry oa Slutm Dsod tl fl tmrlufm hoejrdhozdtola, prjcjkoaf tmj jhjctola ln Ujdfda dak [dtcmjr ds wjhh ds tmj Vdsmoaftla Clasjasus oa tmj 4?=9s. Vmohj tmj oaſtujacj ln tmj Zaotjk Stdtjs kuroaf tmj claguacturj ln tmj 4?69s cdaalt ej koscluatjk oa tjr`s ln ots o`pdct la Sro Hdabda plhotocs, tmj rjsurfjacj ln tmj Zaotjk Adtoladh Ydrty (ZAY), tmj hjdkjrsmop ln GU  Gdydwdrkjaj,  Gdydwdr kjaj, dak tmj pusm nlr hoejrdhozdtola wjrj dhsl mostlrocdhhy clastotutovj ln d Sro Hdabda jhotj vosola. Oa ndct, tmjrj wds da jdrhojr mostlrocdh `l`jat ln Sro Hdabd lpjaoaf ots jclal`y kuroaf tmj claguacturj ejtwjja 4?;= dak 4?:3, dt d to`j wmja GU Gdydwdrkjaj wds tmj Noadacj @oaostjr, wmocm wds nlrjelkoaf ln tmj hdtjr ajlhoejrdh tura dak wmdt O cmdrdctjrozj ds tmj fflrst wdvj ln ajlhoejrdhos` nrl` 4?66 tl 4?=3. Oa tmos clatjxt, Yrjsokjat Yrj`dkdsd wml succjjkjk  Gdydwdrkjaj  Gdydwdr kjaj oa tmj 4?=9s clatoaujk la tmj hoejrdhozdtola trdgjctlry. @day scmlhdrs la Sro Hdabda jclal`y mdvj drfujk tmdt tmj pjrolk nrl` 4?=? tl 4??3 uakjr tmj Yrj`dkdsd rjfo`j rjprjsjatjk tmj sjclak wdvj ln hoejrdhozdtola, wmocm wds cmdrdctjrozjk ey ffladacodh, trdkj, tdx, dak jxcmdafj rdtj hoejrdhozdtola (Kuamd` dak Bjhjfd`d 4??:). Ajxt, Cmdakrobd Bu`drdtuafd  wds jhjctjk prjsokjat oa 4??; la d pjdcj pjdcj phdtnlr` wotm tmj supplrt ln slcodh `lvj`jats cdhhoaf nlr eltm da jak tl tmj wdr dak d rjvjrsdh ln hoejrdhozdtola plhocojs tmdt mdk kjvdstdtjk rurdh cl``uaotojs soacj 4?66. Vmohj smj mdk lustjk tmj ZAY dntjr sjvjatjja yjdrs, smj  wds uadehj tl rjvjrsj tmj ajlhoejrdh trdgjctlry kjspotj jhjctola prl`osjs tl tmj clatrdry. [j jhjctola ln d ZAY flvjra`jat oa hdtj 5994 hjk ey Udaoh Vocbrj`jsoafmj crjdtjk plssoeohotojs nlr d `dglr pusm nlr hoejrdhozdtola. [j Vocbrj`jsoafmj Flvjra`jat dttj`ptjk tl cluphj tmj klalr-edcbjk oatjradtoladhozjk pjdcj prlcjss wotm ”Ujfdoaoaf Sro Hdabd‟, d ajlhoejrdh kjvjhlp`jat dak rjclastructola prlfrd``j. [j jclal`oc plhocy pdcbdfj slufmt `dglr hdelur rjnlr`s, trdkj dak ffladacodh hoejrdhozdtola, dak tmj crjdtola ln d `drbjt oa hdak, dak provdtozdtola, wmocm on sustdoajk wluhk mdvj krdstocdhhy rjsmdpjk tmj plhotocdh jclal`y ln Sro Hdabd. Mlwjvjr, tmj `drbjt-lrojatjk ZAY Flvjra`jat wds kjnjdtjk dntjr d smlrt tjaurj oa 599;. Vocbrj`jsoafmj‟s kjnjdt dt tmj pdrhod`jatdry jhjctolas ln 599; tl tmj SHNY cldhotola hjk ey Yrjsokjat Bu`drdtuafd Bu`drdtua fd dak tmja tmj Yrjsokjatodh jhjctola ln 599: tl Udgdpdbsd, dak tmj suesjqujat rjtura dak jscdhdtola ln wdr, dfdoa kjcjhjrdtjk hoejrdhozdtola ln tmj jclal`y. [jrjnlrj, O drfuj tmdt tmj fflrst wdvj ln ajlhoejrdhos` oaotodtjk oa 4?66 clatoaujk oatl tmj nlhhlwoaf kjcdkjs dak kok alt hjdk tl day sofaofflcdat s ofaofflcdat smont oa tmj jclal`oc plhocy trdgjctlry. 45

O chdo`, mlwjvjr, tmdt tmj fhledh dak adtoladh plhotocdh dak jclal`oc clakotolas wjrj sucm tmdt tmj ajlhoejrdh jclal`oc trdasnlr`dtola kjcjhjrdtjk kuroaf tmj kjcdkjs dntjr 4?=3.49 O nurtmjr chdo`, ot os tmj fhledh claguacturj wotm tmj Frjdt Ujcjssola ln 599= hjdkoaf tl fhledh ffladacodh ſtlws tl j`jrfoaf `drbjts, tmj jak ln tmj covoh wdr oa Sro Hdabd wotm `ohotdrozjk stdeohoty, stdeohoty, dak tmj claslhokdtola ln da dutmlrotdroda rjfo`j tmdt hjk tl d sjclak wdvj ln ajlhoejrdhos` oa 5949. Ajxt, dutmlrotdrodaos`, da dctovj sjcuroty dppdrdtus, dak d strlaf rlhj nlr tmj stdtj oa kjvjhlp`jat drj hoabjk tl `lkjhs nrl` Slutm Jdst Dsod – pdrtocuhdrhy Soafdplrj dak @dhdysod – tl oaſtujacj tmj vosola ln adtoladh dak oatjradtoladh dctlrs kuroaf eltm wdvjs ln ajlhoejrdhos` oa Sro Hdabd. Dutmlrotdroda usj ln stdtj plwjr mds ejja crucodh nlr ajlhoejrdh plhocojs hjdkoaf tl trj`jaklus slcodh dak jclal`oc cmdafjs oachukoaf uredaozdtola, oanrdstructurj euohk-lut, dak cuts tl slcodh sjrvocjs dak tl qujhh day rjsostdacj, oachukoaf ey lrfdaozjk hdelur dak slcodh `lvj`jats. Nurtmjr`lrj, kuroaf jdcm  wdvj ln ajlhoejrdhos`, tmjrj drj ko﬉jrjat jclal`oc plhocy pdcbdfjs kjpjakoaf la tmj cmdrdctjr ln tmj dutmlrotdroda rjfo`j dak ots slcodh edsj. [jrjnlrj, jdcm ajlhoejrdh wdvj sjts ko﬉jrjat prolrotojs la uredaozdtola dak oanrdstructurj euohk-lut, la provdtozdtola, la trdkj, dak la cuts tl suesokojs dak stdtj sjrvocjs. Oa tmos wdy, tmj dccjhjrdtjk hoejrdhozdtola oa Sro Hdabd ejtwjja 4?66 dak 4?=3 mdk sjt Sro Hdabd la d ajlhoejrdh kjvjhlp`jat pdtm. Vmohj tmos jclal`oc trdasnlr`dtola trdasnlr`dtola kjcjhjrdtjk wotm tmj wdr, tmj claguacturj ln tmj fhledh jclal`oc crosos dntjr 599= dak tmj jak ln tmj wdr oa @dy 599? rjsuhtjk oa daltmjr pmdsj ln dccjhjrdtjk ajlhoejrdh jclal`oc kjvjhlp`jat. Oacrjdsjk ſtlws ln fhledh cdpotdh dak ffladacodhozdtola ds wjhh ds clastructola cmdrdctjrozjk ey uredaozdtola dak oanrdstructurj kjvjhlp`jat mdvj ejja tmj krovjrs ln tmj ajlhoejrdh trdasnlr`dtola kuroaf eltm tmj plst-4?66 dak plst-5949 pjrolks. [lsj clacjrajk delut slcodh gustocj dak tmj clacjras ln tmj jclal`ocdhhy `drfoadhozjk smluhk dadhysj tmjsj erldkjr smonts tmdt cd`j wotm ajlhoejrdhos`, oa lrkjr tl ndsmola tmj `lvj`jats dak struffhjs tlwdrks dhtjradtovjs nlr jquotdehj kjvjhlp`jat. [os os dhsl tmj tdsb ln rjvd`pjk scmlhdrsmop la tmj lpja jclal`y rjnlr`s nlrty yjdrs dfl. Altjs 4 Sjj rjfuhdr oatjrvjatolas ey Gdydto Fmlsm dak C.Y. Cmdakrdsjbmdr la ffladacodhozdtola oa Oakod tmrlufm d sjrojs ln drtochjs dt mttp7//www. `dcrlscda.lrf/ 5 @ocb @llrj oa jvdhudtoaf tmj adtoladhozdtola ln jstdtjs chdo`s7 ‘[j jstdtj hdak rjnlr` wds clakuctjk oa tmj ad`j ln tmj pjdsdatry, yjt tmj dctudh ejajfflts, `doahy smlrt-tjr`, tllb tmj nlr` ln jstdtj  gles nlr tmlsj wotm tmj dpprlprodtj plhotocdh claajctolas. [j tltdh d`luat dhojadtjk tl vohhdfjrs wds s`dhh, dak tmdt `doahy hlw-vdhuj, uacuhtovdtjk hdak‐ (@llrj 599=, p. =4). 3 @llrj‟s clachusolas drj sofaofflcdat7 ‘[j ajt suesoky nrl` tmj stdtj tl pdkky prlkucjrs os7 (d) hlwjr tmda os wokjhy ejhojvjk2 (e)

Ylhoty | ^lhu`j 6, Ossuj 5

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mofmhy clacjatrdtjk la d rjhdtovjhy s`dhh au`ejr ln rjcopojats2 (c) pdrthy lutwjofmjk ey tmj trdasnjr ln oacl`j nrl` rocj prlkucjrs tl clasu`jrs tmrlufm flvjra`jat plhocojs wmocm kjprjss rocj prlkucjr procjs7 dak (k) `dssovjhy lutwjofmjk ey d hdrfj trdasnjr ln rjslurcjs lut ln tmj s`dhhmlhkjr sjctlr ds d wmlhj, dcmojvjk ey tmj korjct dak oakorjct tdxdtola ln s`dhhmlhkjr prlkucjrs ln jxplrt crlps, jspjcodhhy clclaut prlkucjrs. [j dpprlprodtola ln d hdrfj hdrfj surphus nrl` nrl` tmj jxplrt crlp sjctlr mds fjajrdhhy pjr`ottjk tmj stdtj tl suesokozj eltm kl`jstoc rocj prlkucjrs dak nllk clasu`jrs. Mlwjvjr, wmja tmj oatjrjsts ln hlcdh nllk prlkucjrs dak clasu`jrs mdvj cl`j oatl korjct claſtoct, tmj hdttjr mdvj fjajrdhhy prjvdohjk‐ (@llrj 599=, p. =>). ; [j rlhj ln O@N dpprlvdh mds prlvja o`plrtdat tl `leohozj tmj ſtlw ln fhledh cdpotdh oa nuturj ds wjhh. : Dcclrkoaf tl Uladhk Mjrroaf ds hdtj ds 4?=5, puehoc sjctlr oakustrodh clrplrdtolas oachukjk stjjh, pjtrlhju` prlkucts, tjxtohjs, njrtohozjrs, tyrjs, sdht, kdory prlkucts, kostohhjrojs, lohs dak ndts, to`ejr dak phywllk, pdpjr, cj`jat, dak cjrd`ocs. [jy dccluatjk nlr `lrj tmda >9% ln oakustrodh prlkuctola (Mjrroaf 4?=6, p. 339). > Oa Guaj 4?6;, ZS$ 4 0 Us. >.:. 6 Oa Guaj 4?=9, ZS$ 4 0 Us. 4>. = [j Dccjhjrdtjk @dmdwjho Kjvjhlp`jat Yrlgjct wds tl ej cl`phjtjk oa > yjdrs nrl` tmj lrofoadhhy phdaajk 39 yjdrs, dak tmj stdtj hjk 499,999 mlusoaf scmj`j wds dhsl tl ej cl`phjtjk oa > yjdrs (Fdajsda 4?=5, p. 3). ? Ehdcbtla‟s dadhysos dak sjqujacj ln stjps wotm hoejrdhozdtola drj ndscoadtoaf7 ‘(4) O`plrtjk fllks ſtllk tmj `drbjts dak tmj clasu`jrs drj jupmlroc wmohj trdkjrs frlw rocm lvjraofmt2 (5) [j ajw `lajy nrl` trdkj fljs oatl rjdh jstdtj dak hdak procjs dak rjats rosj krd`dtocdhhy-squjjzoaf sl`j wmohj jarocmoaf ltmjrs2 (3) [j edaboaf systj` jxpdaks krd`dtocdhhy, dttrdctoaf ajw kjplsots (usudhhy oa nlrjofa jxcmdafj dt ajdr-Jurl `drbjt rdtjs). Kjplsotlrs drj oaotodhhy jupmlroc ejcdusj ln tmj mofm al`oadh oatjrjst rdtjs2 (;) [j Clasu`jr Yrocj Oakjx rosjs dt mostlrocdhhy uaprjcjkjatjk rdtjs dak jupmlrod ejfoas tl wotmjr d`laf tmj hjss ndvlurjk frlups2 (:) rdkj dak cl``jrcj clatoauj tl prjkl`oadtj oa tmj provdtj sjctlr dak tmj flvjra`jat ejfoas tl wlrry delut tmj prlehj`s ln korjctoaf rjslurcjs tl prlkuctovj oavjst`jats rdtmjr tmda trdkj2 (>) [j edaboaf dak trdkoaf clastotujacojs (wml drj `dboaf d bohhoaf oa cl``jrcodh trdasdctolas) rjsost prjssurjs tl kovjrsony tmjor oavjst`jat plrtnlhols tlwdrks prlkuctola, dak puehoc crotocos` ln ffladacodh oatjr`jkodrojs `luats2 dak (6) Flvjra`jat ejfoas tl rj-jxd`oaj tmj slcodh dak plhotocdh clst ln hoejrdhozdtola dak tl clasokjr dhtjrdtolas oa plhocy tl rjsplak tl tmj ajw kostlrtolas‐ (Ehdcbtla (Ehdcbtla 4?=3, p. 6;5). 49 Mdrvdrk scmlhdr K. U. Salkfrdss, d kjcdkj ejnlrj tmj jak ln tmj  wdr chdo`jk Sro Hdabd Hdabd‟s ‟s jclal`oc kjvjhlp`jat wds mjhk edcb ey d hdcb ln okjlhlfocdh clmjrjacj dak tmj jtmaoc claſtoct. Mj nurtmjr chdo`jk tmdt tmj cmdafj ln flvjra`jat oa 4??; wotm tmj clatoaudtola ln hoejrdhozdtola plhocojs ey tmj ajw SHNY-hjk flvjra`jat mdk dkkrjssjk tmj fflrst ossuj, eut tmdt tmj jtmaoc claſtoct dak tmj ylutm oasurrjctolas dhsl mdk tl ej dkkrjssjk. Mj wrltj oa 4??=7 ‘[j sjclak `dglr o`pjko`jat, mlwjvjr – jtmaoc claſtoct – mds alt yjt ejja lvjrcl`j. Jclal`oc frlwtm os tdboaf phdcj, eut tmj clsthy wdr krdfs la dak `ucm `lrj cluhk chjdrhy ej klaj tl dccjhjrdtj jclal`oc prlfrjss on tmj hlaf-slufmt plhotocdh slhutola cluhk ffladhhy ej nluak. Ey tmj sd`j tlbja, jclal`oc kjvjhlp`jat cluhk mjhp tl d`jholrdtj jtmaoc claſtoct, ds ot mds oa @dhdysod. _lutm uaj`phly`jat wds d ndctlr oa tmj j`jrfjacj ln tmj HJ, ds ot wds ln tmj G^Y. Crjdtola ln d `ohhola ajw gles tmrlufm lutwdrk-hllboaf jclal`oc jxpdasola  wluhk fl ndr tlwdrk slhvoaf Sro Hdabd‟s Hdabd‟s plhotocdh prlehj`s ds wjhh ds ots jclal`oc prlehj`s‐ (Salkfrdss 4??=, p. 39). Oatjrjstoafhy Oatjrjstoafhy,, ZAY Yro`j @oaostjr Udaoh Vocbrj`jsoafmj Vocbrj`jsoafmj kuroaf mos smlrt stoat oa plwjr ejtwjja 5995 dak 599; ds wjhh ds dntjr tmj rjfo`j cmdafj oa 594: mds chdo`jk tl mdvj phdas tl crjdtj d `ohhola gles tmrlufm da jxplrthjk jclal`y.

Ylhoty | ^lhu`j 6, Ossuj 5

Ujnjrjacjs7 Edstoda, S 5996, [j Ylhotocs ln Nlrjofa Dok oa Sro Hdabd7 Yrl`ltoaf `drbjts dak supplrtoaf pjdcj , Oatjradtoladh Cjatrj nlr Jtmaoc Stukojs, Clhl`el Ehdcbtla, GS 4?=3, ”[j Yrovdtj Sjctlr oa Sro Hdabd soacj 4?66‟, Dsoda Survjy , vlh. 53, al. >, pp. 63>–6:4 Erjaajr, U 599>, [j jclal`ocs ln fhledh tureuhjacj7 tmj dkvdacjk cdpotdhost jclal`ojs nrl` hlaf ell` tl hlaf klwatura, 4?;:-599: , ^jrsl, Hlakla Ku`jaoh, F & Hjvy, K 5944, [j Crosos ln Ajlhoejrdhos`, Mdrvdrk Zaovjrsoty Yrjss, Hlakla Kuamd`, K & Bjhjfd`d S 4??:, Jclal`oc Ujnlr` dak Flvjradacj7 [j Sjclak Vdvj Vdvj ln Hoejrdhozdtola oa Sro Hdabd, 4?=?-?3 (OSS Vlrboaf Ydpjrs Sjrojs/ Fjajrdh Sjrojs Al. 593, Oatjradtoladh Oastotutj ln Slcodh Scojacjs, Ajtmjrhdaks Njradakl, H 4?=3, ”[j stdtj dak chdss struffhj oa Sro Hdabd7 [j fjajrdh strobj ln Guhy 4?=9‟, Hdelur, Cdpotdh dak Slcojty/rdvdoh, cdpotdh jt slcoïtï , vlh. 4>, al. 5, pp. 59;-55: Noaj, E 5943, ”Noadacodhozdtola nrl` d @drxost pjrspjctovj‟, Oatjradtoladh Gluradh ln Ylhotocdh Jclal`y , vlh. ;5, al. ;, pp. ;6->> Fdajsda, S 4?=5, [j Clastructola Oakustry oa Sro Hdabd – Vlrhk J`phly`jat Yrlfrd``j Ujsjdrcm Vlrboaf Vlrboaf Ydpjr , OHL, Fjajvd  Fuadtohhjbj, F 4??3, Kjvjhlp`jat dak Hoejrdhozdtola oa Sro Hdabd7 rjaks & Yrlspjcts , @drfd Oastotutj, Clhl`el Mdrvjy, K 5993, [j Ajw O`pjrodhos`, Lxnlrk Zaovjrsoty Yrjss, Hlakla Mdrvjy, K 599:,  D Erojn Mostlry ln Ajlhoejrdhos`, Lxnlrk Zaovjrsoty Yrjss, Hlakla Mjhhjoajr, J 4??;, ”Nrl` Erjttla Vllks tl Fhledh Noadacj7 D Vlrhk urajk Zpsokj klwa‟, oa U Stuees dak UK Fjl﬉rjy (jks.), Ylhotocdh Jclal`y dak tmj Cmdafoaf Fhledh Lrkjr , St. @drtoa‟s Yrjss, Ajw _lrb  Mjrroaf, UG 4?=6, ”Jclal`oc Hoejrdhozdtola Ylhocojs oa Sro Hdabd7 Oatjradtoladh Yrjssurjs, Clastrdoats dak Supplrts‟, Jclal`oc dak Ylhotocdh Vjjbhy , vlh. 55, al. =, pp. 35:-333 Bdruadtohdbj, MAS 599;, ”Edaboaf Sjctlr Ujnlr`‟, oa S Bjhjfd`d (jk.), Jclal`oc Ylhocy oa Sro Hdabd , ^ogotmd _dpd Yuehocdtolas, Clhl`el Bjhjfd`d, S 599>, Kjvjhlp`jat uakjr strjss7 Sro Hdabda jclal`y oa trdasotola, Sdfj, Ajw Kjhmo Hdbsm`da, VK 4?=:, ”[j O@N-Vlrhk Edab oatjrvjatola oa Sro Hdabda jclal`oc plhocy7 Mostlrocdh trjaks dak pdttjras‟, Slcodh Scojatost , vlh. 3, al. 5?, pp. 3-5? @llrj, @ 599=, Stdtj dak pjdsdat plhotocs oa Sro Hdabd , Cd`erokfj Zaovjrsoty Yrjss, Cd`erokfj Salkfrdss, KU 4??=, Jclal`oc kjvjhlp`jat ln Sro Hdabd7 d tdhj ln `ossjk lpplrtuaotojs (Al. >36), Mdrvdrk Oastotutj nlr Oatjradtoladh Kjvjhlp`jat, Mdrvdrk Zaovjrso Zaovjrsoty  ty  Zydaflkd, G 5993, Vlrboaf dak Lutcl`js ln Kj`lcrdcy oa Sro Hdabd , pdpjr prjpdrjk nlr tmj Yrlgjct la Stdtj ln Kj`lcrdcy oa Slutm  Dsod ds pdrt ln tmj Tudhotdtovj Dssjss`jat ln Kj`lcrdcy Hlbaoto (Yrlfrd``j ln Cl`pdrdtovj Kj`lcrdcy), Cjatrj nlr tmj Stuky ln Kjvjhlpoaf Slcojtojs, Ajw Kjhmo  Vdcqudat, H 5945, ”[rjj stjps tl d mostlrocdh datmrlplhlfy ln  Vdcqudat, dctudhhy jxostoaf ajlhoejrdhos`‟, Slcodh Datmrlplhlfy , vlh. 59, al. 4, pp. >>-6?  Vjjrdblla, K 599;, ”[j Oaſtujacj ln Kjvjhlp`jat Okjlhlfy  Vjjrdblla, oa @dcrljclal`oc Ylhocy Ujnlr` Yrlcjss‟, oa S Bjhjfd`d (jk.), Jclal`oc Ylhocy oa Sro Hdabd , ^ogotmd _dpd Yuehocdtolas, Clhl`el

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