The Military Balance 1973

40954

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE life— who enjoy Innovation and challenge challenge— — It’s bound to be an exciting 50 years.

ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS THE

50TH ANNIVERSARY OF SALISBURY, MD„ TIMES

THE

Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. President, a few days ago, the Salisbury Times on Maryland’s Eastern Shore celebrated its 50th anniversary. As one who has passed the same milestone milestone myself, I ca n testify that it is of no little significance to have done so. The Times began as a brave experiment in daily journalism for a small town out of the mainstream. One need only note that in its early days, before teletypewriters hat. been invented, the pape r was forced to decode news accounts accounts sent over a Western Union telegraph ticker from Philadelphia. It was still a time when the horses stabled at city hall automatically dashed for the fire house when the fire alarm sounded, to draw the steam boiler fire engines. This and other recollections of earlier days were printed in the Times in its edition of Sunday, December 2. It is interesting to note that the issue's lead editorial noting the anniversary does not really look backward, but rather concerns itself  with the problems and prospects facing Salisbury in the next 50 years. I take this as a sign that the vigor and spirit of the Tim is is undiminished, and I urge the readin g of this editorial as tonic to to those who think they have seen all too much of life. I ask unanimous consent that It be prin ted .'n the R e c o r d . There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the R e c o r d , as follows:

THE MILITARY BALANCE 197374 Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President, inserting lengthy articles in the C o n g r e s s i o n a l R e c o r d is not particularly a habit of mine, but the Air Force Magazine for December of 1973 has placed the entire military balance in this world in such an understandable and relatively simple form that I think it would be of value for my colleagues to peruse. I ask unanimous consent that this excellent article be printed in the R e c o r d . There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the R e c o r d , as follows:  T h e

M ilita r y

B a la n c e

197374

FOREWORD

(By the Editors of Air Force Magazine) For the third successive year, AIK FORCE Magazine is privileged to present “The M ilitary Balance" as an exclusive feature of its December issue. issue. “The Military Balance." compiled by The International Institute for Strategic Studies, London. Is an annual, quantitative assessment of the military power and defense expenditures of countries throughout the world.  Th e In te rn at io na l In st it u te fo r St ra te gic Studies was founded in 1958 as a center for research and discussion In defense, arms control, disarmament, and related areas. It has earned earned worldwide recognition as th e  au thority In its field. field. As in the past, “The Balance" Is arranged with national entries grouped geographically, with special reference to the principal defense pacts and alignments. Included In I Prom the Salisbury (Md .) Times, Dec. 2. 2. the section on the US and USSR Is an assess19731 ment of the strategic nuclear balance beF i f t i e t h A n n iv e r s a r y   tween the two superpowers. There also is a  Th e Da ily and Su nd ay Ti m es mar ks Its separate section on the European theater balance between between N ATO and the Warsaw Pact. 50th anniversary at this time of the year. In preparing “ The Military Balance 197 1973/ On Monday. Dec. 3, the front page flag will carry the notatio n: "Vol. 51, No. 1.” 1.” Trans lat- 74" for our use, the staff of AIR FORCE Magazine has retained the Institute’s sysed Into layman's language, this means the tem of abbreviating military weapons and first Issue of the 51st year. year.  T hi s new spa per was lau nc he d on a wav e units as well as British spelling and usage. of great optimism 50 years ago. Events have A list of the abbreviations used in the text appears Immediately after this introduction. proved tha t Its organizers and those who have carried on as correct In the view that Salis- Because of space limitations, some tabular material on defense expenditures of NATO bury should and would become the largest countries, their expenditures by functional city on the Eastern Shore. When all of Del categories, comparison of divisional estabmarva Is Included, it has to be said that lishments, and military assistance agreeDover, Del., Is giving us a good race, though. ments negotiated since the last Issue Issue of “ The We are situated at the crossroads of the peninsula. We are now building a bypass to Balance” have been excluded, as has an appendix, “The Statistics of Mutual Force carry heavy northsouth traffic around the city. Our Salisbury Parkway, carrying east Reductions." “The Military Balance" examines the facts west traffic, appears adequate for the job In the years ahead, though the day must of military power as they existed In July 1973 (before the October Middle East war). No come when a complete beltway will be projections of force levels levels or weapons beyond needed. 1973 have been provided, except where exWho can say when that will be or what will Salisbury's Salisbury's futur e be? The good citizens plicitly stated. The result should not be regarded as a comprehensive guide to the balwho began publication of a dally newspaper here In 1923 planted one of the seeds that ance of military power: In particular, the study does not reflect the facts o f geography, helped to produce the area's growth. We are now a shopping center for a region—for vulnerability, or efficiency, except where these are touched on the essays on balances. both goods and services and employment. Figures for defense expenditures are the Cultural Improvements are coming along latest available. available. ONP figures figures given are usualwith a university branch and a college nearby. We bear little resemblance to Salisbury ly at market prices. In addition to the estimates of current defense expenditure and of 50 years ago. GNP in the Individual county entries, similar  Th e me n wh o or ga ni ze d Th e Ti m es mo re Information on the principal countries covthan half a century ago are now gone. Moat ered. for this year and previous years. Is colof them would agree that the awakening of lected In tables beginning on p. 110. Because Salisbury from small country town to re- estimates of defense expenditure and GNP have been amended in the case of certain gional center has progressed beyond their countries, figures will not In all cases be fondest dreams. directly comparable with those In previous What of the next half century? Who can say? But for those who get a zest out of  editions of “The Military Balance." Where a

December 12, 1973 

$ sign appears, it refers, unless otherwise stated, to United States dollars. In order to make comparison easier, easier, national currency figures figures were converted by the In stitute into United States dollars at the rate prevailing on July 1, 1973, generally as reported to the International Monetary Fund (IM F). An exception exception Is Is the Soviet Net Material Product, which has been converted to dollars at the rate of 0.72 roubles=$l. (See p. 67 for more detail on Soviet defense expen-  ditures.)   Further exceptions are certain East

European countries that are not members of the IMF and Rumania (which is), for which conversion rates used are taken from US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency publication ACDA/E207, December 1971. In all cases, the conversion rates used are shown in the country entry, but may not always be applicable to commercial transactions.  Th e ma np ow er figu res gi ve n are. unles s otherwise stated, those of regular forces. An Indication of the size of militia, reserve, and paramilitary forces Is also Included In the country entry where appropriate. Paramilitary forces are here taken to be forces whose equipment and training goes beyond that required for civil police duties and whose constitution and control suggest that they may be usable In support of, or In lieu of, regular forces. Equipment figures In the country entries cover total holdings, with the exception of combat aircraft, where frontline squadron strengths are normally shown. Except where the contrary Is made clear, naval vessels of less than 100 tons structural displacement have been excluded. The term "combat aircraft" used In the country entries comprises only bomber, fighterbomber, strike, interceptor, reconnaissance, counterinsurgency, and armed trainer aircraft ( i .e.,  aircraft normally equipped and configured to deliver ordnance). Where the term "m ile" is used used when when indicating the range or radius of weapon systems. It means a statute mile.  T h e In st itu te assumes fu ll re sp on sib ilit y for the facts and judgments contained In the study that follows. The cooperation of the governments Involved was sought and. In many cases, received. Not all countries were equally cooperative, and some figures were necessarily estimated. Photographs and captions have been added by A IR FORCE Magazine, and we assume assume full responsibility for them.  T  h e  E d i t o r s . a b b r e v i a t io n s

AA—Anticraft. AAM— AlrtoAlr missil missile e (s ). AB— Airborne. ABM— Antlb alllstlc missile. missile. Ac—Aircraft. AD— Air Defense. Defense. AEW— Airborne early warning. AFV— Armoure Armoured d fighting fighting vehicle(s ). A PC— Armoured personnel carrier (s). Armd—Armoured. Arty—Artillery. ASM—A lrtosurface lrtosurface missile missile (s ). ASW— Antisubmarine Antisubmarine warfare. warfare. A T O W — A n ti ta nk gu ide d w ea p on s( s) . ATk—Antitank. AW X— Allweather fighter. fighter. Bbr—Bomber. Bde—Bridgade. Bn—Battalion. Bty—Battery. Cav— Cavalry. Cavalry. Cdo— Commando. CENTO— Central Trea ty Organization. COIN—CounterInsurgency. Comm—Communication. Comm—Communicati on. Coy—Company. DDG— Destroyer, guided missile. missile. DEO—Destroyer, escort, guided missile. Det—Detachment. Det—Detachment. Div— Division. DLG— Destroyer/leader, guided missile.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE

December 12, 1973 

Engr—Engineer. Eqpt—Equipment. Eqpt—Equipment. Excl—Excluding. FB—Fighterbomber. FGA — Fighter, ground ground attack. FPB—Fast patrol boat(s). GM— Guided missile. missile. GNP — Gross Gross National Product. GP —G eneral purpose. purpose. Gp— Group. Group. GW—Guided weapon. Hel—Hellcopter(s). How—Howitzer(s). HQ— Headquarter Headquarters. s. Hy— Heavy. Heavy. ICBM—wintercontinental ballistic. mlssle(s). ICBM—Intercontinental ballistic missile (s). Incl—Including. Indep—Independent. Indep—Independent. Ini—Infantry. IRBM—Intermediaterange ballistic missile (s ). K T— Klloton (1.0 (1.000 00 tons TN T equivalen t). LOT—Landing craft, tank. Log—Logistic. LPH —Landing platform, helicopte helicopter. r. LST—Landing ship, tank. Lt—Light. MCM— Mine countermeas countermeasures. ures. Mech—Mechanized. Med—Medium. MIRV — Multiple independentlyta independentlytargetabl rgetable e reentry vehicle vehicle (s ). Misc— Miscellaneous. Mk— Mark. Mark. Mob— Mobile. Mor— Mor— Mortar Mortar (s ). Mot— Motorized. MR — Maritime reconnaissanc reconnaissance. e. MRBM— Mediumrange Mediumrange ballistic ballistic missile(s) RV—Multiple reentry vehlcle(s). Msl—Missile. M T— Megaton (1 million million tons tons TN T equivalent). MTB—M otor torp torpedo edo boa t(s). NATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Para—Parachute. Pdr—Pounder. Recce— Reconnaissance. Regt— Regiment. Regiment. Rkt—Rocket. RL— Rocket launcher launcher (s ). SACEUR— Supreme Allied Commander, Europe. SAM— Surfacetoair Surfacetoair missile missile (s). SAR—Search and rescue. SEATO—SouthEast Asia Treaty Organization. SHAPE— Supreme Headquarters, Headquarters, Allied Power in Europe. Sig— Signal. Signal. SLBM—Submarinelaunched ballistic missile sile (s) . SP—Selfpropelled. Sqn— Squadron. SRBM— Shortrange ballistic missiles missiles (s) . SSBN—Ba llistic missile missile submarine (s) , n uclear. SSM—Surfacetosurface misslle(s). SSN—Submarine (s ), nuclear. nuclear. S/VTOL—Short/vertical takeoff or landing.  T k — Ta nk .  Tp — Tr oo p.  T p t— Tra ns por t.  T rg — Tr ain in g.  T h e

U n it e d

St a t e s

and

T h e

So v ie t

U n io n

 Th e ye ar af te r the Ma y 1972 1972 So vi et A m er ican Interim Agreement on the limitation o f offensive missiles provided little evidence of superpower restraint in that field. field. Both gov ernments seemed determined to reach the limits set by their Agreem ent as soon soon as pospossible, while also obtaining the maximum qualitative capability.  T h e Un ite d Sta tes has dep loy ed 350 M in u t e m a n 3   ICBM, each with three MIRV, and

Is now moving towards completing that programme, Involving 550 M i n u t e m a n 3  with up to 1,650 warheads by 1975. Meanwhile, all the 1,000 M i n u t e m a n   silos are being substantially strengthe strengthened ned ("hardened” ) against against nuclear attack and a new Command Data Buffer system Is being Installed to provide rapid ICBM retargeting. At sea, about 320 Poseidon   SLBM, each with 1014 MIRV, have been deployed in some 20 submarines. Conversion of another 11 submarines to Poseidon  Is In train and will be complete by 197576, at which time only 10 submarines with P o -  laris A3   SLBM will remain In service. Thereafter, the T r i d e n t 1  SLBM, with 4,000mile range, could become operational in late 1978, either in Poseidon   submarines or In the new T r i d e n t boats,   boats, probably with 24 missile tubes each, which are being developed to enter service, service, apparently in the Pacific, in the same  year . By us ing th e fr ee do m all ow ed by th e Interim Agreement to replace Titan   2 ICBM with T r i d e n t   SLBM, the United States could thus have 1,000 ICBM and 710 SLBM, carrying well over 8,000 warheads, by the end of the 1970's.  T he So vi et Un ion has a lso sho wn e ver y sig n of reaching the Interim Agreement’s limits. On land, where 1,527 Soviet ICBM are already deployed, development has continued of three new ICBM types: the SS16 SS16 (an im proved version of the solldfuel SS13), the SS17 (an Improved SS11), and the SS18 (an Improved SS9). The last two have both been tested with reentry systems of three MRV, and are reportedly being prepared to carry full M IRV systems at a later stage. stage. The SS18, SS18, tests o f w hich b egan in 1968, 1968, is is an obvious candidate for installation in the 25 large silos started In 1970 but still Incomplete, thus bringing the Soviet total of  " heavy " ICBM to the 313 313 permitted by the Interim Agreement. The SS17, which has been fired over a range of some 4,500 miles, may equip the remaining 66 incomplete silos, raising the overall ICBM total to the permitted ceiling of 1.618. At sea, the ceilings of  62 "modern” ballisticmissile ballisticmissile submarines and 950 "modern” SLBM are further away. Some 31 Yclass submarines, each with 16 SSN6 SLBM (1,5001,750 mile range), have been launched, as have about 3 of the new Dclass boats, each with 12 SS N8 SLBM (4,60 (4,600 0 mile range). Only these count against the submarine celling, although another 30 SLBM In older nuclearpowered submarines bring the current number of missiles missiles relevant to SLBM celling to about 560 560. Even if the Soviet U nion decides to exercise her option to replace SS7 and SS8 ICBM with new SLBM, it thus seems seems likely, at expected building rates, to be at least 1977 before she could reach the two ceilings now established. No Soviet SLBM has as yet been tested with M RV. Soviet and American determination to build ABM systems up to the limits in the ABM Treaty of May 1972 is less certain. The United States is completing her one permitted Safeguard   site for defence of ICBM silos at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, to be operational in late 1974, and has also continued research on what is now known as the Site De/ense   (formerly Hard  S i t e  ) ABM system for the more economical economical defence of ICBM silos with shortrange missiles alone, but she has not yet taken any substantial step towards deploying ABM launchers around Washington, D.C. The Soviet Union has continued to develop a more effective ABM missile to replace the Galosh  In the defence of the Moscow area, and has also showed signs of expanding that defence from 64 to 100 launchers, but there Is no clear evidence that she has yet decided to construct the second second permitted site for ICBM defence. In one of the areas still unconstrained by SALT, strategic bomber aircraft, the emphasis has been largely on development rather than deployment. The American force Is actually to be reduced during 197374,

40955

from 30 squadrons to 28 (24 of B52s and 4 of FB111s), while the Soviet force is expected to remain at little more than a quarter of that strength. The United States, however, is pressing pressing ahead ahead with the B 1 programme, which should bring that new supersonic bomber into service from 1978, while the Soviet Union has been actively testing her Backfire   prototypes which, although not fully "lntercontinental” . have a range range comparable to that of the FB111. The United States Is also greatly Increasing the striking power of her existing bombers by equipping them with the ShortRange Attack Missile (S R A M ), a nuclear airtoground missile with a range of 35100 miles. SRAM entered operational service in August 1972 and should be fully deployed, with 1,500 missiles in 21 bomber squadrons, by 197475. Meanwhile, air defence forces on both sides are also sub je ct s fo r qu al ita ti ve Im pro vem en t. Th e American F14 and F15 fighters are moving towards full operational deployment, possibly to be followed In the early 1980s by a new Improved Improved Manned Manned Interceptor Interceptor (IM I), while the S oviet Union Is already introducing new types, including the MiG25 Foxbat   and the variable geometry MiG23 Flogger   into her fighter forces. Both countries are also seeking to improve static and mobile radar coverage, with equipment such as the American ican O vertheHorizon vertheHorizon Backscatt Backscatter er (OTH B) radar and Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft. Qualitative improvement is, In fact, the keynote in all no nstrategic forces. forces. The U nited States, in particular, having ended her combat role In Vietnam in 1972, Is moving towards allvolunteer armed forces by mid1975 (when the last conscript will be released) amid doubts about her ability thereafter to maintain more than about 1 A   million men under arms: a prospect which demands qualitative excellence, something which the Soviet Union will, for its own reasons, clearly wish to match. In a ddition to new aircraft, development programmes for new armoured equipment, tactical missiles, and naval vessels all show signs of acceleration. The Soviet Union has launched her first conventional aircraft carrier of 40,000 tons and is actively ra class deploying new K a ra   class cruisers, K r i v a k    class GM destroyers, and Cclass cruisemissile and Vclass attack submarines. The United States has committed funds to her fourth nuclearpowered nuclearpowered aircraft carrier, to 37 new DD963 destroyers, and to the first 28 688class nuclearpowered hunter/killer submarines. marines. Both are developing a range of new battlefield equipm ent, including new battle tanks: the Soviet M1970 and the American XM1. Further ahead, more exotic technical possibilities appear. Just as precisionguided munitions, such as ‘smart’ bombs and remotely piloted vehicles vehicles (R FV ), may change the calculus of tactical air/land warfare In the lat er 1970 1970s, s, so, in t he 1980 1980s, s, laser weapons may begin to influence aerial combat. In the first year of strategic arms limitation, it was thus also possible to identify many of the elements which could figure In a continued strategic and tactical arms race If political constraints should prove Inadequate. United

St a t e s

Population: 210.900,000. Military service: voluntary (from 1 July 1973).  T ot al arm ed for ce s: 2,252 2,252,90 ,900. 0. Estimated GNP 1972: (1,151.8 billion. Defence budget 197374 197374;; $ 85.2 85.2 billio n (Budget Auth ority [NOAJ; expected outlay Is Is $79.0 billion). Strategic Nuclear Forces  Offensive:  ( A ) Navy:   656 SLBM in 41 submarines. 20 SSBN each with 16 Poseidon. 21 SSBN each with 16 Polaris A2 or A3. ( B ) Strategic Air Command:  I C B M :   1,054.

40956

CONGRESSIONAL CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE

140 M i n u t e m a n 1. 510 M i n u t e m a n   2.  2. 350 Minuteman 3. 54 T i t a n   2. 2. Aircraft: 

Bombers: 516 516 (Tw o B52 and 1 KC135 sqnequivalents are rotated for duty In SouthEast Asia.) 66 FB111A In 4 sqns; 240 B52G/H in 16 sqns—some sqns—some with SRAM . 142 B52D in 9 sqns (to be reduced to 117 by the disbandment o f 2 sqns sqns in late 1973). 1973). 15 B52F in 1 sqn. Aircraft in active storage or reserve Include 8 FB1UA and 45 B52D/F/G/H.  Ta nk er s: 615 KC 13 5A in 38 sqns , p lus 130 130 in reserve. Strategic Reconnaissance: SR71A; 2 sqns. Defensive: 

North American Air Defense Command (NORAD): HQ Colorado Springs— Springs— is a Joint Joint American Canadian organization. US forces under NORAD are Aerospace Defense Command (ADC) and Army Air Defense Command (ARADCOM), with a combined strength of  80.000. Aircraft  (excluding (excluding Canadian ): Interceptors: 585. (i) Regular: 7 sqns with F106A. (11) Air National Guard: 6 sqns with F 101B 101B:: 10 sqns with F102A; 4 sqns with F 106A. AEW aircraft: 3 sqns with EC121. S A M :   481. (I) Regular: 21 NikcHercules   batteries, (il ) Army National Guard: Guard: 27 Nike Her-  cules  batteries.   batteries. Warning Systems:  ( i ) Satel  lite early warning system:   capable

of giving virtually Immediate warning of launchings from SLBM, XCBM, and Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) launch areas. (ii) Distant Early Warning   (DEW) L i n e :   31 stations, roughly along the 70’ N parallel. (iii) Ballistic Missile Early Warning Sys-  te m  (BM EW S); 3 stations in in Alaska. Alaska. Greenland, and England. ( i v ) P i n e t r e e L i n e :   23 stations in central Canada. ( v ) OvertheHorizon, Forward Scatter  (O T H ): radar system system with 9 sites sites capabl capable e of detecting, but not tracking, ICBM very early in flight. (vi) 474N: SLBM detection and warning net of 8 stations on the East, East, Gulf, and West coasts coasts of th e Un ited States: longrange radars radars have been added to the east coast net. (vi i ) USAF Spacetrack Spacetrack (7 sites) and USN SPASUR systems; Space Space Defense Centre (NO RAD ) : satellite tracking, identification, and cataloguing control. (viii) BackUp Interceptor Control (B U IC ): system system for air defense command and control (all stations except one now on semiactive status). (ix) SemiAutomatic Ground Ground Environment Environment (SAGE) system for coordinating all surveillance and tracking of objects in North American airspace; 14 locations; combined with BUIC. (x) Ground radar stations: some 55 stations manned by Air National Guard; augmented by the Federal Aviation Administration stations. Arm y: 801, 801,50 500 0 (16,000 (16,000 w om en ). 3 armoured divisions. 1 experimental (TR IC AP ) division. 4 mechanized infantry divisions. 3 infantr y divisions. divisions. 1 airmobile airmobile division. division. 1 airborne division. 3 armoured cavalry regiments. 1brigade In B erlin. 1 school brigad e. 2 special mission brigades In Alaska and Panama. 30 SSM SSM batteries with H onest John, Pershing, and Sergeant Sergeant SSM (Lan ce is being Introduced to replace Honest Honest John and Se rgean t).

December 12, 1973 

M48, M60, and M60A1/A2 (Shillelagh) 3 Hancockclass (33,000 (33,000 ton s). med tks; M41, M551 Sheridan It tks with  Th e lar ge r car rier s ha ve a no rm al com ple Shillelagh ATGW; M14, M113 APC; M107 ment of 8090 aircraft, and the smaller ones 175mm SP guns; M108 105mm, M109 between 7080. These are organized as an 155mm, and M110 203mm SP how; M56 air wing of 2 fighter sqns with F4 (F8 In 90mm SP ATk guns; TOW and Dragon the Hancockclass), 2 It attack all weather ATG W; Chaparral/Vulcan Chaparral/Vulcan 20mm 20mm AA msl/gun attack sqns with A4 or A7; RA5C or RF8 system; Redeye and HAWK SAM. recce; S2E, SH3A/G/H, ASW helicopters; Army Aviation; about 10,000 hel and 1,000 EIB, E2A; AEW; EKA3B tankers. flxedwlng ac. (li) Training: 1. Deployment: 1 Hancockclass. Continental United States: Othe r surface ships:  (I) Strategic Strategic Reserve: Reserve: 1 TR ICAP dlv; 1 Inf 1 SAM cruiser cruiser (nu clea r). dlv; 1 airmo bile dlv; 1AB dlv; 1 In f bde. 3 SAM cruisers. cruisers. (II ) To reinforce 7th Army In Europe: 1 1 gun cruiser. arm ddiv (with equipment stockpil stockpiled ed In West 4 SAM light cruisers. G erm an y); 1 mech dlv (less (less 1 bde) (this divi3 SAM frigates frigates (n uclea r). sion has two dualbased brigades whose 25 SAM frigates. heavy equipment is stored In West Ger29 SAM destroyers. m any ); 1 mech mech div (with equipment stockstock71 gun/ASW/radar pick et destroyers. piled In West Ger ma ny); 1 armd cav regt. regt. 6 SAM destroyer escorts. Europe: 62 gun/radar pick et escorts. (1) G ermany: 7th Army: 2 corps lncl 2 65 amph ibious warfa re ships. armd dlvs, 2 mech I nf dlvs, 1 mech In f bde, 10 MCM ships (plus numerous small small cr af t). and 2 armd cav rgts; 190,000; 2,100 medium 150 logistics and operations support ships. tanks (this figure Includes those stockpiled Missiles include Standard, Tartar, Talos, for the dualbased brigade brigades s and Strategic ReTerrier, Sea Sparrow   SAM, A S R O C   and serve divisions). S U B R O C   ASW. ASW. (il ) West Berlin: HQ elements and 1 inf Aircraft:  bde o f 3,900 3,900 men. 70 fighter/attack sqns with F14A, F4, (III) Italy: Task force of HQ elements and F8, A4, A6, A7. 1 SSM bn. 10 recce sqns with RA5C. RF8. Pacific: 24 maritime p atrol sqns with 216 P3. (1) S ou th Ko rea : 1 In f div; 20,00 20,000. 0. 20 ASW sqns with S2E, SH3A/G/H hel. (U) Hawaii: 1 Inf dlv. 5 helicopter sqns with UH1/2, UH1/2, AH1 J. RH  Reserves, Authorized strength 663.600, ac53D. tual strength 621.900. 34 other sqns w ith C l, C 2, 5 C9B, C54 (I) Army National Guard: authorized and C130. 402.3 402.300 00,, actu al 386,700 386,700;; ca pable s ome tim e Deployment   (average strengths of major after m obilization o f manning 2 armd, armd, 1 combat ships; some ships in the Meditermech, and 5 Inf divs and 18 indep bdes ranean and Western Pacific are selectively plus reinforcements and support units to fill based overseas, the remainder are rotated regular formations; 27 SAM btys (ARADf ro ro m t h e U S ) : COM). Second Fleet   (Atlantic): 4 carriers, 63 sur(II) Army Reserves: authorized 261,300, acface combatants, 1 amphibious amphibious ready gp * Third Fleet  (Eastern Pa cif ic): 7 carri carriers ers.. tual 235,200; organized in 13 divs and 3 lndep bdes; 48,000 a year undergo short ac- 52 surface combatants, 4 amphibious ready tive d uty tours. tours. gps.* Sixth Fleet   (Mediterranean): 2 carriers, 17 Marine Corps: 196,000. surface combatants, 1 amph ibious ready gp.* 3 dlvs (eac h of 19,0 19,000 00 m en ), each supSeventh Fleet  (W   (W estern P ac ific ): 3 carrier carriers, s, porte d by 1 tk bn. 29 surface combatants, 2 amphibious ready 2 HAW K SAM bns. M48 and M103A2 tks; LVTP5 and 7 gps.* Middle East Force   (Persian G u lf) : 1 flagAPC ; 175mm guns; 105mm SP how , 105 and 155mm 155mm how; M 50 SP mu ltiple 106mm 106mm ship, 2 surface oombatants. Reserves:   Authorized strength 129,000, acrecollless recollless rifles; rifles; 36 HAW K SAM. tual strength 131,800; 3,500 a year undergo 3 Air Wings; 550 combat aircraft. commission 12 fighter sqdns with F4B/J (with Spar- short active d uty tours. Ships in commission with the R eserve include 30 destroyer destroyers, s, 4 de row and Sidewi Sidewinder nder AA M ). stroyer escorts, and 20 MCM ships. 11 attack sqnds with A4/F/M and A6. Aircraft:  2 closesupport sqns with 36 AV8A Har2 Reserve Air Wings: 9 flghter/attack sqns rier. with F8 and A7; 24 MR sqns with P2 and 3 recce sqns with RF4B. C and EA6A : P3A/B; 25 ASW sqns with S2. 3 observation observation sqns with O VlOA and 2 ASW groups: 12 12 patr ol sqns with S2, AH1G. P3. 6 heavy hel sqns with CH53D Ships in reserve:  reserve:  9 med assault hel sqns with CH46A. 8 submarines. 3 assault tpt/tanker sqns with 46 KC 6 aircraft carriers. 130F. 4 battleships. Deployment: 12 heavy cruisers. (I) Continental United States: 2 dlvs/air 2 SAM light cruisers. wings. 43 destroyers. (II) Pacific Area: 1 dlv/air wing. wing. 2 frigates. Reserves: Authorized strength 45,000, ac33 destroyer escorts (all classes). tua l str ength 39,1 39,100 00.. 8 rocket ships. 1 div an d 1 air wing; 4 fighter sqns with 74 amph ibious wa rfare ships. F8J; 5 attack sqns with A4E /L; 1 recce 82 MC M ships craft. sqn with RF4; 1 observatio observation n sqn sqn with OV 75 logistics suppo rt ships. lOA and AH1G; 1 tpt sqn with C119G; 2 Air Force: 691.000 (17,000 women); about hy, 2 med, 1 It hel sqn with CH53, CH46, 5,750 combat aircraft. UH—IE. and AH1; 1 HA W K SAM bn. 72 flghter/attack sqns with F4, F106, Na vy: 564,40 564,400 0 (9.000 (9.000 w om en ); 221 221 ma jor an d F—111; A7 D. combat surface ships, 84 attack submarines. 13 tactical recce sqns with RF4C. Submarines, attack: 60 nuclear. 24 diesel. 17 tactical airlift sqns with C130E. Attack carriers: 11 special purpose sqns with A1E, A3T, (1) Attack: 15. 1 nuclearpowered (U.S.S. Enterprise 76,000 • Am phibiou s ready groups are 35 amtons); a second will be commissioned In phibious ships with a Marine battalion em197374. 8 Forrestal/K itty Hawkclass Hawkclass (60, (60,00 000 0 ton s). barked. Only those In the Mediterranean and two In the Pacific are actually constituted. 3 Midway class (52.000 tons).

December 12, 1973 

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE

AC47. AC119. AC130, EA6B, EB66, EB57, EC—47, C7, a nd C123. 17 hy tpt sqns, 4 with 72 C5A, 13 with C—141. 24 medical tpt, weather recce, and SAR sqns. Deployment:  Continental United States   (lncl Alaska and

Iceland): (i) Tactical Air Command: 124,000; 2,200 combat aircraft. 9th, 12th, and 19th Air Forces. (11) M ilitary Airlift Command (M AC ): 90.000. Europe,   US Air Forces Europe (USAFE): 50.000. 3rd Air Force (Britain), 16th Air Force (Spain), 17th Air Force (West Germany), and a logistics group in Turkey. 21 fighter sqns (plus 4 in the US on call) with 420 F4C/D/E and 72 F111E. 5 tactical recce sqns with 85 RF4C. Pacific,   Pacific Air Forces (PACAF): 120.000 .

5th Air Force in Japan, Korea, Okinawa. 7th Air Fore® in Thailand. 13th Air Force in the Philippines, Taiwan,  Th ail an d. Reserves: 

(I) Air National Guard: Authorized strength 87,600, actual 90,000; about 650 combat aircraft. 20 fighterlnterceptor sqns (AD C ); 30 fighter sqns (21 with F100C/D, 4 with F105B/D. 1 wit h F104, 1 wit h F4C, 2 with A37B, 1 with B 5 7); 7 recce sqns (4 with RF101, 3 with R F 4C ); 3 strategic tpt sqns with C124C; 13 tactic al tp t sqns (11 wi th C—130 (A /B /E ), 1 wi th C123J, 1 wit h C 7 ); 9 tanker gps with K97L; 1 electronic warfare gp with EC121 (A D C ): 3 special opera tion s gp s w ith C—119/U—10 and 5 ta ctic al air support gps with 02A. (II) Air Force Reserve: Authorized strength 51,300, actual strength 44,600; about 120 combat aircraft. 4 fighter sqns with F  100, 3 with F105D; 24 tactical tpt sqns (18 with C—130A/B, 4 with C 123K, 2 with C 7 ); 1 electronic warfare gp with EC121; 4 special operations gps with A37B; 5 SAR gps, 2 with HC—130, 3 with HH34; and 1 medic al' tpt gp w ith C9A.  T  h e

So v i e t

U n io n

Population: 250,500,000. Military service: Army and Air Force, 2  years : Na vy and Bo rde r Gua rds, 23 years.  To ta l a rme d for ces : 3.425.000. Estimated NMP 1972: $439 billion. NMP (Net Material Product) Is used because of the difficulty of arriving at an estimate for GNP; It has been converted at the rate of 0.72 roubles—«1. Defen ce bud get 1973: See below. Strategic Nuclear Forces  Offensive: 

(A ) Na ry; 628 SLBM in 66 submarines. 3 SSBN (Dclass) each with 12 SSN8 missiles. 31 SSBN (Tclass) each with 16 SSN6 missiles. 10 SSBN (HIIclass) and 10 diesel (G IIclass) each with 3 SSN5 Serb   missiles. 12 diesel (GIclass) each with 3 SSN4 Sark   missiles. (B) Strategic Rocket Forces  ( S R F ): 350.000. (T he S trategic R ocke t Forces are a separate service with their own manpower.) I C B M :   1.527. 209 SS7 Saddler  and SS8 Sasin. 288 SS9 Scarp. 970 SS11 (in clud ing ab out 100 with va r lablerange capability sited within IRBM/ MRBM fields). 60 SS13 Savage. I R B M a n d M R B M :   about 600. 100 S S—5 Skean  IRBM. 500 SS4  S an da l  MRBM. (The majority are sited near the western border of the USSR, the remainder east of the Urals.)

( C ) Air Force. Long Range Air Force  ( L R A F ) :   840 combat aircraft. (About 75 per cent Is based In the European USSR, with most of the remainder in the Far East; In addition It has staging and dispersal points in the Arctic.) Longrange bombers: 140. 100 Tu95 Bear   and 40 Mya4 Bison.  Ta nk er s: 50 My a4 Bison. Mediumrange bombers: 700. 500 Tu16 Badger   and 200 Tu22 Blinder.

40957

85mm and 100mm ATK guns; Sagger, Snap-   per , S wa tte r  ATGW ; A A guns. Deployment and Strength :  Central and Eastern Europe:   31 divs: 20

dlvs (10 tank) in East Germany; 2 tank divs in Poland; 4 divs (2 tank) In Hungary; and 5 divs (2 tank) In Czechoslovakia; 7,850 medium tanks. (These are the tanks held in the divisions: there are known to be in addition, some 1,000 T54/55 tanks in reserve which have been replaced by T62 but which have not yet been withdrawn.) Defensive:  European USSR:   60 divs (about 20 tank). Air Defense Forces (PVOSfrany) form a Central USSR  (between th e Volga and Lake separate command, comprising an early Baikal): 5 divs (2 tank). warning and control system, flghterinter Southern USSR   (Caucasus and West Turceptor squadrons, and SAM units. Air Dekestan) : 23 divs (4 tank). fence Forces have a total strength of 500,000, SinoSoviet border area:   45 divs, lncl 2 In manpower being provided by the Army and Mongolia (about 8 tan k). Air Force. Soviet divisions have three degrees of A i r c r a f t :  about 2,900. Interceptors: Include about 950 MIG17, combat readiness; Category 1, between three quarters and full strength, with complete Mig19, and Yak25: 800 Su9; 1,150 Yak 28P Firebar,  TU28P Fiddler,   Su11 Flagon  A . equipment; Category 2, between half and threequarters strength, with com plete fightand MIG25 Foxbat. ing vehicles; Category 3, about onethird AEW aircraft: 10 modified Tu114 Moss. strength, possibly with complete fighting A n t i  B a l l i s t i c M is si le s ( A B M ) :   64 Galosh   longrange missile launchers are vehicles (though some may be obsolescent). deployed in four sites around Moscow, each  Th e 31 d lvs in Eas tern Eur ope are Ca teg ory with Try Add   engagement radars (another 1, as are about a third of those in the Euroradar of this type is under construction). pean USSR and the Far East and a few In  T ar ge t ac qu isi tio n and tr ac ki ng is by a the Southern USSR. The remaining divisions phasedarray Dog House   radar, and early in European USSR, Southern USSR, and the warning is given by phasedarray Hen House  Far East are probably evenly divided beradar on the Soviet borders. The range of tween Categories 2 and 3. The divisions in Galosh   Is believed to be over 200 miles, and Central USSR are likely to be in Category 3. Its warheads are nuclear, presumably In the Outside the Warsaw Pact area: megaton range. Work has been resumed on Instructors and advisers: Algeria 1,000, previously uncompleted complexes in the Cuba 1,000, Egypt 1,000, Iraq 1,500, North Moscow area. A followon longrange ABM Vietnam 1,000, Somali Republic 1,000, Syria system Is believed to be under development. 23.000, Yemen Arab Republic 500, People's S A M :   10,000 launche rs a t ab out 1,600 sites. Democratic Republic o f South Yem en 200. SA2 G u i d e l i n e :   about 5,000; trackwhlle Navy: 475,000 (lncl Naval Air Force, 75,000, scan Fan Song   radar; hlghexploslve warand Naval Infantry, 17,000); 212 major surhead: slant range (launcher to target) about face combat ships, 285 attack and cruise 25 miles; effective between 1,000 and 80,000 missile submarines. feet. Submarines: SA3 G o a :  Twostage, shortrange, low Attack: 35 nuclear (C, V, Nclasses), 195 level missile: slant range about 15 miles. diesel (B, F, R, Q. Z, Wclasses). SA4 G a n e l :   Twinmounted (on tracked Longrange cruise missile, 30 nuclear carrier), alrtransportable, longrange mispowered (Eclass) and 25 diesel (J, W sile with solid fuel boosters and ramJet classes) with 28, 450mlle range SSN3 su stalner. missiles. SA5 G r i f f o n :   Twostage, boosted AA misSurface ships: sile; slant range about 50 miles, with a capa2 ASW helicopter cruisers, each with 2 bility against ASM. twin SAM and about 20 Ka25 hel. SA6 G a i n f u l :   Triplemounted (on tracked 2 Karaclass cruisers with SSM and SAM. ca rrie r). lowlevel missile. 4 Kresta 1class cruisers with SSM and A n t i  A i r c r a f t A r t i l le r y :   SAM. 14.5mm. 23mm, 57mm towed guns and 5 Kresta 11class cruisers with SSM and ZSU572 57mm twinbarrelled and Z8U23 SAM. 4 23mm fourbarrelled tracked SP guns; 4 Kyndaclass cruisers with SSM and 85mm, 100mm, and 130mm guns. SAM. A rm y: 2,050,000. 11 Sverdlovclass (1 with SAM) adn 4 107 motorize d rifle divisions. older cruisers. 50 tank divisions. 4 Krlvakdass destroyers wtih SSM and 7 airborne divisions. SAM. S S M :   (nuclear ca pa ble ): about 900 (units 5 Kaninclass destroyers with SAM. are organic to formations), including: 3 Krupnyclass destroyers with SSM. (1) F R O G —1—7,  range 1445 miles. 4 Klldinclass destroyers with SSM. (2) Scud A,  range 50 miles. 18 Kashinclass destroyers with SAM. (3) Scud B,  range 185 miles. 6 modified Kotlinclass destroyers with (4) Scaleboard,  range 500 miles. SAM. SAitf: SA2, SA4, SA6, and possibly SA7 37 Kotlln and Skoryclass destroyers. G r a i l   (manportable). 103 other ocean going escorts. Tanks:  250 coastal escorts and submarine chasers.  JS 2/3 hy; T 62 and T54/ 55 me d: PT 7 6 6 Nanuchkaclass coastal escorts wtih SSM amphibious recce It (most Soviet tanks are and SAM. equipped for amphibious crossing by deep 117 Osa and 10 Komarclass FPB with wading, and many carry Infrared night Styx SSM. fighting equipment). At full strength, tank 200 torpedo boats. divisions have 316 medium tanks and mo tor170 fleet minesw eepers. ized rifle divisions 188. Production has begun 125 coastal minesweepers. on a new medium tank, the M1970. and a light tank. 102 amphibious ships. AFV: BTR152. 60. 50P series; BMP APC; 131 landing craft. BRDM scout car. 6 air cushion vehicles.  A r ti ll er y: (1 40.000ton aircraft carrier has been 100 mm, 122mm, 130mm. 152mm, and launched, apparently designed to operate V/ 203mm field guns; 12 2mm to 25mm m ultip le S T O L aircraft and helicopters; a second may RL; 140mm RL ; ASU57 and ASU85 SP and be building.)

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE

40958

Some trawlers are used for electronic Intelligence. All submarines and the larger surface vessels not fitted with SSM are equipped for minelaylng. A proportion of the destroyers and smaller vessels may not be fully manned. Coasts are covered by a coast watch radar and visual reporting system. Approaches to naval bases and major ports are protected by SSN3 Shaddock   coast defence missiles and heavy guns under naval command. Shorebased aircraft:   about 670 combat aircraft (most based near the northwest and Black Sea coasts of the USSR). 300 Tu16 Badger   with one K i p p e r   or two K e l t   ASM. 60 Tu22 Blinder   strike and reconnaissance. 40 1128 Beagle torpedoequipped light bombers. 50 TuBear longrange naval reconnaissance. 150 Tu16 Badger   reconnaissance and tanker. 80 Be 2 M a i l  ASW amphibians. 40 II38 Ma y   ASW aircraft. 240 Ml4 and Ka25 ASW helicopters. 200 miscellaneous transports. Naval Infantry   (m ar in es ): 17.000. Organized In brigades and assigned to fleets. Equipped with standard Infantry weapons. T54/55 med tks, PT76 It tks, and APC. D e p l o y m e n t  (average strengths on ly ): N o r t h e r n F l e e t :   170 submarines, 45 major surface combat ships. Baltic Fleet:   43 submarines, 52 major surface combat ships. Black Sea Fleet:   31 submarines, 63 major surface combat ships. Pacific Fleet:   107 submarines, 52 major surface combat ships. Air Force: 550.000: about 8,250 combat aircraft. (I) Long Range Air Force (see above). (II) Tactical Air Force: about 4,500 aircraft, lncl medium and light bombers and flghterbombers, fighters, helicopters, transport, and recce aircraft. Some obsolescent MIG 17, M IG —19, and II2E are still In service. The most notable high performance aircraft are the MIG21MF Flshbed J and M IG 23 Flogger fighters, the ground attack 8u7 Fitter, and Yak28 Brewer light bomber. (ill) Air Defence Forces (see above). (lv) Air Transport Force: about 1,700 aircraft , II  14. An8 , An24, some 800 An12 and 1118 medium tpts, and 15 An22 heavy tpts. 1,750 hel (abo ut 800 Mi6, Mi8, M i10, and M l—12) . Deployment: 

About half the Tactical Air Force Is oriented towards Western Europe and a quarter towards China. Some 1,250 aircraft are actually deployed in Eastern Europe. Reserves:   about 3,000.000 (500,000 with recent training earmarked to r   divisional reinforcements) . ParaM ilitary Forces:  300.000. 125,000 sec urity troop s: 175,000 K G B b or der troops. There are also about 1.5 million members of the parttime military training organization (DOSAAF) who take part in such recreational activities as athletics, shooting, and parachuting, but reservist training and refresher courses seem to be haphazard and Irregular. However, DOSAAF assists in premilitary training given in schools, colleges, and workers' centres to those o f 15 and over. SOVIET

DEFENCE EX PEN DITURES

No single figure of Soviet defence expenditure in dollar terms can be given, as precision Is not possible on present knowledge. Budgetary Information is lacking. The Soviet defence budget, which has remained Implausibly static at just under 18 billion roubles a year since 1969, excludes a number of Items: 'military R&D, stockpiling, civil

December 12, 1973 

defence, foreign military aid. as well as space manpo wer costs. For F T 1973 Unite d States and nuclear energy p rogra ms ';1 and also military manpowerrelated costs amount to frontier guards and other security troops.2 40 per cent of total Department of Defense  T h e lar ges t o f the se mis sin g ite ms Is m il iout lays11 and Nation al Guard, Reserves, and tary RAD, much of which is thought to be Civilians ('others’) accounted for an addifinanced out o f the grow ing votes for science. tional 16 per cent. Assuming the same per T he Al lU ni on scie nce bu dg et has gro wn at centages for FY 1974 this would give for the a rate of 9 per cent per year since 1969, calendar year 1973 a military manpower cost equivalent to doubling over eight years, to of $30.8 billion and a total for 'others' of reach an estimated level of 8.4 billion roubles $12.3 bill ion . In mld1973 th ere were 2,288,000 in 1973. Between 1950 and 1957, a period for servic eme n and 1.982,000 othe rs.12 giv ing an which detailed statistics were available, 56average cost per serviceman of $13,444 and 75 per cent of the AllUnion science budget an average cost per head of other personnel was unidentified.3 Becker assumed all these of $6,208. Soviet military manpower in mid unidentified Items to be defencerelated. 1973 Is estimated at 3,425,000. Security and  Ju sti fyi ng thi s on th e gro und s th at ev en If border guards number around 300,000, and. this were an overstatement It would comIn addition, there are reserves and some civilpensate for other defencerelated R&D in ians. Though the organization and training the unidentified residuals of the budgets for of reserves In the Soviet Union differs from Higher Education Institutions and Enter- that in the United States, a figure of 700,000 prises; he suggests that 2575 per cent of would cover the number of reserves of comsuch residuals might be defenserelated. parable preparedness to those In the United Anderson and Lee estimate that 5080 per States, as well as civilians. Using these figures cent of Enterprises ‘own funds' and 7080 the equivalent dollar costs of Soviet military per cent of the AllUnion science budget are manpower are $46.0 billion and of other perdefencerelated.4 Cohn gives a much wider sonnel $6.2 billion. range of 50100 per cent of the AllUnion It has been asserted that 3035 per cent of science budget as being defencerelated.5 the Soviet defence budget is personnelreAn alternative method, which gives an inlated.13 To th e rema inder m ay be added 70sight into Soviet expenditure on defence 80 per cent of the AllUnion science budget, equipm ent In particular, has been attempted assumed to cover defencerelated R&D, proby both Becker and Boretsky.6 They have ducing a nonmanpower cost range of 17.5each attempted to estimate the proportion 19.2 billion roubles. If this Is converted at of Soviet machine building which Is defence the rate of 0.5 roubles to $1 it gives $35.0 related and then to find a rouble exchange $38.4 billion. When this Is added to the dollar rate which, when applied to the rouble estimanpower costs arrived at above a total range mate of defencerelated machine production, of $87.2$90.6 billion results. If ‘others' were results In a dollar estimate of what It would excluded from the calculation the range cost to produce the equivalent machines In would be $81.0$84.4 billion. This would sugthe United States. Such an estimate. In congest that the equivalent dollar costs of Sovi ju nc tio n w ith an all ow an ce fo r ma npo wer et resources devoted to defence may well be costs, produces an Impression of Soviet decomparable to American spending and perfence spending. Unfortunately most pubhaps well above it. It must be borne in mind, lished data still relates to 1955, and It Is however, that this method uses United States difficult to update this. In particular Soviet price weightings. The relationships could be prices are known to have been revised, very different If Soviet prices were used as notably In 1967. A controversy has centered weights Instead. on Boretsky’s rouble estimate of defence FOOTNOTES related machine production, as well as on 1A. S. Becker, Soviet Military Outlays Since  his exchange rate for converting the rouble 1955 (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporavalue of machinery into dollars (0.32 tion. Ju ly 1964), p. v. roubles=$l).7 2 The M ilita ry Balance 197071,  p. 11.  T h e ov er all de fen ce rou ble exc han ge rate , 3Nancy Nlmitz, Soviet Expenditure on Sci-  as opposed to that for d efence equipmen t, has entific Research  (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND ranged from 0.40 to 0.50 roubles to $1. Born steln suggests 0.40 roubles to $1 In 1955;8 Corpo ration, Janu ary 1963), p. 45. 4S. Anderson and W . Lee. Probable Trends  Be noi t and Lube ll give 0.42 roubles to $1 In and Magnitude of Soviet Expenditure for Na-  1962;9and Lee presents a set of rising ranges tional Security Purposes   (Stanford, Calif.: whic h reaches 0.450.50 roubles to $1 by 1965.10 Lee's Imp licit g row th rate of 12 per Stanford Research Institute, February 1969). 5Stanle y H. Cohn, ‘Ec onom ic Burden of cent would suggest a range of 0.500.55 Soviet Defense Expenditure’, In Economic  roubles to 81 by 1973. His rising trend was Performance and the Military Burden in the  based on the belief that development costs Soviet Union   (Washington, D.C.: Congress for the Soviet Union were rising more rapidly of th e Un ited States, 1970), pp. 16688. than In the United States, but overall In6Michael B oretsky, T h e T echn ologica l Base flation In the United States (the wholesale price Index has risen at the annual rate of  of Soviet Military Power’ In E c o n o m i c P e r -   3 per cent since 1965) may hav e offset such  fo rm an ce and th e M ili ta ry Bu rd en in th e So-  viet Union,  op. clt ., pp. 189231. a trend, If not actually reserved It Lee him7Survival. October 1971: July/August 1972. self acknowledges two schools of thought on 8Morris Bornsteln, ’A Comparison of Sotills m atter. There exists, therefore, a degree viet and United States National Product’, In of un certainty over the correct defence rouble S u b  C o m m i t t e e   on Economic Statistics of  exchange rate. t h e J o i n t E c o n o m i c C o m m i t t e e    (WashingAn example will Illustrate the cumulative ton. D.C., 1960), pp . 37795. impact of the several uncertainties. If the 9Emile Benoit and Harold Lubell, ‘The Cohn assumption (50100 per cent of the AllWorld Burden of National Defense’ In Emile Unio n science budge t) Is taken for 1973 and added to the official Soviet defence budget, it Benoit, ed., Disarmament and World Eco-  nomic Interdependence  (New York and Lonproduces a range of 22.126.3 billion roubles, don: Columbia University Press, 1967). which gives a + or — variation of 9 per cent 10W. T. Lee, ‘Calc ulatin g Sovie t National around the midpoint. The range Is widened Security Expenditures’, In S u b  C o m m i t te e i n   still further when a rouble exchange rate G o v e r n m e n t o f t h e J o i n t E c o n o m ic C o m m i t -   range o f 0.40 to 0.55 roub les to $1 Is taken.  Th is giv es a ma xim um ran ge o f $40.2—$65.8 tee. The Military Budget and National Eco-  billion, which gives a 24 per cent + or — nomic Priorities, Part 3   (Washington, D.C., variation around the midpoint. The defence  Jun e 1969), pp . 93233. 11 Military Manpower Requirements Report  expenditure figure at once becomes more speculative when converted into dollar  fo r F Y 1973   (Washington. D.C.: Department terms. o f Defense. Febr uary 1972), p. 101.  T h e In st itu te 's ow n In cli na tio n Is to base 12This Is the total budg eted for, see State-  ment of Secretary of Defense Elliot L. Rich-  an estimate on a more precise allowance for

December 12, 1973 

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE

ardson FY 1974 Defense Budget and FY  197478 Program   (Washington, D.C.: The

House Armed Services Committee, March 1973): see country entry lor actual total. 13 Secretary of Defense Melvin R.   Laird’s Annual Defense Department Rep ort F Y 1973 

(Washington, DC.: The House Armed Services Committee, February 1972).  T  h e  W a r s a w P a c t  TR EA TIE S

 Th e Wa rsa w Pa ct Is a m u lti la te ra l m il itary alliance formed by the ’Treaty o f Friendship. Mutual Assistance, and Cooperation' which was signed in Warsaw on 14 May 1955 by the Governments of the Soviet Union. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Rumania; Albania left the Pact In September 1968. The Pact Is committed to the defence only of the European territories of the member states.  T h e S ov iet Un ion Is also lin ke d by bi lat era l treaties of friendship and mutual assistance with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Rumania. Members of the Warsaw Pact have similar bilateral treaties with each other. The essence of East European defence arrangements Is not therefore dependent on the Warsaw Treaty as such. The Soviet Union has concluded status orforces agreements with Poland, East Germany. Rumania, and Hungary between December 1956 and May 1957 and with Czechoslovakia in October 1968; all these remain in effect except the one with Rumania which lapsed In June 1958 when Soviet troops left Rumania. ORGANIZATION

 Th e Po lit ic al Co ns ul ta tiv e Co mm itt ee con sists, In full session, of the First Secretaries of the Communist Party. Heads of Government, and the Foreign and Defence Ministers of the member countries. The Committee has a Joint Secretariat, headed by a Soviet official, consisting of a specially appointed representative from each country, and a Permanent Commission, whose task lt is to make recommendations on general questions of foreign policy for Pact members. Both these bodies are located In Moscow. Since the 1969 reorganlzation of the Pact the nonSoviet Ministers of Defence are no longer directly subordinate to the Comman derinChlef o f the Pact, but form, together with the Soviet Minister, the Council of Defence Ministers, which Is the highest m ilitary body in the Pact.  Th e seco nd bod y, th e Jo in t Hi gh Co mmand, Is required by the Treaty to strengthen the defensive capability of the Warsaw Pact, to prepare military plans In case of war, and to decide on the deployment of troops. The Command consists of a CommanderinChief (ClnC), and a Military Council. This Council meets under the chairmanship of the ClnC. and Includes the Chief of 8taff C of S and permanent military representatives from each of the allied armed forces. It seems to be the main channel through which the Pact’s orders are transmitted to Its forces In peacetime and through which the East European forces are able to put their point of view to the ClnC.  T he Pa ct also has a M ili ta ry St aff , wh ich Includes nonSoviet senior officers. The posts of CinC and C of S or the Joint High Command have however, always been held by Soviet officers and most of the key positions are still In Soviet hands. In the event of war. the forces of the other Pact members would be operationally subordinate to the Soviet High Command. The command of the air defence system covering the whole Warsaw Pact area is now centralized In Moscow and directed by the Cin C of the Soviet Air Defence Forces. Among the Soviet military headquarters In the Warsaw act area are the Northern Group of Forces at Legnica In Poland; the Southern

Group of Forces at Budapest; the Group of Soviet Forces In Germany at ZossenWuns dorf, near Berlin; and the Central Group of Forces at Milo vice, north of Prague. Soviet tactical air forces are stationed In Poland, East Germany, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.  T he So vi et Un ion has d epl oye d s ho rt ra ng e surfacetosurface missile (SSM) launchers in Eastern Europe. Most East European countries also have shortrange SSM launchers, but there Is no evidence that nuclear warheads for these missiles have been supplied to them. Soviet longerrange missiles are all based In the Soviet Union. BULGARIA

Population: 8,660,000. Military service: Army and Air Force, 2  years; Na vy, 3 years.  To ta l re gu la r f or ce s: 152,000. Estimated GNP 1972: $11.1 billion. Defence budget 1973: 422 million leva ($301 million). 1.4 leva=$l. Ar m y: 120,000. (East European Warsaw Pact formations are not all manned at the same level. They can be regarded as being In two categories: Category 1 formations up to threequarters of establishment strength: Category 2 (shown here and throughout this section as cadre); unlikely to be at more than a quarter of establishment strength.) 8 motorized rifle divisions (3 cadre). 5 tank brigades. Some by tks; about 2,000 med tks mainly  T5 4, w ith some T 34 and T5 5; PT 7 6 lt tks: BRD M scout cars; BTR —50. BTR 60. and BTR 152 A PC; 88mm, 100mm, 122mm, 130mm, and 152mm guns; SU100 SP guns; FROG and Scud SSM; 57mm and 85mm ATk guns; Sagger and Snapper ATGW; 37mm and 57mm AA guns. Reserves: 250,000. Navy: 10,000. 2 Wclass submarines. 2 Rigaclass escorts. 8 SOI and Kronstadttype coastal escorts. 20 MCM ships. 5 Osaclass patrol boats with Styx SSM. 20 coastal patr ol boats. 15 motor torpedo boats (8 less than 100 tons). 20 landing craft. 6 Mi4 helicopters. Reserves: 10,000. Air Force: 22,000; 252 combat aircraft. 6 fighterbomber squadrons with MiG17. 3 interceptor squadrons with MiG21. 3 Interceptor squadrons with MIG19. 6 Interceptor squadrons with MiG17. 1 reconn aissance s quad ron w ith 1128. 2 recce sqns with MIG15. MiG17, and MiG21. (12 aircraft in a combat squadron.) 4 Li2, 6 An2, and 10 n14 transports. About 40 Mi4 helicopters. SA2 SAM. 1 parachute regim ent. Reserves: 20,000. ParaM llltary Forces: '7,000, including border guards; security police; a volunteer Peop le’s M llltla of 150,000. CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Population: 14,600,000. Military service: Army 24 months; Air Force 27 months.  To ta l reg ula r fo rc es : 190,000. Estimated GNP 1972: $32.9 billion. Defence budget 1973: 16.7 billion koruny ($1,336 mi llio n ). 12.5 koruny=$1. Ar m y: 150.000. 5 tank divisions. 5 motorized rifle divisions (2 cadr e). 1 airbo rne brigad e. Some hy tanks; about 3.400 med tks, mostly T55 and T62 with some T54 and  T34; OT 65 sco ut cars; OT 6 2 and O T  64 AP C; SU100, S U—122, an d JSU1S2 SP guns; 122mm how; 82mm and 120mm mor;

40959

FROG and Scud SSM; 57mm, 85 mm, and 100mm ATk guns; Sagger, Snapper, and Swatter ATGW; 23mm and 57mm AA guns. Ab ou t 200 Ml—1 and M l4 hel. Reserves: 300,000. Air Force: 40,000; 504 combat aircraft. 12 FGA sqns with Su 7, MiG15, and MiG  17. 18 Interceptor squadrons with MIG19 and MIG21. 6 recce sqns with MIG21, n28, and L29. (14 aircraft In a combat squadron.) About 50 An24,1114, and 1118 transports. Abo ut 90 Ml—1, Ml4, and Ml 8 helicopters. SA2 SAM. Reserves: 50,000. ParaMllltary Forces: Border troops (Poh ranicki straz), 35,000 (subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior). A parttime People's M iliti a of about 120,000 is being in creased to 250.000. GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

Population: 17,000,000. Military service: 18 months.  To ta l r eg ula r fo rc es : 132,000. Estimated GNP 1972: $35.3 billion. Defense budget 1973: 8,328 million Ost marks ( $2.031 m illio n) . 4.1 Ostmarks=$l. Army: 90,000. 2 tank divisions. 4 motorized rifle divisions. Some hy tks; about 2,000 med tks, T54.  T5 5, and T 62 ; sev era l hu nd red T 34 (us ed for training); about 130 PT76 lt tks; BRDM scout cars; BTR50P, B TR60P, and BTR152 APC; SU100 SP guns; 85 mm, 122 mm, 130mm, and 152mm guns; FROG 7 and Scud B SSM; 57mm and 100mm ATk guns; Sagger, Snapper, and Swatter ATGW; 23mm and 57mm SP AA guns and 100mm AA guns. Reserves: 200,000. Navy: 17,000. 2 Rigatype escorts. 25 coastal escorts. 12 Osaclass patrol boats with Styx SSM. 26 SOI and Haltype submarine chasers. 12 fleet and 45 medium minesweepers. 63 mo tor to rpe do boats (45 less tha n 100 tons). 18 landing ships and craft. 8 M i—4 hel ico pte rs. Reserves: 20,000. Air Force: 25,000; 320 combat aircraft. 2 Interceptor squadrons with MiG17. 18 interceptor squadrons with MiG21. (16 aircraft In a combat squadron.) 30 transports. Including An2, 1114, and 1118. 40 Mi1, Mi4, and Ml8 helicopters. 1 AD dlv of 9,000 (5 regim ents ), with about 120 57mm and 100mm AA guns and SA2 SAM. Reserves: 30,000. ParaMllltary Forces: 80,000. 46,000 Border Guards (Grenzschutztrup pen) Including a Border Command separate from the regular army. 24,000 security troops plus 400,000 In armed workers’ organizations (Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse). HUNGARY

Population: 10,450,000. Military service: 2 years.  T ot a l r egu lar fo rc es : 103.000. Estimated GNP 1972: $15.3 billion. Defen ce bu dget 1973; 16.117 millio n fo rints ($695 m illio n) . 23 2 forin ts= $l. Arm y: 90,000. 1 tank division. 4 motorized rifle divisions (2 cadre). Some hy tks; about 1,500 med tks, mainly  T 55 and T5 4; some T 34 fo r tr ain in g; 50 PT 76 lt tks: FU G—M and OT —65 scou t cars; FU G—M—1970, OT —64, and B TR 15 2 A PC ; 76mm, 85mm, and 122mm   guns; 122mm and 152mm how: FROG and Scud SSM; 57mm A T k guns; Sagger, Snapper, and Swatter ATGW; 57mm twin SP AA guns.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE

40960

Reserves: 150,000. Navy: 500. Danube River Guard of small patrol craft. Air Force: 12,500; 108 com bat aircra ft. 9 interceptor sqns with 108 MIG17 and MIG21. About 25 An2, 114. and Ll2 transport aircraft. About 15 Ml1, Ml4. and Mi8 helicopters. 2 SAMS battalions with SA2. Reserves: 13,000. ParaMtlltary Forces: 27,000 security and border gua rd troops; 250,000 workers' militia . POLAND

Population: 33,725,000. Military service: Army and Air Force, 2  years ; Na vy and spe cial serv ices , 3 y ears ; In ternal security forces, 27 months.  T ot a l r eg ula r f or ce s: 280,000. Estimated GN P 1972: $44.5 billion. Defence budget 1973: 39.21 billion zloty ($1,799 m illio n) . 21.8 zlotys = $l. Ar m y: 200.000. 6 tank divisions. 8 motorized rifle divisions (2 cadre). 1 airborne division. 1 amph ibious assault division. Some hv tks; 3,400 med tks. T54, T55, and some T62; some T34 for training; about 250 PT76 It tks; FU G and BRD M scout cars; OT62. OT64, and BTR152 APC; ASU57 and ASU85 AB assault guns; 122mm guns, 122mm how, and 152mm gun/how; FROG and Scud SSM; 57mm, 85mm. and 100mm ATk guns; Sagger. Snapper, and Swatter ATGW; 23mm and 57mm SP AA guns. Reserves: 500.000. Navy: 25,000 (including 1,000 marines). 5 Wclass submarines. 4 destroyers (1 Kotllnclass with SAN1). 30 coastal escorts/submarine chasers. 24 fleet and 25 Inshore minesweepers. 12 Osaclass patrol boats with Styx SSM. 20 torpedo boats. 38 fast patrol boats. 16 landing ships. 55 naval aircraft, mostly MIG17, with a few 1128 It bomber/recce and some helicopters. Reserves: 40,000. Air Force: 55.000: 696 combat aircraft. 4 light bomber squadrons with n28. 12 flghterbomber sqns with MIG17 and Su7. 36 Interceptor squadrons with MiG15, MIG17. MiG19, and MIG21. 6 recce sqns with MiG15, MiG21, and 1128. (12 aircraft In a combat squadron.) About 45 An2, An12, An24, 1112, H14, 1118, and Li2 transports. 40 helicopters. Including Ml1, Ml4, and Ml8. SA2 SAM. Reserves: 60,000. ParaMllltary Forces: 73,000 security and border troops, Including armoured brigades of the Territorial Defence Force; 20 small patrol boats are operated.

Snapper, and Swatter ATGW; 37mm, 57mm, and 100mm AA guns. Rese rves: 250.000. Navy: 8.000. 6 Potl and Kronstadtclass coastal escorts. 5 Osaclass patrol boats with Styx SSM. 24 MCM ships. 12 motor to rpedo boats. 4 Ml4 helicopters. Reserves: 10,000. Air Force: 21,000; 252 combat aircraft. 20 interceptor squadrons with MiG17, MiG19, and MiG21. 1 reconnaissance squadron w ith n28. (12 aircraft In a combat squadron.) 1 transport squadron with 1114 and Li2. 10 Ml4 helicopters. SA2 SAM. Reserves: 25,000. ParaM llltary Forces: 40.000 Including border troops; militia of about 500,000.  T  h

e

No

r t h

At

l a n t ic

T r

e a t y  

tr eaties

 T he No rt h A tl an ti c T re at y was sig ned in 1949 by Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France. Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Ne therlands, Norway. Portugal, and the United States: Greece and Tu rkey Joined In 1952 and West Germany In 1955. The treaty binds Western Europe and North America In a commitment to consult together If the security of any one member is threatened, and to consider an armed attack against one as an attack against all, to be met by such action as each of them deems necessary, ‘including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlan tic area'.  Th e Pa ris Ag ree me nt s o f 1954 adde d a P ro tocol to the Treaty aimed at strengthening the structure of NAT O, and revised the Brussels Treaty of 1948, which now includes Italy and West Germany In addition to its original members (Benelux countries, Britain, and France). The Brussels Treaty signatories are committed to give one another ‘all the m ilitary and other aid and assistance in their power' If one Is the subject of ‘armed aggression in Europe’. Since 1969 members of the Atlantic Alliance can withdraw on one year's notice; the Brussels Tre aty was signed fo r 50 years. o r g a n iz a t io n

 Th e Or ga ni za tio n o f th e N or th A tla n tic  Tr ea ty is kn ow n as NA TO . Th e go ve rn in g body of the alliance, the North Atlantic Council, which has Its headquarters In Brussels, consists of the Ministers of the fifteen membercountrles, who normally meet twice a year, and of ambassadors representing each government, who are in permanent session. In 1966. France left the Integrated m ilitary organization and the 14natlon Defence Planning Committee (DPC), on which France does not sit, was formed. It meets at th e same levels as the Council and deals with questions related to NATO's integrated military planning and other matters in which France does not participate. The SecretaryGeneral and an International staff advise on the RUMANIA politicomilitary, financial, economic, and Population: 20.900.000. scientific aspects of defen ce planning. Military service: Army and Air Force, 16  Tw o pe rm am en t bod ies fo r nu cle ar pl an months; Navy. 2 years. ning were established in 1966. The first, the  To ta l reg ula r for ces : 170,000. Nuclear Defence Affairs Committee (NDAC), Estimated GNP 1972: $26.5 billion. is open to all NATO members (France, IceDefence budget 1973: 7.92 billion lei ($528 land. and Luxembourg do not take pa rt) : It million). normally meets at Defence Minister level 15.0 le ls = $l. once or twice a year, to associate nonnu clear A rm y: 141,000. members in the nuclear affairs of the alli2 tank divisions. ance. The SecretaryGeneral Is Chairman of 7 motorized rifle divisions. the NDAC. 1 mou ntain brigade.  Th e second , th e Nu cle ar Pl an ni ng Gr oup 1 airborne regim ent. (NP G ), derived from and subordinate to the Some hy tks; 1.700 T34. T54 , T55, and NDAC, has seven or eight members, and Is  T 62 me d tks; BT R4 0, BT R 50 P, and B T R  Intended to go further Into the details of 152 APC: SU100 SP guns; 76mm, 122mm, topics raised there. The composition conand 152mm guns; FROG and Scud SSM; sists, in practice, o f Britain, Germ any, Italy, 57mm, 85mm, and 100mm ATk guns; Sagger,

December 12, 1973 

and the United States, plus three or four other member countries serving in rotation each fo r a te rm o f 18 months. On 1 July 1973, there were four such members: Canada. Greece, the Netherlands, and Norway. The SecretaryGeneral also chairs the NPG.  Th e Co un cil ’s m ili ta ry ad vis ers are the Military Committee, which gives policy direction to the NATO military commands.  Th e M ili ta ry Co m m itt ee con sist s o f the Chiefs of Staff of all member countries, except France, which maintains a liaison staff, and Iceland, which is not represented; in permanent session, the Chiefs of Staff are represented by Military Representatives who are located in Brussels together with the Council. The Military C ommittee has an independent Chairman and is served by an Integrated International military staff. The major NATO commanders are responsible to the Military Committee, although they also have direct access to the Council and heads of Governments.  T h e pr inc ip al m ili ta ry com ma nds o f NA TO are Allied Command Europe (ACE), Allied Command Atlantic (ACI.ANT), and Allied Command Channel (ACCHAN).  Th e N A TO Eu rop ean and At la nt ic Co m mands participate in the Joint Strategic Planning System at Omaha, Nebraska, but there Is no Alliance Command specifically covering strategic nuclear forces. As for bal Ustlcmissile submarines, the United States has committed a small number and Britain all hers to the planning control of SACEUR, and the United States a larger number to SACLANT.  Th e Sup rem e A lli ed Co mm and er Euro pe (SACEUR) and the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT) have always been American officers: and the Commander InChief Channel (CINCCHAN) and Deputy SACEUR and Deputy SACLANT British. SACEUR is also CommanderlnChlef of the United States Forces in Europe. (1) Allied Comman d Europe (ACE) has its headquarters, known as SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters. Allied Powers in Europe), at Casteau, near Mons. In Belgium. It is responsible for the defence of all NATO territory In Europe except Britain, France, Iceland, and Portugal, and for that of all Turkey. It also has general responsibility for the air defence of Britain.  T h e Eur ope an Com ma nd has som e 7,000 tactical nuclear warheads in Its area. The number of delivery vehicles (aircraft, missiles. and how itzers) Is over 2,000, spread among all countries, excluding Luxembourg.  T he nu cle ar exp losi ves the mse lves , how eve r, are maintained, with the exception of certain British weapons, in American custody. (There are additionally French nuclear weapons in France.) Tactical nuclear bombs and missile warhead3 are all fission. There Is a very wide range in the klloton spectrum, but the average yield of the bombs stockpiled in Europe for the use of NATO tactical aircraft is about 100 kllotons, and of the missile warheads, 20 kllotons. About 60 division equivalents are available to SACEUR In peacetime. The Command has some 2.750 tactical aircraft, based on about 150 standard NATO airfields and backed up by a system of Jointly financed storage depots, fuel pipelines, and signal communications. The majority of the land and air forces stationed in the Command are assigned to SACEUR. while the naval forces are norma lly earmarked.  Th e 2d Fr en ch Corp s o f tw o div isi on s (which is not integrated in NATO forces) is stationed in Germany under a status agreement reached between the French and German Governments. Cooperation with NA TO forces and commands has been agreed between the commanders concerned.  T he ACE Mo bi le For ce (A M F ) has been formed as a NATO force with particular reference to the northern and southeastern flanks. Formed by eight countries, It com-

December 12, 1973 

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE

In the event of war, its duties are to parprises eight infantry battalion groups, an armoured reconnaissance squadron, and ticipate In the strategic strike and to protect groundsupport fighter squadrons, but has sea communications. There are no forces assigned to the command in peacetime except no air transport of Its own.  T he fo llo w in g Co mm an ds are su bo rd in at e Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAV FORLANT). which normally consists, at any to Allied Command Europe: (a) Allied Forces Central Europe •) in) how. M109 155mm ho w. . («' ) Towed . . . M115203mm(8 (*•) in) how.

Maximum range * Estimated (statute warhead miles) yield*

1,875 150 KT

Warsaw Pact (excluding U.S.S.R.)

First deployed

Number deployed lOT# Type*

1971 1962

18 19 SSlb Scud A • 72 S S l c Scud B •

450

do

1962

25

do

1953

(150)

2.880 3X200 KT .. . 1, 380 500 KT

1967 1972

64 32

10 KT range

1962

NA

10 2 KT 10 KT range

1964 1950

NA NA

i IRBM =intermediaterange ballistic missile (range 1,5004,000 miles); SRBM=shortrange ballis tic missi le (range under 500 mile s); SLBM =*submarinelaunched ballis tic mis sile. * All NATO vehicles ar e of American origin, with the exception of the SSB S I RBM and the MSBS, SLBM, which are of French origin. 8 BR —Britain, FR = France, GE = West Germany, BU Bu lgar ia, CZ=Czechoslovakia, EG  East Germany, PO =*Poland. •  Operational range depends upon the payload carried; use of maximum payload may reduce missile range by up to 25 per cent. : KT=kiloton=thousand tons of TNT equivalent (KT range=less than 1 MT); figures given are estimated maxima. « All Warsaw Pact vehicles are of Soviet origin. Numerical designations (e.g., S S lb ) are of American origin; names (e.g.. Scud A) are of NATO origin. T These SRBM are operated by West Germany but the nuclear warheads from them are in American custody. Sergeant is dualcapable (i. e. , capable of delivering conventional or nuclear weapons).

FROG 17 »

Operated by*

fBU Icz |EG I po

All

Maximum range * Estimated (statute warhead miles) yield*

First deployed

1957 185

Number deployed 1973)

NA

do

1965

NA

1045 .. . .do

195765

NA

• These dualcapable systems are operated by the countries shown but nuclear warheads for them are in Soviet custody. • Honest John is dualcapable and is operated by Belgium, Brita in, Denmark, West Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and Turkey, but with the nuclear warheads held in American custody. In the case of Denmark, there are no nuclear warheads held on Danish soil. France also operates Honest John but the nuclear warheads for it were withdrawn in 1966 and its nuclear role is to be taken over by the French SRBM Pluton, which will have a French nuclear warhead. The 203mm how is dualcapable and is operated by Belgi um, Br itain, Denmark, West Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Turkey but any nuclear warheads for it are in American custody. The 155 mm how is prim arily a conventional artille ry weapon but is dualcapable. It i s operated by Belgium. Britain. Canada.Denmark. West Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, and Turkey but in very few cases is it likely to have a nuclear role, certainly not in the case of Canada. Any nuclear warheads would be in American custody, none on Danish or Norwegian soil.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE

40984

December 12, 1973 

(B) OTHER NATO ANO WARSAW PACT COUNTRI ES— Continued (ii) AIRCRAFT 1 NATO (excluding United States)

Category 2 Mediumrange bombers. Strike aircraft (mcl shortrange bombers).

Type3

Operated by 4

Vulcan B2

BR

F104

(8)

F4 Buccaneer S2 Mirage IVA

BR GE BR FR

 

Maximum 5 range (statute miles)

Warsaw Pact (excluding USSR)

Maximum MaxiNo. speed mum deployed (Mach weapons First no.) 6 load (lb) deployed 1973) Type7

4,000

0.95   21,000

1960

1,300

2.2

4.000

1958

9 NA II 28 Beagle

1,600

2.4

16,000

1962

9 NA Su 7 Fitter

2,000 2,000

.95   2.2  

8,000 8,000

1962 1964

9NA 58

1 All aircraft listed are dualcapable and many would be more likely to carry conventional than nuclear weapons. 2 Mediumrange bomber « maximum range 3,500 6,000 miles, primarily designed lor bombing missions. 3 Vulcan and Buccaneer are of Brit ish orig in; F 104 and F4 are of American orig in; Mirage is of French origin. 4 BR Br itain . FRF rance , GE = West Germany, BUB ulgaria, CZ  Czechoslovakia, P 0  Poland, RU  Rumania. 5 Theoretical maximum range, with internal fuel only, at optimum altitude and speed. Ranges for strike aircraft assume no weapons load. Especially in the case of strike aircraft, therefore, range falls sharply for flights at lower altitude, at higher speed or with lull weapons load (e j ., combat

Operated by 4

Maximum range (statute miles)

Maximum Maxispeed mum (Mach weapons First no.) 6 load (lb) deployed

No. deployed (July 1973)

56 BU PO RU CZ PO

2,500

0. 81

4,850

1950

9NA

900

1.7

4.500

1959

9 NA

radius of F 104, at operational height and speed, with typical weapons load, is a pproximately 420 miles). 6 Mach 1 (M = 1.0s peed of sound). 7 All Warsaw Pact aircraft a re of Soviet origin Names (e.g.. Beagle) are of NATO origin. 8 The dualcapable F104 is operated by Belgium, Canada, Denma rk, West Germany, Greece, Italy , the Netherlands, Norway and Turke y, but the Canadian aircr aft no longer have a nuclear role. The warheads of these aircraft are held in American custody. 9 The absence of figures here reflects the u ncertainty as to how many of these nuclearcapable aircraft actually have a nuclear role. 10 Nuclear warheads for these dualcapable aircraft are held in Soviet custody.

2. DEFENSE EXPENDITURE AND NATIONAL ECONOMIES

Country United States Soviet Union * Warsaw pact: Bulgaria Czechoslovakia

.

Hungary Poland Romania NATO: Belgium Denmaik France .. Germany, West» Italy..

Twkev Other European Countries:

Yugoslavia... . Middle East and the Mediter

Iran

Defense Expenditure or Budget

Defense Expenditur e or Budget

GNP,* Per As a percentage of GNP* 1970 1972 1973 cap(bilita, lions) (millions) (millions) 1972 1969 1970 1971 1972

GNP,* Per As a percentage of GNP* 1970 1973 cap  1972 (bilita, lions) (millions) (millions) 1972 1969 1970 1971 1972

1976.4 402.6

583.400 32,970

$85.165 33,580

$399 132

8.4 8.4

7.4 7.9

7.5 7.6

7.2 7.5

9.7 30.5 33.5 14.3 39.4 22.4