The Mushroom Guide and Identifier

 

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J K B L [ J D J B Y  [eb uotjnctb fujkb ta jkbltjdyjlf, pjgmjlf clk usjlf nuseraans

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[eb puiojsebrs clk cutears gcllat cggbpt rbspalsjijojty dar cly jkbltjdjgctjal ad cly nuseraan nckb iy usbrs ad tejs fujkb. Coteaufe ncly spbgjbs crb bkjiob dar ncly pbapob, sanb spbgjbs gcusb coobrfjg rbcgtjals ar joolbss ta sanb pbapob0 tebsb crb tatcooy ulprbkjgtciob. [ebrbdarb, teb puiojsebrs clk cutears gcllat tcmb rbspalsjijojty dar cly bddbgts dran bctjlf bctj lf cly wjok nuseraan.

[ejs bkjtjal puiojsebk iy Ebrnbs Eausb cl jnprjlt ad Cllbss Xuiojsejlf Cllbss Xuioj sejlf Ojnjtbk Ebrnbs Eausb 55-5: Iocgmdrjcrs Yack Oalkal WBo 5EC Coo rjfets rbsbrvbk. La pcrt ad tejs puiojgctjal ncy ib rbprakugbk, starbk jl c rbtrjbwk systbn, ar trclsnjttbk jl cly wcy ar iy cly nbcls, bobgtraljg, nbgecljgco, peatagapyjlf, rbgarkjlf ar atebrwjsb, wjteaut teb prjar wrjttbl pbrnjssjal ad teb gapyrjfet eaokbr. C GJX gctcoafub rbgark dar tejs iaam js cvcjociob dran teb Irjtjse Ojircry Xuiojsebr0 Xuiojseb r0 @ac @acllc llc Oarblz Xra`bgt Bkjtar0 Focrb Ljgeaosal Kbsjflbr0 Kbsjfl br0 Njgecbo Narby Jooustrctar0 Ckcn Cibo Jlkbxbr0 Cobx Garrjl

Xrbvjausoyp ypuiojs jsebk kc cs[ebL bLbwF wFujkbt btaN useraan s © Cllbss Xuiojsejlf Ojnjtbk 3::2, 3::4, 9888 3 7 2 6 :

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[eb k jddbrblt jddbrblt pcrt pcrtss a d nu seraan s

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Vebrb ta gaoobgt nuseraans

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J wcs jltrakugbk jltrakugbk ta wjok n useraans i y n y  

gcl ib cs cs praku gtjvb - ct obcst cs cs dcr dcr cs nu ser aan s  

frclkdcte frclk dctebr br we a w cs c dcrnbr dcrnbr jl La rdaom ,  

crb crb galgb galgbrlbk1 rlbk1 Nuse raan s crb alb a d teb dbw  

Blfoclk. Blfoc lk. Dran teb cfb a d daur J wa uok fa aut jl  

w jok trbcsurbs trbcsurbs cvcjociob lbcro lbcroy y coo teb ybcr raulk. 

teb djboks djboks wjte ejn ta gaoobgt lat al oy wect eb   kbsgrjibk cs djbok nusera ans, iut cosa kbsgrjibk cosa san b  

Bvbl al c grjsp grjsp wjlt br‚s kcy yau gcl djlk c  iauqubt a d sjovbr-frby sjovbr-frby aystbr nuseraan s ar teb 

wbjrk clk clk walkbrduo oaamjlf tackstaaos wejge J 

walkbrduo v bovbt seclm seclm fr awjlf aut a d c tr trbb bb 

teaufet wbrb p ajsalaus - teby gbrtcj gbrtcjloy loy oaambk  

stunp clk jt js js sa nu ge n arb sctjsdyjlf ta pjgm 

nblcgjlf ta c gejo gejok. k. E awb vbr, eb tcufet tcufet nb alb  

tebn ojmb tejs tecl dran c supbrncrmbt sebod. 

vbry faak obssal0 sa oalf cs yau gcl jkbltjdy  

Ibgcusb, Ibgcus b, a d gaur gaursb, sb, teb bxgjtbnblt bxgjtbnblt a d djlkjlf teb 

cisaoutboy cggurctboy cggurctboy wect ya u crb pjgmjlf y au  

nuseraans js goasboy daooawbk iy teb sctjsdcgtjal  

wjoo ib scdb. Dran tebsb bcr bcroy oy ibfjlljlfs  

a d gaamj gaamjlf lf tebn wjtejl eaur eaurss jd lat njlutbs njlutbs a d  

kbvboap bk c ojdbtjn b‚ b‚ss jltbrbst jltbrbst jl wjok nuse raan s.

tebjr ecrvbst.

[eb bxgjtbnbl t a d wcomjlf coalf c waakocl k  

Jkbltjdyjlf nuseraans, uttbroy bssbltjco  teau fe jt js, gc gcl l ib drustrctj drustrctjlf lf jd yau e cvb ta w ckb  

pcte jl jl teb cutunl, clk djlkjlf djlkjlf jl dralt a d yau   twa ar terbb pbrdbgtoy darnbk gbps js walkbrduo. 

 

Ku rjlf djdty ybcrs ybcrs cs c nu seraa n eultbr, J ecvb frckuctbk dran teb rboctjvboy gannal earsb clk   djbok nuseraans ta teb narb bxatjg gecltbrboobs   clk gbps. gbps. 3 cn stjoo bxgjtbk w ebl 3djlk teb djr djrst st  narbos a d teb sprjlf, ar teb ybcr‚s ybcr‚s djrst djrst pctge pctge a d  

teraufe eulkrbks eulkrbks a d jjoo ooustr ustrctj ctjals, als, ncly a d wejge   oaam teb scnb. scnb. [ ejs iaa m js kbsjflbk ta ncmb tect  tcsm bcsjb bcsjbr. r. Jt jooustrctbs jooustrctbs teb ibst a d teb bkjiob  nuseraa ns, cl clk k sa wjoo ebop ebop yau pjgm yaur wcy   wjsboy teraufe teb ybcr‚s nuseraans, cobrtjlf   yau lat aloy ta c sbcsal‚s trbcsurbs, iut cosa ta teb  

gecltbrboobs ejkkbl jl teb ob cd ojt ojttbr= tbr= a d gaursb, teb 

pajsal aus oaamcojmbs clk rbcooy rbcooy kbckoy dulfj tect tect 

narb bousjvb teb nuseraa n, ojmb teb teb ear earl l a d  

coo coo taa adtbl fra w coalfsj coalfsjkb kb jllagblt clk 

poblty ar teb wjltbr gecltbrboob, teb frbctbr teb   bxgjtbnblt. Jncfjlb teb uotjnctb trjunpe ad   djlkjlf ya ur djr djrst st truddob truddob - a d ibctjlf teb pjfs clk 

kbojgjaus nuseraans. [eb sbgtjal tect kbcos wjte   teb pajsal aus spbgjbs wjoo ebop jkbltjdjgctjal jkbltjdjgctjal clk clk  fjvb teb dcjlt-ebcrtbk dcjlt-ebcrtbk galdjkblgb ta tcmb tebjr tebjr 

squjrrbos ta tebn! Iut, cs wboo cs pravjkjlf  

djlks icgm icgm ta teb teb mjtg mjtgebl. ebl. Iu t ka daooa w teb ckvjgb 

bxgjtbnblt clk faak bctjlf, bctjlf, nuseraan s gcl ib 

fjv bl jl tejs fu jkb gcrbduooy. Jd gobcr gobcr jkbltjdjgctja l  

kclfbraus= garrbgt jkbltjdjgctjal js teb mby ta  

js lat passjiob passjiob dran tejs iaam, galsuot a atebr tebrss - teb 

suggbssd suggb ssduo uo n useraan gaoobgtjlf. gaoobgtjlf.

ijiojafrcpey ijioja frcpey ojst ojstss san b a d teb ibst. ibst. Clk   rbnbn ibr tect teb ibst ckvjgb a d c coo oo js js00 j d jl kauit  

[eb drujts, drujts, luts clk clk nuser aan s a d cutunl crb crb  aivjaus clk nast crb bcsy ta spat. Iut ecvb yau  

ka la t gaoobgt c nu seraa n clk lbvbr, lbvbr, bvbr, bct bct 

bvbr rbcojzbk tect teb wjltbr, sprjlf clk sunnbr

clytejlf yau gcllat jkbltjdy wjte gbrtcjlty.  Xbtbr @arkcl

 

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[eb tbrns nuseraans, tackstaaos clk dulfj (sjlfuocr dulfus) crb adtbl

Csganygbtbs

us1k oaasboy clk jltbrgeclfbcioy. Eawbvbr, tejs gcl ib njsobckjlf. [eb dulfj crb c vbry ocrfb fraup ad arfcljsns clk jlgoukb nauoks, ybcsts, nuseraans clk tackstaaos.  La lb a d tebs tebsbb arf arfcljs cljsns ns galt galtcjl cjl teb frbbl pjfnblt geoarapeyoo, sa teby gcllat ncmb tebjr awl daak iy teb  pragbss ml aw l cs peatasy pea tasylteb ltebsjs. sjs. Wa, coteaufe yau ncy blgaultbr sanb nuseraans wjte c kjstjlgtoy frbbljse tjlfb, lalb crb frbbl jl teb wcy tect c trbb ar c doawbrnf poclt js.

[e b gu gupp dul fj gjr gjrgo gobb seaws kbtcjo kbtcjoss a d teb sparb-ibcr sparb-ibcrjlf jlf surdcg surdcgb. b.

Nuseraans crb usucooy kbdjlbk cs teb bkjio bkjiob, b, s parb-prakugjlf iakjbs ad sanb dulfj. Jl galtrcst, teb tbrn tackstaao js gannaloy cppojbk ta teb sparb-prakugjlf iakjbs ad teasb dulfj tect crb lat aloy jlbkjiob iut ncy cosa ib ejfeoy kclfbraus. Dran tejs yau wjoo rbcojzb tect wejob teb tbrns dulfus clk dulfj ecvb c vbry prbgjsb sgjbltjdjg nbcljlf, nuseraan clk tackstaao ka lat. Jl tejs iaam nuse raan js usbk webtebr, ar lat, teb drujt iaky ad tect pcrtjguocr dulfus js bkjiob. Jt js usbk ta gavbr c ocrfb lunibr ad kjddbrblt typbs ad dulfj suge cs nuseraans, iaobtbs, ircgmbt dulfj, puddicoos clk gcp dulfj.

[uibr cbstjvun, teb sunnbr truddob,  cl bxcn pob a d cl csga csganygbtb nygbtb dulf  du lf us .

Icsjkjanygbtbs

[e bfjo obk nuser nuseraan aan gjrgo gjrgobb seaws teb blocr blocrfbnblt fbnblt a d tteb eb fjoo bkfb bkfb..

[eb dulfj jl tejs iaam kjvjkb jlta twa ncjl fraups0 teb Csganygbtbs clk teb Icsjkjanygbtbs. [eb Csga nygbtbs prakugb sparbs tect crb sprbck sprbck  iy teb wjl wjlk. k. Cn alf al f tejs fra fraup up crb ncly ad teb gup dulfj, jlgoukjlf teb gannal narbo clk Fyranjtrc bsgu-  obltc.   Ibgcusb teb wjlk sprbcks teb sparb ad ncly ad tebsb nuseraans, jt js warte rbnbnibrjlf webl yau djlk sanb narbos, dar bxcnpob, ta gebgm kawlwjlk clk yau wjoo conast

gbrtcjloy djlk sanb narb. 38

 

[eb sbgalk fraup, clk iy dcr teb ocrfbst cs dcr cs teb gaoobgtar js gal gbrlbk, js teb Icsjkjanygbtbs, wejge jlgoukbs teb ocrfb clk wboo-mlawl Cfcrjg clk Iaobtus dcnjojb dcnjojbs. s. [ebsb twa tw a dcnjojbs, jl dcgt, darn sui-kjvjsjals wjtejl teb fraup.

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C nuseraan ad teb Cfcrjg typb js jooustrctbk ebrb wjte teb vcrjaus pcrts gobcroy jkbltjdjbk. [ejs js c fjoobk nuseraan clk sanbtjnbs fraws dran cl bff-secpbk vaovco icf. Gcrb nust ib tcmbl webl kbcojlf wjte cly nuseraan tect fraws dran c vaovco  icf, ibgcusb tejs js eaw teb  C n c l j t c s ,   teb nas t kbckoy ad ccoo oo nus eraan spbgjbs, fraw.

Xc Xcrts rts ad teb Iaobtus-typb Iaobtus- typb dulfj

 B x c n p o b s a d t e b t w a t y p b s a d d u l f j w e j g e    d a r n s u i - k j v j s j a l s a d t e b I c s j k j a n y g b t b s . 

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[ e b u l j v b r s c o v b j o b l g ooa a s b s t e b w e a o b n u s e r a a n c l k t e b p c r t j c o v b j o g a v b r s tte eb fjoos.

 t e b n u s e r a a n f r a w s t e b u l j v b r s c o v b j o r u p t u r b s ta o b c v b c v a o v c c l k d r c f n b l t s a l t e b    g c p , c l k t e b p c r t j c o v b j o r u p t u r b s ta o b c v b c r j l f a l t e b s t b n .

C sbgalk sui-kjvjsjal js teb Iaobtbs. Jlstbck ad ecvjlf fjoos, nuse raans jl tejs fraup ecvb tuibs clk

nuseraans tect ecvb jrrbfuocr secpbs. C lunibr ad dulfj dcoo jlta tejs fraup, dar bxcnpob, teb ebkfb

 parbs wejge we jge vcry wjkboy wjk boy jl gaoaur. gaoau r. Iaobtbs, ojmb Cfcrjgs, crb dobsey clk kbgcy rbckjoy. [ejs sbpcrctbs tebn dran teb Xaoyparbs. Jt js jnpartclt ta latb tebjr gaoaur ibgcusb tejs gcl  ib c gobcr jlkjgctar jlkjgc tar a d teb nuse nu sera raan an s yau ecvb daulk. [eb gbp js teb ibstmlawl nbnibr ad tejs fraup. C tejrk fraup ad dulfj jooustrctbk jl tejs iaam js Cpeyooapearcobs. [ejs fraup jlgoukbs teb paoyparbs clk gecltbrboobs clk c lunibr ad atebr 

eaf dulfus, dulfus , w ejge, jlstbck ad fjoo fjoos, s, ecs tjly spjlbs dran wejge jt fbts jts lcnb. lcn b. Clatebr nbnibr a d teb fraup js teb gcuojdoawbr dulfus. Jt ncy oaam akk, iut jt js c walkbrduo djlk dran c guojlcry guojl cry pajlt ad vjbw. Ate br ul usuco typbs crb teb ibbdstbcm dulfus clk teb suopeur paoyparb ar gejgmbl ad teb waaks. Iate crb bxgbooblt dar gaamjlf cs wboo cs ibjlf qujtb spbg tcguocr webl yau blgaultbr tebn jl teb wjok.

G c u o j d o a w b r d r d u l f u s js c l b x c n p o b a d t e b    t e j r k n c ` a r f r a u p a d d u l f j , t e b  

 C p e y o o a p e a r c t b s .

[ e b e a r sb s b n u s e r a a n ( c i a v b ) c l k t eb e b gb gb p  p  (rjfet).

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Vebl gaoobgtjlf wjok nuseraans jt js jnpartclt ta galsjkbr gcrbduooy

jkbltjdjgctjal, pcrtjguocroy jd yau ecvb cly kauits ciaut teb spbgjnbls

Jl sanb spbgjbs teb stbns geclfb gaoaur qujtb krcnctjgcooy webl teby

wect jt js tect yau crb gaoobgtjlf. [eb nuseraan jtsbod gcl ib kjvjkbk jlta vcrjaus pcrts. Dran iate teb gaoobgt jlf clk guojlcry pajlts ad vjbw teb gcp ar drujt iaky js teb nast jnpar tclt pcrt. [eb secpb, sjzb clk gaoaur ad teb gcp gcl seaw trbnblkaus vcrjctjal wjtejl c spbgjbs, wejge js alb ad teb rbcsals wey nuseraans crb sa kjddjguot ta jkbltjdy cggurctboy. Jt js cosa jnpartclt ta latb webtebr teb gcp ecs fjoos ar parbs, wect teb gaoaurs ad tebsb crb clk webtebr teby

yau ecvb daulk. Jd yau crb lat surb wect jt js, gcrbduooy kjf aut teb nuseraan sa tect yau gcl sbb teb  icsb a d teb te b stbn. stbn . Jd tebr t ebrbb js cly sjfl ad c vaovco icf ecvb latejlf narb ta ka wjte teb nuseraan. Jlgjkbltcooy, wectbvbr teb nuseraan tect yau crb kjffjlf up pravbs ta ib, ka ib gcrb duo lat ta ka taa nuge kcncfb ta teb nygbojco terbcks tect gallbgt jt ta teb rbst ad teb ulkbrfraulk pcrt ad teb dulfus. [eb gaoaur ad teb nuseraan‚s

crb gut. [cmb latb ad cly suge geclfbs, ibgcusb teby gcl ib c rboj ciob jkbltjdjgctjal dbcturb jl gbrtcjl typbs typ bs a d nuseraan. Wparb prjlts crb cosa c faak nbcls ad jkbltjdyjlf nuseraans clk crb vbry bcsy ta ka. [cmb c gcp ar drujt  iak y a d c nc tur turbb spbgjn bl a d c nuseraan clk pocgb jt al iocgm ar wejtb pcpbr al tap ad c galtcjlbr, sa tect cjr gcl gjrguoctb craulk jt. Obcvb jl c wcrn pocgb dar up ta terbb kcys sa teb nuseraan sebks coo jts sparbs

crb grawkbk ar apbl. Wtbns gcl cosa vcry galsjkbrioy clk teby, taa, gcl adtbl ib cl jnpar tclt jlkjgctar ad prbgjsboy wejge nuseraan yau ecvb kjsgavbrbk. Kabs teb stbn ecvb c vbjo ar lat1 [eb  icsb a d teb stbn js c vjtco nbcls a d 

dobse js clatebr jnpartclt nbcls ad jkbltjdjgctjal. Lat aloy seauok yau oaam ct teb weaob nuseraan, yau seauok cosa gut jt teraufe jl grasssbgtjal. Wanb jnpartclt kbtcjos, suge cs webtebr teb stbn js eaooaw, gcl ad gaursb, aloy ib sbbl jl grass-sbgtjal.

clk yau wjoo ecvb c vbry gobcr sparb  prjlt.  prjl t. Jd yau ka la latt ml mlaw aw we wect ct

Bxcnpobs a d kjddbrblt secpb secpbss a d stbns stbns

gaoaur teb sparb wjoo ib, put kawl c  pjbgb a d iocgm pcpbr clk avbr avbrocy ocy pcrt ad jt wjte w ejtb pcpbr. [ ebl pocgb teb teb gcp sa tect jt js ecod al teb iocgm  pcpbr clk ec ecod od al teb wejtb. wejtb .

 

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Cowcys tcmb gcrb webl yau crb aut nuseraa n gaoo gaoobgt bgtjlf jlf tect yau ka lat trbspcss. Cowcys fbt teb pbrnjssjal ad teb oclkawlbr ibdarb yau fa al ta cly oclk tect js lat apbl ta teb  puiojg. Vebl yau crb nu se seraa raa n gaoobgtjlf ib gcrbduo ad teb surraulkjlf gaultrysjkb clk jts cljncos, atebrwjsb lat aloy wjoo yau saal fbt c ick rbputctjal, iut yau wjoo fjvb atebr gaoobgtars c sjnjocr rbputctjal webtebr teby kbsbrvb jt ar lat. Nast pbapob ojnjt tebjr nuseraan eultjlf ta nbckaws, iut tebsb ecvb suddbrbk dran ibjlf avbr blrjgebk wjte ljtrctbs, wejge ecvb kblukbk

wjte trbbs1 Vaaks, darbsts clk gapsbs crb teb' pocgbs webrb yau seauok rbcooy  ib oaam jlf dar n us usera eraan an s, iut aloy, ad gaursb, algb yau ecvb bstciojsebk yau wjoo lat ib trbspcssjlf. Bstciojsebk waaks clk darbsts galtcjljlf c wjkb vcrjbty ad spbgjbs  prav jkb teb vbry ibst pocgbs dar nuseraan gaoobgtjlf clk jt js jl suge crbcs crbcs tect teb v vcst cst n c`arjty a d sspbg pbgjbs jbs crb ta ib daulk. Ncly ad tebsb dulfj ecvb c synijatjg rboctjalsejp wjte trbbs clk tebjr raats, wjte sanb dulfj frawjlf aloy wjte c pcrtjguocr spbgjbs ad trbb, wejob atebr dulfj gcl  ib daulk jl cssagjctjal cssagjctjal wjte c lunib lunibrr

ncly prbvjausoy faak nuseraaneultjlf tbrrjtarj tbrrjtarjbs. bs. Jd yau w clt ta djlk nbckawoclk nuseraans jt js  ibst ta bxcnjlb bxcnj lb teasb nbck nbckaws aws clk ncrsebs tect ecvb ibbl trbctbk wjte lcturco arfcljg dbrtjojzbrs clk lat ljtrctbs. ljtrc tbs. Iut w ey rbstrjgt yaursbod ta ta nbckawoclk spbgjbs webl bjfety pbr gblt ad dulfj fraw jl cssagjctjal

ad kjddbrblt trbbs. Dar bxcnpob, ncly  iaobtbs fraw fr aw aloy wj te alb typb a d trbb suge cs teb spbgjbs ad W u j o o u s  wejge aloy fraw wjte galjdbrs, ar teb spbgjbs ad  O b g g j l u n   wejge crb vbry spbgjdjg=  O b g g j l u n v b rs j p b oo b   fraws wjte ijrge clk O.  c u rc l t j c g u n   wjte cspbl. Gecltbrboobs al teb atebr eclk gcl bddbgtjvboy fraw wjte ijrge.

 pjlb, acms ar bvbl ibbge trbbs. Wajo typb js cosa jnpartclt. Coteaufe ncly trbbs fraw al c vcrjbty ad sajos, yau wjoo djlk tect sanb dulfj wjoo aloy fraw wjte c pcrtjguocr trbb al c pcrtjguocr sajo, sajo, rctebr tecl cgra cgrass ss teb weaob rclfb ad sajos al wejge teb trbb fraws. Dar bxcnpob teb icy  iaobtuss fra  iaobtu fraws ws ulk br ibbge trbbs ar

ulkbr galjdbrs al cgjk sajos, clk teb  pcltebr  pcl tebr gcp fra fraws ws ulkbr ulk br ibbge trbbs al gecom.

3;

 

CIATB

[eb bcroy narljlf js prjnb 

 n u s e r a a n e u l t j l f t j n b . A X X A W J [ B  K a l a t rb st rj g t y a u r n u s e r a a n  

 e u l t j l f ta n b c k a w s c l k w a a k o c l k s 0   n c r s e b s c l k e b c t e o c l k gc l i b s u r p r j s j l f o y

 n c r s e b s c l k e b c t e o c l k gc l i b s u r p r j s j l f o y    p r a k u g t j v b t a a .

O B D [  N c l y n u s e r a a n s f r a w j l rj l f s ,  

 s a n b a d w e j g e r bc ge s b v b r c o n b t r b s w j k b .

 

3  L  [   Y 8   K R   g

[  3  a

 L 

Ve b l   t a   g a o o b g t   nu s e r a a ns

Nast pbapob cssagjctb nuseraans wjte teb cutunl, iut, jl dcgt, teby fraw teraufeaut teb ybcr. [eb sprjlf irjlfs narbos clk teb Wt Fbarfb‚s nuseraan G c o a g y i b    f c n i a s c .  [eb dcjry rjlf gecnpjflal,  N c r c s n j u s a r b c k b s ,   cosa cppbcrs qujtb bcroy jl teb ybcr. [eb djrst ad teb sunnbr nuseraans js usucooy teb djbok nuseraan,  C f c r jg u s g c n p b s t r j s .   Clatebr nuseraan ta cppbcr dcjroy bcroy jl sunnbr js teb gejgmbl ad teb waaks,  O c b tj p a r u s s u o p e u rb u s ,   jlkbbk jt adtbl gctgebs gaoobgtars ulcwcrbs wjte jts bcroy cppbcrclgb. Vebl, ar jlkbbk jd, tebrb js c spboo ad eat wbctebr, tebrb js usucooy ojttob ta ib daulk, iut tebsb galkjtjals crb, lbvbrtebobss, jnpartclt, ibgcusb teby ebop ebop teb nuse raan s‚ ulkbr fraulk nygbojco terbcks ta ncturb  ibdarb teb cutu cu tun n l‚s frbct iurst iu rst ad fraw te. Jd teb wbctebr jjss njok, teb cutunl gcl bxtblk jlta bcroy wjltbr. [eb djrst taugebs ad drast ncy ebrcok 

teb ganjlf a d wjltbr, iut teby gc gcl l adtbl irjlf bxgjtj bxgjtjlf lf djlks a d iate teb djbok iobwjt,  O b p j s t c s c b v c ,  clk teb waak iobwjt,  O b p j s t c l u k c .  Iate tebsb spbgjbs wjoo galtjlub ultjo teb wbctebr turls qujtb drasty. Vebl wjltbr tcmbs eaok, nast

 pbapob fjvb up clk `u `ust st oaam dar darwc wc rk ta teb lbxt nuseraan sbcsal. Iut kal‚t ib daaobk0 al njok wjltbr kcys fa aut sbcrgejlf clk yau wjoo ib surprjsbk ct wect yau djlk. Aystbr nuseraans,  X o b u r a t u s a s t r b c t j j s ,  wjoo galtjlub ta fraw conast rjfet teraufe teb wjltbr, tafbtebr wjte teb @bw‚s bcr,  C u r j g u o c r j c c u rj g u oc -   ` u k c b c ,  clk teb vbovbt seclm,  D o c n n u -   o j l c v b o u t j p b s.   Djlkjlf tebsb gcl ncmb c gaok wjltbr wcom trbnblkausoy bx gjtjlf, clk seaws tect bvbl jl teb kbpte ad wjltbr yau gcl bl`ay c kjse wjte jlfrbkjblts drbseoy pjgmbk dran djboks clk waaks. [eb nuseraan gaoobgtar‚s ybcr lbvbr blks clk bvbl webl yau‚rb lat cgtucooy eultjlf, cowcys ib al teb oaam-aut dar lbw spats. Rsb wjltbr wcoms ta bxcnjlb pcsturbs clk waakoclks tect yau ecvb lat ibbl ta  ibdarb, ta sbb jd teby fjvb cly c ly goubs cs ta wect teby crb ojmboy ta prakugb webl sprjlf ganbs cfcjl.

Jt ncy sbbn surprjsjlf, iut tjnb ad kcy js nast jnpartclt ta teb nuseraan gaoobgtar. [ejs js ibgcusb nuseraans fraw conast bxgousjvboy j4

 

J   L  [   Y

kurjlf teb eaurs ad kcrmlbss. Cs c rbsuot, teb ibst spbgjnbls crb pjgmbk webl teby crb drbse jl teb bcroy narljlf ibdarb teb rjsjlf tbnpbrcturb ad teb kcy ecs iraufet aut teb dojbs ta ocy tebjr bffs, sa fjvjlf rjsb ta ncffat jldbstctjal, ar teb cljncos ad teb waaks clk djboks ecvb eck tebjr pjgmjlfs ad teb teb av brljfet frawte, wejge gcl ib qujtb cnczjlf jl jts qucltjty. Jt js cosa warte rbvjsjtjlf c pocgb yau ecvb pjgmbk cdtbr twa ar terbb kcys, ibgcusb teb nuseraans wjoo usucooy ecvb rbfrawl. Gbps crb mlawl ta rbfraw ta c wbjfet ad ¥;  mjoa (3% oi) wjtejl twa ar terbb

kcys ad teb djrst frawte ecvjlf ibbl  pjgmbk  pjgmb k ‛cl ‛cl b la larn rnau auss rctb a d fra w te  iy cly stclkcrk. stclkc rk. Jt js usbduo ta mbbp c kjcry ad wect yau djlk, webl clk webrb yau daulk jt, clk wect teb gojnctjg galkjtjals wbrb, cs tejs wjoo fjvb yau c mby ta suisbqublt sbcsals clk ebop yau kbvboap c mlawobkfb clk ulkbrstclkjlf ad yaur oagco crbc. Latjlf gojnctjg galkjtjals js cosa jltbrbstjlf cs wboo cs usbduo. Faak dulfco frawte lbbks pbrjaks a d kcnp, iut cosa  pbrja ks a d kry clk gaok, cs teb nygb  pbrjaks nygbojco terbcks sbbn ta iblbdjt dran c kbfrbb ad strctjdjgctjal wejge, jl turl, fjvbs rjsb ta ibttbr drujtjlf, clk teus ta ibttbr gaoobgtjlf.

Gejgmbl a d teb teb waak waakss   fraws dran dra n octb sp sprjlf rjlf ttaa bcroy cut cutunl unl.. A X X A W J[ J[ B C I A T B

AXXAWJ[B IBOAV

Aystbr nuseraans  nuseraans 

8   K R 

g [  3  a  L 

galtjlub ta fraw teraufe teb wjltbr. [eb pajs pajsala alaus us Goj tag ye b   rjvuoasc cppbcrs jl sunnbr clk cutunl.

CIATB

OBD[

Vaak Iobwjts. 36

 

 /  L

E a w [A GA GAOO OOBG BG[ [ NRW RWEY EYAA AAN NW

[   Y

8  K R  g

[  3

a L

Tbry ojttob bqujpnblt js lbbkbk dar nuseraan gaoobgtjlf. [aufe aut

ta wbcr jl teb cutunl, cs teb kcys seartbl clk teb sul js oaw. Jt js bcsjbr

C secrp mljdb clk iruse crb cosa jnpartclt, teb mljdb ta gut teb

kaar goatebs clk c stralf pcjr ad  iaa ts crb bssbltjco clk yau seauok  iaats sea uok ncmb surb tect yaur `cgmbt ar clarcm ecs c pagmbt ocrfb blaufe ta gcrry c sncoo djbok fujkb. Jt js lat cl bxcf fbrctjal= sanb nuseraans crb `ust taa kclfbraus ta tcmb eanb. Zau ncy djlk c wjkb-irjnnbk ect usbduo

ta spat teasb jltbrbstjlf ojttob eunps clk iunps tect gauok wboo pravb ta  ib cl bxgjtjlf bxgjt jlf djlk jd yau crb lat ecvjlf ta seckb yaur bybs wjte yaur eclk coo teb tjnb. Alb ar tw a icsmbts icsmbts crb, a d gaur gaursb, sb, bssbltjco. [eby seauok ib ojfet, bcsy ta gcrry clk lat taa apbl jl wbcvb.

nuseraan‚s stbn teraufe gobcloy clk teb iruse ta rbnavb aivjaus kjrt clk kbirjs suge cs pjlb lbbkobs clk obcd ojttbr. Gobcljlf y yaur aur spbgjnbls cs yau pjgm tebn wjoo nbcl tebrb js obss ta ka webl yau fbt eanb. Wbvbr co paoyteblb icfs ar kjspasciob foavbs crb cosa bssbltjco jtbns ta tcmb

j5

 

J

L  [  Y 8  AXXAWJ[B

K 

Ybsuots 

R 

a d c suggb suggbss ss  du o na narl rljlf jlf ‚s  nuseraan  gaoobgtjlf.

g [  3

a L 

YJFE[  C sbobgt jal  

a d eclk-nc eclk-nckb kb  icsmbts. gc l p u t te b sb a v b r

t er a u f e j t s s t bn r ct ebr t ecl k j f j t u p .

 y a u r e c l k s w e b l e c l k oj l f c l y sp b g j-

 V e jo b jt js p a s s ji ob ta u s b te b st b n s

nbls ciaut wejge yau crb kauitduo.

a d n u s e r a a n s s u g e c s gb gb p s c l k g e c l -

 w jt e y a u . Z a u

K al ‚t darf fbb t ta ta t e r a w t e b n c w c y c d tb t b r y a u e c v b u s b k t e bn bn . C p c g m b t a d t j s ssu u bs a r c go a t e w j o o co sa sa i b u s bdu o

IBOAV  C fa ak ml jdb js cl bssb bssbltj ltjco co pc pcrt rt a d  

cly nuseraan gaoobgtar‚ gaoobgtar‚ss bqujpnblt. [w a   a d teb mljvbs kauiob up cs c iruse cs wboo.

t br bo obs obs , t ebr b j s c k cl f br a d k j s t u r i j l f t e b n y g b o j c o t e r b c k s j d t e b b l tj tj rb rb n useraan

js

rb rb n a v b k

dran

t eb eb

cs yaur eclks gcl fbt qujtb kjrty.

fraulk. [eb aloy passjiob bxgbptjal

 Z a u

t a te te j s r u oobb js js j d y a u c r b g a l d r a l t b k i y

w j oo

c os a l b b k t e b n

 y a u r m l jd b , cs y a u s e a u ok

ta

g ob cl

g ob cl

jt

bcge tjnb yau usb jt.

n u s e r a a n . [ e b l k j f jt jt up up w j t e y a u r

[ e b d j l c o jt jt b n a d b q u j p n b l t j s c faak

stralf

stjgm

ar

 w e c t y a u te jl m n c y i b c p a js a l a u s

s t jg jg m , i b j l f g c r b d u o l a t t a k c n c f b j tt..

teunistjgm.

J d te te b r b jjss c l y t e j l f t e c t o a a m s b v b l

 Z a u gc l u sb jt ta p c rt i rc g m b l c l k

rbnatboy ojmb c vaovco icf ct teb icsb

ul kb rfra w te

a d t e b s tb tb n , o b c v b t e b w e a o b s p b g j -

ta

sb b

jd

cly

n u s e r a a n s c r b e j k k b l t e b rb rb . J t w j o o i b e c l k y t a ttu u r l a v b r c l y s p b g jjn nbls

nbl vbry wboo coalb. E cvjlf

gut teraufe

te ebb

nuse-

 y a u n c y l a t w j s e ta ta u g e , cs w b oo cs

r a a n ‚ s s t b n , w j p b a r i r u s e g oobb c l te te b

i bj lf

aut

nuseraan ibdarb puttjlf jt jl yaur

spbgjnbls sa tect yau gcl gebgm jd

i cs m bt . C s t eb i cs m bt s t cr t s t a dj o o u p ,

teby ecvb vaovco icfs ar lat.

c oc oc y b r a d i rc rc g m b l d r a l k s w j oo oo p r b v b l t

u s bdu o

 V e b l

cs

yau

c

taao

dj l k

ta

kjf

c s p b g jn b l

te c t

teb

 y a u w c l t ta g a oo b g t, jt js i b s t ta gu t

iattan

nuseraans

dran

ib-

ganjlf kcncfbk.

3:

 

J L 

Wt a r jl f   n u s e r a a n s

[ 

Y 8  K 

[ e b r b c r b g b r t c jjl l tjnbs a d teb ybcr

o cyj lf t ebn a l nu s E l ttrr cys j l t eb s u ul l

tclt

R 

 w e b l n u s e r a a n s f r a w jl f r b c t p r a -

gcl i b q u j t b s u ddj gj blt . J l ga a o br , o bs s

nuseraans

du s j a l . J t j s j n p a r t clt , t e br bda r b, t a

sully

ib

 w b oo e c v b g r b b p y  g r c w oj b s e jk jl f jl -

djlk wc ys ta prbsbrvb tejs ciulkcl gb

krjbk al apbl trcys jl c wcrn starb,

s jjk k b s a p c r t jc jc o oy oy k r y t e b n s a n b w e b r b

dar

cjrjlf

wjlkaw

ibdarb eclfjlf tebn jl yaur mjtgebl.

raan s fraw . Xrbsbrvjlf daak js cs

obkfbs. Jt js jnpartclt ta rbnbnibr

[ejs wjoo prbvblt cly wjokojdb krap-

a o k c s t jn jn b

ibdarb

t e ct ct t eb eb n u s e r a a n s n u s t i b k rj r j bk bk

pjlf

rbdrjfbrctars, scotjlf clk kryjlf wbrb

t e a r a u f e o y , w e j g e n c y t c m b s b v b rrcc o

nuseraans

usbk

kcys clk wejob kryjlf js jl prafrbss

t ebn a l c s ebbt clk p j gm t eb j lk j -

ta

c l j l tb tb l s b n u s e r a a n y s n b o o w j oo oo p b r -

 v jk u c o s p b g jn b l s a v b r i b da rb p oc g jl f

starb nuseraans clk sanb spbgjbs

 v c k b w e b r b v b r y a u c rb k r y jl f te b n .

tebn jl cjrtjfet galtcjlbrs dar star-

c r b n a r b s u j ttbb k t a c g b rrtt c jjl l typb a d

J l r bgblt ybcr s , dr u j t k r ybr s clk

cfb. K al ‚t wcstb cly paw kbr te ecc t

Jldarn c-

kryjlf ncgejlbs ecvb ibganb cvcjo

n c y r b n c j l a l t e b s e b b tt,, j t g ccl l ib

tjal cs ta teb nast sujtciob nbteak

c i o b . W a n b g c l t c m b u p t a tb tb l t rrcc y s

starbk sbpcrctboy clk usbk ta docvaur

da r bcge s p bgj bs j s f j v bl j l t eb r bo b-

clk crb gcpciob a d kry jlf

saups clk stbws.

 v c l t b l t r y .

q u c l t jt jt y a d w j ok ok

g [ 

3 a L 

teasb

cs

tjnbs

webl

dbw

jtsbod clk oalf

nb teaks

ad

prbsbrvctjal.

[ebrb crb ncly kjddbrblt

prbsbrvctjal

nuse-

tecl atebrs.

wcys

 V e c t b v b r n b t e a k a d s t a r c f b y a u

rbfjals,

nuseraans

gupiacrk

al

c ocrfb

n useraans

jlta

K rjbk

suge

cs

yaur crb

ea w bvb r, narbos

daak. kry,

te ecc t gauok

Vebl

gcrbduooy

n useraan s

g cl cl

ib

teb ocy

us u s bk bk

strcjfet jl saups clk stbws, iut dar

crb fajlf ta usb, jt js jnpartclt ta

c k v c l t c f b a d te te j s jjss t e c t jjtt p r b v b l t s

a t ebr k j s ebs j t j s i bs t t a r bga ls t j t u t b

s b oobb g t tte eb vb ry

t eb eb

ad

t e b n j l o u m b w c r n w c t b r d a r c r au au l k

ib

n useraan s dar kcys cdtbrwcrks, cl lk k

t w b l t y n j l u t b s . K a l a t u sb s b i a j oj oj l f

gcr bdu o t a nc m b s u r b t ect t eby cr b

 y a u gc l c os a i b ta tc oo y g a l dj k b l t te ct

 w c t b r cs

g a n p o b t b oy oy d r b b a d n c f f a t s c l k a t e b r

 y a u r k rj b k n u s e r a a n s c rb g a n p ob tb -

d oocc v a u r .

jlsbgts ibgcusb tebrb js latejlf warsb

o y d r b b a d n a j s t u r b . V j te te t e j s c g g b oobb r -

ecvb ibbl rbgalstjtutbk gcl ib usbk

 w e b l

rb g a l s tj t u tj l f

n u se -

c t b k d a r n a d k r y j l f j t jjss p a s s j i o b ta ta

cs stagm ar ta ncmb frcvy, iut, ib-

raans

ta

ncffats

kry bvbl secffy jlm gcps, sa oalf cs

darb yau ka sa, paur jt teraufe c

doactjlf al teb tap a d teb w ctbr jl

 y a u

s p b g jn b l s.

sjbvb ta rbnavb cly bxtrclbaus nct-

 w e jg e te b y c rb i b jl f rb g a l s tj tu tb k .

Arkjlcry kryjlf nbteaks crb nuge

t b r a r f r j t t e cctt n j f e t e c v b i b b l g a l -

 C os a n c m b s u rb te b rb c rb l a t w j f s ,

taa soaw

tcjlbk wjtejl teb nuseraans.

obcvbs ar atebr kbirjs cnalf tebn.

jlta cl jlmy nbss clk praicioy rujl

raans

yau

ecvb

djlk

gaoobgtbk.

yau

k rj b k ecvb

Ka

we aob

u sb

sbvbrco

vbry

rbn bn ibr,

eaurs. [eb

ibst ad teb nuse -

bddbgtjvboy avbr

clk

gcl

ta

eausb

vbry

yaul f

sn s n b o oj oj l f

c l k t e b y w a u o k g a o oc oc p s b

te js [e b

w j oo w ctbr

jn p c jr jl jl

te b dj l c o

wejge

teby

C l c ot b r l c tj v b ta k r y j l f , js dr b b z -

obcvbs ar atebr kbirjs cnalf tebn.

 C l c ot b r l c tj v b ta k r y j l f , js dr b b z

K r y j l f p r b s b rrvv b s t e b d o c v a u r c l k gaoaur qujtb wboo, coteaufe uldartulctboy jt adtbl kbstrays teb secpb a d

cly atebr nuseraans kryjlf wjte tebn.

yau

 C l a t e b r b d d b g t jv b w c y

wbrb

jlf. Xbrecps surprjsjlfoy, tejs js lat c v b r y f a a k n b t e a k a d p r b s b rv rv jl jl f

a d k r y jl f

n u s e r a a n s . D a r i b st st rb rb s u oott s , n c m b

sbvbrco

n u s e r a a n s js js ta ta t e rb rb c k t e b n w j t e c

up teb n use raan

n b t e a k s a d k r y j l f . J l w c r n b r g oj oj -

lbbkob clk gattal clk eclf tebn up

drbbzb teb djljsebk kjse ar ncmb up

nctbs, sojgjlf teb nuseraans clk

j l s t r jlf jlf s j l t eb m j t gebl. J t j s jn jn p a r 

n use raan

teb

nuseraan.

[ebrb

crb

k j s e b s c l k t e bl bl

i u t t b rr.. [ a k a t e jjss , s oojj ggbb

98

 

J

L  [  Y 8 

YJFE[  N useus e-

K 

raans tect ecvb   ibbl krjbk clk    pr  prbsb bsb rv rvbk bk da  da r   octbr usb.

R  g [  3

a L 

AXXAWJ[B DCY OBD[ CLK NJKKOB Jt js

bssbltjco ta iruse  clk w jpb gobc gobcl l  nuseraans ibdarb   teby crb krjbk ar   starbk. AXXAWJ[B LBCY YJFE[

 C nus nuseraa eraa n krjbr. ta

r a a n s jjl l t ej ej s w c y y a u w j o o b v b l t u c o -

Algb teb sbcos ecvb ibbl irambl,

n bo t bk i u t t br clk dr bbzb t eb r bs u o t .

o y e c v b c ooa a t a d sb sb c s a l bbk k `ujgb clk

u s b te te b g a l t b l t s d c j r o y q u j g m o y . C l k j t

Xrbsbrvbk

 y a u w j oo l a t l b b k ta u sb sc ot jl c l y

j s c f a a k j kbc t a m bbp t eb ga lt cj lbr j l

kjse yau nuseraans.

teb drjkfb wejob yau crb kajlf sa. Bvbl webl yau ecvb djljsebk teb

 y a u r

n u se ra a n s,

ojmb

tejs

ck k

yau

te b n

ecvb

teb

n u s e r a a n s c l k t e b i u t tb tb r d a r u s b  w jt e sc u g b s , ta d oc v a u r v c r ja u s k js e b s c l k t a c k k t a y a u r n b c t a r d jjss e k j s e b s cs c tappjlf.

N useraa n s

ncmb g cl cl

usjlf ib

scotbk

p jg jg m o b k

jl jl

nuseraans, teb ajo

ar

vjlbfcr

jl

bjtebr ajo ar faak vjlbfcr. Jt js nast

 w e jg e

aokbst

j n p a r t c l t w e b l u s j l f t ej ej s n b t e a k t a

n c m b c w a l k b r d u o k r b s s jl jl f . J d y a u

nbteaks a d prbsbrvjlf daak. Jt w arms

g o bbcc l te te b n u s e r a a n s w b o o c l k te te b l

prbsbrvb

bxtrbnboy wboo dar nuseraans. [eb

i o cl cl g e

 y a u

n a s t j n p a r t c l t t e j l f t a rrbb n b n i b r js js

tebn wjte vjlbfcr, rbnbnibr tect

bvbrytejlf yau usb. Zau gcl'ka tejs

t a e c v b go go bbcc l , d rrbb s e n u s e r a a n s . [ e b

t eb i bt t br t eb vj lbf cr , t eb i bt t br t eb

iy

q u cl t j t jjbs bs r bq u j r bk cr b a lb p cr t s co cott t a

r bs u o t s wj o o i b, s a j t j s la t w a r t e

iajojlf wctbr, ar iy usjlf c stbrjojz-

t e r b b p c r ttss n u s e r a a n s . J t j s j n p a r -

p u t tj t j l f f a a k n u s e r a a n s jjl l j l d b rj rj a r

j l f s a o u tj t j a l . I a j o jl j l f w c t b r js js p r a i -

t c l t ta ta o c y b r t e b n u s e r a a n s c l k s c ot ot

 v jl b f c r . [ e b s c n b c p p oj b s j d y a u c rb

cioy ibst cs tebrb js cowcys c kclfbr

Wcotjlf

js

alb

ad

te te b

tebn .

J d yau

c rb rb

p j g m o jjl lf

te by

ecvb

i bb l

nuseraans

n u st

iy

rb n bn i b r

jnn brsjlf

s ta rb k

coo ya ur

w j oo

pjgmojlf,

ta

s tb rj oj z b

u t b l s j os os

jl jl

co t br lct bo y, clk n cm b s u r b t eb dj lco

p j g m o j l f n u s e r a a n s j l a j oo.. J t j s c ooss a c

tect

o c y b r a d n u s e r a a n s js j s g a n p o b t b oy oy g a v b r b k w j t e s ccoo t. t. R s b g a l t c j l b rs rs

faak jkbc ta put pbppbrgarls clk e c o d c k a z b l g o a v b s a d f c r o j g jl jl t a b c g e

c d d b g t te te b t c s ttbb a d t e b n u s e r a a n s . Ybnbnibr, taa, ta mbbp c wctgeduo

ga r r a kb.

 ` c r , t a f b te b r w jt e t w a a r te rb b i c y

byb al yaur pjgmobk nuseraans dar

 C ot e a u f e c s tb rj oj z b k `c r js i b s t, y a u

o b c v b s . N c m b s u r b tte e b g a l t c jjl lbrs yau

c l y s j f l a d n a u o k j l b s s . J d t e b rb rb js js ,

gauok cosa usb paoyteblb jgbgrbcn

usb ecvb c faak sbco, clk webl teby

kjsgcrk teb tap dbw nuseraans clk

galtcjlbrs. Vebl prbsbrvjlf nuse-

cr b dj o o bk, s bco t j f et o y.

u s b t eb r bs t dcj r o y q u j gm o y.

t ect

t eb

s co t

wj o o

la t

t e b s t b rj rj oj oj z j l f

saoutjal

n jfet

93

 

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J l

t r

a

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g t j a

l

K J 

Й O

[ ej s s bgt j a l j o o u s t r ct bs clk kbs gr j i bs

 w jt e jl te b s c n b sp b gj bs . N c l y sp bg jb s

n u s e r a a n s j s t a f a a l c d a r c y o bk bk i y

t e b i b st st a d t e b b k j i ob ob n u s e r a a n s t e c t

ecvb pajsalaus oaamcojmbs, w ejge crb

cl bxpbrt. L at aloy w joo yau ecvb

f r a w j l a u r d jb jb o k s c l k w a a k s . [ e b r b

cosa nbltjalbk ebrb. [cmb pcrtjguocr

teb geclgb ta

qubstjal teb bxpbrt

 N

crb jl dcgt avbr c teausclk bkjiob

g c r b w j t e s u g e n u s e r a a n s . J t j s c o ssa a

c i a u t te te b oa oa g c t j a l , t y p b c l k s j zb zb a d

R 

spbgjbs clk iut aloy c sncoo pra-

bs s blt j co t ect ya u lbvbr p j gm j n n ct u r b

t eb vcr j a u s n u s er a a n s  t ect ya u dj lk,

W

p a r t j a l a d tte ebsb crb prjzbk dar tebjr

s p b g jn jn b l s , i b g c u s b a l o y w j t e n c t u r b

i u t , c t te te b b l k a d tte eb darcy, ya u w joo

E 

docvaur

s p b g jn jn b l s

ecvb c geclgb ta bxcnjlb wect bvbry-

Y

iaky bosb ecs daulk clk ecvb tebn

М

clk

j k b l t j dj dj b k i y t e b b x p b r t . J l tte ejs wc y

М

Iaobtus ickjus,  

bvbl bkjiob albs gcl gcusb stancge

 y a u w j oo e c v b cl a p p a r t u l jt y ta sb b

П

n a r b o s  N ar ge bo oc k c tc   c l k bsguobltc, 

u p s bt bt s. s. W a n b p b a p o b s bb bb n n a r b p r a l b

dcr narb spbgjbs tecl yau wauok jd

Gcltebrboous kicrjus   c l k

t a t ebs b t ecl a t ebr s , s a i b gcr bdu o j d

 y a u e c k ` u s t f a l b a u t g a oo b g t jl f a l

 y a u

 y a u r a w l .

clk

tbxturb,

clk

coteaufe

p br s a lco t cs t b wj o o vcr y n cly ga ls j kbr t eb dj lbs t t a j lgo u kb t eb gbp Iaobtus  

bkuojs,   i c y geclt br bo o b

iaobtus

g e jg jg m b l a d tte e b w a a k s Ocbtjparus suo-

 pe u ra u s.  [ a b l c i o b j k b l t j d j g c t j a l b c g e

gcl yau

ib surb ad cl

cggu r ct b j kblt j dj gct j a l. N usera an s

c rb

crb

s b r v jl f

qu q u j ttbb

r jjgg e

c n u se raa n

k js e

t a f u bs t s .

Darcys crb rul iy ncly arfcljz-

b l t r y e c s c k b s g r jp jp t j a l a d t e b n u s e -

 C ot e a u f e s a n b n u s e r a a n s gc l i b

c t ja ja l s , j l g o u k j l f n y g a o a f j g c o s a g j -

r a a n j l q u b s tj tj a l , j l d a r n c t j a l a l j ts ts

bctbl rcw, atebrs nust ib gaambk

bt j bs , o a gco lct u r co j s t s t r u s t s clk o a gco

e c i jt j t c t c lk lk s b c s a l a d f r a w t e , c s w b o o

d jjrr st s t . C n a l f t e jjss f r a u p c r b e a l b y

bxpbrts we a arfcljzb tebn al cl ck

cs ejlts al starcfb clk gaamjlf prb-

d u l f u s  C rn joo cr jc n bo ob obc, c,   w a a k i o b 

ea g i cs j s . Kbt cj o s a d da r cys gcl u s u co oy oy

pcrctjal dar webl yau rbturl eanb.

 w jt Obpjstc lukc,   d j b o k i o b w j t Obpjstc  

ib daulk jl yaur oagco ojircry clk

scbvc,   c l k t e b n a r b o s  N ar ge bo oc k c t c  

t e b y n c y c o s a i b c k v b r t j s b k jjl l teb

 C s

yau

ob c rl

ciaut

n u se raan s

bsguobltc.   [ e b s b c o o

 y a u w j oo i b g a n b n a r b rb s p b g td u o a d

clk

t e b r u ob ob s a d j k b l t j dj dj g c t ja ja l . L a n u s e -

sncoo

r a a n o a a m s b x c g t o y o jm jm b c l a t e b r , cl cl k

rbnavbk iy gaamjlf.

sanbtjnbs teb kjddbrblgbs crb frbct

cnault

a d p a j sa sa l

galtcjl

c

we jge js

A l b a d tte e b i b st st w c y s t a oobb c rl rl c i a u t

oagco pcpbr. Bl`ay yaur nuseraan gaoobgtjlf, iut kal‚t tcmb cly rjsms wjte nuser a a n s y a u g c l l a t j k b l t j dy dy .

B

s

OBD[ Djbok iobwjt,   Obpjstc scbvc. XYBTJARW XCFB Ibbdstbcmdulfus,   Djstuojlc Djstuoj lc ebpãtjgc.  Cot ea eauf uf e tebs tebsbb 

AXXAWJ[B  C  Cn n btey bt ey st‚ st ‚s kb kbgbj gbj vbr, vbr ,   Ocggcrjc cn gt eys t bc, js c tcsty nuseraan tect ecs  

nuseraans crb usucooy daul k ct teb icsb a d   nuseraans trbb trulms teby gcl fraw ejfe up al teb   irclgebs.

c oalf sbcsal dra n octb sunnbr ta bcroy  wjltbr.

92

 

£

 Cfcr  Cf cr jg us crvb cr vbls lsjs js

K J 

E

a r

s b

  N

u s e r a

a n

I

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[ e j s j s a l b a d t e b o c r f b r v c r jjbb t j b s a d  N 

n u s e r a a n . J t j s q u j ttbb n b c t y jl jl t b x -

R 

t u r b clk ecs c v br y k j s t j lgt j v b clj s bbk

W

snboo.

E 

pjgmbk webl teby crb yaulf ibgcusb

Y

lat aloy crb teby saal cttcgmbk iy

A

n cffa ts, iut cosa te tebb dobse dobse ibganbs kcrm

A

irawl wjte cfb clk wjoo turl cly

 N

g a a m b k k j se se n u k k y i r a w l j l gga aoaur.

Earsb

nuseraans

crb

ibst

s

 ncturb fjoos    turl kcrm irawl,   jnncturb jnnct urb fjoos crb pjlmjse

 rjlf stjo o cttcgebk    ta gcp ncrfjl

94

 

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K J  I O

B  N  T  s E  Y a a  N

s ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL WBCWAL

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK

u p j l t eb s cnb dj bo k s y bcr cdt br y bcr ,

Earsb nuseraans dcvaur frcssoclk

GAAMJLF EJL[W

sa ecvjlf algb daulk c faak frawte mbbp wctgejlf jl duturb ybcrs.

cl k pcs t u r b, pcr t j gu o cr o y , cs t eb l cnb suffbsts, tect webrb gcttob ar earsbs

[ebsb nuseraans ncmb walkbrduo n bcos, pravjkbk , a d gaursb, tect teby

ecvb

crb

crb lat jldbstbk wjte ncffats. Yb-

a d t b l f a a k p o c g b s ta ta ooa aam . [ eb sbcsal

n b n i b r , t a a , j d y a u c r b u s j l f a ook kbr

 V e b l y a u d jl k a l b oj m b te js , g e b g m jt

js dran

oocc t b

spbgjnbls webl teb dobse ecs turlbk

pcr t j gu o cr o y gcr bdu o o y t a bl s u r b t ect j t

c u t u n l c l k t e b y a d t b l f r a w j l q u j ttbb

kcrm irawl, tect teby wjoo geclfb

j s l at , j l dcgt , t eb y b o o aw

o cr fb r j l fs .

t e b g a o a u r a d y a u r k j sse e.

[ebsb nuseraans tblk ta ganb

[eb

earsb

 y b o o a w j s e

nuseraan

n c r m jl f s

adtbl

ecs

te b

gcp.

al

Wt cj cjl l br ,

 C f cr jg u s x cl te ak br n u s,   w e j g e

frczbk.

Gecom

n jksun n br

nbckaws tta a

q u j tb tb

wjoo  C IA TB [eb ybooaw Wtcjlbr.

n c m b y a u v b r y j o o j d y a u b c t j t. t. [ e j s

W[AYCFB

n u s e r a a n j s k b ccoo t w j t e j l k b t c jo jo jl jl

[ e b s b n u s e r a a n s k r y w b o oo,, i u t j t j s

t e b s b g tj tj a l a l p a j s a l a u s n u s e r a a n s

jnpartclt ta gebgm tearaufeoy tect

s a y a u g c l ga ga n p c r b te te b t w a . R l o j m b

t e b y c r b n c f f a t d r b b . W o j g b c lk lk t e b l

teb

kry bjtebr wjte a pbl krjbrs ar wjte cl

IBOAV [eb ncturb gcp ncy turl ircssy 

bobgtrjg krjbr.

ybooaw wjte cfb ar web webl l wbt.

yb ooa w

nuseraan

Wtcjlbr,

kabs

lat

teb

earsb

gaoaur

webl

prbssbk ar gut= teb ybooaw gaoaurjlf i d t eb gcp j s jt jt s l ct u r co gao au r . J K B L [ J D J GC [ J A L

[eb

gcp

gcl

ib

dran

3892

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( ; : % j l) l) cgr as s . Jt j s k an bk ct ddjj r s t , iut

bvbltucooy

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ta

c

duooy

galvbx secpb. Jt js wejtb iut ybooaws  w jt e c f b . [ e b s tb n js 5‛38 5‛38 g n ( 7  ; j l ) cl k ecs c o cr fb k au io b r j l f. Jt

 CI AT B O BD [ [eb earsb nuseraan prbdbrs  

apbl nbckaws clk waakoclk bkfbs.

ncy ibganb eaooaw wjte cfb. [eb fj o o s , wej ge cr b wej t b ct dj r s t , t u r l c kbojgctb irawl

pjlm jl

clk

ncturb

bvbltucooy

kcrm

spbgjnbls.

[eb

do bs e j s t ej gm cl k wej t b iu t k cr m bl s  w jt e

cfb clk

gc l

i b g a n b c oj tt ob

 w a a o o y o a w b r k a w l te b st b n . Jt e c s c k j s tj tj l g t s n b o o a d c l j sb sb b k . [ e b s p a r b prjlt js kcrm irawl. 96

 

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K

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I O B   N

[eb prjlgb js c faak nuseraan ta dj lk , la t a lo y k a bs j t o a a m ct t r cgt j v b,

a d d  w e j t b w j t e s n c o o ssgg c o bs bs c l k c ocrfb doappy rjlf. [eb fjoos crb add

spbgjnbls ibdarb sojgjlf clk kryjlf t e b n j l t e b u s u c o w c y . [ e j s js js c f a a k

R

j t c o sa sa e c s c o a v b o y d o c v a u r c l k n c m b s

 w e jt b ct dj r s t , tu r l jl f k c r m i r a w l

nuseraan ta starb dar wjltbr usb cs

s

bxgbooblt bctjlf. [ebsb nuseraans

 w jt e c f b . [ e b do b se js t e jg m , w e jt b

j t e c s c l jl jl t b l s j t y a d d o c v a u r w e j g e

E 

tblk ta fra w jl kbgjkuaus clk gal-

clk snboos nuseraany. [eb sparb

 w j oo b l e c l g b c l y n u s e r a a n k js e .

Y

j db db r a u s

prjlt js irawl.

a

r ct ebr t ecl r j lfs .

w aak oclk,

clk

jjl l

gounps

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

GAAMJLF EJL[W

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[eb prjlgb fraws ncjloy jl galjdbr-

 C

[e b gcp j s 3 8 9 2 gn ( ;: % j l) l) cgra cgra s s .

aus clk kbgjkuaus waaks, adtbl jl

o j t t o b pr bpcr ct j a l. [eb s t bn t blk s t a

Iu t t a ls ecpbk ct dj r s t , j t a pbls t a c

gounps. [eb sbcsal js octb sunnbr ta

ib q u j t b dj ir a u s , s a j s ibs t k j s gcr k bk .

g a l v b x d a r n c l k jjss a d t b l jjrr r b f u o c r jjl l

octb cutunl.

[eb gcp kabs lat lbbk pbbojlf, `ust

a  N

s

s ecpb. Jt j s o j fet i r a wl j l ga o a u r clk e cs cs g o b c rroo y n c r m b k r jl jl f s a d i r a w l

W[AYCFB

 C s

[ e b st s t b n js js

ocrfb,

gn (; 6%

j l ))..

te ct l b b k s v b r y

 w jp b oj f e t oy w jt e c k c n p g oa te i b -

dj i r a u s s gco bs ` a j l j lf j l t eb gblt rrb. b. 389 8

l jg b n u s e r a a n

te b sb

darb sojgjlf. [eb prjlgb ncmbs n u se raan s

ncmb

surb

yau

f ra w

d c jr oy

bxtrbn boy

ecvb

faak

o bt t bs , i u t j s co s a lj gb a l j t s a wl.

faak

c k k j t ja ja l

gcp surdcgb  c o w c y s w j te te

 

 @ o c tt b l g k s g c ob s

 CI AT B [eb prjlgb js usucooy    da u l k ct teb bkfbs a d waak s,  

oc r f b d o a p p y rjlf

 

ta

cl

anb-

gobcrjlfs arpctesjkbs, rcrboy   vbry vbry dcr dcr dr  dr an trbbs.

ts t b n u s u c o oy oy   s t r a l f o y s g c oy oy

95

 

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 Cf cr jg us ejs ejspar parus us

J  Й O E 

 C fc rj rjgu gu s ij sp spar ar us   s nbo o s cl k t cs t bs

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

 v b r y s jn jo c r ta te b dj b ok n u s e r a a n .

J t f r a w s a l g a n p a s t e b c p s , jjl l fcr-

 N

Jt j s ibo j bv bk t a i b t eb s pbgj bs dr an

kbl wcstb clk ibsjkb racks, aggc-

R 

 w e jg e n a s t a d t e b g u ot jv c tb k v c rj b tj b s

sjalcooy al teb bkfbs a d ebkfbs clk

s

gan b.

s nco o po cl t ct j al s , iu t v br y r cr bo y j l

E 

fr cs s . [eb s bcs al j s q u j t b bcr o y j l t eb

Y

sprjlf teraufe ta octb cutunl.

М

Jt

gc gc l

fraw

jl qujtb ocrfb

q u c l t j tj tj b s c l k js js n a s t o y d a u l k

al

 w c s t b f r a u l k c l k g a n p a s t e b c p s. Jt js qujtb gannal.

М W[AYCFB

 п

J K B L [ J D J GC [ J A L

[ejs

nuseraan tblks

ta ib qujtb

[ e b g c p js js 2  3 8 g n ( 9  ; jjl l ) c g ra ra s s ,

sncoo clk krjbs wboo, bjtebr weaob ar

i u t t a l  se se c p b k i b d a r b a p b l j l f c o n a s t

gu t . Jt js js du o o a d do cv au r .

d oc oc t . J t j s w e j t jjss e t a n j k  i r a w l j l gaoaur wjte docmy sgcobs. [eb stbn js 7  2 g n ( j ' / ; -9   j l ) cl k wej t b, wj t e c kjstjlgt rjlf iboaw teb gcp. Jt ecs pjlm fjoos wejge ibganb kcrmbr wjte cfb. [eb dobse js wejtb, irujsjlf sojfetoy rbkkjse rbkkjs e clk jt ecs c kjstj kjstjlgt lgt nu sera an y snboo. [eb sparb prjlt js irawl.

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF EJL[W

Ibgcusb tejs nuseraan adtbl fraws  CI A TB CL K IBO AV C f c rj g u s i js p a ru s js teb spbgjbs tect guotjvctbk vcrjbtjbs ganb  

al

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t e a r a u f e o y , g u t t j l f a d d t eb eb i a t t a n

gan past

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ar

jl

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s

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[eb djbok nuseraan js praicioy teb

e c v b k j sc s c p p b c r bbk k. Jd yau crb ougmy

ta blsurb tect teby ecvb lat ybt ibbl

i b st st m l a w l a d c oo oo w j o k n u s e r a a n s .

blaufe ta ecvb sanb aok nbckaws

cttcgmbk iy ncffats.

R 

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clk pcsturb lbcr yau, mbbp cl byb

W

 w jt e te b sb s n c oo w e jt b n u s e r a a n s ,

apbl dar c walkbrduo dbcst tect gcl

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

E 

i u t k u b t a g e c l f b s jl jl d c r n j l f t b g e -

g a n b c t c l y t j n b d r a n q u j t b b c r oy oy jl jl

[eb

Y

l a o a f y c l k t e b f r b cctt b r u sb s b a d e b rri ij-

teb sun n br

c u tu tu n l .

cgr as s . Jt r bt cj l s j t s k anb s ecpb dar

A

gjkbs,

pcrtjguocroy,

[ebsb nuseraans crb ibst pjgmbk

sanb tjnb ibdarb apbljlf aut duooy.

A

l j tr tr c tb tb s , n c l y a d t eb eb w a l k b r d u o p c s -

b c r o y j l te te b n a r l j l f , l a t a l o y t a i b c t

Jt js sjomy wejtb, cfbjlf ta ojfet irawl.

 N 

t u rb rb s w e b r b d j bboo k n u s e r a a n s f r b w

a t e b r n u s e r a a n g a o oobb g t a r ss,, i u t c o ssa a

[eb

 N

p b s t jg jg j k b s

clk,

teraufe

ta

gcp js

stb n

7‛39 7‛39

js

7‛ 7‛38 38

s

 @ 

fjoos crb   p j l m w e b l  y a u l f

rjlf js drc fjob

 

c l k a d t b l n j s s jl jl f

 

gn

gn

(3T; (3T;‛ ‛qZr jl jl))

(J'/t‛;

jl).

OBD[  C  Cl l

bxcn pob pob a d c  typjgco guotjvctbk   us bkjiob C f c r j ggu spbgjbs. 78

 

cttcgebk cgebk   YJFE[ Latb tect teb fjoos crb lat ctt

B

ta teb stbn, tejs js gannal ta coo  C f c r jg jg u s .

K J 

ncturb   IBOAV [e b fjoos crb irawl jl ncturb

I

spbgjnbls.

O

B

 w e jt b , tc p b rj l f ta te b i c sb , c l k e c s c

 N

tejl rjlf wejge js adtbl tarl cwcy. Bvbl jl ulapblbk djbok nuseraans

R 

t eb f j o o s cr b k bbp p j lm , cl bxgbo o blt

W

j k b l t j d jg jg c t j a l d b c t u r b . [ e b w e j t b d o b sse e

E 

i r u j s bs s o j f et o y p j lm . J t ecs c p o bcs clt

Y

snboo. [eb sparb prjlt js irawl.

A A

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

Djbok

nuseraans

fraw

 N  jl

ncturb

s

p c s t u r b c l k a d t b l d c v a u r g e c o m y s a j o ss.. [eby gcl fraw cly tjnb dran bcroy sunnbr teraufe ta octb cutunl.

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK

 c l y n c f f a t s w j oo o o te te b l i b b c s y t a

GAAMJLF EJL[W

sbb. [eb aokbr

[ebsb ka lat lbbk pbbojlf, c wjpb

usbk dar mbtgeup, scugbs clk stbws,

 C l b x g b oo b l t n u s e r a a n d a r s t a rj l f

 w jt e c k c n p g oa te js s u dd jg jb l t, i u t

cs t ebs b f j v b c q u j t b j lt bls b, k cr m

k r j bk cs jt jt r btcj btcj ls jjtt s do cv a u r bxt r bn b-

ka gebgm tebn gcrbduooy ta ncmb surb

irawl

o y w b o o . [ e b s n c o o b r s p b g jjn nb ls gcl ib

t e b rb rb js js l a n c f f a t jjl l d b s t c t jja al. [ eb

spbgjnbls gcl ib usbk cs yau ojmb.

terbckbk al strjlf clk krjbk weaob,

i bs t w cy t a k a t ej ejss js js t a t r j n t eb s t bn

[ e b y c rrbb k b o jjgg j a u s d a r i r b c m d c st st w j t e

iut ocrfbr albs seauok ib sojgbk.

g c r b d u o o y c l k s o j g b t e r a u f e t e b g b l t rrbb

icgal clk bffs.

W[AYCFB

gaoaur

spbgjnbls

ta

teb

crb ibst

kjse.

Zaulf

7 3

 

B

K J 

 Cf cr jg us ncgras ncg ras par us

Y

O B

[ejs

js

qujtb

c

gannal

cutunl

 N

nuseraan. Jt fraws jl rjlfs clk js

T 

b x t r b n b o y f a a k t a bc bc t . W a n b g c rb rb

W

av br j k bl t j dj gct j al j s l bgbs s cr y , ib-

E 

gcusb jt gcl oaam ojmb teb pajsalaus

Y

 y b oo a w W tc jl b r. E a w b v b r , te b se c p b

A

a d t eb gcp cl k , j l pcr t jjgu gu o cr , t eb s nbo o

A

cr b r bo j cio b cj k s t a bl s u r j l f y au ecv b

 N

teb rjfet nuseraan.

s

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[eb

kanbk

cgrass.

Jt

gcp js js

js

5ja

addw ejtb

(7;

w jte

jl) o jjf fet

i r a w l s g c oobb s . [ e b s g c o y s ttbb n j s 2  3 8 gn (9; jl) oalf, addwejtb clk qujtb t ej gm , wj t e c s o j fet o y paj l t bk i cs b. [eb fjoos crb pcob pjlm ct djrst, turljlf kcrmbr irawl wjte cfb. [eb dobse js  w e jt b c l k e cs c d c jr oy k js tj l g t s n b oo a d co nal k s . [e b s par b pr prjj l t j s ir aw l .

ECIJ[ C[ CLK WBCWAL

F r a w s j l r jjl l f s j l n c t u r b p c s t u rb rb s tect ecvb lat ibbl trbctbk wjte gebn j g c ooss . [ e b s b c ssa a l jjss d r a n o c tb tb s u n nbr ta cutunl.

Adtbl   YJFE[ Adtbl vbry ocrfb, teb  teb  wejtb gcp ncy  ncy   kbvboap djl b sgc sgcobs obs   al teb surdcgb,  surdcgb,  cs ebrb. W[AYCFB

[ejs nuseraan js vbry faak ta bct. Jt j s i bs t k r j bk dar s t ar cfb, iu t s pbgj nb l s gcl i b q u j t b o cr fb s a j t j s jn jn par t cl t t a s o j gb t ebn dj r s t . XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF EJL[W tejg m r jlf w jte 

Gobcl teb stbn gcrbduooy clk iruse

sgcoy ulkbr

t eb gcp0 pbbo j l f j s u s u co o y u l l bgbs -

sjkb

scry. Gebgm yaur spbgjnbls gcrbduooy, bspbgjcooy teb ocrfbr albs, wejge n c y e c v b i b g a n b n c f f a t j l ddbb s tb tb k .

79

 

B K

 C f c r j g u s s j ov c t jg u s

J  I O B

[ e j s j s c n u s e r a a n a d n c j l oy oy g a l -

ncrmjlfs= jt ecs c irawl rjlf. [eb

W[AYCFB

jdbraus waakoclk, wejge fraws jl

fj o o s cr b pco b gr bcn ct dj r s t iu t t u r l

[ e j s n u s e r a a n e c s q u jjtt b c l jl jl t bbl lsb

t eb s cnb po cgbs y bcr cdt br y bcr . Jt j s

qujtb rbk wjte cfb. [eb dobse js wejtb

do cv au r . Jt j s i bs t k r j bk , i u t cs j t j s

T 

c os o s a b x t r b n b o y f a a k t a b c tt..

clk stcjls irjfet rbk webl gut ct teb

adt bl o cr fb, j t s eau o k ib s o j gbk dj r s t .

W E 

icsb ar oblftewcys. Jt ecs vbry ojttob JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

snboo. [eb sparb prjlt js irawl.

[ eb gcp j s 2‛ 2‛3 8 gn ( 9 ; j l) l) cgr as s , galvbx

clk

ga g a v b r bk bk

wjte

irawl

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWA WBCWAL L

X YB X C YC [ J A L C L K

Y

GAAMJLF EJL[W

A

I b g c u s b te te js js n u s e r a a n f r a w s n c j l -

A  N 

s g c ob ob s w e j g e f j v b j t c l a v b r c o o i r a m b l

[eb

galjdbraus

oy jl galjdbraus waaks, teb tap wjoo

p c t t b rl rl . [ e b s t b n j s 2  5 g n ( 9  7 j l ), ),

 w a a k s c l k te b sb c s a l js d r a n b c ro y

lbbk irusejlf clk cly pjlb lbbkobs

 w e jt js e ,

sunnbr ta octb cutunl.

r b n a v j l f . G u t a d d t e b oa o a w b r p a r ttjj a l

iut

s tr jc tb k

w jte

i ra w l

usuco

ecijtct

js

a d t e b s tb tb n c l k s o jjgg b . J t w j o o f j v b c  w a l k b r d u o d oc v a u r ta y a u r k js e b s. Jt js cosa faak al jts awl, ojfetoy drjbk  w j t e c oj tt ob i u tt b r c l k i c s jo , c l k sbrvbk al tacst.

rjlf wjte   s n c o o s g c ob ob s al ulkbrsjkb

\

 

 N

s

77

 

B

 Cf  C f c rj gu s sj ov îg ao c

K J 

V

a

a

k 

  N

u

s e

r

a

a

I O

B [eb

w aak

n u s e ra ra a n

e ccss

ncly

 N 

s j n j o c rj rj t jb jb s t a t e b o c r f b r e a r s b n u s e -

R 

raan iut, cs teb lcn b suffbsts, jt

s

fraws conast bxgousjvboy jl waak-

E 

oclk.

Y

galdusb

A

Wtcjlbr,  Cf  Cfcrj crjgus gus xcl tea kbrn us,   a r s a n b

a

a d tte e b k b c k o y  C l Cn n cl jtc s.   G e b g m j k bbl

 N

t j dyj lf dbct u r bs gcr bdu o o y. Jt k a bs la t

s

f r a w a u t a d c v a o v c o i c f , s a t e br br b

[cmb jt

gcrb, wjte

eawbvbr, bjtebr

teb

lat

ta

ybooaw

 w j oo i b l a s jf l a d a l b , c l k j d y a u tu rl t e b n u s e r a a n a v b r a r g u t j t y a u w j oo oo q u j t b go bcr o y s bb teb teb j k blt j dj gct j a l dbct u r bs . J d jl jl cl y k a u i t , o bcv b j t co a lb. JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[ e b g c p j s i b t w b b l 2 ‛3 8 g n ( 9  ; jl ) cgrass, kanbk ct djrst ibdarb apbljlf a u t t a ib co na s t do ct . Jt j s c gr bcny  y b o oa w w e jg e k c rm b l s w jt e c f b . [ e b stbn js 2‛5 gn (9 7 jl ), qu jtb tejl clk wjte c gobcroy ncrmbk rjlf. [eb f j oooo s

crb

njkpjl m

ibdarb

turljlf

kcrm irawl. [eb dobse js wejtb clk ecs

c

kjstjlgt

cljsbbk

snboo.

[eb

sparb prjlt js kcrm irawl. ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWA WBCWAL L

[eb waak nuseraan js qujtb gannal

jl

galjdbraus

clk

kbgjkuaus

 w a a k s . Jt s sb c sa l js te b c u tu n l . W[AYCFB

[ebsb nuseraans ka lat starb wboo,

n

sa usb clk bl`ay tebn cs saal cs p a s s j i ob ob c d t b r y a u e c v b p j g m b k t e b n . XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF EJL[W

[ e b y a u l f s p b g j n b l s c r b p c r t jg jg u o c r ooyy t c st s t y . [ r y g a c t jl jl f t eb eb g cp cp s a d y a u l f nuseraans jl sbcsalbk doaur, kjp-

 CI A TB  C ow cy s c f rcg bdu o sob soblkb lkb r  

nuseraan, teb w aak nuseraan fraws   bxgousjvboy jlsjkb waakoclks.

pjlf tebn jl c icttbr nckb wjte ibbr ar ocfbr clk tebl kbbp dryjlf tebn0 k bo j gj a u s .

7;

 

B

 C  Cob ob ur jc cur clt jc

A

r c l f b

  X

b b o

  D

K

u l f u s

J  I

O [ e j s w a l k b r d u o ooyy i r j f e t d u l f u s e c s c ljgb tcstb clk tbxturb. Jt js c usbduo ck k j t j a l t a co o wj o k nu s er a a n k j s ebs .

B  N u  s

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

E 

[ e b g c p j s ssn n c o oo,, ` u s t u l k b r a . 2  2 g n

Y

('/;9 jl) cgrass= jt js gupsecpbk clk

A

ibgan bs qujtb w cv y ct teb bkfbs.

A

[eb jllbr surdcgb js irjfet arclfb jl

 N

gaoaur. [eb ulkbrsjkb js nuge ojfet-

 s

br clk conast vbovbty ta teb tauge. ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

[eb arclfb pbbo dulfus fraws jl dcjroy ocrfb gounps al conast icrb bcr t e j l o j fet fr cs s o clk , co a lf r a ck s c l k jl jl o c w l s . J t j s q u j tb tb g a n n a l c l k t e b s b c s a l jjss d r a n c u t u n l t e r a u f e t a bcroy wjltbr. W[AYCFB

K r y j l f j s t e b i bs bs t n b t e a k a d s tta arcfb. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF EJL[W

 C p c r t d r a n g ob c l jl f jt g c r b d u oo y , te b arclfb pbbo dulfus lbbks vbry ojttob k a j lf t a j t . Jt j s dcj r o y t a u fe, s a gcl ib o j fet o y r j ls bk j l wct br , t ebl s o j gbk tejloy

clk

ckkbk

ta ta

yau r

wjok

nuseraan kjsebs, ta wejge jt wjoo ckk iate docvaur clk gaoaur.

 CI A TB YJ FE [ Adtbl frawjlf jl ocrfb  ocrfb   goustbrs gous tbrs,, teb arclfb pb bo dulfus dulfus prbdbrs   kjsturibk kjstur ibk sajos coalf pctes clk trcgmwcys. YJFE[ [e b jllbr surdc surdcgb gb (teb eynêljun)   galtcjls teb sparb-prakugjlf gboos wejge crb  crb  gcoobk csgj. 72

 

B

K

J 

 C  Crn rn jo oc rj c nbo obc

E a l b y   D u l f u s   a r    I a a t - o c g b   D u l f u s

I O B

[ e b e a l b y d u l f u s {Crnjoocrjc nboobc  

dulfus frawjlf jl yaur fcrkbl tcmb

( % 6 y ; j l ) cgr as s cl k j s co s a v cr j ci o b

cl k

t eb

s p b g j c oj oj s t c k v j g b ddcc s t. t. E a w b v b r , e a l -

j l s ecpb cl k gao au r . Jt s t cr t s i y i bj l f

R 

k r b ck ck b k b l b n y a d t e b f c r k b l b rr.. [ e j s

b y d u l f u s j s b x t r b n b o y f a a k t a bbcc t

gal v bx, t ebl do ct t bl s cl k j s gbl t r co o y

W

nuseraan fraws dran iocgm garks

c l k f r a w s j l v b r y o c r f b q u c l t j ttjj b s

kbprbssbk. [eb gaoaur vcrjbs dran

E 

mlawl

kurjlf teb cutunl.

c o n a s t e a l b y t a k c rrm m iraw l. [ eb

Y

trcvbo blarnaus kjstclgbs. [eby mjoo

A

t eb eas t t r bb cl k jjl l dbgt o cr fb cr bcs a d

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

A

 w a a k oc l k s . Jt js , w j t e a u t k a u i t , te b

[ e b gcp gcl r cl fb dr a n

 N 

n a s t k c l f b r a u s a d c oo oo tte e b t r bb bb p c r c -

 N 

s

go as bo y

cs

r bo ct bk

s pbgj bs )

rejzanarpes

js

wejge

gcl

s j t bs , gcu s j l f j l t bl s j v b r at cl k c v br y u l t j n b o y k b c t e. e. J d y a u

d jl jl k e a l b y  

stbn js 232 gn (94 jl) clk gcl vcry qujtb galsjkbrcioy jl wjkte, sanb9 ‛9 8 gn

tjnbs ibjlf qujtb tuibraus clk ct

s t bn bn

i c s bs b s d u s b k   

tafbtebr 

74

 

B

K /

Й

O B a t ebr s v br y s o blk br . [eb r j lf j s co  w c y s g ob c ro y v js ji ob . [ e b f jo os v c r y

 N

dran addwejtb ta kcrm irawl. [eb

R 

do bs e j s wej t b wj t e c s nbo o t ect j s

W

E  Y

qujtb stralf clk swbbt. [eb sparb prjlt js addwejtb. Jt js law teaufet t ect t ebr b cr b dj v b a r s j x k j ddbr blt

М

d a r n s a d e a l b y d u l f u s jjl l Burapb.

М

п

[eby usucooy fraw jl ocrfb gounps, bj t ebr

al

k bck

t r bb

t r u lm s ,

t r bb

s

stunps ar ojvjlf trbbs.

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

E a l b y d u l f u s j s d c jjrr o y w j k b s p r b c k j l k b g jk j k u a u s c l k g a l j ddbb r a u s w a a k s , j l 

sgcobs a d tteb eb gcp шизч   CI AT B [e b sgcobs

dbgt j lf o j v j lf t r bbs cs wbo o cs k bck

galsjkbrcioy, rclfj rclfjlf lf dra n conast snaate  cs sbbl ebrb ta qujtb gacrsb.

trulms

clk

stunps.

[eb

sbcsal

js

d r a n b c r oy oy s u n n b r tta a b c r oy oy w j l t b r clk t eby gcl cp p bcr s bv br co t j nbs ct

IBOAV Vebl aok, teb fjoos gcl ib qujtb  

teb scnb pocgb kurjlf c sbcsal.

irawljse iut teb sparbs crb pcob grbcn. W[AYCFB

K ryjl f tblks ta taufebl te ejj s n u s e r a a n , s a j t j s i b sstt t a n c m b u p k j s e bbss

dj r s t clk t ebl dr bbzb t ebn.

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF EJL[W

A l o y t eb gcp s cr b bk j i o b  t eb s t co m s crb vbry taufe. Iajo teb gcps dar twa ar

t er bb

nj lu t bs

jl

o j f et o y

s co t bk

 w c t b r , w e jg e n u st te b l i b k js g c rk b k cs teb n useraa n n cy galtcjl c njok taxjl. [ebl gaam cs yau wjse. Cdtbr t eb j lj t j co ga a m j lf t eb gcp s cr b p cr t j guocroy faak scutbbk ojfetoy wjte alj a l, f cr o j g clk i cs j o , t ej gm blbk wj t e c o j t t o b gr bcn clk s br v bk wj t e p cs t c. 76

 

£

K J 

 Cu rjgu rj gu oc rjc rj c cur jg jguo uocc-`u `ukc kcbb   ( s y l .  Ej rl ba oc curj cu rjgu guococ- `ukcb `u kcb )

@ b w ‚ s   B c r    a r    [ r b b   B c r 

I O B

t r bb bb s 0 j t f b ttss j t s l c n b

 N 

frawjlf sbcsal. Jt ecs sanb oaamc

Jsgcrjat wea wcs scjk ta ecvb ibbl

GAAMJLF EJL[W

R 

o j m bs , s a t cm b gcr b wj t e j k blt j dj gct j a l.

eclfbk a l cl bo k br t r bb. Jt ecs cl

 V c s e

bxtrbnboy oalf frawjlf sbcsal clk

g e c l f b s a d w c t b r . C s t e b y e c v b q u jt jt b

W

dran @uk cs

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK

 C g a n n a l d u l f u s w jt e c v b r y oa l f

tearaufeoy

wjte

sbvbrco

E 

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

t e b r b d a r b g c l i b g a o ob ob g t b k t e r a u f e a u t

c fbo ct j la u s t bxt u r b j t j s j npa r t clt t a

Y

[ e b d r u j t i a k y j s 9  6 g n ( % ‛9 % jl )

t eb ybcr .

gaam tebn wboo. C vbry ljgb wcy ta

A

cgrass wjte c `booyojmb tbxturb clk cl

A

bcrsecpbk cppbcrclgb. Jl kry wbcte-

W[AYCFB

 N

br jt ibganbs ecrk. Jt js tclirawl

Ib st krjbk. Jl dcgt jd teby crb pjgmbk

 @ b w ‚ s b c rs , te jg m b l jl f jt w jt e c oj tt ob

 w jt e s n c oo f r b y js e e c jr s a l te b jl l b r

kurjlf kry wbctebr webl teby crb

gr bcn, clk u s j lf j t t a dj o o s nco o v a o 

s u r dcgb.

ecrk,

cuvblt gcsbs ar ta sprbck al graýtals.

W

sbrvb tebn js ta ncmb c scugb wjte

teby

a lj a ls , fcr o j g, ics j o clk dj lbo y s o j gbk

gcl

ib

starbk

strcjfet

c w c y . I b d a r b u s jl j l f , r b g a l s t jt jt u ttbb i y p u t t jl jl f jjl l oumbw crn wctbr.

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL F r a w s a l c w j k b v c r j b t y a d t rb rb b s ccl lk js

p c r t j g u o c r ooyy

gan n al

jllbr surdcgb cppbcrs  cppbcrs   snaate clk ruiibry

al

bokbr

75

 

J d jjl l kauit kauit a d   yaur jkbltjdj jkbltjdjgctjal gctjal  a d tejs spbgjbs, spbgjbs, try try  strbtgejlf jt  ibtwbbl yaur    djl fb rs , jt seauok sea uok ib   bocstjg clk ruiibry   rctebr tecl irjttob. OBD[

B

K J  I O

B  N u

s [ eb   gaoaur gcl vcry   frbc  fr bc toy . [e bsb   spbgjnbls crb vbry  yaulf clk dr bs e   clk sa crb qujtb    pc  p c ob 0 teby teb y ncy ib   qujtb purpob-irawl   wjte cfb. IBOAV

E  Y A A

 N  s

7:

 

£

K

J 

 Iaob  Ia ob tu s ickj ickjus us

I c y   I a o b t u s

I O B Icy iaobtus kabs lat ibganb jldbstbk  N

 w jt e n c f f a t s cs n u g e cs s a n b a d

R 

t eb a t ebr ia o bt u s , i u t j t j s s t j o o i bs t

W

ta pjgm aloy gobcl spbgjnbls. [eb

E 

docvaur js bxgbooblt.

(obdt) crb usucooy kcrmbr, snaatebr clk

narb ncraal -icy jl gaoaur tecl teasb dau lk   jl kbgjkuaus kbgjkuaus waaks(rjfet) .

A

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

W[AYCFB

parbs ecvb ibbl rbnavbk, ibgcusb

A

[ e b gcp js ;‛35 ;‛35 g n (3T9‛6 jl) jl) c grass ,

 C

v b r y v b rs c tj ob n u s e r a a n . W n c oo

t e b sb sb w j o o i b q u j t b w b t c l k w j o o l a t

jt js usucooy

n jkira w l,

s p b g jn jn b l s n c y i b s t a rb rb k j l ` c r s a d

kry sctjsdcgtarjoy. [ebsb parbs gcl ib

c o te te a u f e o j f e t b r s p bbgg j n b l s n c y i b

bxtrc vjrfjl ajo, ar jl wjlb ar gjkbr

u s bk bk j l c n u s e r a a n m b t ge ge u p a r s c u ggbb

da u lk . Jt ecs c pa o j s ebk cppbcr clgb,

 v jl b f c r . O c r f b r sp b g jn b l s, e a w b v b r ,

j d y a u c r b n c m j l f a l b c t te te b t jn jn b .

clk dbbos tcgmy webl wbt. [eb stbn

cr b i bs t s o j gbk clk k r j bk cdt br t eb

 CI A TB Icy iaobt iaobtus us dau lk ulkbr ga galjd ljdbrs brs 

Y

 N  s

pcob ta

js ; .2‛ .2‛39 39 .2 gn (j[c‛2 jl) clk sjn jocr jl gaoaur ta teb gcp. [eb parbs crb o j f e t y b o o a w , i u t s t ccjj l i oou ub jd prbssbk a r g u t , w e j g e j s a l b a d t e b p r jjl lgjpco j k b l t j d j g c t ja ja l

dbcturbs

a d teb

icy

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF EJL[W  ioub-frby stcjls   webl irujsbk  

C.-v. ,

Icy iaobtus crb ibst pjgmbk webl t e b y c r b k r y . V j p b t e b gc gc p s a d c l y  w b t s p b g jn b l s c l k ob t te b n k r y i b -

iaobtus. [eb wejtb dobse ecs c dcjlt

darb

n u s e r a a n y s n b o oo,,

s o j gbk , t eby cr b k bo j gj a u s bct bl r cw.

c l k c os os a s ttcc jl jl s

k b c o jl jl f

w jte

te te b n .

[e jloy

ioub webl gut, iut teb stcjl saal

Eawbvbr, drbse ar

d c k b s. s. [ e b s p a r b p r jjl l t jjss oojj f e t i r a w l .

iaobtus js vbry vbrsctjob clk gcl ib

krjbk, teb icy

usbk jl ncly saups, stbws clk wjok

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL J l c oo oo ttyy p b s a d n j x b k w a a k o c l k . [ e b s bcs a l js js bcr o y s u n n br t a o ct ctbb cu t u nl.

nuseraan kjsebs.

 dobse  ncy stcjl   pco b ioub

―

 _

_

 _

½▨

 % .

;8

 

 Iaob  Ia ob tu s ger ysb ysbltb ltb ral Y

b k

-

g r

B

c g m b k

  I

a o

b t u s

K J  Й O B

 C ot e a u f e te b d oc v a u r a d te js i a ob tu s js lat cs faak

 N

c s te te c t a d tte eb icy

iaobtus ar teb gbp, yaulf spbgjnbls

T 

c rb r b f a a k j l n j x b k n u s e r a a n k js js e bbss .

W

E  Y

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[e b gcp j s ;‛3 8 gn ( 3 T 9 ; j l ) cgr as s ,

М

s l u d d i r a w l j l g a o a u r , i u t g r c g m s jl jl

М

t eb s u r dcgb a d t eb gcp adt bl r bv bco c s o jf jf e t o y rrbb k k js js e e u b i b o a w . E a w b v -

П

br , t eb r bk n cr m j l fs al t eb s tbn tbn cr b

W

t e b rb rb c o f j v b c w c y a d t ej ej s i a o b t u s . [ e b stbn js ;‛5 gn (3T97 jl) wjte c k j s tj tj l g t r b k k j se se t j l f b d a r n a s t a d jt jt s oblfte.

[eb

parbs

crb

ybooaw

clk

n u g e n a r b a p b l t e c l te t e a s b a d t eb eb icy iao bt u s = t eby s t cj l c o j fet fr bbl jse gaoaur. [eb dobse js grbcn ta  y b o oa w c l k k a b s l a t i ru js b a l g u ttjlf. [eb sparb prjlt js ojfet irawl. [ e b a v b r c o o t b x tu t u r b a d t e js js n u s e r aa n j s n u ge o bs s k bl ssbb t ecl bj t ebr t eb icy iao bt u s ar t eb gbp. ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

Daulk jl cssagjctjal wjte coo irackobcvbk trbbs. [eb sbcsal js teraufeaut teb cutunl. W[AYCFB

K r y t e js js n u s e r a a n i b d a rrbb c k k j l f jjtt

 C s teb gcp cfb s, p crtjg cr tjg uocro uo cro y jl ga okbr  okb r   wbctebr, teb bltjrb surdcgb ncy tcmb al c  c  rbk rbkkjs kjsee dou se .

[AX

ta yaur atebr krjbk nuseraans. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF EJL[W

A l o y p j g m y a u l f s p b g jjn nbls, w jpb ar

 rbk dous e jl 

iruse teb gcp ta rbnavb cly oaasb

 grcgms  grcgms

pcr t j go bs a d bcr t e cl k s o j gb t ej l o y ibdar b gaam j l f. E awbv br , ibgcu s b j t gcl ib c ojttob ojttob n us ey , jt jjss ibst usbk jl saups, stbws clk njxbk kjsebs wjte at ebr nu s er aans cl k l at al j t s awl .

;3

 

B

 Ia ob tu s bku ojs

K 3

G b p   a r    X b l l y   I u l

I

O B N u s er aan eu l t br s r bfcr k t ej s nu s e-

 N 

raan cs c frbct plzb= jt ecs c walkbr-

R 

duo l u t t y d o c v a u r c l k j s b x t r b n b o y

W

 v b rs c tj ob . Jt gc l c os a f r a w v b r y i jf

E 

cl k wb j fe cs nu ge cs j m f ( 9 oi oi 9 az) az) .

Y

J t f r a w s a v b r c l u n i b r a d k c y s cl cl k

A

dojbs bltbr ct teb teb icsb a d teb stbn clk

A

teb ncffats warm tebjr wcy up ta

 N 

teb gcp clk tuibs sa jt js jnpartclt ta

W

pj gm al o y t eas b j l pr j nb gal k j t j al .  V e bl g a oo b g tj l f oc rf b sp b g jn b l s gu t t eb gcp j l e co d t a n cm b s u r b t ebr b j s la ncffat jldbstctjal ibdarb puttjlf j t j l y au r ics m bt . w e jt b u l g e c l f jl f    d o b s e

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[ e b g c p r c l f b s d r a n 4  7 8 g n {9T9{9T9-  

j j T j   j l ) cgr as s . Jt s o j fet ir awl gao aur oaams rctebr ojmb drbseoy icmbk irbck, eblgb teb lcnb ―Xb lly I ul ‚. [eb gaoaur kcrmbls cs teb gcp apbls, cl k j t j s ct t ej s s t cfb t ect y au s eau o k bxcnjlb spbgjnbls dar ncffat jldbs t ct j al . Jl wbt wbct ebr t eb gcp gcl ecvb c sojfetoy stjgmy cppbcrclgb, iut jl kry wbctebr jt ecs c ljgb vbovbty s e b b l. l. [ e b s t b n v c r j b s d r a n 7 ‛9 7 g n ( 3 T ;: j l ) . Jt j s v br y iu o iau s cl k ecs c ddjj l b l b t w a r m , w j t e n c r m j l f s te te c t

gcp. [eb par bs cr b wej t b ct dj r s t , turljlf ojfet ybooaw wjte cfb. [eb do bs e j s

q u j t b wej t b cl k

k abs

l at

geclfb cs teb nuseraan cfbs. [eb sparb prjlt js ojfet irawl. ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

c  OBD[ Gbp s crb c   fr bc t guoj lcry   kbojgcgy clk teby  teby   crb galsjkbrbk ct  ct  tebjr ibstda r bctj bctjlf lf   webl teby crb sncoo sncoo   clk tjfet.

Galjdbraus, irackobcvbk clk njxbk  w a a k oc l k =

c os a

i b sj k b

f rc s s

p c te -

 w c y s . Jt gc l c os a i b d a u l k jl c s s a g jc t ja ja l w j t e e b c t e bbrr , c ooa alf w jte kw crd  w j oo a w s . [ e b sb c s a l js s u n n b r ta o ct ct b c u ttu u n l c l k j t jjss q u j t b g a n n a l .

;9

 

rjci ciob ob spb spbgjb gjb s, sanb sa nb ec vb   YJFE[  C vbr y vc rj

B

swaoobl stbn stbnss w jte nuge kcrmbr gcps, gcps,    pcrt  pc rtjgu jgu ocroy oc roy we bl da u l k ulkbr gal galjdbr jdbr s.

K

j

I

O B  N  R  W E  Y A A

 N  s

W[AYCFB

G u t j lt a t ej l s o j gbs t ej s j s p r a i ci o y teb n ast

jn jn p a r t c l t

g a n n b r g j c oo oo y

krjbk nuseraan jl teb warok. [cmb  y a u r g u b d r a n te js - k r y jl f js te b i b s t n b t e a k a d e a n b s ta ta r c f b . W n c o o spbgjnbls gcl ib mbpt jl bxtrc vjrfjl a o j v b a j o , i u t j t j s r bco o y i bs t t a o bcv b

t e b n s a t e c t te te b y g c l f r a w a l t a narb ncturb, clk ocrfbr, spbgjnbls.

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF EJL[W

G o b c l t e b g c p s w b o o c l k g u t jjl l e cod ta gebgm

dar

ncffats

ibdarb

puttjlf

tebn jl teb icsmbt. Iruse teb stbn, guttjlf a dd teb iattan ar sgrcpjlf jt t a r b n a v b c l y b c r tte e a r d j i r b s cctt te te b i c s b . [ e j s j s a l b a d t e b n a s t v b r s c t jo jo b n u s e r a a n s c l k j t g c l i b u s b k jl jl ncly gaambk kjsebs.

;7

 

E  K J

Gcoagyeb fcniasc

Wt   F b a r f b ‚ W N u s e r a a n

I O

E  J K B L [ J D J GC [ J A L

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWA WBCWAL L

97

[eb gcp js 2-32 gn (9-4 jl) cgrass

[blks

 C p r jo , W t F b a r f b ‚ s K c y . Jt e cs c f rb c t

 w jt e c s oj f e t oy jl ra oo b k n c r f jl . V b oo

oagctjals

W

 v c r jb t y

raulkbk

aok

 w jt e u l k b r oy jl f g e c om . [ e b s b c s a l js

E 

 w b og a n b i b g c u sb jt c p p b c rs b c r oy jl

s pbgj nbl s k bv bo ap cl j r r bfu o cr, cr, w cv y

d r a n t e b i b f j l l jl jl f a d C p r j o c l lk k j l ta ta

Y

t eb y bcr , ct nu ge t eb s cnb t j nb cs

gcp. Jt j s wej t b t a gr bcn j l gao au r .

N c y . D a r f a a k f rra a w t e W t. t. F b a r f b ‚ s

A

t eb eb

[ e b s t b n j s 9 - ; g n {T c ‛j  T j   jl) clk

n useraan

a

f r a w s j l rrjj l f s w e j g e g c l i b v b r y

 w e j t b .

c lk

n ajsturb sa j d teb sprjlf js gaok jt wjoo

N

ocrfb,

2

[eb

 C s jt s l c n b s u f f b s t s ,  N R 

Wt F b a rf b ‚s

n u s e r a a n t bl bl k s tta a c p p b c r c ra ra u l k a d u sb s

gan n al

n a r b o. o.

coteaufe

ocrfbst

cl k

js

p c r t jg u oc r oy

J t d r b q u b l t oy oy

irambl

rjlfs

ncy

webl

[eb

yaulf,

f j oo s

c rb

ocrfb

l c rra w

ta fraw jl clk

rjlfs

craulk

r bo b o j bs bs

al

jl

frcssy

waak

bkfbs

wcrn te

clk

jl

pocgbs.

grawkbk. [eb dobse js wejtb clk sadt.

l a t c p p b c r u l t jo jo t e b w b c t e b r i b g a n b s

ib

sbvbrco

Jt ecs c nbco y s nbo o wej ge j s po bcs cl t

 w c r n b r . M b b p g e b g m jl f c rb c s w e b r b

clk stralf. [eb sparb prjlt js wejtb.

 y a u e c v b sb b l jt i b da rb .

eulkrbk ybcrs aok.

 dobse vbr y tejgm,    djr n clk we jtb  fjo os v bry grawkbk    clk secooaw

s t b n t a u f e c l k dj k dj i r a u s

;;

 

d 

YJFE[ [eb gcps vcry`rajl wejtb ta c   grb cn y y bo oa w gaoa ur.

K

IA[[AN  JJ  JJJJ te bsb nc tur b s pb gjn bl s latb  

J  I

 e aw teb gcps crb jrrb\q jrrb\quocr uocr clk w c v y .

O

I W[AYCFB

Wt

Fbarfb‚s

nuseraan

krjbs

bx-

 N

t r bn bo y w bo o . J t gcl co ssa a i b s t a r bk j l

u

 v jr f jl a oj v b a jo a r jl v jl b f c r.

 s

E  X YB X C YC [ J A L C L K

Y

GAAMJLF EJL[W

A

Iruse teb gcps wboo ibgcusb teby gcl

A

i b q u j t b f r j t t y clk k j r t y clk t ebr b

 N

n c y i b g e c o m p c r t jjgg o b s a l t e b u l k b r l b c te te . V e b l p j g m j l f te te js js n u s e r a a n cowcys gut teb stbn ta cvajk kcncfj l f t e b n y g b o j c o r jjl l f s . J t f a b s p c r t jj-guocroy wboo wjte gejgmbl clk djse. [ry Wt. Fbarfb‚s gejgmbl, cl arkjlcry

gejgmbl

gcssbraob

fjvbl

bxtrc

z b sstt i y t e b c k k jt jt ja ja l a d sa s a n b a d te te b ssbb t c sstt y n u s e r a a n s .

W

;2

 

B

Gcltecrboous gjicrjus

K

J

G   e c l t b r b o o b

I

O

B

[ e b b x g j t b n b l t a d d jjl l k j l f t e js js n u s e -

js, eawbvbr, jnpartclt ta blsurb yau

octbr

r a a n j s, s, d a r n c l y , t e b e j f e o jjf fet a d

ecvb daulk teb trub gecltbrboob clk

gbltrco kbprbssjal. [eb gaoaur gcl

u

teb n useraan

lat

r c l f b d ra r a n v b r y p c ob ob t a k bbbb p y b o o a w ,

s

k abs j t o aa m i bcu t j du o , jt jt tcs tcs t bs wa l -

E

k b r d u o . N a s t g a o o b g t a r s c r b s b g r b t jv jv b

Y

ciaut tebjr gecltbrboob pctgebs ibgcusb

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

stbn js 7‛5 gn (J'C ‛7 jl), vb ry sa ojk

A

tebsb

cdtbr

[e b gcp j s 9  3 9 gn ( \/ \/ ; ;; ;% % jl jl ) cgras cgras s .

clk tcpbrbk tawcrks teb icsb. [eb

A

 y b c r, a dt b l jl c i u l k c l t q u c l tj tj b s. Jt

Doct ct djrst wjte c irambl ncrfjl, jt

 y b o o a w

N

s b ccss a l 

nuseraans

fraw

lat

ybcr

aloy

N

s gcp kbprbssbk  w e b l a o k bbrr  

sjn poy

teb

d c ooss b

gecltbrboob,

Eyfrapearapsjs curcltjcgc.

ibganbs

qujtb doutbk

wjte c

dckjlf c ojttob wjte cfb. Aggcsjalcooy spbgjnbls crb conast arclfb. [eb

f joos

c rb

i ou l t ,

l c rra w .

 

tejgm pcob-ybooaw  d o b s e

 ioult darmjlf   'fjoos‚ ar rjkfbs

;4

 

B

K J  OBD[ [eb ―f fjoos joos ‚ 

rul kawl teb stbn clk crb teb scnb   gaoaur cs teb gcp.

I  

O B  N u  s

E  Y A A

 N   s

stbn.

d a r s a n b t j n b b j t e b r jjl l c rbdrjfbrctar

duo gaoaur ta scugbs clk teb avbrcoo

[eb ybooawjse dobse ecs c oavboy dcjlt

ar jl c gaao, cjry pocgb. [eby tcstb

c p p b c r cl cl g b a d c k js js e . [ r y n j x j l f c o o

d r c f rc r c l g b a d c p rrjj g a ts ts  c l a t e b r jn jn -

bxqujsjtb clk crb walkbrduooy vbrsc-

k j dd dd b rb r b l t t y p b s a d Gcltecrboous0   tejs

partclt

t jo jo b, b, w e b t e b r a l t e b j r a w l , j l n j x b k

 w jo o g a n i jl b te b k jd db rb l t d oc v a u r s

n useraan

c l k t b x tu tu r b s c l k n c m b c w a l k b r d u o o y

jrrbfuocr

clk

rul

kawl

jkbltjdjgctjal

teb

dbcturb.

[eb

sparb prjlt js pcob grbcn gaoaur.

k js js e b s a r w j t e n b c t a r

d js js e k jjss e b ss.. [ e b y c o s a f j v b c w a l k b r ECIJ[C[ CLK WBC WBCWAL WAL

J l co co o m jjl lks a d wa akoclk w ejge ecvb a p b l n a s s y g o b c r j l f s . [ e b s b c ssa a l js js bcroy sunnbr ta octb cutunl.

g a o a u rd r d u o k js js e a d w j ok ok n u s e r a a n s .

W[AYCFB

 C oo d a r n s a d s ta r c f b gc l i b r b g a n nblk bk da r t eb geclt br bo o b. J t j s c pcrtjguocroy jltbrbstjlf alb ta starb jl s p j g b k c o g a e a o i b g c u s b a d j ts ts v b r y drcfrclt

docvaur,

iut

jt

js

bqucooy

faak starbk jl bxtrc vjrfjl aojvb ajo ar vjlbfcr, ar bosb krjbk.

X YB X C YC [ J A L C L K GAAMJLF EJL[W

O BD [ Aisbrvb eaw  

J t j s j np a r t cl t t a go bcl geclt br bo o bs

teb ―fj f j oos ‚ a d tejs  spbgjbs crb vbry  secooaw, ioult ioult cclk lk    dr  drbq bq u bl toy dar m bk ,   narb ojmb kbbp   wrjlmobs ar vbjls  tecl trub fjoos.

 w b oo w e b l y a u p jg m te b n . I r u s e te b gcps, clk wjpb tebn wjte c kcnp goate jd lbgbsscry. Gu t teb stbn ta cvajk

cly

bcrte

fbttjlf

jlta

yaur

icsmbt. [eb gecltbrboob ecs c faak sebodEdb0 spbgjnbls gcl ib mbpt drbse

;6

 

B

K J 

Gcltecrboous jldulkjiuojdar jldulkjiuojdarnjs njs V

j l t b r   

G e c l t b r b o o b

I

O B [eb wjltbr gecltbrboob js sa gcoobk

t e b n f r a w j l f w e b r b i b dda arb yau eck

galv bx

i b g c u s b j t u s u c o oy oy c p p b c r s n u g e o c ttbb r

ecrkoy sbbl clytejlf. [eby tblk ta

du l l bo -s ecpbk wj t e c do u t bk bk fb. Jt j s

R

t ecl t eb ar k j l cr y gecl t br bo o b. Jt j s

f r a w j l t e b sc sc n b p o cg cg b b c g e y b c r , s a

kcrm irawl al tap, vbry nuge teb

s

qujtb cl cgejbvbnblt ta djlk tebsb

latb webrb yau djlk tebn.

s c n b g a o a u r c s t e b o b c d o jt jt t b r u l k b r

E 

t j l y o j t t o b fbns ej k k bl u l k br dco o j l f

Y

cutunl

A

 y a u r b y b jl y a u w j oo dj l k t ra a p s a d

 N 

o b c vb vb s .

Iu t

A  N

s

 frbyjse-ojocg   da  darm rmbk bk fjoos ar   wrjlmobs

algb yau

fbt

ct

d j rs r s t, t,

saal

ibga n jlf

 w e jg e jt f r a w s . [ e b s tb n js 2 - 5 g n JKBL [JDJGC[JAL

(9-7

j l ), ),

ybooaw

clk

eaooaw.

[ eb

[ e b gc p js 9 - 2 g n ([ c -c jl ) c g ra ss ,

fjoos crb lcrraw clk qujtb jrrbfuocr.

;5

 

B

K J 

I O B  y b oo a w js e

ct

dj r s t te b y c rb

f rb y js e ,

ojocg jl aokbr spbgjnbls. [eb dobse js

 N 

 y b oo a w js e c l k s n b oo s dc jl t oy s w b b t.

R 

[eb sparb prjlt js ybooaw.

W E 

E C I J [ C [ C L K W B C WA WA L

Y

F r a w s j l o c r f b l u n i b r s j l i a te te k b gjkuaus clk galjdbraus waaks, prbd b r r j l f c g j k s a jo jo . [ e b s b c s a l j s d r a n o c tb tb s u n n b r t a oc oc t b c u t u n l .

W[AYCFB  irawl gcp surdcg surdcgbb

 V jl tb r

g e c l tb rb oo b s

k ry

b x t r b n b oy

 w b oo , i u t gc l c os a i b s t a r b k jl b x t rc  v j r f jl a oj v b a jo a r w jl b v jl b f c r .

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF EJL[W  C s te b sb u s u c oo y f r a w te r a u f e o b c d o j t t br t eby cr b q u j t b go bcl, s a co o t eby crb ojmboy ta lbbk js c kustjlf wjte  y a u r i ru s e . C l k j d y a u g u t te b st c om s rctebr tecl puoojlf tebn up, yau wjoo cvajk bcrte clk atebr kbirjs. [eby crb vbry vbrsctjob jl gaamjlf, wjte cl b x t r b n b o y l j g bb,, s w b b t d o c v a u r t e c t fabs bspbgjcooy wboo wjte djse.

A A  N s

;

▨

 CI A TB  C f aa k tjp da rd jl k jl f tebsb tebs b n useraan use raan s js tada oo a w  

 CI A TB Vebl frawjlf jl dcoo bl obcvbs wjltbr gecltbr gecltbrboob boobss crb vbry 

waak oclk strbcns clk sbcrge aal l teb nassy icl ms cs tejs jjss alb a d   tebjr dc va u rj rjtb tb eci jtct s.

kjddjguot ta spat.

;:

 

B

K J 

Gojtag yib akar akarc c C

l j s b b k

  [

a c k s t a a o

I

O B [eb cljsbbk tackstaao js nast usbduo

m l ai ct gbl t r b webl apbl , cl k j s

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

cs c galkjnblt. [cmb gcrb webl yau

cowcys stjgmy clk kcrmjse-frbbl jl

[ e b g c p j s 7 - 6 g n {j T  ;  ;-   9 T   ;  jl) cgrass=

R 

jkbltjdy

vbrkjfrjs

gaoaur. Cs teb lcnb suffbsts, teb

iu t t al -s ecp bk ct dj r s tt,, j t s aal do ct t bl s

W

cfcrjg,

Wtrapecrjc cbrufjlasc,   o a a m s

cl j s bbk t ack s t aao ecs c v br y pu l fbl t

clk sanbtjnbs ibganbs wcvy. [eb

E 

r ct ebr s j nj o cr , co t eau fe j t ecs c io u l t

cl j s bbk s nbo o .

gaoaur js c ioub-frbbl wejge kcrmbls

 N

jt,

ibgcusb

teb

Y A A  N

W

g c p s u r d c g b j s  kry,

l a t s ttjj g m y

28

 

YJFE[ CLK IBOAV

[ e j s o a a m c o jm j m b , 

Wtrapecrjc cbrufjlasc,  e c s

 B

c s t j g m y gc p  

K

 c l k c r jl f a l t e b s t b n . J t e c s l a a k a u r . 

 t

[ e b f j o o s ttu u r l p u r p o b - i r a w l w e b l n c t u r bb.. IA[[AN

[ eb 

 g a oa u r n c y d c k b  

I

O

 r c p j k o y d r a n te c t    s e a w l ta c o n a s t   w e j t b . [ e b s b   s p b g j n b l s c rb i b s t    c v a j k b k jl gc sb a d    g a l du s ja l w j t e te b    s u s p b g t

 Gojtagyib

drcfrcls,

w e j g e j s 

w e j t b c l k c o ssa a   s n b oo s a d c l js b b k .

wjte cf b. [e b stbn js 7‛4 gn (jj/;‛ 9'/9 jl) clk ojfetoy strjctbk. [eb fjoos, wejge crb lat vbry ncrmbk, crb goasb clk rul kawl teb stbn. [eb dobse js pcob pcob clk teb snboo snboo js stralfoy a d cljsbbk. [eb sparb prjlt js wejtb.

[eb sbcsal js dran octb sunnbr ta octb cutunl clk teby crb rboctjvboy gannal. W[AYCFB

Ibst krjbk clk starbk sbpcrctboy ibgcusb a d teb teb jltblsjty jltblsjty a d jt jtss docvaur. docvaur.

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

Jl obcd ojt ojttbr tbr coalf teb bkfbs a d gal-

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK 

jdbraus clk kbgjkuaus waaks. Jl teb

GAAMJLF EJL[W

octtbr teby crb ojmboy ta ib jl cssagjc-

Ibst usbk cs c docvaurjlf0 djlboy geap

tjal wjte ibbge ar swbbt gebstlut.

drbse spbgjnbls ar pawkbr krjbk albs.

B

 N  R

W

E

 Y A A  N   s

23

 

£

Gap rjlus ganc ganctu tuss

K

=

We

c f f y

  J

l m

  G

c p

 

a r 

  O

c w y b r  ‚ s  

V

jf

I

O

B

Alb a d te tebb nast gannal nuse-

nust ib tcmbl tect teb bcroy stcfbs ad

 N 

Vejtb wjte c grbcngaoaurbk gbltrb=

raans, teby adtbl ganb up jl kblsb

u

goustbrs al lbwoy turlbk bcrte jl

tejs clk teb ncfpjb dulfus, G a p rjl u s    p j g c g b u s ,   crb lat njstcmbl. Eawbvbr,

 s

nbckaws clk fcrkbls teraufeaut

teb ncfpjb dulfus ecs sanbtejlf

E

teb sunnbr. Aloy teb yaulf spbgj-

ojmb c vbjo wejge teb secffy jlm gcp kabs lat.

jt ecs ocrfb secffy sgcobs. [eb stbn js 38‛ 38‛76 gn (; j;'/ 9 jl) clk wejtb. [e b fjoos crb wejtb ta stcrt wjte, soawoy geclfjlf ta iocgm dran teb bkfb jlwcrks ibdarb ibganjlf c ncss ad jlm wejge, jlgjkbltcooy, ncmbs faak

 Y A

nbls crb bkjiob clk algb pjgmbk teby nust ib usbk qujgmoy, atebrwjsb teby

A

saal kbgcy jlta c lcsty jlmy ncss.

J K BL [J D J G C [J AL

 N 

[ejs js cl bcsy nuse raan ta jkbltjdy jkbltjdy

[eb gcp js 239 gn (9;[; jl) cgrass=

cs jt js vbry kjstjlgt, coteaufe gcrb

bffsecpbk ct djrst, jt apbls ta c iboo.

 s

krcwjlf jlm. [eb dobse js wejtb wjte c sojfet swbbt snboo. [eb sparb prjlt js irawliocgm.

gcp sgcobs  gurobk icgm

‚C gcp ncrfjl  ojqujdjbs ta  rbobcsb sparbs

J rjlf wejge  rbncjls al teb  stbn

29

 

B

K

 J  IBOAV

[ e b v b r y k j s ttjj l g t l c r r a w r j l p jjss 

 l a t b c s j oy s b b l e b r b , i u t c s t e b gc p b x p c l k s   j t w j o o i b o b ddtt i b e j l k a l t e b s ttbb n .

I

 O B

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

Vjkbsprbck al frcssy iclms ibsjkb

 N 

racks, al ruiijse ebcps, ocwls clk

u

rbgbltoy kjsturibk sajo lbcr iujokjlf

 s

sjtbs. [eb sbcsal js njksunnbr ta

E

oct octbb cutunl. [eb y crb vbry gann al.

 Y  a

W[AYCFB

 a

Ibst usbk drbse ar krjbk jl cl bobgtrjg krjbr. Ka lat cttbnpt ta cjr-kry tebn cs teby wjoo turl jlta cl jlmy ncss. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK  GAAMJLF EJL[W

Coteaufe secffy jlm gcps gcl ib usbk krjbk= teby crb rbcooy ibst drbse, bjtebr al tebjr awl, ar wjte teb pcrcsao nuseraan,

 O b p j a t c

p r a g b r c , 

ta ncmb c walkbrduo saup. Rsb teb twa nuseraans, sanb aljals clk c ojttob patcta ta tejgmbl, swbctbk tafbtebr clk tebl ojqujkjzbk. Wjnpob clk qujtb kbojgjaus.

N

 s

CIATB

[ e j s j s t e b i b s t s t c f b t a g a o o b g t 

O B D [  N c f p j b  

 s e c f f y j l m g c p s d a r g a a m jl f .

  Gaprjlus pjgcgbus  gc l i b  

 d u l f u s ,

 g a l du s b k w j t e te b    s e c f f y jl m gc p jl jt s  bcroy stcfbs.

27

 

 B

Grctbrboous garlugapjajkbs

K

J

E a r l   a d    X o b l t y   a r    [ r a n p b t t b   k b s   N a r t s

I

O

B

Clatebrr walkbrduo nuseraan a d tteb Clateb eb

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

  dcnjoy. Ojmb teb gecl-

[ e b g cp js 9‛: gn (% ‛7T9 7T9 jl) c gr gras ass= s=

Fraws jl ocrfb goustbrs cnalf teb

tbrboob clk wjltbr gecltbrboob, teb earl

jt js secpbk ojmb c tuib ar c trunpbt

obcd ojttbr ad kbgjkuaus waaks. [eb

W

ad poblty cppbcrs jl ocrfb fraups jl

clk ecs cl apbl docrbk naute clk js

sbcsal js dran octb sunnbr ta qujtb

E

teb scnb pocgb ybcr cdtbr ybcr. ybcr. [ ebsb,

eaooaw. Jt ibganbs jrrbfuocr wjte

octb cutunl.

 Y

eawbvbr, crb qujtb adtbl gavbrbk iy

cfb clk js tejl clk taufe . Jl gaoaur jt

A

obc d ojttbr clk crb kjddjguot ta spat

rclfbs dran njkirawl ta iocgm,

W[AYCFB

A

ibgcusb a d tebj tebjrr gaoaur. C oteaufe teb teb

teaufe jt dckbs wjte cfb. [eb fjoos crb

Coo darns a d starcfb crb cppraprjctb

 N 

jljtjco cppbcrclgb js lat jlvjtjlf, teb

icrboy pbrgbptjiob. [eb dobse js frby

dar teb earl a d poblty, poblty, iut jt js

tcstb js bxgbooblt.

ta iocgm. [eb sparb prjlt js wejtb.

praicioy ibst krjbk.

N

R 

W

G c l te c r b oou s

tr u n p b t- ojm b k b p rb ss ja l

2;

 

 B K

J

 I  O B

X Y B X C Y C [ J A L C L K  N

GAAMJLF EJL[W

Ybn bnibr tect te tebsb bsb nuseraan s crb

R

eaooaw. Zau wjoo cowcys lbbk ta

W

iruse tebn clk, wjte ocrfbr spbgj-

E

nbls, jt js ibst ta sojgb tebn jl ecod

Y

clk rbnavb cly kbirjs tect ecs falb

A

kawl teb dullbogcp. [eb earl ad

A

poblty js vbry vbrsctjob jl gaamjlf,

N

iut fabs pcrtjguocroy wboo wjte djse,

s

jts kcrm gaoaur ncmjlf c strjmjlf galtrcst wjte wejtb djse.

I B O A V  O j m b te b w j l t b r g e c l tb r b oo b , te js  

s p b g j bs bs j s d a u l k j l k c n p n a s s y i c l m s   c o a l f s j k b s t r b c n s c l k j l k b b p o b c d o j tttt b r .

22

 

 B

Djstuojlc ebpãtjgc

K

J

I b b d s t b c m   Du l f u s

 I O

B

Cl jnpartclt ircgmbt dulfus dran c gaoobgtar‚s pajlt a d vjbw, lat aloy js

dulfus rbcooy kabs oaam rctebr ojmb c

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

pjbgb ad nbct. [eb gaoaur ad teb

Fraws al gebstlut ar acm trbbs,

jt jltbrbstjlf jl gaoaur clk tbxturb, jt

ircgmbt js cl arclfbrbk kcrmbljlf

usucooy, iut lat cowcys, al teb oawbr

wjte cfb, teb parbs crb nuge ojfetbr.

pcrt a d teb trulm. Wbcsal js octb sun -

E

ecs c faa k docvaur. Ibgcusb teb ibbdstbcm dulfus adtbl fraws dcjroy ejfe

[eb dobse js tejgm, sugguoblt clk

nbr ta cutunl, coteaufe jt ncy

 Y

up trbbs, yau ncy wboo lbbk ta ckk c

nattobk kcrm rbk= jt ecs qujtb c

cppbcr bcrojbr. Coteaufe tejs dulfus

A

ockkbr ta ya ur gaoobgtjlf bqujpnblt.

pobcsclt snboo. [eb sparb prjlt js irawl.

gcusbs rat jlsjkb c trbb jt kabs l at mjoo

N

R

W

A JKBL[JD JGC[JAL

trbbs nuge kcrmbr. Acm kcrmblbk jl

[e b ircgm bt gcl vcry dran 5‛78 gn

tejs wcy js jjl l kbn clk jl teb durljturb durljturb

N

 s

jt, jt, iu t jt ncmbs teb wa ak a d jldbgtbk jldbgtbk

(7‛jjy ; jl) cg rass clk js qujtb tejgm. Jt js usucooy jl c sjlfob pjbgb, coteaufe sbvbrco ncy fraw alb ciavb teb atebr. Gut teraufe, teb ibbdstbcm

g u t `o `o b s e   ―i o b b k s ‚ r b k ` u j g b

24

 

O B D [  I b b ds t b c m d u l f j a dt b l f r a w v b r y e jf e  

u p j l t rrbb b s. s. C l a t e b r f a a k g o u b t a j k b l t j ddy yjlf  t e j s s p b g j b s j s te t e c t t e b j l k j v j k u c o t u i b s 

 B K

3

s b p c r c t b d b d r a n bc g e a te b r v b r y b c s jo y , u l o j m b   I

c o o a t e b r i r c g m b t d t d u l f j . O

B

N

R

W

E

Y

A A N

W

IBOAV

[ e b u p p b r s u r ddc cgb gcl ib v vbb r y  

najst clk spalfy w ebl drbse.

jlkustry. Lbcr Eaot, jl larte Lardaom, Blfoclk, tebrb js c :58ybcraok acm trbb wjte ibbdstbcm ibbdstbcm dulfus fr aw jlf up ta c ebjfet a d 39 39 n (;8 dt dt)) dran teb icsb, c ojttob ijt kjddjguot dran c pjgmbr‚s pajlt ad vjbw, iut lbvbrtebobss c walkbrduo sjfet.

W[AYCFB

Ojmb atebr ircgmbt dulfj tejs wjoo taufebl jd krjbk, sa jt js ibst ta ncmb kjsebs clk tebl drbbzb tebn. X Y B X C Y C [ J A L C L K  GAAMJLF EJL[W

Gut add cly pcrts ad teb trbb stjoo cttcgebk ta teb dulfus. Wbpcrctb teb vcrjaus ocybrs clk wjpb tebn wjte c kcnp goate. [eb ibbdstbcm dulfus ecs c sojfetoy nbtcoojg tcstb, sa jt js ibst ta sojgb jt jlta strjps clk sacm tebsb jl njom dar ciaut twa eaurs ta rbnavb teb sojfet cgjkjty clk cgrjk docvaur. [ebl jt gcl ib frjoobk cs c pjbgb a d stbcm stbcm wjte c ojtto ojttobb aljal, icsjo clk fcrojg. [ry jt, taa, al c gecrgaco frjoo ar icribgub. Jt js cosa bxgbooblt ckkbk ta saups clk stbws dar bxtrc docvaur clk gaoaur. 26

 

 B

Docnnuojlc vboutjpbs

K

T b o v b t   We c l m J

I

O

B

Cs teb lcnb jnpojbs, teb vbovbt seclm  N 

ecs c kcrm vbovbty stbn. Jt larncooy

R

fraws kurjlf teb wjltbr naltes clk

W

gcl survjvb teb drasts, jlkbbk jt ncy

E

lbbk c drast ibdarb stcrtjlf ta fraw. Jt

 Y

gcl ib drazbl saek, iut stjoo survjvb.

A A N

s

JKBL[JD JGC[JAL

[eb gcp js 738 gn (3T;; jl) cgrass clk dcjroy doct. Jt js ojfet arclfb jl gaoaur, pcobr ct teb bkfbs clk kcrmbr tawcrks teb gbltrb. Jt js cosa qujtb snaate clk sejly wjte c stjgmy surdcgb. [ eb stbn s tbn js 3‛ 3‛7 gn (Tc j'C jl), vbry taufe clk js, cs teb lcnb suffbsts, vbovbty clk kcrm jl gaoaur, pcrtjguocroy ct teb icsb. [eb dobse, wejge js ybooaw al teb gcp geclfjlf ta kcrm irawl al teb stbn, ecs ojttob snboo. [eb fjoos crb pcob ybooaw. [eb sparb prjlt js wejtb. ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

[eb vbovbt seclm seclm adtbl fraw s jl vbry ocrfb goustbrs al kbck ar kbgcyjlf waak, pcrtjguocroy jl cssagjctjal wjte bon clk acm, clk cosa farsb raats. [eb sbcsal js oalf oalf ibgcusb teby teby fraw coo teraufe teb wjltbr naltes clk sa crb usbduo webl aloy c ojnjtbk lunibr ad nuseraans js cvcjociob. W[AYCFB

[eb ibst nbteak a d starcfb js ta kry clk pawkbr tebn. X Y B X C Y C [ J A L C L K  GAAMJLF EJL[W

O B D [  K j d d j g u o t ta  

Cs teby ecvb c dcjroy taufe tbxturb

galdusb wjte 

teby rbcooy crb ibst ibst krjbk. Jd usjlf

clytejlf bosb 

tebn drbse, gut a dd nast a d teb stbn, stbn, clk sojgb sojgb teb gcps gcps djlboy. djlboy. R sb ta fjvb c

i b g c u sb s b a d te te b   u l u s u c o s b c s a l a d    f r a w t e i u t l a t b tte e b 

faak docvaur ta saups clk stbws, iut rbnbnibr ta gaam tebn wboo.

c i sbl g b a d c r jl f al  t e b s t bn bn . X a j s a l a u s   oaamcojmbs w joo ecvb   c r jjl lf arc vbjo.

25

 

Frjd÷oc Frjd÷o c dralkasc (syl. Xaoyparus dralkascs) E b l   a d    [ E B

V

a a k s

I B O AV AV C L K I A [ [ A N  O a a m d a r W n c o o   

 B

a v b r o c p p j l f g c p s c l k d k d o b s e w e j g e k a b s l a t  

 K

t u rrl l irawl w ebl irujsbk.

 J 

 I  O  B

[ejs js cl ulusuco dulfus wejge, ojmb teb gcuojdoawbr dulfus, fraws ct teb

 N 

icsb ad trbb trulms clk gcl ib bx-

R 

trbnboy ocrfb. Jts ncly gcps crb

W

 `a jl b k tafb ta fb te br cl clk k c oc rf b sp spbg bgjn jn bl

 E 

gcl pravjkb c dbcst dar ncly pbapob.

 Y

Faak ta bct clk qujtb rcrb, sa latb

A

webrb yau djlk jt cs jt wjoo gbrtcjloy

A

fraw tebrb cfcjl.

 N  s

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[eb drujt iaky js 3832 arj (;4 jl) cgrass, clk galsjsts a d c gbltrco gbltrco sbgtjal sbgtjal wjte ncly irclge stbns blkjlf jl jlkjvjkuco gcps. Bcge gcp js 76 gn (33/ (33/;‛ ;‛9% jl) cgr c gr ass as s cl k ecs q ujt b c wrjlmobk bkfb. [ eb weaob drujt iaky js frbyjse jl gaoaur turljlf irawl wjte cfb. [eb stbns crb pcob frby. [eb ebl a d teb waaks ecs tuibs tuibs rctebr tecl fjoos. [ebsb crb 97 nn ('/38 jl) oalf clk rul kawl teb stbn. [eb dobse, wejge js wejtb, ecs c

sojfetoy nusty snboo. ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

Fraws ct teb icsb ad teb trulms ad acms ar atebr kbgjkuaus trbbs. Aggcsjalcooy sjalcoo y jt fraws al trbb trbb stunps. [eb sbcsal ad teb ebl ad teb waaks js cutunl ta bcroy wjltbr.

[eb ibst n bteak a d starcfb js kryjlf.

laams clk grbvjgbs wejge ecriaur kjrt. Kub ta jts vbry taufe tbxturb jt

Atebrwjsb drbbzb kjsebs jl wejge yau

gcl ib rjlsbk jl gaok wctbr prjar ta

ecvb usbk tejs nuseraan.

gaamjlf. Jt tcstbs tcstbs faa k clk fabs wboo

W[AYCFB

jl c wjkb vcrjbty ad wjok nuseraan XYBXCYC[JAL CLK  GAAMJLF EJL[W

kjsebs, iut, ibgcusb a d jts taufe tbxturb, ncmb surb jt js wboo gaambk.

Jt jjss jn partcl t ta gobcl teb teb ebl a d teb teb

Krjbk clk tebl pawkbrbk, jt gcl ib

waaks tearaufeoy cs jt ecs ncly

ckkbk ta saups clk stbws. 2:

 

 B

 E y k l u n rbp rb p cl ku n

 K  J 

E

b k f b e a f

  D

u l f u s

 I  O  B

 N  R  W  E 

[ejs ojttob fbn js adtbl qujtb kjddjguot ta djlk al teb waakoclk doaar. Xbrsbvbrclgb pcys cs jt ecs frbct guojlcry vcoub clk js nuge saufet cdtbr iy gaoobgtars.

 Y

ulkbrsjkb  a d gcp gcp

A

JKBL[JD JGC[JAL

A

[eb grbcngaoaurbk gcps crb usucooy

 N 

sjlfob cl k 93 2 gn (%‛4 jl) cgra ss, docttbljlf wjte c sojfet gbltrco kb-

s

spjlbs al 

prbssjal clk raoobk rjn. [eb stbn js 7.26.2 gn (3T;7 jl) clk qujtb iuoiaus. Jt js qujtb kawly clk js wejtb, irujsjlf sojfetoy ybooaw webl gut. Jl pocgbb a d parbs ar vbjls, pocg vbjls, tejs tejs nusera an ecs ojttob spjlbs, eblgb teb lcnb ebkfbeaf dulfus. [eb dobse js wejtb wjte c vbry pobcsclt snboo. [eb sparb prjlt js grbcngaoaurbk. ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

Fraws jl ocrfb lunibrs clk ulkbr

vbry tejgm  taufe stbns

kbgjkuaus ar galjdbraus trbbs, usucooy jl qujtb kcnp sjtuctjals suge cs coalf krcjlcfb kjtgebs ar webrb tebrb crb nassy pctgebs. pctgebs. [eb sbcsal js octb octb sunnbr ta octb cutunl. W[AYCFB

[ebsb crb ibst sojgbk clk krjbk dar wjltbr usb, cote aufe teby gcl ib mbpt

tejgm, pbppbry  tcstjlf tcstj lf dobs e

jl ajo ar vjlbfcr. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK  GAAMJLF EJL[W

Cdtbr gobcljlf, teb sncoobr spbgjnbls gcl ib gaambk weaob ar bosb sojgbk. Vjte ocrfbr spbgjnbls jt js praicioy i bst t a r bn a v b t e b sp j l bs, c s coteaufe qujtb bkjiob teby oaam ojmb sncoo ecjrs clk gauok spajo teb cppbcrclgb a d teb djljsebk kjse. [ ejs js c vbry vbrsctjob nuseraan, fajlf vbry wboo wjte iate nbct clk djse kjsebs, iut jt js warte tryjlf sanb al tebjr awl dar tebjr bxgbooblt docvaur.

OBD[

[ e b g c p g a o a u r ggc c l v c r yd r a n  

 p j l m j s e - i u d d ta t e js r c r b w e j t b d a r n .

48

 

 E y p e a oa n c su i oc tbrj tb rj tju n

I

r jg m

  G

£ K

c p

I B O A V  L a t b t e b v b j o r b n l c l ts a l t e b gc p   J

[e bsb sn c o o n u se r a a n s, w e j ge cppbcr jl goustbrs jl teb cutunl, crb faak ta bct. Eawbvbr, jt js qujtb bcsy ta galdusb tebn wjte teb suopeur tudt,

 E y p e a o a n c d c s g j g u o c r b ,  

wejge js

n c r f j l c l k t e b r a i u s t , d o b s e y g c p s c l k   

I A [ [ A N  L a t b e a w t e b f j o os d o u s e p u r p ob

s t bn b n s . [ e b s b s p b ggjj n b l s c rrbb u l u s u c o oy oy w b t  

c s tte e b s p ar ar b s n c t u r b . [ e b y c r b l b v b r  

clk stjgmy.

f r b b l j s e - y b o oa oa w o jm j m b t e b su s u o p e u r t u ddtt .

  I

 O B

sojfetoy kcrmbr tawcrks teb stbn. Jt ecs c kbdjljtb snboo ad nuseraans. [eb sparb prjlt js purpob-irawl.

 N  u s

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

E

pajsalaus, sa jt js jnpartclt ta tcmb

[eb irjgm gcp fraws jl goustbrs al

Y

gcrb avbr jkbltjdyjlf tebn.

teb stunps ad aok kbgjkuaus trbbs, dran octb cutunl ta bcroy wjltbr.

A A

JKBL[JD JGC[JAL N

[ eb gcp js ;‛38 gn (3T9-; jl) cg rass ras s

W[AYCFB

clk qujtb galvbx, coteaufe jt gcl docttbl jl ncturb spbgjnbls. Cs teb

Aloy mbbp teb gcps, wejge crb ibst krjbk weaob dar starcfb.

s

lcnb suffbsts, teb gcp js irjgm rbk, kcrmbst jl teb gbltrb clk adtbl pcobr

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK 

tawcrks teb ncrfjls. [eb stbn js 2‛35 gn (9‛6 jl) oal f cl k wej w ejtjs tjse, e,

GAAMJLF EJL[W

iut gcl stcjl kcrmbr webl gut. Jt ecs c pcrtjco vbjo. [eb fjoos crb purpojsefrby. [eb dobse js pcob ybooaw clk

Aloy gaoobgt teb yaulf spbgjnbls webl teby crb ct tebjr vbry ibst. Gaambk ojfetoy tebsb fjvb c faak docvaur ta cly kjse.

43

 

 B

 Ocgb  Oc gbcrî crîc c cn bt ey stbc st bc

 K

 J 

 C n b t e y s t   K b g b j v b r  

 I  O  B

 N  R

W

[eb cn bteyst kbgbjvbr kbgbjvbr fraw s jl ocrfb ocrfb

ta teb gcp. [eb dobse js tejl clk

usuco scugb ta sbrvb avbr jgbgrbcn

traaps. Jt js gaoaurduo, bkjiob clk

tjlfbk ojocg. [eb snboo js lat kjstjlg-

clk kbssbrts.

tcsty, clk sa ncmbs bxgbooblt ckkj-

tjvb. [eb sparb prjlt js wejtb. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK 

tjals ta yaur gaamjlf.

GAAMJLF EJL[W

 E 

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

 Y

JKBL[JD JGC[JAL

A

[eb gcp js 32 gn (T99 jl) cgrass. Jt

A

js galvbx iut docttbls wjte cfb clk kbvboaps c sojfet kbprbssjal jl teb

 N   s

gbltrb. Kbbp purpojseojocg jl gaoaur,

Fraws jl galjdbraus clk kbgjkuaus waaks, adtbl wjte ibbge clk gebstlut. [eb sbcsal js octb sunnbr ta bcroy wjltbr. Jt js vbry gannal.

Cs tebsb fraw qujtb kblsboy clk ecvb wjkb apbl fjoos, teby gcl ib kjrty, sa jt js jnpartclt ta gobcl tebn wboo ibdarb usjlf. Jd yau starb tebn jl spjgbk cogaeao, ioclge tebn djrst. Jt js

jt krjbs krjbs ta cl conast iu dd gaoaur. [ eb stbn js ;‛38 gn (jT'9; (jT'9; jl), jl), ea ooaw clk ecs sojfetoy wejtb djirbs iboaw

W[AYCFB

jnpartclt tect jd starbk jl cogaeao tebsb crb mbpt jl c rbdrjfbrctar ta

Krjbs vbry wboo. Jt gcl cosa ib starbk

prbvblt dbrnbltctjal. [eby crb cosa

teb gcp. [eb fjoos crb c sjnjocr gaoaur 

jl spjgbk cogaeao ta fjvb c nast ul-

bxgbooblt drbse.

49

 

 O c gb c kc ocggctc

K   b g b j v b r 

Ojmb teb cnbteyst kbgbjvbr, teb kbgbjvbr fraws jl ocrfb traaps. J KBL[J DJ GC[J AL

[eb kbgbjvbr ecs c gcp tect gcl ib sojfetoy ocrfbr tecl teb cnbteyst kb-

waaks. [eb sbcsal js octb sunnbr ta

gbjvbr, iut js cosa galvbx clk docttbl-

bcroy wjltbr. [eby crb vbry gannal.

jlf. Jt gcl apbl ta oaam ojmb c gecltbrboob. [eb gaoaur js tcwly ta pcob

W[AYCFB

rbk clk jt krjbs ta c pcobr gaoaur. [eb

[eb ibst nbtea k a d starcfb starcfb js kryjlf kryjlf..

stbn js 2 38 g n (9‛; jl), jl), c sjn jocr gaoaur ta teb gcp, iut adtbl js

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK 

twjstbk. [eb fjoos crb wboo sprbck. [eb dobse js c pcob rbkkjseirawl clk

GAAMJLF EJL[W

teb snboo js lat kjstjlgtjvb. [eb sparb

Ojmb teb cnbteyst kbgbjvbr, jt js jnpartclt ta gobcl jt wboo ibdarb puttjlf

prjlt js wejtb.

jt jl yaur icsmbt. Daooaw teb jlstrugtjals al teb appasjtb pcfb da r spjgjlf

E C I J [ C [ C L K W B C WA WA L

jl cogaeao.

Fraws jl galjdbraus clk kbgjkuaus YJFE[, CIATB CLK IBOAV [ e b kbg bjvbr js jlg rbkjioy vcrjciob clk jt nc y 

t c m b y a u n c l y s b c s a l s t a r b g a f l j z b t e b  n c l y v c r j c ttjj a l s .

47

 

 B  K

 / 

 Oc gt cr ju s kbo jgj asus

Wc d d r a l   N j o m - g c p

I O B

C oavboy, gaoaurduo nuseraan ta  N 

djlk. Jt fraws vbry goasb ta teb

R

fraulk clk adtbl al qujtb sclky sajo,

s

wejge gcl ncmb gobcljlf kjddjguot. Jt

 E 

cosa ecs c eaooaw stbn wejge gcl obck

 Y

ta praiobns wjte jldbstctjal. [a

A

cvajk tejs praiobn praiobn `u st pjgm yaul f

A

drbse spbgjnbls, iut ncmb surb tect

 N 

teby crb ncturb blaufe dar c pasjtjvb

W

jkbltjdjgctjal, atebrwjsb teby gcl ib galdusbk wjte teb waaooy njomgcp,  O c g t c r j u s t a r n j l a s u s ,   a r  O c g t c r j u s    p u i b s g b l s ,  

iate a d wejge crb crb pajsa-

laus. C I A T B  C s y a u gc l s b b , te b gc p i b g a n b s  

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[eb gcp js 739 gn

 p c o b , c on a s t s j ov b r y - w e j t b a r k u oo f r b b l js e   { j T  ;  ;‛ ; T ; 

jl)

w j t e c f b . X j g m t e bd r b s e b r a r c l f b g c cp ps.

cgrass, galvbx wjte c kbprbssbk gbltrb. Jt ecs galgbltrjg rjlfs clk, cs teb lcnb suffbsts, js scddral jl gaoaur.

gcp wjte   g a l g b l t r jg jg r j l f s

4;

 

 B K

J

I

I B O A V  J l y a u l f s p b g jn b l s te b n c r f jl js  

jlvaoutbk.

O

B

Al guttjlf yau wjoo latjgb tect jt iobbks c scddral gaoaur. Jt cosa ecs c

N

gobcl, jlraoobk bkfb. [ejs js cl jn-

R

partclt nb cls a d jkbltjdjgctjal, ib-

s

gcusb lbjtebr teb waaooy njomgcp lar

 O c g t c r j u s

p u i b s g b l s 

ecvb gobcl

 E  Y

bkfbs ta teb gcp. [eb eaooaw stbn js

A

7‛4 g n

A

{3T; -9T9 

jl) pcob, ioatgebk

wjte arclfb, clk webl irujsbk ar irambl, turls frbbljse. [eb goasboy spcgbk fjoos crb scddral jl gaoaur. [eb dobse js pcob. [eb scddral njomgcp js irjfetbr jl gaoaur tecl bjtebr ad jts oaamcojmbs, wejge js c usbduo cjk ta jkbltjdjgctjal. ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

Cowcys fraws ulkbr pjlb ar sprugb trbbs, clk gcl cosa ib daulk ibsjkb pctes al sclky ebcteoclk. [eb sbcsal

N

W

js bcroy sunnbr ta qujtb octb cutunl. W[AYCFB

[ejs starbs bxtrbnboy wboo, webtebr krjbk ar jl ajo ar vjlbfcr. X Y B X C Y C [ JA JA L C L K   GAAMJLF EJL[W

[eb sclk clk pjlb lbbkobs ad tejs nuseraan‚s ecijtct ncmb gobcljlf jnpartclt. Jlkbbk, jt ncy ib lbgbsscry ta wcse yaur spbgjnbls jnnbkjctboy ibdarb gaamjlf, iut tebl kry tebn wboo ibdarb sojgjlf clk gaamjlf tebn. [eb oavboy grulgey tbxturb clk faak docvaur ncmb tejs c nuge saufetcdtbr nuseraan.

YJFE[

[ e b g c p n c r f j l j s s e c f f y j l te te b s b  

yaulf spbgjnbls.

42

 

 B

 Oc  O c bt jp a ru s su op eu rb u s

 K J

W u o p e u r    X a o y p a r b   a r    G e j g m b l   a d    t e b   V a a k s

 I  O  B

Alb ad teb narb spbgtcguocr ad coo

yaulf spbgjnbls js tblkbr clk bx-

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK 

 N 

ircgmbt dulfj, tejs gcl fraw jl vbry

ukbs c ybooaw `ujgb. [eb snboo js js

GAAMJLF

T 

ocrfb qucltjtjbs clk ganb qujtb bcroy

qujtb pulfblt clk c ojttob cgrjk.

Cvajk teb taufebst spbgjnbls clk

W

jl teb nuseraan sbcsal. Jts vbrsctjo-

 E 

jty ncmbs jt jnpartclt dran c guojl-

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL 

 Y

cry pajlt a d vjbw, iut aloy pjgm

Fraws al kbgjkuaus trbbs, pcrtjgu-

ib kjddjguot iut jt js ibst ta sbpcrctb teb jlkjvjkuco ocybrs, irusejlf ojfet-

A

yaulf spbgjnbls.

ocroy acm clk swbbt gebstlut, iut

oy= ibcrjlf jl njlk tect teb kblsb

ncy cosa ib daulk al ybw, gebrry

tbxturb ncmbs jt passjiob ta wcse jt ta

JKBL[JD JGC[JAL

clk wjooaw. [eb sbcsal js usucooy

rbnavb cly jldbstctjal ar kjrt. [a

[e b ircgm bt gcl rclfb dran 32‛28

dran octb sprjlf ta bcroy cutunl, iut

rbnavb teb sojfet ijttbr tcstb ioclge

gn (43:% jl) cgrass. Adtbl teb

jd teb wjltbr ecs ibbl njok jt wjoo

jt dar twa ta terbb njlutbs jl iajojlf,

secpb a d c dcl, jt ecs c sbnjgjrguocr

adtbl cppbcr nuge bcrojbr, sa mbbp c

scotbk wctbr prjar ta gaamjlf. [eb

frawjlf ecijt clk qujtb ljgb raulkbk bkfbs. [eb gaoaur js spbgtcguocr=

oaam aut dar jt.

tbxturb clk docvaur js ad gejgmbl, cs teb lcnb suffbsts, clk jt js nuge

obnal ta arclfbybooaw, coteaufe jt

W[AYCFB

prjzbk iy gebds. Jt js walkbrduo dar

tblks ta kcrmbl wjte cfb. [eb ircgm-

Kryjlf taufebls tejs nuseraan, sa

vbfbtcrjcl nbcos, ncmjlf cl bxgbo-

bts ecvb cl conast vbovbtojmb cppbcr-

jt js ibst usbk drbse clk teb djljsebk kjse drazbl.

obltt gejgmbl a d teb obl teb waa ks rjsatta ar

A  N  W

clgb. clg b. Jt ecs ybooaw tuibs. [e b dobse jjl l

EJL[W

aloy usb yaulf albs. Gobcljlf gcl

gejgmbl gej gmbl a d teb teb wa aks gurr gurry. y.

44

 

 B  K

IBOAV

[ e b f j c l t p a ooy y p a r b , Nbrjpjous g c l r bc bc g e j T 9 n (  ; d t ) c g ra ss .  

I B O A V O B D[ D[ C L K I B O A V

V e b l y au au l f , 

fjfcltbus,

t e b st s t rc r c l f b o u n p y f r a w t e s  ad

 J t s d o b s e s t c jl s i oc g m w e b l i r u js b k i u t jt js  

suopeuraus

b k j i ob ob w e b l v b r y y a u l f .

b o b f c l t i r c g m b t s j t w j o o d o d a r n w jt e c f b.

Ocbtjparus Ocbtjparus

g c l oa oa a m q u j t b u l o j m b t e b  

[ e j s i r c g m b t o c st s t s q u j ttbb c w e j o b   j l t e b d b d j b o k c l k w e b l a ok js s a d t , s p a l f y c l k  

IA[[AN

 p c ob r jl g a oa u r . X j g m te b i r jf e t oy g a oa u r b k    d r u j t i a k jb s .

 J 

 I  O  B

 

 B

 O  Oc c l f br n c l l jc f jf c l tb c

 K

F j c l t   X u d d  - i c o o  J   I  O  B

[eb fjclt puddicoo gcl ib truoy spbg-

O B D [  E b k `\ b r a w s  

 N 

tcguocr. Jt js cosa vbrsctjob jl teb

c l k k j t g e i c l m s c r b 

R 

mjtgebl, iut aloy pjgm spbgjnbls tect

t w a a d t e bb d  d c v a u r jt b  

W

crb drbse clk yaulf clk saulk eao-

 E   Y

oaw webl yau tcp teb tap ad teb nuseraan. Jt js pajltobss pjgmjlf

A

tejs nuseraan algb teb dobse ecs

A

ibganb kjsgaoaurbk. Gebgm jts cfb iy

 N 

guttjlf teb spbgjnbl rjfet teraufe=

s

teb mljdb seauok lat tbcr teb dobse dobse iut pcss grjspoy teraufe jt. JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[e b drujt ia ky gcl rclfb dr an 2‛58 gn (9 7 3*/9 */9 jl) cgrass, coteau fe sp bgjnbls a d 398 gn (;5 jl) jl) cgrass cgras s ecvb ibbl rbgarkbk. Vebl yaulf jt ecs c ljgb wejtb cppbcrclgb, coteaufe teb autbr wcoo ncy irbcm cwcy ta bxpasb

e c i j t c t s a d t e bb`` \ j c l t    p u d d - i c o o.

teb sparb ncss clk ibganb ybooaw. Cvajk ct tejs stcfb.

C'

8 ** '''  N o.

/ ‚T ▨

s a o jk jk w e j t b d o b s e   webl yaulf

45

 

E C I J [ C [ C L K W B CW CW A L  

Fraws jl fcrkbls, pcsturbs, waakoclks clk c wjkb vcrjbty ad atebr sjtuctjals, suge cs coalf kymb iclms. [eb sbcsal js cly tjnb dran bcroy sunnbr ta octb cutunl ulobss teb wbctebr js vbry kry, webl jt wjoo lat fraw. [ebrb wjoo usucooy ib sbvbrco jl teb scnb crbc clk teby fraw jl teb scnb pocgb ybcr cdtbr ybcr. W[AYCFB

[ebrb js la sctjsdcgtary sctjsdcgtary w cy a d starjlf fjclt puddicoos, sa jt js ibst ta ncmb up teb kjsebs clk drbbzb tebn. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK  GAAMJLF EJL[W

Tbry.ojttob lbbks ta ib kalb ta tejs

nuseraan. Vjpb teb spbgjnbls gcrbduooy wjte c kcnp goate clk, jd yau crb lat fajlf ta usb tebn jnnbkjctboy, wrcp jl gojlf djon clk mbbp jl teb rbdrjfbrctar dar up ta terbb kcys. [eb fjclt puddicoo fabs bxtrbnboy wboo jl coo coo wjo wjok k n useraan kjsebs, saups clk stbws. Jt cosa ncmbs c faak irbcmdcst sojgbk clk drjbk wjte icgal ar bosb kjppbk jl ibctbl bff clk irbckgrunis clk ojfetoy drjbk jl icgal dct.

OBD[ CLK CIATB

[ e j s s e a w s c l a t e bbrr  

o c r f b b k j i o b s p b g j b s ,  Oygapbrkal

bxgjpuojdarnb,

w e j g e dr dr b q u b l t oy o y f r a w s j l 

o c r f b g o u s ttbb r s . J t j s g a n n a l j l w a a k o c l k s .

4:

 

 B

 O  Obg bg gjl gj l u n sgciru sgc irun n

 K

I r a w l   I jr g e   I a o b t b J

 I

 O  B

Coteaufe teb irawl ijrge iaobtb js  N 

lat cs wboo dcvaurbk cs teb arclfb

R 

ijrge iaobtb, jt js stjoo qujtb usbduo jl

s

teb mjtgebl. Eawbvbr, aloy pjgm

 E   Y A

yaulf djrn spbgjnbls cs aokbr albs tblk ta cisari c faak kbco ad najsturb clk sa ecvb c vbry sadt tbxturb.

A  N  s

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[eb gcp js 239 gn (9;9/; jl) cgrass clk njkirawl jl gaoaur. Jt js kry, iut gcl ib sojfetoy stjgmy jl wbt wbctebr. [eb stbn js 698 gn (99/; 69/; jl), wejtb wjte irawl ta iocgmjse dobgmbk sgcobs. [eb parbs crb irawl. [eb dobse js wejtb clk teb snboo qujtb pobcsclt. [eb sparb prjlt js irawl.

 d o b s e

n cy 

r b k k b l jl jl s a n b    d a r n s

sojfetoy stjgmy  sna ate gc cp p

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCW WA AL

Fraws ulkbr ijrge trbbs. [eb sbcsal js sunnbr ta octb cutunl. W[AYCFB

Kry jlf js teb ibs ibstt nbteak a d starcfb. Gut jt jlta sbgtjals clk bjtebr cjrkry ar usb cl bobgtrjg krybr. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK  GAAMJLF EJL[W

Cs tejs nuseraan ecs qujtb c sadt tbxturb, jt js ibst ta usb jt jl gal `u lg tj al wj te ate br n u se ra an s jl c njxbk nuseraan kjse ar jl nuseraan saups.

YJFE[

[ e b i r a w l i j r g e i a o b t b e c s r b g b l ttoo y  

i b b l s u i k j v j k b k j l ta ta c l u n i b r a d g o a s bo bo y   r b o c tb tb k s p b g j b s , c o o a d w e j g e c r b b k j i o b .

68

 

 O  Obg bg gj l un vb rs jp bo boob ob

A r c l f b   I jr g e   I a o b t b

C iaobtb tect js pcrtjguocroy faak ta bct. Jt gcl fraw ta c dcjroy ocrfb sjzb clk, cs teb lcnb jnpojbs, js usucooy jl goasb cssagjctjal wjte ijrge trbbs. JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[e b g cp js 4 92

gn (9'/9 (9'/9‛ ‛:% jl)

cgrass. Jt js c oavboy arclfb gaoaur clk ecs c sojfetoy douddy cppbcrclgb ct djrst ibdarb ibganjlf snaate ar sgcoy kbpblkjlf al teb wbctebr galkjtjals. Jt js usucooy kry. [eb stbn gcl ib up ta 98 gn (6% jl). Jt js wejtb ta frbyjse jl gaoaur clk gavbrbk wjte irawl ta iocgmjse sgcobs. [eb stbns ad yaulf spbgjnbls irujsb c irjfet bobgtrjgg ioub jl pctgebs. [ eb parb s crb bobgtrj addwejtb ta frby. [eb dobse js pcob,

 d o b s e

tu r l s r b k k js e  

o j oc oc g t e b l we bl

g ut  

i o c g m   

ibganjlf iocgmjse wjte cfb. [eb snboo js qujtb pobcsclt. Vebl gut jl grasssbgtjal tejs nuseraan stcjls qujtb iocgm al teb jlsjkb, iut yau seauok lat ib put add iy tejs cs jt js faak ta bct. [eb sparb prjlt js ojfet irawl. o b c v b s a d i j r gge e ,  t e b p r b d b r r b k e a s t t rrbb b

E C I J [ C [ C L K W B C W AL AL

Fraws jl cssagjctjal wjte ijrge clk sgrui. [eb sbcsal js njksunnbr ta qujtb octb cutunl. W[AYCFB

Ibgcusb tejs nuseraan gcl ib qujtb ocrfb, jt js ibst ta sojgb jt ibdarb kryjlf, wejge js teb ibst wcy ad starjlf jt. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK  GAAMJLF EJL[W

Jt seauok aloy ib lbgbsscry ta wjpb teb gcp wjte c kcnp goate clk iruse

CIATB

[ e b g c p s n c y b x p c l k t a c n u g e 

CIATB

[e b gcp ncy ibganb qujtbdboty 

cly oaasb kust pcrtjgobs dran teb

f r b c t b r s j z b j l p r a p a r t j a l t a t e b s ttbb n t e c l j s  

c l k s g c o y w j t e c f b , p c r t j g u o c r o y c t t e b 

stbn. C vbrsctjob nuseraan, jt js nuge saufet cdtbr iy gebds.

s e a w l e b r b c l k t e b g a o a u r gc gc l d c k b t a k u o o  

gbltrb.

y b o o a w i u d dd..

63

 

£

 Ob  O b p js tc lukc lu kc   ( s y l . [rjgeaoanc lukun)

K

 J 

 I

V a a k   I o b w jt

 O  B

[eb waak iobwjt js usbduo ibgcusb jt

grawkbk clk vbry ojocg, coteaufe

cppbcrs octb jl teb sbcsal. Iut ib-

teby oasb tebjr gaoaur wjte cfb teby

T 

wcrb ‛sanb pbapob crb coobrfjg ta jt.

lbvbr turl irawl. Jt js ibst ta pjgm

W

Ncmb surb yau try aloy c ojttob djrst

yaulfbr spbgjnbls tect stjoo rbtcjl

 E 

clk tcmb gcrb jd yau sbrvb jt ta fubsts.

teb walkbrduo gaoaur dar teby ecvb

 Y

Jt js cosa nast jnpartclt ta rbnbn-

teb ibst docvaur. [eb dobse js ioujse

A

ibr jt nust ib wboo gaambk clk lbvbr

clk teb snboo js qujtb pbrdunbk. [eb

A

bctbl rcw.

sparb prjlt js pcob pjlm.

 N 

fjoos rbncjl  vjaobt, lbvbr  turl irawl

 N  W

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[eb gcp js 439 gn (93/9;% jl) cgrass. Galvbx ct djrst, jt bvbltucooy docttbls clk js sanbtjnbs qujtb galvaoutbk. [eb gcp stcrts iy ibjlf qujtb ioub iut tebl turls cl conast sejly tcl. Jt krjbs c ojttob pcobr. [eb stbn js 2: gn (973/9 jl) clk adtbl

ecs purpob ncrmjlfs. [eb fjoos crb

69

 

 B  K  J   I  O  B

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

F r a ws j l co o n j xbk wa a k o cl k , ebkfbraws clk fcrkbls clk sanb-

 N 

R 

tjnbs al apbl fraulk. [eb sbcsal js

W

dran cutunl ta bcroy wjltbr. Jt js

 E 

qujtb gannal clk adtbl fraws jl

 Y

ocrfb qucltjtjbs.

A A

W[AYCFB

Ibgcusb teb waak eobwjt nust ib gaam bk ib darb jt js bc bctbl, tbl, jt js js ibst lat ta kry jt. Jt kabs, eawbvbr, mbbp bxtrbnboy wboo jd jt js ioclgebk clk tebl put jl wjlb vjlbfcr, bx trc vjrfjl aojvb ajo ar spjgbk cogaeao. Iut, jd mbpt jl teb cogaeao, jt nust ib starbk jl teb rbdrjfbrctar ta stap dbrnbltc-

 N  s

tjal. tjal. [eb gaoaur clk drcfrclgb a d tejs tejs nuseraan nbcl jt gcl ib usbk jl iate swbbt clk scvaury kjsebs. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK  GAAMJLF EJL[W

Sujtb cl bcsy nuseraan ta gobcl, fbltoy wjpb teb tap clk gut teb stbn. Jt js faak jl coo nuseraan kjsebs, iut cs jt ecs c vbry stralf docvaur jt fabs pcrtjguocroy wboo wjte stralfoy docvaurbk vbfbtciobs suge cs aljals clk obbms. [ry c eobwjt icmb iy njxjlf aljals, obbms clk waak iobwjts jl c iêgecnbo scugb. Ka lat darfbt, eawbvbr, tect sanb pbapob crb coobrfjg ta jt.

[ A X  L a t b te c t te b g c p s cr b s n a a te c l k l a t  

s t j g m y . [ e b f j o o s r b n c j l v j a oobb t , l b v b r   t u r l jl jl f r u s tty y irawl cs ka teasb a d sanb  o a a m c o j m b s p b g jjbb s , s u g e c s  Gartjlcrjus.

Y J F E [  C ot e a u f e te b s b s p b g jn b l s c rb u l k b r  

 p j l b s , te b w a a k e ob w jt js b q u c oo y g a n n a l   j l k b g j k u a u s w a a k s c l k f c r k b l s. s.

67

 

 B

 O b p j s t c s c b v c

 K  J 

D

jb o k

  I

o b w jt

 

a r 

 I  O  B

[eb djbok iobwjt js nast gannaloy

 N  R 

 s

 E   Y A A  N  W

daulk bxcgtoy webrb teb lcnb suffbsts. Iut, ibgcusb teby crb oaw frawjlf, teby crb kjddjguot ta spat jl oalf frcss. Jts atebr lcnb, ioub obf, ganbs dran teb irjfetoy gaoaurbk stbn. Jt js ibst pjgmbk yaulf, ta cvajk jldbstctjal wjte ncffats. Ybnbnibr, ojmb teb waak iobwjt, tejs nuseraan nust ib gaambk ibdarb jt js bctbl clk sanb pbapob crb coobrfjg ta jt, sa tcmb gcrb. JKBL[JD JGC[JAL

[e b gcp js 4‛39 gn (9T9;% jl) cgrass. Sujtb galvbx ct djrst tebl docttbljlf, jt gcl ib sojfetoy kbprbssbk

  I

o u b

  O

b f

webl duooy apblbk aut. [eb gcp js c rctebr jlsjfljdjgclt iu dd gaoaur, iut jt ecs c ljgb sejlb. [eb stbn, wejge js 7‛4 gn (j'/; 9T9 jl) js teb na st sj fl jdjgclt tejlf ciaut teb djbok iobwjt. Jt js adtbl rctebr iuoiaus clk ecs ojocg tebsb crb  jl pbrdbgt   galkjtjal da r    pjgmj lf

ncrmjlfs. [eb fjoos crb grawkbk clk wejtjse. [eb dobse js qujtb tejgm clk geulmy clk wejtb ta dobsegaoaurbk. Jt ecs c pbrdunbk snboo vbry sjnjocr ta tect tect a d teb teb waak iobwjt. iobwjt. [eb sparb prjlt js pcob pjlm. ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

Adtbl fraws jl ocrfb lunibrs jl rjlfs jl pcsturboclk. [eb sbcsal js

6;

 

 B  K  J   I  O  B

cutunl teraufe ta teb djrst drasts ad wjltbr, coteaufe jt gcl stclk sanb ojfet drasts.

 N  R  W

W[AYCFB

 E 

Cs tejs js clatebr nuseraan tect

 Y

nust ib gaambk ibdarb jt js bctbl, jt

A

js ibst ioclgebk clk starbk jl wjlb

A

vjlbfcr ar bxtrc vjrfjl aojvb ajo. Wtarb

 N 

jl spjgbk cogaeao jd yau wclt ta sbrvb jt cs c kbssbrt. X Y B X C Y C [ J A L C L K  GAAMJLF EJL[W

Tbry sjnjocr ta teb waak iobwjt, teb djbok iobwjt fjvbs c rbcooy faak docvaur

s

ta stbw s jd jjtt js geappbk up djrs djrst. t.

C I A T B  E b r b , y a u gc l s b b g ob c r oy te b  

g a n p o b tb tb o c g m a d v j a o b t g a o a u r j l t e b g c p ,   g a n p c r b k t a t e b w a a k i o b w j t. t.

la vjaobt   jl fjoos

ioujse-ojocg   stbn ncy dck b   webl aok 

62

 

 B

IBOAV

 N cg ra obpj ob pj at atc c prag p ragbrc brc

w a a k o c l k s , w e b r b s a n b r b ooc c t bk b k s p b g j bbss f r a w .

 K  J 

R s u c o oy oy d a u l k j l d j b o k s , l a t j l 

X c r c s a o   N

u

s e

r

a

a

n

I B O A V O B D [  L a t b te b ga c rs b i r a w l s g c ob s  

a l t e b g c p , t e b w e j t b r jjl lf clk iclks a d 

 I

irawl sgcobs al teb stbn.  O  B

[eb pcrcsao nuseraan gcl fraw

spebrjgco, iut saal docttbls aut

qujtb ocrfb clk ecs c oalf frawjlf

teaufe rbtcjljlf c pranjlblt gbltrb. Jt js js pcob i ud d jl gaoaur clk gavbrbk

W

sbcsal. [eby rbcppbcr jl teb scnb pocgb ybcr cdtbr ybcr, clk ncy wboo

 E 

ecvb sbvbrco sbvbrco dousebs dousebs a d fraw te kurjlf

secffy sgcobs. [eb stbn js 3278 gn (4339/; jl), wejtb clk ecs c ocrfb

 N  R 

wjte synnbtrjgco pcttbrls ad kcrm

A

teb sbcsal. [eb lcnb js cppraprjctb dar tejs nuseraan kabs jlkbbk oaam

A

ojmb c ocky‚s pcrcsao.

tejl clk wejtb clk ecs c dcjroy swbbt, coteaufe lat pcrtjguocroy kjstjlgtjvb,

JKBL[JD JGC[JAL

snboo. [eb sparb prjlt js wejtb. [ejs

[eb gcp, wejge js 3892 gn (;:9/;

nuseraan js usucooy ncffatdrbb

jl) ar narb, stcrts iy ibjlf vbry

clk js ibst gaoobgtbk webl kry cs jt

 Y

 N 

s

rjlf, teb fjoos crb wejtb. [eb dobse js

saal cisaris najsturb, ibganjlf saffy clk conast ulusciob.

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

Jl apbl waaks clk pcsturbs, clk coalf racksjkb ebkfbs. [eb sbcsal js dran bcroy sunnbr ta octb cutunl. W[AYCFB

[ejs nuseraan krjbs wboo. Kjsgcrk teb stbns, wejge crb taufe, gut teb gcp jlta sbfnblts clk kry. Jt rbgalstjtutbs wboo clk ncmbs cl bxgbooblt ckkjtjal ta saups clk stbws. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK  GAAMJLF EJL[W

[ejs nuseraan js usucooy gobcl clk ncffatdrbb, sa vbry ojttob cttbltjal lbbks ta ib pcjk ta gobcljlf. Eawbvbr, kust a dd cly pcrtjgobs al teb teb tap, rbnavb teb stcom rjfet jlta teb gcp clk gut jlta sbfnblts. Cl bxgbooblt, jd ulusuco, ulusuco, wcy a d usjlf jt js ta ncmb up c icttbr wjte ibbr ar ocfbr jlstbck a d njom, kjppjl f teb pjbgbs jlta jlta teb icttbr clk tebl kbbpdryjlf tebn. Cotbrlctjvboy, yau gcl kust teb sbfnblts a d gcp jl jl sbcsalbk doau r clk secooaw ar kbbpdry. Gaambk ojmb tejs jt ncmbs c grjsp stcrtbr ta c nbco ar c faak ckkjtjal ta c ncjl gaursb.

64

 

  gðd''

 N c gr ao bp ja tc recgakb rec gakbss

B

K

We c f f y   X c r c s a o

J

C

▨ s I

▨

O

j v

B

T •Q 

[eb secffy pcrcsao js sncoobr tecl teb pcrcsao nuseraan. Coteaufe jt

6=

N

"T 

js bkjiob jt gcl gcusb stancge upsbts, c pajlt ta rbnbnibr webl sbrvjlf jt

R W

ta fubsts.

''.

3

-

'' m  1

•-

E Y

JKBL[JD JGC[JAL

8

[eb gcp js 239 gn (9;% jl) cgrass= avctb ct djrst, jt bxpclks ta ibganb conast doct. Jt fbts jts lcnb dran teb gcp‚s secffy cppbcrclgb. [eb ncrmjlfs crb lat cs gobcr cs teasb ad teb pcrcsao, iut jt ecs qujtb c djiraus cppbcrclgb. [eb stbn js 3832 gn (;‛4 jl), add we jtb w jte c pjlmy 

8  ― ▨ '.? 0/

N

c

 s

y

'

irawl tjlfb. [eb fjoos crb wejtb ct djrst, ibganjlf tjlfbk wjte rbk cs jt cfbs. [eb wejtbtjlfbk dobse irujsbs rbkkjseirawl ar pjlm. Vebl gut jt turls rbk. [eb snboo js cranctjg. [eb sparb prjlt js wejtb. ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCW WA AL

Fraws jl waaks clk seruiibrjbs ad coo mjlks, adtbl wjte galjdbrs cs wboo stbn cfbs 

cs ulkbr ebkfbs clk coalf racksjkb vbrfbs. [eb sbcsal js bcroy sunnbr ta octb cutunl.

clk stcjls  irawl CIATB

rjlf

wjoo ib obdt  

[e b darn seawl ebrb js teb typjgco  

craulk stbn

waakoclk typb wjte kuoo-irawl gaoaurs. Jl   fcrkbls c ocrfbr wejtb da wejtb da rn wj te vbry  

W[AYCFB

C nuseraan tect krjbs bxtrbnboy

iuoiaus stbn icsb aggurs.

wboo. Kjsgcrk teb stcom, gut teb gcp jlta sbgtjals clk kry. Ybgalstjtutbk, jt js bxgbooblt jl saups clk stbws ar njxbk wjok nuseraan kjsebs. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK  GAAMJLF EJL[W

Tbry sjnjocr ta teb pcrcsao. [eb secffy pcrcsao ecs c gobcl gcp wejge lbbks vbry ojttob cttbltjal atebr tecl c ojfet irusejlf. Jd usjlf drbse spbgjnbls, kjsgcrk teb stcom clk gut teb gcp jlta sbfnblts, tebl kbbp dry ar

OBD[

[eb stbns ncy ib kbbp jl teb obcd  

ojttbr sa tcmb gcrb ta aisbrub teb iuoiaus  

ckk ta nuseraan kjsebs. [eb sncoobr

icsb wejge js c@bcturb.

gcps crb faak dar studdjlf.

33

 

B

 N cr c sn ju s arbckbs arbckb s

K

J

D c j r y   Y j l f   G e c n p j f l a l   a r    D c j r y   Y j l f   D u l f u s

I

O

t*  N 

Alb ad teb djrst nuseraans ta cppbcr

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

clk

G oj t a g y e b r jv u oa s c   kabs

lat cppbcr

jl sprjlf, teb dcjry rjlf gecnpjflal

Jt darns rjlfs jl teb seartbr frcss ad

sa bcroy jl teb ybcr, iut jt js jnpar-

u

tcstbs tcst bs `u st cs f aak cs jjtt oaams. Iu t

aok pcsturbs ar ocwls. [eb sbcsal js

tclt tect yau gcl jkbltjdy tebn.

 s

ibwcrb, tebrb js c pajsalaus oaamc

dran teb sprjlf ta octb cutunl. Jt js

ojmb, teb

fraws

vbry gannal. Jt js bssbltjco ta ib

 Y

jl c vbry sjnjocr wcy jl vbry sjnjocr

ciob ta kjstjlfujse ibtwbbl tejs

A

sjtuctjals. Jt js nast jnpartclt ta

nuseraan clk

A

obcrl ta jkbltjdy tebsb twa. [ebrb js

[eb octtbr cosa fraws jl rjlfs adtbl

vbry ojttob sjnjocrjty algb teby crb duoo

vbry goasb, wjtejl c nbtrb, ta teasb

frawl, iut jt js jnpartclt lat ta

ad teb dcjry rjlf gecnpjflal. [eb

ncmb cly njstcmbs.

gaoaur clk fjoos crb qujtb kjddbrblt

E

 N   s

G oj t a g y e b r jv u oa s c ,  tect

JKBL[JD JGC[JAL

[eb gcp js 92 gn

(k C -9  

jl) cgrass,

galvbx ct djrst, tebl docttbljlf wjte

G oj t a g y e b

r jv u oa s c .  

qujtb c ncrmbk gbltrb. [cl jl gaoaur, jt krjbs ta c dcjroy ojfet iudd [eb stbn js 938 gn (y;; jl) clk taufe, sa jt js ibst webl pjgmjlf ta rbnavb teb stbn bltjrboy. [eb fjoos crb wejtb ta tcl clk qujtb kjstclt. [eb dobse js tejgm. [eb sparb prjlt js wejtb.

w j k b o y s p c g bbk k    tejgm fjoos,  p c o b i r a w l

jl

g a oa u r 

65

 

c s s jg j g d c j r y r jl f js c d b w n b tr bs   O B D [ [ e j s g ooc

 E 

c g r a s s , i u t t e b y n c y r b c g e a v b r c e u l k r b k   

 K

n btrbs! J

 I W[AYCFB

 O

[ebsb nuseraans crb walkbrduo

 B

bctbl drbse, iut cosa kry vbry wboo. [eby gcl cosa ib starbk jl spjgbk

 N 

Gjlzcla, bxtrc vjrfjl aevb ajo ar wjlb ar gjkbr vjlbfcr cdtbr ioclgejlf.

R  W

 E  XYBXCYC[JAL CLK 

 Y

GAAMJLF EJL[W

A

Cs oalf cs yau pjgm tebsb nuseraans

A

gobcl clk gut add teb stbns webl pjgmjlf tebn dran frcss, teb aloy

 N 

praiobn yau crb ojmboy ta ecvb js rbnav jlf c dbw iockbs a d frcss. Aggcsjalcooy c ojfet kustjlf wjte c iruse ncy ib lbgbsscry, lbgbsscry, iut wcsejlf kbdjljtboy spajos teb docvaur. Dran c

W

guojlcry pajlt a d vjbw tejs js js c vbrsctjob nuseraan, fajlf bxtrbnboy wboo wjte nbct clk djse kjsebs cs wboo cs njxbk nuseraan kjsebs.

,,

dgs,

IBOAV  L a t b e a w te b f r c s s js s e a r tb r w ebrb teb n useraans crb fraw jlf ibgcusb t e b l u t r j b l t s e c v b i b b l c i s a r i b k i y 

'--―J'-

t e b du du l f j .

 ' ― w

6:

 

£

K J

 N ar ge bo oc k c tc

I o c g m   N

a r

b o

Й

 O B

Clatebr n bnibr a d tteb eb ejfeoy bkjiob bkjiob N

R

s E

narbo dcnjoy. [ejs, ojmb

 N a r g e b oo c  

  fraws jl teb bcroy sprjlf, sa mbbp cl byb apbl dar jt cs saal cs

b s gu o b l tc ,

sprjlf crrjvbs.

Y

М

М

 п s

JKBL[JD JGC[JAL  N a r g e b oo c

b oc t c

  js vbry sjnjocr ta N.

b s g u ob l t c   iut nuge kcrmbr, adtbl conast iocgm wjte teb rjkfbs clk pjts

cojflbk jl vbrtjgco raws. [eb gcp js adtbl tcoo clk pajltbk. [eb nuseraan stclks 232 gn (94 jl) ejfe.

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

Fraws jl fcrkbls, wcstboclk, coalf racksjkbs clk kjsusbk rcjowcy ojlbs. Wbcsal js teraufeaut teb sprjlf. W[AYCFB

Ojmb N.

b sg u ob l tc ,

  teb iocgm narbo js

ibst krjbk. X Y B X C Y C [ J A L C L K  GAAMJLF EJL[W

Gobcl tearaufeoy ibdarb gaamjlf, sojgjlf teb drujt iaky jl ecod ta blsurb jt js dr drbb bb ad waakojgb clk sa al. al. Ga am clk sbrvb cs yau wauok N. b sgu ob l tc   clk, ojmb tect narbo, jt nust ib prapbroy gaambk ibdarb jt js bctbl.

58

 

I B O A V O B D [ C L K Y J F E [  C l a t e b r  

  s j n j o c r n a r b o j s te te b g a n n a l n a r b o, o, Nargeboocc vuofcrjs.  O a a m g oa s b oy c t te b s b   Nargeboo

 B  K  J 

t w a b x c n p o b s , t e b j r ggc c p s n c y i b k c r m i u t    t e b y e c v b g a n p o b t b o y j r r bbf fuocr pjts clk  r j k f b s u l o j m b t e b i o c g m n a r b o s. s.

 I

 O  B

 N  R  W  E 

 Y A A  N 

 s

lf  Y J F E [ A d t b l a g g u r jjl j l o c rf rf b l u n i b r s ,   teb iocgm narbo ncy  i b d a u l k j l i a tte e  kbgjkuaus clk  galjdbraus  wa akoclks c css w b o o    cs coalf trcgms clk  jl fcrk bls.

5j

 

 B  K  J 

 N ar ge bo oc bsg uob ltc

 I  O  B

 N  R 

[eb narbos crb cnalf teb nast

clk kcrmbls ta arclfbybooaw wjte

teb laams clk grclljbs, tejs narbo js

bxgjtjlf sprjlftjnb dulfj. Gcrbduo bxcnjlctjal ad tebjr ecijtct js lbg-

cfb. Jlsjkb jt js eaooaw. [eb dobse js

adtbl jldbstbk wjte waakojgb clk atebr wjokojdb, sa spbgjnbls wjoo

wejtb ta grbcn.

lbbk gobcljlf vbry tearaufeoy ibdarb

W

bsscry ibgcusb teby ioblk jlta tebjr

 E 

icgmfraulk sa wboo. [eby usucooy

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

 Y

fraw sjlfoy= twa ar terbb gcl sanb-

Daulk cnalf seruis ar jl apbl

A

tjnbs ib daulk wjtejl c rbcsalcioy

waakoclk, al wcstb fraulk, coalf

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK 

A

sncoo crbc, iut vbry rcrboy narb.

pcte bkfbs clk adtbl coalf kjsusbk

GAAMJLF EJL[W

 N 

Bxgbooblt nuseraans dran teb guojlcry pajlt ad vjbw, teby nu st ib

rcjowcy ojlbs. [eb sbcsal js teraufeaut teb sprjlf. Vjlk js vbry jn-

[eb bcsjbst wcy ta gobcl tejs nuseraan prapbroy js ta sojgb bcge alb jl

gaambk ibdarb bctj bctjlf lf  lbvbr lbvbr,, bvbr, bvbr,

partclt jl sprbckjlf teb sparb ad tejs

ecod ta ncmb surb tebrb js latejlf

bct tebn rcw.

dulfus sa, jd yau djlk c faak spbgjspbgj-

ejkjlf jlsjkb, rjlsb jt jl gobcr wctbr

JKBL[JD JGC[JAL

nbl, daooaw teb kjrbgtjal ad teb prbvcjojlf wjlk clk yau wjoo adtbl

clk kry. A lb a d teb ljgbst wc ys ta usb drbse narbos js ta studd teb ocrfb

W

kryjlf clk starjlf.

[eb druj drujtt iak y js 298 gn

jl) jl)

djlk sanb narb.

drujt iaky. [eby cosa fa wboo wjte

ejfe. Coteaufe vbry galvaoutbk, wjte c ealbygani bddbgt, teb avbrcoo secpb js pajltbk. Jt js pcojse irawl jl gaoaur 

CIATB

nbct kjsebs clk pravjkb c vbry rjge W[AYCFB

scugb. K rjbk, teb jltblsjty a d tebj tebjrr

Ibst krjbk dar starcfb. starcfb. Ibgcusb a d co cooo

docvaur wjoo bleclgb nast kjsebs.

V e b l y a u l f , t e b d r u j t i a k y j s a ddtt b l k u o o i u d d a r i r a aw w l j l 

g a o a u r w j t e i o u l t r jk jk f b ss..

CIATB

V e b l n c t u r b , t e b g a o a u r g e c l f b s ta ta a g e r b a r a r c l f b - 

y b o o a w c l k t e b r jk jk f b s i b g a n b s e c r p b r .

59

 

aok gcps crb

 K  J     O  B

 N 

R  W  E   Y

 

 N   s

57

 

£ K

 J 

Xoburatus garlugapjcb

IBOAV

[ e b s tb t b n s e b r b c r b s e a r ttbb r t e c l  

u s u c o d a r t e b y a d t bl bl r b c gge e 2‛5  g n ( 9 - 7   jl )  

 I

j l ob o b l f t e . [ e b w c y t e c t t e b s tb t b n s c r b d u s b k     O

tafbtebr js qujtb gecrcgtbrjstjg.

 B

[ejs n bnibr a d teb teb aystbr aystbr nuseraan  N  R 

dcnjoy js dcjroy wjkboy sprbck. Jt gcl ib daulk al teb scnb trbbs clk ct teb

W

scnb tjnb cs teb aystbr nuseraan,

 E 

sa cowcys ecvb c faak oaam dar jt

 Y

ibdarb yau obcvb teb trbb.

A A  N  s

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[ eb gcp js 2‛39 { 9 - / p C   jl) cgrass clk galvbx. Jt adtbl ncmbs qujtb c dullboojmb secpb, wejge drbqubltoy ibganbs doutbk clk spojt ct teb bkfbs. Vejtjse jl gaoaur, conast c ncflaojc

seckb, jt turls c dcjroy ?ocrm irawl wjte wj te c fb fb.. [ e b st bn js 2‛5 gn (9‛7 jl). Wbvbrco dcls ncy fraw dran teb scnb stbn, rctebr ojmb doawbrs. [eb fjoos crb qujtb kbbp clk rul kawl teb stbn= teby crb wejtb ta ojfet tcl jl

W[AYCFB

a d teb gcp gcp seauok ib lbgbsscry. lbgbsscry. Kjs -

gaoaur. [eb dobse js wejtb clk ecs c

[ejs nuseraan cjrkrjbs wboo.

gcrk nast ad teb stcom cs jt wjoo ib

rctebr nbcoy snboo. [eb sparb prjlt js

qujtb taufe, pcrtjguocroy webrb jt XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF

ojocg. ECIJ[C[ C LK WBCWAL

EJL[W

wcs cttcgebk ta teb trbb trbb.. [ eb pobcsclt docvaur ncmbs jt c faak ckkjtjal ta

Jd pjgmbk g crbduooy, aloy c ojfet wjpb

coo rtjuseraan kjsebs.

Jt fraws jl kblsb goustbrs al gut stunps ad nast kbgjkuaus trbbs, jl adtbl kbbp   dul lbo -ojm b gcp gcp

pcrtjguocr bon, acm clk ibbge. [eb sbcsal js sprjlf ta octb cutunl. fjoos rul kawl  teb stbn

5;

 

 B

Xobura tus astrbctus astrbctus

 K

A y s t b r    N u s e r a a n

IBOAV

[ e j s j s t e b f r b y - i r a w l o c tb tb -  

c u t u n l / w j l t b r dda arn

  q/Xoburatus

astrbctus.  J l s u n n b r , te b  d a r n ,   X. puonalcrjus, j s

 J   I

g rb c n -g a oa u r b k   gannal.

 O  B

Law frawl gannbrgjcooy al c dcjroy ocrfb sgcob clk sa qujtb dcnjojcr, jt js

 N 

stjoo bxgjtjlf ta djlk c wjok aystbr

u

nuseraan. [eby fraw al kbck ar

 s

kbgcyjlf trbbs, adtbl jl ocrfb ncssbs.

 E 

[eby wjoo fraw jl teb scnb pocgb jl

 Y

suggbssjvb ybcrs, sa rbn bnibr webrb yau pjgmbk tebn.

A A  N 

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL W

[eb gcp js 439 gn

jl jl))

cgrass. Jt js secpbk rctebr ojmb c dcl

clk ocrfbr spbgjnbls ncy ecvb doutbk bkfbs. [eb gaoaur gcl vcry= usucooy c soctb frby, teby gcl sanbtjnbs ecvb c

al ibbge trbbs, teby wjoo fraw al

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK

sojfetoy irawl ar ioujse tjlfb. [eby

atebr trbbs, bspbgjcooy bon. [eb sbcsal

GAAMJLF EJL[W

ecvb conast la stbn. [eb fjoos rul

js coo ybcr raulk.

Jd pjgmbk gcrbduooy teby crb ojmboy ta

kawl teb stbn= purb wejtb ct djrst,

ib gobcl clk c wjpb wjte c kcnp

teby turl grbcn wjte cfb. [eb dobse

W[AYCFB

goate js praicioy coo teby lbbk. [eb

js wejtb wjte c pobcsclt snboo. [eb

Coo nbteaks a d starcfb gcl ib usbk

aystbr nuseraan‚s pobcsclt docvaur

sparb prjlt js ojocg. Aystbr nuse-

dar aystbr aystbr n useraans. Jd yau sbpc-

nbcls tect jt fabs wboo wjte conast

raans fraw jl fraups, alb al tap ad teb atebr, clk jd gcrbduooy rbnavbk

rctb teb gcps yau gcl cjrkry tebn vbry suggbssduooy.

coo nbcts clk djse, ncmjlf jt bxtrbnboy usbduo jl teb mjtgebl.

dran teb trbb crb usucooy vbry gobcl.

stbns ncy  ib cisblt 

E C I J [ C [ C L K W B C W AL AL

[ebsb aggur jl ocrfb goustbrs al stclkjlf trbbs ar al teb stunps ad dcoobl trbbs. Nast gannaloy daulk

52

 

 B

 Y u ss u oc g y c l a xc l te c

 K  J 

G

e

c r

g

a

c

o

  I

u r

l b r  

 I  O  B

 N 

[eb gecrgaco iurlbr js cl bxgbooblt nuseraan ta bct. Eawbvbr, jt js c

R 

nbnibr ad c vbry ocrfb fblus clk

W

jkbltjdjgctjal wjtejl teb frau p gcl ib

 E 

dckbk cppbcrclgb. [eb stbn js 238

W[AYCFB

gn (9‛; jl) jl) cl k wejt b. [e b fj oos rul kawl teb stbn clk crb wejtjse ar

Kryjlf js c vbry faak nbteak ad starjlf teb gecrgaco iurlbr.

vbry kjddjguot. Garrbgt jkbltjdjgctjal js

pcob grbcn jl aokbr spbgjnbls. C gobcr jkbltjdjgctjal dbcturb ad teb

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK

 Y

bssbltjco ibgcusb sanb crb pajsalaus,

gecrgaco iurlbr js tect teb fjoos ka lat

G A A M J L F E JL JL [ W

A

jl pcrtjguocr teb teb ibbgew aak sjgmblbr.

irbcm cw cy j d teby crb taugebk, teby teby

Jt js rcrb ta djlk c pbrdbgt spbgjnbl,

A

 Y u s s u o c

n c jr b j, 

crb qujtb gobcroy `ajlbk ta teb gcp

cs waakoclk wjokojdb cttcgm jt dran

 Y u s s u o c

b n b t j g c . 

kauit obcvb jt aut.

ncrfjl. [ejs js jl ncrmbk galtrcst ta sanb  Y u s s u o c   spbgjbs. [eb dobse js wejtb clk teb snboo js pobcsclt. [eb

conast teb nanblt jt cppbcrs. Cs c rbsuot jt wjoo lbbk gcrbduo gobcljlf. Eawbvbr, jt js faak ta bct webtebr

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

sparb prjlt js wejtb.

drbse ar krjbk clk wjoo ckk cl jl-

 N 

 s

clk teb sjgmblbr. Cs cowcys,

jd jl

[eb gcp js 235 gn (96 jl) cgrass clk sojfetoy frbcsy. Galvbx ct djrst,

E C I J [ C [ C L K W B CW CW A L

nuseraan kjsebs cs jt rbtcjls qujtb c

jt apbls aut wjte c secooaw kbprbssjal

Rsucooy ta ib daulk ulkbr irack-

grulgey tbxturb webl gaambk. Iut

jl teb gbltrb. Aggcsjalcooy c sjlfob

obcvbk trbbs, iut gcl cosa fraw jl

ka rbn bnibr ta ib gcrbduo gcrbduo wjte yaur

gaoaur iut narb adtbl tecl lat qujtb c njxbk seckb, rclfjlf dran purpob

cssagjctjal wjte pjlb trbbs. [eb sbcsal

jkbltjdjgctjal ad teb gecrgaco iurlbr

js sunnbr ta octb cutunl clk jt gcl

ta efet frbbl, drbqubltoy wjte c rctebr 

ib vbry gannal.

clk ncm b surb jt js lat alb a d teb pajsalaus  Y u s s u o c   spbgjbs.

tbrbstjlf tcstb clk tbxturb ta yaur

 

gcp js adtbl adtbl a d  njxbk gaoaurs ar  bvbl frbbl

stbn js wejtb,   sanbtjnb sanb tjnbss douseb k    d. . ocvblk ocvblkbr br

 dp .

/Î

_

▨

  )

54 ' . T‚ -

 

YJFE[ CLK IBOAV

[ e b k u o o v jja a o b t - 

   p u r p ob gc p s e a w l e b r b js ty p j g c o, i u t  i b w c r b , t e b g c p g c l c os os a i b g a n p o b t b o y  f r b b l . [ e b i b s t n b c l s a d j k b l t jd jd jjgg c t ja ja l j s ta ta   iruse yau rdjlfbrs a vbr teb fjoos clk teby  s e a u o k i b d o b x j i o b c l k l a t g r u n i o y c s n a s t    a t e b r  Yussuocs c r b .

 B  K  J   I

 O  B 

 N  R  s  E   Y

A A  N  s

I B O A V  C

oc rf b c l k g a oa u r d u o f r a u p a d  

n u s e r a a n s , c o o  Yussuoc    Yussuoc s p b g j b s . [ e b   n u s e r a a n s j l t e j s d c n j o y c r b s a n b a d t e b  n a s t k j d d j g u o t t a j k b l t j dy dy c g g u r c t b o y .

56

 

£ K

 J 

Wp cn s sjs grjsp grjspc c

G

c u o j d o a w b r   

D

u l f u s

 I  O  B

[eb gcuojdoawbr dulfus js qujtb ul-

c ircjl. C seart stbn cttcgebs jt ta

Oaam aut dar

ojmb cly atebr dulfus yau wjoo djlk jl

teb trbb al wejge jt fraws. [eb drujt

spbgjbs ad  W .

T 

teb waaks. Vebl yau djlk alb yau

iaky rclfbs dran 9828 gn (6%

acm stu np s cs wboo cs pjlb trbbs clk js js

W

jfZ; 

jl) jl kjcnbtbr. Jt cfbs dran c pcob ybooawwejtb ta irawl. Jt ecs c

sojfetoy pjlmjse. Xobcsb ka lat pjgm

 E 

wjoo ulkbrstclk wey jt f at jts lcnb. Jt js qujtb ulusuco, iut fraws jl teb

 Y

scnb pocgb ybcr cdtbr ybcr, sa ncmb c

swbbt snboo clk c oavboy lutty doc-

tejs alb, jt js vbry rcrb clk js ibst obdt webrb jt js ta pratbgt c drcfjob spbgjbs.

A

latb ad webrb yau djlk jt. jt. A lb ocrfb spbgjnbl gcl ocst dar sbvbrco kcys jd

vaur.

starbk gcrbduooy jl c gaao pocgb wjte jts icsb jl wctbr.

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWA AL L

 N 

A  N  W

 W p c r c s s j s

g r js p c .   [ejs

[eb gcuojdoawbr

v jp b s , 

c sui-

ojvbs al aok

dulfus fraws

dran octb octb sun nbr ta octb octb cutunl iut Jt fra w s al teb raats a d pjlb trbbs, trbbs, vbry goasb ta teb trulms. Ib gcrbduo

js tblkbr ta drasts clk sa w joo ib mjoobk mjoobk iy teb djrst ecrk drasts ad wjltbr.

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

lat ta gut taa kbbpoy webl pjgmjlf

W[AYCFB

[eb gcuojdoawbr dulfus ecs la gcp jl teb arkjlcry sblsb ad teb wark , jlstbck

tejs dulfus sa cs lat ta kbstray teb ncjl nygbojco frawte dran teb

[ejs krjbs bxtrbnboy wboo. Cjr-

teb drujt drujt iaky js iujot iujot up a d ncly

raats, tebl yau wjoo ib ciob ta ganb

ocybrs tect rbsbniob c gcuojdoawbr ar 

icgm dar n arb jl suisbqublt sbcsals.

spbgjnbls up al strjlfs jl c ojfet, cjry pocgb dar sbvbrco kcys. Tbry ocrfb

kryjlf js praicioy ibst0 eclf yaur

spbgjnbls gcl ib gut jlta sbgtjals sa teby wjoo kry narb qujgmoy. Cs teb dulfj kry teb wjokojdb jl tebn wjoo dcoo aut, sa ka lat cttbnpt ta kry tebn jl

g a o a u r v c r jb jb s d r a n

i u d d   

ta grbcny w ejtb

55

 

O B D [  L a t b t e b do c t t b l b k g r j s p y o a i b s . J d  

 B

 t e b y c r b p a j l t b k c l k i r c l g e b k y a u e c v b  

 K

 p r a i c i o y n j s t c m b l o y p j g m b k a l b a d t e b 

Ycncrjc  s p b g j b s

w e j g e c rb adtbl t ax j g.

 J 

 I  O  B

 N  u  s

 E   Y  a  a  N 

 s

yaur mjtgebl= cl cjry sebk ar autsjkb starbraan wauok ib ibst. Cly ejlt a d kcnplbss wjoo, a d gaursb, spajo teb

YJFE[

[ e b d b  d r u j t i a k jb s c rb c on a s t c ow c y s  

c t t e b i c s b a d c t r bbbb a r s t u n p , c s s b b l e b r b .

kryjlf. Jt js vbry jnpartclt ta kry tej tejss nuse raan tearaufeoy  ib pctjblt, jt wjoo ib warte jt. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF EJL[W

Xjgm aloy grbcny wejtb spbgjnbls, cs tejs js webl teb dulfus wjoo ib ct jts vbry ibst. Gobcljlf lbbks gcrb cs tebrb crb sa ncly laams clk grclljbs jl teb gcuojdoawbr dulfus clk, cs jt fraws sa goasb ta teb fraulk pjlb lbbkobs gcl ib c praiobn . Jd passjiob cvajk gobcljlf jl wctbr. Jt js ibttbr ta iruse cwcy cly kust pcrtjgobs, gut jlta tejl sojgbs clk gobcl bcge sojgb ibdarb gaamjlf. Jd yau ka usb wctbr, rbnbnibr ta kry teb dulfus wboo al mjtgebl mjtge bl pcpbr ibdarb gaamjlf. A lb a d teb ljgbst wcys ta kbco wjte tejs dulfus js ta gut jt jl tejl sojgbs, kjp tebn jl c icttbr nckb wjte ibbr rctebr tecl njom clk kbbpdry ta ncmb c walkbrduooy grjsp lutty stcrtbr ta c nbco ar cgganpcljnblt ta c dcvaurjtb kjse. Iut jt js bqucooy faak jd sojgbk sojgbk drbse clk ckkbk ta stbw s clk gcssbraobs.

b k f b s a d o a i bbss    tu rl i ra w l w j t e cf b

5:

 

 B  K  J 

Wujoous outbus   ( s y l .  I a ob tu s outb ou tbus us )

Wo j p p b r y   @ c

g m ,

Xjl b   I a o b t b  

ar

  Wt j g m y   I u l

 I  O  B 

[eb sojppbry `cgm js qujtb gannal

ncrmbk sebbl. Jt tblks ta ib vbry

E C I J [ C [ C L K W B C WA WA L

clk c faak djlk, coteaufe jts apbl tbxturb ncmbs jt pralb ta ncffat

stjgmy webl wbt, sa js ibst pjgmbk jl kry galkjtjals. [eb stbn js 2-38 gn

Daulk jl cssagjctjal wjte galjdbrs,

 N 

jldbstctjal. Nuge prjzbk iy gebds, jt js vbry vbrsctjob jl teb mjtgebl.

(9-; jl), pcob ybooaw wjte c ocrfb,

octb sunnbr ta octb cutunl.

gobcroy vjsjiob rjlf. [eb parbs crb pcob ybooaw. [eb dobse js wejtb. Jt ecs

W[AYCFB

R  W 

 E 

pcrtjguocroy Wgats pjlb. [eb sbcsal js

 Y

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

la pcrtjguocroy kjstjlgtjvb snboo. [eb

Ibgcu sb a d jts sadt tbxturb, tejs

A

[e b gcp js 2-32 gn (9‛4 jl) cgra ss= c l j gb n j k - i r a w l ga o a u r w j t e c

sparb prjlt js ojfet irawl. Aloy pjgm

nuseraan js ibst tejloy sojgbk clk

ncturb drbse spbgjnbls.

krjbk dar usb jl wjltbr kjsebs.

A  N 

 s

sojny

s u r dc dc g b  

w e b l n a js t  

 p a r b s u l g e c l f b k   iy

i r u j s jjl lf

t e j g m     p u r p o b r jl f

:8

 

 B  K  J 

IA[[AN A isbr vb eaw IBOAV

[ e j s c l k a tte ebr

 Wujoous s p b g j b s

a l o y d a u l k f r a w j l f u l k b r g a l j ddbb r ss..

c r b 

t e b g c p g a ooa a u r s 

 I

g e c l f b d r a n y a u l f t a ao ao k . [ e b p u r p o b -   i r a w l t u r l s p c o b t a a rrc clfb-irawl w jte cfb.

 O  B 

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF EJL[W

Cs teb gcp js sojfetoy stjgmy jl tbxturb jt js ibst pbbobk ibdarb usb. Gebgm gcrbduooy dar ncffat jldbstctjal. [ejs nuse raan bxukbs bxukbs qujtb qujtb c oat ad `ujgb webl gaamjlf, sa jt js c faak jkbc ta swbct jt aut djrst al jts awl. Wtrcjl wboo clk mbbp teb rbsuotjlf ojqujk ta

 N 

u  s  E 

 Y  a  a

 N 

 ib usbk octbr dar c scugb scugb.. [ebl [e bl ckk teb nuseraans ta atebr kjsebs. Wojp pbry `cgm `c gm gcl ib usbk jl ncl ncly y wcys. Alb ljgb alb js ta njx teb swbctbk nuseraa ns wjte rcsebrs rcsebrs ad f frjoo rjoobk bk ar drjbk strbcmy icgal, ckk teb strcjlbk  `ujgb,, tejgmb l wjte  `ujgb wj te c ojttob doaur clk sbrvb jt al tacst.

 s

:3

 

   K  J 

Wu joous vcrjbfctu vcrjbfctuss IBOAV

 

teb gcp js sbbl w boo ebrb.

 O  B

 N  T 

 s  E 

 Y

[ e b r a u f e , c o n a s t k r y s u r d c ggbb a d   

Clatebr usbduo iaobtb ta ckk ta yaur gaoobgtjal, coteaufe jt js lat cs faak ta bct cs teb gbp ar teb icy iaobtus. Aloy pjgm yaulf spbgjnbls. [eby crb qujtb ojfet jl tbxturb clk tebrbdarb gcl gcl ibganb ncffatjldbstbk, sa gebgm spbgjnbls ibdarb gaoobgtjlf.

М

М

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

п

[eb gcp js 239 gn (9;% jl) cgrass

clk c rusty gaoaur. Jt js stjgmy webl wbt. [eb stbn js 2: gn (973/9 jl).

 s

[eb parbs crb qujtb gobcroy c sludd irawl gaoaur. [eb dobse js vbry wejtb. [eb sparb prjlt js ojfet irawl. kry, sojfetoy 

ECIJ[C [ CLK WBCW WA AL

 d b o t b k , s g c oy s u r dc g b

Daulk conast bxgousjvboy wjte galjdbrs. [eb sbcsal js dran octb sunnbr XYBXCYC[JAL CLK

ta octb cutunl.

GAAMJLF EJL[W

C w jpb a d teb teb gcp js usucooy coo tect js js

W[AYCFB

lbgbsscry, iut ibwcrb webl sojgjlf

Ibst krjbk.

spbgjnbls ta oaam aut dar ncffat jldbstctjal. C faak ckkjtjal ta njxbk nuseraan kjsebs.

k c rm p a rbs  w j te t e s n c o ob o b r     p a r b s w j t e j l

te b  

ocrfbr crb vb ry  gecrcgtbrjstjg

:9

 

 B

[ rjgeaoanc palkbrasc V

e j t

b

  N

IBOAV

c t

s u

t

c m b

[ e js ocrfb spbg jbs ecs c sjlfob 

 K

o c y b r bk b k r j lf l f c t t e b s ttbb n c p b x , s a n b  

 J 

oaamc ojmb ocrf fbb r s p b g j b s w j o o e c v b k a u i o b  

 I

rjlfs ct teb tap.

 O  B 

[ejs js alb ad teb ocrfbr nuseraans

pjlmjseirawl, clk qujtb djiraus

Veaob nusera an s gcl ib krjbk krjbk qujtb

clk js nuge dcvaurbk iy teb @cpclbsb.

craulk teb raat. [eb fjoos crb wejtb,

Jt js bxgbooblt webtebr bctbl drbse

cttcgebk clk grawkbk. [eb wejtb

bcsjoy, usjlf cl bobgtrjg krybr, iy eclfjlf tebn up ar iy pocgjlf tebn

ar krjbk.

dobse, wejge gcl stcjl ojfet irawl, ecs c sojfetoy spjgy snboo. [eb sparb

al kryjlf rcgms. Krjbk albs gcl adtbl

W 

ib daulk jl @cpclbsb clk Gejlbsb

 E 

prjlt js wejtb.

supbrncrmbts.

 Y

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[e b gcp js ; 92 gn (J'/c‛:% jl) cgrass, galvbx ibganjlf doct, wjte c irambl ncrfjl. Jt js sojfetoy jlraoobk

 N  R 

A ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK

Jt js js sgcttbrbk jl gacstco crbcs jl sclky

GAAMJLF EJL[W

A N

 N 

ct djrst, iut apbls duooy wjte cfb. Jt

sajo clk js usucooy daulk jl gal`ulg-

Ojmboy ta ib gobcl gobcl webl ya u djlk jt, jt

ecs c snaate surdcgb wejge dbbos qujtb

tjal wjte galjdbrs. Lat mlawl ta

wjoo lbbk ojttob narb tecl wcsejlf. Jt

tcgmy webl kry. Jt js pcob wejtb clk

fraw jl Burapb, jt js gannal jl

ckks cl jltbrbstjlf docvaur ta wjok

gcl ib strbcmbk wjte ojfet irawl. [eb stbn gcl ib up ta 32 gn (4 jl)=

Larte Cnbrjgc. [eb sbcsal js octb sunnbr ta njkcutunl.

nuseraan kjsebs, iut js qujtb strj-

jt js saojk clk js sebctebk wjte c vbjo

s

kblt, sa ib gcrbduo wect yau usb jt wjte clk eaw nuge yau usb. Cs jt

tect ruls dran teb gcp ta teb icsb. Jt

W[AYCFB

ecs c ocrfb gcp, jt gcl cosa ib usbk dar

irbcms jl pctgebs clk gcl ibganb

Kry jlf js teb ibst nbteak a d sstarcfb. tarcfb.

studdbk nuseraan kjsebs.

:7

 

 B

[uibr cbstjvun

 K  J 

W u n n b r    [ r u d d o b

 I  O  B

Coteaufe sunnbr truddobs fraw dcr  N 

narb bxtblsjvboy tecl nast pbapob

R 

rbcojzb, djlkjlf tebn js kjddjguot dar

W

teby fraw iblbcte teb surdcgb ad teb

 E 

sajo. Cljncos oavb tebn, pcrtjguocroy

 Y

squjrrbos clk kbbr, sa wctgejlf tebn

A

njfet fjvb yau c goub cs ta webrb ta

A

oaam.

 N 

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

 s

[eb drujt iaky js 938 gn (%; jl) cgrass. Jt js jrrbfuocr, teaufe raufeoy foaibsecpbk, clk gavbrbk jl c east ad tjly iocgm wcrts. Jt js iocgmjse irawl jl gaoaur. Vebl gut teraufe, jt rbvbcos c walkbrduooy ncriobk, rbkkjseirawl jltbrjar. [eb snboo js vbry kjstjlgtjvb clk swbbt clk teb tcstb js lutty. ECIJ[C[ C LK WBCWAL

[eb sunnbr truddob dcvaurs gcogcrbaus sajos clk gcl ib daulk jl teb fraulk lbcr ibbge trbbs, clk cosa,

s p a r b s c r b k j s p b r s b k   

teaufe obss adtbl, jl cssagjctjal wjte

iy iurrawjlf cljncos 

swbbt gebstluts clk bvbrfrbbl acms.

c l k j l s b g ts ts

[eb sbcsal js dran octb sunnbr ta cutunl. W[AYCFB

Alb ad teb ibst wcys ad starjlf truddobs js prbsbrvjlf tebn jl aojvb ajo. D jrst a d coo gobcl gobcl teb truddob gcrbduooy clk secvb ad d teb smjl wejge gcl ib usbk jl duturb rbgjpbs. Ioclge teb truddobs vbry qujgmoy ibdarb pocgjlf jl ajo jl c ganpobtboy cjrtjfet galtcjlbr. XYBXCYC[JAL CLK GAAMJLF EJL[W

Cs truddobs ecvb c vbry stralf docvaur teby crb ibst usbk jl sncoo cnaults clk bvbl c tjly qucltjty gcl trclsdarn c kjse. [eby crb kbojgjaus sbrvbk wjte bff clk pcstc kjsebs.

:;

 

 B

[uibr n cflctun cflctun

[

e b

  Xjb

k n a l t

 

a r 

  V

e jt b

  [

 K

r u d d o b

 J   I

 O  B

[ejs nust ib teb prjzb dar coo

ECIJ[C[ CLK WBCWAL

nuseraan

nast

@ust iboaw teb sajo surdcgb jl nassy

aloy prbsbrvb teb truddob iut wjoo docvaur teb ajo clk fjvb jt c walkbr-

saufetcdtbr ad teb truddobs, jt js

njxbk waakoclks. Jts sbcsal js dran

duooy rjge truddob tcstb. [ebsb crb teb

daulk jl vbry ojnjtbk crbcs, n astoy jl

octb cutunl teraufe teb wjltbr ta

lartebrl Jtcoy, webrb teb djlbst gbr-

bcroy sprjlf. Kub ta jts jltblsb snboo,

nast vcoubk ad teb wjok dulfj clk gannclk bxtrbnboy ejfe prjgbs. Bx-

tcjloy fraw. Rldartulctboy ejfeoy

jt js daulk usucooy iy kafs ar pjfs.

eultbrs.

[eb

trcjlbk kafs ar pjfs crb lbgbsscry ta oagctb jt.

W[AYCFB

 N 

u  s  E 

gbooblt qucojty albs gcl ib aitcjlbk dran spbgjcojst jnpartbrs clk teb

 Y

truddob ajo, teb drbse truddobs ar teb

A

A

A

[ebsb truddobs crb ibst starbk jl

truddobs jl bxtrc vjrfjl ajo crb wboo

 N 

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

goasbk galtcjlbrs clk usbk dcjroy

warte iuyjlf.

 s

[e b drujt i ak y js fb lbrcooy 2‛39 gn

qujgmoy cdtbr gaoobgtjlf. [eby ecvb

(9‛;% jl) cg rass, cotea ufe nu ge ocrfbr, tblljsicoosjzbk spbgjnbls ka aggcsjalcooy aggur. Jt js jrrbfuocr jl

cl jltblsb docvaur wejge gcl pbrnbctb daaks, sa usb tebn tebn ta docvaur bf fs

XYBXCYC[JAL CLK

ibdarb gaamjlf. Cotbrlctjvboy, put jl

secpb clk ybooawjseirawl jl gao-

c goasbk galtcjlbr wjte drbseoy nckb

Tbry ojttob lbbks kajlf ta teb truddob ibya lk c gcrbduo irusejlf. Jd teby crb

aur. Jlkbbk, jl gaoaur clk sjzb jt js

pcstc clk obcvb jl teb drjkfb avbr-

ta ib usbk drbse, vbry djlboy sojgbk

lat ulojmb c lbw patcta. [eb dobse js

sojvbrs, qujgmoy gaambk, crb ibst dar

ncriobk clk ecs c sojfetoy rbkkjse

ljfet. [ejs fjvbs teb pcstc c nast walkbrduo truddob sgblt. [eb ibst

irawl tjlfb. [eb snboo js ejfeoy kjstjlgtjvb clk vbry swbbt.

nbteak ad starcfb wauok kbdjljtboy ib jl bxtrc v jrfjl aojvb ajo. Jt wjoo lat

cosa ib bctbl rcw.

GAAMJLF EJL[W

teb jltblsjty a d teb docvaur. [e by gcl

s n a a t e i u t    s a o j k n c r i o b k     d o b s e

e cs 

o u n p y s u r dc dc g b   js gecrcgtbrjstjg

stralf akaur 

J <

  - .'

c - ' •t'a

:2

 

 p

J l t r

a

k

u

g

t

j a

l

8 3  s    a

Bv bry ybcr, jl spjtb spjtb a d rbpbctbk rbpbctbk

teb nuseraan clk galtcjlbr jn-

rbnbnibr tect bctjlf ocrfb qucltjtjbs

 L 

wcrljlfs, pbapob kjb ad nuseraan

nbkjctboy cdtbr usb. C faak wcy ta

a d c vbry rjge daak gcl adt adtbl bl gcusb

A

pajsaljlf. Wuge kbctes bnpecsjzb

trclspart clk kjspocy suge nuse-

upsbt stancges clk sanb pbapob ka

u

teb jnpartclgb a d jkbltjdyj jkbltjdyjlf lf yaur

raans js ta put tebn jl c pocstjg

ecvb cl ckvbrsb rbcgtjal ta dulfj.

 s

nuseraans garrbgtoy. Xbapob adtbl

galtcjlbr al grunpobk pcpbr clk ta

Cnalf teasb tect gauok gcusb prai-

ncmb teb ojtbrcooy dctco njstcmb ad

gavbr teb weaob iax wjte gojlfdjon. Xbapob gcl tebl sbb teb nuseraan

obns crb teb waak iobwjt, l u k c ,   clk teb djbok iobwjt,

cssun jlf tect jd cljnco cljncoss gcl bct c

 O b p j s t c  

 N 

 O b p j s t c  

u

nuseraan sa gcl euncls. euncls. Rldartu-

sc bvc . 

lctboy tejs js ultrub, dar bxcnpob,

wjteaut ecvjlf ta tauge jt. [ebrb crb ncly aok wjvbs‚ tcobs ciaut eaw ta

cdtbr bctjlf nuseraans, jt js jnpar-

 E 

soufs bct kbcte gcps clk atebr

jkbltjdy bkjiob clk pajsalaus nuse-

tclt ta sbb yaur kagtar jnnbkjctboy.

 Y

nbnibrs ad teb fblus  C n c l j t c .   Wa ka

Nuseraan

aggur

A

lat ib njstcmbl webl yau sbb sjfls

raans. [eby crb coo dcosb. Xcrtjguocroy kclfbraus js teb scyjlf tect jd yau

A

a d bjtebr bjtebr ijrk ar cljnco cgtjvjty= jt js

gcl pbbo jt yau gcl bct jt. Zau gcl

conast jlstcltclbausoy ar up ta daurtbbl eaurs cdtbr bctjlf teb nuse-

praicioy scdb dar tebn iut ncy lat ib dar yau. Ib pcrtjguocroy gcrbduo jd kbcojlf wjte teb  C n c l j t c s ,   rbnbnibr

pbbo c kbcte gcp, wejge fat jts lcnb dar c vbry faak rbcsal! Atebr scyjlfs

raan s, clk ct cly tjnb jl jl ibtwbbl. Jt js jnpbrctjvb tect yau sbbm nbkjgco

rbdbr ta stcjljlf sjovbr spaals iocgm.

ckvjgb clk, jd passjiob, passjiob, tcmb c scnpob scnpob

tect tebjr sparbs crb pajsalaus clk

Jflarb tebn coo, clk tcmb frbct gcrb

tect jd bctbl teby wjoo gcusb bxtblsjvb

avbr jkbltjdjgctjal sa tect yau gcl ib

ad teb nuseraan yau ecvb bctbl. Garrbgt jkbltjdjgctjal ad teb pajsal

kcncfb ta teb ojvbr clk gbltrco lbrvaus systbn. Jd yau tejlm tejlm yau crb

surb ad ojvjlf ojvjlf ta bl`ay yaur nu se-

gauok ib ojdbscvjlf, clk tebrb crb

raan trapejbs.

ncly gcsbs ad

kbcojlf wjte cl  C n c l j t c ,   kjf aut teb

Ibtwbbl teb faak bkjiob nuse-

ibjlf kbcot wjte bcroy blaufe ta scvb

weaob spbgjnbl wjte c stjgm ta bxcnjlb teb vaovco icf . Jt js c faak jkbc

raans clk teb kbckoy pajsalaus albs, tebrb js cl blarnaus rclfb ad

teb vjgtjn‚s ojdb. Clatebr nuseraan ta ibwcrb ad

ta pratbgt yaur eclk wjte c foavb.

atebr nuseraans rbfcrkbk cs jlbkj-

js teb ybooaw Wtcjlbr,

pajsalaus

iob ar lat wartewejob. [ebsb crb lat

akbrnus.

C

nuseraan ar cl uljkbltjdjbk alb wjte

coo jlgoukbk jl tejs iaam. Weauok yau

 C f c r j g u s ,  

jt fraws jl sjnjocr sjtuc-

atebrs jl yau r icsmbt. J d yau rbqujrb

rbqujrb

tebn,

tjals ta teb arkjlcry djbok ar earsb

c spbgjnbl dar jkbltjdjgctjal, put jt

galsuot alb a d teb fujkbs ojstbk ct teb

nuseraan clk gcl ib qujtb gannal

jl c sbpcrctb galtcjlbr, clk cowcys wcse yaur eclks cdtbr taugejlf cly

blk ad tejs iaam.

jl faak nuseraan ybcrs. Wcdbty js

uljkbltjdjbk uljkbltj djbk nuseraan s. Jd yau pjgm

bkjiob nuseraans clk dulfj jkbltj-

teb mby dar coo gaoobgtars, sa jd yau crb lat surb ciaut c nuseraan, obcvb jt

c kbckoy

djbk jl tejs iaam, jt js jnpartclt ta

aut a d yaur icsmbt. icsmbt.

Lbvbr,

bvbr,

put

 C n c l j t c  

c

dar kjspocy, teraw

jldarnctjal

ciaut

Coteaufe nast pbapob gcl bct teb

OBD[

Weauok yau bvbr ibganb joo

pajsaljlf

gcl

 C n c l j t c  

 s

N

s

pajsaljlf

 C f c r j g u s x c l t e -  

  nbnibr a d teb teb fb fblus lus

[ e b  Gojtagyib

rjvuoa rjvuoasc, sc,

s j n j o c r ta ta  

t e b d b d c j r y g e c n p jf l a l e u t e j f e oy ta x j g . X Y B T J A R W X C F B  C

c f c r j g s ,  Cncljtc

t y p j g c of r a u p a d d o y  

nusgcrjc,

seawjlf eaw  

AXXAWJ[B

[ e b k b c tte e g c p ,  Cncljtc

t e b r b k p j f n b l t d t d c k b s c t te b b k f bs w jt e c f b  

pecooajkbs.

ar cdtbr rcjl.

teb gcp gcl ib sbbl w boo ebrb.

[ e b s o j f e t r c k j c o sstt r b c m jjl lf al 

::

 

 p

8 3

 C  Cf f c rj rjgu gu s x c l te a k br n us

Z b o o a w   W t c j l b r    a r    Z b o o a w - s t c j l j l f   N u s e r a a n

 s  a  L 

 a u  s

 N 

u

[eb ybooaw Wtcjlbr cggaults dar cppraxjnctboy 2 8   pbr gblt ad teb gcsbs ad nuseraan pajsaljlf cnalf teasb wea pjgm bjtebr djbok ar earsb nuseraans. Jt ecs cl ulpobcsclt snboo clk tcstb clk nust ib cvajkbk

crb swbctjlf clk dousejlf wjte ul  pobcscltt stancg  pobcscl sta ncge e grcnps. grcnp s. L a t bvbry b vbry  alb js cddbgtbk iy teb ybooaw Wtcjlbr,  iut jt js l lat at w ar te tcmj tcmjlf lf cly rjsms obcvb jt wboo coalb.

JKBL[JDJGC[JAL

[eb gcp js 2 - 3 2   gn (9 - 4   jl) cgrass. Galvbx clk clfuocr ct djrst, jt doct tbls aut octbr wjte c kjp jl teb gbltrb.

u

snboo clk tcstb clk nust ib cvajkbk

 s

 E   Y

A

ct coo gasts. Jkbltjdjgctjal gcl ib kjddj guot clk tebrbdarb tcmb gcrbduo latb ad teb jkbltjdjgctjal dbcturbs clk joous trctjals. [eb synptans ad pajsaljlf

 a  N 

 s

jltblsb ybooaw   s t c j l s a l s u r dc dc g b   w ebl

s g r c ttgg e b k  

gcp ibganbs frb yjse   clk sojfetoy sgcoy  w j tte e cfb

n c t u r b f j o ooss   turl irawl

388

 

OBD[ F c r k b l s ,  

 p

ebkfbraws clk teb 

8

b k f bs bs a d w a a k ooc clk 

3

c r bb d  d c v a u r jt b  

 s

e c i j t c t s a d t e js js   spbgjbs.

 a  L 

A u  s

 N 

u  s  E 

 Y A A  N 

 s

-