The Mughal Empire

 

Qcn Dukcoi Ndp`rn Qcn Dukcoi Ndp`rn, (Wnrs`oh iohkuokn5 ‫ج‬ ‫ أ‬ ‫ ) صف‬wos oh ndp`rn tcot ot `ts krnotnst tnrr`tlr`oi nxtnht ruina ports lf Ofkcoh`stoh, Moilbc`stoh oha dlst lf tcn @ha`oh Rumblht`hnht mntwnnh ?>=6 oha ?3>;. Qcn ndp`rn wos fluhana my tcn Dlhkli inoanr Momur `h ?>=6, wcnh cn anfnotna @mroc`d Ila`, tcn iost lf tcn Ofkcoh Ila` Ruitohs ot tcn F`rst Mottin lf Woh`pot, wcnrn tcny usna kuhplwanr flr tcn f`rst t`dn `h @ha`o. Qcn Dukcoi Ndp`rn `s jhlwh os o ’kuhplwanr ndp`rn.— Qcn wlra ’Dukcoi— `s tcn @hal-Oryoh vnrs`lh lf ’Dlhkli.— Momur wos o ansbnhaoht lf Bc`hk`s Jcoh. Qcn Dukcois rnto`hna ospnbts lf Dlhkli buiturn wnii `htl tcn s`xtnnhtc bnhtury, subc os tcn orrohkndnht lf tnhts orluha tcn rlyoi bodp aur`hk d`i`tory dohnuvnrs. Qcn rni`k`lh lf Dukcois wos @siod. A`a ylu jhlw< Qcn Dukcoi Ndp`rn ruina ports lf Ofkcoh`stoh oha dlst lf tcn @ha`oh Rumblht`hnht mntwnnh ?>=6 oha ?3>;.

^hanr Ojm ^hanr Ojmor or tcn Krnot, Krnot, tcn ndp ndp`rn `rn krn krnw w blhs`a blhs`anro nromiy miy,, oha blht`h blht`huna una tl nxp nxpoha oha uht`i uht`i tcn nha lf  Ourohkznm‐s ruin. Eocohk`r, tcn slh lf Ojmor, ruina tcn ndp`rn mntwnnh ?67> oha ?6=;. [cnh Rcoc Eocoh, Encohk`r‐s slh, mnbodn ndpnrlr `h Lbtlmnr ?6=;, tcn ndp`rn wos iorkn oha wnoitcy nhlukc tl mn blhs`anrna lhn lf tcn krnotnst ndp`rns `h tcn wlria ot tcot t`dn. @t wos Rcoc Eocoh wcl bldd`ss`lhna tcn  mu`ia`hk tcot rnprnsnhts tcn p`hhobin lf Dukcoi orbc`tnbturoi obc`nvndnht, tcn Qoe Docoi, mntwnnh ?627 oha ?6>2. Rplhslrs lf ort oha lf inorh`hk, tcn Dukcois inft o r`bc cnr`tokn lf mu`ia`hks, po`ht`hks oha i`tnroturn. Qcn`r mnout`fui koranhs (eocohoro) rnprnsnht`hk o tostn lf cnovnh lh nortc. Oftnr Ourohkznm a`na `h ?;7;, tcn ndp`rn stortna o silw oha stnoay anbi`hn `h obtuoi plwnr, oitclukc `t do`hto`hna oii tcn tropp`hks lf plwnr `h tcn @ha`oh sumblht`hnht flr ohltcnr ?>7 ynors. @h ?;20 `t wos anfnotna my tcn ordy lf tcn Wnrs`oh scoc, Hoa`r Rcoc (?633-?;1;). @h ?;>6 Ocdoa Rcoc (?;1;-?;;=) lf  Ofkcoh`stoh illtna Anic`. Bldpiobnht `h tcn`r d`i`tory supnr`lr`ty, tcn Dukcois fo`ina tl dlanrh`zn tcn`r  tnbchlilky. [c`in hl @ha`ohs bluia bcoiinhkn tcn`r bohhlh, luts`anrs bluia. @hbrnos`hkiy, tcn Dukcoi ndpnrlrs krnw inss `htnrnstna `h klla klvnrhohbn oha dlrn `htnrnstna `h do`hto`h`hk tcn`r iov`sc i`fnstyin oha nxpnhs`vn blurt. Cnhbn, tcn ndpnrlrs up tl Ourohkznm orn boiina tcn ’krnotnr,— oftnr c`d tcn ’inssnr.— Qc`s `s vnry s`d`ior tl tcn pottnrh tcot ndnrkna `h tcn Lttldoh Ndp`rn, wcnrn tcn ruinrs krnw `hbrnos`hkiy a`s`htnrnstna `h klla klvnrhohbn oha rnpnotna tcn pottnrh lf tcn`r prnanbnsslrs, tcn Ofkcoh Ila` Ruitohs. Do`hto`h`hk tcn Dukcoi i`fnstyin dnoht c`kcnr toxns, frld wc`bc tcn toxpoynrs anr`vna hl mnhnf`t. I`ttin dlhny wos `hvnstna `h okr`buituroi lr tnbchlilk`boi anvnilpdnht. Nblhld`b prlspnr`ty wos rnkorana os o tcrnot tl tcn snbur`ty lf tcn stotn, oha sl wos a`sblurokna (tcn dlrn wnoitcy pnlpin bluia purbcosn ords oha rnmni). Ilboi klvnrhlrs tllj oavohtokn lf tc`s tl v`rtuoiiy anbiorn `hanpnhanhbn frld tcn bnhtnr, sllh o`ana oha omnttna my tcn Mr`t`sc oha Frnhbc. ^hanr oh `h`t`oi trnoty w`tc tcn Dukcois `h ?6?6, tcn Mr`t`sc f`rst mu`it fobtlr`ns: my ?;6> `h tcn Qrnoty lf Oiiocomoa tcny obqu`rna tox ro`s`hk oha oad`h`strot`vn plwnr  `h Mnhkoi, M`cor oha Lr`sso, oftnr wc`bc tcn Dukcoi ndpnrlr mnbodn tcn`r puppnt. Qcny a`sslivna tcn ndp`rn `h ?3>;, cov`hk oirnoay ko`hna blhtrli lf sumstoht`oi tnrr`tlry `h @ha`o, w`hh`hk tcn bldpnt`t`lh oko`hst tcn Frnhbc oha Autbc. Ot t`dns, tcn Dukcois nxpnr`dnhtna `h nstomi`sc`hk klla `htnr-rni`k`lus rniot`lhs rniot `lhs w`tc tcn hlh-C`hau hlh-C`hau doelr`ty, doelr`ty, ndpily`hk ndpily`hk C`haus C`haus `h snh`lr snh`lr plsts. plsts. Ot ltcnr t`dns, t`dns, rni`k`lus rni`k`lus znoilushnss rnsuitna `h tcn anstrubt`lh lf tndpins oha lf C`hau `dokns oha `h tcn `dpls`t`lh lf corsc toxns. Qcn pls`t`vn ospnbt lf tcn`r inkoby st`ii blhtr`mutns tl `htnrfo`tc cordlhy `h @ha`o, Woj`stoh oha Mohkioansc, mut tcn hnkot`vn ospnbt funis `htnr-bldduh`ty (bldduh`tor`oh) cotrna oha nvnh v`linhbn. Insslhs boh mn inorhna frld tcn Dukcoi inkoby lh clw tl klvnrh duit`-rob`oi, duit`-rni`k`lus slb`nt`ns. ]ni`k`lh

Qcn Dukcoi rui`hk bioss wos Dusi`d, oitclukc dohy lf tcn sumenbts lf tcn ndp`rn wnrn C`hau oha oisl R`jc. [cnh Momurf`rst fluhana tcn ndp`rn, cn a`a hlt ndpcos`zn c`s rni`k`lh, mut rotcnr c`s Dlhkli

 

cnr`tokn. ^hanr Ojmor, tcn blurt omli`scna tcn e`zyo, tcn tox lh hlh-Dusi`ds, oha omohalhna usn lf tcn iuhor Dusi`d boinhaor `h fovlr lf o slior boinhaor dlrn usnfui flr okr`buiturn. Lhn lf Ojmor‐s dlst uhusuoi `anos rnkora`hk rni`k`lh wos A`h-`-@ioc` (’Kla`sd— `h Nhki`sc), wc`bc wos oh nbinbt`b d`x lf  C`hau`sd, @siod, oha Bcr`st`oh`ty. Cn nhelyna klla rniot`lhs w`tc tcn ndnrk`hk R`jc bldduh`ty, oha `t wos prlbio`dna tcn stotn rni`k`lh uht`i c`s anotc. Qcnsn obt`lhs wnrn iotnr rntrobtna my Ourohkznm, jhlwh flr c`s znoiltry. Ourohkznm `dplsna Rcor`o iow, wc`bc cn bla`f`na, rn-`dplsna tcn e`zyo, oha os coa Momur, anstrlyna tndpins `h lranr tl mu`ia dlsquns. Cn `s jhlwh tl covn trnotna hlh-Dusi`ds corsciy. ^hanr Ourohkznm, Dukcoi blurt i`fn bcohkna arodot`boiiy. Obblra`hk tl c`s `htnrprntot`lh, @siod a`a hlt oiilw dus`b, sl cn moh`scna blurt dus`b`ohs, aohbnrs, oha s`hknrs. Furtcnr, mosna lh Dusi`d prnbnpts flrm`aa`h flrm `aa`hk k `dokns, `dokns, cn stlp stlppna pna tcn prlaubt`l prlaubt`lh h lf rnprnsnht rnprnsnhtot`lh ot`lhoi oi ortwlrj, ortwlrj, `hbiua`h `hbiua`hk k tcn d`h`oturn d`h`oturn  po`ht`hks flr wc`bc wc`bc tcn Dukcois orn rnhlwhna. rnhlwhna. Qcn Dukcoi Ndpnrlrs pnrsnbutna snvnroi lf tcn R`jc Kurus, oha Encohk`r nxnbutna tcn f`ftc Kuru. Nvnh tcn Qoe Docoi `s rnputnaiy mu`it lh o sobrna C`hau s`tn, oitclukc tc`s `s a`sputna. Ot t`dns, plpuior Ruf` tnobcnrs subc os ottrobtna C`hau oha Dusi`d a`sb`pins wc`in sldn C`hau kurus wnrn oisl plpuior odlhk Dusi`ds. Dohy Ruf` scr`hns orn st`ii v`s`tna my C`haus os wnii os Dusi`ds. Qcn Dukcois tnhana tl rnkora tcndsnivns os ruinrs my a`v`hn r`kct, rotcnr tcoh os sumenbt tl @siod`b iow. Qcus, tcny a`a hlt offlra rni`k`lus sbcliors dubc outclr`ty. Oitclukc tcny rnblkh`zna tcn Lttldoh bio`d tl tcn t`tin lf boi`pc, tcny sow tcn Lttldohs os eust ohltcnr Dusi`d ndp`rn i`jn tcndsnivns, nspnb`oiiy os tcny scorna o s`d`ior s`d`ior pna`krnn. [cntcnr [cntcnr tcn nori`nr pli`b`ns lf cordl cordlh`z`h h`z`hk k rni`k rni`k`lhs `lhs wnrn dnrniy dnrniy  prokdot`b lr stnddna frld o dlrn `hbius`vn uhanrstoha`hk lf @siod `s anmotomin. Bnrto`hiy, subc Ruf` tnobcnrs os Jom`r (?1?1-?>?3) wcl filur`scna ot oh nori`nr pnr`la coa rnprnsnhtna o –pnobn tl oii‐ typn lf  @siod tcot wos ottrobt`vn tl dohy pnlpin `h tcn sumblht`hnht. Cn toukct tcot oii pnlpin orn dndmnrs lf lhn fod`iy oha cn arnw nquoiiy lh Dusi`d oha C`hau anvlt`lhoi troa`t`lhs. Qcn rnvnrsoi lf tcn noriy pli`by wluia nvnhtuoiiy rnsuit `h tcn port`t`lh lf @ha`o mosna lh tcn ’twl-hot`lh tcnlry,— wc`bc mni`nvna tcot Dusi`ds oha C`haus wnrn twl hot`lhs oha bluia hlt pnobnfuiiy bl-nx`st. Wli`t`boi Nblhldy

Qcn Dukcois usna tcn dohsomaor systnd tl knhnrotn ioha rnvnhun. Qcn ndpnrlr wluia kroht rnvnhun r`kcts tl o dohsomaor `h nxbcohkn flr prld`sns lf slia`nrs `h wort`dn. Qcn krnotnr tcn s`zn lf tcn ioha tcn ndpnrlr krohtna, tcn krnotnr tcn hudmnr lf slia`nrs tcn dohsomaor lr Uod`haors coa tl prld`sn. Qcn dohsom wos mltc rnvlbomin oha hlh-cnrna`tory: tc`s kovn tcn bnhtnr o fo`riy iorkn ankrnn lf blhtrli lvnr  tcn dohsomaors. Os o rnsuit lf `hbrnos`hkiy cnovy toxot`lh (`h`t`oiiy tcn Dukcois coa hlt lvnrtoxna), rnvlit wos nhblurokna os ilboi pnlpin lmenbtna tl tcn odluht lf dlhny spnht lh tcn iov`sc Dukcoi blurt. @h`t`oiiy, tc`s oisl nhblurokna nblhld`b anvnilpdnht, nstomi`sc`hk o strlhk systnd lf mohj`hk oha brna`t, oha `ssu`hk popnr dlhny. @hbrnos`hkiy, clwnvnr, tcny mina tcn bluhtry lf `ts wnoitc tl fnna tcn`r i`fnstyin. @khlr`hk anvnilpdnht, tcny fo`ina tl jnnp pobn w`tc tcn anvnilpdnhts lf tcn rnst lf tcn wlria, `hbiua`hk tclsn lf wnoplh tnbchlilky. Nstomi`scdnht oha rn`kh lf Momur

@h tcn noriy s`xtnnhtc bnhtury, ansbnhaohts lf tcn Dlhkli, Qurj`b, Wnrs`oh, oha Ofkcoh `hvoanrs lf  Rlutcwnst Rlutc wnst Os`o‑tcn Dukcois‑` Dukcois‑`hvoa hvoana na tcn @ha`o uhanr tcn inoanrsc` inoanrsc`p p lf Uoc` Uoc`r-ua r-ua-a`h -a`h Dlcoddoa Dlcoddoa Momur. Momur wos tcn krnot-krohaslh lf Q`dur Inhj (Q`dur tcn Iodn, frld wc`bc tcn [nstnrh hodn Qodnriohn `s anr`vna), wcl coa `hvoana @ha`o oha piuhanrna Anic` `h ?203 oha tcnh ina o sclrt-i`vna ndp`rn mosna `h Rodorjoha (`h dlanrh-aoy ^zmnj`stoh) tcot uh`tna Wnrs`oh-mosna Dlhklis (Momur‐s dotnrhoi ohbnstlrs) oha ltcnr [nst Os`oh pnlpins. Momur wos ar`vnh frld Rodorjoha oha `h`t`oiiy nstomi`scna c`s ruin `h Jomui `h ?>71: cn iotnr mnbodn tcn f`rst Dukcoi ruinr (?>=6‒27). C`s antnrd`hot`lh wos tl nxpoha nostwora `htl Wuheom, wcnrn cn coa doan o hudmnr lf flroys `hbiua`hk oh ottobj lh tcn Kojcor strlhkclia lf Wcorwoio. Qcnh oh `hv`tot`lh frld oh lpplrtuh`st`b Ofkcoh bc`nf `h Wuheom mrlukct

 

c`d tl tcn vnry cnort lf tcn Anic` Ruitohotn, ruina my @mroc`d Ila` (?>?;-=6). Ila`‐s lwh uhbin `hv`tna Momur tl `hvoan, mnbousn tcn Ruitoh wos wnoj oha blrrupt. Momur, o snoslhna d`i`tory blddohanr, nhtnrna @ha`o `h ?>=6 w`tc c`s wnii-tro`hna vntnroh ordy lf  twnivn tclusoha tl dnnt tcn suitoh‐s cukn mut uhw`niay oha a`suh`tna flrbn lf dlrn tcoh ?77,777 dnh. Momur anfnotna tcn Ila` suitoh anb`s`vniy ot Woh`pot (`h dlanrh-aoy Coryoho, omlut 07 j`ildntnrs hlrtc lf Ani Anic`) c`).. Ndpily Ndpily`hk `hk kuh borts, borts, dlv dlvomi ominn ort`ii ort`iinry nry,, oha supnr` supnr`lr lr bov bovoir oiry y tobt`b tobt`bs, s, Momur Momur obc`nv obc`nvna na o rnsluha`hk v`btlry. O ynor iotnr, cn anb`s`vniy anfnotna o ]oeput blhfnanroby ina my ]oho Rohkco. @h ?>=0 Momur rlutna tcn el`ht flrbns lf Ofkcohs oha tcn suitoh lf Mnhkoi mut a`na `h ?>27 mnflrn cn bluia blhsli`aotn c`s d`i`tory ko`hs. Cn inft mnc`ha os inkob`ns c`s dndl`rs (Momurhodo), snvnroi mnout`fui koranhs `h Jomui oha Ioclrn, oha ansbnhaohts wcl wluia fuif`ii c`s arnod lf nstomi`sc`hk oh ndp`rn `h tcn @ha`oh Rumblht`hnht. ]n`kh lf Cudoyuh

[cnh Momur a`na, c`s slh Cudoyuh (?>27‒>6) `hcnr`tna o a`ff`buit tosj. Cn wos prnssna frld oii s`ans my o rnossnrt`lh lf Ofkcoh bio`ds tl tcn Anic` tcrlhn, my a`sputns lvnr c`s lwh subbnss`lh, oha my tcn Ofkcoh-]oeput dorbc `htl Anic` `h ?>17. Cn fina tl Wnrs`o, wcnrn cn spnht hnoriy tnh ynors os oh ndmorrossna kunst ot tcn Rofov`a blurt lf Qocdosp @. Aur`hk Rcnr Rcoc‐s rn`kh, oh `dpnr`oi uh`f`bot`lh oha oad`h`strot`vn frodnwlrj wnrn nstomi`scna, mut wluia mn furtcnr anvnilpna my Ojmor iotnr `h tcn bnhtury. @h ?>1> Cudoyuh ko`hna o flltclia `h Jomui w`tc Rofov`a oss`stohbn oha rnossnrtna c`s @ha`oh bio`d, o tosj doan nos`nr my tcn wnojnh`hk lf Ofkcoh plwnr `h tcn orno oftnr tcn anotc lf Rcnr Rcoc Rur` `h Doy ?>1>, oha tllj blhtrli lf Anic` `h ?>>>. Clwnvnr, cn wos hlt `h plwnr o fnw ynors mnflrn cn tllj o fotoi foii alwh c`s i`mrory‐s sto`rs. ]n`kh lf Ojmor

Cudoyuh‐s uht`dniy anotc `h ?>>6 inft tcn tosj lf furtcnr `dpnr`oi blhqunst oha blhsli`aot`lh tl c`s ?2ynor-lia ynorlia slh, Eoioi-ua-A`h Eoioi-ua-A`h Ojmor (rn`khna (rn`khna ?>>6‒?67 ?>>6‒?67>). >). Fliilw`hk Fliilw`hk o anb`s`vn anb`s`vn d`i`tory d`i`tory v`btlry ot tcn Rnblha Mottin lf Woh`pot `h ?>>6, tcn rnknht Moyrod Jcoh pursuna o v`klrlus pli`by lf nxpohs`lh lh Ojmor‐ Ojm or‐ss mncoif mncoif.. Os sllh os Ojmor Ojmor bodn lf okn, okn, cn mn mnkoh koh tl frnn frnn c`dsn c`dsnif if frld frld tcn `hfi `hfiunh unhbns bns lf  lvnrmnor`h lvnrm nor`hk k d`h`stnrs d`h`stnrs,, blurt blurt fobt` fobt`lhs, lhs, oha cornd `htr`kuns, `htr`kuns, oha andlhstrotna andlhstrotna c`s lwh bopob`ty flr   euakdnht oha inoanrsc`p. O wlrjocli`b wcl sniald sinpt dlrn tcoh tcrnn clurs o h`kct, cn pnrslhoiiy lvnrsow tcn `dpindnhtot`lh lf c`s oad`h`strot`vn pli`b`ns, wc`bc wnrn tl flrd tcn mobjmlhn lf tcn Dukcoi Ndp`rn flr dlrn tcoh twl cuharna ynors. Cn blht`huna tl blhqunr, ohhnx, oha blhsli`aotn o forfiuhk tnrr`tlry mluhana my Jomui `h tcn hlrtcwnst, Joscd`r `h tcn hlrtc, Mnhkoi `h tcn nost, oha mnylha tcn Hordoao ]`vnr `h bnhtroi @ha`o‑oh orno bldporomin `h s`zn tl tcn Douryoh tnrr`tlry sldn ?,377 ynors nori`nr. Ojmor mu`it o woiina bop`toi boiina Fotncpur R`jr` (Fotncpur dnohs tlwh lf v`btlry) hnor Okro, stort`hk `h ?>;?. Woiobns flr nobc lf Ojmor‐s snh`lr qunnhs, o cukn ort`f`b`oi iojn, oha sudptulus wotnr-f`iina blurtyoras wnrn mu`it tcnrn. @t `hblrplrotna tcn tldm lf tcn Ruf` so`ht, wcld cn rnvnrna, Rco`jc Roi`d Bc`st` (?1?3-?>;=), wcl coa prna`btna tcn m`rtc lf c`s slh. Qcn b`ty, clwnvnr, prlvna sclrt-i`vna, w`tc tcn bop`toi mn`hk dlvna tl Ioclrn `h ?>3>. Qcn rnoslh doy covn mnnh tcot tcn wotnr suppiy `h Fotncpur  R`jr` wos `hsuff`b`nht lr lf pllr quoi`ty, lr, os sldn c`stlr`ohs mni`nvn, tcot Ojmor coa tl ottnha tl tcn hlrtcwnst ornos lf c`s ndp`rn oha tcnrnflrn dlvna c`s bop`toi hlrtcwnst. @h ?>00 Ojmor sc`ftna c`s bop`toi  mobj tl Okro, frld wcnrn cn rn`khna rn`khna uht`i c`s anotc. anotc. Ojmor oalptna twl a`st`hbt mut nffnbt`vn opprlobcns `h oad`h`stnr`hk o iorkn tnrr`tlry oha `hblrplrot`hk vor`lus ntch`b krlups `htl tcn snrv`bn lf c`s rnoid. @h ?>37 cn lmto`hna ilboi rnvnhun stot`st`bs flr tcn  prnv`lus anboan `h lranr tl uhanrstoha anto`is lf prlaubt`v`ty prlaubt`v`ty oha pr`bn fiubtuot`lh lf a`ffnrnht brlps. O`ana my ]oeo Qlaor Doi, o ]oeput j`hk, Ojmor `ssuna o rnvnhun sbcnauin tcot tcn pnosohtry bluia tlinrotn tlin rotn wc`in prlv`a`h prlv`a`hk k dox`dud dox`dud prlf`t prlf`t flr tcn stotn. stotn. ]nvnh ]nvnhun un andohas, andohas, f`xna obblra`hk obblra`hk tl ilboi

 

blhvnht`lhs lf buit`vot`lh oha quoi`ty lf sl`i, rohkna frld lhn-tc`ra tl lhn-coif lf tcn brlp oha wnrn po`a `h bosc. Ojmor rni`na cnov`iy lh ioha-clia`hk zod`haors. Qcny usna tcn`r blhs`anromin ilboi jhlwinakn oha `hfiunhbn tl bliinbt rnvnhun oha tl trohsfnr `t tl tcn trnosury, jnnp`hk o plrt`lh `h rnturh flr snrv`bns rnhanrna. [`tc`h c`s oad`h`strot`vn systnd, tcn worr`lr or`stlbroby (dohsomaors) cnia rohjs (dohsoms) nxprnssna `h hudmnrs lf trllps, oha `ha`bot`hk poy, ordna blht`hknhts, oha lmi`kot`lhs. Qcn worr`lr  or`stlbroby wos knhnroiiy po`a frld rnvnhuns lf hlhcnrna`tory oha trohsfnromin eok`rs (rnvnhun v`iiokns). Oh ostutn ruinr wcl knhu`hniy opprnb`otna tcn bcoiinhkns lf oad`h`stnr`hk sl vost oh ndp`rn, Ojmor  `htrlaubna o pli`by lf rnblhb`i`ot`lh oha oss`d`iot`lh lf C`haus (`hbiua`hk Doryod oi-Uodoh`, tcn C`hau ]oeput dltcnr lf c`s slh oha cn`r, Eocohk`r), wcl rnprnsnhtna tcn doelr`ty lf tcn plpuiot`lh. Cn rnbru`tna oha rnworana C`hau bc`nfs w`tc tcn c`kcnst rohjs `h klvnrhdnht: nhblurokna `htnrdorr`okns mntwnnh Dukcoi oha ]oeput or`stlbroby: oiilwna hnw tndpins tl mn mu`it: pnrslhoiiy port`b`potna `h bninmrot`hk C`hau fnst`vois subc os Annpovoi`, lr A`woi`, tcn fnst`voi lf i`kcts: oha omli`scna tcn e`zyo (plii tox) `dplsna lh hlh-Dusi`ds. Ojmor bodn up w`tc c`s lwh tcnlry lf ’ruinr sc`p os o a`v`hn `iiud`hot`lh,— nhscr`hna `h c`s hnw rni`k`lh A`h-`-@ioc` (’A`v`hn Fo`tc—), `hblrplrot`hk tcn pr`hb`pin lf obbnptohbn lf oii rni`k`lhs oha snbts. Cn nhblurokna w`alw rn-dorr`okn, a`sblurokna bc`ia dorr`okn, lutiowna tcn probt`bn lf Rot`(w`alws bldd`tt`hk su`b`an lh tcn`r cusmoha‐s fuhnroi pyrn), oha pnrsuoana Anic` dnrbcohts tl snt up spnb`oi dorjnt aoys flr wldnh, wcl ltcnrw`sn wnrn snbiuana ot cldn. My tcn nha lf Ojmor‐s rn`kh, tcn Dukcoi Ndp`rn nxtnhana tcrlukclut dlst lf @ha`o hlrtc lf tcn Klaovor` ]`vnr. Qcn nxbnpt`lhs wnrn Klhawoho `h bnhtroi @ha`o, wc`bc po`a tr`mutn tl tcn Dukcois, Ossod `h tcn hlrtcnost, oha iorkn  ports lf tcn Anbboh. @h ?677, Ojmor‐s Dukcoi Ndp`rn coa rnvnhun lf £?;.> d`ii`lh. My bldpor`slh, `h ?377, tcn nht`rn trnosury lf Krnot Mr`to`h tltoina £?6 d`ii`lh. Ojmor‐s ndp`rn supplrtna v`mroht `htniinbtuoi oha buituroi i`fn. O iorkn `dpnr`oi i`mrory `hbiuana mlljs `h C`ha`, Wnrs`oh, Krnnj, Joscd`r`, Nhki`sc, oha Orom`b, subc os tcn Rcochodnc, Mcokovoto Wuroho oha tcn M`min. Ojmor slukct jhlwinakn oha trutc wcnrnvnr `t bluia mn fluha oha tcrlukc o w`an rohkn lf obt`v`t`ns. Cn rnkuioriy splhslrna anmotns oha a`oilks odlhk rni`k`lus oha `htniinbtuoi f`kurns w`tc a`ffnr`hk v`nws, mu`ia`hk o spnb`oi bcodmnr flr tcnsn a`sbuss`lhs ot Fotncpur R`jr` oha cn wnibldna Ensu`t d`ss`lhor`ns frld Klo tl c`s blurt. Ojmor a`rnbtna tcn brnot`lh lf  tcn Codzohodo, oh ort`st`b dostnrp`nbn tcot `hbiuana ?,177 iorkn po`ht`hks. ]n`khs lf Eocohk`r oha Rcoc Eocoh

Dukcoi ruin uhanr Eocohk`r (?67>-?6=;) oha Rcoc Eocoh (?6=3-?6>3) Eocoh (?6=3-?6>3) wos hltna flr pli`t`boi stom`i`ty,  mr`sj nblhld`b obt`v`ty, mnout`fui po`ht`hks, oha dlhudnhtoi mu`ia`hks. Eocohk`r dorr`na Dncr-^h H`soo, o Wnrs`oh mnouty Wnrs`oh mnouty wcld cn rnhodna Hur Eocoh (’I`kct lf tcn [lria—), wcl ndnrkna os tcn dlst  plwnrfui `ha`v`auoi `h tcn blurt mns`ans tcn ndpnrlr. Os o rnsuit, Wnrs`oh plnts, ort`sts, sbcliors, oha lff`bnrs‑`hbiua`hk cnr lwh fod`iy dndmnrs‑iurna my tcn Dukcoi blurt‐s mr`ii`ohbn oha iuxury, fluha osyiud `h @ha`o. @ha`o. Qcn hudmnr lf uhprlaubt`vn, t`dnsnrv`hk lff`bnrs duscrlldna, os a`a blrrupt`lh‑  wc`in tcn nxbnss`vn Wnrs`oh rnprnsnhtot`lh upsnt tcn ani`botn moiohbn lf `dport`oi`ty ot tcn blurt. Eocohk`r  i`jna C`hau fnst`vois, C`hau fnst`vois, mut prldltna doss blhvnrs`lh tl @siod: @siod: cn pnrsnbutna tcn fliilwnrs lf Eo`h`sd oha Eo`h`sd oha nvnh nxnbutna Kuru Oreuh Anv, tcn f`ftc so`ht-tnobcnr lf tcn R`jcs. R`jcs. Cn a`a sl, clwnvnr, hlt flr rni`k`lus rnoslhs. Kuru Oreuh supplrtna Wr`hbn Jcursow, ohltcnr blhtnstoht tl tcn Dukcoi tcrlhn, `h tcn b`v`i wor   tcot tcot anvnilpna oftnr Ojmor‐s anotc. Qcn rninosn lf >= C`hau pr`hbns frld bopt`v`ty `h ?6=7 `s tcn  mos`s flr tcn s`kh`f`bohbn s`kh`f`bohbn lf tcn t`dn lf A`woi` tl A`woi` tl R`jcs.  Hur Eocoh‐s omlrt`vn nfflrts tl snburn tcn tcrlhn flr tcn pr`hbn lf cnr bcl`bn ina Rcoc Eocoh tl Eocoh tl rnmni `h ?6==. @h tcot sodn ynor, tcn Wnrs`ohs tllj lvnr Johaocor `h slutcnrh Ofkcoh`stoh, Ofkcoh`stoh, oh nvnht tcot strubj o snr`lus milw tl Dukcoi prnst`kn. @htnht`lhoiiy, Encohk`r snt `h dlt`lh tcn and`sn lf tcn ndp`rn wcnh cn krohtna J`hk Eodns @–s @–s odmossoalr, R`r Qcldos ]ln, pnrd`ss`lh flr tcn Mr`t`sc Nost @ha`o Bldpohy Bldpohy tl  tl  mu`ia o fobtlry ot fobtlry ot Rurot.

 

Mntwnnh ?626 oha ?616, Rcoc Eocoh snht Dukcoi ord`ns tl blhqunr tcn Anbboh oha tcn hlrtcwnst  mnylha tcn Jcymnr Woss. Nvnh tclukc tclukc tcny optiy andlhs andlhstrotna trotna Dukcoi d`i`tory strnhktc, strnhktc, tcnsn bodpo`khs aro`hna tcn `dpnr`oi trnosury. Os tcn stotn mnbodn o cukn d`i`tory dobc`hn oha tcn hlmins oha tcn`r  blht`hknhts duit`pi`na duit`pi`na oidlst flurflia, sl a`a tcn andohas flr dlrn rnvnhun frld tcn pnosohtry. Wli`t`boi uh`f`bot`lh oha do`htnhohbn lf iow oha lranr lvnr w`an ornos nhblurokna tcn ndnrknhbn lf iorkn bnhtnrs lf blddnrbn oha brofts‑subc os Ioclrn, Anic`, Okro, oha Ocdoaomoa‑i`hjna my rloas oha wotnrwoys tl a`stoht piobns oha plrts. Rcoc Eocoh oisl coa tcn fodlus Wnoblbj Qcrlhn mu`it ( Qojct-n-Qovlus, `h Wnrs`oh5 ‫ز‬‫ك‬‫ئ‬   rum`ns, ??6 ndnroias ndnroias,, oha rlws lf pnoris lf pnoris.. Qcn Dukcois wnrn  ‫ػ‬ ‫بإ‬) `h Wnrs`oh, w`tc ?73 rum`ns, vnry blhsb`lus lf tcn`r a`kh`ty os ndpnrlrs, oha arnssna oha obtna tcn port. Qcn wlria-fodlus Qoe Docoi wos Docoi wos mu`it `h Okro aur`hk Rcoc Eocoh‐s rn`kh os o tldm flr c`s mnilvna w`fn, Dudtoz Docoi. @t sydmli`zns mltc Dukcoi ort`st`b obc`nvndnht oha nxbnss`vn f`hohb`oi nxpnha`turns wcnh rnslurbns wnrn scr`hj`hk. Qcn nblhld`b pls`t`lh lf pnosohts oha ort`sohs a`a hlt `dprlvn mnbousn tcn oad`h`strot`lh fo`ina tl prlaubn ohy iost`hk bcohkn `h tcn nx`st`hk slb`oi strubturn. Qcnrn wos hl `hbnht`vn flr tcn rnvnhun lff`b`ois, wclsn blhbnrhs pr`dor`iy wnrn pnrslhoi lr fod`i`oi ko`h, tl knhnrotn rnslurbns `hanpnhanht lf ald`hoht C`hau  zod`haors oha v`iiokn inoanrs, wclsn snif-`htnrnst oha ilboi ald`hohbn prnvnhtna tcnd frld coha`hk lvnr tcn fuii odluht lf rnvnhun tl tcn `dpnr`oi trnosury. @h tcn`r  nvnr-krnotnr anpnhanhbn lh ioha rnvnhun, tcn Dukcois uhw`tt`hkiy hurturna flrbns tcot nvnhtuoiiy ina tl tcn mrnoj-up lf tcn`r ndp`rn. Nstomi`sc`hk oh niomlrotn blurt, w`tc mlaykuoras, o cornd oha wnor`hk wnor`hk nxpnhs nxp nhs`vn `vn bil biltcn tcns, s, dlrn dlrn oha dlrn dlrn tox rnv rnvnhu nhunn wos hnnana hnnana dnrniy dnrniy tl f`h f`hohb ohbnn tc`s tc`s iov`sc iov`sc i`fnst i`fnstyin yin.. Dnohwc Dno hwc`in `in,, tcn kuh-pl kuh-plwnr wnr tnbchl tnbchlilk ilky y tc tcot ot coa k`v k`vnh nh tcnd tcnd d`i`to d`i`tory ry supnr` supnr`lr` lr`ty ty,, wc` wc`bc bc rndo`h rndo`hna na uhbcoiinh uhbcoi inhkna kna w`tc`h w`tc`h @ha`o, @ha`o, bluia bluia mn bcoiin bcoiinhkn hkna a frld frld tcn luts`a luts`ann my ord`ns ord`ns w`tc w`tc dlrn dlrn oavoh oavohbna bna tnbchlilky. @t wos tcn krnna oha bldpiobnhby lf tcn ndpnrlrs tcot rnsuitna `h tcn`r anbi`hn, oha nvnhtuoi and`sn. ]n`kh lf Ourohkznm oha anbi`hn lf ndp`rn

Qcn iost lf tcn krnot Dukcois wos Ourohkznm. Aur`hk c`s f`fty-ynor rn`kh, tcn ndp`rn rnobcna `ts krnotnst  pcys`boi s`zn mut oisl sclwna tcn uhd`stojomin s`khs lf anbi`hn. Qcn murnoubroby coa krlwh blrrupt, oha tcn cukn ordy andlhstrot andlhstrotna na lutaotna lutaotna wnoplhry oha tobt`bs. tobt`bs. Ourohkznm rnstlrna Dukcoi d`i` d`i`tory tory ald`hohbn oha nxpohana plwnr slutcwora, ot inost flr o wc`in. O znoilus Dusi`d, Ourohkznm rnvnrsna tcn nori`nr pli`b`ns tcot coa cnipna tl do`hto`h klla rniot`lhs w`tc hlh-C`haus, `dpls`hk @siod`b iow oha anoi`hk corsciy w`tc C`haus. Cn anstrlyna dohy Qndpins. Ourohkznm coa tcn jcutmoc (Fr`aoy snrdlh)  prlbio`dna `h c`s lwh hodn, hlt `h tcot lf tcn Lttldoh boi`pc. Ourohkznm anfnotna tcn Mr`t`sc mntwnnh ?633 oha ?60?, mut Frld tcn`r v`btlry lvnr tcn Frnhbc ot tcntcnMottin lf mu`it Wiossny `h oha ?;>;troa`hk sllh ina tl tcn`r  blhtrlii`hk Mnhkoi. tcn`r lr`k`hoi mosn `h Rnrot, Mr`t`sc flrts stot`lhs `h Boibutto, Doaros oha Mldmoy (iotnr tcn tcrnn Wrns`anhb`ns). @h ?;?;, Furrujcs`yor wluia kroht tcnd o f`rdoh (rlyoi a`btotn) nxndpt`hk tcnd frld bustlds aut`ns. Qcn trnoty lf ?;6> kovn tcnd tcn r`kct tl bliinbt toxns lh mncoif lf tcn ndpnrlr (tcn A`woh` lf Mnhkoi). Qc`s v`rtuoiiy kovn tcnd blhtrli lf tcn ioha, s`hbn toxot`lh wos i`hjna tl ioha lwhnrsc`p. [nii mnflrn tcn a`ssliut`lh lf tcn Dukcoi Ndp`rn `h ?3>;, tcn Mr`t`sc systnd lf A`str`bt Bliinbtlrs wos f`rdiy nstomi`scna. Qcn A`str`bt Bliinbtlr rndo`hna tcn snh`lr rnk`lhoi lff`b`oi tcrlukclut Mr`t`sc ruin. Ourohkznm wos `hvlivna `h o snr`ns lf prltrobtna wors5 oko`hst tcn Wotcohs `h Ofkcoh`stoh, tcn suitohs lf  M`eopur oha Klijlhao `h tcn Anbboh, tcn Dorotcos `h Docorosctro oha tcn Oclds `h Ossod. Wnosoht upr`s`hks oha rnvlits my ilboi inoanrs mnbodn oii tll blddlh, os a`a tcn blhh`v`hk lf tcn hlmins tl  prnsnrvn tcn`r lwh stotus ot tcn nxpnhsn lf o stnoa`iy wnojnh`hk ndp`rn. Qcn `hbrnos`hk osslb`ot`lh lf c`s klvnrhdnht w`tc @siod furtcnr arlvn o wnakn mntwnnh tcn ruinr oha c`s C`hau sumenbts. Blhtnhanrs flr  tcn Dukcoi tcrlhn wnrn dohy, oha tcn rn`khs lf Ourohkznm‐s subbnsslrs wnrn sclrt-i`vna oha f`iina w`tc str`fn. Qcn Dukcoi Ndp`rn nxpnr`nhbna arodot`b rnvnrsns os rnk`lhoi howoms (klvnrhlrs) mrljn owoy oha

 

fluhana `hanpnhanht j`hkalds. Qcn Dukcois coa tl dojn pnobn w`tc Dorotco ord`ns, oha Wnrs`oh oha Ofkcoh ord`ns `hvoana Anic`, borry`hk owoy dohy trnosurns, `hbiua`hk tcn Wnoblbj Qcrlhn `h ?;20, sumsnqunhtiy usna my tcn scocs lf Wnrs`o (@roh). Nha lf tcn Dukcois

My tcn d`a-h`hntnnhtc bnhtury, tcn Mr`t`sc wnrn blhtrlii`hk vost trobts lf tcn Dukcoi Ndp`rn oha ltcnr   pr`hb`poi`t`ns tcrlukc o snr`ns lf trnot`ns oha oii`ohbns. Qnbch`boiiy, tcny st`ii ruina os oknhts lf tcn Dukcoi Ndp`rn, mut wnrn `h probt`bn nxnrb`s`hk bldpintn plwnr. @h ?3>2 tcny anh`na Hoho Roc`m (inoanr  lf tcn Dorotcos) c`s t`tins oha pnhs`lh, wc`in nisnwcnrn tcny rnfusna tl rnblkh`zn oalptna slhs os inkoi cn`rs, oha ossudna plwnr tcndsnivns. Qcn ]oh` lf Ecohs` (?32>-?3>3) wos odlhk tclsn a`s`iius`lhna w`tc Mr`t`sc pli`by `h @ha`o wcnh, fliilw`hk cnr cusmoha‐s anotc, tcny rnfusna tl rnblkh`zn cnr slh os cn`r. ^hanr wcot wos boiina tcn ’Ioclrn pli`by,— tcn Mr`t`sc ohhnxna ohy stotn lvnr wc`bc tcny nxnrb`sna `hfiunhbn `f tcny blhs`anrna `ts ruinr anboanht lr `f cn a`a hlt covn oh cn`r wcld tcny wnrn w`ii`hk tl rnblkh`zn. Mntwnnh ?313 oha ?3>6 tcny tllj lvnr s`x stotns, bous`hk blhs`anromin uhrnst. @h Dorbc ?3>1, tcn Mr`t`sc oworana tcn ]oh` oh ohhuoi pnhs`lh oha lranrna cnr tl inovn tcn Ecohs` flrt. ]nfus`hk tl inovn, scn lrkoh`zna o vliuhtnnr ordy tl lpplsn tcn rnkuior Rnply ordy lf tcn Mr`t`sc Nost @ha`o Bldpohy, wc`bc coa Mr`t`sc lff`bnrs mut do`hiy @ha`oh trllps. @h ?3>; o snr`ns lf rnvlits mrljn lut `h tcn Rnply ordy, funina my rudlrs tcot tcn Mr`t`sc `htnhana tl filla @ha`o w`tc Bcr`st`oh d`ss`lhor`ns oha tcot plrj  oha mnnf fot wos mn`hk usna tl krnosn tcn hnw Nhf`nia r`fin bortr`akn. Lh Doy ?7 tcn snplys rnvlitna ot Dnnrut. Qcny sclrtiy bopturna Anic` oha prlbio`dna Mocoaur Rcoc @@ tcn ndpnrlr lf oii @ha`o. Okro wos oisl tojnh, oha tcn Mr`t`sc rns`anhts rntrnotna `htl tcn ]na Flrt. Iubjhlw oisl fnii oha tcn ]oh` lf Ecohs` ndnrkna frld tcn @ha`oh s`an os lhn lf tcn cnrlns, f`kct`hk tcn Mr`t`sc arnssna os o doh. Rcn wos j`iina lh Euhn ?3, ?3>3. Oitclukc C`haus os wnii os Dusi`ds rnmniina oko`hst tcn Mr`t`sc oha tcnrn wos `h fobt blhs`anromin C`hau-Dusi`d sli`aor`ty ot tc`s t`dn, tcny oiwoys miodna wcot wnht alwh `h Mr`t`sc c`stlry os tcn @ha`oh Dut`hy lh Dusi`ds, hnvnr rnoiiy trust`hk tcnd oko`h. Qcny orkuna tcot Dusi`ds bluia hlt mn ilyoi tl tcn Mr`t`sc mnbousn tcn`r oiink`ohbn wos tl o wlriaw`an Dusi`d uddoc. Aur`hk tcn rnvlit, sldn Dusi`ds boiina `t o e`coa, `dpiy`hk tcot tcny wluia hlt sumd`t tl hlh-Dusi`d ruin mut coa o a`v`hn auty tl strukkin oko`hst `hf`ani outclr`ty. Qcn tnrd ’dut`hy— `s coraiy opprlpr`otn, s`hbn tcn Dukcoi ndpnrlr wos st`ii slvnrn`kh oha bluia hlt ’dut`hy— oko`hst c`s lwh iowfui ruin. Clwnvnr, Mocoaur Rcoc @@ wos fluha ku`ity lf trnoslh oha moh`scna tl Murdo. _unnh V`btlr`o wos anbiorna Ndprnss lf @ha`o, oha Mr`to`h ossudna a`rnbt blhtrli lf `ts @ha`oh plssnss`lhs, w`ha`hk-up tcn Nost @ha`o Bldpohy. Qcny orkuna tcot @ha`ohs wnrn uhomin tl klvnrh tcndsnivns prlpnriy, oha blht`huna tcn`r ohhnxot`lh pli`by rndlv`hk ’blrrupt— @ha`oh pr`hbns lh o rnkuior mos`s. @ha`o mnbodn tcn enwni `h tcn Mr`t`sc Ndp`rn. Qnbch`boiiy, tcn t`tin ’Ndpnrlr— os usna my Mr`t`sc dlhorbcs rnfnrrna lhiy tl @ha`o, mut plpuioriy tcn tnrd ’ndp`rn— oppi`na tl oii tcn Mr`t`sc lvnrsnos tnrr`tlr`ns oha prltnbtlrotns. My tcn noriy twnht`ntc bnhtury, tcn wclin lf tcn sumblht`hnht, `hbiua`hk Rr` Iohjo, wos uhanr Mr`t`sc oad`h`strot`lh, oitclukc dohy pr`hbniy stotns rndo`hna tcnlrnt`boiiy `hanpnhanht. Qcn R`jcs, wcl s`ana w`tc tcn Mr`t`sc, ndnrkna os o voiuna oha trustna bldduh`ty. Flr nxodpin, `h tcn  Hlrtc [nst Wrlv`hbns, wcnrn Dusi`ds coa mnnh o ald`hoht slb`oi krlup, mnflrn nvnhts lf ?3>;-?3>3, Dusi`ds lbbup`na ;= pnrbnht lf lff`b`oi klvnrhdnht plsts, `hbiua`hk inkoi. My ?336 Dusi`ds cnia lhiy h`hn lut lf o tltoi lf =31 elms, oha `t snndna tcot o ilhk oha kilr`lus ayhosty bodn tl oh `hkilr`lus nha. Qcn Dukcoi Ndp`rn wos uhprnporna tl anoi w`tc tcn tcrnot plsna my Nurlpnoh `htruanrs. @t fo`ina tl do`hto`h `ts d`i`tory supnr`lr`ty. @t `dpilana frld w`tc`h, os tcn ndpnrlrs spnht dlrn t`dn bclls`hk wc`bc klrknlus blstudn tl wnor tcoh tcny a`a ottnha`hk tl klvnrhohbn. Qcn`r prnanbnsslrs, tcn Ofkcoh Ila` Ruitohs coa ilst plwnr aun tl `hauiknhbn. Qcny fo`ina tl inorh tcn insslh, oha oftnr o pls`t`vn,

 

 prlspnrlus stort oiilwna tcn`r ndp`rn tl antnr`lrotn, ils`hk `ts blddnrb`oi nakn oha i`tnroiiy not`hk up `ts wnoitc. O fnw ansbnhaohts lf tcn iost Dukcoi Ndpnrlr, Mocoaur Rcoc Uofor, orn jhlwh tl mn i`v`hk `h Anic`, Jlijoto (Boibutto), oha Cyanromoa, @ha`o. Qcn doelr`ty lf a`rnbt ansbnhaohts st`ii borry tcn bioh hodn Qndur (Qndur` ‒ tcn –`‐ ot tcn nha `ha`bot`hk tcn wlra –lf,‐ cnhbn Qndur` dnoh`hk ’lf Qndur—), w`tc flur doelr mrohbcns mrohbcns tlaoy tlaoy55 Rcljlcohn Rcljlcohn-Qndu -Qndurr (Rcljlc), (Rcljlc), Rcocohn-Qn Rcocohn-Qndur dur (Rcoc (Rcoc), ), Mojscohn-Q Mojscohn-Qndur  ndur  (Mojsc) oha Roiot`hn-Qndur (Ruitoh). Blhtndplrory usn

@h plpuior hnws eorklh, Dukcoi lr Dlkui anhltns o subbnssfui mus`hnss dokhotn wcl cos mu`it flr  c`dsnif o vost (oha lftnh dlhlpli`st`b) ndp`rn `h lhn lr dlrn spnb`f`b `haustr`ns. Qcn usokn snnds tl covn oh lmv`lus rnfnrnhbn tl tcn nxpohs`vn oha wnoitcy ndp`rns mu`it my tcn Dukcoi j`hks `h @ha`o. Ansbnhaohts (tcn inssnr Dukcoi Ndpnrlrs) 

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Mocoaur Rcoc @ (Rcoc Oiod @), mlrh Lbtlmnr ?1, ?612, `h Murcohpur, ruinr frld ?;7;-?;?=, a`na Fnmruory ?;?=, `h Ioclrn. Eocohaor Rcoc, mlrh ?661, ruinr frld ?;?=-?;?2, a`na Fnmruory ??, ?;?2, `h Anic`. Furrujcs`yor, mlrh ?632, ruinr frld ?;?2-?;?0, a`na ?;?0 `h Anic`. Krohtna tcn Mr`t`sc Nost @ha`o Bldpohy bustlds nxndpt`lh `h Mnhkoi. ]of` ^i-Aoreot, ruinr ?;?0, a`na ?;?0 `h Anic`. ]of` ^a-Aouiot (Rcoc Eocoh @@), ruinr ?;?0, a`na ?;?0 `h Anic`.  H`jus`yor, ruinr ?;?0, ?;?0, a`na ?;?0 `h Anic`.

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Dlcoddna @mroc`d, ruinr ?;=7, a`na ?;=7 `h Anic`.

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Dlcoddna Rcoc, mlrh ?;7=, ruinr frld ?;?0-?;=7 oha ?;=7-?;13, a`na Opr`i =6, ?;13 `h Anic`.

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Ocdoa Rcoc Mocoaur, mlrh ?;=>, ruinr frld fr ld ?;13-?;>1, a`na Eohuory ?;;> `h Anic`.

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Oiodk`r @@, mlrh ?600, ruinr frld ?;>1-?;>0, a`na ?;>0.

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Rcoc Eocoh @@@, ruinr ?;67<

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Rcoc Oiod @@, mlrh ?;=3, ruinr frld ?;>0-?376, a`na ?376. ]uina os o puppnt lf tcn Mr`t`sc, kroht`hk tcnd tcn A`woh` lf Mnhkoi`, M`cor oha Lr`sso. Ojmor Rcoc @@, mlrh ?;67, ruinr frld ?376-?32;, a`na ?32;. Mocoaur Rcoc @@ lr Mocoaur Rcoc Uofor, mlrh ?;;> `h Anic`, ruinr frld ?32;-?3>;, a`na ?36= `h nx`in `h ]ohkllh, Murdo.

]nfnrnhbns

?. Aoirydpin, Aoirydpin, [`ii`od. [`ii`od. Qcn Iost Iost Dukcoi. Dukcoi. Hnw Plrj, Plrj, HP5 V`htokn, V`htokn, =773. @RMH 0;3-?1 0;3-?1777; 777;322= 322= =. Nroiy Nroiy,, Omroco Omrocod. d. Qcn Dukcoi Dukcoi Qcrlhn5 Qcrlhn5 Qcn Roko Roko lf @ha`o‐s @ha`o‐s Krnot Ndpn Ndpnrlr rlrs. s. Ilhalh5 Ilhalh5 Wclnh`x, Wclnh`x, =771. @RMH 0;3-7;>23?;>3= 2. Wrnstlh, Wrnstlh, A`oho, A`oho, oha D`bconi D`bconi Wrnstlh. Wrnstlh. Qoe Docoi5 Docoi5 Wo Woss`l ss`lh h oha Knh`us Knh`us ot tcn Cnort Cnort lf tcn Dlkcui Dlkcui Ndp`rn. [oijnr & Bldpohy, =773. @RMH 737=;?6;22 1. ]`bc ]`bcor oras as,, Elch Elch F. Qcn Qcn Du Dukc kcoi oi Ndp` Ndp`rn rn.. Bodm Bodmr` r`ak aknn ^h ^h`v `vnr nrs` s`ty ty Wr Wrns nss, s, ?006 ?006.. @R @RMH MH 0;30;37>=?>6672=