The Mammals of China and Mongolia 1000140913

ASIATIC

CENTRAL ROY

The

EXPEDITIONS ANDREWS,

CHAPMAN

Leader

Mammals

China

of

Mongolia

AND

BY

GLOVER

M. OF

COMPARATIVE

MASSACHUSETTS

CAMBRIDGE,

NATURAL

22

Dislrihution

Maps

and

and

with

AMERICAN

XI, PART

GRANGER,

MUSEUM F. TRUBEE

the Text

CENTRAL

OF

YORK

1938

ASIA

1

D.Sc,

DAVISON. NEW

in

9 Plates

OF

VOL.

THE

I other Illustration

HISTORY

WALTER

ZOOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

HARVARD

With

MAMMALS

OF

CURATOR MUSEUM

Ph.D.

ALLEN,

Editor

NATURAL President

HISTORY

OF

.MAMMALS

TUE

A.""D

miVt

MO"4;ULIA

Copyright,

1938 by

The

American

Museum

Publiibed

September

Pint

All

oot

reserved.

righu be

reproduced

book, any

In

th"

United

or

form

157'

Mad*

1938

2,

Edition

Thi* in

History

Natural

of

Sut"

parts

thereof,

without

2

5

ol

must

permission.

'SI

Amarica.

PUBLICATION

NOTE

of

Because

it

treating

of

it

issue

forms 500

is

found

been

has

sary neces-

in

volume

the

this

report,

than more

mammals,

which

this

of

does

as

to

of

size

the

first.

the

parts,

two

Part 2,

with

brought

as

soon

of

at

the

end

of

entire

the

Part

of

end

the

at

be

be

as

Bibliography

appears

will

rodents,

possible.

out

The

will

typical

the

ning begin-

work

the i

Part 2.

;

Index

THE

MAMMALM

Of

(

UI.XA

Th

AUrii not

b

U"d"

in

Um

Uoitad

Suta

ol

AoMrlca.

PREFACE

collections

The

of

field

the

through

of

diversity adequate

by

group

of

knowledge handbook

species,

the

within

the

been

of

matter

have

been of

parts

neighboring

in were

be

added

in

associates

1916-17,

decade

past

because

no

from

consideration is

have

of

Korea the

as

derived

chiefly

collections

large

well

tin-

China

taken,

reasons,

as

habits

form

limits

been

these

essentially

notes

usually

have

For

important

specimens

significantly

limits.

and

species

each

occiirrence

general

a

brief

genera,

and

which

the

as

to

name,

boundaries

political

the

of

or

our

serve

measurements,

from

these

and

again

in

collected

are

credited

the

organization

to

the as

in

specimens

of

course

northern as

China

Central

the

all

Third

the and

their

Asiatic Asiatic

to

those

from

and

in

in

and of

island of

that

Mongolia

Expedition.

by

Fukien

Asiatic

during

Expeditions,

obtained

These

1919.

Second

as

collected

explorations

Mongolia First in

referred

include

Expeditions

the

officially designated

specimens

localities

however,

that

Asiatic

Musetmi

his

of

partly

which,

facts

species

to

under

characters,

In

the

mainland.

should

American

of

of

addition

Latin

fairly

a

published,

families,

while

the

summarize

and

end,

accepted

zoogeography,

maps

excluded

are

of

of

without

the

known

While

and

from

fauna

the

in

convenience

Manchuria

list

a

been

to

orders,

specimens,

cranial

the

study

down

available

Formosa,

It

the

set

of

and

writer.

for

as

external

and

various

the

given:

are

necessary,

the

by units

Mongolia a

of

treated,

examined

satisfactory

as

portion

where

area

for

and

countries.

have

in

of

number

therefore,

these

Mongolia this

To

the

descriptions

and

interested.

given

of

is intended

China

identification

the

with

volume

of

form,

material

years,

present

those are

systematic

nomenclatvire

and

keys

this

together Museum

preservation

fauna

on

few

past

fatma

of

description

synonymy, on

new.

facilitate

to

in

race

reports

in

only

their

They

represent.

brought American

The

not

of

mammalian

the

The

use

chapters,

summary

the

made,

excellence

they of

mammalian

the

the

brief

during be

the

for

which

papers,

to

in

of

Expeditions

previously

any

review

a

group,

believed

races

and

for

preliminary

short

or

localities

the

basis

Asiatic

also

mammals

Mongolian

and

the

exceed but

sectu-ed,

specimens

of

work

History

Natural

Chinese

of

known

the

Dr.

Andrews

and

Yunnan

expeditions

two

All

Expeditions. of

work

in

the

the

by

1921

early

to

years

1930

of

vi

PREFACE

In

the

determine, Until

far

so

recent

it has

that

the differences

and

the

in

types

specificand

better

An

satisfactorily, however, "revision"

of

several

the

on

prepared

basis

appearances;

regarding

different

races.

ties

duplicated

types

inevitable

are

the

in

relationship of

of ;

and

large

the

earlier

or

this

area

in

will

now

however,

be

of

the

forms

treated

to

to

correct

general

way well

remain

in

rare

it may

fairlybe from

unfailingcooperation C.

Andrews,

of Natural of

Academy at

Chinese

Through

in

United of

Museum,

in

other

many

thanks

are

study

To

due.

errors

of

States

the

in

all these

Curator

had

and

the

mals mam-

of

point intimate

more

the

hearty

of Mammals, of The

staff.

Museum

The

tions collec-

of

Comparative Zoology, Philadelphia, the University of Michigan, National the to

1933

which

Museum, Milton

and

spend

my

institutions

their

and

weeks

own

been and

officers

been

Fund

of historic

have

misconceptions of

also

Clark

several

collection

it would

have

Harvard

the

British

specimens, types,

impossible of other in

the and

consulted. of

at

and

of Dr.

and

American

of the

members

Museum

of its unrivaled

and

I have

Expeditions

of other

from

grant

material, without

previous

fortunate.

in

enabled

was

the

a

Anthony,

Asiatic that

as

Sciences

the

E.

of the

mammals

aid

University, I

H.

Dr.

well

as

of Natural

the

of

leader

History,

request,

and

China

of life

history we are still largely ignorant. the preparation of this volume, Throughout

Roy

of

the

the

extend

said that

to

as

of

systematic

a

collections, while

questions

and

limits

known

in

satisfactorily

are

errors

the

material,

reflected

are

all

here

within

occur

that

many

peciiliari-

mistakes, which

steps

expect

the

representing

as

authentic

Such

to

tolerably

a

with

much

mislead

individual

rectifying such

knowledge.

able

known

races

are

of

show

stowed be-

slightly differing may

species

same

a

cases

been

single species

a

present

comparison

It is too

nomenclature workers

the

means

of

condition

or

sometimes

A

only

stages

Nevertheless, in

many,

points

of

series.

species.

a

species

Mongolia. view

in

the

Future

number

individuals

is often

of

synonymy

solved.

sight

relationship

in most

frequently

specimens often

season,

Again, single specimens

topotypes,

or

age,

have

names

material; first

at

this

necessitate

sub-

but

really

demonstrate

must

New

inadequate of sex,

To

of distinct

nvmiber

the

forms

those

relationships are

and

easy

forms.

collectors

differences

or

investigatorinto not

of

different

by

not

related

notwithstanding

between

of

conception

trinomial.

a

is often

than

European

among

merely quantitative

be

may

closer

where

produced

expressed by

forms

other much

to

forms.

eastern

new,

as

made,

been

many

least

at

custom,

described

exaggerated

is thus

"species"

or

with

comparison

differingqualitatively.

the

mammals

to

has

study

relationships of

been

relationships therefore

true

critical

a

closer

frequently

give specificrank

to

volume,

possible, the

as

years,

naturalists,

this

of

preparation

to

correct

workers

less

charge, grateful

vii

PREFACE

if

follows, the numbers Abbreviations

History.

of Zoology,

Museum

Bibliography

The

Chinese

the

at

Academy

Sciences M.

mammals

C.

D.

I have

;

M.,

Mich., for

all literature

includes

come

C. Z.,

S. N.

Univ.

of

Michigan.

1 of this Volume

that

U.

Massachusetts;

at

of Part

end

of Natural

Museum

(Natural History), London;

Museum

Museum,

Mongolian

and

S. P.,

abbreviation

no

of Natural

Washington, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,

National

States

for United

for

Zoology, Cambridge,

Comparative

of

for Museum

are:

N.

American

of the

those

are

A.

M., for British

B.

Philadelphia;

on

given,

where

that

it is understood

listing specimens examined,

In

incidental

except

upon,

references, through 1937. Three

names

new

Walter

by

of the

much

in whose

American

and

in the

the

Postal

For

many

efforts These

text.

List

cut

illustratingthe

H.

thanks

for

History

Dr. of

use

of

nose-leaves

generously Wilfred

offices of Dr.

and

Walter

Dr.

valuable

many

spelling of

the

possible conform

as

the

been

pratti,has

Pope

well

as

place-names modem

most

1932,

authentic

other

in

as

and

notes,

the the

to

Granger

issue, Shanghai,

Offices, thirteenth

(Shanghai, 1920),

of China

Map

far

so

of Post

and

for

sincere

standardize

to

large series

the

appeared.

Clifford

of Natiiral

in the

Chapman

H.

mole-rats

the

Andrews

my

and

it first

Mr.

to

Museum

found

as

The

flying

Flying Squirrel.

chiefly from

Roy

express

help.

of 1932

paper

particularly for their

usage

Dr.

for

of

subspecies

new

for the

genus

new

subgenus

new

selected

by

a

Chicago, through the kind

of

indebted

fmther

mentioned

other

Museum

Field

the

am

work

a

bats, Hipposideros armiger

Osgood, I

for

a

are

I would

whom

to

as

horseshoe

lent H.

well

as

the

of their

course

Granger,

them

illustrations

photographic

in

made

Eospalax,

fontanierii;and

typified by Myospalax the

proposed: Aeretes,

melanopterus;

squirrel Pteromys The

here

are

sources.

species, outline it should

text-figures,but in

each

in

Mongolia sections scale well

visualization time

little

supposed

or

known

indicating something

many

elaboration

as

the

are

indicate areas

been

collecting has are

these

still vast

that

for there

included

on

or

such

done,

inference

supposed

of the

mammalian

of

our

subject

to

fauna

of

the

often

that

as

while

ignorance of considerable

region becomes

at

large

cannot a

better

the

same

No

them. later

of and

small-

on

enabling while

as

range

China

in

only,

of distribution,

areas

extent

found

so

prepared the

sharply marked,

valuable

are

maps

been

have

distribution, although often

will be

maps

distribution

understood

way,

no

Nevertheless,

of the

of these

well

range

of local

details

plotted.

be

general

most

which

of the

maps be

the

only

of

maps

doubt

correction

known

in

or

more

detail. Since

place

the

in the

present

report

was

written,

and

many

politicalorganization of China

and

great changes have

Mongolia,

involving

taken the

re-

PREFACE

VUl

definition

Thus

ago.

the

eastward

its

of

which

addition

maps I

his with

cannot

correcting

warmly

Miss

they many

is

Ningsia,

have

taken

been

from

Hopei, Suiyuan

of

Harvard

September

Hsikang, in

of

this

book.

there

and

in

are

All

Chahar.

and

accoimt

the

well-known

the

covered

area

express

Clara

edited,

have

minor

my

M.

errors

Beale checked

that

indebtedness and and

might

Miss

to

Ruth

Dr.

for

Tyler,

coordinated otherwise

Walter

the

in

the

tional distribu-

have

Comparative

Zoology,

University,

i,

1937.

Cambridge,

Massachusetts.

Granger, the

manuscript, escaped

Glover

Museum

years to

province,

new

now

a

some

text.

too

assistants. which

confusing,

the

Chinghai,

but

the

beyond

only

few

considerably

recorded the

in

that

so

use

drawn

from

China,

North

of

provinces are

in

Tibet

in

in

now

specimens as

provinces,

those

is

Szechwan

toward

ChihU,

of

new

changes

these

now

with

regarded

be

to

familiar

more

that

so

course,

westward

the

of

border

are

province

and coincide

longer

no

former

stretches old

former

the

western

Tatsienlu

locality

The

of

boundaries

their

cases

certain

of

great

care

thereby

me.

M.

and

Allen.

CONTENTS

PART

OF

1 PACE

Preface

V

List

of

Text

List

of

Plates

SECTION

xxi

Figures

XXV

I."

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

I ....

CHAPTER

I."

II."

III."

COLLECTORS

FAUNAL

IV."

CHINESE

AREAS

FAUNAL

SECTION AND

OF

OF

AND

CHINA

RELATIONS

II."

AND

OF

SYSTEMATIC

MONGOLMN

MAMMALS

3

MONGOLIA

ASIA

WITH

9 NORTH

ACCOUNT

OF

AMERICA

THE

20

MAMMALS

OF

MONGOLIA

CHINA 27

ORDER

INSECTIVORA.

INSECTIVORES

29 ....

Key

the

to

Families

Family

of

Tupaiidae.

Chinese Tree

and

Mongolian

Insectivora

Shrews

30

....

Genus

Raffles

Tupaia

30

.....

Key

to

Chinese

Races

of

Tupaia

1.

Tupaia

belangeri

2.

Tupaia

belangeri yunalis

helangeri

chinensis

31

J. Anderson

31

Thomas

34

.

Tupaia

3.

Erinaceidae.

Family Key

to

the

Genus

Genus

Genera

of S.

Hylomys

Genus

and

Chinese

and

J. A.

Allen

34

their

AlHes

36

Blyth

39

sinensis

Hemiechinus

Trouessart

40

Fitzinger

42

Hemiechinus

dauuricus

dauuricus

7.

Hemiechinus

dauuricus

alaschanictts

Erinaceus 8.

Erinaceus

9.

Erinaceus

Talpidas. to

the

Genus

Genus

43

Satunin

46 47

europceus

dealbatus

europceus

miodon

Swinhoe Thomas

Moles

Genera

Uropsilus 10.

(Sundevall)

Linnaeus

of

Talpidae

Milne-Edwards

Uropsilus Rhynchonax

Chinese

soricipes Thomas

47 52

54

....

Key

37

Trouessart

Neotetracus

36 37

peguensis

6.

Genus

Erinaceids

MongoUan

MuUer

suillus

Neotetracus 5.

modesta

Hedgehogs

Hylotnys 4.

Family

helangeri

30

54 55

Milne-Edwards

57 59

IX

CONTENTS

Rhyvcltonax

andersoni

andersoni

12.

Rhynchonax

andersoni

atronates

13.

Rhynchonax

andersoni

nivatus

11.

Nasillns

Genus

59 Allen

61 .

G.

M.

Allen

62

63

......

14.

gracilisThomas

....

63

15.

Nasillus

investigatorThomas

64

Milne-Edwards ....

65

Scaptonyx 16.

17.

Scaptonyx fusicaudatus Milne-Edwards Thomas Scaptonyx fusicaudatus affinis

Talpa Linnaeus

Genus

67 69

......

Parascaptor Gill 19.

69 71

......

Parascaptor leiicurus (Blyth)

Scaptochirus Milne-Edwards

Genus

66 .

Milne-Edwards Talpa longirostris

18.

Genus

71 72

....

Milne-Edwards

20.

Scaptochirusmoschatus

moschatus

21.

Scaptochirusmoschatus

Thomas gilliesi

Genus

77

22.

Mogera

latouchei

23.

Mogera

Itainana

Scapanulus

Soricidffi. the

to

78

Thomas

80 81

oweni

Thomas

81 .

Shrews

83

of Chinese

Genera

Sorex

Genus

Thomas

Thomas

Scapanulus 24.

73

76

.

Pomel

Mogera

Genus

Key

M.

Nasillus

Genus

Family

Thomas

Thomas G.

Mongolian

and

Soricidae .

Linnaeus

84

......

Key

to

the

Chinese

and

84

Species of Sorex

Mongolian

.

85

25.

Sorex

araneus

borealis

26.

Sorex

excelsus

G.

27.

Scfrex sinalis Thomas

28.

Sorex

buxtoni

29.

Sorex

bitxtoni cansulus

30.

Sorex

mittutus

31.

Sorex

Milne-Edwards cylindricaudacylindricaiida

92

32.

Sorex

cyliiidricauda wardi

96

33.

Sorex

cylindricauda gomphus

M.

Kastschenko

85

Allen .

.

Genus

J. A. Allen

buxtoni

89

.

Thomas

thibetanus

90

Kastschenko

91

.

to

Chinese

Blyth

Thomas G.

M.

Allen

97

98

......

Species of

Soriculus

Soriculus

macrurus

35.

Soriculus

caudatus

sacratus

36. Soriculus

caudatus

umbrinus

99

Blanford

99 Thomas G.

M.

lOI

Allen

102

Chodsigoa Kastschenko

102

.....

Key 37.

to

Chinese

87 88

34.

Genus

.

.....

Soricidus

Key

,

Species of Chodsigoa

Chodsigoa hypsibia hypsibia (De Winton

38. Chodsigoa hypsibia larvarum

Thomas

104 and

Styan

104 106

40.

Chodsigoa hypsibia lamula Thomas Chodsigoa parva G. M. Allen

107

41.

Chodsigoa salenskii

108

42.

Chodsigoa

39.

smithii

(Kastschenko)

smithii

Thomas

106

109

CONTENTS

Chodsigoa smithii

43.

Genus

XI

G.

parca

M.

Allen

no

Thomas

Blarinella

112 ....

Key

to

of Blarinella

Races

114

44.

Blarinella

45.

Blarinella

quadraticauda griselda Thomas

46.

Blarinella

quadraticauda

Suncus

Genus

Wagler

to Chinese

wardi

118 118

.

121 .....

Species of Crocidura

Crocidura

attenuata

49.

Crocidura

dracula

dracula

Thomas

125

50.

Crocidura

dracula

grisescens A. B. Howell

128

51.

Crocidura

ilensis ilensis yiWlev

52.

Crocidura

ilensis lar G.

53.

Crocidura

ilensis shantungensis

54.

Crocidura

ilensis phceopus G.

55.

Crocidura

vorax

Genus

Genus

to

G.

129

Allen

130

Miller

M.

.

M.

Chinese

136 137

Milne-Edwards .

Anderson of

Subspecies

59.

Chimarrogale himalayica

60.

Chimarrogale styani

Chimarrogale

to

the

Genus

Fruit

Genera

Bats

Mongolian or

Chiroptera

Fljang Foxes

151 152

[Pteropus chinensis

Gray]

152

[PteropusformosHS

P.

Sclater]

L.

152

.

Cuvier

F.

153

....

Gray

Rousettus

Emballonuridce.

Taphozous 65.

153

.

Lyroderma 66.

Lyroderma

Family Rhinolophid^.

.

156 157

.....

leschenaulti

(Desmarest)

Sheath-tailed

Geoffroy

Taphozous melanopogon

Family Megadermidse. Genus

151

Pteropids

Rousettus

Genus

146

148

.

Cynopterus sphinx sphinx (Vahl)

64.

Family

144

Styan

63. Cynopterus brachyotis angulatus Miller Genus

143

147

and

of Chinese

Cynopterus 62.

143

150

of Chinese

Family Pteropidas. Key

and

BATS

Families

the

to

Thomas

Nectogale elegans Milne-'Ed'wsxds

CHIROPTERA.

Key

(Gray)

Nectogale Milne-Edwards 61.

ORDER

leander

Winton

De

138 142

....

Species and

133 134

Allen

58. Chimarrogale himalayica himalayica

Genus

131

Allen

Allen

squamipes

Chimarrogale

Key

M.

M.

122

Milne-Edwards

Anourosorex

57.

G.

rapax

Anourosorex

Milne-Edwards

121

48.

56. Crocidura

v."

116

Thomas .

Mongolian

and

114 116

Ehrenberg

(Linnasus)

niurinus

Crocidura

Key

and

(Milne-Edwards)

quadratic aiida

quadraticauda

Hemprich

Stmcus

47. Genus .

Chinese

157

Bats

158 158

....

Temminck

159

Big-eared Bats

i6i

Peters

162 .....

lyra sinensis Leaf-nosed

(Andersen Bats .....

and

Wroughton)

162

164

CONTENTS

xu

Rhinolophns Lac^p6de

Genus

to Chinese

Key

Rhinolophus

68.

165

Rltutoloplius

166

Andersen

sinicus

roHxi

67. Rhiiwlophus

165

....

Species of

168

himalayaiius Andersen affinis Andersen

69.

macrurus Rhinolophus affinis

70.

Rhinolophus

71.

Rhinolophus ferrum-equiuum nippon

72. 73.

Rliinolophusferrtim-eqtiinumtragatus Hodgson Andersen Rhinolophus lepidusshortridgei

74.

Rhinolophus

75.

Rhinolophus blythi szechwanus Rhinolophus

77.

171

Temminck

M.

G.

M.

179

78. Rhinolophus pearsoniipearsoniiHorsfield

pearsoniichinensis

80.

Rhinolophus episcopus episcopus G.

81.

Rhinolophus

episcopus caldivelli G.

82.

Rhinolophus

lanosus

84. Rhinolophus

Family Hipposideridae. Key

the

to

Genus

Genera

G.

rex

M.

Allen Allen

G.

spurcus

M.

187 188

Bats .

Hipposideridae

Gray

189 189

....

Species of Hipposideros 85. Hipposideros armiger armiger (Hodgson)

Key

to

the

Chinese

Hipposideros armiger

86.

(Peters)

sunnhoii

87. Hipposideros prattiThomas

Hipposideros poutensis J.

88. .

Trianops

Genus

196

Andersen .

Osgood

199 200

.....

91.

Ccelopsinflata M.\\\tr

92.

C"lops

sinicus

G.

the

to

Genus

Genera

M.

201

....

Allen

202

.

of Chinese

and

Myotis Kaup

Key

to

the

Chinese

Vespertilionids

Mongolian

Myotis myotis ancilla Thomas

94.

Myotis

95.

Myotis chinensis

chinensis

(Tomes)

96. Myotis chinensis

luctuosus

G.

altarium

207

M.

208

Allen .

Myotis formosus rufo-niger (Tomes) Myotis daubentonii

206 206

Thomas

98. Myotis pequinius Thomas 99.

204 205

Mongolian Species of Myotis

93.

97.

203

.

.....

and

197 199

.....

CaelopsBlyth

192 193

Allen

Family Vespertilionidae.VespertilionineBats Key

190 .

Dobson

Tricenops wheeleri

90.

190

.

A.

89. Hipposideros genlilissinensis

Genus

184

186

Allen

Allen

Horseshoe

182

184

.

M.

of Chinese

Hipposideros

182

M.

lanostis Andersen

lanosus

83. Rhinolophus

181

Andersen

79.

175

178

Allen

Rhinolophus

174

177

Allen .

blythi parcus

172

176

Andersen

G.

76. Rhinolophus blythi calidus

Allen

Andersen

pumilus

cornutus

170

.

J. A.

affinishainanus

(Kuhl)

210 211 212

213

100.

Myotis fimbriatus (Peters)

214

loi.

Myotis mystacinus mystacinus (Kuhl)

215

CONTENTS

xni

102.

Myotis mystacinus przewalskiiBobrinski

103.

Myotis

104.

Myotis jraterG.M.

105.

Myotis miiricola

106.

Myotis davidii

Genus

107.

to

kWen

220

.

(Milne-Edwards)

monpinensis (Peters)

Chinese

224

224 226

.

Species of Pipistrellus

109.

Pipistrellus pulveratus(Peters) (Temminck) Pipistrellus abramus

no.

tralatititts tramatus Pipistrellus

108.

la

Genus

227 227 229

Thomas

231

Thomas

231

....

laio

111.

Thomas

Key

to

the

232

Bowdich

Nyctalus

Genus

233

.

Chinese

of

Forms

Nyctalus

233

Thomas

plancyi (Gerbe)

112.

Nyctalus

aviator

113.

Nyctalus

noctula

114.

Nyctalus vehitinus

G.

234

M.

23s

Allen

236

Eptesicus Rafinesque

Genus

Key

to

Chinese

237

Mongolian Species of Eptesicus

and

115.

Eptesicus nilssoiiii gobiensis 'Eohnnskx

116.

Eptesicus serotimts

117.

Eptesicus alashamicus

118.

Eptesicus andersoni

242

.

(Dobson) .

Vespertilio murinus

120.

Vespertiliomurinus Tylonycteris Peters

240

^dhnns]d

243 "

119.

Genus

.

Liirmceus

murinus

245

.

Thomas

siiperans

246

.

247

.....

Tylonycteris pachypus fulvidus (Blyth)

122.

Tylonycteris robustula Scotomanes

244

.

.

121.

Genus

248

.

Thomas

249

Dobson

249

.....

123.

Scotmnanes

ornatus

ScotophilusLeach

Genus

Key

to Chinese

sinensis

Species of

Scotophilus

124.

Scotophilusheathii

126.

Scotophilus temminckii

127.

Genus

Plecotus

Key

to

Gray

Barbastella

and

252

Leach

252

insularis

J. A.

Allen

consobrinus

J. A.

253

Allen

254

256

.....

darjelingensis(Hodgson)

Geoffroy

Chinese

250 251

125.

Barbastella

Hhova.a.5

.....

Scotophiluskuhlii

Genus

238 238

.

pallens Miller

VespertilioLinnsus

Genus

221

223

pilosa (Peters)

Rickettia

Kaup Pipistrellus

Key

218

Bianchi

Rickettia

Genus

217

laniger (Peters)

256 258

.....

Mongolian

Forms

of Plecotus

258

12S.

Plecotus

auriius

auritiis (Linnjeus)

258

129.

Plecotus

auritus

kozlovi Bobrinski

260

130.

Plecotus

auritus

ariel Thomas

262

Genus

Miniopterus Bonaparte Key to Chinese Species of Miniopterus ....

263 263

CONTENTS

XIV

131.

Miniopteritsschreibersii

132.

schreibersii

133.

Miniopterus

Miniopterus pusillus

Kerivoula

Genus

Key

to

picta

Kerivoula

hardivickii

to

Gray

136. Mttrina 137.

Key

Murina

271

.

271 272

leucogaster Milne-Edwards

273

hiittoni rubella

273

Thomas .

Mastiff

Bats

of Chinese

Genera

to

Chcerephon 140.

Genus

ORDER

270 Murina

274

....

Genus

VI."

269

cydotis Dobson

Murina

Molossidae.

Family

depressa Miller

Milne-Edwards

aurata

138. Murina 139.

268

.....

Species of

Chinese

268

Thomas

bellissima

Kerivoula

Key

Molossidae

274

Dobson

274

....

Chcerephon plicatus (Buchanan-Hamilton) E.

Nyctinomus

Geoffroy

Nyctinomus

teniotis

142.

Nyctinomus

teniotis cwcata

LEMURS

AND

MONKEYS

of Chinese

Primates

(Thomas)

Family

Genera

Lorisidaj.

Genus

Slow

Lemurs

Nycticebus

Key

Macaca

Genus

Key

to

the

and

Milne-Edwards

282 282

.

Species of Macaca

144.

assamensis

145.

Macaca

mulatto

282

(McClelland) (Zimmermann)

289. (Milne-Edwards)

146. Lyssodes speciosus thibetanus

Family Key

Lyssodes speciosus melli (Matschie)

Colobida;. to Genera

Genus

to

Chinese

149.

Pithecus

150.

Pithecus

.

Species of obscurus

Pithecus barbei

(Blyth)

(Linnaeus)

RhinopitiiecusMilne-Edwards

Key

to

the

Chinese

Species

294 297 297

.

of

294 294

frangoisi (Pousargues) nctnceus

291

293

Cuvier

and

290

293

Colobidas

Geoffroy

148. Pithecus

Genus

Monkeys

of Chinese

Pithecus

Key

Langur

282

284

Lyssodes Gistel

147.

281 281

Macaca

Genus

280 ....

Guenons

Lac6p^de Chinese

280

Cercopithecidae

Baboons

of Chinese

Genera

to

Galagos

cinereus

coitcang

Family Cercopithecidae.

278

280

and

Nycticebus E. Geoffroy 143.

276

279

.

the

to

275

276

insignis Blyth

141.

PRIMATES.

Key

264 266

Dobson

of Kerivoida

Species

135.

Muriiia

Allen

.....

134.

Genus

264

Thomas

parvipes G. M.

268

Gray

Chinese

the

chinensis

Rhinopithecus (Milne-Edwards)

299 300

151.

Rhinopithecus roxellance

152.

Rhinopithecus bieti Milne-Edwards

302

153.

Rhinopithecus brelichi

304

Thomas

300

CONTENTS

Gibbons

Family Hylobatids. Key

VII."

ORDER

Chinese

the

to

305

....

Hylobates lUiger

Genus

XV

305

.....

Species of Hylobates

154.

Hylobates hoolock

155.

Hylobates concolor

(Harlan)

306

.

306

.

(Harlan)

concolor

309

CARNIVORES

CARNIVORA.

312

....

Key

the

to

Families

of Chinese

Ailurus

Camivora

Mongolian

Raccoons

Family Procyonidas. Genus

and

312

their Kin

and

313

.

F. Cuvier

314

.....

156. Ailurus

Family Ailuropodidas.

Family Key

Giant

The

314

Panda

317

.

Milne-Edwards

Ailuropoda

Genus

styani Thomas

ful gens

157.

Ailuropoda

Ursidae.

Bears

318

(David)

melanoleucus

319 324

......

of Chinese

Genera

to

Ursidae

Mongolian

.

Linnaeus

Ursus

Genus

and

325

.....

Key

Chinese

the

to

and

Ursus

pruinosus Blyth

159.

Ursus

arctos

Euarctos

lasiotus

Gray

Species of Ursus

Mongolian

158. Genus

328

.

330

.....

Euarctos

thibetanus

thibetanus

161.

Euarctos

thibetanus

melli

Helarctos

(G. Cuvier)

{yintschie)

Horsfield

Helarctos

Family Key

Canidae. the

to

Wolves,

Cams

Genus

Dogs, and

of Chinese

Genera

wardi

malayanus

and

(Lydekker)

Foxes Canidas

Genus

Gray

342

...

345

....

346

165. Nyctereutesprocyonoides

349

orestes

Thomas

Oken

Vulpes

350

....

Swinhoe

166.

Vulpes vulpes

hoole

167.

Vulpes vulpes

tschiliensis

168.

Vulpes vulpes fkaragan (Erxleben) Hamilton

Cynalopex

169. Cynalopex Genus

Cuon 170.

the

Genus

Cuon

Genus

353

356

(Linnaeus)

356 358

Gray

Charronia

358

Weasels, Badgers, Otters

of Chinese

and

Mongolian

Mustelidae

to

172.

the

Pinel Chinese

Martes

361 362 363

.....

flavigulaflavigula(Boddaert)

363 367

......

Key

355

Smith

....

Martens,

Genera

Martes

350

Matschie

javanicus lepturus Heude

Charronia 171.

corsac

Hodgson

Mustelidae. to

341

164. Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides (Gray)

Genus

Key

chanco

NyctereutesTemminck

Genus

Family

339

341

.....

lupus

336

341

Mongolian

Linnseus

163. Canis

333

339

....

162.

326

326

Gray

160.

Genus

325

and

zibellina

Mongolian

Species of Martes

sajanensisOgnev

367 368

CONTENTS

ZVl

173.

M

foina foina (Erxlehen)

artes

Linnasus

Mustcla

Genus

.....

Species of Mustela fontanierii(Milne-Edwards)

Mongolian

Chinese

and

174.

Mustela

sibirica

175.

Mustela

sibirica davidiana

Key

to

177.

moupinensis (Milne-Edwards)

sibirica

176. Mustela

altaica altaica

Mustela

(Milne-Edwards)

Pallas

altaica kathiah

Hodgson

179.

Mustela

rixosa

(J.A.

180.

Mustela

russelliana

181.

Alustela

erminea

182.

Mustela

eversmanni

178. Mustela

Vormela

Genus

W.

pygmwa

.

Allen)

Thomas

mongolica Ognev Hollister

tiarata

Blasius ....

183.

Vormela

Gray

Helictis

Genus

Key

to

184.

the

peregusna .....

moschata

moschata

186.

Helictis

Meles

Gray

.

Hilzheimer ferreo-grisea

185. Helictis moschata

Genus

Helictis

Species of

Chinese

Helictis

Miller

negans

taxilla sorella G.

M.

Allen

Brisson .....

187. Meles Genus

meles

F. Cuvier

Arctonyx 188.

....

Arctonyx collaris collaris ". C\xvieT

Lutra

Key

to

Chinese

Lutra

lutra chinensis

191.

Lutra

lutra nair

192.

Lutra

tarayensis Hodgson

the

Genus

Micraonyx

194. Genus

(Illiger)

cinerea

Civets

Genera

Viverra

Gray

F. Cuvier

J. A. Allen

Micraonyx

Viverridae. to

Species of

Lutra

193.

Key

Brunnich

190.

Genus

Family

the

(Milne-Edwards)

collaris leucolmnus

189. Arctonyx Genus

Milne-Edwards leptorynchtis

and

Mungooses

of Chinese

Viverridae

Linnaeus

Viverra

Viverricula

zibetha

ashtoni

Swinhoe

Hodgson

195.

Viverricula

malaccensis

malaccensis

196.

Viverricula

malaccensis

pallida (Gray)

Genus

Paradoxurus

F. Cuvier

Chinese

Species of

(Gmelin) .

....

Key

to

197.

Paradoxurus

198. Paradoxurus Genus

Genus

Paguma

Paradoxurus .

hermaphroditus minor

Gray

exitus

Gyldenstolpe

Schwarz

.....

199.

Paguma

larvata

larvata

200.

Paguma

larvata

intrudetis

201.

Paguma

lan^ata

hainana

Herpestes Illiger

laotum

(Hamilton Smith) Wroughton Thomas

.

CONTENTS

Key

.

Herpestes rubrifrons (J. A. Allen) Herpestes urva (Hodgson)

202.

203.

Family

Species of Herpestes

Chinese

the

to

xvii

441 443

.

Felidae.

Cats

445

.....

Key

to

the

Chinese

Felidae

Mongolian

and

447

Linnaeus

Felts

Genus

449

....

Felts Linnaeus

Subgenus

Felts chaus

204.

205.

Felis manul

Profelis Severtzov

Felis nebtdosa Panthera

470

Griffith

470

Oken

472

...

F. A.

212.

Felis

pardus fontanierii

213.

Felis tigrisamoyensis

Hilzheimer

480

214.

Felis tigrisamurensis

Dode

487

A.

Meyer

Milne-Edwards

lynx isabellina

Lynx

489 490

Sea-lions

and

Gray

Callorhinus

Phocidae.

(Blyth)

SEA-LIONS

Fur-seals

Callorhinus

491 491

.

curilensis

Jordan

and

Hair-seals Linnaeus

of Chinese

Odontoceti. Iniidas.

(Gray) PORPOISES

DOLPHINS,

WHALES,

Families

Cetacea

Toothed River

to

Dolphins

Lipotes Miller

Genus

Genera

219.

Gray

Sotalia

494

495 495

496

of Chinese

Sotalia

493

495

Whales

218. Lipotes vexilliferMiller Family Delphinidas Dolphins and Porpoises

Key

491

492

frichardii

Phoca

Clark

492

.

Phoca

477

488

....

SEALS,

CETACEA.

473

Kerr

Lynx

Otariidae.

Genus

465

pardus fusca

217.

Family

464

Felis

216.

Suborder

459

.

.

NeofelisGray

PINNIPEDIA.

Genus

458

tristis Milne-Edwards

Felis temminckii

215.

to

Gray

211.

Genus

Key

bengalensisbengalensisKerr

Felis bengalensis chinensis

Subgenus

ORDER

457

Felis

210.

455

Severtzov

208.

209.

IX."

454

Pallas

207.

Subgenus

Family

manul

Prionailurus

Subgenus

Genus

451

Satunin

Trichalurus

Subgenus

Family

451 .

206.

ORDER

449

Lonnberg

Felis bieti Milne-Edwards

Subgenus

VIII."

449

affinisGray

Poliailurus

Subgenus

441

Delphinidas

497

498 498

.

chinensis

496

(Osbeck)

499

Genus

Delphinus

Genus

Tursiops

Gervais

501

Genus

Neonieris

Gray

501

Linnasus

500

CONTENTS

XVIU

phocmtoides (G. Cuvier)

Neomeris

220.

504

griseus{Cuvier)

Grampus

221.

223.

Orcinus

orca

507

Whales

509

Physeter Linnaeus

Genus

224.

X."

ORDER

Whalebone

NOMARTHRA.

to

to

Pangolins

the Genera Manis

Genus

510

OR

Seas

PANGOLINS

514

Chinese

Nomarthra

515

Linnaeus

515

.....

Manis

pentadactyladalmanni

226.

Manis

pentadactyla pusillaJ. A. Allen

Phatages 227.

XL"

ORDER

RODENTIA.

Key

to

Family

519 521

....

Phatages

(Geoffrey)

crassicaudata

GNAWING

Families

516

Sundevall

521

MAMMALS

of Chinese

Ochotonida;.

523

Rabbits, Hares, and

Duplicidentata.

Suborder

Sundevall

225.

Genus

and

Mongolian

Mouse-hares

523

Duplicidentata

524

Mouse-hares

524

....

Genus

Link

Ochotona

525

.....

Key

to

the

Chinese

and

510

514

.....

Species of

and

in Chinese

Expected

be

ANTEATERS

SCALY

Manidae.

509

Whales .

Whales

Whalebone

Key

509 Linnaeus

Physeter catodon

Mystacoceti.

Family

507

(Linnasus)

Family Physeteridae. Sperm

to

506

Fitzinger

Orcinus

Genus

505

(Cope)

Glohicephalascammonii

222.

Key

504

.

GlohicephalaLesson

Genus

Suborder

502

Gray

Grampus

Genus

Species of

Mongolian

Ochotona

526

228.

Ochotona

pallasiipallasii (Gray)

229.

Ochotona

pallasii pricei Thomas

230.

Ochotona

hyperborea mantchurica

231.

Ochotona

alpina alpina (PaWas)

531

232.

Ochotona

alpina argentata A. B. Howell

532

233-

Ochotona

gloveriThomas

533

234.

Ochotona

erythrotis(Buechner)

235-

Ochotona

thibetana

thibetana

236.

Ochotona

thibetana

cansus

526 529

.

Thomas

530

534

(Milne-Edwards)

Lyon

.

537 542

237.

Ochotona

thibetana

huangensis

238.

Ochotona

thibetana

sorella Thomas

546

239.

Ochotona

thibetana

stevensi Osgood

547

240.

Ochotona

forrestiThomas

241.

Ochotona

roylei chinensis

242.

Ochotona

dauurica

dauurica

243.

Ochotona

dauurica

altaina

244.

Ochotona

dauurica

bedfordiThomas

245.

Ochotona

dauurica

annectens

246.

Ochotona

dauurica

Family Leporidas.

Hares

and

544

548 Thomas

549

(Pallas) Thomas

melanostoma Rabbits

(Matschie)

550 554

Miller

(Buechner)

555

556 556 557

CONTENTS

Key

to

the

Chinese

of

Genera

Leporidae

Mongolian

and

558 558

Blyth

Caprolagus

Genus

XIX

.....

247.

sinensis

sinensis

248.

Caprolagus

sinensis

flaviventris

249.

fOryctolagus

Genus

558

(Gray)

Caprolagus

G.

M.

Allen

(Linnffius)

cuniculus

561 562

Linn^us

Lepus

560

.....

Key

to

the

Lepus

250.

Lepus

251.

Lepus

252.

Chinese

and

europcBus

tolai

europcBus

swinhoei

europcEus

Species

Mongolian

of

Lepus

filchneri

Thomas

567

Matschie

568

Hollister

aurigineus

253.

Lepus

europceus

254.

Lepus

centrasiaticus

255.

Lepus

hainanus

256.

Lepus

oiostolus

oiostolus

257.

Lepus

oiostolus

comus

258.

Lepus

oiostolus

grahami

563 564

Pallas

569

Satunin

570

Swinhoe

571

Hodgson G. A.

573 Allen

M. B.

575

Howell

577 .

SECTION

III

XII."

BIBLIOGRAPHY,

COMPLETE

579

TEXT

FIGURES

IGURI

PAGB

I.

Distribution

"

Map

31

............

Tupaia 1.

T

2.

T.

belangeri yunalis

3.

T.

belangeri

belangeri

chinensis

.

2.

"

Distribution

modesta

Map

42

............

Erinaceus 1.

E.

europcsus

dealbatus

2.

E.

europmus

miodon

3.

H.

dauuricus

dauuricus

4.

H.

dauuricus

alaschanicus

Hemiechinus

3.

"

Distribution

Map

eg

............

Uropsihis 1.

U.

soricipes

Rhynckonax R.

andersoni

3.

R.

andersoni

nivatus

4.

R.

andersoni

atronates

5.

N.

gracilis

6.

N.

investigator

2.

andersoni

Nasilhis

4.

"

Distribution

Map

74

............

Scaptochirus 1.

S.

moschatus

moschatus

2.

S.

moschatus

gilliesi

Scapanulus 3. 5-

"

S.

Distribution

oweni

Map

'

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.77

Mogera

6.

"

1.

M.

latouchei

2.

M.

liainana

Distribution

Map

........,.'..

94

Sorex 1

S.

cylindricauda

cylmdricauda

S.

cylindricauda

wardi

S.

cylindricauda

gomphus

.

2.

3.

xxi

FIGURES

TEXT

xxii

'"*"^ riGURE

7.

I03

Map

Distribution

"

Chodsigoa 1.

C.

hypsibia hypsibia

2.

C.

hypsibia Ian-arum

C.

hypsibia lamiila

3. 8.

Distribution

"

Map

"3

Blarinella

9.

1.

B.

quadraticauda quadraticauda

2.

B.

quadraticauda griselda

3.

B.

quadraticauda wardi 126

Map

Distribution

"

Crocidura

10.

1.

C. dracula

dracula

2.

C. dracula

grisescens

Distribution

"

Map

130

Crocidura 1.

C. ilensis lar

2.

C. ilensis shantungaisis

3.

II.

C. ilensis

Distribution

"

phceopus

Map

139

Anourosorex I.

12.

A.

of

Nose-leaves

"

squamipes

(right) and

Distribution

"

male

size.

(center),natural

History)

of Natural

Museimi

of Field

13.

Hipposideros armiger,

female

(left),and After

Hipposideros pratti,male

Wilfred

Dr.

Osgood (courtesy

H.

194

........

Map

295

Pithecus

14.

1.

P. obscurus

2.

P.

3.

P.

Distribution

"

barbei

frangoisi neinwus

Map

299

............

Rhinopithecus 1.

R. roxellancB

2.

R. bieti

3.

15.

"

R. brelichi

Distribution

Map

315

............

Ailurus 1.

16.

"

A. fulgens styani

Distribution

Map

.

.

Ailuropoda I.

A.

tnelanoletictis

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.321

TEXT

FIGURES

xxiii

FIGURJC

17.

PAGE

"

Distribution

Map

370

............

Mustela 1.

M.

sibirica

fontanierii

2.

M.

sibirica

davidiana

M.

sibirica

moupinensis

3.

18.

"

Distribution

Map

424

............

Viverra V.

I.

19.

"

Distribution

zibetha

ashtoni

Map

434

............

Paguma 1.

P.

larvata

larvata

2.

P.

larvata

intrudens

P.

larvata

hainana

3.

20.

"

Distribution

Map .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.518 .

.

Manis

21.

"

1.

M.

pentadactyla

dalmanni

2.

M.

pentadactyla

pusilla

Distribution

Map

541

............

Ochotona

22.

"

1.

0.

thibetana

thibetana

2.

0.

thibetana

cansus

3.

O.

thibetana

huangensis

4.

0.

thibetana

sorella

5.

0.

thibetana

stevensi

Distribution

Map

553

............

Ochotona 1

O.

dauurica

dauurica

.

0.

dauurica

annectens

3.

0.

dauurica

bedfordi

4.

O.

dauurica

altaina

2.

23.

"

Distribution

Map

562

............

Lepus 1.

L.

2.

L.

europceus

sunnhoei

3.

L.

europcBus

filchneri

4.

L.

europceus

atirigineus

europceus

tolai

FLATES FACING PLATE

PAGE

I.

"

figure:

Upper of

of

southern

Outer

Urga,

Lower

The

figure

:

the

mixed

forest

zone,

forty

miles

northeast

forty

miles

northeast

Mongolia. larches

Outpost

Outer

Urga,

of

edge

the

at

of the

edge

forest

zone,

Mongolia

6 .........

II.

Sainnoin

"

Outer

Khan,

Hills

Mongolia.

with

of

patches

timber

8 ...

III.

"

Upper

figure:

Lower

figure

Pass :

Mongolian

the

to

Mongolian

Plateau

Plateau

above

Kalgan.

at

Chinese

showing

Kalgan,

cultivation

lo .

IV.

"

Gobi.

The

Looking Outer

Bogdo,

out

the

over

of

valley

Tsagan

from

Nor,

below

just

Baga

Mongolia

12

..........

V.

"

Yenchingkou

Wanhsien,

near

in

ridge

the

Upper

figure:

Site

haunt

of

of

bat

Edwards's

.

.

.

.

Dr.

Andrews's

camp

and

The

Mekong

valley,

western

.

Snow

the

.

.

Mountain,

figure

:

"

Upper

icus) Lower

stone lime-

{Raiius

Rat

.

.

Yunnan,

western

Yimnan

.18 .

VII.

the

caves;

Giant

feet.

12,000

Lower

the

.16 .

"

is

gigas)

edwardsi

VI.

Szechwan.

eastern

background

figure: at

figure

Artsa

A

:

in

Nor,

The

the of

hay-pile

in

Bogdo,

Long-eared

tame

Tsagan

the

about

Pallas's

a

(Hemiechinus

Hedgehog

Gobi,

.

to

fold

.

dauuricus

.

alasckan-

up.

Mouse-hare

{Ochotona

pallasii pallasii)

at

Gobi.

46

.........

VIII.

"

Upper

figiu-e:Hoolock

border, Lower

Ytmnan.

figure

:

Gibbon

(Hylobates

Profile

Front

view

hoolock),

female,

killed

near

the

Burma

view. of

the

306

same ........

IX.

"

Upper crest

Lower

figure: of

erect

A

live

Civet

{Viverra

zibeiha

ashtoni).

Yunnan.

Note

the

dorsal

hair.

figiire: Head

of

a

Civet

zibetha

{Viverra

ashtoni).

Mucheng,

Yunnan .

XXV

420

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA AND

SECTION

I

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

MONGOLIA

SECTION

I

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

Pago

CHAPTER

I"

COLLECTORS

OF

CHINESE

MONGOLIAN

AND

MAMMALS 3

....

CHAPTER

n"

FAUNAL

AREAS

FAUNAL

RELATIONS

OF

CHINA

MONGOLIA

AND

9

CHAPTER

UI"

OF

ASIA

WITH

NORTH

AMERICA 20

I

CHAPTER

COLLECTORS

The

first

probably

dates

thirteenth back the

Musk

in

Gazelle

species

alces,"

and

the

latter

near

the

of

of

the of

Among

while

stationed

at

of

which

mammals, Indian

This

and

R.

last

which

Museum,

China,

the North

to

British

China,

the

soon

after

(1837)

in

who

1844),

a

sent

very

or

His

Museum. as

well

as

to

brought

also

proved

active

notes

two

new

specimens work the

back

a

took island

in

the the

to

him of 3

who

a

of

number

"Illustrations

of and

sinensis, of

the

few

till much

Reeves,

the

plates

chinensis same

and

The

to

of

middle

the

mammals

are

Lutra

source.

before

China

first

The

British

the

valuable.

or

while

Swinhoe,

interest

from to

in from

species

R.

some

Felis

visits

Siberia

Europe

Rhizomys

but

1830-34, described

of

"Cervus

country.

his

a

list

a

eastern

Museum

pallida,

reevesii

made

Robert

1858,

date

Cervus

1838,

(1853)

about

took

time

bears

subsequently

Beginning

time

work

(1843,

century

Viverra

copies

John

in

named

and

figured

of

contains

of

reach

not

British

the

to

in

that

that

perhaps

was

back

Gray

did

Osbeck's

sinensis,"

number

a

into

range

however,

procyonoides,

Ogilby,

Fortune

that

these sent

E.

Canis

Gray

botanist

in

J.

1829.

chinensis,

China, of

Canton,

sinensis.

lettered

the

from

described

century,

Mongolia

earliest

the

Zoology,"

Lepiis

eighteenth

(1823)

traveled

who

too,

Mongolian

the

1771)

"Sus

nemcea,"

mals mam-

Peter

edition,

on

"Description

time

Hainan;

Thunberg

"Simla

Pallas,

of

with

Chinese

other

the

brought

met

Halde's

first

the

(English

which

from

including

northern

collections

later.

Indies"

East

as

for

gibbon

or

of Du

in

who

and

have

to

mention

Etiropeans

Polo, Khan

seems

such

travel,

Ape"

Sinensis,"

he

apparently

Black the

court

by

Marco

of Kublai

which Brief

of

notices

elaphiis."

borders

important

early

mammals,

"Cervus half

countries.

and

Flora

et

fifteen

to

Mongolia

and

traveler

the

{Moschus)

works

"Great

China

Venetian

the

those

which

the

to

"Faimula

a

1735,

and

"Voyage

few

of China

overland

Deer

of

borders

Chine,"

la

of

days

MAMMALS

MONGOLIAN

AND

mammals

the

journeyed

the

is found de

the

from

of

western

of

knowledge

centiiry

parts

CHINESE

OF

British

on

of

zoology Zoological to

Peiping,

Formosa,

while

that

and

country

Society

of

he

from

London

and

Chefoo, later

service

consular

was

or

in

Kalgan for

to

some

THE

4

time

in residence

collections

in

far the

By is the

Jesuit missionary, Pere

1862, and

at

once

collections

of

kilometers

north

then

was

made as

part of

and

in the

well

as

collector

and an

in

excelling any made

were

atlas

himself

published 1872-73,

attempts

were

In

way.

the

of

by naming in his honor visited than

Chekiang

and

mammals.

Shensi, year

again

not

far

obtained

specimens of still unknown

examples

of

columns,

and

the

various

species

the

genus

with

volume

David

dangers by

in

essayed

additional of

mainly

to

perpetuate

collections,

David

branches

mountains

and

northwestern

Chinese

Later

in other

in the

months

several

"

miraculous

a

faithful

a

htiang-thomcE"! half

a

escapes,

in the

Fukien,

of same

where

exceptional interest, including the first and Typhlomys, described by Milne-Edwards,

parts

of

later

named

the

Paris

at

of

microtine on

all

collected

mountains

other

notes

narrow

many

rat, "Mus

and

collections

(1868-74).

Milne-Edwards

three

in

the

collectingjourneys (see David, A.,

survived

Provinces, but spent

as

in-

new

and

Naturelle

magnificent

a

accompanied

was

Sianfu, making

curious

his had

new

Kuatun

from the

he

on

memory

supposed

1873

from to

a

Kiangsi

In

journeyed he

whose

Tom,"

the

1, these

d'Histoire

"Recherches"

^but he he

August, 187

subject of

He "

his work

In

known

1872a).

poison him,

to

course

well

brief reports

1872,

made

"Yellow

servant,

plates" several

types

Scaptonyx,

and

of

representation of Chinese

a

Museum

the

the

regarded highlands,

unknown

included

These

was

collection

nary

and

new

then

these

extraord

Paris

at

the

at

by Milne-Edwards

of colored

1867-71,

public

various

extraordinary zeal of this indefatigable

made.

previously the

to

reach

to

Uropsilus, Nectogale, The

Museum,

described

who

by

journey, however,

an

wholly

many

bringing together

specialview

on

to

added

Paris

the

in Szechwan,

undescribed.

Rhinopithecus.

resulted

mammals

small, including

made

specimens

sent

first naturalist

year's work

a

Anoiirosorex,

Monkey,

various

remarkable

most

the

was

species previously

genera

Golden

He

nearly

large and other

sectivore

were

of

course

mammals,

David's

Jehol, 200 journey into what at

Saratsi, in northwestern

at

principalityof Muping

the

Tibet.

eastern

a

were

mammals

Peiping in July,

investigations and

undertook

Milne-Edwards,

by Alphonse

them.

1870 into

Peiping,

make

to

time

some

in

arrived

months

spent

1866-68

at

1874,

to

years

of Chinese

several

together with

made,

Consul

studied

were

about

he

French

species among

new

he

in

and

He

actively

begun

Mongolia, residing for

the

Fontanier,

they

Peiping,

collections

The

where

of

some

of

mammals

sixteen

collectors

David.

1864

the

on

also made

species.

new

have In

fauna.

of

period

a

over

Armand

to

seems

the

Chinese

Shansi. M.

extend

outstanding figure among

most

China, and

in South

Ningpo

at

MONGOLIA

AND

published communications

His

Formosa

descriptions of various

include

and

and

CHINA

again

and

Amoy

at

Hainan.

China

eastern

OF

MAMMALS

label of

one

China.

by

Here, Thomas

(now in

the

he

too, as

collected

Microtus

British

the

first

tnelanogaster

Museum),

"rubigin-

COLLECTORS

osus

OF

for

sp.," but

n.

became

famous

a

had

collectors

and

later

collection

science,

for

David

Perhaps

the

foremost

and

in greatly

in

burdening (now

Museum

the

valuable

life and

Monseigneur pithecus and For

many

visited the

by

and at

traveler

birds

China

first

on

embodying

Toward

Dr.

to

his

the

to

China. of years

Naturelle well

as

details

de

as

of

minor

many

on

tooth

dividual in-

and

the

Among of

late

Hupeh

for and

the the

to

R.

was

Zappey

Szechwan, of

Museum

edge

time of

name

Rhino-

Deer.

China

western

extreme

the

others,

Sambar

Walter and

time

striking species of

a

Yunnan

time,

the

a general (1906). In

from

have

of his

most

Courtois

by

Sikawei

while

by Sowerby,

discovery

with

His

contains

Shanghai

at

Museum.

into

Tatsienlu

a

animals.

of these

missionaries

David's

results

and

mammals

made

close

of the

collectingbeen

done

191 1, 1913-14, and

the

accompanied extensive

Comparative of the

little

very

making

Zoology,

Tibetan

but in

plateau

not

1921-22,

which

who

naturalist

as

the

borders

various

medical

and

of western

branches

of

volume

species.

southwestern

zoology,

with of

Most

Yunnan later

atlas, giving

these

were

viously pre-

representatives. centiu-y. Prince Yimnan

across

this

to

of extreme

sumptuous

a

nineteenth

subsequent

interestingdiscoveries,

in

Indian

Tongking,

the way,

in

figures of many

from

on

India

collections

in part

from

mammals

(1879),

from

of his work

colored

the

of the

Anderson

expeditions

the

joiuney

Yunnan,

Paris

with

1907-08

John

1875,

known

in

the

Wilson

of

number

of China in

published

French

mammals

reached

and

descriptions

Ward

H.

and

British

two

1867-68

few

E.

of

freely on

studied

been

important knowledge

is due

a

In

interest

Museum)

Dejean

missionaries

I'Histoire

ungulates

names

work.

mammals

course

769),

p.

excellent

an

Asiatic

the

Touche

Pass.

Our

in

of

Ramala

P.

the

been

has

following

years

eventually

officer

of R.

in

locality-

La

O., 1898,

French

concernant

of many

of the

to

naturalists.

veteran

collections

several

is linked

that

in the

the

D.

brought together, resulting unfortunately

since

work

specimens Biet

he

Heude

have

Tatsienlu, Szechwan, sent

the

as

interest

technical skulls

of

who

on

J.

The

secured

of the

his

intense

nomenclature

which

his

of

the

known

type specimens, account

species.

and

who

Pope, course

in his "Memoires

bestow

to

variations

in

Heude

His

Rickett

services

series of papers

a

him

the

alone M.

H.

5

published.

(see Thomas,

years

in the

MAMMALS

was

C. B.

both

several

of

not

never

Clifford

made

is P.

MONGOLIAN

name

Museum

be

other

led

structure

by

Mr.

was

I'Empire Chinois," bears

for

published

1885-1901

the

there

American

should

the

naturalists:

visited

for the

AND

reason

for

one

was

Mention

from

some

working

it

CHINESE

until

among

work

with

of

northern

to

comparatively

province. the

George lists

of

The

great

d'0rl6ans

years

explorations peaks in

1922,

species

took under-

India, collectinga

recent

snow

Forrest the

Henri

has

of F.

atic system-

Kingdon

of southwestern resulted

obtained

in many

have

been

C.

by Mr.

Heller,

Edmund with

returning

mammals

small

in subsequent

work

in

years.

Dr.

collecting in various H.

Pope

of Hainan

correspondents

years the

British

until in

species at London, the

finance services

work

of

trained

a

of Malcolm and

Japanese islands

Shansi, Shensi, Kansu, upon

greatly

to

in

was accompanied by helped with the collection

who

himself

considerable

done

U. S. National papers

well

as

found)

has

as

in

history

Several of

their

Amicus

native

provinces of collections and

southern

were

in

accompanied reached

Weigold

the

collected

as

1906

and

both

to

undertook

to

The

popular China

In

some

de

an

attempt

Carle

Sowerby,

The

latter has and

he

helped

Chinese

to

natural

establish

to

the

technical

more

(which in

added

and

of this work

and

interest

the

ported brieflyre-

were

Museum

books

Joiimal

first to

1912

Arthur

British

the

taking

now

mention

last-named

years

from

active

an

should

Kwangsi

and

region by

R.

These

1916-21.

expedition into China

naturalist

by Dr. Hugo

Museum

in northern

be

interest

public

a

and

Hopei,

then

were

in

the

into

the

Mell,

led

proceeded

on

up

botanist

reported

by Stotzner,

Weigold whose reported

Important

Austrian

an

in part

Mc-

less-known

Kwangtung.

were

fauna

of Chausu

made

collectingjourneys

Hunan,

"

in the

Dresden

mals. mam-

of Chinese

plateau, Hopei,

resvilts

from

successful

several

Another

1922.

Mongolian The

furthering

whom

made

China,

made

send

small

sent

was

mammals.

in the

recent

among

has

naturalist, in the

Matschie was

land,

the

he

preparation of specimens.

to

zoologists are

who

of Bedford

many

to

representation

Yunnan.

various

for

Shanghai.

at

museum

Chinese

Shih,

his

that

continued

area

and

J. A. C. Smith

through

greatly in

vast

Museum,

his countrjTnen

systematic exploration.

more

of Chinese

general articles

contributed

history, culminating natural

and

and

Clifford

British

among

Duke

secured

collecting for and

Museum,

the

Shantung,

to

Dr.

Hopei,

Mr.

specimens of large and

for

were

general knowledge

a

Anderson

aroused

series of papers

a

intensive

northern

in the

considerable

Grace

collector

Szechwan,

by Thomas

a

up

then

Korea,

he

time

to

Anderson

P.

and

visitingalso the island

area,

of this

parts

His

1904

large

done

traveling through it, so

or

built

Thomas

have

Fukien.

of Mammals

interest

time

from

Museum

this way

In

Burma,

to

of

prosecution of this

the

in

Roy

made.

Keeper

various

from

last-named

were

the

In

Szechwan,

eastern

in the

parts of China

various

Yunnan

his associates

of Shensi, and

Shan

work

Thomas,

Oldfield

late

in

stationed

to

the

given high credit for

be

must

China:

large collections

where the

To

and

Taipai

the

continued

has

of China.

Andrews

17, Dr.

accompanied

collections

prepared

this part

of

parts

in

Shansi,

northern

largest

made

ever

best

and

916-

1

expeditions, and

skilled field naturalist, crossed

a

of the

one

in

Meanwhile

Chinese

first of his

the

tindertook

Andrews

MONGOLIA

AND

(1922b, 1923).

Thomas

published by Oldfield

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

6

collections

in

by

on

1916,

ally eventu-

by Jacobi (1922). the

Yangtze

to

the

PLATI-:

The

southern

Outpost

larches

edge

at

of the

the

edge

mixed

forest

of llie forest

zone,

zone,

forty

forty

miles

miles

northeast

northeast

of Urga,

of

Urga,

Outer

Outer

Mongolia

Mongoha

Shan

Wa He

finally reached

but

been

in the

it may

traversed

who

added

that

there

out

known,

particularly in the

southern

and

northeastern

of the

the

worked.

parts

excellent

The

for the

Field

by

have

southern

extreme

distance

short

report of Dr.

mammals

traversed the

During

importance

St.

specimens four

Gustav

Radde

(1862)

the

on

data

His

obtained

tions, Expedi-

be expected

along

been

taken

but

our

edge knowl-

on

advance

to

latter

half the

to

traveled

a

of the north

and

on

which

of the

Mongolia.

Mongolia, making the

Mammalia

distribution

forms

eighteenth

of

baikalia, extensively in Trans-

volume

Zoological Museum

the

fairlywell

as

Asiatic

have

into northeastern

fauna.

several

to

of

mammals

to

much

mainly

was

countries, including

zoological of the

is of

of many

he

named

species as

new.

of

Sciences

Asia

resulted

Academy

and

were

199

with

chiefly concerned

southern

Alashan;

the plateau of these

only

third a

printed, which

was

and

published by

of northeastern

the

and

the

in part

by Zalensky The

of colored him

at

plates.

also

the

with

the

south,

the

Museum

included

the

Tien to

was

Tarim

702

expedition,

Kalgan;

to

of

logical Zoothese

the to

was

basin.

the

Shan Nan the The

published by

Academy,

completed by

E.

Buechner,

and

Accounts later

of

in

the

Przewalski's

text, in Russian

in Russian

(see Przewalski, N. M., 1884;

on

the

fovu-th,in 1883-85,

Tibet

were

the

to

last

first

Mongolia

to

in part

rodents

His

exploration

an

explorations were

journey.

number

while

the

wing of

new

amphibians.

Kansu

given

were

from

return

in the

(in Russian) reptilesand northern

across

monograph

by

i

likewise

his held

was

into central

expedition, 1879-80, slightlymore

mammals

of the

illustrated

which After

of these

collection and

was

results

later

Przewalski

mammals,

,

third

M.

Academy.

extended

between

country

a

birds

1876-77,

the

Nikolai

new

the

of the

5,010

Shan, Kansu,

"

journey

habits

of

1871-73,

second,

course

his

crossing the border

of many

catalogue

a

from

with

in the

special exhibition

a

mammals,

but

hitherto

Pallas

expeditions of

discovery

jotimeys,

area;

which

little is

highlands

western

Delacour

species are

many

the

went

Museum

and

that

the

mammals,

which

thought

on

and

the

to

here

Petersburg (now Leningrad). The

the

Osgood

of Mongolia.

giving much

both

to

common

His

as

H.

done

observations

and

may

likewise

times

several

collections

from

areas

be

now

explorers have

1855-59,

of Chinese

knowledge

east

mention

to

line.

Siberia, but

years

impracticable

still large

W.

of China,

that

across

Russian

of the

century

border

only

Various

the

country

Zappey.

Sungpan.

at

It is

are

and

collectors, chiefly from

many

to

7

Wilson

by

provinces, although

chieflyin Tongking, indicates the

visited

by the Kelley-Roosevelts

Museum

MAMMALS

Szechwan

northern

opposite direction.

pointed

be

MONGOLIAN

previously

and

Batang

of all those

names

AND

Szechwan,

thus

has

less often

west, the

of

region

China

CHINESE

OF

COLLECTORS

Horse, discovered German,

magnificently

of Przewalski's

German

English edition

is

and translated

in the

English

tions exploraeditions

by Morgan).

In

1884-87,

obtained

specimens

the

for

Giant

who

reported

explorers,

brothers

Grum-Grzimailo, collected

have

1907,

in

while

Ola

Of

northern

first

who

prepared

a

small

mammals

Pope,

whose

of

small

worked

of

volume

Granger,

of

set

in

the

large

intensive

in

Fukien

expedition

species

from

these

of

the

mammals and

areas

full

account

of

work

in

in

as

and

with back

brought as

a

of

years'

important

Yunnan

well

and

work

at

tains, Moun-

Syansk

the

through

Dzungaria,

back

the

to

the a

the

Muzart

is

also

resulted

of

magnificent

to

in

Dr.

Mr.

collection of the

an

Walter

collected also

and

Chinese

Clifford

Mr.

large

H.

collections

Andrews

Edmund

series

in

forming Dr.

and

Mongolian work;

due

duties,

other

species,

brings

narrative

the

and

eastern

desert

forest

credit

localities.

representative

of

in

given

Fukien

aid

in

Andrews

northern

many

series

several

Hainan

these

is

his

splendid

the

the

series

fine the

Especial

series. between

coiu"se

from

and

edge

present

intervals

part in

earlier

the

a

of

of

the

C.

Roy

collection

the

species,

Dr.

by

on

where

Mongolia

different

entirely

to

in

golia, Mon-

India.

carried

resulting

starting

thence

before

Miller

northwestern

and

Mountains,

Hami

the

work

Mongolia,

in

to

J. H.

the

as

shortly

westward

proceeded

Mountains,

Other

western

by

the

to

well

as

extreme

through

then

Barlik

and

Yarkand

extended

the

central

the

Shan

and

Kuldja,

valley,

and

Tien

the

along

and

Altai

Great

the

to

given

1924,

Museum,

southeastward

and

Leningrad.

accompanied British

to

Buechner,

China

in

first

Monkey

were

at

western

to

species

the

Mongolia,

northwestern

crossed Tannu

them

and

1909

journey

for

trip

working

and

in

Carruthers,

collecting

Siberia,

Minussinsk,

larger

a

of

most

Except

hunters.

institution

interesting

of

Douglas

a

that

Kozlov

made

who

1910-11

made

Price,

P.

M.

K.

number

a

the

to

P.

including

Russian

native

the

to

the

were

Golden

the

rarities,

touching

mainly

Szechwan.

collections

through

regretted

efforts

and

Kansu

was

Geographic

Shansi,

northern his

these

other

among

secured

than

rather

Tomsk

at

museum

parts

Przewalski,

mammals,

the

on

of

Russian

the

for and

confined

latter

Szechwan

northwestern

Desert

the

apparently

Panda,

the

and

Ordos

by

MONGOLIA

AND

Berezovski

M.

included

and

Kansu

in

made

Kansu

adjacent

the

and

to

while

Mongolia,

Ssigu

about

region

CHINA

the

visited

former and

Kansu

also

OF

and

Potanin

G.

The

Society.

expedition

an

by

undertaken

be

MAMMALS

THE

8

himself

Heller

in

the

smaller

of

larger

mammals.

his

PLATIC

o M

C o

2 c

'o

CHAPTER

FAUNAL

The

vast

is

Mongolia of

the

roughly

and

fauna of

ranging

shows

one

the

of

fauna

others

fauna and

at

in

part

a

three

;

and

in

largely

for

part the

northern

a

but

long also

(2)

part and

Shensi,

the

but

slight

of

and

of

the

the

the

is

species

the

to

preferred

response

the

component

change,

conditions

of

it is found

where

area

years

ceptible imper-

by

composition

adapted

where

changing

fauna

The

(i)

of

and

intervening

arid

to

Gobi,

around and

the

strictly

China,

including

Kansu,

southward

the

changes

conditions

impossible,

become

including northern desert

area

southern

of

during

fossils

of

the

they and

more

the

and

the

not

of

Hopei,

central

the

lowing fol-

which tends ex-

that

form

edges

of

Mongolia,

Gobi

(3)

the

Shantung, to

the

northeastern

grasslands

eastern

the

left

Mountains and

the

be

forest

Khingan

only

and

long past

must

shows

area

Manchuria

to

approximately 9

its

transcontinental

east

Gobi

of

fauna

northern

the

Asia

eastern

study

present

the

of

edge

eastern

of

the

through

out

divisions:

loop

more

and

become

appropriate

the

mammalian

Mongolia, the

east-west

the

if

as

palaeontologist.

around

China;

the

worked

chief

seven

borders

(3)

out

The

gradual

or

areas

slow

wide-

distribution

millions

preferences

marked

other

to

them

teristic charac-

with

many

malian mam-

are

present

of the

history habitat

gradually

may

of

of

some

the

undergo

off

result

with

(extinction). of

history

be

may

other

; or

die

slowly

unfavorable The

of

and

move

may

end

climatic

the

some

occur

The

north

also

associations

hand,

and

bear,

but

south,

to

other

spectacular.

result

(i) they

open:

(emigration)

remain

more

a

food

the

conditions

(2) they

continue

may

local

courses

(evolution) still

of

the

and

rapid

the

conditions.

geographic,

more

is in part

result

If the

species. have

time

any

black

as

upon

climatic

degrees,

areas.

north

between

On

climatic

and

from

of

of

range

latitudinal

and

one-third

degrees

52

wide

A

with

China

about

and

22

contrasts

and

tiger

looked

be

both

these

varying

is to

changes,

of

as

under

Proceeding

of

constitutes

only

not

striking

many

and

longitude.

east

factors.

another such

species,

modifications of

other

and

of

boundaries

political

square

correlated

presented,

MONGOLIA

approximately

degrees

120

and

topographical

between

AND

the

miles

2,000

Asia,

and

90 is thus

conditions

within

some

of

CHINA

OF

included

area

continent

latitude

AREAS

II

borders

;

northern

of the

eastern north-

Shansi

Yangtze

basin the

species

many

plateau along

Tibetan

of north

forest

limits

southward

Asia,

so

forest

Prominent fir and

larch,

pine

(as yet as

well

by

as

northern

the well

as

of the of

species

are

European

with

associated

open

Beaver but

just doubtless

Mouse-hare

part

parts

of

reach were

the

and

of

Pygmy

but

corresponds

mixed

forest it

with

and

are

rather

a

tatives represen-

in northern

species

probably Neomys of its borders),

slightlynorth

Bear,

bats

represented

are

the

to

genera

genus,

in

in the

the

wide-

pygmcea),

rixosa

{Lynx lynx isabellina).

Lynx

the

small

the

mixed

forest,

southern In

extension suitable

found

represented

in

the

jacutensis) .

of the

forest,

situations

southward

in

of the

northern

and

{Citelluseversmanni

widespread. although

Fox,

rodents, including varieties

Spermophile

more

Red

(Mustela

hyperborea mantchiirica) is the

to

the

across

few, chiefly two

buxtoni)

Weasel

northern

Mongolia

formerly

down

it

closely similar

are

Brown

the

buechneri)

volans

edge

{Ochotona

Mongolia,

include

Eversmann's

the

with

Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) and

Tufted-eared

to

Vespertilio,closely resembling corresponding

and

various

flying squirrel {Pteromys more

this

(Erinaceus) ;

hedgehog

forest

but

diminishing number,

S.

and

this

America.

It carries

(Lutra Intra chinensis) and

Badger (Meles), Otter These

in

central

abruptly

farther way

the

east

of

Gobi;

family Vespertilionidae,belonging

the

Ermine,

the

and

the

rather

way

composing

birches.

northern

of

edge

general

a

recorded

but

European

carnivores

the

forms; Wolf,

ranging

western

across

of the

North

insectivores

borealis

Myotis, Eptesictis,Plecotus, European

Europe,

these, the

Mongolia

in

of them

many

araneus

In

trees

and

oaks

central

from

race

several

Zone

as

known a

Hopei.

{Sorex

shrews not

central

Among

America.

small

the

of the

hardwood

In

it continues

Range

Canadian

and

in northern

of

more

Khingan

series of mammals,

characteristic

North

the

conditions

The

stretches

barren

and

among

by

Mongolia, giving

of

of the

northern

to

boreal

arid

the

broken.

less

or

edge the

and

north-south

of the

Manchuria to

(6)

and

evergreen

southward.

growth

of tree

more

northern

grasslands

open

eastward

the

becomes

the

along

follows

and

edge

it meets

practically continuous

restricted

somewhat

are

it

that

limit

the

from

mixed

The

"

is

latitudes

temperate

Asia

Exirope and

Fauna:

Forest

Northern

The

I.

Kansu

the

finally(7) where

border,

eastern

eastern

or

of

of Szechwan.

highlands

the

its extreme

western

Kweichow;

of

parts and

China;

southern

of extreme

subtropical border

(5) the

borders

by

proceeds

one

as

Hupeh

western

the

from

probably

and

Yunnan

through

south

of

longitude

province

latter

the

of them,

many

subtropical distribution;

the

about

at

include

and

Szechwan, Shensi

begin

which

highlands,

climate,

milder

a

of chieflytropical and

south,

farther

prefer

that

part of

eastern

characterized

border,

southern

the

to

the

including

China,

South

basin

Yangtze

the

from

country

34" ; (4)

latitude

roughly

or

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OP

MAMMALS

THE

10

western

into

the this

Europe

PLATE

III

Pass

to

the

Mongolian

Plateau

at

Kalgan

'0C

Mongolian

Plateau

above

Kalgan,

showing

Chinese

cultivation

FAUNAL

rodents

representing

mongolicus

thrionomys) and

the Roe

To

which

Gobi

southward

the

extends

flying squirrel,roe the

the

south

and

the

such to

of

east

a

the

and forest

The

Gobi:

characteristic

of

the

are

Gobi

and

evidence

seems

period, have

existed

that

for

living types forms

a

become

less continuous of Asiatic

chains this

enclosing

prevailing winds the

Walter

Granger

that

a

and

eastern or

truly

Urga

"

one

to

broad

point belt

of

out

Thus

first passes

type

Africa,

high

at

their

eastward

Gobi

that

a

glacial

the

to

the

must

forestGobi

The

Asiatic

central

that

particularly rodents, degree, implying This of

most

trend

is

south,

therefore,

end.

the

a

effective

very more

represented

higher

factor

a

is

area

genera

of the

perhaps

less

arid

of

side

of the

barrier

from

mammals

farther

cold

eastern

remarkable

but

of

in

barrier

mountain

permitting against

the

moisture.

of these

reports. Gobi

the

crossing

through

range

south

the

altitudes

effective

an

circle the

east-west

of the

ends, while in

To

appears

southern

on

reappear

mammals, a

grasslands forms

southeastern

desert.

of

arid

more

fauna

forms

the

by interposing

volume

side

forested

Hopei. are

more

boreal

of environment.

general end

extract

of

life in

northern

desert

narrative

a

The

mice,

destruction, making

human

the

not

to

extending

in that

western

of the

do

able

series

for desert

from

the

of

most

were

of desert

affinities.

extension

In

that

of evolution

forms

and

the

northern

conditions

the

south by intervening desert, which,

the

it

intervening

other

following

species,if driven

with

adapted

long period

but

in

the

on

species of

the

long period, forming

those

the

by

northern-forest

the

relict colonies

cross

very

except

deserts, bringing

are

to

golia. Mon-

red-backed

and

to

part

meets

forests

as

these

long tongue

a

have

found

not

in

that

Mongolian

unable

were

due

Pacific

of the

Manchuria

their

the

to

Asia,

end,

Deer,

of northern

of central

China

northern

thereabouts,

or

edge

one

eastern

Red

latitudes.

fact

The

"

as

Here, too,

in these

the

in

its

limit, and

its natural

about

2.

Peiping

difficult.

more

such

into

Range

perhaps

find their bounds

that

or

of

broken,

passage

reach

perhaps

wastes

the

across

is fixed

of them

arid

the

skirted

Khingan

west

for most

again

deer, appear

desert, having

parts

skirting

{Cle-

of northern

slightlyfrom

very

the

mice

those

to

"Moose,"

or

continue

species and

from

Elk

{Microtus

Vole

red-backed

differingbut

few, however,

A

barrier.

effectual

forms

these

limit

the

eastward

arvalis), the

Pig,

characteristic

Field

the

{My opus),

the

forest

northern

the

following

coast

of

Most

relatives.

Other

speciescorresponding

three

represented by

are

ji

continent.

that

M.

European

larger ungulates,

Deer

European

an

of

in

MONGOLIA

AND

Lemming

the

perhaps

,

while

Europe,

and

of two

CHINA

out

Red-backed

the

are:

died

since

has

glacial times,

in

OF

AREAS

the

a

the from

southern

Dr.

is not

equally

wide, flat central

C.

Roy

border

portions

southeast

to

Andrews desert

are

throughout,

much

grassland belt, then

Dr.

its northern,

around

northwest

and

more "

Kalgan

traverses

arid to

the

THE

12

desert

dry

is reached

extends

its

and

the

These

parts

over

grasslands the spermophile is replaced by

cauda).

It is

them

and

here,

the

this relation

corresponding

in

that

the

frequents

brandti) is

colonies

abundant

angustus)

shanicus

Stenocranius.

is

The

of

small

hamster

Extreme to

seem

be

northwestern absent

Horse, which

from

just

the

reaches

additional

this

{Alactagulus)has The

from

the

{Ovis

found

thus

Mouse-hare

the

the

central

part

of the

the

sheep

crossed

to

are

Shantung, found The

typical

largely barren volume

to

this

It

desert

occupies

the

described

is scarce,

Yet

the

end

try coun-

of

golia Mon-

Mountain

these

former

penetrate

genus

Sheep central

the

chains

into

ranges

that

times

extended

far, although

so

both

Gobi.

well

Water

not

large

smaller

mountain

in

perhaps

did

apparently

western

as

and

The

sibirica)into

the

with

America,

this

perhaps by following

was

{Microtus

part of

of the

{Capra of

vole

the

reaches

extension

Ibex

trend

Shansi,

country

dry,

but

that

a

by

central Dr.

forage

number

part of Mongolia

Roy

is sparse

of mammals

C. and are

in

Andrews

hardly

cover more

and the

is

first able avail-

less confined

or

Of

larger species the wild ass and the gazelle {Gazella subthe former to this environment, hillieriana)are confined sometimes

are

Fox,

numbers.

ibex

in the

and

desert.

gathering Red

the

great stretches.

gutturosa

Wolves

desert. northern

of this series.

over

Siberian

the

are

far northwestern

is the

also

teristic charac-

a

Przewalski's

molar.

upper

also

subgenus

species

in North

Mongolia,

in the

northwest-southeast

but

together

of

(Ochotona alpina)

Notable

west.

Gobi, following

into

much taken

middle

the

on

tian-

portions.

the

and

widespread

so

group

over

far been

darvini) and

ammon

the

the

several

these

west,

{Microtus

species {M. of

by

upon

America,

Vole

northern

Among

farther

into

considerable

rare,

the

One

and

other or

two

herds,

but

species of fox,

resembling two

types

,

the

tiarata),

campbelli) is

gar us

the

country.

from

area

postero-internal loop

jerboa {Allactaga) is only.

of the

rest

Field third

a

preying

of North

members

are

and

In

eversmafini

Ferret

is inhabited

Mongolia

agrestismongol) representing an

the southern

mongolicus)

while

Brandt's

latter

Gazelle

China.

,

{Mustela

{Cricetiscusson

both

diflfer in their

Mongolian

Europe)

Polecat

the

forest

Marmot

while poliakoffi,

M.

the

larger species (C. pallidi(Marmota bobak

a

Black-footed

the

Both

rarer.

grassland species of

of central

"prairie dogs." as

the

northern

of Bobac

Masked

to

well

as

form

the

is the

spermophiles

colonies

the

(relatedto

found

divisions

are

the

upon

until

proceeds

of

northern

sibirica)are

emerges

spermophile {Citellusdauuricus

small

also, that

one

three

grasslands

southward

range

track

caravan

southern

where

Tuerin,

to

the

MONGOLIA

AND

Mongolia.

of the

{Prodorcas gutturosa) which

which

in northern

Characteristic

Gobi

central

grasslands, over

fauna.

CHINA

OF

of the

country

northern

edge

MAMMALS

of

the

the

latter

one

a

American

consorting

in small

representative of Kit

desert-livingcats

Fox,

are

the

present

{Felis tnanul

and

groups.

widespread in

small

probably

PLATE

IV

o

"a o

m

m

o

o

o

O

FAUNAL

hieti

Felis

pallida) must

=

rodents, such

as

przewalskii)

A

the

have

through

audital and

of

long

become

for

toes

giving

tolai) are

of the

palest in the

bat

northern

and

China:

North

3. wide

stretch

of

Shansi, and

the

(in Thomas,

quite

are

in Shan-si

the of

old

while

{C.

a

rocks

among

desert

of

race

a

Mouse-hare

long-eared

group

Erinaceus

short-eared

lacking, although

singlespecimen

a

expedition

the

taken

by

its extension

the

Ordos

Desert,

of

Kansu,

Shensi,

lar)

ilensis

the

sites along the

camp

of the

of the

the

China, with

Dauurian

the

place

almost

are

was

best the

is

area,

of

loess

of

massive

The

of loess

it passes northern

the of

that

of

streams

larger

north

transcontinental

with

and

Ta-Tung-fu, flow

Shan-si

only

types,

peaks

only

height ; is Of

that in

Shen-si,

Northern

south."

and

brieflydescribed

a

is

figures mostly

loess

neighbour, to

P.

Shan-si

plains. Some

uniform

of its eastern

of

mountains

rivers.

hills of almost

from

may

rocky

Where

soil.

of the

mountains as

are

be

are

Malcolm

provinces

former

conditions

the

wooded.

large upland

Tai-Yuen-Fu,

exception

the

are

of

examples.

gradually some

ft., and

which

over

"The

The

occasional

parts

partly

964) writes:

p.

with

region

from

seen

declining very

a

northern

ranges,

in character.

that

the

and the

portion of Hopei,

coating

which

Gobi

of the

1909,

with

hand,

Shen-si,

of this

under

(Lepus europceus

North

Hedgehogs

the

comprising

10,000

thin

are

season,

other

in

as

{Alticola)and

places.

mountain

country

plains, of

Hsiu-clou

South

different

rise above

comparatively

rainy

Hares

haunt

gohiensis)

shrews

occasional

nnountainous

in the

well

as

often

color, take

southern

Anderson

a

Allactaga

Cardiocranius;

{Ochotona pallasii) lives

grassy

in

country

with

as

Gobi

Cliff Mouse

Crocidura

"

semiarid,

Shen-si

in

as

and

Dipus, Salpingotus

They

the

while

of

ears

Nor.

Tsagan

a

form

pale

a

also

fauna,

and,

external

have

enlarged

usually, much

long

that

living,and

desert

shifting sand.

Mouse-hare

pale

very

,

northern of

on

desert.

in open

out

(Hemiechimis) of the

the

{Eptesicus nilssonii

burrows

makes

does

in

as

with

lation corre-

pallid in

rodents

leaping

of

genera

ilarly sim-

in

extremely

are

tails

long with

ears

footing

in the

as

with

parts of the

Pallas's

desert,

hills,and

sandy deserts, developing stiff hairy pads

of

over races

Phodopiis, have

in the

in correlation

habit

shelter

sought

hamsters,

sand

the

central

and

have

they

tail and

the

various

the

are

short

secure

track.

caravan

is

a

common

lost

associated

with

or

characteristic

are

all

limb,

and

bullae, sometimes

Eudwreutes,

all

at

foot

of western

small

The

nearly

saltatorial

the

developed

have

those

habits, burrowing

have

interesting of

Most

type

to

in

is found

microtine

where

desert,

existence.

habits

these

this

shape of small Vole (Lagunis

Przewalski's

and

the

allied

closely

into

subterranean

developed with

adaptation

forms

underground

of

13

in the

food

abundant

times

at

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

species of jerboa

well

penetrated an

color.

various

which

of

Ellobius,

genus

OF

find

burrowing

.

Asia

AREAS

a

the on

skyline

straight line

the

which

the

of

mammals may

have

this

reached

Gobi,

the

having An

the

of

case

able

species

recent

spruce

hitherto

but

of the

present for

eastern

of

parts

general

the

and

region is the

shrews

are

rare,

of

Sorex

shantungensis

including do

south and

unguiculatiis

partial

are

northern

M.

M.

from

fontanierii ranging in

include

in the

the

Roebuck

Badger

{Meles

in

genus

and

both

are

Myospalax Mongolia and

Hupeh Other

temperate

zone

(Capreoliis) the

Red

meles

leptorynchus)

the

Otter

,

Wolf

{Cams

rodents

such

lupus as

chanco),

voles

Wild

the

Boar

hamsters,

and

psilurus extending the

species, to

southern

more

Szechwan

extends

races,

at

tudes alti-

high

whose

is

range

China,

northern

{Cervus elaphus kansuensis)

Deer

,

the

ilensis

characteristic

are

Hopei,

northern

while

China,

North

types

northern

this

species Meriones

myospalax

and

The

C. barabensis

in

into

genus

of

Crocidura

two

common

mole

(Crocidura) types

northeast.

the

their

europcBUS,

small

smaller

two

borders with

the

a

Kansu,

hedgehog

the

of

In

northern

the

the

southward

accordance

the

the

of

northeastern

north

in

the

Gerbils

mole-rats

into

in their

white-toothed

Kansu,

limits.

slightly differing races.

transcontinental

and

tribution, dis-

Kansu.

in southern

Shan

Insectivora,

northern

south

and

species Erinaceus

triton group

The

Mongolia,

around

limited

"

golia, Mon-

similar

a

in

Shensi

of southern

Shensi,

China;

and

from

latter

these

more

extreme

the

Eurasian

psammophilus

the

Shansi

one

flying

northern

rather

have

Min

the

and

(Sorex)

the

semi-desert.

to

animals,

southward

of

by

parts

in northern

forests

species are "

northeastern

known

larger Cricetulus

extend

not

the

Shansi,

among of

of the

representing

the

and

slightly differinglimits

being

barren

Gobi, occurring

occurs

forest of northern

ranges

red-toothed

sinalis

tendency, less

is the

example

(Eutamias)

Hopei,

Thus

relative

both

of the

probably

,

Shensi

with

is characteristic

close

a

which

of other

southern

particular requirements. Scaptochirus

Another

open

mountain

basin,

across

south

area

in Kansu

to

number

a

east-west

Yangtze

in the

country,

Tsingling of

the

of the

the

the

chipmunks

found

are

these

way,

by

and

they

in

only

The

area.

the

edge of

eastern

southern

more

west

the

Clethrionomys rufocanus shanseius, the only

buechneri)

is recorded

around

range

and

Shansi.

of northern

squirrel (Pteroniysvolans

range

is

MONGOLIA

times.

yet found

mice

forests

AND

slightly

a

east

earlier

or

interestingexample red-backed

with

spread widely

to

Asia, in

of central

of the

in

or

CHINA

by extending their

either

area

been

OF

MAMMALS

THE

14

{Lutra

,

chinensis),the

Intra

{Sus scrofa subsp.)

and

various

of

two one or species (e.g.,Microtus ratticepsflaviventris) Mouse {Rattus norvegicus socer),the Harvest (Micromys) and ,

the

Brown

Rat

the

small

House

,

have

a

River

restricted

more

this part Deer

turning

up

{Mus

Mouse

of

range,

bactrianus at

least

races). Other in

with China, though no doubt {Hydropotes), confined in China

once

more

in

Korea;

David's

modern

times,

once

a

to

the

Deer

wider

China

species of North and

are

Such

range.

Yangtze

(Elaphurus)

River the

peculiar are

bottoms

antlers

to

the but

of which

associated

are

is

distribution

whose

of

forests

of the

Flying Squirrel

the

and

is

faunas

southern

of the

meeting

This

to

as

Flying

{Rattus confucianiis

Rat

paralleled

limit,

Large-toothed

humiliatus.

nitidus

species

sundry

northern

their

Yellow-bellied

Groove-toothed

the

hand,

other find

vestitus),the

s.

15

and

;

the

here

southern

essentially

Squirrel {Tamiops Striped Squirrel (Trogopterus), the common R. other races) and ckihliensis and

northern

On

Hopei.

Tree

the

in Honan

culture

human

ancient

with

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OF

AREAS

FAUNAL

North

in

degree

some

America.

marks

about

the

the

either

the

more

the

South

west,

caldwelli and

M.

the

genera

R.

Ncemorhedus, into

races

A but genus

M. in

all of

Anteater

doubtless Tufted

{Manis

-tailed

reevesii

Hainan,

and

that

,

{Macaca

mulatta) might

southern

China,

and

by

Reeves's

M.

even

the

ferret-badgers

Leopard

of the

termites the

Muntjac

included

reaches

the

of

(Helictis),the of

the

Crab-

{Felis nebulosa),

the

which

is

feeds, the curious

it

Tufted

Muntjac Rhesus

common

here, although it ranges

considerable

uplands

moles

the

Squirrel {Dremomys

Red-cheeked the

and

China.

western western

are

which

on

and

and

distribution

,

crinifrons). Perhaps be

the

Mustela

Capricornis

in the

Such

Clouded

the

of

subspecific differentiation

found

lowlands.

chinensis

Eothenomys,

weasels

genera

of eastern

not

are

genera

(Typhlomys)

Dormouse

highland

episcopus

mentioned

Petaurista,

of

pentadactyla dalmanni),

largely governed

rufigenis pyrrhomerus) tiacus

and

found

are

and

{Herpestes urva),

eating Mungoose Scaly

examples

R.

be

widespread the

ungulates

southeastern

of Fukien

the

of

lower

the

representatives

their

might

Sciurotamias,

among

species or

others

many

Camivora

the

in

bats

a

districts

coastal

lower

various

respectively, Myotis

west

that

highlanders represent

b. szechwanus,

R.

and

fauna

the

of

highlands

nally wide-ranging longitudi-

are

of the

and

and

strictlyconfined

China

the

subspecies

rodents

of lowland

the

to

and

which

of other

to

or

of

a

the

South

that

those

thus

of east

among

alpina,

confined

Mogera

to

Callosciurus,

characteristic

number

are

find

from

among

Dremomys,

Rhizomys, Rattus, Mus, and

parts

species that

those

are

episcopus

luctuosus, and

c.

sibirica

eastern

in

more

are

differing subspeciiicallyfrom

China

e.

the

others

Rhinolophus blythi calidiis

as

and

of

distinguish the

race

There

China.

of

country

Of

to general way wide-ranging species are

corresponds

Many

the

of thus

may

less differentiated

or

and

species

of

assemblage

numerous

more

while

China,

altitudinally,it is usual

southeastern

in

One

highlands.

western

and

a

that,

Tsingling

the

and

drainage

north

of

south

while

fauna,

Yangtze

to

America.

southern

country

portion.

western

of

of

lower

the

to

the

gives place

North

of

whole

of

largely southern,

is

fauna

austral

across

China

34"

about

parallel of

the

way

North

the

edge

this

distribution

whose

of

northern

the

general

a

limit

southward,

Range,

In

"

southern

the

from

China:

South

4.

altitudes

in

across

{MunMacaque extreme

parts of Szechwan.

MAMMALS

THE

i6

teristic example of a species charac{Cervus nippon hoschi) is another The southeastern China, although represented also in Korea.

Deer

Sika

The

of

in

represented beyond

highlands, such

all these

each

watered

feet

or

and

mountainous,

with

more,

the

by

many

east-west

not

is

much

go

in the

western

distribution

a

distinctly

very

The

Yunnan

borders

westerly

winds

the

trend

of fir and

with

spruce

8,000

to

small

bamboo

and to

are

often

primitive, types for

The

to

seem

of mammals

with

contact

of range

at

the

faunal

The

elements,

higher parts,

for

with

peculiar,

of such

case

which

the

On

interchange

in the

of

China

many

to-day.

certain

a

largely

by thickets

Himalayas

asylum

as

producing are

of western

ranges

elsewhere

and

against the

forests

is characterized

afforded

allows

Szechwan

in the

but

east-west

known

not

Himalayas

of the

some

have

the

Tsingling

barrier

a

growth.

north-south

mately approxi-

and

of the

feet

13,000

air currents,

these

levels,

and

geologicallythan

and

contiguous,

middle

is lower,

growth

rhododendron. older

be

they

their

hardwoods

(in Kansu)

opposing

forest

to

is

area

thousand

ten

is marked

chains

from

moisture

up

Szechwan

great

to

running

boundary

thus

south,

This

extending

mountain

its consequent

feet, the

10,000

believed

and

and, by condensing

rainfall with

abundant

Kweichow.

Shan

mately approxi-

include

to

Yunnan

Min

the

west

north

southward

northern

of the

highlands, from

western

in western

remarkable

interestingand

of its ranges

even

ranges on

of the

probably

many

peaks

(southern Shensi), but

hand,

and

others.

represent

most

Shensi

and

perpetually snow-capped.

are

they

By far the

"

southern

Yunnan

northern

of

parts

well

and

Kansu

southern

and

whole

a

is that

of China

divisions

faunal

and

Highlands:

Western

The

5.

an

as

do

of northward

limits

species the

but

case,

bowersi, and

R.

World

also

occurring

east, although

edwardsi,

southern

more

species which

of

number

a

Old

the

element.

austral

of the

by

of

countries

warmer

in the

basin

R. losea, R.

as

slightly in

vary

China

South

Yangtze

the

With

chiefly in

is found

Ratttis

genus

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OF

or

other sion extenas

genera

Soriculus, Nectogale, Chimarrogale, Ailurus, Budorcas,

Ncemorhedus

and

which

the

Himalayas.

present

are

in

Peculiar

to

and

the

related

the

shrews, Blarinella

the

primates,

Panda

the

former,

the

Golden

(Zapus),

well

the

notable

as subgenus although extending

highlands,

to as

are

the

rodents, for

the

the

in

eastern

Rock

mole-like

of Microtus.

The

country

of Burma,

mouse-hares,

of

are

voles to

the

American

of the

the

India); of

carnivores,

the

coast

genus

thibetana

Giant

Jumping as

Eothenomys, of

ranges

and

the

Zapus,

essentiallycharacteristic

Ochotona

and

Scapamdus,

Squirrel {Rupestes),and

relationship to

others,

insectivores, Uropsilus

among more

{Rhinopiihecus) ;

its close

mountainous

the

and

(the latter extending into

Anourosorex

borders

also

Nasillus,

Monkey

Neodon in

highlands

following genera:

and

and

(Ailiiropoda); of

westward

the

are

Rhynchonax

Mouse

and

Chinese

the

Fukien of these

its races,

a

I'LATK

V

Yenchingkou

near

Wanhsien, the

haunt

eastern

of

Site

Szechwan. Edwards's

Giant

Rat

of

bat

caves;

(Ratlus

the

edwardsi

liiiKsiunc

gigas)

ridge

m

ilie

background

is

AREAS

FAUNAL

forest-dwelling species, and The

its affinities

have

to

there.

well

Bhutan

region;

also, but

is

This

is

the

lack as

birds

could

of

perhaps from

which

subgenus absence

of

on

the

main genera

is

the

disappeared

and north source

whose

(for example

of

as

an

the

of

types

and

of

west,

the

Rhesus

low

by of

and

elsewhere

Monkey

and

on

include is

Sambar

at

its

characters while

modifications. in

Zapics

Old

here

only by

as

the

that

these

and

World,

the

survived

has

the

lower

Deer).

most

and

primitive

more

Mountain

Rocky in

Hemmed east, the

for

is

with

goat-antelopes {Budorcas,

of

the

genus

developed,

Procyonidse

America.

in

distribution

have

the

together

country these

in

genera

occur

musk-oxen

and

area

three

represented

intrusives,

main the

The all

the

Erinaceidae;

the

fossorial

noteworthy.

of the

genus

of many

Eothenomys,

may

without is

of climate home

intermediate

elsewhere

out

annectant

elsewhere.

perhaps by

microtines

of and

Talpidas; Parascaptor

many

China

from

genus

the

of

of

tains, Moun-

because

Thus

out.

Parascalops;

shows

practically a Pitymys

an

Bovidas,

of

mole

Caryomys,

Ncemorhedus)

and

died member

tion migra-

types

Rocky part

the

present

elsewhere

member

and

conditions

the

ancestral

have

boreal

in

Perhaps

to

for

highway

where

no

Asia, for

central

and

Sierra

of favorable

remained

American

latter

is

of the

because

have

shrew-like

the

levels

distribution.

that

advanced

Ailurus

Capricornis, Goat,

in part

no

America,

was

glaciersin

advancing

such

North

and

perpetual

there

period

Gobi

the

with

feet

the

by

of

afforded

upper

relict, having died

a

raccoon-like

of

fulvescens

special alpine species.

of

way

south

chains

the

on

and

Neodon

is

members

is

(Ailurus)

of Yunnan

masses

thousand

Pleistocene

the

deserts

in western

thought of

more

The

highlands

Nectogale

and

Rattus

widespread

ten

over

pushed

sea-level

primitive

a

Anteliomys

the

but

be

of

during if

highlands

relative

subgenera

the

indigenous

Panda

small

the

way

species

their western

Soriculus

genera

little in the

mountain

occur

may

is

a

the

been

reach

Serow

lofty mountain

the

very

peculiar types

or

Neotetracus

Uropsilns

of

have

by

of

number

a

to

the

as

Panda;

east-west

their

western

annectant

that

even

the

competitors,

these

well

Himalayas;

Giant

is interesting,

China

possibly entered

it

region, or

as

altitudes

example,

of

south

lack

food,

for

mammals

far

the

mammals,

cross

see,

and

shrews

show

of north-south we

the

in the

because

boreal

whereby north,

Goral

find

summits,

apparently

the

the

reach

that

their

at

snow

here

parts of

Nepal.

interesting to

parts of Szechwan

this

mountainous

the

opposite direction,

Himalayan

occur

not

that

so

the

the

and

Chimarrogale

into

It

Takin

the

there

extends

In

into

spread the

as

found

way

17

here Talpa (T. longirostris)

genus

western,

more

chain.

Thus in

limit

of the

mole

a

are

Himalayan

the

seem

of

presence

as

as

gloveriof

0.

possibly

MONGOLIA

AND

Szechwan.

western

of

CHINA

OP

south

has

part warmer

by

deserts been

the

species

or

latitudes

1

MAMMALS

THE

8

Subtropical

The

6.

Fauna:

distribution, there

just reach its

beyond

the

a

edge of

in the

and

Hainan,

and

the

former;

and

several

well

as

of

and

RoHsettiis, of fruit bats; and

embaWonund of

the

three

island

H.

of

Camivora

of

(P. minor

which

in

species,one

mainland

(Pithecus),and southern

regarded

are

of

is of

of

Hainan,

the

reaches

Indian

southern

China.

the

small,

such

Chiropodomys,

and

subtropical

mammals

distribution.

{Muntiacus vaginalis muntjak

in

R.

Among Yunnan,

rhinoceros

may

No

future

doubt

provinces, except

also have work

Yunnan,

reached

will add have

not

the

the

{Herpestes)

Hainan) P.

across

added

be

;

to

several

yunnanensis, and

southwestern its races,

Belomys Yunnan

while

other

Vandeleuria,

Bandicota,

Muridae, a tially family of essenungulates, the larger muntjacs

the

and

M.

nigripes in Hainan)

v.

the

as

that

southern

considerably been

border,

(Hainan) and

Leggada,

the

subtropical species, as well is some platyceroshainaniis). There evidence as

{Lutra tarayParadoxurus,

might

hainana,

sinensis

of

Stump-tailed

genus

and

electilis

as

members

Hapalomys,

warm-country

than

the

on

widely spread

{Rhizomys pruinosus) just reaches distribution

At

the

mungooses

mole-rat southern

last

southeastern

Yunnan

Petaurista

as

(Petinomys)

the

the

rodents

Many

giant squirrels{Ratufa, in and

Kerivoula

Molossidae.

Otter

{H. iirva)more

other

an

Tricenops

and

from

of the

Pteromys

more

included

the

and

subtropics. subtropical species such as the

civets

palm

Cynopterus

gibbons {Hylobates

and

marica,

include

genera

and

the

of

Taphozous,

as

borderland,

intrusives

as

number

a

in

number

genera,

of the

assamensis

exitus) barely

of extreme

pundatus

pearsonii;

be

Neotetracus

pposideros

(P. hermaphroditus laotum) occurring in Hainan;

flying squirrels, large

and

two

Nyctinomiis

Macaca

species

two

this list,including the

P.

Hi

{Helictistaxilla sorella),the

Yunnan),

from

be

there

Ferret-badger

of two

the

should

tree-

belangeri,in

larger

a

Microchiroptera, species oi

the

possibly, too,

(Lyssodes) the

Lesser

other

various

enter

the

are

and

Hylomys

(Crocidura) ;

Chcerephon and

concolor), just

Hainan;

Macaque Among

one

such

and

peculiar mole, Parascaptor (Yunnan),

shrews

species of langur monkeys

and

subtropical

a

singlespecies T.

shrew-like the

megadermid;

a

Vespertilionidse; and

hoolock

ensis

the

Of

distance

Kwangsi,

Hipposideridse ; Tylonycteris, Scotophilus, Scotomanes,

of the least

of the

short

a

Kweichow,

of Hainan.

are

latitudinal

and

constituting

as

China

tropicalpreference,

penetrate

or

subtropical distribution, including

Lyroderma,

;

longitudinal

Yunnan,

races

species of white-toothed

tropical and

country

island

include

bats

wide

regarded

local

as

insectivores

other

of southern

mammals

with

southern

(Tupaia), represented by

Yunnan

the

the

be

may

in extreme

appears

MONGOLIA

AND

species of distinctlymore

of

These

Provinces

Kwangtung shrews

While

"

number

southern

borders.

which

element,

are

CHINA

types, often

of warmer-country

mostly

that

OF

Panolia in former

borders to

Deer

this

thoroughly

times

may

{Rucerviis

elephant

of China.

list,for

collected.

the

southern

PLATE

VI

Ur.

Andnws

s

camp

and

The

the

Mekong

Snow

Mountain,

valley,

western

western

Yunnan

Yunnan,

12,000

feet

FAUNAL

the

high

passes

narrow

fauna,

The

there. range

red-eared

part

the

upon

the

along

occur

{Marniota the

is

;

several

and

on

up

;

high

oiostolus)

China

of

these,

hoofed

Marmot

from

its

for

of

which

races

the

animal

including

mammals,

remarkable

the

mountains

and

distinguishable

and

which

Himalayan

the ;

larger

albirostris)

{Cervus

of

pruinosus)

digs

only

subsistence

{Ursus it

Kansu

all

if at

find

borderland

the

{Lepus and

transecting

include

and

and

that

found

Hare

Szechwan

Himalayas Deer

Bear

mouse-hares

robiista), hardly

western

the

Grizzly

erythrotis)

of

conditions

from

Black

the

edge

western

White-lipped

known

Gray-tailed

himalayatta

more

climatic

turning

characteristic

a

few,

form

to

others,

supports

swift

by

unite

while

relatively

ancient

mountainous,

parallel valleys

and

are

on

which

Ocean,

nearly

semiarid

of

from

the

watered

partly

some

includes

emerges

scarcely

yet

Pacific

and

burrowing

the

Szechwan;

western

the

narrow

are

(Ochotona

species

to

mammals

species Tibet:

into

southeast,

is

traveler

vegetation,

to

rigorous

the

following

in

subsists

of

species

the

westward

deep,

plateau

withstand

can

as

the

This

although

such

of

a

Yunnan.

western

eastward

of

broken,

scattered

China

Tatsienlu,

near

as

19

border, The

plateau.

northwest

series

MONGOLIA

western

highlands,

and

flowing

form

southward,

extreme

country,

open

grass

AND

Tibetan

great

trending

River

Yangtze

the

its

Szechwan

with

streams,

On

"

more

upon

covered

sparsely

the

the

of

trail,

caravan

of

edge

eastward

the

CHINA

OF

Plateau:

Tibetan

The

7.

AREAS

rough

the

coat,

,

Tibetan

Gazelle

which

picticaudata)

{Procapra

Kansu, Gazelle

(P.

it

is

represented

by

similar

closely

a

przewalskii)

picticaudata

the

northeastward

ranges

,

where

Blue

into

Przewalski's

race,

{Pseudois

Sheep

nayaur

,

szechuanensis) is known enters

to

Chinese

that

territory

Snow

the

specimens is well

sheep

and

doubt

a

part

in

northwestern

this

to

known

have

to

in

ibex,

while

additional

across

the

skins

species

a

extreme

taken

Tibet

at

will

of

of in

frequently eventually

these

province

levels, traded

enlarge

Bactrian

this

which north

Camel

doubtless

for, far

so

preying across

Yak, farther

barren

Szechwan,

the

higher

the

will

investigation species

Wild

slightly

Possibly

west

been

are

and

Kansu.

the

too,

Szechwan,

Future

uncia),

the

actually

range

of

fauna.

{Uncia

probably

and

borders

the

territory

seem

few

of

distribution,

to

Leopard

Chinese

enters

like

a

close

occur

originally

was

it

with

on

into list.

show

heights,

also

although

no

as

recorded,

young

wild

China.

No

CHAPTER

RELATIONS

FAUNAL

A Eurasia

single major

a

this

however,

go,

and

regions

of

place,

far

of

This

out

moist

forest

off

shutting marked

the

"The

Age

of

existed

period, an

two

of

the

Mammals,"

epoch,

continents,

north

which

the

crossing,

have

forced

at

least

in

evidence

many

two

have a

of of such

these

and

was

in

the

of

mammals,

20

that the

end

southern

there took

of

H. a

F.,

tion connec-

the

glacial At

separated. between farther to

to

and

be as

the

make must In

conditions.

seems

the to

times

subsequent

place,

"the

probably

latitudes

congenial

take

to

hand,

connection

during

British favors

such

climate

more

more

interchange

similar

warm,

(Osborn,

completely

warmer

north to

Asiatic of

a

generally

a

southward

periods

is evidence

were

a

Alaska,

region

polar

near

would

it

to

other

climate"

again

Bering

expected

the

the

to

shut

to

moisture be

On

till

be

shores

of

might

from

lasted

species

climate

eastern

species crossing.

only

continent

through

abundant

northern

there of

enabled

cooler

The

shores

way taken

that

would

bringing

edge,

by

so

one

sort

washing

There

America

Pliocene,

the

would while

p.

this

which

have

extent, from

north

the

or

must

southern

currents

244).

of

its

along

the

times

North

and

with

distribution

present

1910,

of

arctic

connection

narrow

cross

the

is almost

interchange

southern

cooler

a

Pleistocene

early Asia

make

of

land

of

evident

the

forest-living

southern

warmer

its

obtains

to

last

as

unite

to

mammals

southward

from

water

Washington.

mainly

connection

the

to

northern

the

types

belt, less

bridge

Current

of

commencement

in

cold

boreal

and

relatively

land

present

State

that

so

were

far

less

enabled

strip along at

the

which

of

continuous

narrow

as

the

when

earlier

a

the

growth, of

a

Japanese

such and

advantage

and

bringing

warm

but

climate

Columbia,

of

current

the

affect

perhaps

northward

effect

that

along

distribution

arctic while

Alaska,

So

forest

of

zoogeographers

Region.

becomes

flora

and

led

amongst

indicate

AMERICA

fauna

has

evergreen

to

seems

the

to

The

any

Strait,

marked

forms

and

northern

other.

is most

mammalian

Asia

was

species the

that

of

northeastern

America Holarctic

the

transcontinental

lost.

completely of

likeness

the

community

the

division,

NORTH

the

between

North

northern

WITH

ASIA

similarity

of

those

and in

both

OF

obvious

CERTAIN

III

the

indication one

would

RELATIONS

FAUNAL

species of

the

expect,

of the

those

than

of

may

and

is

World

is

from

S.

or

reaches

great

part

Myotis

of

from

of the

now

Old a

to

the

is that

of

the

present

time

ever, how-

in the

confined

northern

to

golia Mon-

its

America,

together with

a

wide

Asiatic

the

from

in

species

of

Canada

in forested

Camivora,

Procyon

The

corresponding back

goes

similar

is well

Its

Pliocene

northward

raccoons

in in

the

south

small-footed

and

to

dark-based

califor

nicus

that

the

northward

fur group latter

species to southern

extreme

to

in

of the

and

distribution

China

eastern

southern

Alaskan

times. occur.

and

An

their

tropical America, the

then

connections

land

conditions

latitudes

to

the

M.

the

since

possible for the

correspondences

represented

the

highlands

climatic

the

although

when it

present

Chinese

the

case,

time made

extreme

continuous conditions

indicates

again

a

north

Procyonidce,

extending areas.

at

the

to

was

peculiarly

its

for the

short-nosed

somewhat

between

the

representative

range

American

perhaps

the

warmer

northward,

western

lucifugus,

northward

little

with

bats,

M.

species are

Chinese

the

which

5. minutus

the

of

these

descendants

World.

New

previous

group

the

whether

other

ranges

very

farther

stock

in

gap

family

under

borealis,

araneus

Among

the

time

moupinensis and

but

be

correspondence

interchange perhaps

Turning case

cases,

S. arcticiis group

Among

which

modern

tips, and

rigorous than

more

of

counterpart

to

former

that

the

close

the

to

in the

as

The

coast.

to

muricola

this

shows

for

ences differ-

fossils,as

now

Sorex

relative. the

seems

extend

temperatures

the

two

Alaska,

of

North

uncertain

Labrador,

to

some so

forced

The

from

slightlywarmer cross

at

relationship,

near

derived

were

are

able

has

contrasting reddish a

sented repre-

the

other, although

appear,

similar

seems

World

America

bridge

was

latitudes.

suggests

of

Shrew,

very

it

but

Fukien,

Possibly

long-haired Myotis and

Zone"

distribution.

in

North

land

the

by

Alaska

from

western

increasing cold those

other

fauna

forest

Saddle-backed

is doubtless

southern

more

ancestor

common

south

cases

that

the

shape

correspondences

New

limit from

tree

ancient

an

the

"Canadian

Scotia,

similar

a

Alaska.

across

the

to Nova

has

volans

southern

In in

distribution, but

When

America

in northern Alaska

f rater, described

of M.

in the

presence

such

similar

represented

now

the

many

Myotis daubentonii

which

of

that

Insectivora,

buxtoni

Eurasian

the

with

of

in many

are

closely

so

circumpolar

Canada.

the

represented

is found

the

to

of disharmonies.

number

Among

21

farther

subspecificvalue.

former

of

once

equivalent,

of not

are

of their

Asia

forms

by

than

more

northern

compared

smaller

all

musk-ox,

Greenland

New

one

found

are

in northern

America

continent

evidence

be

of the

case

if at

hardly

are

those

AMERICA

one.

North

in northern

NORTH

WITH

immigration

living species of mammals

The

there

earlier

the

later

ASIA

OF

United

only representative in Asia

States

is the

outstanding kin. with to

small

At a

the

single

southern Panda

MAMMALS

THE

22

CHINA

OF

AND

MONGOLIA

to the highlands of at present confined (Aihirus ftilgens) There must the adjacent portions of the Himalayas. and

a

one

continent Other

later.

wide

comparable

range

emigration

older

the

American northern

size difference

marked

although

and

races)

cicognanii of northern forest

while

area,

the

specificallyrelated Sable

the

American

to

conservative

finds

its counterpart

America, Weasel

the

rixosa

M.

zibellina

a

americana

Canada

the

Lynx,

Coming

to

close relative smaller

red

forests

the On

C.

in the

{Pteromys

its counterpart differences the

other

parryi the

tree

hand,

group

that

chipmunks mice

the

The .

sub-

Probably, the

to

Marten golia Mon-

of Alaska

but

by of

perhaps

so

regarded

similar

relationship can

are

are

evidently

several

place

the

hardly near

the

{Clethrionomys),forest-livingspecies,the

members than

more

two

northern

Mongolia

Alaskan

interestingcontrasts.

occupied by

no

the

Asiatic

subgeneric

northern

be

for

has

fur countries, but of

relatives

is

Eurasia

generically distinct

as

most

at

to

of

American

of the

considered

closely

striking contrast,

a

its

ground squirrelof

{Eutamias)

microtines

M.

evergreen

Beech

species

flyingsquirrelof

is currently

best

common

the

similar

of northern

forests

forest

but

belt of America,

probably the

distinct

a

Ermine

relation

the

evergreen

their

duration,

area.

lynx

squirrels show

{Glaucomys sabrinus)

are

the

as

a

those

clearly but

similar

The

transcontinental

the

subsp.)

jacutensis) is

Among backed

the of

evergreen

volans

in

same

to

implies.

rodents,

squirrel(Tamiasciurus)

eversmanni

and

the

vulgaris (and races)

Sciurus

from

this

in

in Fox

World

of the

is

an

Red

from

closely

races), but

and

regarded

present

at

relationshipthan

stands

World.

New

{Lynx lynx isabellina)is replaced closer

of the

races

races)

in the

the

a

bears

short

Old

pygmcea)

rixosa

and

of

similar

relatively

in

with

with

came

The

so

types. The

the

latter fact and

presence

are

and

than

americanus)

species characteristic

{M.

and

(M.

represented

of

separation

a

other

specificdistinction

whole

Pygmy

Martens

is not

Asia

close

a

markings,

times.

Tertiary

merit

to

American

animal

first

of northern

Wolf

North

{Martes

Pine

(M. foina)

on

are

erminea

{Mustela

the

although

hardly

as

implying

congeners,

canids

the

the

mentioned

This

the American

that

relatively late

the

and

America

North

World

in

be

to

{Vulpes vulpes subsp.) of northern

indicate

may

{Euardos Alaska.

to

be

be

hardly

Bear

Mexico

from

cross

with

to

shoulder

pale can

to

lasiotus)seems

ardos

similar

Black

Pleistocene,

than

supposed

is

America

too,

(Ursus

with

forms

kinship

time,

a

widespread,

more

was

of Zapns

closer

even

Bear

from

group

China

been

have

ancestral

is that

case

show

Grizzly,

representativeof

Asiatic

New

the

thibetaniis, in spite of its larger size,

Euardos

the

similar

Brown

American

the

enabled

Camivora northern

the

the

of

relative

A

other.

eastern

Thus

species.

the

to

Tertiary, north

in the

connection

land

and

later

in the

back

far

probably

when

southwestern

on

both

Thus,

value.

{Citellus of

the

subspecific, sides. of the

species of

red-

northern

Mongolia

is not

type

caniis

In

arvalis

M.

the with

four

but

America

molar.

for elsewhere

second

abundance

type

of

may

may

reached

Mongolian the

the

to

Black-footed not

closely

the

mouse-hares

subgenus The

close

a

in

but

and

also On

the

other

well

looked

hand,

side by

The

Wild as

American

the

history. Ice

Age

have

and

by area,

Camel, related where

Remains

forms, both

of

while

two

and

of the and

to

were

both

genera

both

sides

Siberia, might New

the

on

the

Moose.

Mongolia,

western

extreme

probably immigrants

in

are

World.

represented

in

went

eastward north-

in western

longer represented

no

groups

both

region,

ranges

appear

in

represented un-

parts

warmer

Baikal

the

which

Deer,

the

indicates

areas.

group

are

the

belongs.

Strait

in southern

Elk

subgenera namely,

swine, is wholly

wild

expected

przewalskii), of

{Equus

a

Musk

the

hosts

two

mantchurica

Bering

unrepresented

relatives,the Wapiti

near

the

common

are

related

the

Asiatic

America,

of

Sus,

been

now

it is

relation

The

three

Mongolia

The

of the

special enemy in

enemy.

the

sides

mainly to

both

Deer

it

that

Marmot a

find

which

North

genus

it is

Deer,

but

Red

Bactrian

that

the

northward

Roe

or

this

In

hyperborea

0.

southward.

for,

the

Horse

continent from

the

of

one

livingspecies of

Siberia, might

while

been

the

to

The arvalis

are.

both

on

but

America,

eastern

America, have

American

as

North

World

has

tiarata).

of western

group the

M.

Bobac

and

colonial

predators

Mongolian

Europe, ranging

into

North

or

mammals,

hoofed

abundant

more

the

this northern

the

in the

is found

eversmanni

forms

affinitybetween

Among of Asia

which

to

of

more

the

various

Europe race.

the

New

the

reach

less

(Ochotona) only

the

by

Pika

presence

again

allied,but

of

exclusion

the

on

New.

association is

pennsyl-

northern

Mongolian

is the

the

to

first to

the

was

in

represented

mongol

a.

continent,

the

Microtus

postero-internalloop

{Mustela nigripes) a particular

Ferret

is represented

is

into

far

formed

similarly

a

is of

in North

is found

States

prairie dogs {Cynomys)

American

very

Of

extended United

America

{Mustela

Polecat

not

type M.

the

which

grasslands,

Masked

similar

are

it from

interestingparallelin

An

in

that Old

the

rufo-

mongolicus,

M.

by

type

with

the

additional

an

which

in North

type

evidence

be

have

This

agrestis,of

this

and

latter

This

Alaska,

of

apparently

of Canada

Mongolia

molar.

upper

species with

C.

Asia

of northern

form

common

northern

It has

molar. M.

by

in

second

operarius

dominant

upper

Asia

the

M.

most

over

is the

vanicus

and

in the

for the

(C dawsoni),

one

23

World.

New

represented

type,

prisms

upper

the

but

by

(Microtus),

mice

represented by

second

Alaska

from

known

meadow

the

in

represented

are

AMERICA

NORTH

WITH

ASIA

OF

RELATIONS

FAUNAL

through known

mofet

from

of

the

North

tocene early Pleistheir

tionary evolu-

deposits

of

the

in Alaska.

These

close

relatives

on

of

Bering

Strait

indicate,

then,

a

THE

24 former of

MAMMALS

continuity

of range

comparatively

so

has

A

latitudes groups,

climate

at

farther

and

so

and

the

in the

evidence

that

they A

relative

Parascalops, Eastern

of

North

highlands,

States

are

Asia, the

in

warmer

to

afforded

range

to

cross

Pliocene, when,

America,

moles, the but

Scapanulus, North

eastern

of

the

and

the

{Peromyscus)

is

the

wholly

with

China

tails shortened Cricetulus

is

in

widespread

its closest allies in North

or

and in

fossil

eastern

(Scaptonyx),

to

and

widespread

also An

part are

a

open

America,

the

northwest

northern

large flying

confined

all

animal,

China

Callosciurus,

genera

to

eastern

is

seen

white-footed

common

forest

and

Chinese

western

The

of the

Asia

interesting contrast with

long tail,

ground-living or burrowing

species reduced over

Mole,

is that

and

the

close

no

North

American

wholly

America

Mongolia

some

the

forest

separating

now

eastern

members.

China.

in

of

of the

continent;

North

of

in

of eastern

American

are

has

Brewer's

gap

part

Sorex,

genus

Shensi, Kansu,

to

ally

China

Mongolian of

is

there

eastern

parallel case

its close

latter

in

China

wide

ties similari-

Crocidura

genus

in the

related

the

few

of the

highlands

Neurotrichiis

Sciurotamias

last almost

the

the

of North

somewhat

squirrelgroup North

in

unrepresented and

A

closely to

rodents,

recall

found

although

species

absence

that

so

mole

the

few

a

in the

Eutamias,

The

rather

by

distantly

striatus),of

from

America,

early Tertiary ;

found

not

America,

represented

America,

{Tamias

persist at

interesting to

lately been

North

apparent and

long standing.

similarity to

three

be

to

has

also

they

too, it is

Scaptochirus

genus

is beheved

also in western

present for

area,

North

in

is the

contrast

cricetines, for, whereas

genus

ancestors

in the

were

Asia,

eastern

China

occiured

Rupestes, Dretnomys,

the

related

still

a

sponding corre-

Washington.

of North

America.

Among

squirrels

forms

to

of

have

is related

little

mouse

areas.

of

between

thus

perhaps

was

intervening

survive

generically different

the

their

two

those

with

opportunity

United

hedgehogs

Chipmunk

western

in

connection

this connection,

State

in North

is doubtless

shows

of the

the In

now

of the

in America,

coast.

of the

with

entiation differ-

great

,

confined

further

Of

Szechwan,

now

forms

China

possible for

was

connection

across

may

group

Siberia.

them

older

least, no

greater differences land

quite lacking, although represented

diversified

and

it

This

Insectivora

No

Korea.

and

tree,

the

appear.

a

that

themselves

China.

Tertiary

Among

and

shows earlier

an

avail

doubtless

ginkgo

late

is also

northern

continents,

the two

at

cases,

representative

of

America

between

bridge

in most

the

in southeastern

found

now

present in southern that

that

mammals

of

land

a

MONGOLIA

,

others

Europe

the

AND

by fossil remains, such trees as the bald cypress {Taxodium), the (Liriodendron) honey locust (Gleditschia)sweet (Liquidambar) gum

tulip tree and

date

of North

direction.

shown

as

a

probably higher latitudes, so

north

in either

way

between

place of

comparison

CHINA

of

by

recent

taken

indicative

OF

country

to

a

and

mere

stump.

invades

the

Thus

desert,

FAUNAL

while

of

feet

the

The

burrows. wood

of

of

their

is

and

Szechwan

in

it is at

ground at

porcupines

and

Capricornis,

named

America,

closely this

In

of the

forest

northern

distribution

northern

and

are

much

group

latter

its

group

has

changes resulting

lack

of

similarity been

in

to

a

some

types

similarity

at

The

for and

the

those

of

two

present

America, of

genera

Ncemorhedus,

"

be

to

none

as

looked

the

firstin

appears is doubtless

of

member

a

Pleistocene,

a

far

the

present

to

cases

of

mammals

their

obvious

of close

southern

more

unrepresented

recent

more

separated

in many

either

related.

distantly

at

although

regarded

the

while

that,

World,

are

remnant

a

"goat-antelopes"

but

the

Zapus

for

(Oreamnos)

in

Asia

Of the

though

Greenland.

said

New

China,

western

more

owes

the

be

to

gerbils

from

be

may

Amurland,

Goat

also

northern

correspond

zone

in

in

be

in

by

ecological

known

genera

Bovidae,

Mountain

and

then

the

but

Asia,

while

doubtless

are

abundant

in

Dipodomys.

though

three

and

north

American

of the

These

Siberia

probably

found

America

it may

general

Mongolia

arctic

of

Rocky

musk-ox,

nevertheless to

of

borders the

with

China.

the

fill the

times,

World,

most

reach

porcupines

tree

Old

Asia, in

again

in Pliocene

distribution

members

primitive

the

The

found

"

southern

The

was

confined

China.

southeastern

although

related.

group,

now

of the

reaches

North

in Budorcas

survivals

as

upon

in

occur

centers

present

in

unrepresented

are

the

to

World

Mongolia

of

(Zaptis),

The

areas.

of

etc.)

related This

place possibly

that

habits,

species

mouse

different.

intermediate

other

hand,

took

desert

closely

so

subgenerically that

parts

by

genera,

found

are

subterranean

jumping

but

Old

of northern

Allactaga, Dipus,

the

China,

species

it

absence

chiefly tropical

relatives

America

and

leaping

by

of

case

of

but

from

other

the

World

No

similar

of

Rhombomys,

is the

or

North

China

northern

New

distribution

it is unknown on

the

most

of western

related is

three

which

the

the

to

and

the

is taken

explain

confined

Rattus

genus two

World

part

and

in

sand

on

New

Rattiis

conditions.

Myospalax

highlands

wider

a

only

{Meriones,

interest

special

that

the

in

is

Mtis,

Thus

natural

may

genus

with

occupied

taken

latter

the in

25

pallid coloring

progress

in

which

AMERICA

with

for

Peromyscus

types.

under

NORTH

genus,

hair

in distribution

genus

jerboas

niches

of

including

(Thomomys)

gophers

niche

WITH

murine,

The

Muridae,

latitudes

arvicoline

the

of

of the

temperate

pocket

by a

cricetine.

warm-climate

temperate

ASIA

pads

occupied

(Apodemus),

rest

them

south

with

provided niche

mouse

the

OF

typically desert-living

a

forest-living

a

like

is

Phodopus

soles

the

RELATIONS

their

or

conclusion

continuity

of

relatives

of

latitudes,

in

counterparts

is that land

area,

longer period, allowing time extinction time.

or

increase

in

northern

the

former

while for

the

tionary evolu-

others, with

a

SECTION

II

SYSTEMATIC

THE MAMMALS

ACCOUNT

OF

CHINA

OF

AND

MONGOLIA

SECTION

ACCOUNT

SYSTEMATIC

OF

THE

II

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

Page

CHAPTER

IV"

ORDER

INSECTIVORA.

ORDER

CHIROPTERA.

INSECTIVORES 29

CHAPTER

V"

BATS 150

CHAPTER

VI"

ORDER

PRIMATES.

ORDER

CARNIVORA.

LEMURS

MONKEYS

AND

279

CHAPTER

VII"

CARNIVORES -

CHAPTER

VIII"

ORDER

PINNIPEDIA.

ORDER

CETACEA.

ORDER

NOMARTHRA.

SEALS,

312

-

.

SEA-LIONS 490

CHAPTER

IX"

WHALES,

PORPOISES

DOLPHINS,

494

CHAPTER

X"

SCALY

ANTEATERS

OR

PANGOLINS 514 ...

CHAPTER

XI"

ORDER

RODENTIA.

GNAWING

MAMMALS 523

CHAPTER

ORDER

IV

INSECTIVORA

mSECTIVORES

The the

Order from

stem

small

teeth

to

of

entepicondylar resemble.

incisors

incisors

in

reduced

as

is

the

a

symphysis

The

structure,

shrews

in

China

by

shrews, Asia, in

the

in

and and

a

living and

of

Africa

single

origin

of

a

the

few

the

by

Tupaiidse

south

of

The other

from

and

the

Sahara.

The which

the

hand, forms, the 29

are

as

very

well

Uropsilus,

shrew-like

lent equiva-

or

even

the

pubic veloped. unde-

details are

confined

to

elephant

or

is represented

include

represented

types.

which

Menotyphla

shrews,

which

The

in

significant

former

as

Their

part.

which

so

few,

a

the

Macroscelididae

Lipotyphla,

the

processes

The

tree

of be

indicated in

but

or

the

roots.

postorbital

(1910).

Gregory

the

well

a

of

may

almost

as

minute

they and

in

large

a

Lipotyphla, the

(the

snout

double

in

as

humerus,

Menotyphla,

process

other

habits,

primitive

mole-like

and

many

families,

arboreal

species. on

eye,

forth

mostly

hedgehogs, include

set

the

and

contact

in

the

the

although

regarded

some

respects,

perforation

canines

form

primitive,

structtu^e

arrangement

have

insects

postorbital

in

differ

by

more

the all

at

groups

two

Asia

found

long,

not

or

a

the

about

admirably

by

southeastern

ring

two as

represented

namely, is

complete

divisions,

two

orders,

barely

are

into

the

The

may

which

type, above

enlargement

an

forms,

some

and

in

nature,

a

and

in

tubular

of

are

jaw

similar

of

in

rows.

developed

animal

have

usually

in

each

other

condyle

to

transverse

altogether

well

are

an

readily

pubic

forming bones

disappeared

the

canines,

the

of

of

in

distinct

a

to

groups

members

generalized

a

are

sundry

of

results

of

expense

molars in

tend

which

instead

they

separate

Insectivora

jaws,

the

have

to

chiefly of

of

the

side

of

(eleven

the

presence

inner

Its

is

system

which

the

the

the

lengthwise

falls

group

of at

hedgehogs,

food

of

whole

a

and

arisen.

number

and

marsupials,

at

have

full

placentals,

brain

the

action

anterior

the

of

the

living mammalian

among

reproductive of

quite

or

foramen)

As

forceps-like

their

;

carnivorous

the

formation

the

size

nearly

nearest

mammals

placental

characteristic

of

those

stands

the

minute are

below)

and

which

even

or

their

Insectivora

show Three

the in

moles, eastern

the

families

steps of

MAMMALS

THE

30

this

Key

by

encircled Form

B.

not

a'. b'.

small

a

orbit in

square

central

orbit

completely

encircled

not

outline,

by

ring.

bony

a

consisting of four

sub-

Erinaceidae

cusp

without

molars

of upper

Crowns

b.

with

cusps,

nearly

molars

of upper

equal

; skull with

Tupaiidae

tail close-haired, squirrel-like,

Crowns

a.

Insectivora

Mongolian

and

distichous

and

shrews.

ring

bony

a

Chinese

of

well-haired

tail squirrel-like,

Form

A.

Families

the

to

the

and

moles,

their allies,the

and

hedgehogs

MONGOLIA

Mongolia, representing respectively, the

and

China

in

found

are

group

AND

CHINA

OF

fifth central

a

cusp.

usually fossorial

Zygomatic

arch

complete, form

Zygomatic

arch

incomplete through

Talpidae

jugal ; form

loss of the

more

less

or

Soricidae

"mouse-like"

TUPAIID^

Family

SHREWS

TREE

Shrews

Tree

They

by day.

with

habits

a

are

well

foot

and

and

developed

elongated,

is somewhat

squirrels,however,

Unlike

structure.

retaining arboreal

placental mammals,

of

the

and

rather

all

have

they with

provided

ears

active

squirrels are

like

and

appearance

primitive

most

hand

the

muzzle

the

claw;

the

generalized

fingers of

five

squirrel-likein

are

sharp

a

In

short.

the

skull, the orbital ring is complete.

Genus Linn.

Tupaia Raffles, Trans.

species not

which

in

of the

smaller

ear

with

lower The

the

upper

W-shaped A

of Hainan, area.

The

ginea) of

type

Sumatra.

very The

is divisible

into

species of the

the

well

upper

canine the

genus

is

midline,

three

rather

genus

is T.

across

lobe

The

haired.

tooth

larged, slightlyen-

are

smaller

above

snout

lower

the

incisors

those

to the

squarely

cut

nose

than

the

of

primitive pattern cusps, and subtropical in

tropical

neighboring large

Asia, including the southern

Tupaia

distichous,

scantily

and

The

=38.

southeastern

singlespecies reaches and

in the

proclivous, the show

restricts and

top of the

portion,

commissures. to

on

backward

upper

and molars

(1913)

throughout,

area

i.f c.j pm.f m.f

narrow

distribution, confined islands.

the

than of:

consists the

incisors.

naked

1821.

Lyon

haired

being slightlyprolonged

of

formula

the

256,

13, p.

shrews,

tree

tail is well

the

especiallyelongated,

instead

vol.

London,

of the

his review

In

Soc.

Raffles

Tupaia

borders

poorly

of China

marked

ferruginea

and

forms

Raffles

{

=

the

island

in this wide

T.

glisferru-

INSECTIVORES

THE

Fig.

31

Distribution

I.

Map.

Tupaia 1.

T.

belangeri chinensis

2.

T.

belangeri yunalis Key

A.

B.

Light

shoulder

General

tint above

b.

General

tint brownish

Tupaia

chinensis

belangeri chinensis

upon

J. Anderson,

Tupaia

belangeri

Anat.

"

founded

and Ann.

Zool.

Mag.

Anderson his

grayer

belangeri chinensis

Tupaia

Thomas,

specimens: he

of

T.

stripe obsolete, general tint above

Tupaia

which

Races

greenish

I.

Type

Chinese

belangeri modesla

stripe evident.

a.

Shoulder

to

T.

3.

Researches Nat.

Western

Hist., ser.

mentions

two

belangeri yunalis

T.

belangerimodesta

J. Anderson Yunnan,

p.

8, vol. 13, p. 243,

description: No.

belangerichinensis T.

129,

1914;

individuals 204a,

from

pi. 7, figs.8, 9, 1879. ibid.,vol. 14, p. 472,

procured by Ponsee,

Btirma,

1914.

him in

THE

32

MAMMALS

No.

alcohol, and

(Cat. Mammals

Yunnan Dr.

to

Lyon,

with

or

longer,

stouter

yellow.

At

the

from and

the

hairs buff the

hairs

basally. limbs,

similar

where

are

of the to

pale

"

"

above, from

snout

very

slaty bases

neck

under

Muangla,

1881).

155,

ing Accord-

Museum.

tail,including

in the

The

middle

the

region

individual

hairs

or

without

back

the

side from

pale the

hairs

extends

is

Collectors' T.

of

is clothed

apical chin

to

with

vent, and

slightlypaler

short

third, but

with

short

measurements

belangerichinensis

back

slightlydarker appressed

paler ochraceous the

lower

the

thinly clad

of the are

tip of greenish

streak

above, becoming

shaft

tail in the

minute

a

hairs with buff, slaty bases except and inguinal region, the interramal arms. area,

very

backs

the

yellowish portion of

surface,

of the

from

terminal part pale greenish greenish-yellow portion; and slightly

the

tail is like the

ochraceous the

a

i, p.

to

numerous.

and

adult

an

Indian

slightlydarker

more

terminal

rest

the back, but

Measurements:

still in the

with

entire

chest,

of

short, ill-defined

its lower

The

skull

and

chiefly black,

The

like the

MONGOLIA

of the

the

tip; on

colored

midline

side

are

AND

Calcutta, pt.

Mus.,

ring dividing

extensive.

more

toward

black

a

the

ear,

hairs

black

shorter, with

the

kinds:

yellow

color

olive gray,

feet, an the

where

back

skin

probably

are

General

"

and

the

c,

Indian

these

Description: of hands

two

and

204b

CHINA

OF

sides on

hair.

of two

races

are

as

follows:

of the

Ears

INSECTIVORES

THE

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

and

Occurrence uniform.

by the

the

True

and

Mr.

and

the

tudinal

border, the

nanfu,

not

and

Yunnanyi. with

extend

Little

seems

grassy

squirrel. seeds

and

various

b.

to

other

across

by

R.

others

collected

for the

River

Mekong from

the

last

farther

north

than

the

notes

that

stomach

to

of

first

the

he

saw

habits

one

collected

of animal

a

alti-

Burma

mountains

the

localities

British

wide

the

on

Tali

Yun-

Lake, show

of the

tone

of this

time

much

his Yunnan

on

patches of fruit, and

leaves, indicating forms

one

a

C.

inter-

back.

It

Likiang Range.

apparently also spends the

and

about

three

slightlywarmer

concerning

River

Range

very

recorded

it has

that

and

yunalis

be

Shan

Namting

Likiang

the

on

the

and

at

as

belangeri

ferruginous coloring Dr.

in the

clearing close and

feet

levels

firmed con-

States

indicates

Museum,

Specimens

tree-living,but

The

as

later

of T.

collected

North

large well

as

lower

from

are

much

(1879)

Anderson

a

T.

the

10,000

or

Others

It is in part

a

9,000

from

east.

gradation does

to

Heller,

and

series

in the

A

race

of

lack

complete

its rather

by

by Lyon

slightly differentiated

a

occurs

National

S.

indicated

as

its almost

Yunnan.

Edmund

U.

distribution, up

of

is characterized

shrew

and

above,

TUPAIA

OF

tree

b. chinensis

part

Museum

in

T.

southwestern

Andrews

to

color

differingin

Burma,

back.

This

"

(1914, p. 243), is

Thomas

of southern on

Habits:

oUvaceous-gray

33

that

Heller

he

at

the

species in China. on

the

ground.

Expedition first mistook

River

was

it for

on tained conMekong by partiallyvegetable diet, although insects

life doubtless

constitute

its chief food.

Specimens examined: Yunnan

:

Chiho,

miles

twenty

; Yunnanfu,

of

Description: Similar much

a

tone,

warmer

particolored hairs,

the

darken

specimens

Measurements:

T.

from

the

the

Museum

of

secured

Canton,

in

observes

that

There

the

learn

its

of it

are

no

in

Tupaia

modesta

belangeri modesta

1903.

has

of the

the

color

along Shih

shrew

the

p.

also same

southern

extreme

2) records University,

and

Chinsiu.

Hainan

tree

southern

there;

presence

the

by

Yatsen

Loshiang than

ince, prov-

specimens only

(1930,

Sun

in extreme

implies its

the

the

decided

a

locality,whence

type

distance, for

at

of

parts of the

and

eastward

Kwangsi, tree

shrew

specimen obtained

one

in chinensis.

as

tree

western

the

some

stripe is less

33. the

darker,

in

nor

He shrew.

Kwangtung, did

Swinhoe

J.

A.

namely:

Three,

"

from

2

Mengtsz,

Yunnan,

and

I

(M.C.Z.).

Tupaia

Bull.

Allen, A.

specimen: of

in the

than

pale

so

and of the

rings

which

shoulder

not

expedition from of

Hainan

examined:

3.

Museum

The

Yunnan

back

extends

one

darker

parts

hairs

chinensis, page

Mengtsz,

at

Museum,

Amoy.

near

Tongking

Type

ochraceous,

pale

British

black

clear

T. b.

1914.

upper

Natural

B.

"

Tupaia belangeri modesta

An

Mus.

Amer.

Howell,

Proc.

adult

History,

Nat. U.

Hist.,

S. Nat.

male,

from

vol.

Mus.,

skin

J. A. 22, vol.

and

Leimuimon,

p.

Allen

481, 1906.

75,

art.

I, p. S, 1929.

skull, island

No.

;

i;

Kaochiao, 6.

5;

sub terminal

back.

ferruginousabove

more

Yunnanyi,

244,

the

the

Zoology

area

record

occurrence

Specimens from

be

i

border,

Shihku, Yangtze

i;

recognized this difference, had

Chinese

a

Shan

but

than

undetermined

by

Hsiohsien,

4, p. 2, 1930.

no.

abundant

the

this form

an

Yao

they to

seems

though

for

13, p.

ochraceous

more

less

border,

Comparative

i ;

12.7.25.45,

southeastern

first

who

Undoubtedly

specimens

In

much

southern

of China

border

more

nearly

"

i ;

Mengtsz, Yunnan.

at

more

is warmer,

tone

Thomas, extreme

collector.

the

becomes

greenish

ochraceous.

to

Habits:

and

belangeri type the

as

a

8, vol.

ser.

chinensis,

See table under

"

Occurrence

b. the

rump

Hainkai,

River, Burma

west,

Univ., Canton,

1910,

to

and

conspicuous, shorter,

10,

due

well

as

Hist.,

Yatsen

skull, No.

T.

to

"

of

2;

sixtymiles

and

Nat.

and

by Orii, July

collected

seven

skin

i ;

Namting

belangeri yiinalisThomas

Tupaia

A

"

Fengyang,

vicinity,3; Wutinghsien,

and

Lake

Ann. Mag. Tupaia belangeri yunalis Thomas, Tupaiia ferruginea Shih, Bull. Dept. Biol., Sun

Type Specimen:

2 ;

Makaihsien,

hundred

i ; one

2.

Likiang,

of

3;

i; Tali

Peitai, i; Mucheng, i

south

River,

Likiang, 7; Mekong River,

following thirty-seven:

The

"

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

34

26654,

of Hainan,

American

January

5,

INSECTIVORES

THE

surface

Description: Upper "

of

mixture

side

Under

however,

the

indicated

area

arms

the

to

hairs

central

area

where

immature

individuals

is shorter

and

of

hairs

with

the

in winter

the

to

skins

in

roots

of the

b. chinensis

T.

yunalis.

hairs, this

at

most

barely

a

black

of December

pelage

of

b.

T.

with

unmixed

are

The

subterminal

than

stripeobsolete,

hairs

finely ticked

inguinal region, where,

belly and

the

marked.

it is better

less full than

white

Shoulder

pale tips of

the

and

slightlygrayer buffy

slaty-based.

are

even

an

particolored

and

shoulders

and

tail

and

body

hairs

and

chin, throat,

of

continued

color

muzzle

ring;

ochraceous

black

usual

the

of

35

;

in

some

specimens the

from

Yunnan

highlands. Measurements: Occurrence

that

this

See tables

"

Habits:

and

"does

not

From

the

more

brownish

tinge

shoulder

33.

the

related

indeed

close and

muzzle

the

scribed de-

previously

yunalis,differingchiefly in

shoulders,

only. separated by its much

once

in

a

character

average

an

it is at

hardly perceptible,but

be

of

any

tint

peculiar greenish

the

of its describer,

statement

to

to

Yunnan,

of western

hue, lacking

stripe may

closely

very

the

chinensis

race

be

to

forms," it is really

slightlygrayer

32 and

pages

Notwithstanding

"

appear

to

on

of

the

latter.

immature

some

The

specimens

it is clearly present. Swinhoe

evidently

in suitable

the

first time

five

from

locality),one

of the

youngest A.

B.

Howell

Kachek, Mr.

but

below,

from

there

H.

who

and

notes. interesting

but

nowhere

of them several same

more

and

in

houses

taken

Mission and

caught,

up more,

fact

that

for

was

the

they at

told that

high

the

traps

trees,

one

or

Those

may

be

to

a

near

largely if not

at

in

previous occasion

one

one

had

two

"

Later

time

in the

a

set

or

to

came

in late

One

of the been

was

bait

noon after-

for

account

part

island,

bushes.

by day.

actually in

following

trapping

caught

we

nearly always

were

active

seem

two

noted

the

on

and

out.

localities.

the

small

from

series

large

it in

than

set

the

first secured

following morning Nodoa,

on

grass,

more

traps

ochraceous.

Musevun

contributes

1923,

color, the

of definite

records

He

coast.

in

general distribution

We

never

of

compound, I

of

(the type

northern

variation

obtaining

and

is of

numbers.

dozens

early

in

mens, speci-

seven

Hainan

S. National

U.

other

no

1922

little animal

but

in the

successful

was

great

The

be

to

the

on

he

481), in recording

richly colored, tawny

more

specimen

seem

thicket

a

spite of

butter.

failure to take in the

in

were

place

of peanut

in

a

throat

Namfong,

"This

occurs

caught

the

having

otherwise

Nodoa

p.

central

of

individual

of

amount

mentions

Pope,

(1906,

Hoihow

from

one

certain

a

series

mountains

the

and

Utoshi,

(1929)

Clifford

in

but

is,however,

publishing the originaldescription,had

and

is

there

J. A. Allen

Dr.

places.

It

island.

of the

shrew

tree

of Hainan,

mammals

list the

to

of the

Leimuimon

from

that

notes

first naturalist

knowledge

no

fairlycommon it for

the

was

had

our

shot

foreigners'

found

in the

THE

36 house.

same

I used of

to

They shot

Another it

see

but

few, all in broad

a

Specimens examined: Namfong,

family includes

details

the

of structure

living insectivores Lipotyphla.

shrews, but

behind

The

the

first

outline. of the ulna

The

There

crown.

Two

raised

a

members

four

The

five

are

as

blunt

B.

rat-

or

a.

Tail

about

b.

Tail

about

Form a.

fibula

23;

stout,

Spines of

Spines

Genera

the

half the

a

as

long

back

with

the

of the

crown

a

spiny

with

crown

skull

as

as

large

a as

without

the

The

primitive

trait

fused

the

The

ridge.

orbit a

as

mere

of the is not

snout

its

having

incisor

first upper

in size, and

usually two-rooted. extending well below the level

form,

with

of the smaller

a

on

the

postero-internal

tooth

a

nearly

square

in the

center

fifth cusp

each

foot,

radius

the

and

together.

hedgehogs,

with

protective spiny

coat.

Mongolian

and

a

longer

shortened

tive primi-

more or

shorter

skulls, compact,

Erinaceid^

tail slender. and

coat, tail

Neotetracus

body

Hylomys a

mere

stump.

parting,ears

the mastoid a

the

of

foot

median

contact

a

to

Gymnurinae, including the

and

other

suborder

constriction

is slender.

crown

and

Chinese

of

hind

the

are

World

length of head the

the

differ in the

than

reduced

are

form, spineless coat

Old

mouse-like, fur normal,

of the b.

Nodoa,

with

more

marked

a

usually retained

normal

or

arch

cusp

cusps

recognized:

nearly

to

give

main

digitsare

Erinaceinse

is

reduced outer

to

tibia and

the

with

the

Key Form

cry."

They

constitute

processes

There

of characteristic

nearly tailless bodies, and

A.

Hainan:

elephant shrews)

transverse

main

are

enlarged

are

subfamilies

tail; and

shrill

a

relatives.

short, hardly

retains

is somewhat

latter

so

free, but

are

by

canine

the

zygomatic

palate

premolar is large, its

molars.

and

is very

postorbital

the

the

bounded

(hypocone)

cusp

my

complete bony ring surrounding

no

the

and

and

their

shrews, and

quite lacking.

orbits,

longest, the

of the

hide. hunter

ALLIES

and

tree

latter

is

instead

especially elongate, posterior border

the

the

There

THEIR

hedgehogs

pubic symphysis

point (in Neotetracus) or

is the

and

Chinese

utter

may

follows:

as

house

middle

ERINACEID^ AND

from

(except

The

pubic bones.

skull

they

for

houses.

in the

house the

diurnal,

as

of the

one

5.

This

of the

of the

under

run

well

occasion

HEDGEHOGS

in tree

porch of

side

In all,twenty-eight,

"

Family

many

the

it would

On

MONGOLIA

the

by

grass

approached,

daylight.

AND

live under

to

in the

about

if

CHINA

largely terrestrial,as

be

to

seem

OF

appeared

hopping

forenoon

the

MAMMALS

median

processes

long, the postglenoid processes and

parting, ears

hollowed shorter

internally Hemiechinus Erinaceus

INSECTIVORES

THE

Genus

p. 50,

form

well-developed fifth

first and

skull

The

anterior

and

in

parts forms

genus

Hylomys

Specimens: from

and

the

skull

of

"

Tupaia

with

base

sides

of the

face

otherwise

pelage by

short

of the

which

is

chest, clad

the

with

The Anderson

and

is

rump

coloring is

burnished

yellowish tips. minute

Individual

about the

the

the

The

grayish white, of the

below a

the

very

tail

the

rather

merges with

hairs

a

very

slaty

A

of the

One The

type

Java.

dividuals in-

two

upon

still in the them

examined

limbs

a

than

of

the

color

middle

sheen

is

faint creamy The

with tint

and

lower

side

The

brighter

imparted

lower

of the

back, to

with

the

their

scattering of

a

of the

the

slaty

of the

Below,

that on

or

hairs

nearly naked, with

suddenly

of at

band.

the

tail brownish.

that

to

throughout subterminal

longer

uniform

very

slightly clearer certain

many are

gray.

tropical

more

probably

similar

or

brighter

feet and

hind

the

have

and

black

are

eye

of

third

size, the

based

and

somewhat

a

uniform.

very

latter

The

1872.

either

are

little

feet, and on

surface

upper

short

hairs

height.

in Yunnan.

to

head, body,

giving

appearance

ears,

hairs, those

bases

mixed,

black

in

is

which

fourth

as

been

seems

short, pale-ochraceous terminal

a

and

ochraceous, but

and

b. chinensis.

canine

1859.

by Blyth

to

of the

surface

Description: Upper pale olive yellow

previous

one

The

Blyth

have

Anderson

where

Calcutta,

at

removed

the

obtained

Pegu, Tenasserim,

Museum

toes.

first premolars

three

the

Schlegel, of

and

to

appears

the

=44.

Islands.

of China

Bengal, vol. 28, p. 294,

species

The

"

Soc.

Asiatic

peguensis Blyth, Joum.

middle

the

Indian

peguensis

suillus

Hylomys

three

from

known

are

Muller

foot,

reduced.

much

border

suillus

hind

digits but

nearly equal

larger East

the

southwestern

the is

and

molars

of

anterior

two

high

as

the

exceeding

posterior cusp

Peninsula

4.

Indian

hardly

and

shorter; the

roots;

two

of the

snout

five

pm.i m.f

and

smaller

half

ground-living insectivores

reaches

species of the

Type

and

tapering

of the

i.f c.t

much

a

each

bases

profile,with

in

the

view,

the

formula:

others

cusp,

its outer

Malay

barely

Hylomys

Archip.,

Indisch.

Zoogd.

i,

length

the

retain

feet

reach

to

tooth

two

outer

crown

small

of the

barely

as

triangular

with

smaller These

hands

placental

prominent

squarish

The

and

small, two-rooted,

all a

short, about

is longest, the

incisor

are

full

mouse-like, with

is slender,

tail is very

the

short

so

the

has

large with

but

ears,

are

slightly larger

much

Bezitt., vol.

Nederl.

Gesch.

Natuurl.

body

the

thinly haired.

and

slender

S. Muller

Hylomys

1839.

In external

are

Verhand.

S. Muller, in Temminck,

Hylomys

37

the

under

throat

ing color-

side, and

is

metatarsus

stiff hair.

skull and

skeleton

(1874) from

a

have

been

specimen

he

very

carefully described

picked

up

on

the

Yunnan

and

figured by border

near

THE

38

MAMMALS

Burma.

Ponsee,

In

form

of the the

bony

ring It

eye.

about

is very

the

contain

the

transverse

ridge

arched, the The incisor

is

largest,the

height of former

the

in the

(paracone)

median

canine

molars

outline, The

are

three

while

above

consisting

and

third

molar

has

of

its

and

four

in

the

reduction

frontal

behind

is thin

arch

in the

and

specimen

itself ends

palate The

slightly

a

the

palate

in

a

is somewhat

the

main

third

the

the

with

latter

cusps

the

are

are

other

height of

with

that

so

half

two

anterior

smaller

cusp

larger teeth. squarish central

outline

the

the

smaller

much

ones

upper

fifth

a

the

anterior

again larger, the

its outer

three

first two

reduced,

metacone

The about

and

premolar

them

nearly half below,

placentals, 44.

height,

fourth

between

and

the

the

on

bones

palatal and

found

jaw double-rooted,

enlarged,

and

case,

zygomatic

projection.

half

about

premolars of subequal size and The

The

in

Tupaia

incomplete.

The

upper

much

brain

the

vacuities,

full number

second

second.

of

projecting point

delicate, and

short

a

that

flattened

mere

minute

of the

are

from

posterior part.

bullae

tympanic

teeth

a

MONGOLIA

AND

differs

more

to

and

several with

CHINA

skull

eye

light

slender, especially at examined

the

less rounded,

elongate snout,

more

OF

is

in

cusp.

nearly

triangular. As the

on

Anderson feet and

anomaly. No.

right side,

the

supposed shortened

first discovered

was

in

an

a

very

nearly identical similar

animal

third

it was,

that

tail would in

(now 20687 M.C.Z.)

44274

small

Java,

form.

from

incisor

in part at rather

but

having

on

two

incisors

upper

lost.

least,tree-living, although its elongate

indicate

later

but

has

been

the

ground-living mainland

Blyth in 1859 described Pegu, Tenasserim,

and

habits.

of the as

Anderson

The

Malay

Hylomys

genus

Peninsula

peguensis

the

(1874, 1879) during

INSECTIVORES

THE

expedition

his at

later

Burma,

Upper

Ponsee, used

of

occurrence

H.

distinguished

been

author

the

gave

Siam,

the

on

ground named

Thomas

in 1925

In

Tongking.

the

Asiatic

found

be

of Yunnan,

border

very secure

River

Namting

the

all

at

local

a

the

at

191 7,

six

specimens

embryos.

There

are

apparently

to

be

of

another

those

tail is well minute

its tooth

Yunnan who

that

it at

elevation

an

of

of

one

they

ferred re-

by the

had

whose

only

the

seen

will

tually even-

from

the

the

In

contained

late two

species seems

thus

just reaches

range

to

place, on

one

feet.

1,700

which

records, and

The

the

of France.

its milk

premolar, formula there less The

correlated

are

a

with

relative

c.

two

and

resembles

the

postorbital process.

the

of

i- pm.

that

loss of The

one

by

thumb of

f =40

a

premolar, bones

but and have

in the

belief that

hedgehog

(Tetracus) has

it agrees

absence

the

pointed

adult, while other

in

to

in the

the

so

minute that

milk

its tail has

hand,

the

formula

of the

progressive state,

more

On

body, thinly clad

only distantly related in the

that

except

(191 id, p. 162)

and

in the

is very

Hylomys,

palatal

fossil

Hylomys, with which

incisors.

upper the

m.

and

Trouessart

Thomas

as

Hylomys

of head

dentitions, except f

border.

1909.

supposed

showing, therefore,

p2,

only

of

length

Gymnurinae,"

permanent

is: i. f

reduction, skull

of the

near

and

that

so

River, Btutna

resemble

named

It is,however,

member

It is

was

389,

4, p.

genus

half the

genus

Namting

Trouessart

8, vol.

ser.

of this

about

resembles

Yunnan,

Neotetracus

Hist.,

insectivores

structure

hedgehogs.

tooth

Nat.

developed,

"strictlya

second

Mag.

hairs.

Eocene

of both

Ann.

the

Externally

out,

at

other

from

Six,

"

Genus Trouessart,

NeoUtracus

of the

I have

expedition actually

discovered

trapped,

were no

Thai-Nien,

this animal

Andrews's

Dr.

subtropical mammals

examined:

Specimens

with

from

edge of China.

southern

the

for

border,

February,

eastern

nasals, while

western

recorded

ago

Heller

Burma

latter

race.

Edmund

and

has

the

comparison,

in

named

Hinlap,

race

impossible, however,

it remained

He

it in China.

minute

more

and

narrower

light-brown

a

1888

Sumatra

on

Kloss,

and

path

figiu-es. The in

specimen from

a

(1879, p. 138) long

Anderson

Although

form

and

the

on

species and

with

Expeditions, following Anderson,

constitute

to

same

who

the

years,

series obtained

the

It is not

originalspecimens.

microtinus,

specimens

the

by Thomas,

to

for

dead

skeleton

buffy coloration

suillus of

peguensis

Museum

American

H.

to

by Robinson

siamensis

paler, more

lack

suillus

H.

to

of

of the

In recent

parvus

Hylomys

name

up

picked

referred

he

recorded

was

Hylomys

as

that

account

dorsalis.

suillus

Yunnan,

specimen

a

in Borneo

Hylomys

form

this island

of western

of his careful

basis

the

as

borders

the

to

39

the tition den-

gone under-

slightlylonger. the

is

rostrum

there

is

a

slightlyshortened,

slightlymore

better-developed

definite

slit-like

vacu-

MAMMALS

THE

40

in each, with

ities,one incisors The

few

a

and

type

Neotetracus

sinensis

specimens:

Type

location

All

given.

"

general are a lightbuffy wash.

entirelyblack

some

and

rusty

more

dark

dusky, lens

The

only. with

whole

a

entire

under

faint suffusion

pale hairs,

with

covered

brown,

the

sides the and

and

The

metatarsal

the

abvmdant

area

somewhat

tint

through

side of the

with feet

are

are

a

very sorts:

light ochraceous

hairs

of the

backs

the

body a

of two

richer

upper

hairs

the

gray,

The

btiffy.

a

blackish-brown

pale

of

and

and

lighterand

have

and

ears

a

suillus

with

are

or

presvim-

slightlymore

are

neck

head

gray

sides

band

a

polished,giving head

side is

on

then

skulls

Hylomys

of

are

and

are

mouse-like,

and

parts

back

hairs

and

in

as

and

their numbers

are

svirfaces

latter

thinly of

nor

under

bases,

skins

seven

upper

of the

with

which

among

The

blackish

following.

cotypes,

as

longer, slender

light band.

color of the

type,

much

sides of the

The

glintingappearance. the

the

as

appearance

hairs

rings broader

their ochraceous

and

with

others

tip. On

black

fine

a

;

tone,

of

in Paris.

and

individual

The

the

Naturelle

longer.

olive-brown

first

upper

Trouessart

regarded

be

to

tail is much

somewhat

bristles

of

is the

original series

external

the

that

peguensis except

The

8, vol. 4, p. 389, 1909.

ser.

designated

d'Histoire

General

Description: mystacial

of the

is

Museum

the

ably still in

one

therefore

are

Hist.,

Nat.

Szechwan,

Tatsienlu,

from

No

"

them.

genus

sinensis

Mag.

Trouessart, Ann.

behind

the

species of

Neotetracus

5.

MONGOLIA

verticallyplaced.

more

known

only

AND

irregular pores

trifle longer and

a

are

CHINA

OF

tail

visible

are

with

a

slaty bases, the thinly few

covered

dark-brown

hairs. The as

noted

skull, while above. and

fovir above

teeth, and

the

more

canine

much

Thus,

end

first upper

The

of the

maxillaries

and

projects as

sharp spicular point.

Measurements: the

the

is

rostrum

and

collector:

"

the

jaw by

; the

three

postorbital

The

loss

of the

nasals

is

measurements

more

of

incisors

relatively shorter

process

following

of the

reduction

each

to

fenestrated, a

the

in

pointed.

of the front

to

slightlysmaller

below, is

resembling that of Hylomys, differs in in addition

; the

one are

through

were

of

the

made

minute

actually larger the

palatal bones

developed

details,

many

premolars, from

and

in the

reduction are

more

distinctly

field

by

INSECTIVORES

THE

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

and

Occurrence

due

to

Habits:

who

Tatsienlu, Hsikang, E. L. Trouessart

of its anatomy,

species

Expedition

forty-fivemiles

male

Omei

obtained

Ward

The

American

in parts

of western

Shweli

River,

with

Szechwan,

forest

contained,

at

and

in

the

on

which

four

Yunnan: Shweli

found The

Specimens

four

of

Mucheng,

by

In

"

are

and

one

and 2,

or

drainage,

that

21;

for

the

and Mr.

a

the

Duke

of

secured

a

thirteen

at

F.

Kingdon

the

Salween

Mucheng,

on

Taipingpu

at

and

species

common

restricted the

notes

contents

the

on

mediate at inter-

range

southern

half

Homushu

by

that of

they

are

of

and

of

Heller a

mixed

suited.

well

five

all

found

consisted

one

Andrews

indicating perhaps

Heller

8 in

all,forty-four, as

feet, 6.

description

Anderson

this

found

collected

teeth in

(Troues-

records

in Yunnan,

Shan,

stomach

Andrews 2

P.

Professor

to

animal

other

at

eastward. Omei

at

molar

are

Salween

River, 7,000

reports

"vegetable matter,"

mammas

"

who

somewhat

another

embryos

also

examined:

a

Mission

detailed

more

only

of Yunnan

The

water.

low-crowned

found were

series

stomach

a

The

series at

slightextension

contrary,

the

Taipingpu.

half

from

The

later

(8,000 ft.),and

Pass

the

locahty of the

is

feet.

obtained

northern a

CathoHc

that

(east of Tatsienlu)

7,000

Evidently

the

of the

from

Expeditions

it has

secured

away

Anderson

female;

Yunnan,

probably

"earthworms."

diet,

Asiatic

who

Anderson,

for

Yangpi,

at

Biet

locality); while

latter

insectivore

remarkable

of Malcolm

leadership

Museum

7,000

altitudes

damp

of the

this

account

162),

p.

of Yachow

southwest

ft.

giving

(191 id,

(7,000 ft.),Homushu

drainage

brief

a

appeared.

the

specimen

a

seven

in

of

never

under

(justsouth

Shan

latter

intention

of Thomas

those

are

Bedford's

a

this has

but

NEOTETRACUS

Monseigneur

series of

The

his

1909) announced

sart,

in

Paris.

at

of

sent

OF

discovery of

The

"

interest

enUghtened

the

41

in

in a

another female

(Thomas,

(August taken

191

April

10) 10

id).

follows: Pass, 8,000

feet, 17; Taipingpu,

THE

42

MAMMALS

OF

Fig.

2.

CHINA

Distribution

AND

MONGOLIA

Map.

Erinaceus

Hemiechinus

1.

E.

europaus

dealbatus

3.

H.

dauuricus

dauuricus

2.

E.

europtBus

miodon

4.

H.

dauuricus

alaschanicus

Genus Hemiechinus Ericius Ann.

Hemiechinus

Fitzinger, Sitzungsb. Kaiseri. Akad.

Sundevall, Mag.

fishes).

Nat.

Kongl.

Vet. -Acad.

Hist.,

ser.

9, vol.

Handlingar 9, p.

Wiss., Wien,

Fitzinger math.-nat.

for

1841, Stockholm,

620, 1922

(preoccupied by

Classe, vol. 54, pt. i, p. 565, 1866. pp.

223,

Ericius

230-237,

1842.

Tilesius, 1813, for

Lonnberg, a

genus

of

INSECTIVORES

THE

europcBus is

Erinaceus the

platyotisof

characteristic this

with

hind

hind

the

the

high

as

than

the

canine

third

and is

premolar

family, squarish

one.

The

of

last upper instead

but

it is instead

m-,

first premolar

the

its borders,

with

it

dauuricus

Erinaceus

aurilus

aurilus

?Ericius

the

large in

a

narrow

border

outer

canine and

and

high

the with

profileis slightly

side of the

indications

view, with

crown

is

anterior

inner

the

on

Hemiechinus

Sundevall,

tooth

of two

row

very

than

more

dauuricus

value

one

of which

dautiricus

Transbaikalia, Arch.

f.

and short

is still not

Ann.

very

Dauuria. Erinaceus

Dauuria.

Naturgesch.,

Mag.

clear.

(Sundevall)

Mus.

vol. Zool.

1843. Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg, for 1906, vol. II, p. 181,

9, pt. 2, p. 27,

Acad.

Satunin, ibid.,p. 185.

przewalskii Lonnberg,

Mongolia

species is really represented,

China?"

(?) dauricus

from

for 1841, Stockholm, Vet.-Acad. Handlingar p. 237, 1842. Rosso-Asiat., vol. I, p. 138, 1811; vol. I, p. 138, 1831 ed.; not

przewalskii Satunin, Annuaire "Nord

that

described

been

have

group

Kongl.

Pallas, Zoographia

Wagner,

this

subspecies, the

one

Linnasus, 1758. dauricus

?Hemiechinus 1907.

lies

unlikely

seems

perhaps

Erinaceus

Hemiechinus

molar

premolar

second

of which

central

to

the

incisors,the

typically

as

minute

is reduced

in line with

lower

Both

cusps,

species of

6.

Erinaceus

in

oval

several

Although and

axis nearly

a

last upper

its posterior border.

at

cusps

lower

last

small

a

long

transverse.

prominent

The to

its

having

cusps

also the

are

are

and

quite

is smaller

of the

molars

of Erinaceus,

that

single-rooted;the

two

shorter.

is reduced

of

nearly

are

roots, and

two

like

molar,

blunt

four

namely: and

incisor as

of

that

to

terete,

cusp

anterior

two

outline, with

in

if disturbed

and

Erinaceus,

upper

anterior

outer

on

all directions.

contrast

stout,

second

and

only,

toes

in

latter is two-rooted,

the

The

conspicuous.

and

in

in

as

is

fore

postorbital processes,

no

same

The

The

armor,

rings is

incisor

third.

premolars.

in the

crescent,

and

spiny

spines

rostrum,

is the

single-rooted,while

anterior

high

formula

second

the

and

two

shortened

first upper

The

a

on

four

the

ball, presenting

a

dental

36.

=

as

with

well-developed tympanic

The

m.f

pm.f

c.T

twice

into

are

Asia.

European both

with

Atelerix

genus

provided

species are

slits,and

Gymnurinae.

African

the

they

of central

common

five toes

the

as

species is

type

region

in the

having

large

as

The

spines on

distribution

main

desert

than

in

it agrees

skull, with

large heavy

large palatal the

All

the

prominent

however,

roll themselves

can

i.l

Europe more

are

are

processes

their

in

and

of the

parting

1918, p. 193).

but

Africa,

differs from

foot.

The

ears

median

no

internally (Thomas,

which,

feet, and

having

postglenoid

the

southeastern

the

group

hedgehog,

skull

the

northeastern

of

in

of which

typical members,

the

differ from

genus

example,

an

hollowed

and

mastoids

In

in

while

crown,

H.

of this

hedgehogs

The

43

Nat.

Hist.,

ser.

9, vol.

9, p. 626,

1922.

THE

44

MAMMALS

Type specimen: the

on

in

Pallas,

Linnaeus's group,

atque

Sibiriae .

the

"In

ad

naso

subtus

vellus

deliciis." stated

that

of the

questioned

(1862), who

Radde them

E.

to

this

and

fragmentary

and

and

ears

the

at

with

next

of the

the

forehead.

sides

white; the some

under

side

white

hairs

base, then

The

least at

his

feet

the

dark

grayish

base

on

from

of nasal

interorbital

No

"

into

gives

with

side and

area

.

of the

summo

in genere

hedgehogs, he but

the

the

on

It may

district,for

in his account

there,

in

sunt

dauuricus.

Amur

refers of that

race

of five skins

original set brief account

a

larger

a

Mongolis

Transbaikalian

of

magnse

are

by specimens,

of

with

reviving

them,

middle

13.9; ;

width

region

brownish

pale

on

the

available

head

and

width

outside

to

soiled

with

gray.

individuals the

with

covered

head

are

specimen has

are

entire

yellowish-

outer.

tail, 28;

244; for

infraorbital

of nasals, 4;

of

those

except

body,

of

one

foramen,

zygomatic

first molars, 22.5 antorbital

mixed

the

of snout

belly

Young

measurements

rostrum

between

Ears

apparently,

back

on

the

latter

coloring

part of

wash

dark

length,

the

but

base

are

their

tip ;

upper

gray.

feet.

brown are

are:

the

immature

An

dark-brown

distance

spines

one

of

anterior

half

white

the

rusty

brown,

spines.

14; combined

The

for nearly

faint

with

are

with

tail.

specimens,

chestnut

are

tip of

level of first incisor, 7

the

the

pale, varying somewhat,

following skull

Dauuria:

slightlybehind

contrasting

a

measurements

the

width,

and

and

millimeters,

suture,

above

gray

of the

brown

inner

just

very

brownish

the

line

Dauurian

specimens the sides

converted

specimens

the

dull whitish

chin, throat,

tail and

Satunin

of the

pale

are

Measurements:

length

him

hedgehogs

a

on

black

parts is

lower

account

of the

said to lack

which,

.

this

special

Dauuricis .

uses

of

makes

.

Erinaceus

name

reaches

186) gives

p.

area

of brownish

of the

and

the

to

extreme

Satunin's

and

In

forms

latter

.

he

Tatarise He

i'".

to

examined

spines begin

extend

band

a

hair

from

the

plate figures skulls

has

(1907a,

The

"

the

Asiatic

.

it the

common

ponderabat, longitudo i".

baikalia. Trans-

name.

Description: of

the

latter of which

subgryseum

series of

a

in his

however,

brown

from

unknown

was

hedgehog

collected

skulls

both

(1842) published his synopsis

species. Satunin, Sundevall's

vel

diagnosis,gave

europceus

2^

4'". cauda

species

whether

the

directly

Dauuria,

frequens."

those

rossicas

i".

Sundevall

of Pallas's brief

basis

fact that

qui libr.

Dauurian

the

of

all the

lacum

fuscescente-cinereum,

When

from

accounts

include

to

is based

name

hedgehog

a

gives

Baicalem

9". 7'". aures

anum

specimens of

long-eared species,for

ad

Daurico

MONGOLIA

specified. Sundevall's

auritus,

(op. cit.,p. 139)

paler:

AND

(op. cit.,p. 138) : "In australioribus

usque

.

CHINA

Zoographia,

and

general range

a

.

mention

of

Erinaceus

name,

with

be

his

Hedgehog

is

type

Pallas

description by

European

and

No

"

OF

;

width

foramina,

14.

Pallas, ear,

34.

Radde's 15.5

mm.;

width, of rostrum

36;

INSECTIVORES

THE

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

4S

HBMIECHINUS

OF

Locahty

Mongolia H.

20683

territory from

enormous

all certain

at

until

but

Europe,

that

this

on

Lonnberg

alasckanicus,

but

labeled

in which

The as

he

with dauuricus

that

it is

he

latter, the some

of two

third

a

to

China,"

is

name

trenchant

of his

a

probably

character tell" if it is

be

desert.

can

later

pointed

in

as

out.

a

the

iechinus Hem-

locality,

1874,

If it is not

He

Tsagan from

przewalskii

unknown

an

regarded

hogs hedge-

Bank

at

the

Recently

pallid race,

small

Nor

locally usually in

Hemiechinus

from

really different.

southern

across

more

open

of

The

Tarei

the

about

alaschanicus. best

in

range

by Przewalski

collected alhulus

as

Tabool, received

specimen

species. auritus

przewalskii three

the

it is

distinct.

occurs

or

species

Satunin's on

or

J. G. Andersson

from

larger than

as

it

Ericius

Professor

by

types of H.

the

the

based

was

"hardly possible to

measurements

name

regards

"PNorth

procured

until

avoiding

under

refers

and

latter

from

the

probably

the

taken

two

These

collector.

doubtfully.

land

one

stand

doubt

in grass

either

respectively,and

Nor

Burtun

same

parts, recorded

Mongolia,

from and

has

No

Gobi.

an

parts

two

of Hemiechinus

region

in the

by Radde

the

his account,

bush-grown (1922)

of

of

restricted

a

covers

eastern

recognized, but

been

it may

has

the

to

forms

subspecies

a

evidently

taken

was

Egypt

species have

definitelyshown

be

edge

from

and

and

tree-

it

northeastern

Mongolia,

may can

merely

be

of Dauuria

where

Transbaikalia,

may

and

geographic

be

not

Mongolia

19

long-eared hedgehogs

of the

of

24

19

Europe

number

a

they

long-eared hedgehog the

area

24

range

southeastern

present animal

the

Thus

all this

In

of Siberia.

-The

"

alasckanicus

28.6

25

Habits:

and

Occurrence

not

45

47

MCZ

dauuricus

synonym

Lonnberg

the

year

mous synonyof H.

admits

gives the following

specimens:

Tabool

The

in the

cranial

table

on

of

measurements

this page.

Specimens examined:

"

None.

Lonnberg'

s

Tabool

specimen

are

reproduced

albulus

Hemiechinus vol.

"

white

pure

brown

pale rusty

H.

tips give

a

in color;

youngish examples

Measurements:

table

Occurrence there

be

can

no

white

with

species doubtless five adults

only

one

young

in the

U.

in characters In

with

after two

meat,

object.

new

when

the at

out

all

The

to

skin

go

Nor camp,

the

angles.

hedgehogs

and

close

a

spiny

variation

claws,

of H.

form

a

30

mm.

in the

where

Dauurian

tion, pallid colora-

more

Hedgehogs

wash.

Gobi, but

the

"albulus,"

of the

race

brownish

Bogdo,

secured

were

at

Tsagan

July 18,

on

of

Nor, a

mens speci-

which

Ningsia,

at

1925,

four

(1929) mentions

northwest

to

or

one

agree

poke

about back

and

toes

the

very

and

water's

was

or

once

as

freely. well

twice

as

every

possessed of great

into corners, investigating carefully any loose, except bearing the spines was very it stiffened, causing the

high

nails

its

on

high

kept

attracted

It

time.

jured, trap, unin-

a

handled

voraciously,

water

writes

Andrews

itself to be

insects

It drank

quantity each

It walked

were

allowing

other

any

C.

captured alive in

was

afterward.

of the

R.

hedgehogs. Dr.

tame,

very

beetles

astonishing rate,

an

the

Howell

frightened, when

was

of its feet, holding the at

The

long white

Expeditions, namely

from

Nor,

became

and

liked

animal

forehead

their

desert

chieflydiffers

found.

Tsagan

at

considerable

cvuiosity, and

as

pale

a

Artsa

at

Museum,

licking its mouth a

it

parts

of individual

without

mm.,

described

concerning these days

grasshoppers

day, taking

under

measurements.

Asiatic

was

of

this form.

river bottom

a

and It ate

long

mm.

his field notes

in

that

90

S. National

35

parts, lacking

and

Academy

species,but

locallythroughout

Central

all

creamy.

claws,

which

taken,

were

a

Although

occiu"

Alashan,

cotypes.

are

slight amount

this is merely

under

places by the

two

where

raw

sides and

in the

type

is

for cranial

"

that

from of the

paler, the sides and

but

whiter, less

race

Habits:

doubt

usual

are

{H. dauuricus), from

hedgehog of this

and

the

foot, with

preceding

Museimi

specimens:

with grayish brown, and the dusky brown, mixed with gray.

There

Hind

"

under

feet

effect.

now

2021

2019,

in the

dauuricus

of washed

of the

2018,

lists four

type is specified,all

no

to

covering consists of spines of pale

^.nd

1874,

instead

; backs

very

Gobi;

Since

Similar

"

usually

in

Leningrad.

at

Description:

only

Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg, for 1906,

Acad.

description, Satunin

brief

southern

Przewalski

by

Sciences

from

male,

2020,

his

In

Specimens:

collected

See

Zool.

II, p. 181, 1907.

Type No.

Satunin

alaschanicus

Mus.

Satunin, Annuaire

alaschanicus

MONGOLIA

AND

dauuricus

Hemiechinus

7.

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

46

off the

much

by

edge.

legs, and

some

Three

ground.

closer meat or

to

the

thrown four

were

quillsto

entirelyon In

the

stand

palms

running it would

ground. into

the

caught,

At

Tsagan

grass as

near

well

as

I'l.ATI';

VII

1

A

tame

Long-eared

Hedgehog

(Ilemiechinus

dauiiricus

alaschanictis)

at

Tsagan

Nor, in the Gobi, about

/

The

hay-pile of

a

Pallas's

Mouse-hare

(Ochotona

pallasii paliasii) at Artsa

".

to fold

"

,

Bogdo,

in the

Gobi

up

INSECTIVORES

THE

three

that

ones

young

traps baited

to

came

47 with

meat,

they

so

have

must

been

fairly abundant. Specimens examined:

following

6; Artsa

Nor,

Tsagan

Mongolia:

The

"

Bogdo,

Genus Linnaus,

Erinaceus

The

build, with

do

exceed

not

always

when

apparent skull has

tapering

narrow,

post-glenoid

The

teeth

are

premolar its

blunter

claws,

in

having

a

to

fine

a

The

the

to

Probably

last molar the

tooth

all the

Erinaceus

dealbatus

Erinaceus

collaris

the

Swinhoe,

Gray,

tooth

formula

Erinaceus

Erinaceus

europiBus

kreyenbergi Matschie,

dealbatus

tschifuensis Matschie,

Erinaceus

kanensis

Matschie,

Erinaceus

chinensis

Satunin,

Type

p.

966,

British

Museum,

prociored

in the

is

extremely

are

a

slender

in the

related and

canine

canine

the

process

point. group. the

may

of

molar, instead

first have

with

usually stands

and

second

nearly

in Hemiechinus.

as

China,

from

dealbatus

here

both

sidered con-

Swinhoe

HEDGEHOG

London,

Ergebn.

1870,

Ann. d.

(part).

Nat.

Mag.

Hist.,

Filchner

Exped.

621.

450,

pp.

1861, p. 390

ser.

7, vol.

China

nach

u.

5, p.

Tibet

367,

1900. vol.

1903-05,

10, pt. I,

Market.

ibid.,p.

Annuaire

Chefoo,

137.

ibid.,p. 138. Mus.

Zool.

Shantung. Hupeh.

Hankow,

Acad.

Imp.

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

for

1906,

vol.

11,

p.

173,

Abstract

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

December

15,

1908,

p. 44;

Proc.

Zool.

Soc. London,

1909.

specimens:

description,but

Wiss.

not

Tyntza-intza.

hughi Thomas, 1908,

Soc.

Barrett-Hamilton,

Erinaceus

for

than

recognized

be

europseus

Soc. London,

Shanghai

138, 1908.

Khingan,

Zool.

Zool.

occipital

the

animal.

European

Proc.

Proc.

Erinaceus

Erinaceus

of in

reduced

cusps

to

are

which

ears

ascending

the

incisors, the

is much

CHINESE

1907.

nasals

the

behind

of the

The

rather

strip between,

tip of

the

out

that

outer

only

8.

135.

spines of

bluntly instead

ends

above

row.

forms

two

subspecies of

PP-

while

point behind,

specialized,in

shorter

naked

tapering snout;

is less hollowed

process

their

the

or

chiefly in

group

in

spread.

less

and

parting

a

are

and

long-eared

stronger

with

spines

the

axis in line with

long

the

usually single-rooted,although occasionally

root.

transverse

and

clusters

two

more

are

double

1758.

52,

from

differ

premaxillary is broad

The

Linnaeus

adjacent spines, and

the in

The

i.

Erinaceus

I, p.

larger feet

region arranged

a

lo, vol.

typical hedgehogs

stouter

of the

ed.

Syst. Nat.,

seven:

"

Swinhoe

Barrett-Hamilton from

Shanghai

Peiping. Market,

specified states

The and

no

type

specimen

(1900, p. 367) type

of E.

is said to

that

in

kreyenbergi was be

in the

his

it is No.

Museum

original

61 a

.6.2.5,

specimen at

Magde-

THE

48

MAMMALS

burg, Germany. that

the head

and a

and

skin

and

that

of E.

from

white

dark

example

Similar

"

paler each

side

white

white,

with

a

of

band

by

effect.

minute

a

The

with

Central

much

Shantung, institution

same

Zoological Museum Paochi, Shensi, is

conspicuous

any

case,

tschifuensis

E.

of all-

number

the

of

dark

in

form,

maxillaries,

in

is

smaller

contrast

to

in E.

europcBus, vary

in

the

Matschie

instead

of at

the

an

Measurements:

"

This

full-grown European specimens by

upper

of

has

rather

pepper-

with

feet.

few

is, the

by

dark

spines,

Anhwei)

lower

the

coarse

There

taken

two

(from Wuhu,

other

and

in

ends

stands

45"

some

has

parts of

collector:

as

The

European

common

much

slenderer.

Hemiechimis,

instead

of

extremely The that

more

a

with

third

nearly in

and

transverse

European to

average

following dimensions

were

a

prealmost

nasals, combined

smaller, incisor

upper

is small

molar

seems

The

attenuate. narrow

species The

usually

are

teeth, though the

it does

hedgehog

eastern

animals. the

Thus

of the

average,

individually from

angle of

on

of

one

specimen from

a

and

describes

that

condition

individuals

some

(as in

buff

basally

gray,

clothed

hands

color.

that twice width. to only i mm., essentiallylike those of E. europmus, except slightlylarger in proportion; the last upper in

parts

all white

equal

an

general brownish

pinkish

of

latter, but

part

on

with

large

some

whitish

then

are

one

ochraceous.

on

their

a

(from Yochow)

as

the

greater

lower

wash

closely resembling

vertically at

truncate

and

brown

spines.

sorts,

sharply defined,

tip,giving

one

Shanghai

skull, while

in general

the

groups, feet

between;

of two

but

not

variation

in two

head

space are

point,

light

a

the

on

spines

paler tint predominates, while

preponderance

The

The

europcsiis, but

hedgehog, Erinaceus

color, varying from

Expeditions,

specimen bought

fresh

in the

states

the

Chefoo,

hughi, from

bare

narrow

brown

individual

Asiatic

that

row

from

184)

p.

is not

this

is in the

E.

spines

face, limbs, sides in

however,

a

toes.

light brown,

uniform

the

that

recorded,

not

European

brownish

whitish,

to

the

smaller;

minute

Ichang)

width

(1906,

specimen of

type

chinensis

Leningrad.

with

all the

on

hair, rather

as

shows

Museum,

dealbatus, lacking

to

occiput,

succeeded

and-salt

a

Berlin

of E.

type

somewhat

claws

broad

a

and

of the

prominent

so

The

number

at

MONGOLIA

spines.

in color

or

The

of E.

(1908)

skin.

the

skin,

a

Sciences

of

the in

AND

specimen, Hilzheimer

Matschie

with

4625

Hupeh.

Description:

with

No.

hanensis

Academy

rather

skull

skull,

Hankow,

of the a

the

CHINA

the

recording

lacking, but

was

examined

he

is

In

OF

seems

narrow

to

as

the

are

in

tooth

specimens. smaller

than

taken

from

INSECTIVORES

THE

Nomenclature: Chinese

to

of them

hedgehogs

a

Chefoo, Shantung,

somewhat

"drab."

It

size, while

the

other

Matschie

former

is

locality,does

Shantung based

characterized

hedgehogs

names

as

on

as a

having

not

specimen

brighter ("ockerrot"),

the

latter

species is described Peiping specimen

brown

mixed

skulls

of

with

either,

gray, and

both

may

a

having

instead

in

of

skin the

from

head,

the and

present

and

E.

Shanghai the

under

dark

of E.

In

batus deal-

skulls

The

the

same

The

hanensis. and

Market side

of

is

ochraceous, brown;

ochraceous

Hankow

which

seems

to

differ

feet, and

under

side dark

hair-

being pale whitish.

for the

an

slightly smaller.

buff, feet

forehead

from

as

its large

individual

specimens

different.

kreyenbergi

sides of head

snout,

in

are

other

having nearly

for

account

is doubtless

two

them

regard

ptirchased

chest

the

usual,

me

in

brown,

darker

a

would

which

recording

before

the

from

in

species,E.

new

the

than

darker

snout

really

are

Peiping specimen merely and

aged example

an

(1909, p. 966)

same

a

forehead

the

color, though

Thomas

from

paper,

is, however,

the

variation.

two

skull, and

larger

(1908)

differs from

that

most

tschifuensisa specimen

E.

as

that

that

variations

on

describes

applied

names

little doubt

be

to

seems

dealbatus, based

E.

Matschie

Thus

there

group,

with

synonymous

are

only individual. from

of this

various

of the

consideration

careful

After

"

CHINA

FROM

ERINACEUS

OF

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

49

be

best

Nothing

regarded

is said as

of the

identical

THE

50

with

E.

(G.

M.

Allen,

1912,

in which

variety in

much

Satunin's

specimen

upon

differ from

(1907a, nach

darker

I would examined

lacking

all-white

the

Occurrence northern

China,

certain

areas

far

as

Szechwan. from

Peiping,

basin,

been

never

evidence

for

in

sale

much

the

and

of these

is apparently

spite

of

man

same

The

Indeed, Satunin

"wenn

toward

not

p.

appear

mit

der

Zeit,

mit

Er.

hatus deal-

larger and

the

the

unusually dark

an

of which

type

I

individual, nearly

it

In

general they

as

far south

at

least

the to

Chinese

to

basis for

several

in the

the

on

works.

northern In

Swatow

based

on

in

these

well

has The

of Swinhoe

have

been

captives

offered

from

were

further

known,

animals

KwangYangtze

porcupines.

is not

it

that

Swatow,

statement

record

keeping pets is

years

of

locally obtained,

of the

list of the

also

of

specimens

of

of the

south

reports

on

rests

been

the

perhaps

as

based

Amoy

at

basin,

frontiers

Swatow,"

"lately at

as

much

occur

locality records

in the his

well

in Hainan,

have

are

adding (1870c, p. 621)

common, as

in in

found

Yangtze

basis

of

common

the

on

the

on

Probably, however,

the

spent

animal

the

the

as

highlands

western

as

not

much

over

sporadic in distribution,

Hainan,

to

locally

occur

stated. little

that

so

purchased

in

the

collectingin Kwangtung,

makes

mammals

hedgehog

he

found.

part of China, where

addition

Peiping (Hopei), Lonnberg

to

Swinhoe's

(1922) mentions

The it

to

seems

of

record

its

specimens

no

thrive

being from

and province (Miyuanhsien, Shunihsien, and Niulangshan) Jacobi 2) records other specimens from Peiping, collected by the Stotzner ,

(1922,

single

form.

others.

the

found

there.

animals

and

is

does

in

is probably

and

commonest

about

common

who

of

it does

while

given

Mell,

mention

here.

Igel als identisch

hedgehogs

presence

market

of

but

there

evidently

("Tyntza-intza"),

hughi Thomas,

somewhat

in

been

north,

be

can

be

regarded

supposed

predilection

markets.

These

having hedgehogs, said

farther

weight

the

he

corroborated

that

E.

(1870b) described

for its

(1864a)

from

in color

surprised

intermediate

an

It is

borders

at

its

and

present

be

not

synonym,

unknown

Amoy Probably, however,

tung.

in

a

"

or

the

where

occur

large,but

in the

would

possibly

to

seem

Swinhoe

is said to

The

as

same,

male

pinkish wash,

for

briefly noticed

be

Materials, dieser

as

rare

west

decided

a

previously

immature

an

coat.

evidently

part of the country

northeastern

and

hairy

I had

spines.

but

and

with of the

may

Museum.

Habits:

and

hanensis

gray

found

he

is

British

the

variations.

amurensis.

E.

include

also at

that

It

form

eastern

is

grosseren

erweist."

sich

the

it is based

Untersuchung

are

covered,

area

175) admits

p.

E.

MONGOLIA

Manchuria chinensisirom'Khxnga.-n.,

is sometimes

what

color

to

tint of the

Erinaceus

which

AND

variation

color

a

exact

the

referred

surfaces

also

the

although outside to

lower

as

CHINA

they represent

242)

p.

the

regard this

now

OF

of which

dealhatus

Ichang, I

MAMMALS

INSECTIVORES

THE

Dr.

Expedition, while This

Hopei.

hedgehog

long period

the

the

that

these

also

mentions

the

(1909, p. 966) failed

he

this animal

have

long

Province

that

hedgehogs Matschie's

purchased

Hunan,

of it at

Shensi

if that

that are

This

in not

(1914,

and are

of

Shantung

semiarid the

region Chinese

woodland

no

been

deforested

most

mals adaptable ani-

and

Hopei they

may

province,

in

for

part

southern P.

M.

56),

on

account

elsewhere

the

in

parts

grades into to

upon

be

as

their

the of

the

Matschie

of

tive Compara-

Ichang,

at

in

very

limits

but

Desert,

province.

In

are

that

states

he

the

it

had more

following subspecies, E.

the

on

sacred

Chinese

the

animals

little shrines

comparative

often

Ordos

from and

e.

distinct.

notes

contrary,

are

of

hanensis

1909)

(in Thomas,

edge

central

brief

for

they

the

Shanghai

others

northwestward

The

Anderson

distance.

from

Museum

province,

;

Magdeburg

specimen,

a

of E.

in the

same

range.

at

in the

the

has

type

specimen of

part

looked

are

but

the

China,

great

and

Chekiang,

these

and

no

specimens

two

Ningpo,

the

(in

from

came

in

Province, coastwise

kreyenbergi

American

the

long experience

Chekiang

as

Museum

;

eventually p.

E.

had

hanensis)

and

it doubtless

proves

molested,

the

Paotehchow,

Ningwufu

Province

Sowerby

the

Shansi.

about

of

from

one

western

roughly

in central

is unknown

miodon,

the

skeleton

a

of

a

There

only

Market,

Erinaceiis

Anhwei

the

far

Shanghai

Hupeh,

eastern

as

least

at

also

Wuhu,

from

likely indicate

arid

has

Museum,

whence

from

one

Hankow,

reports

who

and

of

hills have

Thus

months'

two

some

years,

all edible.

that,

says

campus

center

for 2000-4000

for fuel.

specimen

the

(under

S. National

Zoology perhaps

the

on

in; he

strictly nocturnal.

skull

the

in the

are

at

(1929c)

type in

lists

(1929) U.

Yochow,

from

Anderson

of

female

a

collector,

them

brought

and

me

knowledge.

found

are

Museum)

addition

were

"We

the

had

the

to

tschifuensis

and

cotirse

taken

The

of shrubs

south, Sowerby

probably Howell

sent

cultivation

my

the

addition

male

a

despite

survived."

Farther

in the

writes:

anything

to

monthly

grubbed have

says

He

eliminated

ago

they

in

Tientsin,

Anderson,

Swinhoe.

uncommon"

has

Jacot

where

intensive

under

in this

tracts are

been

A.

Dr.

Tsinan,

from

"not

P.

who

peasants

himself,

apparently

were

from

from

any

type

of Malcolm

note

received

one

secure

University.

has

that

to

province.

same

Christian

the

In

of his E.

6) records

p.

from

the

to

Shantung,

denudation. the

Tombs,

two

in

uncommon

and

(i9o8d,

alive

purchased

were

collecting, they In

Thomas

records

6)

p.

by Matschie

made

locality,adding

same

although

cultivation

Chefoo,

Museum),

Berlin

from

seems

(1929,

Eastern

at

one

still not

be

to

of intensive from

large individual (in the

east, Howell

Still farther

northeast.

secured

Andrews

C.

R.

51

eaten,

and

by are

hedgehogs, writes the

often

abundance

Sowerby

Chinese built in

parts

recounts

and

so

for them. of this that

in

THE

52

the

woodsmen

of mud,

which,

Manchuria

coating of

fire,comes

wood

a

"leaving

a

with

Yochow,

Anhwei:

Wuhu,

Hupeh:

Ichang,

Tsinan,

Paochi,

1908,

p.

miodon

Hemtechinus

Museum,

in

present white

for

breadth,

or

Zool.

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

"

An

adult

Yulinfu,

whitish

or

the

spiny

coat

The

latter.

the

their

ring

4

some

brownish

skull

slender

and

continued

the

Measurements: of E.

collector's

of E.

(B.M.).

miodon

Thomas

Dec.

1908,

15,

spiny ball, uncurl, vitals."

(B.M.).

i

kreyenbergi).

Proc.

p. 44;

"

e.

skin

China,

back

about

Zool.

See. London,

1922.

skull. No.

9.1.

Collected

by

tip minutely

or

of

that

the

dimensions

for the

about

an

hairy

coat

dealbatus, in

e.

equal of the

some

dull

a

("broccoli brown").

dull

to

for The

white.

of

The

changing,

so

series

type that

The

the

is

paler

latter.

typical

more

the

nearly

white

brown

in process

fur of the

europceus

spines generally

rnrri.

dark.

in E.

as

E.

long on the back, with blackish ringed broadly

22-24

then

distinctly

to

to

British

1.9,

altitude.

feet

tipped with

or

do

E.

e.

dealbatus

tip of the premaxillary quite

maxillary

dealbatus, although

measurements

and

4,000

portion, wide,

extreme

old

626,

9, p.

are

specimens)

The

9, vol.

ser.

spines

frontal, completely shutting off

The

(B.M., topotype

wholly lacks the all-white

pelage still

nine

of

those

Hopei,

2

paler, varying

differs from

two

Hist.,

tail is variable,

the

all but

from

northeastern

almost

mm.

white

represent

may

The

adds

the

general proportions resembling

basal

the

sometimes

apparently in winter parts

clay,

1908.

and

usually somewhat

is

belly

i

London,

male,

May,

size

In

sides, limbs, and

head,

(type, B.M.);

Soc.

Shensi,

in

two-thirds

the

brown,

i

europseus

Proc.

Lonnberg,

"

but

the

the

He

follows:

as

(B.M.); Chefoo,

i

Erinaceus

Abstract

Description: dealbatus,

all,sixteen,

(M.C.Z.),

Anderson,

P.

under

snout

makes

to

meat."

1909.

from

Malcolm

"This

adhering

cooked

a

embers

(B.M., type of ". hughi).

i

Specimen:

Type

air.

the

skin

beautifully

(Univ. Mich.); Shanghai,

3 2

Thomas, 965,

of

Peiping,

i;

9. miodon

spines, hair, and

in the

whole

(M.C.Z.).

i

Shantung:

for

roasted

i.

Nanking,

Erinaceus

been

in

i.

Kiangsu:

Shensi:

In

"

Tombs,

Eastern

Hopei:

has

hedgehog again, the fox has nipped it in the unprotected

Specimens examined: Hunan:

animal

by thrusting their

into

curl up

can

MONGOLIA

eating by first encasing them

morsel

animal

AND

for

the

hedgehogs

kill

the

it

and, before

after the

CHINA

them

prepare

toothsome

often

throwing

and

OF

away

very

foxes

that

MAMMALS

not

but

the

from

contact

for

few

type series

to

are

as

be the

having

process

anterior

meet

seem

in

point

with

the

(in

more

of the nasals.

essentially different latter

follows:

are

available.

INSECTIVORES

THE

Head

No.

and

53 Hind

Tail

body

Ear

foot

Locality

1.1.2

BM

205

35

39

28.0

Shensi

1.1.3

BM

176

34

36

24.0

Shensi

1.1.4

BM

195

35

36

27.0

Shensi

1.1.5

BM

205

37

36

33.0

Shensi

1.6

BM

175

37

38

29.0

Shensi

1.1.7

BM

175

31

36

29.0

Shensi

1.

1.8

BM

192

40

35

28.0

Shensi

1.

1.9

BM

215

46

40

34.5

Shensi

214

43

37

30.0

Shensi

1.

1. 1. 10

(type) BM

cranial

For

Nomenclature: from

the

berg (1922)

concluded

its

that

it constitutes

a

and

and

race

Habits:

hence

the

bare

brown tuft

north and

in their

and

again

clusters

of mud

Malcolm

P.

was

visited

only process

which

not one,

found where

indeed

is

adds, "There

now

all, and

they

like

has

appear

at

(Thomas,

notes

extension

are

collected

an

been

1909,

extension into

cut

taking place to

be

some

large

a

areas

of

common.

in

be

to

the

To

sand-dunes, every

of desolation, small

spring

a

which

upon

portion

of which

China

where

the

we

well." form

of Shen-si

is part,

streams,

hedgehogs,

a

he

Hedgehog

is

of Yu-lin-fu

is

the

neighbourhood time

or

the

Ordos

perennial

many

the

as

obliterating

Of

At

save

in

shale.

and

Ordos."

the

seen,

deadly quicksands

"the

plateau

North

which

that

about

vegetation,

site of

of nine

Ordos

dealbatus

are

any

sea

the

great

in southern

places,

remarkably

of the

a

type

country

trees

and

in

islands

by

the

of the

half -formed

the

964, 966)

pp.

"the

with

storm

series

the

from

border

of

that

Ordos.

Sand-dunes

little oasis marks

some

who

and

every

tiny

few

with

dealbatus, and

that

chasms,

Lonngroup,

Hemiechinus

by

and

I agree

places, especially where,

sandstone

as

the

to

in

race,

different.

is recorded

write

heart-breaking.

there,

where

Anderson,

appears

this

and

bordering

devoid

are

In

-shifting with

"

huts,

described,

is

prospect

here

Only

in the

gape

e.

Very

prominence, gloomy

any

depths,

sand

scrub.

that

Museum,

the

22)

is uniform

Hemiechinus

Erinaceus

inhabited

different

very

in

British

hedgehog

(1912, p.

yellow

sage

some

sand-dunes

landmark.

Sowerby

the

Shensi, close area

seem

of the

dealbatus.

e.

series

is also

back

really one in

this

the

cliffs and

the

west

from

not

entire

far

inexpressibly dreary.

of

it rises to

northeast,

lurking

and

and

occasional

and an

is wild

Fu

far

E.

spines, common

country

Hitherto

"

under

does

the

all with

after desert

in northwestern

not

Clark

alaschanicus.

of the

but

rather

is

miodon

E.

table

sight

all-white

of

relationshipsare

localityonly, Yulinfu,

Yii-lin

dealbatus,

e.

original specimens

local

Occurrence

Desert,

E.

that

the

seeing

after

Thomas

of

first

at

premaxillary extending

attenuated

but

hedgehog

intermixture

usual

the

lacking

This

"

specimens

some

of this series, see

measurements

were

at

Yu-lin

MAMMALS

THE

54

(April to May)

neighboiiring desert

the

the

which

upon

many

Specimens

(tsi- a

p. 83), securing additional

thorn

visited

who

(last of October),

the

or

type

specimens, for found

he

this and

into hibernation.

gone

in

original series

the

Nine,

"

the

British

Museum,

Shensi.

northern

Yulinfu,

from

already

examined:

'Tsi-wei'

1912, in

season

species of beetle

several

name,

.

Sowerby,

of the

mammals

small

other

.

MONGOLIA

alive with

was

unsuccessful

was

lateness

of the

account

.

and

(Clark

locality shortly after,

AND

Chinese

fed.

Hedgehog

spine)." Sowerby on

CHINA

OF

TALPID^

Family

MOLES

pushing

ears

small

and

arm

with

is

hand

fuse

bones

the the

the

foot

at

early

an

a

habits, to

in

occur

of the

Chinese

fossorial

moles, are

China,

highlands

the

and

modified

for

underground

upper

incisors Nine

b. Ten

much

teeth upper

a'.

With

b'. With

larger than upper

nine

two

only

lower one

of the

an

Genera

the

long snout,

in the and

to

set

muscle

the

retaining

attachment,

The

palm turned its

but

is still present

sharp

tympanic

ponent com-

though on

cusps

fuses

bone

to

family, regards it

as

the

Condylurinae

Siberia

and

southern

of

the

divisible are

Europe,

three

into

aquatic in the

latter

remaining

families sub-

almost

canine

shrew-like the

groups,

Chinese

the

other

or

special typical

more

American

forms,

Talpidae

tail,feet and

Talpinae and

genus

form, without

not

anterior

modified

premolars

lower

for digging;

2

anterior

immediately following. Uropsilus

teeth.

incisors lower

the

and

of

slender

jaw, eight in

lower

with

edge,

on

W-pattern.

Chinese

life.

shrew-like, with

the

fore feet, each

the

on

arch

other

two one

Form

a.

retain

that

with

strong,

primitive, the Uropsilinae,including species

most

Scalopinas with

Key A.

a

external

of shoulder

latter, however,

present

Representatives

the

and

a

bulla.

western

to

the

modifications;

for

Desmaninae

America.

North

eastern

ridges

form

the

confined

former

the

be

discussion

a

five subfamilies, of which

muscles

short the

The

low, rounded

(1912d), in

Thomas

The

for

of the

part

tapering, the

zygomatic primitive sectorial type, with

a

to

anterior

strictlyfossorial types, the entire

more

to

seems

is

muscular.

fingers are

in the

age.

retain

tending

skull, forming

five

prominent

teeth

the

molars

upper

and

lacks

skull

slender, and

claw,

that

rotated

so

The

out.

stout

a

All

foramen.

and

head

especially well developed,

humerus

entepicondylar

and

short

The

powerful, their bones

enlarged and

and

provided

neck

the

fore feet

soil.

loose

through

way

absent,

or are

clavicle its

a

insectivores, chiefly modified

mole-like

specializationof the

the

through

life

for

body

the

family includes

This fossorial

and

incisor

three and

lower

four

premolars

lower

premolars

Rltynchonax Nasillus

INSECTIVORES

THE

B.

burrowing,

for

thickset

Form

long

hind

as

less than

Upper premolars three,

2.

Both

in

as

tooth

fourth incisors

eleven, lower

teeth

b'.

Upper

teeth

in

Uropsilus Milne-Edwards, Recherches

with

and

with feet

the

The

fore

entire

are

with

skull

according

instead

enlargement the

lengthening

on

each

the

formula

follows:

(i9i2e,

pm.

the

number

variations

of

which

little if any presence the

of

less usual

in other

the

one

respects

is the the

presence

formulae

are

a

bones

of

of

those

in

to

given

eight

a

of

above.

with and

tially essen-

in

teeth:

curious that

In

teeth

i.p:';" ; variation

may

these

the

Muping, lower

interpreted

are

be

is

soricids.

from

and

upper

commoner

upper

ungual

the

teeth, without

the

sort, although

associated

toes, hands

moles

most

succeeding

incisors

lower

of four as

the

following

the

definite

The

premolars

backs

of both

These

=34.

premolars and of

nine

however,

seems,

difference.

upper

as

representing

apparently

external

four

as

There

small

are

given

slender

with

Milne-Edwards

by

covered

and

typical moles.

of the

of

longation pro-

developed

The

incisors, found

i.f c.t pm.f m.f

129)

p.

1 ;: ;" ^i ; vn..\\\\

is

well

are

complete zygomatic arch

reduction

first lower

the

soricipes,described

tooth

side, as

Thomas

of

claw.

resemble

teeth

and

first incisors

species, U.

type

Szechwan,

the

of the

adaptations

ears

is

form

bodily

the

provided

are

in the

as

representing the

as

tail is long, slender

the

and

outlines

and

mole-like, however,

a

external

the

Milne

1871.

cartilaginous tubular

Milne-Edwards

of bifurcate

its rounded

of the

;

flattened

to

Bull., p. 92,

7,

1868-74.

272,

characteristic

feet

fore

a

p.

with

long, skull

the

Paris, vol.

special interest

surrounding fur; of

Nat.

of the

none

instead

and

Scaptonyx Scapanulus

species, in which

is very

scales, while

scaly,

extreme

as

fore feet broader

Mammif^res,

of

are

part of the

the

height of

are

phalanges

the

with

snout

compressed

a

long

as

fore feet less broadened.

d'Hist.

des

Hving mole-like

The

rings of small

each

Mus.

Nat.

of this group the

types.

the

reach

Mogera

canine

upper

in number,

Arch.

k I'Hist.

servir

essentiallyshrew-like, beyond

and

the

lacking, making

Uropsilus Milne-Edwards

Nouv.

David,

insectivores

burrowing

Parascaptor Scaptochirus

only

three

in number,

ten

nine

nine, lower

pour

primitive of

still

the

four.

large; lower

one

succeeding teeth, tail twice

the

Genus

most

and

canine

lower

behind

close

small

foot.

Upper

The

but

Talpa

larger than

a'.

Edwards,

as

jaw.

two

premolars

lower

and

upper

3. Teeth

hind

or

Talpa

in each

eleven

1.

Anterior

tail about

enlarged canine;

an

foot

jaw

in each

teeth

b'. Teeth

the

by

length of hind

the

for digging.

lengthened

fore claws

foot.

a'. Eleven

b.

the

small, followed

incisors

Anterior

a.

twice

shorter, tail about

snout

and

less ; fore feet broadened

much

55

be

by Ct

in

present,

accompanied

by

be

the

seems

to

two

lower

incisors, while

four

lower

premolars,

Thomas

has

regarded

but

these

as

MAMMALS

THE

56

indicating two

additional

respectively. It is still in the

conditions

disappearance

in

differences

other

a

so

are

to

be

genera,

uncertain or

presence

CHINA

which

he

whether

of

absence

MONGOLIA

AND

Rhynchonax

names

they whether

single generic type, or would distinguish related in the

regarded

as

same

general

distinct.

A

area,

they groups,

teeth are

course

Nasillus

fluctuating in process

correlated

which,

nevertheless

conservative

and

merely

express

nearly functionless

that

occurring together and

OF

though

do not

of with haps per-

intercross

might be either

^V^.''^*^^

50'

25

Fig. 3.

Vropiilus 1.

U.

soricipes

Distribution

Map.

INSECTIVORES

THE

to

teeth

disappearing

the

all three until

at

present

be

can

one,

with

a

dentition

in

course

of

is obtained

is here shown

distinct

three

geographical distribution,

be

of

interpreted

treated far

so

valid

as

available

the

as

of

areas

distinctness.

their

favoring

as

The

fairly distinct

have

to

seem

primitive stock, conclusion.

genera

fact that,

among

recognize

to

or

a

definite

three

The

groups

may

Uropsilus soricipes Milne-Edwards

10.

in

Uropsilus soricipesMilne-Edwards, Recherches

and

otherwise.

reduction,

a

the

variations

definite

groups

warrant

to

accepted, be

to

these

specimens indicate,

Milne-Edwards,

as

representing truly

as

alternative

second

until they

of

evidence

sufficient

genera

described

all three

consider

57

servir

des

I'Hist. Nat.

k

d'Hist.

Mus.

Arch.

Nouv.

David,

pour

Nat.

vol.

Paris,

Mammiferes,

272,

p.

7,

pi.

Bull., p. fig.

40,

1871.

92,

pi. 40A,

l;

fig. I, 1868-74.

Type specimen:

No

"

which, however,

Naturelle

d'Histoire

Museum

the

"

of

minute

scaly,

skull

The

arches, and In

side

side

has

view,

as

to

growing brain

full, rounded

a

is

which

rostrum

the

long

skull

axis of the

so

hardly

one-third

that

tooth,

canine

and

and

bluntly

are

premolar

molar and

is reduced the

corresponds slightly in while

the

size

third

the

does

not

lacks

46. show the

their the

and

is

thirteen The the

last

lower

by

in

as

dorsals,

definite bone.

seven

of the keel

canine

opposite

states

lumbars, sternum

clavicles

that five

of

are

axis

incisor

interpreted

two

the

other one

which

the

as

in front

usual

the

are a

premolars of

of the

it,

well

cusps in

third

the

metacone

singlelarge incisor

unicuspids, increasing and

the

two

that

premolars), in front. number

vertebras

sacrals,

and

fourteen

is laterally compressed of the

each

sides together

second

with

contact

characteristic The

jaw three

a

close

Milne-Edwards

manubrium

falciform

the

(regarded

larger,and

skeleton,

the

In

orbits.

its broad

with

posterior commissure

is succeeded

to

first incisor

W-pattem,

a

brown,

the

the

exceeds have

dark

scales.

zygomatic

set

The

molars

of the

hypocone.

first to

conical.

commissures

loss

of

following

fourth

the

but

two

'Trout's

anterior

single-rooted, and

anterior

two

upper,

premolar

cervicals,

caudals, total

of the

from

and

contact,

through

Concerning

hand

short

with

suppression to

of

The

pm^

as

developed, forming

but

i,

larger,practicallyin

interpreted

seven

size

the

to

lected col-

up-curved the

40A,

the

teeth

two

who

near

of feet the

slender

second,

that

The

a

backs

between

Plate the

alcohol

David,

brown,

slightlydepressed

sharp cutting edge.

form

and

case,

in Milne-Edwards's

seen

dark

from

in

sent

Armand

body

Tail

slaty.

hairs

only slightlylarger than

is

above

transverse

blackish

tapering

a

dark

below

Ridgway;

with

and

tion, originaldescrip-

China.

Szechwan,

of head

surface

Description: Upper

Pere

by

the

individual

an

on

Paris

at

principality of Muping,

it in the

brown"

based

evidently

was

in

is mentioned

type specimen

typical moles,

relatively weak,

below, and

the

but

the

THE

58 humerus,

MAMMALS

slender

though The

crests.

terminal

cleft appearance extra

and

between

the

No

further

(1896a,

record

as

the

from

David's

one

form

muscle

without

the this

require

claws

heavy

reexamine

entire

Malcolm

formula,

taken

the

originallocality,at Weichow, valley small

incisor

east, while

to

Thomas

Sungpan

southeast

has

a

sixty miles

and

regarded

Ho.

to

short

before

from

distance of

that

of

129)

examples

this

genus,

the

that

eight to

p.

from

by

the

of

Duke

Uropsilus

lower

males

two

ber mem-

formula to

showed

and

a

(i9i2e,

tooth

upper

northwest

the the

southwest as

prove

and

genus

teeth,

having

northeast

Chengtu,

of

Szechwan,

Apparently, then, this variation,

between

lacking, is confined the

only

He

be

to

referred

acquired shortly

by Prince

presumption

Thomas

hitherto

of nine

premolar,

upper

are

had

the

to

similar

very the

slightly different

of

course

Pousargues

back

by examination

shown

P. Anderson.

by Anderson

of the

raises

that

1912

by possession originalseries from Muping

same

the

he

lot

the

the

narrow

a

the

specimen might

until

specimens the

the

which

province

this

until

brought

discovery

that

they

Milne-Edwards.

figured by

of

the

specimens

back

Yunnan,

which

in

thirty years,

some

annectant

from

who

two

:

of

sort

a

the

and

follows

as

sent

and

typical Uropsilus, as in

are

David,

1870,

from

original series, has

exploration under

in the

in

later

not

was

specimen

type

Pere

for

knowledge,

only from

which

in

species,

described

the

It

the

by

occurs

is known

of

the

primitive insectivores

specimen

a

genus.

common

to

later

recent

soricipes,characterized

the

normal

are

remarkable

species in

fact that

more

him

Bedford's

lower

prominent

nevertheless

Expedition

more

animal

common

more

discovered

leading

MONGOLIA

which

of

Szechwan,

were

of the

latter

Pere

the

However, a

light of

of the

and

179) recorded

p.

Rhynchonax

the

moles,

-This

"

western

which

d'Orleans.

in the

has

hand in

first discovered

was

sprung,

Museum,

Henri

the

of Bedford's

Habits:

moles

exploration in

Paris

of

measurements

by the Duke

secured

have

his

the

The

"

Occurrence

must

in

AND

shrew-like,

phalanges

found

Measurements:

type

and

CHINA

of support.

means

others

OF

region two

ones,

and

Muping

and

large

two

of

other

typifying distinct

variations genera,

the

in

second

slightlyto occur,

Nasillus

each

and

INSECTIVORES

THE

all

of

variations

these

in active

formula one

variations

in

seem

lends

the

minute

similarity of

external

further

Awaiting silus

soricipesis

the

a

that

of

the

with

presence

or

The of

seems

fact

to

ever, how-

the

specific unity. genera

typical Urop-

in distribution, confined

northeastern

these

but

genera,

of which

forms,

absence

that

Thomas's

let

garded re-

tooth

a

distribution,

essential

best

closely related

of

distinct

their

to

indicative

area

an

they represent it

191

jaws.

I

2),

Allen,

variable

both

or

points

from

Two,

"

Genus Thomas,

Rhynchonax

p. 239,

to

a

narrow

This

addition

As

under

of

one

for

a

showed

the

minute

as

in

tooth

is there

of the

obliterated

nearly Thomas

the

two

Mus.

Thomas.

Comp.

Zool., vol. 40,

from

be

to

In

the

further

the that

series),while series, the

close

that

the

out,

but

the

approximation color

of the

be

can

may

two

of

southward the

minute

examined

so

go

the

is

the

lower

extra

the one;

only

not

tooth

as

upper in

out

far that

the

two

genera

lose made

the

where

space

the

that

all, nevertheless,

retaining

reduction

view

later

sometimes

may

or

sufficient

as

lacking who

them

alveolus still

nine

presence

the

to to

Thomas,

regarded

its

the

regarded

sometimes

latter

tention, re-

and

upper

whether

somewhat

Shan, in

incisor

in all ten

I inclined

1912,

teeth.

he

that

made

(is),in

a

is to be

below

Wa

lower

that

Shan

the

lower

alike.

are

variation

nine

writes

subfamily in

and

question

a

and

above

me

our

Wa

by

believes

wrote

from

alveolus

no

andersoni

of the

Uropsilus, making

series

a

(Thomas

him

sent

in

it appears

Thus

some

Rhynchonax Allen, Mem.

premolar (pm^)

additional

an

premolar

specimen

M.

members

generic separation.

specimens,

Rhynchonax.

other

upper

premolar, although with

upper

Type, G.

163.

Uropsilus, it is

minute

extra

case

Muping,

Thomas

129.

p. p.

characters

especiallysince

not,

1912,

1911,

present

mentioned

in this

was

a

external

of the

London,

minute

In

absence

basis

of

number

the

to

teeth.

Soc. London,

Soc.

chiefly differs from

genus

usually, lower

Zool.

RhTnchonaz

(B.M.).

Szechwan

Weichow,

part).

(in

1 2

19

Zool.

Proc.

Proc.

Uropsilus Thomas,

or,

one

therefore,

group

most

Specimens examined:

of

and

M.

in Szechwan.

area

it

individual

correlated

animals

the

knowledge,

provisionally as

stand

in

view

Thomas's

(G.

through

teeth

degree

some

color to

merely

as

paper

previous

a

of reduction

process

of

two

or

In

respectively.

Rhynchonax,

59

stood

is

large premolars.

slightlybut

nizably recog-

different.

Rhynchonax London,

andersoni 1912,

Thomas,

p.

40,

p.

239,

1912

1896 (? in part).

Abstract

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

andersoni London,

Thomas

October

31,

191 1, p. 49;

Proc.

Zool.

Soc

130.

Uropsilus soricipes Thomas, vol.

andersoni

Rhjmchonax

II.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

(not Milne-Edwards).

London, ?

191 1, p.

Pousargues,

163. G. Bull. Mus.

M.

Allen, Mem. d'Hist.

Nat.,

Mus.

Comp.

Paris, vol.

2,

Zool., p.

170.

MAMMALS

THE

6o

specimen:

Type

Omei

from

Description:

General

(Thomas)

below

"

"bister"

;

already noted, and

Tail

slaty. are

Szechwan,

dark

a

brown,

dark

tip, where

tooth

formula

"clove-brown"

near

brown

they

with

all around, the

to

rings

length

longer, tending

are

seum, Mu-

feet.

9,500

bristles of about

small

very

the

series, those

and

Habits:

the

southern

eight others

in central Museum

"

were

So

In

Comparative

are

in the

far

than

taken

is

by

as

normally greater by

Uropsilus, and

of

that

made

animal

Szechwan. of

than

following

exterior

slightlymore Hsien,

The

"

of the

Occurrence

and

the

incisor

lower

one

Measurements:

for

above

1.25, British

1 1.2.

of

a

form

to

a

pencil. As

type

dark

toward

single ring, except short

color

which

scales, between

of minute

Hsien, southern

Omei

Shan,

skull, No.

and

skin

male,

Adult

"

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OF

at

by

the

Uropsilus

in its

Malcolm

P. Anderson

addition,

a

British

this

general

molar pre-

Museum

R.

to

seems

distribution.

at

series of

Zoology by Walter

upper

is darker.

collector.

present known,

small

one

color

of the

measurements

field

the

Omei seven

Zappey,

be

a

The

Shan, Omei was

in

secured

1908,

at

INSECTIVORES

THE

Shan, slightlysouth

Wa

1929,

Yunnan

are

andersoni

of

tipped

A

"

the

the crown

of the

area

area

of the

the small

minute

in

hind

R.

or

14;

R.

C.

drews An-

"

ear,

that

hairs

with

above

of

the

much

is

slightlysmaller in

altogether external

The

type

large

as

typical

R.

scaly, with

as

than

the

the the

see

two

crown

the

the lower

canine,

the

and

canine, is

andersoni, in which

tip jaw, the

theless never-

it is

absent.

measurements

practically

are

head

measures:

table

in

half

developed, In

the

of the

same

and

body, 67

mm.;

10.

skull measiurements,

and which

about

cingulum

about

level.

general cingulum

than

tail

a

and

body

premolar,

well

crown

basally,

underneath.

upper

level of the

and

of

of Szechwan,

larger, of

being minute,

The

third

the

cingulum

entire

paler

not

slate

pelage

absent, giving

or

altogether (with

wanting

animal

and

skull

andersoni. The

surfaces

andersoni

R.

the

that

few

lower

of feet

typical

typical R.

blackish

are

are

The

region.

slaty black;

in

(of Ridgway).

others

latter

barely reaching

developed

andersoni.

foot, For

well

sometimes

Measurements: as

in

sometimes

premolar,

better

much

Yunnan,

Dr.

by

191 7,

than

brown"

Backs

premolar (pz),though

second

very

or

incisor, instead

second

this

to

than

first and

standing

tooth

rump

in this Yunnan

first

the

as

Museum

southwestern

nearly unmixed

less reduced

with

throughout, except

is minute

adjoining it),is

28, 1923.

American

44343,

13,

hairs; the tail usually

is smaller

smaller

latter

(U.S.N. M.);

i

p. 2, December

drainage,

rump

the

slate.

blackish

scattered

the

hairs, mixed

blackish

uniform

are

species. sub-

as

Allen

100,

skull. No.

nearly "Prout's

On

hazel.

skull

Tachiao,

M.

no.

February

premolar

upper

above

limbs

The

G.

Novitates,

Salween

Collected

form,

appearance

teeth

Mus.

Mucheng,

strikinglyblackish minute

separation

(B.M.);

9

atronates

female, skin and

dark

third

the

shining black

are

Expeditions

Heller.

color

with

Asiatic

warrant

over

tic authen-

follows:

as

Shan,

andersoni

Allen, Amer.

feet.

7,000

Description:

consists

M.

from

Edmund

General

G.

A

"

History,

altitude

smaller, with

Omei

(B.M.);

i

Rhynchonax

atronates

Type specimen:

and

Museum to

form

other

no

LiangHowell,

as

typical be

to

seem

American

the

by

there

Kansu,

in

occurs

from

7 (M.C.Z.).

Shan,

12.

China,

but

^In all, eighteen,

"

Lianghokow,

of Natural

animal

different suflficiently

examined:

Specimens Szechwan:

Rhynchonax

the

each

single one

a

(not Taochow,

area

Yunnan,

secured

Specimens

records.

Wa

general

same

into northern

Szechwan

in southern

place, and

same

suggests). Probably

7,

p.

central

in the

Tachiao

and

hokow

of the

6l

under

R.

andersoni

andersoni.

the

same

tail, 57;

Expeditions, Peitaiping, of less

are

in this

Mucheng

at

where

Asiatic

Museum and

again in

condition

of the

at

color teeth

animal.

Specimens examined:

Seventeen,

"

follows:

as

drainage, Peitaiping,

6,000-7,000 feet, 16; Mekong

Mucheng,

Yunnan:

only

at

slight differences

The

less reduced

the

than

American

drainage (sixteen),

secured.

was

obtained

were

genus

the

by

Salween

the

on

probably

southern

more

Yunnan

single one

a

importance

of this

Specimens

"

southwestern

in

localities

two

Habits:

and

Occurrence

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

62

feet,

9,000

1

(in

alcohol).

Type specimen: China,

smaller

a

is much

paler

tint

as

and

the

tail is

gray"

paler

teeth, and

has

lower

larger than

in the

tail,60; hind For

foot,

cranial

much

but

paler brownish, the

rump

in

than

of R.

R.

andersoni

same

atronates,

parts

"deep

are

from

glistening. Tail

appear

of the

andersoni

under

legs and

preceding but

almost

brown,

expedition extends doubt

Szechwan.

fuscous

above,

on

is

level with

cingulum high

as

the

larger than

closelyresembles

and

premolar is

small

upper

its

about

crown

that

of

large as the first,

as

of the

those

width

the

as

adjacent

of the

canine, and

lower

in the

type measured

cingulum.

hence

much

flesh:

head

and

body,

68

mm.

15.

Habits:

see

the

but

The

"

altitudes

of

known

intergradation

northward,

local form

third

row

The

and at

typical form

in the

measurements,

Likiang Range

a

1916, by Dr.

22,

typical form. "

Occurrence

the

paler

with

incisor

Measurements:

to

western

premolar.

fore

The

hairs

the

than

distinct

a

second

No

much

The

atronates.

well in the tooth

The

of

Museum

Likiang Range, October

subspecies resembles

blackish

the

lacks

indistinctlybicolor.

skull is smaller

andersoni

stands

andersoni

upper

this

characters,

tips of

28, 1923.

American

44352,

Collected

R.

typical

larger third

(Ridgway),

p. 2, December

100,

Mountain),

(Snow

Allen

below.

The R.

No.

M.

Heller.

to

cinereus; it

lights the

certain

no.

above, nearly light cinnamon

brown

Sorex

our

neutral In

cranial

size and

In

G.

Novitates,

skull,

and

Edmund

skull and

nivatus

altitude.

feet

Similar

"

with

Ssu

Mr.

Description:

skin Shan

12,000

and

C. Andrews

R.

at

Mus.

Allen, Amer.

Male,

"

from

History,

Natural

Yunnan,

M.

G.

nivatus

andersoni

Rhynchonax

andersoni

Rhynchonax

13.

as

this range

with

with cut

table

the many

R.

a.

andersoni.

discovery of this animal

from

range

(p.60) under

to

10,000

of the

other

off in the

race

takes

species this

loop

of the

Andrews's

the

southwest.

to

place

seems

Yangtze.

isolated

by Dr.

considerably

genus

preceding

feet

12,000

the

on

to

at

have

While

lower

levels

developed resembling

;

R.

The

size

large

tooth

characters,

and

lends

color

with

limits

it may

that

which

of the

the

that

taken

examined:

Specimens

(Snow Mountain),

really

with

be

regarded

may

from

Nine,

Proc.

Zool.

Uropsi-

the

at

ward north-

this

single species, of It is

pectiliar

Yunnan:

Likiang

Ssu

Range,

Shan

feet.

10,000-12,000

Abstract

Thomas,

and

males.

Genus Nasillus

typical animal

subspecies.

as

in

Uropsilus soricipes;

called but

series.

incisor

in these

teeth, culminating

do

to

mixed

a

lower

size in the have

we

is here

were

"

these

from second

reduced that

strikinglydifferent

so

once

the

loss, in what

have

we

Rhynchonax

of

specimens

all the

that

range

be

forms

in their

of

at

and

their

is

color

out

argument

progressive series in reduction

a

the

premolar

the

to

63

picked

upper

contrasted

as

races,

be

can

third

the

northward,

to the

so

of

southern

these

INSECTIVORES

Likiang specimens

the

that

liis

in cranial

atronates

a.

THE

Soc.

Nasillus

Thomas

October

London,

31,

1911,

Proc.

p. 49;

Sec. London,

Zool.

1912,

p. 129.

While

having

Rhynchonax, is present, has or

with

38 in

all.

case

the

general

is not

three

of

types

separate

a

should

Abstract

gracilisThomas,

Proc.

one

instead

of

Nasillus

Zool.

Soc.

is similar

after

conclusion

Thomas

to

Nasillus

in

careful in

that

tooth of

study

the

gracilis as

V

=

Uropsilus

variation

the

as

incisors

m..\\%\\\

"pm.Xl'W^ that

below,

lower

three.

only

Thomas,

the

recognized, with

be

of two

externally

but

nine

and

instead

possible

seem

reached

has

above

ten

i.\.\.l. c.\

generic value,

14. Nasillus

but

this genus

again

formulae,

genus

follows:

as

of

teeth,

that

premolars

appearance

matter

a

lower

It may

of

in

differs

teeth

slightlysmaller.

formula the

In

number

same

four

all

interpreted

but

the

formula

the

present its type.

gracilis Thomas October

London,

31,

1911,

p. 49;

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1912, p. 130.

Type specimen: from

Chinfu

Shan,

Description: general

color

dark

in

the

as

tail The

related

A female, skin and

"

Externally

"

above

is

skull

with

(absent in Uropsilus large as

andersoni;

small

11.9.1.13,

below

Szechwan,

Uropsilus as

slaty.

in

and

British

Museum,

China.

Rhynchonax,

Uropsilus soricipes,not Hands

and

feet

the so

pale brown,

brown.

is shorter

genera,

resembling "sepia," much

near

Rhynchonax

uniformly

the

Nanchwan,

near

skull. No.

southeastern

a

and

decidedly

less-expanded

and

anterior

minute

in

premolar;

narrower

brain

case.

Rhynchonax in the

lower

than The

in

either

upper

andersoni)

of

third has

jaw the minute

the

the

two

premolar crown

incisor

as

stand-

MAMMALS

THE

64

is

there

but

Measurements:

only

Thomas

"

related

in the

than

66

hind ; tail,55 ;

mm.

For

cranial

taken

foot, 13.5

the

most

Specimens

Nasillus

specimen:

in

as

in

the

Rhynchonax,

July

24,

Nat.

Description: Externally "

of the

three

Rhynchonax The

noticeably

are

skull

differs skull

The

case.

its describer of N.

similar

be

to

gracilis, as

that

of the

quite do

also

proportionately head

and

body,

known

investigator. from

only

the

for the

singlespecimen which

Szechwan, of

occurrence

member

a

Nanchwan,

(B.M.).

Szechwan

1922.

22.9.1.16,

north,

British

northwestern

Museum,

from China.

Yunnan,

gracilis,"indeed,

N.

to

and

Nasillus

members

hardly distinguishable

are

externally, except

all the

that

the

of

members

blackish.

more

from

type

Forrest.

(Thomas),

other"

N.

9, vol. 10, p. 393,

Uropsilus,Rhynchonax

genera

each

from

the

investigatorThomas

28"

at

foot is

feet.

skull. No.

and

hind

Rhynchonax:

under

known

Hist., ser.

by George

1 921,

and

of

measvirements

the

in southeastern

4,000

Nasillus

divide,

Kiukiang-Salween

Collected

table

species is

is about

Mag.

Skin

"

that

One, the type, from

"

Ann.

investigatorThomas,

Type

that

tooth

9.

the

point

eastern

15.

and

smallest

is present

following

out

Nanchwan,

near

altitude

examined:

the

; ear,

This

"

Shan,

The

of this group.

by

species,is quite lacking, the

premolar,

Uropsilus

see

Habits:

and Chinfu

at

apparently

brain

latter

of teeth

points

genera

measurements

Occurrence

the

lower

gives and

specimen,

known

smaller

is

in the

number

same

MONGOLIA

AND

interpretationis different.

their

and

the

although

incisor

second

minute

very

a

Hence,

jaw.

large anterior

of the

ing just back

CHINA

OF

of

N.

gracilisin being longer still

though

type,

the

five other

retaining

in its tooth

of full size, and

specimens

milk

with

at

wider

teeth, is said

formula

taken

a

the

agrees

with

same

time

place. Measurements:

measured

by

"

The

the collector

original as

follows

series

and

another

from

Gomba-la

were

:

Locality Yunnan Yunnan Yunnan Yunnan Ytmnan Yunnan Yunnan Yunnan

INSECTIVORES

THE

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

OF

22. 22. 22. 22.

Basal

Palatal

matic

toid

length

length

length

width

width

9.9

21.3

9.6

9.

15

BM

9.

1.

16

BM

9.

1.

17

BM

9.

1.

18

BM

21.8

9.

1.

19

BM

21.8

(type)

(tjHpe)

BM

10.

17.4

the

near

locality is the

at

28"

eventually

N.

in this

in the

all

general

trapped one

apparently

a

examined:

Specimens

which

9.7

9.0

Yunnan

6.5

9.2

8.6

Yunnan

6.6

9.4

8.8

Yionnan

6.8

9.7

8.9

Yunnan Yunnan

Szechwan

9.2

10.4

6.2

8.9

8.1

six

tooth

distinctness the

on

obtained

by Forrest

formula,

thus

of

the

seciu-ed

of

luck

of

labels

of

it,but

caught

in

at

Abies

of N.

Andrews

forest

again Heller

and

instead.

of

at

a

on

gracilis,

originalseries,it altitudes

at

undoubtedly

Rhynchonax

of the

meadows

divide

collectingappears

specimens, while numbers

The

Gomba-la,

at

one

is known

tionally addi-

genus.

Kiiikiang-Salween

later

The

the

on

were

appears

from

11,000-

similar

height.

high-alpine species. In

"

Recherches

Milne-Edwards,

6.7

slightlylarger subspecies

a

was

all,eight, namely:

divide, 7 (B.M.);

Genus Scaptonyx

feet,

alpine

open

on

Locality

row

8.6

agree the

secured

area

tooth

6.5

which

most

entered

Salween-Kitikiang

Yunnan:

at

5

all

of

secured

brief notes

were

It is thus

row

Lower

11.3

in

Nothing further

Forrest

feet, except

14,000

9.6

close relative.

a

II.

10.8

collector

same

be

to

prove

same

the

From

that

molars

I

specimens in

11,000

divide.

where

case

working

The

obviously

it is

of which

tooth

gracilis

view

of

altitude

an

Seven

"

Thomas's

Mekong-Salween

it will

II.

9.6

1

9.2

locality,all of

type

latitude

16.3

Habits:

confirming

about

10.2

9.7

21.3

and

Occurrence or

Upper

across

9.7

N.

at

Width

investigator

21.2

1.

11.9.8.13

Mas-

est

N. 22.

NASILLUS

Zygo-

Great-

No.

65

divide,

Mekong-Salween

(B.M.).

i

Scapton3rx Milne-Edwards k I'Hist. Nat.

servir

pour

des

Mammif^res,

p.

278, pi. 38B, fig.4; pi. 40B,

fig.2, 1868-74.

This

is

somewhat

a

Uropsilus, with three

shorter hairs

middle and

that

Urotrichus

related.

ones.

not

and In

the the

of which

is

There

thickened

more

do

member

long cartilaginous snout,

a

large,nearly straight claws, the

mole-like

more

conceal western

skeleton,

than

the

the

that

genus,

rings of scales.

American Milne-Edwards

the

Uropsilinse

slightly broadened

first and

practically no in

of

fifth

shorter

ear

and

thinly clad

with

It

Neurotrichus, has

are

external

hands

much

resembles to

shown

both

that

the

with than

tail is

stiff short

the of

than

Japanese

which

the

it

terminal

is

phalanges of

OF

MAMMALS

THE

66

hands

the

bifid

are

entepicondylar perforation for In

skull the

the

the

and

c.

pm.

T

the

and

two

premolars, and

cusp

side

each

with

a

are

are

minute

So

far

This

feet of

Urotrichus, stage the

of this genus

presence

instance

of the

lies in the

that

but

more

Only

one

it is

the

France, so

The

so

injured

is

the

is:

largest,

tooth

row;

relatively

small, conical, of

angular high tri-

a

anterior

two

and

incisors

the

canine

enlarged and

is

conical, behind

premolars

it

the

the

on

head

with

one

pour

like

mole

a

mole.

a

It

with

the

gives

the

moles, for

as represented by Uroplife. wholly subterranean

a

China

western

type, while

Pacific

Scapton3rx fusicaudatus Recherches

of

is another

its additional of North

coast

in

and

Neurotrichus,

genus,

highlands.

looks

highlands of

primitive

a

Chinese

interest

America

Japan

by trichus. Uro-

by

subspecies. Milne-Edwards

servir

k I'Hist. Nat.

des

Mammif^res,

p.

278, pi. 38B,

fig. 2, 1868-74. Nouv.

that

in the

Mus.

Arch.

The

"

it "sur flask

type

d'Hist.

was

les confins

"

slightlybroadened,

Nat.

Kokonoor

found

The

but

in the

general form with

stout

Paris, vol. 7, Bull., p. 92,

specimen

which it was preserved specimen arrived in very

is still preserved

Description:

a

du

Milne-Edwards

that

specimen

in the

of

progressive

specimen:

secured

three

small

two

says,

with

genera,

species is known,

Scaptonyx fusicauda David,

who

is the the

to

the

full

of

one

conical, and

moles

the

to

adapted

represented

Scaptonyx fusicaudatus Milne-Edwards,

Type

side

by

jaw

true

The

shrew-like

more

isolated

16.

fig.4; pi. 40B,

in the base.

Urotrichus

a

persistence here

fact

related

as

typical

more

lower

Milne-Edwards

the

between

canine

the

formula

tooth

of each

followed

like, thread-

premolars

larger consisting

the

is confined

genus

like

or

at

the

tentatively

really

the

transverse

the

and

was

project slightlyforward,

as

lacks

double-rooted.

interestinggenus,

annectant

a

the

known

as

In

the

so

much

and

premolar

and

smaller,

silus, and The

first

the

posterior cusp

but

similar

lobe.

small, chisel-like

small, while

very

fourth

it is

that

edges

smaller,

are

a

teeth

that

incisor

incisor; it is

first

inner

small

a

chisel-like

and

lower

the

missing,

first upper

the

as

humerus

side less than

each

on

shown

The

incisors

upper

high

as

double-rooted

on

set

are

about

with

has

is

that

the

complete though slender incisor

their

42.

=

succeeding

the two

small,

I

moles, and

incisors, a canine, three

(1912b)

Thomas

m.

T

three

MONGOLIA

nerve.

are

lower

one

as

(the anteriormost)

incisors i. i

but

molars,

three

the

interpretation of

Milne-Edwards

published by

AND

brachial

arches

has

The

number.

placental

in

as

the

zygomatic formula

tooth

CHINA

it

Museum

et

poor

to

fossorial

and

figure

d'Histoire

nately, Unfortuin transit

broken

was

condition,

the

the

Naturelle

with

claws,

the the

David

Armand

S6-tschouan."

du

in alcohol

is mole-like,

flattened

by Pere

sent

possible

1871 (lapsus calami).

skull

teeth at

to

was

only.

Paris.

fore

feet

hind

feet

only more

scales

with

which

between

mole-like, of

and

the

twice

to

(fusiform),thinly and

base

No

The

"

skull and

Specimens

examined:

Habits:

miles

twelve

altitude.

the

long projecting the

complete zygomata, briefly described

been

"

smaller,

with

and

snout the

under

premolar

not

and

"

horizontally shortened,

June

22,

Similar

to

the

and

third

bulk

incisor

again

second

and

third

Measurements:

British collected

F.

by

incisor third

the

;

spatulate; the

than

about

the

its bulk

the

following and

canine

third

lighter" than

first

and

others

American

height

Museum

fovirth

three-quarters 1912b,

dimensions

taken

of the

by

and

row

jaw)

the

foiurth

lower

typical form, the

; the

latter

second

height,

both

but

not

a

lower

the

514).

p. are

Edmund

Asiatic

its

sub-

tooth in

tooth

in the

upper

slightly shorter

third; lower

the

(the

slightly

third

premolars

upper

premolars conspicuously smaller, half

feet

13,500

follows:

as

posterior incisor;

"rather

at

premolar

as

canine

Museum,

,

upper

second

upper

breadth

same

the

teeth,

; first and

fourth

British

i .

.

Ward.

but

in the

i8

3

1912.

Yunnan,

Kingdon

differences

single-rooted (Thomas, The

12

northwestern

typical form,

in size but

only

Museum,

by

the

one-half

"

mm.;

specimen.

8, vol. 9, p. 514,

ser.

skull, No.

and

191 1,

less

lower

and

about

108

aflSnis Thomas

Hist.,

Nat.

Atuntze,

the

slender

premolars nearly equal

length,

available.

are

.

second

about

incisors

more

skin

minute

than

of

but

the

and

second

of

south

smaller

typical form

fusicaudatus

Mag.

Ann.

male,

larger than

total

None.

Scaptonyx

other

measured:

type is the only recorded

The

"

"

A

"

Collected

Description:

in the

of the

fusicaudatus affinisThomas,

Type specimen:

quarter

have

specimen

type

17.

the

and

slender teeth

measurements

Occurrence

shorter

with

clad

hardly

from

slightlytapering

evenly

short

soft,

tail is

characters.

tail,45.

equal,

with

The

point.

blunt

a

Measurements:

from

and

feet covered

Fur

The

throughout.

foot, thickened,

lightlybuilt,

is

skull

generic

Scaptonyx

color

hairs.

black

scattered

slate

and

hands

of both

backs

hairs.

blackish

tapering

the

near

dark

hind

the

short

are

uniform

a

of

length

enlargement

The

the

long, compressed claws,

slender, with

67

INSECTIVORES

THE

available Heller

Expeditions

from of the :

specimens fresh

mens speci-

68

MAMMALS

THE

OF

CRANIAL

The

less in width

Thomas, with

caudatiis differences

of

the

the

than

these

basis

may

be

how

great may

as

a

be

is not

Occurrence twelve

miles

known

and

on

the

the

393) the

three

a

Range,

trivial

pointed

the

without

tell

no

comparison valuable

how

is

of

way

they

knowing

Of

typical form.

in the

basis

that

on

said, however,

be

and

nature,

fiisi-

minute

the

out

and

teeth,

It must

of S.

three

the

44517 there

The

"

Asiatic

Museum

Expeditions,

in northwestern

Atuntze,

and

genus, the

a

by

Dr.

the

southward,

in

second

or was

less

taken

Specimens examined: Tomulang,

"

Ten

also

specimen, The

in

from

forested a

as

on

Snow

the

country, bank

in

to

in

a

1914,

Thomas

later,

by George of 7,000

known

to

seem

far from

not

one

to

district, northwestern

Mountain feet.

13,000

for

impression for it is apparently

secured

specimens

Thomas

of the

Probably records

of

Likiang this his

is

first

fir forest.

follows:

Chungtien district,i; Likiang Range,

(B.M., the type); Mekong

the

elevation

an

Chungtien

12,000

mossy

Five,

the

at

Heller

Mr.

years

male,

a

other

only

and

correct

some

the second

was

especially elongated,

Uropsilus.

others

two

on

to

divide, 28" north,

Andrews

at

Thomas

not

was

as

subspecies, taken in 19 12,

Yunnan

enabled

snout

Tomulang

feet, and

10,000

of this

type specimen

Mekong-Salween

a more species specimen that it

I

type

premolars, lacking apparently the second, of which

recorded

of

Yunnan:

of the

form.

variation

attenuate

as

secured

at to

skull

it is difficvilt to

American

original locality,at

Yunnan,

and

has

Atuntze,

distinct

most

feet, practically a topotype.

8,000 be

canine

No.

the

that

nearly p.

as

individual

of the

example

(1922b,

of the

proportions of

individuals

Habits: of

south

of Milne-Edwards

Forrest,

unicuspid

The

case.

are

alveolus.

an

even

which

zygomata,

subspecific distinction, since there

by

lower

only three

in the

of the

the

secured

specimens

specimen from

two

for

brain

the

comparison

animal

are

thread-like

all double-rooted.

are

above

latter

characters

more

has

of his

mentioned

of

actual

made

that

regarded

that

jaw

upper

who

with

MONGOLIA

SCAPTONYX

OF

slender,

width

the

AND

MEASUREMENTS

extremely

than

of the

premolars

has

is

skull

CHINA

valley, i (B.M.).

Snow

Motuitain,

2;

Atuntze,

Talpa Linnaeus

Genus ed.

Talpa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., The

typical

and

outward,

feet

quarters,

to

below the

the

axis

of

linae,and

are

The

primary last

found

in the

while

des

a

specimen figured David

from

Muping,

and

for

with,

skull

orbital The upper and

a

has

incisors

premolar fourth

is

increase

posteriorly.

is

far

as

chiefly lands high-

the

as

China.

Acad.

servir Sci.,Paris, vol. 70, p. 341, 1870; Recherches pour teeth); pi. 38, fig. 2 (exterior), 1868-74.

is indicated

is

Milne-Edwards

by

Paris, having

at

that

the

originaldescription, but

in the

still in

presumably

been

by

sent

from

is, probably

is

mole

than

slightly smaller

the

the

the

Armand

Pere

mountains

of

which

a

are

a

the

and

wide, oval

subequal,

slightly

smaller

long.

mm.

slightlybrownish

rostrum,

narrow

which

12.5

some

are

the

third than

regvilarlyin size, but

narrow

brain

case

the

The

hairs,

sparse

general

color

in

almost

cylindrical inter-

rather

abruptly expands.

first, and fourth

long

tinge.

slightlythe the

species,

European

with

fairly well-developed tail, terete, of

region, from

upper

commissures.

this

genus

a

Asia,

western

type

pelage is slaty black, with The

As

western

pi. 17A, fig.2 (skull and

oriental,"

This

mole,

and

the

slightlyreduced.

cusps

Linnaeus.

Europe

nearly

all show

their

with

W

a

Uropsiof

are

China.

terminal

more

fresh

a

form

its inner

of

Rend.

Naturelle

Szechwan, "

the

molars

p. 281,

described

"Thibet

Description: the

No

"

d'Histoire

Museum

follow

the

Talpa longirostrisMilne-Edwards

Compt.

Mammiferes,

specimen:

Type

premolars that

outer

europcea

in

condition

three

above

transverse

by their size,

differentiated

reduced

single species reaches

Talpa longiroslHs Milne-Edwards, Nat.

small

two

portions

temperate

18.

k I'Hist.

the

is Talpa

species

India,

the

ground. under-

incisors

nearly

set

close

placental

of

three

edges

well

are

to

smallest, with

is the

type

of

of which

The

=44.

considerably larger, while

cusps,

molar

The

canines

three

The

characteristic

chisel-like

with

The

in

for

living partly with life

correlation

m.f

pm.i

Ct

and

arms,

turned

the

is suitable

full number

the

in contrast

two-rooted.

equal size, the fourth four

i.f

small

especially large

upper

of

are

skvill; the

the

in

reduced

formula:

subequal,

are

long

Talpa

the

with

mammals,

a

and

neck

palms elongate for digging.

and

grain,

definite

is much

eye

in

teeth

The

and

the

flattened

stout,

with

broadened

and

of

musculature

heavy

subterranean

specialized for

body

a

enlarged

short, plush-like fur, lacking and

shows

moles

five claws

the

1758.

I, p. 52,

pointed head,

the

tail, fore

shortened

the

of

genus

life, in

burrowing

lo, vol.

69

INSECTIVORES

THE

has

narrowest;

recurved; a

distinct

the

second

the

third

basal

cusp

Measurements:

(1868-74, Museum

added

are

the

for

283)

p.

In addition

"

this

is

the

single-rooted is shown

side

in

in

premolar

has

is shown

view

crown

in

two

British

the

only its low

just behind

it lies

the

crown

and

that

short the

cutting

first lower

it is not

the

when

canine

there canine

lower

inward; that

upper

premolar

states

The

large size, but

perhaps

two

lower

three.

farther

much

of

large first

the

are

extends

its base

anterior

the

doubt

no

ever, species, how-

European

the and

it in

there

next

leave

dentition

Milne-Edwards

canine.

fact

incisor

that

by the fact

and

Occurrence

Habits: in

commune"

"assez

continues in the

be

to

specimens

to

Paris

canine

the

jaws

the

latter

its color British second

male

province. Museum Shan

dog

as

secured

Slightly sectored

Range, at

boulders

the

to

two

first

Hwanglungtse, (Jacobi, 1922,

by

at

as

additional

in

P.

an

p. 2;

from

an

specimen

Anderson

in

specimens natives

p.

Shan,

71).

a

remained

Omei

from the

species

male

Szechwan;

p.

of

they in

scribe dethe

163) recorded in the

same

Dresden

the

isolated

the second

birches,

were

seciored

unique

Shan

expedition

red-barked

the

specimens

recorded

alcohol,

at Wa

alpine forest of 1923,

at

later

first

borderland

a

that

(191 id,

Thomas

the

Weigold,

Sty

David the

back

time

No

in northwestern

191 1, when

southward

bought

and

This

Malcolm

the

no

Pere

by

sent

evidence

understood.

present

black.

until

he that

at

was

be

to

Winton

De

whence

this

Tibet,

eastern

discovered

was

1870,

area

seems

(Yangliupa)

uniformly

collection

Museum

there

when

Yunglipa

at

This

but

It

apparently

be

to

and

Szechwan

in

Szechwan

to

country

again reported until 1899, by

of

Museum.

Tibet,

in that

occurs

mountains

the

journey

of

Although said by Milne-Edwards

"

species in collections.

rare

the

part

as

actually

a

of his

course

included

a

the

closed.

are

a

in

caniniform, and

become

with

while

roots,

lower

but

the

resembles

but

edge,

incisors,

lower view

of

and

slightlystouter, two

the

with

sktdl

the

comparison

seem

of with

instead

in contact

four

are

In

Talpa.

premolars

upper

figuresof

excellent

true

a

species, those

this

:

Milne-Edwards's that

given by Milne-Edwards

the measurements

to

of

type

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

70

Wa

caught by

among

mossy

INSECTIVORES

THE

Anderson's

forest,"

damp is

from

specimen that

so

the

Omei

examined:

Specimens Szechwan

:

Omei

Shan,

Parascaptor Gill, Bull. leucura

been

(B.M.); Yangliupa,

regarded

as

includes the

mole,

but

and

one

referred

pointed

lower

the

which

Syria, but

mole

Talpa leucura

nothing

Blyth, Joum.

leucurus

Parascaptor

India,

and

is

Description: "

length. "leaden The rostrum.

the

Color black" skull The

a

Similar

uniform

; tail hairs

is of the teeth

well-developed

the lower

jaw,

resembles

the

so

upper

the canine

vol.

in

very

delicate

more

that

those

only

canine

and

in side view

incisors, while

Museum

the

the

later

as

be

really with

abnormally

described

scaptor Para-

as

Armand

David

1884.

Punji, Assam,

the

European

common

one-twelfth

to

black,

or

whitish.

the

small

basal

of

latter, but

of

part

Talpa, lack

teeth

one

premolar

a as

the of

with of

Talpa

small

between

premolar. is

fur

tapering

chisel-like edge, and in

total

the

the

intervene

large posteriormost

is low, with

first

as

Calcutta.

at

to

about

of these

two

to

Cherra

type, like that of the

at

it.

from

was

appearance

short, white

Siam.

pi. 4, fig. i, 1850.

Indian

varying

range

Thomas

which,

Sci., Paris, vol. 99, p. 1142,

club-shaped,

brown,

Its

(Blyth)

19, p. 215,

general

present

and

by

Pere

by

about

leucurus

Acad.

in the

short,

resemble

unicuspid premolars,

collected

original specimen

presumably

tail very

(1884)

Rend.

skull, but also

upper

four

Milne-Edwards

China

has

tooth

it resembles

examination

heavy

been

Parascaptor

of the

similar, but

was

broad

the

of Yunnan,

North

it has

small

club-shaped.

further

on

the

appearance

borders

to be known

seems

one

instead

and

from

formxila

have

to

of

Asia, although

eastern

tooth

Compt.

The

"

to

described

Soc. Bengal,

Asiatic

Milne-Edwards,

Type specimen:

but

the

said

further

lacking

eastward

writers

many

distinguished by

above

short

Milne-Edwards

19.

the

species,Talpa

Type

1875.

by

In external

=42.

characteristic

premolar. a

Talpa

(1910), proved

the

in

tail is very

mole

the

is well

but

premolars

from

it the

to

davidianus

of

m.l

pm.l

Ct

Thomas

by

out

extra

that

Burma,

Scaptochirus,with

mole,

(ser. 2), p. no,

i

of which

Talpa,

subgenus,

a

species is known

leptura, in

British

Gill

Terr., vol.

to

total of three

a

i.7

Assam

time

in

Surv.

Geogr.

differs from

follows:

common

Talpa

and

merely

as

which

Talpa,

an

it

that

(B.M.).

i

Parascaptor

closely similar

is

premolars, making

a

indicate

to

seems

in

namely:

Two,

"

i

S. Geol.

U.

genus

formula,

one

evidence

bank

"mossy

a

on

Blyth.

This

But

caught

was

available

sUght

Genus

the

Shan

forest-dweller.

a

in

71

In

closely

enlarged

and

THE

72

caniniform,

premolars

MAMMALS

closing set

close

CHINA

OF

behind

the

together,

MONGOLIA

it is succeeded

canine;

upper while

AND

fourth

the

is

by

small

two

large, equaling in size the

first. Measurements: to

millimeters) for Suki

the

in

present

specimen from

India,

Siam,

obtained

(here reduced

I have

and

it

of

as

valley,7,000 Museum

a

in 1922.

Thomas

second

has

Ward

specimen notes

added

those

No

other

soil

preference or

specimens have

Specimens the

Shan "

Suki

Yunnan,

label

of his

in the

bxurows been

of

examined:

Chiroscaptor Heude,

The

tail,which

moles

and

British received

captiu-ed where

grass

and

shrubs."

nothing is recorded

and

In

"

addition

to

Hills,

and

respectively (B. M.).

Tengyueh

Arch.

M6m.

Ann.

Mus. concern.

of its

short

thinly haired.

Scaptochinis

Assam

in

British

British

Museum

India, two,

from

Milne-Edwards

des Sci. Nat., Zool., d'Hist.

Nat.

I'Hist.

of this genus

is very

and

in the

specimens

States, Khasi

Scaptochirus Milne-Edwards, Nouv.

was

bed, amongst

China

in

it

Salween

is also in the

Tengyueh,

of

first known

the

Suki, in the

There

that

(1919)

border

western

at

at

locally

It is also

food.

Genus

Taipa David,

Ward

as

It is, therefore,

Chiengmai.

lately recorded

specimen

feet.

Gyldenstolpe

extreme

taken

river

taken

the

mole

probably

10,000

as

of

of this

and

by

27" 30'.

latitude

from

the

on

"numerous

were

Assam,

high

southeast

extending into

feet altitude, in north

distribution

it is recorded

Eisenhofer

by

of

(1914b, p. 473) specimen, collected by F. Kingdon

Chinese

foot),and

altitude

an

whence

find

to

gives the

Hills, south

Naga

northern

whence

Yunnan,

Yunnan,

Blanford

"

reaching

surprising

not

from

Habits: and

Burma,

been

having

there

and

Khasi

the

throughout

as

alcoholic

an

following dimensions

the

gives

specimen:

Occurrence

Sylhet,

Blanford

"

and

ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 375, 1867. Paris, vol. 3, Bull., p. 26, 1867 (not Linnaeus, 1758).

Nat.

differ

de I'Emp.

Chin., vol. 4, pt. I, p. 36, pi.9, figs.l-ic, 1898.

externally from

slender

(about

Talpa in the

two-thirds

the

more

reduced

length of the hind

INSECTIVORES

THE

teeth

is

canine

type

species be

to

seems

genus

Mongolia.

Only

k I'Hist.

Talpa europcEa

Nouv.

Scaptochirus davidianus

Ann.

specimen:

are

suggested

that

"Mongolian"

brownish

The

the

The

in the

notes

of

hind

the foot

mounted

1867; Recherches

pour

1868-74.

color

the

5, p. 350,

1910.

David's

In

collected

was

still in the

presumably

time

Armand

of the

Musetim

Mongolia

term

Shansi,

be

Peiping,

whence

was

that

so

considered

therefore

of

Pere

by

collection

the

parts of Hopei and

this mole

lights. is

No the

The

forming feet

used

Thomas

Suanhwafu,

much

of

and

specimen,

body

140

of 5. is 15

mm.,

David's

of his

tuft.

and 20

mole

the mm.

at

minute

ventrally.

groove

short

hairs,

of the

broad

nearly

naked.

hand.

Milne-

specimen, following the

tail less than ;

and

Backs

are

brown

side, glistening

bases

animals

in old

alcoholic

grayish

foot, with

hind

of this

leptura is

mm.

or

slaty

lengthwise

a

of the

thinly haired,

clear

the lower

on

terminal

short

measurements

measured

type

with

length a

and

mouth

is short, with

fur

the

uniform

nearly

a

the

thinly haired,

fresh head

is

about

two-thirds

narrower

of

1884.

Chin., vol. 4, pt. I, p. 36, 1898. (errorim).

came.

hind

back,

1881.

I'Emp.

8, vol.

ser.

northwest

scales, and

that

de

type localitymay

snout

"

Hist.,

Nat.

Paris.

miles

In

Measurements:

curve

Mag.

the western

short, about

fore feet and

5, vol. 7, p. 375,

ser.

Sci., Paris, vol. 99, p. 1142,

is

certain

tips.

hardly hiding

Edwards

I'Hist. Nat.

below, slightlypaler

tail is

Acad.

and at

material

silvery in The

Rend.

original specimen

the

"

and

Milne-Edwards

(not of Blyth).

135

p.

The

now

Description: above

"

himdred

one

subspecies

a

Paris, vol. 3, Bull., p. 26, 1867 (not of Linnaeus, 1758).

1861,

ibid., p. 40, pi. 9, figs.2-2c

Mongolie" what

about

the

loc. cit.

Naturelle

include

has

moschatus

Nat.

London,

Compt.

Ann.

Scaptochiruslepturus Thomas,

to

premolar

southeastern

with

173, pi. 17, fig.4; pi. 17A, figs. l-ic,

d'Hist.

Soc.

concern.

Scaptochirus moschiferus Heude,

"en

small

and

of

area,

one

pm.l m.|=40.

c.t

borders

this

from

des Sci. Nat., Zool., p.

Mus.

M6m.

Scaptochirus leptura Thomas,

David

one

first lower

the

the

and

ibid., 1870, p. 620 (errorim). Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 7, p. 470,

Chiroscaptor sinensis Heude,

d'Histoire

China

of the

Milne-Edwards,

moschatus

moschatus

Ann.

Zool.

leptura Milne-Edwards,

Type

molar

Swinhoe,

Talpa leptura Thomas, Parascaptor

Arch.

Proc.

Swinhoe,

is: i.f

formula

known

the

out.

Mammiferes,

des

loss of

of the

incisor, while

an

eastern

Scaptochirus

Nat.

David, ?

Talpa leucura

to

Milne-Edwards,

Scaptochirus moschatus

like

single species is

a

the

and

rostrum,

dentition, Scaptochirus has

its

account

on

that

Scaptochirus

confined

20.

servir

jaw,

is

little is yet made

of which

below,

is in side view

caniniform.

In

so

broader

shorter,

a

crowns.

and

each

and

enlarged The

in

teeth

lower

The

above

both

intermediate

higher

with

larger

are

premolar

less

is less delicate, with

skull

The

73

a

centimeter.

its tail, perhaps

stretched

MAMMALS

THE

74

OF

Fig. 4.

CHINA

AND

Distribution

MONGOLIA

Map. Scapanulus

Scaplochirus 1.

5. moschalus

moschatus

2.

5. moschatus

gilliesi

CRANIAL

3.

MEASUREMENTS

OF

5. oweni

SCAPTOCHIRUS

J3

C B ". a a a

O

moschatus

moschatus

34.2

29.6

14.5

34.3

29.3

14.7

34.0

28.9

14.2

33-2

30.7

27.2

340

357

30.9

S. moschatus 30.2

25.4

"

^

14.7 -

14.3

13.6 Shantung

18.0

10.8

14.3

17.8

10.7

14.3

14.0

Shantung

18.

I I.I

14.5

13.5

Shantung

13.7

Hopei

1

147

17.4

10.5

14.4

13-3

17.2

lo.i

13.0

14.9

18.

1

10.5

14.6

13.3

Hopei

17.9

1 1. 1

15.7

14.4

Shantung

9.7

12.5

12.5

Shansi

15-3

-

Hopei

gilliesi 12.4

13.3

16.9

INSECTIVORES

THE

Nomenclature:

This,

manuscript

Edwards

specimen

a

in

his

it

called Milne-Edwards

the

therefore

teeth

distinct

mounted, I

same,

In a

from

mole

forward.

more no

doubt

the

that

fresh,

leptura as

the

as

he

which

An

a

a

new

genus

in that

the

examination

of

cusps of his

he

dentition

differed

were

of his type

with

found

He

teeth

the

animal

and

later

the

skulls

of

agreed

be

might

in

mm.

as

that

characteristic

for

the

vertently inad-

tained main-

specimen

as

quite

the

are

of 5. moschatus.

species,Chiroscaptor sinensis,

and

the

projected

molars

lower

to

fact

the

much

that

compared

he

teeth

worn

much leaves

description,however,

due the

(inadvertently

5. moschatus

from

figure and

observed

15

and

synonym

believed

differences

unworn

longer tail,

a

from

Scaptochirus,

with

tooth

Peiping

the

the

on

having

Talpa leptura.

as

Milne-

curiously,

1881, Thomas

abnormality,

an

which,

by Swinhoe, of

additional

highly improbable,

T.

moschiferusl)

written

the

that

of

In

sent

Peiping

of

lack

basis

described

Hopei

from

assumed

seems

1898, Heude

Talpa

1867,

species, but

the

Syria. instead

ever, how-

suggests,

specificname

from

evidently

was

the

regarding

am

with

the

he

on

this

but

mole

specimen

that

however,

otherwise; nevertheless as

mentions a

gave

This,

Later, in 1870, Swinhoe

Peiping.

original specimen

agreed

Scaptochirus

genus

the

the

described

discovered, the

of

Thomas

as

who

for

species in

and

genus

again

a

chinensis.

was

Peiping.

from

i860,

it remained

that

so

Europe

species by Gray,

probably,

northwest

in 1884 to from

skull

of

number

new

Scaptochirus davidianus,

gave

the

removed

a

mammals

Chinese

of

account

miles

as

David,

by Pere

sent

ninety

about

Suanhwafu,

it

in

new

published,

describe

and

a

reach

to

stand) Talpa

museum

been

mole

Museum

pronounced

the

have

to

study

to

of

basis

name

never

seems

British

the

was

(on

this

of

specimen to

mentions,

Swinhoe

as

it the

first

Swinhoe

Consul

by

sent

one

The

"

75

of

an

older

individual. Occurrence collections.

and

and In

assumed

has

two

miles

200

to

the the

for A. B. from in

have

Specimens

"

addition

to

from

Habits:

the

to

come

neighborhood north.

Howell

mole

seem

original specimen

sent

from

northwest of the

Apparently (1929)

Heisui, Manchuria.

of this

records

The

a

only

latter

of

Peiping,

city, and

its range

extends

specimen

in the

other

to

by the

be

David

from

farther U.

to

British

another

in

uncommon

Chihfeng, the

to

S. National

locality yet reported

Specimens

examined:

"

Nine,

as

is Weihsien

follows: i

east, north-

Museum

Shantung.

Hopei: Peiping, 2 (B.M., including type of Talpa leptura); Chihfeng, Shantung: Weihsien, 6 (A.M.N.H., M.C.Z., B.M.).

Paris,

Museum

(B.M.).

MAMMALS

THE

76

Sowerby, Scaptochirus gillesei

specimen:

Type from

Through

5, p. 350,

Sh6n-Kan,

skull, No.

China.

Shansi,

1910. 172,

p.

{lapsus calami).

3.1, British

1

10.3.

1912

Museum,

November,

Collected

by

1909,

Gillies.

Robert

Similar

Description: "

with

smaller,

The

general color of

of

race

tail

the the

type

foot

and

be

may

measurements

are

darker,

slight shade

a

but

Shantung,

and

Hopei

brown."

skull

The

typical

skull, although

"broccoli

about

the

to

smaller

nearly identical.

and

8, vol.

ser.

and

^An advdt, skin

"

southwestern

Hotsin,

Hist.,

Sowerby,

and

Clark

in

Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

Scaptochirus gilliesiThomas,

MONGOLIA

gilliesiThomas

moschatus

Scaptochirus

21.

AND

CHINA

OF

is

smaller

markedly

region, smaller

middle

less narrowed

with

lighterteeth. Measurements: tail is about

the

Cranial

12.5.

No

"

16

long; hind

mm.

of

measurements

total

of

measurements

with

foot

the

type

length

claws,

19.5;

given in

are

available, but

are

of fore foot,

breadth the

table

S.

under

moschatus.

been

have

Habits:

and

Occurrence taken

several

at

original specimen

the

Asiatic

Museum

of Paotow; from

A.

F.

R.

p.

172)

Howell

B.

of in

its capture

mentions

secured

it

and

this

was

mole

desert

rare

"seems

conditions,

Possibly

in

the

larvae, with certain

at

August and

so

British is

the

times 1

10,

short Museum

that

a

it

is

quite adult, with

the

hardly projects considerably

basal

Maitaichao,

i;

suture

"

In

same

be

2

any

collected

author

the

hair skin.

than

found

from

1914,

the the

p.

from

i

Desert,

or

less

to

swarming one

grow

type specimen about

taken

out, in the

Peiping, yet

follows:

(M.C.Z.); Hotsin,

In

shape of beetle

obliterated.

as

1912,

of worms."

Taiyuanfu,

The

by

59) that

more

desert

just beginning

those

Ordos

abundance in

subsistence

the

smaller

sandy under

existence

an

with

all,four,

of the

(Sowerby,

from

wholly

Taiyuanfu,

Museum

and

specimens

two

animal

young

Specimens examined: Shansi:

Of

it finds

the

of which

year.

92 1, is

these,

east

Taiyuanfu, whence

specimens

two

writes

certainly cannot

there of

adults of

He

itself to

adapted

absence

has

the borders

on

"unexpected."

in which

single

from

one

forty miles

S. National

U.

the

to

American

the

(Clark Sowerby, plains of Wuchai, a dry, sandy area.

the

on

it at Yulinfu

have

to

a

Zoology

some

Shansi, Sowerby

northwestern

Shensi, Sowerby where

Ningwufu

in

four

and

Comparative

Shansi,

Maitaichao,

at

one

race

addition

In

Shensi.

and

southwestern

(1929) records of

west

Museum

Wulsin;

Hotsin,

from

sent

slightly smaller

this

to

Shansi

in

localities

Expeditions secured

miles

twenty the

also

referred

Moles

"

(B.M., the type).

INSECTIVORES

THE

77

Distribution

Fig. 5.

Map.

Mogera M.

I.

latouchei

Genus Arch,

Pomel,

Mogera

The

from

moles

the

namely The

upper

strong the

in

lower

first

form

broad,

the

jaw

premolar

although its upper

in

range

whereas

of

the

is

number

transverse

premolars

space

the

form

latter is the

and

a

general mole

short

is

stout

the

of

canine

fact

in

and

that

this

tail,well

complementary

of northern

i.f

row

functions

moles

is

canine less

one

pm.t m.f

Ct

; the

on

=42.

canine

upper

to

should

it closes

genus clothed

that

northwestern

be, while

place of

of

the

with

the

canine,

behind

resemble

is In

usually double-rooted.

are

missing

from

Externally the in

1-3

and

is evident

present

is, therefore:

formula

where

teeth

typical of placental mammals,

full number

slightlyconvex

homology

usual genus

the

upper a

total

of

large, double-rooted,

tooth.

the the

is

true

canine

having

there

a

by the loss of the lower

tooth

The

incisors

and

the

1848.

characterized

are

in which

Talpa,

Pomel

Mogera

Nat., vol. 9, p. 247,

that

so

is found.

44,

et

of this genus

dentition,

side than

each

des Sci. Phys.

hainana

M.

2.

the

Talpa

hair.

The

Scaptochirus

for

,

China,

the

former

THE

78 is found doubt

in the there

is

seek

the

and

perhaps

is at

MAMMALS

extreme

sandy dry

areas

known

present

in soil

of the

partial to

and

Korea

and

Manchuria,

North

China.

eastward

The

but

the

latter In

country.

southern

and

the

is the

Japanese

former

the

is

Japanese the

this

genus

westward

to

islands

into

provinces

{^Mogera)

Talpa

to

coastal,

more

China

apparently avoiding altogether

No

country.

portion, extending

Formosa

species

type

type

the

the

food, inducing while

of

of

part

or

formation,

through

MONGOLIA

southeastern

different

a

AND

preference

loess

chieflyfrom

Szechwan,

CHINA

and

eastern

difference

a

is

OF

of

wogura

Temminck.

Mogera

22.

LA

Mogera

latouchei

Thomas,

latouchei

TOUCHE'S

Zool. Soc. London,

Proc.

MOLE

1907,

p.

463.

Talpa sp., Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 620. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Talpa wogura Thomas, 1898, p. 771 Mogera

Shih, Bull. Dept. Biol., Sun

mogera

Type

Specimen: from

Museum,

The

"

Kuatun,

Yatsen

type

Thomas

(not of Temminck).

Univ., Canton,

is

skin

a

and

skull. No.

Fukien,

northwestern

4, p. 3, 1930.

no.

China.

98.8.1 7.1,

J. D.

La

British lector, col-

Touche,

1898.

Description:

A

"

above dark

with

hind

small

brown

Backs

gray.

whitish

dark

;

mole, of below

of the

hairs, those

on

tail

nearly uniform the

smoky,

more

hands

the

a

feet

and

longer.

and The

slate

throat

tail

the

tail is

color, faintly washed

and

upper

chest

thinly clad

paler,

with

slightlylonger

than

diall the

foot. The

skull

and

is

and

usually

is smaller

as

speciallycharacterized shorter

Measurements:

by the collector, Mr.

than

"

The

the

compared by having

that

the

of the

first upper

more

northern

forms,

premolar single-rooted

second.

following

Clifford

with

H.

measurements

Pope, of

a

of the

series from

exterior

were

Chunganhsien:

made

INSECTIVORES

THE

CRANIAL

Occurrence first to

have

from

one

of the

(four skins

and in

and and

series from

a

secured

in the

high mountains.

the

border Yao

Shan

border, whence

it has

Clifford At

is

a

U.

B.

Kuatun,

without

and

determined.

premolar

Hunan

He is

a

he

of

the

ftirther

Chinese

the

(not

been

records

the

in

the his

it

the on

bullae than animal

value

specimen

a

is

of these

second, instead

south, erly west-

Yunnan

in the

last, Howell

the

lection col-

states

from

specimen

slightlydifferent,

differences

from

the

most

the

pa

blind).

from

single specimen

a

"fan

as

i. e.,

recorded

of Suifu,

south

there

common

still farther

3) ; while

p.

western

more

that

trifle longer than

p.

province,

practically topo-

know

and

it

mens speci-

has

same

heaven,

see

2)

1930,

smaller

comparison,

became

recorded

has

it is

that

six

"tolerably

Nistory

Fukien,

writes

Concerning and

part

secured be

to

in the

River

sparingly, having

Museum.

possibly

adds

Min

t'ien"

(Shih,

who

163)

p.

of Natural

says,

(1929, p. 7)

for

(1922,

(Shih, 1930b,

Kwangsi

northwestern

found

was

seems

secured

who

specimens subsequently

who

Tseogiakeo, Szechwan,

series

it

p.

the

Rickett,

northwestern

Pope,

it is found

B.

China

620),

Kuatun

of shorter

cannot

the

first

; it is slender

recurved.

Specimens and

a

H.

interpterygoid

although

the

on

"pu chien

S. National

broader

where

these

in

C.

and

Museum

Kuatun,

and

Howell

indicating that

upper

Shaowu

district

A.

of the

be

from

of

locality known

that

American

Fukien,

from

southwestern

(1870c,

addition, Cabrera

the

(reversed palm)

Westward

of

Chunganhsien,

Mr.

by

Touche

in southern

mole

a

obtained

next

was

La

MOGERA

Swinhoe

One

In

species.

types,

from

D.

of

occurrence

Robert It

hill country.

Fuching

as

chang"

by

OF

alcohol) at Kuatun,

in

two

Foochow,

from well

The

"

Fiikien.

the

of this

also from

as

Habits:

province by J.

same

type

MEASUREMENTS

recorded

Foochow,

common" the

and been

79

a

separate

Fukien the

:

examined:

Fuchinghsien, type)

"

Sixteen, including skins

with

without

or

skvills,

skull, namely: ;

i

skull; Chunganhsien, 8; Shaowu,

northwestern

Fukien,

2.

Min

River,

4;

Kuatun,

i

(B.M.,

8o

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

THE

Mogera

hainana

Thomas,

Mogera

insularis

hainana

Specimen:

Type British

Mag.

Ann.

Nat.

Mount

from

Museum,

MOLE

8, vol.

ser.

adult

Wuchih,

535,

1910.

Bangkok,

vol.

5, p.

See. Siam,

Hist.

type is an

The

"

HAINAN

Hist.,

Nat.

Kloss, Joum.

Thomas

hainana

Mogera

23.

MONGOLIA

AND

6, p. 213,

skull, No.

and

female, skin

10.4.25.4, Owston's

by Alan

China, taken

Hainan,

1923.

collector.

"

of the

and

head

the

specimen

and

feet with

foot,

moles,

both

of which

than

the

agree and

second

northern

in

in certain

having the

in

hind

than As

color.

hands

in

usual

lights. of Formosa

insularis

M.

premolar of

anterior

in

of the

Backs

In

below.

and

short, shorter

back

slightly

Ridgway,

above

white.

are

like the

single-rooted, while genus

head

hairs; tail very

between

of the

members

muzzle

hairs

short

appears

size is intermediate

The

that

having

the

hainana

M.

and

jaw smaller

upper

the

with

agrees

larger than

tooth

latouchei,

M.

the

more

second

double-rooted.

and

Measurements: Clifford

following field

'The

"

cranial

Occurrence

measurements, and

Thomas and

named

years

insularis.

it Mogera

hainana, His

by Swinhoe, Mount

By

specimen

me

ridges of

only two,

that

it

also

a

Mr.

set

mole

on

through

Alan

chance,

description, renamed as

subspecies

a

traps

in

by were

and many

the

of the

Five-finger

from

came

earth pushed up although four others

a

the

79.

of Hainan

island

by later collectors,until, in

curious

in its distribution he

or

Wuchih

hainana.

regarding

apparently local

Pope tells

little

by

made

were

latouchei, page

M.

of

occurrence

later, overlooking Thomas's

insularis

It is

it from

obtained

under

table

see

The

Habits:"

apparently unsuspected

was

measurements

H.Pope:

For

H.

with

covered

of the

whitish

short

scattered

silvery sheen

a

sides

of

brown" the

general color

the

latouchei,

M.

about

paler grayish

the

hand,

at

well

and

and

than

nearly "mummy

above,

body

below,

smoky

more

browner

Larger and

Description:

difficult to

places, and animals,

purchased

Owston's Kloss

(1923),

the Formosan

animal

thirteen

Mogera

animal,

M.

(Wuchih).

Mountain secure.

1910,

collectors,

Clifford

Mr.

frequently

found

the

but

succeeded

in

catching

from

natives.

His

trapper

INSECTIVORES

THE

that

averred

burrow

they

(Scaptochirus)with Nodoa,

Seven,

"

The the

the

star-nosed

the

Exteriorly in

Scaptonyx,

claws, though hind

foot,

long

remaining which

are

long, slender,

twice

the

In the

tympanic forward nine

below

follows:

i.f

in each

jaw

Thomas are

In and as

side, a

pm.f

m.l

and

the

first

high

as

the

and

canine

the

small

two

not

show

protocone The

internal

an

of the

type

a

incisor smallest

spaced

nearly

as

in

side

did

as

molars

is

only known

that

of

the

type.

the

and

but The

as

premolar

our

them.

the

canine,

premolar is

view. The

lower incisor.

between

third

The

upper

fourth

upper

specimen

internal

does

ledge-like

faintly three-lobed. species

of

the

genus

is

Scapanulus

oweni

Thomas.

Scapanulus

24.

Scapanulus oweni

Thomas,

Type specimen:

Ann.

"

Mag.

A

Nat.

male,

as

incisor

The

first

large

of all.

posterior shoulder,

third

upper

stands

The

and

above

first upper

the

all double-rooted.

are

teeth

lacking.

large

and

is

about

tapering

less

and

it is the

are

broadly triangular

distinct

cusp

upper and

second

the

in Neurotrichns,

only

that

that

to

is tapering,

snout

Scapanus,

nine

that

the

incisor

canine

premolars

premolar is largest,with

elsewhere

against

upper

more

in

includes

premolar

slightly the

but

The

the

the others,

than

relativelylong,

than

is confident

abut

the

the

is

curved

the

of

middle.

developed formula

second

than

slight angle

a

thickly haired.

present

second

smaller

premolar

tooth

digit

first

interparietalis broad,

The

both

specimen, however,

the

canine

and

at

tail is

side in the

better

are

Talpa, etc., while The

sharply The

than

expanded

more

in

as

outward

more

and

Thomas

the

probably that

and

number

=36.

proclivous

subequal our

on

The

on

states

of course,

forceps-likeaction.

of its

though

slender.

is set

its lower

incomplete.

c.T

and

are

foot, stout

Urotrichus.

each

are

rather

nearly straight.

grooved

is

in

than

incisors

and

hands,

proportionally

is stouter

skull, the pterygoids bone

belong (except

brunt

the

the

by Thomas,

hind

the

fairlylong, and

it represents in eastern

is that

America

bear

jaw

wide

so

its claw

toes, and

length of

of moles

of North

flattened,

first noticed

as

396, 1912.

the

of the

quite and

Thomas

10, p.

genus

is mole-like, but

not

are

(B.M., the type.)

i

subfamily Scalopodinae ("Scalopinae"), jaw reduced, enlarged and the canine of the upper

teeth

form

8, vol.

ser.

moles

the

become

anterior

the

Hist.,

mole), namely, incisors

the

Wuchih,

Scapanulus

of this

which

to

group

in which that

Nat.

Mag.

special interest

Asia

so

Ann.

China

of North

moles

follows:

as

5; Mount Genus

Scapanulus Thomas,

the

familiar.

was

Namfong,

i ;

than

deeper level

a

he

which

examined:

Specimens Hainan:

at

8i

Hist., ser.

skin

and

oweni

8, vol.

Thomas 10, p.

396, 1912.

skull, No.

12.8.5.2, British

Museum,

82

THE

from

southeast

G.

Fenwick

MAMMALS

of

Taochow,

in

appearance

certain

inspection it is Area

so

side The

MONGOLIA

Collected

with

rather

slightlypaler

peculiaritiesof

below

October

like

the

the

31,

by

191 1,

skull

as

rest, which

the

and

and

foot

been

feet

like the

of

thinly

whitish. with

The

claw, and

tip and

back.

in

noted

close

tip

scales; its

the

is colored

have

teeth

hind

On

minute

a

fingers

hide

to

silvery

a

Blarina.

with

of hands the

of the

length

of

slaty

Backs

with

gray,

color

are

back,

hairs

long

than

the

drab

the

to

hairs

slightlypaler.

colored

area

tail is all of twice

clothed are

similar

individual

the

of snout

base

and

above

lights,very

central

club-shaped

thickly

color

that

seen

at

haired, their

lower

AND

China.

Kansu,

General

"

stout

CHINA

Owen.

Description:

brown.

OF

the

generic

description. Measurements: taken

in

in the

the

Thomas

"

flesh

:

Museum

head

of

and

body,

108

Comparative

following dimensions

the

published mm.

tail,38 ; hind

;

measured:

Zoology

foot,

total

of the A

14.

type,

specimen

length, 136

mm.;

tail,38.

SKULL

Occurrence

and

of the

belong, It much

in

Habits:

the

resembles

are

evident

nail

in

northwestern fauna

incisors

curious

Asia

with

The

of the

that

two

six miles are

Museum of

in fir forest.

In

addition

respectively,southeast known,

(A.

B.

Comparative

as

follows:

Howell,

Zoology,

one

1929, both

reduced. with

a

and

toe

its

originaldescription and remarkable

finds in recent

in

mole

linking

years,

the

of America.

specimens originallyrecorded,

undergrowth

sentative repre-

is smaller

first hind

the

discovery of this

notable

Apparently this is a forest-livingmole, the

of

in his

canine

the

externally, but

Thomas

Asiatic

an

(except Condylura)

and

enlarged

are

is

moles

distortion

by

too.

is another

American

Parascalops

or

The

specimen

our

the

mentioned

were

China

of eastern

anterior

tail.

already noted, this mole

which

to

Scapaniis

longer, well-haired peculiar curved

As

"

subfamily

which

MEASUREMENTS

for G.

states

p.

in

Archuen,

8), and

that

they

these, from

to

of Taochow, from

Fenwick

a

Kansu, Min

second

taken

were

only

a

from

few

mossy

and

forty-

other

mens speci-

U. S. National

Choni, in Kansu

collected in

twenty-three

Shan, in the

localities in southeastern

who

Owen,

; a

the

Museum

third

in the

INSECTIVORES

THE

of Natural

Museum

American

and

now

Taipai Shan,

Kansu:

Choni,

i

Sungpan,

July

collection

of the

Tsingling Mountains,

16,

known

of

at

range

Szechwan,

the

by

1931,

Andrews,

the

extending northwestern

Museum

Brooke

at

Dolan

Comparative

Zoology.

i.

of Taochow,

(M.C.Z.); southeast i

in

C.

follows:

Fotu", as

"

Hoangshuikwan,

Szechwan:

iowrth

a

in the

Specimens examined: Shensi:

taken

of

north

Hoangshuikwan, Expedition,

and

eastward;

the

slightly to

last

Shensi, the

R.

Dr.

by

History, collected

Tsingling Mountains,

Taipai Shan,

83

(B.M., the type).

i

(M.C.Z.).

SORICID^

Family

SHREWS

While

both

some

common

from

skull and

to

large

a

the

members

in

retained

claws, skull

a

is

long tapering

of

is

of

The

a

is

holarctic

subfamilies, as

the

region;

well

as

as

are

higher levels

in the

southern

primitive

latter

delicate

a

throughout

China

ingly correspond-

like. for

digging, have

external

zygomatic

area,

and

and

the

reduction in the

tition den-

unsolidified A

Talpidae.

cloaca

at

while

the

In

been

China

and

wooded

area,

Crocidurinae

high altitudes, but

Mongolia.

areas.

have

are

the

white.

are

of

most

hemisphere

subtropical

tails.

teeth

throughout

eastern

members

northern

more

the

occurs

the

and

reduced

even

and

The

ear.

arches,

ring of bone,

in which

and

to

tropical

the

feet

unenlarged

evident

typical Soricinas, in which

the

one,

highlands,

western

parts of the

species in northern

been

in the

structure

distribution

with

of its

character.

is confined

forms

of the

some

jaws, together with

Crocidurinas,

in

represented

found

in the

of the

parallel modifications, aquatic

semifossorial

Soricinae

a

other, the

the

but

of both

btdla-like

of northern

mainly

abundantly

most

the

recognized:

are

a

loss

is

tympanic to

the

the

by

have

limbs, with low

in

canines

forceps-likemodification, foreshadowed

The

contrast

red-tipped;

are

former

the

snout,

the

modifications

and

and

originated arch

zygomatic

primitive of living talpids,

may

developing body

and

most

stock

first incisor

the

subfamilies

Two

of

and

the

as

common

of

frequently present, again

teeth

at

this

head

Uropsilus.

skull, in

the

to

genus what

canine, producing

of the

slightlyenlarged

are

Uropsilus,

especially characterized

great enlargement

the

vmspecialized dentition, although

an

incisors

lightly built, slender

the

retained

have

have

to

extent

Soricidae, instead

The

believed

are

former

The

general

Soricidae

the

stock, the

anterior

reduced.

indicates

Talpidae and

the

and In

is

both

developed Mongolia, southward

are

abundant

few

in number

MAMMALS

THE

84

Key A.

with

Teeth a.

Genera

the

to

dark

pigmented

long

and

Tail

about

large

as

head

as

incisor

lower

with

AND

Chinese

of

their cusps

five ;

CHINA

OF

MONGOLIA

Mongolian

and

SoRiciDiE

body

unicuspids

less;upper

or

crenulations

three

Soricinae

Subfamily

chestnut

its

on

cutting

edge. a'. Form

slender,

length of head

the

b'. Form

stouter,

Tail

denticle

unicuspids

3

their

unpigmented

at

a". h".

reduced,

not

b".

Feet

webbed

aquatic

an

northern

part of

the

British

from

the

21,

vol. 22,

p.

2

of

group

for it

occurs

Asia, and

at

no

Annuaire

has

recently

Mus.

the and

Europe been

the

recorded

north

Russie

Sci. de

Acad.

Zool.

to

genus in

found

be

of continental

great distance

very

the

that

eventually

will

much

over

northern

doubted

be

of the

for 191 7-

346, 1921).

snout

large, the

feet

and

Sorex

Linnaeus

about

all

rostrum

tapering,

and

as

is low

of the

some

long

and

as

the

broad,

pointed

and

with

provided

the

smallest feet

all four

delicately formed,

are

elongate

skull

include

first shorter, and

the

is

thinly haired, The

of this genus

members

limbs

developed, The

much

ears

;

hardly

can

Soricinae,

the

into

(Ognev,

length

Linnjeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. I, p. 53, 1758.

The The

vertical

Anourosorex

it

Baikal,

of Lake

in

foot

Genus Sorex

with

only

genera

Mongolia,

border

Mongolian

Chimarrogale

joint; tail

Nectogale hind

exceeding

Isles, eastward

shores

toes.

crests

these

to

fringes of short

cylindrical of third

base

unicuspids

upper

Neomys,

Suncus Crocidura

tail

to

lateral

addition

longer

half.

4

webbed,

short, not

reduced;

fur; tail with

its basal

of feet and

sides

on

Feet

and

Crocidurinae

body.

above

projecting;aquatic, with

not

a".

very

upper

single prominent

a

unicuspids 3

Upper

stiff hairs

In

unicuspids

Upper

b'. Ears

Tail

and

head

as

bristles,especiallyon

scattered

body;

incisor with

Chodsigoa

long

as

and

Subfamily

prominent, projecting well

a'. Ears

b.

cusps

least half

head

Soriculus

Upper

Tail

a.

Blarinella

body

cutting edge.

white,

b'. Teeth

its

on

4

Upper

slightlylengthened,

and

exceeding

unicuspids

a'.

B.

evident,

or

Sorex

claws

five;large lower

than

unicuspids less

half

longer

or

length of head

equaling

about

long,

body

not

ears

half the

tail about b.

and

delicate, tail about

claws

obvious,

ears

vibrissae

living mammals.

with

five

sharp compressed

long,

and

the

the

brain

well

toes

claws.

tail slender

and

body.

of delicate narrow.

structure, The

first upper

case

incisor

relatively

is much

en-

INSECTIVORES

THE

with

larged

the

view

two

with

with

(paracone with

In

the

its

long

metacone)

and

lower

axis in the

This

the

median

wooded

Back

a'. Lower

Tail

about

b".

Tail

about

a'. Skull

a".

a.

with Dark

brown

50

with

about

Type HoUister

black

narrow

a

median

of

Sorex

stripe.

mm.

Sorex

borealis

araneus

5. excelsus

claws 18

5. sinalis

12

mm.

or

less,

mm.

S. buxtoni

15

S. minutus

mm

median

buxtoni cansulus

thibetanus

stripe.

above.

length

skull length

1

7.5-1 8.0 16.6

S.

mm

Sorex

cylindricauda cylindricauda S. cylindricauda

mm

gomphus

5. cylindricauda wardi

above

borealis Kastschenko,

85, 1905

China

uniform

nearly

a

S. buxtoni

Paler, grayish brown

araneus

in

occur

mm

25.

p.

of has

northern

distinctlybrownish

blackish

b'. Smaller,

Sorex

Species

mm

length about a

a'. Larger, skull

b.

are

Grayer

b'. Skull

in

molars

=32.

of the

species

Browner

b".

Back

13-14

black

vided pro-

Linnaeus.

Mongolian

and

lower

The

areas

however,

group,

araneus

without

claws

40

foot

length

one

cutting edge

teeth, triangular

pm.f m.f

Ct

general they

(proto-

cusp

scalpriform, with

premolar.

Several

cusps

whitish-tipped.

surfaces

Smaller, hind

In

of brown with

a".

Mongolia.

Chinese

smaller

in forested

America.

primitive

outer

inner

and

two

is: i.f

the

distinctlybackward.

its upper

a

formula

the

two

large

a

and

and

distribution

paler below;

the

surfaces

b'. Lower

B.

to

foot

a

by

canine

species,Sorex

shade

Larger, hind

b.

of

above,

uniform

a

the

between

molarifprm

exhibit

by

and

angle

is somewhat

molars

of which

premolars

in the

formed

row

North

and

parts

color

stripe. Type

a.

two

enlarged, long

tooth

tooth

the

is of holarctic

Key A.

these

The

it is followed

that

so

parts of Asia, Europe and

is also

interpreted as

are

number,

genus

brownish

resembles

commissures,

of the

direction

serrations;

three

in

three

canine

small

stands

cusp.

their

first incisor

the

jaw

side view, which are

in side

postero-internalledge (hypocone) produced

a

with

equahng

(p*),which

premolar W-pattern

and

posterior cusp

by

first,and

antero-internal

well-marked

a

is followed

the

than

larger third

well-developed

a

structure,

cone)

much

the

first and

smaller

the

incisors; the

conical

is smaller, and

but

is much

second

other,

the

succeeding unicuspid

two

incisors in shape the

behind

one

cusps

85

borealis

araneus

[Synopsis Mammals

Kastschenko

Western

Siberia

and

Turkestan],

Rec.

Tomsk

Univ.,

(in Russian).

specimen:

"

No

(1913c, p. 510),

type who

or

has

type

locality is designated according

consulted

the

originalpublication

to

in which

THE

86

the

name

by Middendorflf

collected

the mountain

and

"

a

tinge

a

Ridgway), indistinct

surface

everywhere

terminal

short

a

delicate

nearly half

side view

size

same

the

as

and

the

tooth

three

has

others

the

distinct

visible

well-marked

cusps

successively

available, but head

all the

the

Altai

length

SOREX

18.0

Mcz

Additional

(1913c,

p.

"somewhat 5.

a.

510),

7.5

measurements

of

regards this

who

smaller

than

Altai

Eiiropean

any

reddish

but

its

brown.

specimens

HoUister,

are

follows:

as

12.5. BOREALIS

Upper tooth

Lower tooth

Locality

row

row

5.5

8.5

6.8

Mongolia

5.0

9.0

8.2

Mongolia

4.8

7.5

7.1

Siberia

"very like

true

of that

Europe

and

and

Habits:

differs

very

"

This

is

little from

a

given

are

araneus"

HoUister

by but

species except

representative

it in

color and

widespread parts of Europe coloring with by its distinctlycinnamon-brown is

a

Mongolian by

specimens

form"

minute

larger projection on

across

9.0

as

largest,

has

averaging the

Spanish

granarius. Occurrence

of

15.2

second

the

is the

Breadth

8.8

two

unicuspid is in the

incisor

much

12.5,

9.0

is about

these, the than

in

cusp

first of which

molars

case

8.5

17.5

20.4

smaller

ARANEUS

of brain

araneus,

incisor

of

foot,

OF

length

length

a

5.

lower

measured

were

Palatal

Basal

45589 14373

lights.

belly below,

in turn

After

broadly colored

are

cusps

Breadth Greatest

45588

certain

large anterior

the

meastirements

MEASUREMENTS

SKULL

No.

with

of hands

anterior

which

fifth

lower

has

tooth

next

external

from

edge,

67, 67; tail,31, 40; hind

body,

and

No

"

two

the

The

second

The

third

minute

view.

its upper

on

smaller.

tips of

The

Measurements:

in

its

large,

cusp,

the

The

again.

in lateral

while

posterior cusp,

posterior edge.

body

gray,

Backs

European

following.

next

distinctlysmaller,

are

the

is

second

the

as

of

incisor

teeth

unicuspid

two

well

and

row

high again

slightly smaller

fourth

pale

or

like the

paler, about

that

from

first upper

The

as

succeeding unicuspids

different

not

tapering.

and

and

off the color of the

bases.

gray

mon cinna-

pencil.

apparently

Skull

of head

sides

the

silvery reflection

above,

northern

distinct

a

line marks

dark

back, with

back

body, whitish

of

with

"specimens

on

includes

range

and

shoulders

An

indistinctlybicolor, like the back

Tail with

the

fur

the

eastward.

of

Lower

like the

dull brownish

and

Altai

the

of head,

brown

sides.

the

slightbuffy wash, feet

from

of ochraceous.

of the

that

back. from

and

ranges

(about Prout's

brown

largely,however,

'far north',"

area

MONGOLIA

AND

in the

Central

Description: lighter,with

CHINA

OF

given; the description is based

was

Siberia

MAMMALS

in the

northern

and

of

the

general

Asia, and

usually

a

may

shrew

common

appearance. be

well-defined

It

recognized contrast

INSECTIVORES

THE

coloring of

the dark

between

arcticus, also

Sorex

a

Gobi,

of the

of this wooded

(1912b,

p.

in

the

was

be

to

seems

:

Fifteen

Khan,

Ten,

"

miles

north

G.

excelsus

M.

Allen, Araer.

Type Specimen:

Chungtien,

November

191 6,

29,

A

Description: Prout's

The

skull

The

teeth

The

anterior

in

Novitates,

no.

Dr.

R.

side

with

The

in

fourth

pencil shows

8 ; Sainnoin

Urga,

faint

the

of hairs.

about

tinge, and

but

about

the

three

well-marked

same

is

that

of the

cusps

S. araneus,

the

on

above,

for its

which

in

side

in front

tooth

its upper

than

view;

of it.

edge.

All

The the

paler

long

with

below

slender

is very of

be

related.

while

large lower teeth

incisor.

first

the

view

crown

rostrum.

slightlysmaller

third,

the

in

appearance

silvery gray.

cusp

in

lower

on

this may

third

large posterior

visible

feet

and

to

above,

brown

silvery

a

back

of hands

again slightly smaller

completely

as

the

nearly equal ; the

are

equaling

unicuspid

small,

of

those

Heller.

faintly darker

and

head

south

Collected

feet.

13,000

Edmund

general grayish

a

Musetmi

Peitai, thirty miles

Mr.

specialpeculiaritiesexcept

no

unicuspids

two

Backs

American

44359,

altitude

of

buffy

28, 1923.

Shan,

and

shrew on

Allen

skull. No.

China,

grayer

a

general recall

view,

is very

Baikal,

Lake

China.

of

north

p. 4, December

loo,

C. Andrews

meditun-sized

slightly

M.

of Ho

stimmit

the

by

G.

excelsus

Yunnan,

below

terminal

short

west

forty-five miles

i ;

lights. Tail indistinctlybicolor, like

some a

brown,

grayish

back;

Urga,

male, skin and

from

western

"

near

of Mongolia,

border

of

in North

of its presence

edge

Thomas

follows:

as

Sorex

Mus.

Adult

"

History,

of Natural of

southern

i.

26. Sorex

one

of

miles

golia, Mon-

Urga,

feet.

of 8,000

the northern

on

hundred

evidence

no

an

the

Khan,

altitude

of two

of

northeast

Sainnoin

at

border

northern

the

on

forty-fivemiles

capture

Mountains,

Syansk

Specimens examined: Mongolia

the

woods

Asiatic

Museum

American

the

larch

investigated,at

also

is apparently

general dispersal. This by

the

where,

westward,

recorded

has

There

Siberia.

the

to

area

392)

edge of

localities fifteen and

at

again

and

found

was

southern

the

Expeditions along

and

similarly colored

the

by

sides

tint of the

ochraceous

more

America

in

species in its

northern

forest-lovinganimal

a

the

and

perhaps represented

is

It

body.

of the

back

the

87

have

the

its

fifth

area

incisor their

is has

tips

heavily pigmented. Measurements:

types

are

as

"

The

collector's

of the

measurements

and

type

follows: No.

Head

and

body

Tail

Hind

foot

44357

62

50

14.0

44358

60

50

13.5

60

51

13.0

44359

(type)

two

topo-

MAMMALS

THE

88

of the

skull

The

CHINA

OF

type

greatest length, 18.7

measvires:

of brain

be

only

the

China

for

Yunnan

species seems

the

It is

this group.

large, and

Specimens examined: miles

S.

specimen:

Type

191 1,

by

"

Sorex

above,

Tail

long, The

brown

skull

large, with

4.8.

A

some

ser.

Ho

Shan,

thirty

sinalis Thomas

8, vol. lo, p. 398, 1912.

No.

male.

drab

usual

British

12.8.5.3,

China.

hands

August

general grayish

a

brownish

feet

and

from

Museum,

Collected

of

shrew,

brown

brown;

in

appearance

The

"

measured:

type

the

white.

correspondingly

but

genus,

body, 70

and

head

condylo-incisive length,

greatest breadth,

skull

from

19;

tooth

9.6; upper

No.

Kansu,

length,

mm.;

tail, 55;

10;

condylobasal

mm.;

9.1 ; breadth

row,

84002, A.M.N.H.,

palatal length,

21

greatest length,

measures:

tooth

upper

molars,

across

row,

9; lower

tooth

9.

Occurrence

known

adult

measured:

skull

; basal

mm.

with

is

latter,

long muzzle.

a

length, 20.3;

row,

and

5. araneus, effect of the

foot, 14. Its

21

with

paler below, the tip slightlypenciled.

above, is of the

Measurements: hind

Hist.,

surface

under

sxirprising representative of

type, from

including the

large, uniformly

A

Description: brown

genus

pale belly.

southeast

Dr.

in

it is not

hence

tricolor

of Fengsiangfu, Shensi, J. A. C. Smith.

forty-five miles 10,

An

"

record

Yunnan.

Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

sinalis Thomas,

to

relationship of

The

compared

were

appear

of the

members

southern

a

the

Yunnan,

southern

most

summit

the

from

191 7, and

group.

as

without

quite

shrew

other

division,

araneus

long-tailed as

27. Sorex

last

7.8; depth

row,

in western

the

type, for the

alpine height,

Three,

"

Chungtien,

of

south

constitute

back, buffy sides, and

dark

its well-marked

with

tooth

November,

striped-backed

the

this

at

of this

Chungtien

in late

They

grayish brown,

uniform

of very

with

be

found

be

of

south

Heller

of the

are

to

it should

that

10.2;

specimens

plain-backed

of the

Sorex

a

miles

specimens.

known

from

known

Three

"

and

Andrews

Dr.

by

Habits:

and

Peitai, thirty

Shan,

seciured

lower

length,

outside

8.6; breadth

case,

8.2; mandible,

row,

basal

mm.;

5.1.

case,

Occurrence of Ho

tooth

upper

brain

of

16.2; palatal length, 8.5; breadth

molars, 4.6;

MONGOLIA

AND

a

long from

and

Habits:

"

This

is

tail, quite different the

type

forty-five miles

locality (whence southeast

of

large and

a

from the

any

very

other

collector

Fengsiangfu,

brown-looking Chinese

secured

Shensi,

shrew.

species It

is

eight specimens), and

from

southern

INSECTIVORES

THE

the

where

Kansu,

American

The

Taochow.

of

examined:

Specimens

]. A. Allen, Bull.

buxloni centralis

Thomas,

One, from Sorex

July

27,

In

"

with

fur

the

base

of the

area,

ear,

which

is itself about

side The

yellowish

rather

a

of tail

are

brown

Sea, Siberia.

above,

from

Below

chin

whitish

minutely of tail,

base

to

faintlysuffused

and

silvery white.

Feet

silvery white

and

above,

area

dusting, high

on

up

of

the

tail

The

below, with

sides

the the

is

back from

a

terminal

edge

twice

width

the

of the

head

of

shoulder,

dark

brown

the

eye

and

ingly contrast-

are

the

lateral

buffy

clear

and

level

setting off

of the

latter

reddish

slightly darker

the

of the

line of demarcation

sharp

siu*face

The

"

distinctive

the

were

Head

short

rather

features', and

from

measurements

45595

of Okhotsk

coast

reddish

buffy.

silvery white, the

ventral

their dimensions

No.

18655, American

mid-dorsal

band.

Feet

above,

body

is

small

delicately formed

white-tipped,

and

with

a

suffusion.

Measiirements: foot

west

pale yellowish.

central

gray

rather

buffy,

penciled. faint

the

less of the and

1.

all around.

brown

pelage,

Allen

skull, No.

and

base, tipped with

the

with

back

with

under

and

is dark

winter

with

brown,

belly

A.

Buxton.

slightlymore

like the

brown

pencil that In

and

chest

evenly

probably

Kansu.

J.

pelage, light

everywhere slaty at

the

over

is

is

southeast

taken

specimen

a

8, vol. 8, p. 758, 191

Gichiga,

G.

summer

sides

gray;

from

by N.

1901,

bvixtoni

female, skin

adult

History,

Description: dusted

miles

seventeen

Hist., vol. 19, p. 181, 1903.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

Nat.

An

"

of Natural

Collected

has

southeastern

buxtoni

Mus.

Amer.

Mag.

Ann.

Type specimen: Museum

point

a

also

Museum

"

28.

Sorex

at

one

Kansu.

in southeastern

Sorex

took

collector

same

89

and

"65

body

Siberian

taken

the

30

Mongolian

individuals

in the Tail

tail and

flesh by

specimens

which the

Hind

foot

I have

collector

do

seen.

not

The

hind

differ

in

ing follow-

:

Ear

Locality

12

8

Mongolia

57225

64

35

13

7

Mongolia

59939

68

35

12

7

Mongolia

THE

MAMMALS

more

or

90

the

There

is

upper

unicuspid in

nearly equal

the

while

the

fifth

visible

in

side

view;

in

group,

of which

this

has

animal

called

with

others

Syansk

Mountains

S.

centralis

a

if at

an

seen

and

Occurrence

follow

species that

Habits:

the

to the

and

described at

most

and

S.

more

the

and

Khan,

:

foot

examined:

Fifteen

miles

of In

"

north

Thomas,

forty-six miles 191 1,

Mag.

Ann.

Type Specimen:

23,

that

hardly

however,

will

to

prove

I be

Urga of

it

at

of the

now

tree

limit, I

Siberia, which be

appears,

regarded

chiefly in

its

as

slightly

large-footed

distinguishable by

once

at

ther far-

Khan

toward

the

Gobi,

numbers

Sainnoin

Kolyma,

with

at

edge

northward

shrew

forest-dwelling

and

its smaller

all,fourteen, Urga, 4

;

follows:

as

forty-fivemiles

northeast

of

Urga,

8 ; Sainnoin

2.

29. cansulus

worthy

silvery white.

a

of

the

"

think,

I

it in small and

Compared

hind

deemed

northern

it differs

delicate

centralis

which,

buxtoni

which

araneus

Mongolia

from

coat.

comparison

a

S.

be

northern

its range

ultimus, should,

winter

of

the

Siberia,

eastern

and

of

found of

The

shrews

species is in turn

the

the

Andrews

of 5. buxtoni, from

long

of

northeast

Ocean.

araneus

this

the

evidently closely allied.

along

trees

borealis, this species is

Specimens

Sorex

a

it is

Dr.

of each

Natural

of

doubt,

no

final review,

it extends

Pacific

subspecies

color

darker

Doubtless

Sorex

as a

darker

to

trapping.

minutus

centralis, with

could

annexus,

is another

of the

forty-fivemiles

westward.

eastward

which

S.

S.

latter

be

that

Korean

This

"

limit

of his

course

localities fifteen and

to

also

wholly

the

unicuspid

Gichiga,

that

can

and

buxtoni,

Possibly

very

are

row,

in

Museum

locality

difference

in

first

to

this

type

There

the

of 5. minutus,

race

for in the

from

specimens.

no

eastern

all

S.

the

from of

the

any

tooth as

American

Allen

topotypes

name.

of

synonym

distinguishable

see

the

more

referred

part

near

very

in

desirabilityof comparing

in

of

separate

a

of the

J. A.

Dr.

I fail to

"

recognition by

by

are

of

second.

the

to

I had

from

are

of

have

attention

anterior

two

are

member,

a

the

sizes

proportionate

notably smaller,

stands

and

proportions

Goodwin

examination

that

is

small

doubtless

G.

which

earlier

minute

a

G.

my

Mongolia,

described after

and

Mr.

"

the the

specimens

the

species is

in

posterior, though

is very others

MONGOLIA

AND

variation

some

two

clearly larger than

Nomenclature:

History

In

teeth.

size, and

pair slightly but

CHINA

less individual

subequal,

of northern

OF

by

"

A

Nat.

J. A.

buxtoni

Hist.,

female,

southeast Dr.

Sorex

ser.

skin of

8, vol.

and

cansulus

lo, p.

398, 1912.

skull, No.

Taochow,

C. Smith.

Thomas

12.8.5.13,

Kansu,

China.

British

Museum,

Collected

tember Sep-

INSECTIVORES

THE

"

resemble

teeth

the

which

pattern present

S.

S.

muzzle

araneus

in

group

high

as

The

this

regards

longer-muzzled form of

in

Gobi,

the

5. buxtoni.

equal

the the

Syansk

which

the

but

Mountains,

It is

is

from

from

the

larger than

of the

5.

than

men. speci-

type

with

northern a

the

border of

synonym

chieflyin its paler,

buxtoni

S. minutus

but group,

instead

second

smaller

annexus

the

of Korea

of the

one

S.

considered

annexus

different

very

subspecies. tooth

5.

Siberia.

those

of the

account

here

less

a

first.

Korean

described

he

with

from

unicuspid is

Thomas's

connecting

hardly

and

large first incisor higher,

second

the

but

Mountains,

differ

teeth

of the

the

from

it differs from

it is a

as

of

is for the in which

practically

it in size.

to

Measurements:

64

a

unicuspid

first upper

the

as

Syansk

that

so

present retained

while

taken

S. centralis

the

from

posterior cusp

form

tricolor

hands

brown;

of Korea,

again higher, nearly equaling

Apparently

color,

grayer

is

definite

no

broccoli

or

annexus

group,

cusp,

description is

above He

the

anterior

third

the

the first and

minutus

S.

style, in

annexus

above, lighter below. of 5.

that

of 5. centralis

that

but

buffy,

drab,

brown

dark

having

the

as

Below

resemble

of the

one

with

tinged

araneus.

to

than

annexus,

nearly

sides

Tail

is said

skull

elongated

5.

5.

the

of S. minutus.

those

white.

feet brownish The

in

as

of

shrew,

grayish-brown

grayish brown,

Above

In

small

A

Description:

9t

tail, 38;

mm.;

Its

skull

length,

18.

foot,

greatest

of first incisor

given

are

of

head

as:

and

body,

12.

breadth,

front

to

type

condylo-incisive length,

measured:

1 ;

of the

dimensions

The

"

hind

tooth

9; upper

large

condylobasal

mm.;

molars, 4.6; front

across

(p*), 3.7; front

premolar

upper

19.2

8;

row,

of p" to

back

of m^*, 4. Occurrence

type

and

Habits:

localityforty-six miles

fifteen

region,

miles

growth.

southeast

of

its distribution

and

From

separated by

Specimens

examined:

"

minutus Tomsk

subsp.

thibetanus

Univ., p. 93,

1905

It

city.

same

be

may

intervening

limited

is

by

buxtoni of the

stretches

specimens, Kansu,

evidently

the

from third

a

the

from

in this

uncommon

presence the

to

two

and

of suitable

forest

north, it is apparently

Gobi.

None.

Sorex

30. Sorex

the

three

of Taochow,

southeast

relative, typical 5.

its the

records

Thomas

"

minutus

Kastschenko, (in Russian).

thibetanus Mammals

[Synopsis Osgood,

Kastschenko

Publ.

Field

Western Mus.

Nat.

Siberia

and

Hist., zool.

Turkestan],

ser.,

vol.

Rec.

18, p. 251,

1932-

Type specimen: Siberia,

and

came

"

from

The

type

specimen

Tsaidam,

is

presumably

Chinghai.

at

the

Tomsk

Musetim,

THE

92

MAMMALS

No

Description: "

similar

in summer,

brown

back

the

characterized

while still,

gives

(1932),who foot, Skull

back

from

only

greatest length, 15.

:

Habits:

and

and

and

wood-

with

faint

slightly grayish

effect

.

.

.

silvery tinge, tail

a

the

lacks

contrasted

figured by Miller,

third

the foiurth Chinese

known

nearly equal,

the foiuth or

are

the

uni-

with

the

somewhat

smaller

smaller.

specimen is recorded total

measurements:

i ;

of brain

width

length,

80

by Osgood tail,33;

mm.;

miles

ten

Kelley-Roosevelts Expedition, which

the

It is

this form."

China, although

its

occurrence

be

to

was

be

and

brought

assigned provisionally

of the

5. minutus

since

expected,

6.5.

row,

single tiny shrew

Szechwan,

"may

first record

the

apparently

"a

of Muli,

north

tooth

6.5 ; upper

case,

(1932) records

Osgood

"

by Jack Young,"

by to

it is

11.

Occurrence obtained

hairs

pattern

third, and

the

large as

following

the

and

by the gradation in the shape of

first,second than

as

The

"

color

sepia

with

described

as

size, and the

fifth is about

the

The

probably

group.

jaw,

upper

a

brownish

feet

typical S. minutus,

Measurements:

hind

araneus

to"

rise

but

between

parts

in winter, the

giving

beneath.

usually slightlysmaller

second

.

.

available,

are

"upper

gray,"

by their small

of the

cuspids

paler

S.

of

teeth

The

the

.

"smoke

above,

buffy sides of

with

color

annulations

(Miller, 1912); below the

the

MONGOLIA

AND

nearly hair-brown

more

silvery sub -terminal

like

of

details

typical form,

the

to

CHINA

OF

group

it ranges

across

Siberia.

Specimens examined:

cylindricauda cylindricauda Milne-Edwards

Sorex

31.

None.

"

STRIPED-BACKED Sorex

cylindricauda Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

SHREW servir k I'Hist. Nat.

pour

des

Mammif^res,

p.

260,

pi. 38A,

figs.3-3d; pl. 38B, fig.3. 1868-74Sorex

Sorex

wardi

London, Sorex

Abstract

bedfordicEThomas, 191 1, p.

164.

specimen:

still in the collected

in

and

Muping,

body brown

"

Paris

Description:" cinnamon

February

or

K

Proc.

No

Proc.

U. S. Nat.

Soc.

p. 3; Proc.

1911,

14,

October

London, of

Chengtu,

Mus., vol. 75,

art.

type is specified. The where

Museum, Szechwan, small

Zool.

sixty miles northwest

Weichow,

p. 132.

bedfordicBbedfordiceHowell,

Type

head

Abstract

fumeolus Thomas, 1912,

Soc. London,

Zool.

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

Shan, Szechwan.

Omei

by

shrew,

slightly less. with, however,

it

was

David

Armand

with

long slender

an

upper

49;

Proc.

originalspecimen is

examined

surfaces

ill-defined

191 1, p.

Zool.

Soc.

i, p. 8, 1929.

Pere

The

31,

Szechwan.

dark

by

ably presum-

Thomas.

about

stripe

was

1870.

tail about of the

It

the

body down

length of are

the

a

dull back

INSECTIVORES

THE

about

backs

distinctly bicolor, rather of the

portion grayer,

skull

The narrower

brain

are

obviously

much

the

tooth

hidden

and

some

shoulders, while continued basal

as

the brownish

fifth,in

the

the

and

fourth,

being partly and

the

and

definition

forms

the

hidden

and

of the a

and

more

164),

p.

stripe

examined

it at

evident.

Thomas

black

line

Omei

In

the

dorsal wash

same

often

broken

size.

The

shrews

shoulders." in

the

dimensions

These

usually he

the

three

intensity

diffuse

more

tail,or

the

again

the

be

development

of this type a

having (191 id,

Thomas

colored

should

and it is

stripe was

fact of its

by

of

unicuspid

in the

to

times some-

instead

fourth

"conspicuously

figure that

the

mens speci-

marked

with

referred

to this

a

of this character.

with faint

"an darker

Thomas

less well-marked

gives, however

ing taper-

size of that

concluded

shrews

and

row

specimen,

as

of the

usual,

the

it is

Milne-Edwards's

"only discernible

was

species,differingonly smaller

other

than

the

suggested

in the

gray

with

variation

of the back,"

the

specimens) the

tooth

shoulders

Szechwan,

center

the

nevertheless

stripe

between

summer

of about

heightened by

In

partly

unicuspid.

considerably smaller,

between

type

it is

blackish

a

from

larger

sometimes

the

the

fourth

the

its delicate

fotu"th

much

spirit,as

of variation

taken

the

In

(191 id)

sometimes over

angle

stripe:

in

the

in

by

area

evidently

Paris.

extreme

localitywere

stripe" which

different

down

running

species,indicatingthe

the

in central

Shan

back

in S. araneus,

crown

doubt

no

immersion

who

at

a

blackish.

condition

after

forming

here

unicus-

instead

fourth

the

(at least

profile,the

ance. appear-

the

in which

and

area

is

while

visible, standing full in

of the

ill defined, from

band,

is not

taken

deep

out

a

is

blackish

dorsal

well

standing fully in

into

There

intensely

apparently obscure, skinned

itself

drawn

darkened

merely

dark

than

rows

with

fourth,

tooth

large premolar.

sharper been

equal

the

nearly equaling of

a

species usually minute,

other

is

minutely

view, with

in S. araneus,

back

size in

is

dark

pelage

but

surfaces, partly covering

tooth

the

size, but

to

in side

extent

skull is characterized

the

across

cusp

middle

of the

lower

The

first unicuspids all of about and

the

hue

hairs.

narrower

with

tail

the

tapering

more

a

shorter,

large premolar

down

winter

with

the

than

of S. araneus,

that

unicuspid

shrew

the

over

of the

the

wide

so

wash

a

portion form,

or

and

than

proportion

brownish

small

a

4 millimeters

In

tip.

pairs according

fifth

the

around

tip all

therefore

anterior

in

in between

squeezed

is

This

the

height

same

and

larger in

like

palate, with has

and

of brownish.

tinge

much

gray

gradually

washed

slightly

pale brownish, the the

at

except

obviously the

smaller,

row

and

less

are

at

very

and

incisor

of almost

first three

be

case

first upper

pids following

and

little

but

to

appears

across

The

are

above

side passes

upper

dark

are

of the

darker

with

side

of the

color

feet

silvery below

back;

lower

the

The

skin.

surfaces, which

The

brown.

cinnamon

the

on

ventral

of the

that

into

wide

mm.

4

93

(head

indistinct median

regards

as

stripe and and

body,

a

cidedly de55

THE

94

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

K

W

A

N

I

G

110-

FlG. 6.

Distribution

Map.

Sorex

mm.;

the

1.

5.

cylindricauda cylindricauda

2.

S.

cylindricauda wardi

tail, 55; hind type

foot,

specimen.

fordicBis, therefore, striped-backed

shrews

After a

13;

much

synonym

described

conspecific with it, their The being winter specimens. are

length, 17.4), are

skull

consideration, of

S.

former

almost

I have

cylindricauda,

by Thomas, grayer

cylindricaudagomphus

5.

3.

Sorex

concluded

wardi

Kansu,

that

and

coloring probably is from

precisely those the

S. bedother

two

S. wardi

and

Jumeolus,

in

part

to

their

latter

from

a

point

due

the

that

of

INSECTIVORES

THE

only

few

a

obtained.

miles

north

of

Sorex

wardi

was

according

and

brain

flattened but

Merriam

as

[of Sorex] and

long

from

the

flatter

of the

.

brain

falls

specificdistinctness

it may

be

clearly

marked

better

shrews

variation

usually had the

of this

in

the

second

in side

of

are

in this and

view,

58; hind

foot,

Likiang

taken 55

be

species massive-

broader, shorter, and

the

conclusive

more

be

species can

more

similar,

same

and

measurably

nearly

species is it is

of the

uniform

forward,

two

or

arch

evidence

brought

one

length

12.5;

the

by

better

head

not

very

tail,50,

of cranium,

52;

than

large as

as

54

17.5.

Field

Asiatic

foot,

12,

ined exam-

Occasionally

may in

fourth the

While

specimen

usual,

exceed

the view.

crown

original specimen

total

mm.;

teeth.

third.

the of

body,

Museum

hind

profile,one

first and

of individual

amount

unicuspid

measurements

and

American

the

developed

normally quite

certain

a

minute

size in

than

following

The

"

mm.;

sizes

is

there

generally,

genus

given by its describer:

body, 60,

of the

singlespecies with

a

distinctlysmaller

Measurements: are

as

and

to

size, form

becomes

and

supposed

all

relative

the

first three

fifth,which

fourth

further

Until

them

whole

a

is said

skulls

broaden

palate

of these

regard

to

as

color

size, grayer

young

was

only,

races.

with

the

case

away."

of the

As

and

cylindricauda

single specimen

fumeolus

w.

and

5.

a

surprisingly in

cranium

the

age

brain

.

case

"old

localitydiffer

of

basis

5.

character,

of

type

in smaller

mainly

last

the the

on

pointed out,

ago

same

the .

described

the

increasing

With

ness.

In

case.

whence

Muping,

diffefs

Thomas

to

95

length,

Expeditions

are:

tail,

112;

of two

measurements

from

head

and

12.

No.

20739

20738

(type

of S.w.

(type

of 5. bedfordicB)

fumeolus)

5. cylindricauda wardi

(type)

17.0

(type)

16.6

8.2

Kansu

74

5. cylindricauda gomphus

Occurrence

Edwards of

from

Muping,

and a

8.0

4.4

Originally described

Habits

specimen

central

7.3

secured

Szechwan,

this

by

Pere

shrew

Armand is

figured by

and

David

probably

Yunnan

6.3

7.0

in

the

widely

Milne-

principality

distributed

in

MAMMALS

THE

96 the

Chinese

the

original discovery

highlands

Museum,

British

(Thomas, p.

of the

pelage

of

northwest

miles

the known

Range

eleven

forest

at

secured

slightlyto

feet;

Tomulang,

at

Mekong

drainage, it,under

in the the

general

same

valley, and

Mekong

from

to

12,000

Burma

It

p.

394). the

To

its first recorded

occurrence

is also

from

Dr.

Taipai Shan,

the

extreme

Yunnan

Specimens

examined:

Yunnan

:

Tatsienlu,

i

p.

Thomas,

165; Ann.

Type ten

25, 1910,

Abstract

Mag.

Nat.

Specimen: miles

by

M.

south

Sorex

P.

ser.

10,000

(191 id),

Thomas

S.

c.

in

while

gomphus.

feet, 2. feet,

i

;

Hapa,

twenty

3 ; Likiang Range,

cylindricauda wardi

8, vol.

-A male, of

by

10,000

on

feet.

possibly subspecifically

is

but

subspecies

drainage, 9,000

Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

Hist., "

where

Tsingling Mountains, again

is its

range

miles

north

10,000-12,000

of Taku,

feet,

11.

(M.C.Z.).

32. wardi

(1929).

follows:

feet, 2 ; Chungtien district,Tomulang,

Szechwan:

from

as

Taipai Shan, Tsingling Range,

Peitaiping,Mekong

known

the

11,000

1922b,

Howell

by

of

wardi

the

occtu^s

Twenty,

"

Shensi:

10,000

Sorex

Sorex

named

animal

southwestern

at

of the

across

territory (Thomas,

Szechwan,

from

and

north,

altitude

an

localities

altitudes

at

divide, latitude

of

the

further

has

other

just

species occtirs,

same

from

28"

in Shensi, in the

10,000

Peitaiping, on

from

Shan,

were

of Taku,

single specimen

extension

agrees

Others

divide, Yunnan,

in British Wa

captiu"ed at

were

Kansu is the

and

a

considerable

Andrews,

two

southern

distinct,

recorded

another

eastward,

discovery by In

as

Kiukiang-Salween

the

on

well

as

series

Tatsienlu, Szechwan,

and

Mekong-Salween

feet,

14,000

border,

feet, making

the

Heller timber-line

of

This

at

fumeolus,

Likiang

Edmund

(191 id, 1914b, 1922b) Shan

of

extension

edge

feet.

sixty Brooke

the isolated

the

on

feet; and

5. wardi

Omei

at

as

by

and

thousand

Thomas

bedfordiceand

areas,

the

considerable

species on

Mt.

about

Weichow,

at

Andrews

Mountain),

which

in

figuresgiven by Milne-Edwards. miles north at Hapa, twenty

feet.

9,000

Sorex

of the

(19126,

large specimen

a

Tatsienlu

at a

district, 10,000

Chungtien

recorded

and

as

the

locality

type

Thomas

range

regarded

taken

Dr.

twelve

to

ten

northward

the

been

where

(Snow

Shan from

description and

the

fumeolus

discovery

Yunnan,

of

be

for

Anderson

by

humid

same

since

recorded

of the

recorded

southwestward

the

the

by

Ssu

on

altitudes

with

well

is made

range

secured

1931.

northwestern

in

the

Anderson,

by

To

south

distance was

animal, it has

same

Chengtu,

Expedition,

Dolan

of

part

a

north, if 5. wardi

the

To

lies.

in winter

p.

a

be

P.

Malcolm

by

short

another

Later,

Yuenchinghsien,

from

132)

Omei

191

Shan, only

164).

first to

The

obtained

those

were

MONGOLIA

AND

elevations.

higher

at

Omei

at

id,

CHINA

OF

Anderson,

10, p. 399,

skin

Taochow,

J. A.

February

and

Thomas

14, 191 1, p. 3; Proc.

Zool. Soc.

London,

191 1,

1912.

skull. No.

southern

C. Smith,

1 1.2.

Kansu, and

F.

1.46, British

China.

Collected

Kingdon

Ward.

Museum, March

INSECTIVORES

THE

A

Description: "

S.

striped-backed

brain

with

characters

smaller

a

and

to

lower

case.

pelage, paler than

Color, in winter

their

with

perceptible

feet and

the

on

of

side

under

above,

contrasting

white, markedly

drabby

Hands,

marked.

well

streak

cylindricauda,nearly "drab"

demarcation

of

line

a

S.

surface

under

and

slaty bases,

dorsal

Dark

of the

hairs

the

tips of

the

essential

in

similar

shrew

apparently slightlypaler and

cylindricauda, but

c.

97

tail

sides.

sharply

bicolor. of the

skull

The

in this

Meastirements:"

The

"hind

as

foot,

12;

brain

pelage, is in

the

be

characters

of

mammals,

the

produce

certain

a

south

the

J.

C.

Anderson.

thirty

them,

year,

Natural

191 1,

that "

Sorex

specimen:

"

History,

Allen,

A

in

a

they

have

lower

it

as

be

may with

other

sufficient

to

wardi

probably

of this form, taken time

the

of

with

the

forty-two, from

type

prepared

same

Dr.

by

previous expedition of forty-six, and to

9,000

feet.

recording

further

particulars

characters

claimed.

any

in the

10,000

in

Thomas,

give

not

miles

visiting the

and

the

localities

altitudes

ten

only example known,

Owen,

taken

were

399), does

agree

case as

been

that

so

high-altitude shrew. p.

that,

probable

wick

Fen

G.

at

brain

lower

Kansu

at the

from

were

None.

cylindricauda gomphus Amer.

Mus.

male, skin

from

and

accompanied

had

specimens (1912d,

M.

much

cylindricauda.

was

Mr.

of Taochow,

bedfordiagomphus G.

Type of

of 5.

Kansu,

specimens

examined:

length, and

its

in winter

it is

eight others, which

back

distinguishable from

skull

type specimen

of his party, who

33. Sorex

The

"

in southern

implying

Specimens

length against

95.

page

is

geographic variation,

elsewhere, this is

additional

about

this

size

conditions

subspecies

a

southeast as

smaller

the

of

Habits:

These

miles

Evidently, the

as

following

Smith

mm.

tail, 49;

mm.;

in

then

Nevertheless,

amount

and

region, brought A.

and

slightly different

of Taochow

in

its

immaturity.

Occurrence

but

53

unique specimen was type of season, apparently paler color is a matter

since

that

retained

be

should

4.5

table,

see

describer,

the

cylindricauda, while

5.

body,

be

to

paler color, slightlyshorter

However,

it may

its

Thomas,

to

ally by

case.

of the type

measurements

According Szechwan

of

cylindricauda.

cranial

For

is said

case

and

head

meastired:

brain

cauda. cylindri-

in front

three

the

subequal.

species,are

The

8.

ear,

5.5 in 5.

about

in S.

than

case

than

slightly smaller

is

type

brain

smaller, lower

a

unicuspid

usual

it,which,

has

type

fourth

The

Novitates,

and

Mucheng,

no.

G. loo,

skull, No. Salween

M.

Allen

p. 3, December

44320,

drainage,

28,

1923.

American western

Museum

Yunnan,

MAMMALS

THE

98

"

color

General way,

above,

C.

R.

Andrews

and

the

is clearer

throat

brown

as

in side

equal size

in the

other

exceeds

the

forms

tail,39; hind

Ridgbase

the

of

color

cinnamon

the

the

brown,

feet,

of

Backs

of about

in

and

the

cinnamon-

same

typical 5. cylindricauda, with

the

which

In

type measured

is

smaller

and

apparently

found

the

less than

occasionally fifth

the

however,

area,

crown

the

but

unicuspids

anterior

three

fourth, however,

The

of this

Habits:

and

feet, in

flesh

in the

specimen

form

:

head

and

rich

size and

of

part central

of

those

from

table,

tooth

body, 55

mm.

;

was

Szechwan a

low

so

tude alti-

an

conditions

where and

in

single specimen,

a

from

Yunnan,

coloring even

95.

page

from

it

since

but

questionable,

the

see

described

was

southwestern

the

its small

likelythat

This

"

be

validity may different

somewhat

hairs

of the

foot, 13.

7,000

as

the

condition

species.

"

Occurrence its

gray

similar,

of the

skull measurements

that

nape

with

washed

to

foiuth.

Measurements:

For

than

are

view,

exceeding it,a

of

fifth instead

teeth

of the

relations

of about

the

silvery sheen.

dark

slightly smaller

is

skull

general

a

minute

near

from

brown

body.

the

The

are

with

gray,

with

clothed

tail all around,

belly

typical form.

the Mars

gradually with

merging

but

and

than

shrew

stripe runs

blackish

narrow

chest

the

Below,

back.

it is

Dr.

by

cinnamon-brown,

dark

sharply defined

tail, not

of the

rich

a

A

clouded.

but

darker-brown

smaller,

A

Description:

so

191 7,

11,

Heller.

Edmund

but

MONGOLIA

AND

February

Collected

feet altitude.

7,000

CHINA

OF

northern

winter

are

Yunnan,

skin

are

cant signifi-

subspecificcharacters.

as

Specimens examined: Mucheng,

Yunnan:

"

i.

Genus Asiatic

Blyth, Joum.

Soriculus

This

tail, and

genus

by

the

is

reduction

of the

i.f c.T p.f m.f followed

by

canine.

The

=

exterior,

first but

are

contact

and

the

first incisor

is

succeeding

cusp

instead

of

733,

so

the

premolar quite

is in

shut

an

the

between it off

long, proclivous, and

it. the

It has three

on

its upper

present

are

extends

a

two

minute

canine the

from

has

and

tooth back

in

Sorex.

of

consists

of the ing: follow-

large basal incisors

tooth,

the

beneath

The

the the

one

low

from

second

which

lower two

is

upper

visible

not

In

and

cusp,

and

large premolar, row.

cutting edge only

usually

one

of the

loss

through the dentition

incisor

exceedingly

by its relativelylonger

Sorex

formula that

first upper

The

crowded

in

teeth

1854.

p.

tooth

premolar,

30.

23,

subequal unicuspids, which

three

the

a

Bljrth

distinguished from

of shrews

unicuspid teeth,

upper

vol.

Soc. Bengal,

Soriculus

jaw

smaller

hump-like tooth, the

INSECTIVORES

THE

but

canine, is unicuspidate, in addition

posterior cusp, teeth

are

Gray

(

mountains

apparently

of

India, and

Key Tail

longer than

B.

Tail

shorter

and

foot

hind

Smaller,

b.

14

foot

12

Sorex

irene

1912,

24,

specimen:

Type p.

481, 1916)

is

a

has

to

name

drawing

According for

name

that

he

Museum.

British

pelage by

an

a

Tail

In

pale

the

into

summer

of the

one

Soriculus

of

{nomen

nudum).

the

head

to

London,

that

the

are

it

a

pale

above

brown

is

gives its

he

with

a

in

color

the

has

is

first valid one

and

apparently found.

when

a

the

of

the

their

color

faint

buffy

and

one

in winter

above

middle

central

slightly darker,

India.

tail-length about

Hands the

his

that

measurements

paler, and

below.

presented

mentions

condition

General

little

although

the

species,and

in bad

was

on

be

to

No

1863.

2,

Darjeeling,

at

is lost, but

belly, which

silvery

of Mammals,

however,

states,

of the

body.

of the

edition

24,

Hodgson,

to

Drawings

and

house

especially

sides

vol.

Soc,

attributed

appears

type

and

gray

with

color

Soc.

Zool.

original sketches

merely

macrurus

actual

above,

slightly darkened pelage,

Bombay

specificallymentioned, set

locality,and

says

The

pale

1863

Proc.

Hist.

Thibet,"

slender, long-tailed shrew,

clear

p. 9,

p. 49;

Nat.

originalspecimen same

is the

bicolor, pale brownish latter

is

drawing

or

procured

of brown. the

and

close

length of

91,

no.

1911,

Specimens

Nepal

slightly darkened,

gray,

admixture

gradually the

times

2,

31,

commonly

of the

of

Blanford

A

"

ed.

Thibet,

He

the

specimen

Description:

sacratus

umbrinus

c.

Joum.

Wroughton,

1888.

231,

p.

October

Hodgson.

whose

in

and

macrurus,

upon

by

secured

in the

S.

(Journ. Bombay

animal, Hodgson's

the

himself

half

plate

based

specimen

a

This

a

no

and

description.

and

Fishes

Blanford,

to

macrurus

Blanford

London,

"Catalogue

Museum

is from

S.

times

Szechwan.

Sorex

and

obviously

British

the

China.

one-half

macnirus

Nepal Soc.

southwestern

in the

diagnosis is given is

Mamm. Zool.

that

Birds, Reptiles

the

Cat.

Wroughton

shown

nudum

nomen

the

Soriculus

of

India, Mammalia,

Proc.

Gray,

"

represented by nearly

all around

Soriculus British

Yuanchinghsien,

132.

p.

in

allied forms

481, 1916.

Abstract

Thomas,

nigrescens

occur

5. caudattis

tail dark

mm.,

p.

in

Hodgson,

macrurus

Soriculus

vol.

See,

of all the

cusps

species

Three

tail bicolor

Fauna

Blanford,

macrurus

Hist.

Nat.

the

is Cor sir a

species

of western

and

one

well-marked

a

body.

mm.,

34. Soriculus

is

Species

body, about

and

head

hind

Larger,

a.

head

than

tips of

species.

genus

Chinese

to

The

type

Indian

the

premolar, has

the

cusp. The

species in the highlands

two

A.

main

chestnut.

nigrescens),an

of British

tooth,

next

the

to

dark

pigmented Soricidus

=

the

99

feet

back, passes wash.

whitish,

metatarsal tail less

area.

sharply

bicolor. The so

narrowed

skull

resembles and

that

tapering.

of The

Sorex,

but

first upper

is less

incisor

slender, the is less

not

rostrum

elongate

than

in

THE

loo

with

Sorex, but

MAMMALS

and

of the

premolar, has

basal

with

dark

tail,86.3; hind from

Hapa

tail,83,

foot,

and

expedition

tailed the

8i ; hind

shrew

same

foot,

others

from

near

height is

and

an

large

lower

anterior

than

in Sorex,

the

base.

The

teeth, nearly

two

is

these

the

unicuspid,

pigmented

are

cusps

165).

191 id,

p.

seasonal

in

of

degree irene

No

the

of

vaulting

on

probably

in

Hodgson) Occurrence

shrew

the

in

place and

Habits

in

the

highlands

Szechwan,

at

and

altitudes

afterward

the

American

Museum

type

body, 56, 58;

(1921a,

500)

makes

me

been

later

Little,

of two

9,500

of S. irene Asiatic

irene

from

observed

as

a

were

other

or

causes,

in

variation

"The

doubtful

I

(who

credits

S. have

(1932)

Osgood

synonym.

the

whether

macrurus."

S.

leucops Horsfield

the

Darjiling" (Thomas,

rather

now

type three

with

macrurus,

differences

writes:

their

referred

previously

immaturity

to

separated S.

China

others

Expeditions

the

on

5,200

(Thomas,

this

beautiful

Darjeeling, India,

at

western

and

of

known

was

of its presence

of

color

on

of India, the

type from

due

long-

a

Omei

Mt.

chiefly in

differed

macrurus

Soriculus

to

the

p.

5.

irene

from

others

had

characters

included

:"

fact

Shan,

mm.;

specimens

the

name

macrurtis.

the

Omei

He

Blanford's

Soriculus

using of 5.

typical

however,

have

beyond

pair at

duced re-

Musevun's

and

Soriculus

They

pelage,

skull

suggestion,

correct

Szechwan. the

summer

skull

shovild

his

53.3

Two

American

head

as

recorded

and

examined.

Thomas

paper

of Szechwan

therefore,

from

in

described

191 1,

in

doubt,

and

later

a

in

"closelywith

agree

the

by

follows:

as

body,

of skull, 15.

length

collector

and

14.

case

Omei,

they

merely

15,

apparently

Mt.

that

the

(here

measurements

head

respectively,obtained by

brain

lower

from

7.3; basal

mountains

of

following

the

Yuanchinghsien,

Thomas

remark

a

canine

next

tooth

slightly the

premolar

enlarged

first of

Darjeeling specimen:

ear,

Thomas

"

range

which

14.3;

measured

were

apparently

to

the

the

of the

tips

gives

his

Tugansha

Nomenclature:

is

vmder The

The

first

less slender

and

unicuspids

second

thirds

two

The

cutting edge

back

second.

Blanford

"

millimeters) of

to

for

about

The

proportion

extends

of the

largest,the

between

angle

outside.

three

are

chestnut.

Measurements:

of

the

its upper

posterior cusplet.

a

in

in

on

incisor

border

posterior

second

is shorter

this

of

portion

smaller,

the

from

crenulation

large

one

the

to

hidden

upper,

first

cross-section.

same

tooth, wedged

quite

the

the

nearly

minute

and

incisor, like

(the canine) much

with

first but

MONGOLIA

profile,there

graduated series, the

a

third

the

exceedingly

and

form

AND

In

large posterior cusp.

a

following, which smaller

CHINA

OF

191

by Anderson, same

id, a

at

range

feet.

secured

until

One

p.

165;

of

it

was

discovered re-

collected

who

Yuanchinghsien,

the

I9i2e,

series from

long-tailed

latter p.

various

became

132).

The

localities

INSECTIVORES

THE

in

Yunnan,

western

Hapa,

(8,000 ft.) on

and

in

of

south

February,

in

darker

variation

local

a

in

Salween

Mucheng,

appreciably

are

Chungtien;

these, taken

to

from

follows:

as

(9,000 ft.),and

addition

In

specimens,

other

possibly represent

may

feet,

10,000

miles

20

River.

Mekong

to

(6,000 ft.),Lachumi

Chunglu

two

ft.),taken

drainage (7,000 others,

the

December,

and

November

the

of Taku;

north

miles

20

Hsiaokela

6,000

district; Tugansha,

Chungtien

Tomulang,

from

of

altitudes

at

loi

the

from

than

color

extreme

part of this province.

southwestern

of its habits.

is recorded

Nothing

examined:

Specimens

all, eight, from

In

"

localities

the

listed

in Yunnan

above. Soriculus

35. Soriculus

p.

specimen:

by Malcolm

gray,

and

skull, No.

and

China.

Szechwan,

General

paler

1.54, British

1 1.2.

August

Collected

metapodial

cinnamon

above

10,

1910,

glossy

above, with

whitish

scattered

minutely dusted lighter than

little

a

below.

Feet

with

the

the

sides

and

hairs,

brown

slightly shorter

tail

brown,

brownish,

with

washed

area

species, with

brown

color

gray,

bicolor, brown

of

wholly

almost

body.

below

Tail

part

Zool. Soc. London,

14, 191 1, p. 4; Proc.

February

female, skin

adult

Shan,

An

"

back.

Soc. London,

P. Anderson.

Description: with

^An

"

Omei

from

Museum,

head

Zool.

Thomas

sacratus

165.

Type

than

Proc.

Abstract

Thomas,

sacratus

1911,

caudatus

the tral cen-

the

digitspale. The

slender

more

except main the in

is

skull

that

slightlylarger than in

rostrum

the

enlarged

shaft, and

the

first incisors

proportion. upper

basal

is

cusp

has

teeth

and

longer

a

and

nearly

more

it.

from

separated by

are

slightly

a

essentially similar

are

deeply separated

more

in contact

not

are

The

incisor

with

and

of 5. macrurus,

that

wider

a

also,

horizontal

Anteriorly than

space

macrurus.

Measurements:

than 54;

basal

its other hind

relatives.

foot,

length,

Habits:

caudatus, which is

"Catalogus

not

of

Undoubtedly,

it

found

head

and

9.5;

is the

tooth

upper

of

row,

body,

p.

this form

from

Omei

however,

its range

Shan is

more

from

that

Fiikien

i

mm.;

8.1.

from

which

Trouessart

in

and

in

province,

constitutes or

tail,

mm.;

incisors), 18.

Although

186) includes

specificrecord

60

representative of the Indian

Chinese

distinct.

165), is smaller

p.

evidently closely resembles,

(1897, a

(191 id,

Thomas

length (exclusive

subspecifically

Mammalium"

I have

description

but

This

"

to

measured:

type

greatest breadth,

and

undoubtedly

area,

The

skull, greatest

14;

15.7;

Occurrence Soriculus

This, according

"

its

its distributional so

only

less continuous

it his

that known at

Thomas's

locality.

higher levels

THE

102

American

the

the

on

Sal

I gave

the

into

Yunnan

western

across

drainage, which

name

5.

Soriculus

of

China. "

differing in

but

instead

of

of

nearly Brussels Skull

head

and

body,

and

55,

The

12

Occurrence

Museum

Asiatic

Expedition

slightly darker and

Specimens examined:

Chodsigoa (as Soriculus

a

Kastschenko,

De

Winton

This still farther upper

in

Annuaire

subgenus).

new

and

in

the

premolar

in the

is

evolution

which

in the

angle

on

they

Chodsigoa

18. i,

18.6

molars,

type

are:

same

locality

mm.;

palatal

5.0, 4.9;

upper

Acad. Soc.

Imp.

genus

shrews

feet, to

be

for

the

10, p. 252,

1907

seem

closely related. locality.

Kastschenko

London,

the

American

the

descriptions indicate

the are

Sci. St. Petersbourg,

for 1905,

vol.

1908, p. 639 (as a genus). 1899, p. 574 (in part). to

of its dentition latter

by

drainage, 7,000

Salween

lower-level

closely related

between

the

obtained

were

the

the type

Zool. Soc. London,

Styan, Proc.

from

outside

These

from

Zool.

possible.

7.3, 7.3.

tails than

Zool.

Proc.

of shrews

group

profileview

Mus.

Thomas,

the

of

that

specimen measured

secortd

length,

which

Genus

of

than been

dimensions.

width

Mucheng

Ten,

"

A

three

9.1;

has

comparison

12.

specimens

darker to

tail all

the

feet and

the

greatest

9.0,

at

forms

of

measurements

foot,

Yunnan.

with

and

Szechwan

(Ridgway,

brown

below, slightlypaler brown,

specimen

row,

-Ten

"

southwestern

extreme

Indian

Habits:

and

all around

tail dark

the seal

second

a

follows:

tooth

Szechwan,

of

slightly smaller

no

field

these

of

width,

8.1, 8.2; lower

Thomas

having

hence

of which

hind

;

and

type

American

44338,

drainage, southwestern

uniform

Backs

gray.

respectively for

of the

in a

sacratus,

c.

tail,55

;

8.1, 8.5; mastoid

row,

which

to

p. 5, 1923.

sacratus

c.

sacratus;

c.

collector's

respectively, as

length,

5.

specimens

mm.

mm.

skull

measure,

tooth

60

and

back.

of 5.

The

"

above,

of

like the

with

Nepal,

color

gray

that

to

Measurements:

Mucheng,

Allen

Salween

like 5.

tinged with

brown,

similar of

caudatus

in

slate

light seal brown,

around

from

series

skull. No.

and

coloring and

brown

General

the

skin

M.

loo,

no.

Mucheng,

most

race

its darker

bicolor.

1912) instead

65,

small

Novitates,

male,

adult

G.

umbrinus

Mus.

History, from

A

Description:

caudatus

Allen, Amer.

An

"

Natural

Museum

Yunnan,

M.

G.

specimen:

a

shghtly different

be

to

seems

Yunnan,

southwestern

extreme

None.

"

36.

Type

In

umhrinus.

c.

umbrinus

MONGOLIA

AND

Expeditions secured

ween

caudatus

CHINA

Burma.

Asiatic

Museum

Specimens examined:

SorictUus

OF

MAMMALS

is

third

Soriculus, but

through a

mere

the

loss

has of

spicule hidden

unicuspid

and

the

progressed the

from

minute

sight

large premolar.

INSECTIVORES

THE

addition

In

longer and a

the

and

less

large

slender

more

developed.

In

in

than the

Externally

genus

a

is confined

to

the differences

While

are

groups

somewhat the

on

its

the

alike.

profile.

is

cusp

its main

as

somewhat is:

The

So

far

i.r

skull as

at

c.t

is

1.

C.

C. hypsibia larvarum

hypsibia hypsibia

has

poorly

more

m.f

pm.x

a

lower

first incisor

=

veloped de28.

characteristically

present

known,

the

highlands.

7.

from

Distribution

Soriculus

are

not

very

Map.

Chodsigoa

2.

cusp

proportionately

large proclivous

formula

dental

separating this

Fig.

basal

has

jaw

upper

cutting edge,

much

concave

Chinese

the

jaw,

The

Soriculus.

two

flattened, with

lower

cusplet

single low, rounded

while

hook, the

of the

incisor

anterior

103

3.

C. hypsibia lamula

important,

so

MAMMALS

THE

104

species were

its

that

CHINA

OF

regarded

first

at

MONGOLIA

AND

the latter, and

congeneric with

as

nevertheless to constitute subgenerically different, they seem The is convenient. generic distinction a group," for which

after

that

there

Soriculus, but

present

two

is based

name

specimen

forms

new

sowskii

designated

the

as

foot

smaller, hind

Size

b'. Foot

smaller, about

less than

larger, about

b.

Foot

smaller, about

15

Winton

(Chodsigoa) beresowskii 1907.

University

Description: "

and

head

body.

producing feet

a

under

a

pelage

is

lens

seen

Upper

Winton

slightlygrayer

head

and

body

of total

C. smithii C.

s.

parca

length.

hypsibia

Acad.

Imp.

for

Sci. St. P6tersbourg,

1905,

No.

p. 133.

British

99.3. i.io,

Musevun,

China. is

from

specimen

a

and

of

surfaces

is

the

near

in the

presumably

with

are

the

clear

same

Museum

that

body

slightly less

gray,

brownish

gray,

with

of

summer.

nearly naked

with

backs

minute

appressed

in

than

with

washed

frosted

indistinctly bicolor, grayish

prominent,

clothed

tail

the

effect, minutely

body Tail

than

Styan)

and

1899, p. 574.

cality, loof

S. S. R.

of the

be

Zool.

skull.

Szechwan,

Szechwan,

ears

to

body

1908, p. 639; ibid., 1912,

long -tailed shrew,

The

below.

Mus.

and

beresowskii

U.

Tomsk,

surface

and

Szechwan.

male, skin

northern

A

of head

45%

about

Soc. London,

Annuaire

northern

Zool. Soc. London,

A

"

of total length.

combined

body,

Zool.

Styan, Proc.

contrastingly whitish.

whitish

50-5.5%

equaling length

and

general brownish-gray

Lower

points.

tail

mm.,

C. parva

Soriculus

of

at

a

be

C. salenskii

mm

Yangliupa, northwestern Chodsigou,

the

be

body.

of total length

60%

tail longer than

Kastschenko,

Proc.

Specimen: type

and

C.

Chodsigou,

hypsibia Thomas,

The

salenskii, may

mm

and

Soriculus

from

here-

to

seems

but

Chodsigoa

of

Chodsigoa hjrpsibiahypsibia (De

37.

Type

20

tail about

17 mm.,

1 1

hypsibius De

Chodsigoa

Species

length of head

Soriculus

10, p. 252,

mentioned,

former

the

that

species,Soriculus

tail about

mm.,

18 mm.,

combined

Foot

vol.

is

subgenus, Soriculus

the

to

length of head

less than

foot

larger,about

a.

20

over

a'. Foot

Tail

is either

Szechwan,

northern

species

type

fact

the

latter

Chinese

to

exceeding combined

or

Size large, hind

b.

B.

equaling

Tail a.

reduced,

type. Key

A.

of

hypsibius, the

of Soriculus

synonym

No

belonging

view

of

premolar

further

conditions

district,Chodsigou, in

came. as

In

salenskii.

5.

and

described

were

fact

species.

same

of the

that

on

Kastschenko's

whence

of the

in individuals

not

or

The

minute

the

transitional

in

all, and

at

in

as

its size is not

which

beyond

develop

special interest

illustrates, lies in the

group

size

small

very

stage

a

comes

fails to

tooth

the

of

becomes

tooth

a

this

which

reduction

of tooth

method

in the

"natural

small

a

then

brown,

clearer

gray

of hands

and

brown

appearance,

hairs.

the

The

above, but winter

INSECTIVORES

THE

incisors

anterior

the

of

large premolar in

crescentic

tooth

the

very

as

is

and

three

of

the

meets

of

angle, instead

type

measured

The

hind

foot

For

and

northwestern

Thomas

undoubtedly from to

the

the

a

animal

synonym

eastward

he

by announcing

its

sixty-fivemiles

east

hillside.

19126,

p.

The

makes

of China.

series

collected

fewer

than

Movmtains,

wide

a

discovery of

These,

extension

of

R.

C.

west

Andrews's

twenty-one

specimens

Shensi, and

a

C.

as

regarded

and

from

single one,

that

a

distinct

depressed

available.

are

tail,65

; hind

foot,

15.

first discovered

was

Again,

1899.

as

radish

genus

region

garden

later

on

a

(Thomas,

only subspecificallydifferent. confined

to

base

of to

the

lands high-

western

perhaps indicated

are

expeditions.

seems

of the Tombs

hypsibia, were

limits

the

range

a

this is

mens speciprovince, while

Eastern

in

that

out

Szechwan

part of the

the

1907,

Chodsigou, (Chodsigoa) bere-

other

known

in

area,

pointed

two

trapped

were

C. larvarum, doubtless

east

slightly convex

the

near-by

has

in

as

be

;

in

the

where

first recorded

to

tip points

claw.

records

at

Its known Dr.

133)

p.

western

two

mm.

a

in the

Hopei,

Peiping,

is,therefore,

by

in

crowded

so

its

that

it Soriculus

named

hypsibia, and

Si Ho,

the

on

133) described

typical form

C.

is

cusplet instead

specimens

with

it from

I9i2e,

two

in Soriculus.

long-tailed shrew

undescribed,

of

fresh

Yangliupa

at

the

112.

page

recorded

(i908f, p. 639;

Weichow,

rocky

China,

than

long first incisor basal

form

as

body, 84

gray,

posterior lobe

unicuspid is

to

ciu*ve

15 mm.,

This

"

253)

p.

and

table,

see

Habits:

(1907,

and, believing

head

incisor

cusp.

rostrum

of

macrurus,

is, further,

upper

larger

flattened, and

continuous

measures

Szechwan,

Kastschenko

sowskii.

skin:

skins

is

the

premolar

one

S.

large premolar.

the

rounded

the

but

measurements

measurements

Occurrence in

nearly

in the

in other

skull

has

line of the

No

with

first lower

and

the

anterior

large

jaw,

low

The

incisor

horizontal a

of

unicuspid

lower one

is markedly

"

The

the has

skull

forming

Measurements:

tip, and

in

difference

front

The

first

The

premolar

the

in

their

extending

narrower,

prominent

the

have

premolar is almost

the

whereas

divided, slenderer,

In

large

The

profile view

case

A

broader;

cusps;

molars

much

tip external,

characters.

in Sorex.

the

that

is

rostrum

marked.

its

at

base

the

subequal.

are

distinctlyforward.

brain

of

second

so

molar

the

supplementary

first and

the

upper

with

deeply

usually found

the

In

last

minor

less well

hooked

slightlymore of the

The

more

cusp

inner

deeply excavated

wedge,

in many

following, which

between

jaw

more

narrowing

differ

lower

and

is larger and

macrurus,

their

by

contact

wider, nearly pear-shaped.

its m9,in

much

a

of Soriculus

that

upper

thin

sudden

teeth

has

the

outline.

transversely this

in

are

much

posterior borders

The

with

skull, compared

The

105

be

He

brought

Taipai Shan, undoubtedly

by

the

back

no

Tsingling the

same

MAMMALS

THE

io6

from

animal,

OF

district, Yunnan,

Chungtien

Songpa,

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

at

elevation

an

of

8,000

feet.

Specimens examined: Taipai Shan,

Shensi:

21.

1912,

Similar

"

Soc.

don, Lon-

sixty-fivemiles

brain

the

typical C. hypsibia, but

to

Peiping, Hopei,

of

east

P. Anderson.

M.

by

1907,

25,

8.8.7.21, British

sktill,No.

and

female, skin

colour

above

Hands

and

(Thomas,

case

narrower

brain

and

case,

the

with

case,

Measurements:

body,

68

mm.

and

Occurrence

merely

as

garden

near

a

;

the

Thomas,

Tombs,

Dr.

mm.

quite

are

as

from

Hist., ser.

male, skin of

of

brain

No.

Kansu,

regard it

to

specimens

two

taken

been

recorded.

Hopei

(B.M.).

have

to

row,

8.6.

ventured

I have

in

a

Thomas 1912.

lo, p. 399,

skull.

Taochow,

type:

slightly differentiated

very

Tombs,

Eastern

and

tooth

for the

seem

8, vol.

of the

12.8.5.22, British

Museiun,

Collected

China.

October

J. A. C. Smith. "

3.5

Nat.

southeast

forty miles

Description: about

"fairly

a

8.5.

a

Chodsigoa hypsibia lamula

A

"

be

that

so

others

no

Two,

Mag.

Ann.

Type Specimen: by

rostnmi,

length, 18.8; breadth

Except

latter.

measurements

14; ear,

to

animal,

western

of the

39.

191 1,

teeth

The

out.

5; upper

^This appears

"

"

basion,

from

case

Eastern

foot,

condylobasal

mm.;

Specimens examined:

from

splayed

not

hind

tail,50;

more

subspecies

Chodsigoa lamula

below"

brown

is said to have

and

gives the following

Habits:

of the

race

below.

'smoke-grey'

flattening of the

form,

western

sides

the

8.8; height of brain

lowland

General

length.

dtill whitish

above,

characteristic

the

more

Thomas

"

length, 19.8

Skull:

in

mm.

hypsibia.

C.

typical

3.8

lighter, apparently

brown

showing

in this than

is less extreme

about

back

133).

p.

skull, though

vaulted"

Tail

whitish.

feet

of

rather

'mouse-grey',

19126,

The

head

fine; hairs

and

close

"Fur

I,

Zool.

less flattened.

and

in

Proc.

191 1, p. 49;

1908, p. 639.

Tombs,

September

Description:

London,

adult

Eastern

Collected

China.

^An

"

the

from

Museum,

Zool. Soc.

Proc.

specimen:

Type

31,

133.

p.

hypsibia Thomas,

Chodsigoa

October

Zool. Soc. London,

Proc.

Abstract

Thomas,

Thomas

hjrpsibia larvarum

Chodsigoa

38. Chodsigoa larvarum

follows:

as

Chungtien district,i.

Songpa,

Yunnan:

Twenty-two,

"

Similar

long

on

the

to

C.

back.

hypsibia hypsibia General

color

but

above

smaller. mouse

Fur gray,

close,

scarcely

INSECTIVORES

THE

Hands

paler

below.

shade

externally.

hind

tail,54;

Skull

the

from

above

the

of

referred

this

to

In

perceptibly

it is

foot

is

in the

race

be

(see table).

type the

tail

and

total

are:

Specimens

of

examined:

Collected

;

A

G.

parva

Novitates,

male, skin

Smallest

of the

Musevim

if not

latter, and smaller

hind

the

than

even

size and

general The

quite

hypsibia hypsibia.

are

in the

collector's

tions proporments measure-

(M.C.Z.).

19 16,

M.

no.

Allen

lOO,

skull. No.

and

Ssushanchang, 12,

which

C.

of the

Choni, Kansu

Mus.

October

differ

to

seems

tail,57.

Chodsigoa

from

Kansu,

17, in the

241

measurements as

It

to

closely alike.

One, from

Allen, Amer.

"

History,

;

No.

than

race

respects, are

mm.

"

G. M.

specimen:

Natiural

China.

mm.

singlespecimen,

a

Taochow,

Kansu,

specimens

cranial

the

body, they 127

this

than

other

40.

Type

body, 67

size.

southeastern

to

nearer

of

his brief account.

single specimen.

a

browner

In

length,

Chodsigoa hypsibia parva

and

from

southeast

slightlysmaller

Choni,

slightlysmaller, while

of

head

:

this shrew

miles

from

in its

Zoology, from

nevertheless

described

taken

merely

typical,may color

flesh

112.

page

path forty

particulars are

Comparative

in the

Thomas

"

forest

a

typical form

I have

table,

see

Habits:

on

up

below.

hypsibia hypsibia, its interorbital

C.

13.

and

picked

of

measured

type

measurements,

Occurrence

and

The

"

foot,

that

than

slightlydarker

a

flatter.

and

Measurements:

edged with

latter

grayish above, glossy whitish

Tail

lower

even

the

feet white,

slightly smaller

Skull

region

and

107

28, 1923.

American

44390,

Likiang Range,

Dr.

by

p. 5, December

R.

C. Andrews

Museum

western

Yunnan,

and

Edmund

Mr.

Heller.

Description: "

color

and

brownish

gray,

with

the

Tail

dusky.

concealing The

the

teeth.

inspection

lower

back, the

Backs brown

of

the cusps

the

rostrum

a

species of Dorsal

dark

of head

surface

clearer

the

and

gray,

general

brownish,

give

to

faintly of

dark

body

through

sides

outer

the

with

showing

slightly paler below,

very

with

genus,

faintly washed

gray

whitish,

the

surface

all-gray hairs

Lower feet

the

above,

dark

the

its minute

a

washed

hind

feet

hairs

not

scales.

skulls of the type

nevertheless, their

hypsibia.

pepper-and-salt effect. brownish.

where

C.

close

on

especially over minute

of

proportions

known

series

usual

much

and

back

pigmented,

Characteristic

but of

the

were

all

flattened of the

the

skull

chestnut

genus,

too,

badly brain

join.

case,

The

coloring is the

in the

crushed and

molar

the

traps,

but

show,

slight concavity teeth

is confined

to

deep concavity

do

not

the of

the

have

anterior hinder

Measurements: made

by

(type)

44395

56

44396

55

width

outside

tooth

angle

of

jaw,

Occurrence smaller

geographic

it is found, The

fovir feet

9,000

with

the

form

10, p. 253,

Chodsigoa salenskii

examined:

"

at

Collected

as

feet,

as

length

in

beresowskii. is laid

the

tooth

quite

tions. proporwhere

Likiang

species.

distinct

at

it

where

of

altitude

an

associated

occvirs

Yunjian.

(Kastschenko)

Mus.

Annuaire

Likiang,

type series,from

salenskii

Chodsigoa

of

and

white.

the

Zool.

Acad.

for 1905,

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

Imp.

Measurements:

=

C

in C. very "

Linganfu,

of

collection

the

Szechwan,

northern

but

original description (in Russian)

the

region

hypsibia);

anterior

the

around

tail about

bicolor, its dorsal

one

and

side

palatal

also the

folds.

as a

dark

well

half

coloring of

the

and

81

and

the

the

below

brown, Ears

Size

as

times

C.

in

as

elbow

long, reaching the

very

divided as

mouth,

hidden.

small, somewhat

beresowskii;

small

The

of

and

vibrissas Six

as a

body (

Mustachial

in

6388, apparently

1893, by Berezovski.

visible

Eyes

166.

191 1, p.

S. S. R., from

U.

body, sharply

forward.

with

London,

transcription

A

beresowskii

plantar pads

lower

region a

general

of

as

parca.

alcoholic. No.

^An

"

Tomsk,

color

of head

brownish

arm

C.

in

it resembles

Yunnan,

^In all,four, the

autumn, "

follows:

jaw,

it

regarded

first

Ssushanchang,

in western

s.

Zool. Soc.

Proc.

Thomas,

Description: is

of

1907.

University

China.

a

of upper

condyle

to

I at

it is really

all from

were

Likiang Range

specimen:

Type the

incisor

has

type

hypsibia); length

isolated

the

that

believe

(Chodsigoa) salenskii Kastschenko,

vol.

tip

size and

to

now

41. Soriculus

C.

of lower

hypsibia, which

of C.

larger,long-tailed C.

Specimens

were

possible to

not

of the

rostrum

describing this shrew,

In

"

original specimens on

The

(6.1 in

mm.

6.1 ;

row,

smaller

me

the

series

9.

much

induce

of 4.2

sktills,it is

of the

series.

type

tooth

Habits:

and

Its very

the

molars

6.6; of lower

row,

9.1 ; to

a

of

second

type

body

condition

damaged

of the

full measurements

give

the

55

"

account

ward back-

54

44391

On

of

measurements

and

Head

No.

44390

extension

the

to

field:

in the

collector

the

following

The

"

due

tooth.

of the

postero-intemal angle

MONGOLIA

AND

large molars,

the two

and

edge of the large premolar of the

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

I08

when

the

position of

teeth.

Second

cusp.

type

measured:

head

body,

mm.;

tail, 116;

INSECTIVORES

THE

hind

of hind

claws, 20.5;

without

foot

Occurrence

and

tail and

long hind

other

the

ftirther

be

to

seems

fact

Szechwan,

may

considerable

has

revealed

foot,

known

by

the

summer

uniform

mouse

glossy, on

which

Nothing

smaller.

are

still remains

specimen

of

parts the

and

west

north

of that in

and

Szechwan

unique.

in northern

locality,Linganfu,

one

mainly

species of

Zool.

Proc.

area,

Yunnan

genus.

smithii

smithii

Soc. London,

Thomas

February

China,

and

9,000

J. A.

Dr.

and

hind

body, of

the

Proc.

14, 191 1, p. 4;

Zool. Soc. London,

in

as

similar, their

C.

foot

Museum,

June

Collected

3.8

mm.

27,

length.

fur.

pale

Hands

First

tips lightly pigmented.

somewhat

and

soft,

color

a

more

feet brownish below.

above, whitish

brown

larger, flattened

but

and

fine

(?)

or

General

side, however,

of the

than

fur

The

mm.

in

lower

Tail

shorter"

"rather

large, 18

texture

hypsibia,

British

1.537,

altitude.

tail

below, the

different

1 1.2.

C. Smith.

about

back and

above

of the

much

feet

large species, with

hairs gray

skull, No.

whitish, lighter terminally.

or

heavily ridged;

and

unicuspid largest,

upper

following successively smaller.

two

Measurements: mm.;

given,

referred

-The

"

foot,

is too

At

to

this

small.

shorter.

being the ear,

For

One

of

they C.

Thomas's

cranial

these

Occurrence obtained have

and

specimens,

at

see

"

and

other

as

have

page

the

Szechwan

recorded, in spite of

from

respects, the

and

82

head

by

body, I have

that

viously tail ob-

the

instead

body

Edmund

Heller,

tail, 84; hind

mm.;

been

and

Shensi, have

unusual

in

specimen

and

foot,

some

way.

a

second

112.

single type (Osgood, the

head

tail measurement,

the

measured

body,

may

table,

Beyond

Yulongkong,

been

in

agree

single specimen

Habits:

specimens

two

head

measurements

measured:

hypsibia, equaling

following dimensions:

10.

to

all events,

in

have

to

Probably, however,

18.

species, since than

said

is

type

tail, 68; hind

long, longer shows

male, skin and

A

"

A

account

Skull

appear

is

other

Chodsigoa

Abstract

head

the

equaling

later

seem

type

6.

None.

"

P. Anderson

M.

"

18;

in

smaller

the

Szechwan,

Description:

of

in but

taken

Thomas,

1910,

as

the

its range

examined:

Tatsienlu,

85

genus,

of cranium,

a large species, with very it readily from to separate

a

all of

of it, and

collecting done

from

the

which

been

but

evidently

characters

that

Type specimen:

teeth

is

height

10;

p. 166.

1911,

white

This

of the

42. smithii

greatest breadth,

it has

none

Specimens

Chodsigoa

"

mm.;

indicate

that

for

Habits:

members

known

The

in

of vibrissae,38; claws

Length

10.

foot, 3.

Skull, greatest length, 25

long

by

10

ear,

109

amount

1932, of

p.

250),

mammal

no

others

collecting

THE

no

that

has

been

Szechwan

(now

secured

two

for

of

the

type, but

tails

considerably shorter,

be

mistake

some

The

in

the

the

of

without

that

in

the

as

long

C.

hypsibia.

as

of this

and

combined It

Dr.

Andrews

and

in the

those

given body, instead

that

probable

seems

hind

the

having with

head

southern

there

may

originalspecimen.

species occur

together at this locality, secured, judge from the number

to

rarer,

two

of

proportionally longer tail

and

hind

hypsibia

in

agree

measvirements

measurement

two

the

that

central

mountainous,

Tsingling Range,

These

in

in this

interest

the

feet.

accord

Tatsienlu,

at

feet

considerable

10,000

much

seems

of 9,000

Shan,

these

taken

C. smitkii. foot

Its

should

considerably larger to

serve

identify it

trouble.

This

shrew

close

on

C.

in

as

MONGOLIA

was

only

twenty-one size and

present

are

type

of

skulls

record

interestingthing is

although

of

the

AND

altitude

an

Taipai

at

and

the

The

at

high altitude long,

mm.

China.

is,therefore,

examples the

at

18

It

CHINA

OF

Hsikang),

country.

Shensi,

in

done

forested

foot

MAMMALS

a

hairs

scattered

are

lack

the

with

minutely punctate appearance of the hairs or the pale tips of some

gray

of the

account

on

that

to

seems

uniform

very

examination,

entirelypale surface

is

a

throughout

distinct

brownish

the

above.

pelage

wash

in

seen

The

lower

of the

some

other

species. It Malcolm and

named

was

P.

other

in the

in

Anderson

Specimens

and

into

M.

G.

Type Specimen: Natural

altitude.

J.

A.

C.

journey into interior

the

History, Collected

"

Two

"

43.

of

Dr.

who

Smith,

of that

and

China,

western

country

Mr.

accompanied

bore

who

active

an

this

on

share

preparation of the mammals.

examined:

Chodsigoa smithii parca

the

on

expeditions

collection

of

honor

Chodsigoa

Allen, Amer.

A from

from

male,

Mus.

smithii

parca

Novitates,

skin

and

Homushu

April 6,

Taipai Shan,

by

M.

loo,

Allen

p. 6, December

skull, No.

Pass,

1917,

no.

G.

R.

C.

28, 1923.

American

44409,

Yunnan,

western

Dr.

Shensi.

Tsingling Range,

Andrews

China, and

Museum

8,000

feet

Mr.

Edmund

tail

ably consider-

Heller.

Description: "

than

more

foot about

1

General with

a

belly.

long-tailed species, with

small-bodied, head

and

body,

about

and

below

a

55%

of

the

the

total

length, the hind

mm.

color

faint

As

7

A

the

above

brownish

in other

wash;

members

the

color

of the

"dark

group,

a

gray"

mouse

is darkest close

on

the

(Ridgway,

rump,

examination

palest shows

a

19 on

12), the

minute

INSECTIVORES

THE

speckling with

pale

through.

Tail

show

with

The

than

the to

of

instead

also

teeth

smaller

are

said

nearly 60%

be

to

longer

even

smaller,

are

The

collector's

No.

and

44369

44443

cranial

For

The

is

and

it resembles

which

tail not

and

of

is

Yunnan

western

Range, feet.

at

an

The

by

in the the

British

genus collectors

Specimens Yunnan

:

high was

is

it is

apparently out through-

are:

Locality

foot

Yxinnan Yunnan

of

as

in the examined:

Likiang Range,

and

in

same

"

On

body.

proportions

and

Ssushanchang,

size but the

with

rather

the

two

Homushu

F.

at

Kingdon

about

type 2 ;

the

series,

Homushu

Ward

time.

same

as

follows:

Pass,

2.

scribed de-

species

.

on

secured

the

Pass,

or

foot,

original here

distinct

made

of China.

comer

hind

if the

series, were

Heller, the

a

portions. pro-

C. smithii,

animal

the as

species long tail,

very

large

hand,

other

type

from

a

still

size and

northern

more

regarded

the

of this

either

Foior, the

in

interesting discoveries

many

by

range

Edmund

two

Yunnan

are

three

or

differences

the

to be

specimens,

region

two

correctly given,

are

districts

taken

interesting genvis

color,

gray

feet, and

of the

mountain not

dark

C. Andrews

R.

one

bodily subspecies of

a

Four

of 9,000

this

is of small

C. smithii

"

of

of the

parts

Yunnan

112.

page

obviously by

more

head

Habits:

species is

Hind

forms

in

The

which

dimensions

specimens secured

four

table,

various

the

animal

Dr.

bodily

16.0

type

altitude

It

length.

81

than

and

the

91

different sufficiently

Occurrence

total

70

see

case

considerably

slender,

66

in its uniform

the

brain

from

salenskii, in

C.

17.5

regarded

shorter

dimensions

that

be

to

having

"

Apparently

present

possibly

and

Tail

together, distinguished The

much

in

either

foot.

shorter

body

relationships of

altogether

occ\ir

from

and

premaxillary region.

except

of the

measurements

clear.

the

long

of the

"

44409

hypsibia

"

(type)

not

form

the

by

Backs

in either.

than

"

44376

in

extremely

measurements Head

different

C. smithii, while

typical

C.

gradually tapering

narrowed

against 55%

indicated

as

of

that

very

described

as

in the

than

size

more

is

tail

other

any

in

and

slender

more

The

"

in

than

and

scaly rings.

the

exceed

not

rings clothed

lighter below,

scarcely

smithii, is

being abruptly

Measurements:

longer

shorter

light subterminal

or

tips whitish.

their

C. smithii

relatively

rostrum

tip

of

that

do

nearly equaling

skull, though

smaller

which

distinctly brownish,

feet

of the

hairs

hairs

gray

above,

brown

dusky

dark-brown

minute

pale

where

gray

iii

by It is

in

Likiang at

8,000

the

pedition ex-

peculiar

George Forrest,

MAMMALS

THE

112

Sorex

Thomas,

Zool. Soc. London,

Recherches

Milne-Edwards,

191 1, p.

servir

pour

CHODSIGOA

OF

Blarinella

Genus Proc.

MONGOLIA

AND

MEASUREMENTS

SKULL

Blarinella

CHINA

OF

Thomas

166.

4 I'Hist.

des MammifSres,

Nat.

261, pi. 38A, fig.2; pi.38B,

p.

fig.2, 1868-74 (in part).

of

A

soricid

the

external

the

skull

of the

narrowing Blarina.

The

canine

rather

teeth

be

quite invisible from

of set

incisor

Sorex

off from

has

three

Sorex, instead The

upper

low

and

wedged

and

of

molars

half

of

in

Chodsigoa similar

to

differ from

the

main

those

single low

again

are

ledge-like,produced

cusplets hump

much

of

sudden

Sorex, except

small

and

the

of

that

the

the

first

smaller, while

much

case

second

about

large posteriormost premolar large anterior in

incisors

like

are

posterior cusp

being obsolete;

the

anterior

its upper

on

in the

so

length.

the

the

like those

behind

without

having

of Blarina

instead

cusp

supplementary the

The

outside.

the

the

feet, and

head-and-body

form,

of

those

angle behind

in the

the

fore

heavy angular brain

the

or

of the

claws

in

unicuspid) is exceedingly

it but

those

one

unicuspid) is proportionally

(fourth upper so

about

rather

are

the

delicate, tapering

seen

to

equal

well

tail to

and rostrum

of

great reduction

the

burrowing, through

development

the

(third upper

premolar to

of

is small

for

modified

moderate

ear,

shortening

The

as

somewhat

that

middle of

of the

Sorex the

cutting edge

in

edge

having

as

the

lower as

in

in Blarina.

hypocone

posterior edge of the

two

THE

anterior as

is

well

developed

as

the

tips of in

the

teeth

protocone,

are

Sorex, namely: i.f Ct

in

whereas

is excavated,

practically a straight

The as

molars

INSECTIVORES

line, and

and the

Blarina

Fig.

m.f

8.

the

broadened outline

lightly pigmented. pm.r

113

of

that

so

the

The

is

hypocone

crown

tooth

the

large, about

posterior border is

formula

nearly

=32.

Distribution

Map.

Btarinella 1.

B.

quadraticauda

quadraticauda

2.

B.

quadraticauda

griselda

3.

B,

quadralicauda

square.

is the

wardi

same

MAMMALS

THE

114

peculiarity,first

A

"more

induces

teeth

incisors

upper

with

molars

margin, lower

me

related

closely

more

the

build,

shorter

skull,

the

reduced

On

these

the

of the the

tooth

which

The

as

Sorex

and

also

supplementary

in

being

as

the

to

of the

any

only species of

quadraticauda.

first

the

and

this method

of

is lost.

premolar

and tooth.

square

type, with with

the

duction re-

canine

upper

reduction

is

Blarinella

is

of shrews,

genera

American

less-

the

protocone

nearly

form,

first from

angular

more

size of the

American

with

found

in

of the

Sorex-like

a

its exterior

stage

which

be

to

next

a

hind

form, heavier

of the

form

to

as

upper

differs

obsolete,

cusps

development so

of Blarinella

The

external

its heavier,

in

as

crescentic

a

equally

but

of much

its anterior

cutting edge

the

mice,

of the

structure

only in its

molars

In

form

to

on

jumping examination

Blarina.

in the

is

genera

Blarinella

regard

to

Sorex,

greater

premolar is

first

and

type

Edwards

in

perhaps

mesop-

World

the

careful

a

not

modifications

following.

minute

the

the

this genus

Old

of

accomplished by the lessened

row

Soriculus

parallel is

the

upper

closely related

not

the

think

of fossorial

exemplified by close

in

I should

premolar

probably

and

and

cusplets

ears,

with

anterior

two

grounds

beginnings

and

reduced

premolar,

of the

hypocone

three

that

backward

modified,

incisors

of

that

of the

any

to

cusp,

resembles

more

tail, more

anterior

first

of much

is much

Blarina, which

wall

166)

p.

American

the

to

produced

presence

to

view

large posterior

incisor, Blarinella

istic apparently character-

bony

continents,

two

opposite

than

hypocones,

in

and

(191 id, than

parallel case

in the

Sorex

their

and

of the

character

Blarina a

the

take

(igisd),

statement

group

to

with

low

a

American

to

MONGOLIA

lens.

it affords

that

and

representing this

Zapus, the

N.

the

allied to

of shrews"

AND

Thomas

by

Thomas's

Notwithstanding

CHINA

reticulated

with

fossa, visible

terygoid

noted

is the

of this genus,

OF

but

a

Cryptotis,in

genus

absent. the

is that

genus

Two

described

first

by Milne-

subspecies,fairlywell marked,

are

here

recognized. Key A.

Three

upper

Darker,

a.

unicuspids second

to

Chinese

Races

of

Blarinella

visible in side view.

unicuspid

about

equaling

the

first in

side view b.

Grayer, second the

B.

B.

Four

first and

upper

intermediate

in size between

third

unicuspids

44. Sorex

unicuspid

quadraticauda quadraticauda

B. visible in side view

Blarinella

quadraticauda

quadraticauda Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

pour

quadraticauda griselda B.

quadraticauda servir

quadraticauda wardi

(Milne-Edwards)

k I'Hist. Nat.

des

Mammiftres,

p.

261, pi. 38A,

figs.2-2d; pi/ 38B, fig.2, 1868-74. Soriculus Blarinella

quadraticauda quadraticauda

Dobson, Thomas,

Monogr. Proc.

Insectivora, pt. 3, pi. 28, figs.4, 4a, and Zool. Soc. London,

1911,

p.

166.

explanation, 1890.

INSECTIVORES

THE

Type specimen: on

A

Description: "

short, and

of

color

General

lights;below,

body

feet

pale

brownish.

The

skull

a

half

with

dark

is slender

long gray,

suffusion

above,

pale

large edge

about

is minute,

behind

the

tooth

in the

in the

while .

.

fourth

total

at

only

capture

(19126, 4,000

its American and

of the

p.

feet.

those

in the

134)

to

"

as

at

both

typical

(p*), while them

are

its hinder the in

crowded

in the

axis of the

seen.

and

Of

been

vmicuspids

four

figuresonly

reexamination

a

condition

four

of

being

one

other

unicuspids present on

have

fifth minute

the

and

Sorex,

a

intermediate

the

present."

are

specimens both

on

sides,

sides.

the

type

specimen

ured: meas-

Shan,

from

present

some

None.

to

the

of its a

but

this form

known, In

China.

southeastern

extent

available,

not

probably

following.

races

Szechwan,

is recorded

Nothing

examined:

two

Omei

at

leaf mould.

Specimens

be

to

are

principality of Muping,

another

counterpart,

of

describes

tooth

and

this, the

upper

compressed

typical race

of the

eastern

of four

in

fifth,both

Milne-Edwards,

So far

"

and

is

of hands

size, in side view,

crowns

five

Tail

teeth

(191 id, p. 167), after

the

to

but

body.

in certain

brown.

of

that of the

first two

unicuspids,

fifth

than

large premolar

"presents

and

tail,40.

mm.;

Habits:

secured

specimen

have

minute

from

and

four

only

three

103

in central

only

feet, and

the

extremely

head

Backs

genus,

unicuspids

Thomas

it

below.

their

of the

their

three

that

measurements

Occurrence

but

According

"

differ little if any

the

size

left this tooth

the

the

lacks

length,

Cranial

side

Museum,

Measurements:

occiirs

with

shows

on

.

British

the

and

jaw,

upper

right

the

on

missing

the

profileonly

type specimen,

having

of

edge

about

in

preserved

ears

yellowish

characters

originaldescription,Milne-Edwards

unicuspids

but

in

that

so

his

of the

front

the of

and

large premolar,

row,

In

with

level

fourth

half

is about

of

heavier

The

rostrum.

third

subequal, the

David

silvery reflection

a

faint

a

external

combined

the

as

the account of the under sufficientlydescribed (191 id, p. 167) points out, the form, as Thomas and

with

with

delicate, but

and

Armand

is still

1870, and

shrew,

as

brown

less slender

and

blunter

-bodied

brownish

gray

hairs,

short

very

about

above

clearer

a

with

with

tail

in

Pere

by

Paris.

at

stout

secured

was

China,

western

Naturelle

rather

slender

a

specimen

type

Muping,

d'Histoire

Museum

the

into

expedition

his

The

"

115

addition

Thomas

south,

at

but

burrower,

to

the

(191 id) an

Szechwan,

habits,

of Blarinella

altitude near

ported re-

of 9,500

Nanchwan,

presumably tunneling

inal orig-

has

in

it

is,like

light soil

MAMMALS

THE

ii6

Type specimen: from

September

Collected

altitude.

Smaller,

Description: "

General

slightlysmaller

Skull

Measurements: and

head

The

"

body,

above

The

of

Kansu,

and

Habits:

referred

History,

from

Thomas,

Hpimaw,

Collected

10, "

B.

a

wash

faint

pale In

type

considerably only

Yunnan

Hist.,

by

1914,

dark

Color

8, vol.

ser.

and

"on

condylobasal length, of m^

description of within

the

of other ditions con-

northern

bank,

American

of

limits

environmental a

4.5.

Thomas.

races

mossy

a

in the

wardi

15, p.

race.

in

birchof

Museum

locality.

Kingdon

chest

15.

26",

2.

1.3,

east

above, ; tail

very

Museum,

longitude 98" 35'.

slightly paler than

slightlyshorter

above, pale below.

gray

British

Ward.

gray

the

Thomas

336, 1915.

No.

skull. latitude

smoky

across

dark

;

"Kansu."

north F.

the following:

of p^ to back

the

exact

more

quadraticauda

Burma,

the

of the

is said

skull while

smaller.

confirms

three

nearly equaling

in

below

typical

Backs

of hands

and

of the

typical form,

brownish.

the

167)

unicuspid

upper of

specimen represents

specimen

without

mm.

different

captured

second

male, skin

of drab

of less breadth,

and

by

Nat.

quadraticauda, bicolor,

feet

p.

A

"

Upper

August

Description: with

Second

otherwise

somewhat

was a

Blarinella Mag.

Ann.

Type specimen: from

drabby

11.

20

is from or

this

One, from

"

46. wardi

this

Kansu,

examined:

Specimens

Blarinella

raticauda. quad-

B.

more

slightlydifferentiated

since

that

It

"

to

row,

the

well be

it may

I have

Natural

paler

8.6; front

individual

be

may

origin under

take

to

foot,

type specimen

typical form, but,

Occurrence wood."

typical and

collector,shows

the

by

hind

tooth

upper

of the

claimed

of the

species seem

measured

as

tail,33;

mm.;

9.4;

account

characters

variation

feet

Smith.

third, instead

condylo-incisivelength,

18.6; greatest breadth,

The

type,

68

skull measured:

The

Museum,

10,000

of brown.

quadraticauda. the

at

view.

first in side

the

instead

first and

the

C. than

rather

gray;

grayish

in B.

than

in size between

intermediate

mouse

tail dull

and

China,

shorter-tailed

and

grayer

12.8.5.23, British J. A.

Dr.

by

191 1,

1912.

Kansu,

Taochow,

17,

above,

color

feet

Hands,

below.

10, p. 400,

skull, No.

and

of

southeast

miles

forty-two

griselda Thomas

8, vol.

ser.

female, skin

A

"

Hist.,

Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

griseldaThomas,

Blarinella

MONGOLIA

AND

quadraticauda

Blarinella

45.

CHINA

OF

what five

the

In

his

appears

four

are

be

first and

in are

second B.

unicuspids

of the

quadraticauda,

visible; but

upper

m.

B.

q.

wardi,

in as

jaw

are

(191 id,

Thomas

figure,that

Milne-Edwards's

visible.

that

than

shorter

of

account

unicuspids

specimens,

to

side

view

represented

INSECTIVORES

THE

and

Occurrence

chieflyin having

Muping of three

unicuspids of

border

at

just

Burma, the

28"

at

exploration is

race

statement

that

the

work

in

tail of

miles

of

were

it

found

was

from

Dr.

7,000

dead

Nguluko, Specimens Yunnan:

with

35

near

various

In

"

(10,000 feet), i

(9,000 feet), I

not

and

the

of his

tail in this be

borne

the and

two

the

again of the

label

Osgood

jaws.

secured

well

as

Mucheng,

as

at

localities

twenty-five specimens one

of these

(1932)

records

of

a

Salween

in proper

uncommon

their

Peitai, thirty

Likiang Range, at

out

states

of

course

Heller

Edmund

and

divide,

course

the to

seem

During

it is not

on

divide,

in the that

from

specimen

localities between

all but

note

limit

length, for Milne-Edwards

River,

Mekong

north,

states a

that

specimen

Likiang.

examined:

Mekong

Andrews

in its

does

mm.

C.

Evidently

beetle

Peitai, thirty miles

district

is 40

26"

Mekong-Salween

supposition

from

R.

second

Forrest

George

in

mm.

the

the

across

westernmost

Kiukiang-Salween

from

The

just

of

instead

four

about

at

a

typical form

that

so

the

recorded

the

typical form

collector's a

as

later

(10,000 feet),and the

feet.

The

known

by

Curiously enough,

males.

Burma,

far

on

secured

measures

Chungtien

altitudes.

taken

394)

p.

in the

Yunnan,

drainage, at only high

it

(8,000 feet) on

Hsiaokela

at

than

Upper

feet, so

the

first discovered

was

specimen,

twenty-five specimens,

south

compressed,

typical cylindricauda

western

series of

less

view,

Yunnan.

of southwestern

that

row

of China

border

feet, both

14,500

differs from

Hpimaw,

at

first Yunnan

slightlylonger

his

by

the

which

of 8,000

(1922b,

the

across

time

same

north,

China,

Thomas

for this genus.

race,

tooth

the

altitude

an

This

"

visible in side

are

western

98" 35' east,

at

Habits:

117

; Homushu

River

;

all, twenty-five, from

south

Hapa, Pass

miles

following places:

(10,000 feet), 3; Tomulang,

of Chungtien

twenty

the

south

of Taku

Chungtien

(10,000 feet),3; Yinpankai

kela, (8,000 feet), 2; Likiang (10,000-12,000 feet), 7; Hsiao-

(8,000 feet), 4; Mucheng,

Salween

drainage

(7,000 feet), 4.

Ehrenberg

and

Type, Suncus

2, k.

Symbolae Physicae,1832, dec.

Ehrenberg,

and

Hemprich

MONGOLIA

AND

Hemprich

Suncus

Genus Suncus

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

ii8

crassicaudus

Sorex

=

sacer

Lichtenstein.

Sorex

in its shrew-like

Crocidura

projecting

scattered

with

it retains

making

than

in

teeth

are

more

one

The

posterior

the

cusp

poorly developed The

to

pm.f m.|

i.f c.t

incisor

with

of

of the

senting repre-

as

dentition,

so

upper

that

jaw,

is,therefore,

30.

=

incisor

its

has

marking

crenulation

low

as

hook-like, with

and

large large lower

long,

a

tapering tail

formula

is

The

marked.

sembles re-

having the tips chestnut

of

instead

straight but

dental

The

species

the

externally

and

the

a

all antedated

be

thought

be

1924)

131,

lately as

and

genus

large premolar

the

first upper

well

very

subtropical in its distribution,

tropical and

Asia.

southern

and

region

shrew,

house

distributed

Type,

a

cusp.

is

genus

Mediterranean

an

general not

5, p.

to

ears,

It may

series.

upper

the

This

specializationof

the

white, unpigmented, In

cutting edge nearly

upper,

in

Crocidura, namely:

Soricinae.

in the

in the

unicuspids

vol.

subgenus

a

prominent

hairs.

in addition

premolar

minute

a

four

of Crocidura.

subgenus

a

specificallystated

form,

bristle-like

progressive stage

less

a

as

crassicaudus.

Sorex

as

first

use

is

genotype

Lichtenstein

by

described

as

having thirty teeth, is after

shrews

the

which

for

Suncus,

by

in

Pachyura, long

term

white-toothed

for the

genus

1839, p. 32,

(Journ. Mammalogy,

by Cabrera

shown

been

generic

the

Micromammalogie,

de

Savi.

elruscus

It has

that

in part.

Selys-Longchamps, Etudes

De

Pachyura

Crocidura

of authors;

in part

Sorex

in

China,

Stmcus

murinus

occurs

But and

a

even

Africa, the

in

single species, the widely is

there

probably in part

introduction.

47. ? Sorex

Soc. London,

Zool.

Proc.

1858; Sorex

Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. I, p. 74, 1766.

Linnaeus,

murinus

Java.

Zoologist, vol. 16, p. 6224,

Swinhoe,

p. 620.

1870,

Petropol., for 1781, pt. 2, p. 337,

Sci. Imp.

Acad.

Pallas, Acta

myosurus

(Linnaeus)

Swinhoe,

1785.

Proc. Zool. Soc.

London,

1870, p. 231. swinhoei Bly h, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 28, p. 285, 1859; ibid.,vol. 29, p. 89, i86o.

Sorex

Naturgesch.,

vol.

88,

sect.

microtis

Crocidura

(Pachyura) murina].

Suncus

A.

myosurus

Type

B.

A.

Kon.

specimen:

"

musk

Sorex shrew

murinus,

has

long

as

pointed

vol.

Mus.,

i, p. 9, 1929.

type specimen

J.

A.

the

is still in existence. Linnseus's

itself is still in doubt.

tacitly supposed

been

Dr.

Hist., vol. 22, p. 481, 1906.

art.

specificname

Asia, but by

Nat. 75,

if the

known

the

of southeastern out

Mus.

Amer.

S. Nat.

It is not

Indeed, the applicabilityof name,

U.

f.

Wiss., Berlin, 1870, p. 589.

Akad.

Preuss.

Allen, Bull.

Howell, Proc.

Mell, Arch.

15, 1922.

10, p.

no.

Monatsb.

Crocidura

Peters,

A,

to

refer

to

the

common

terminable, description itself is perhaps inde-

Allen

(1906,

p.

481), beyond

the

fact

THE

it refers to

a

shrew

of

slightlyshorter

than

the

that tail

species of

the

of well

In

enough.

shrew

a

be

as

as

is done

well

in

be

myosurus

Pallas

Peters's

Crocidura

from

of the here

upper

to

used

microtis

been

the

and

but

from

in the

the

The

hairs

a

while and

the

just

fourth

area

three

of

the

instead

the

last

which

in the

of four

may

"

field

by

attain

females, though

size, given

Sorex

name

Probably

length,

as

18

came

120

mm.,

that

and

mm.,

those

and

itself

by

specimen

measurement,

of the

of that

species

the

by

the

with

the

Following smaller, about third

the

W-pattem molar

are

upper

the

end In

of

the

third

the

well

evident,

as

here

out

cusp

half

as

the

two

relatively small, paracone

and

large anterior with

big

the

as

the

two

third

metacone

first

first, of

it,

anterior

posterior border a

well-

a

in front

The

about

and

projects

case

main

large premolar. their

gland

hairs.

brain the

as

and

sagittal crest

view

one

big

vibrissae

the

unicuspids, of which

about

lower

prominent

a

low

side

four

only a

protocone,

is

appressed

hook-like

and

is

of

prominent

right angle.

as

and

the

in this genus

usual

standing

There

area

anterior

it

hairs

tail.

small

a

tail

the

hands

on

nearly naked;

bristle-like

clothe

heavy,

a

and

and

head,

long

of the

slightly grayer

gray,

of equal size and

with

second,

Measurements: taken

His

only then

did,

done.

including the backs

strong, nearly vertical

is much

have The

excavate.

(1929)

prominent, the

crests;

visible between

molars

upper

than

and

two

come

are

side, marked

strong

has

largest,then

the

has

it

to

may

taken

description

closely with

very

brownish

number

a

developed posterior cusp. is

its foot

above,

a

forming nearly

out,

incisor

upper

for

It

himself

Allen

species.

of its

accord

ears

sharper, higher lambdoid squarely

on

longer

not

is

Dr.

Otherwise,

same

account

color

The

of each

skull

the

all around,

shorter

middle

to

mm.,

General

in Crocidura, has

there

13

body.

abundant

refers

island,

a

tion atten-

it is the

specimens.

as

Howell

the

murinus.

tail

of the

surface

as

B.

is

present to

description applies

several

usage,

the

the

several

that

brought

the

Linnasus's

A.

It is true

first

from

of

with

mouse,

but

Java, be

indeterminable.

youngish,

row,

Sunciis

"

and

series

house

a

brief

received

where

be

and

China,

Description: feet,

a

cases

be

tooth

called

by

admitted

have

may

of

may

Hongkong,

tail,35,

the

Moreover,

that

number

a

from

following traditional

continue

to

might readily

are

and

represented,

of

Java.

likelyto

most

one

collection

recent

from

came

known

are

the

naturalists.

European

and

body,

Crocidura

genus

119

ashy color, the size

an

species there, and

common

INSECTIVORES

slightly the

crown

and

present

commissures.

The

following

the

collector.

much

larger

cranial

measurements

The

from

fresh

largest speciraens seem

external

differences

are

dimensions are

less marked.

than

are

to

be

shown

specimens old

males

by

the

THE

120

Occurrence found at

in

the

least.

Amoy

and

Habits:

Swinhoe

and

it there.

other

tung

Province,

doubt

American Fukien:

from

even or

on

Money

and

old

dried

Rat

China,

Dr.

as

well

north

of

Museum

in

as

skins.

because

as

of its

and

Notai

on

Expeditions

that

authors

mention

Swinhoe of the

says

of

peculiar

it

where

of

record

no

(1929)

mentions

Yenping, and

on

it at

KwangThis

Hainan.

(1909, p. 242) of

The the

Kulingsu in

Canton

about

island.

collectors

of

two

the

following localities in

Yuki.

its strong that

vicinity of

Hainan

I have

but

occun-ence

secured

as

the

following localities: Fukien

the

his

on

Howell

southwest

it abundant

as

Fukien,

(1906, p. 481) also records

Japan,

from

in

well

Futsing.

miles

doubt

as

north

common

J. A. Allen

Futsing, Sashin, Yenping, other

as

far

is

large shrew

this

go,

dispelledby J. A. Allen's record

once

Asiatic

Foochow,

Swinhoe

at

records

coastwise

(1922) found

expresses

Tingan

Museum

China,

of southern

S. National

Mell

MONGOLIA

620) speaks of it

Formosa

on

AND

available

as

Futsing, seventy

and

is,however,

specimens

far

South

mainland

U.

Amoy.

near

p.

CHINA

capitalcity,and

the

on

in the

Province, Foochow, Island

of

larger towns

in the

its presence

So

"

(1870c,

It is present

specimens

OF

larger towns

abundant

was

MAMMALS

about

chatter

it

odor, which

musky Amoy

keeps

it is called up

as

it

runs

persists

"chi-chi6"

about,

a

INSECTIVORES

THE

like that

somewhat

noise

carried

about

colonization,

has

(1922)

confined

given He

Canton

seen

pond

freely into

comes

the

absent

generally

A

captive

caterpillarsof does

but

climb,

not

sharply

if cornered,

because

of its

of

a

Clifford

but

will

H.

walk

Specimens Fukien:

Mell

for he

Pope

twice

it. In

"

found

Wagler,

This

Oken's

genus

2;

Sashin,

and

is

rather

reduction and

of the

the

i.f c.T

externally quite

giving

the

is

Europe

in

In

in

the

Fukien, caution,

no

blood

farm

the

measure

twice

the

though

a

it

eat

of

a

houses.

follows: 8; Yuki,

i.

through space

hairs

It

is

the

along

the

dental

shrew-like

its

entire

form,

minute

third

fourth

unicuspid

formula

stout,

a

length, prominent the

chiefly distinguished by

loss of the

between

following

with

upper

and

the

(as interpreted by

further

unicuspid large

molar, pre-

Miller):

Asia.

and

The

subtropical,but type

species

Mongolian

Species

a

is C.

few

species extend

leucodon

Hermann

into of

Europe.

Larger, skiill length a.

the

like Suncus,

largelytropicaland

Key A.

Wagler

be

or

will bite

will not

show

to

cannot

m.^=28.

genus

temperate central

Crocidura

of

litter.

a

about

5;

bristle

vibrissas.

dentition of

The

scattered

short

closure

pm.T

in

even

common

Yenping,

destroyer

Isis,1832, p. 275.

tapering tail, with ears

it

to

It

is

It

breed

seem

night,

all,thirty-three,as

Genus Crocidura

shrews

swamp

but

It

they

it may

sharp

teen sittingseven-

a

grams.

supposed

of four

young,

or

153

cats, but

has

these

day

He

Foochow,

17;

nest

at

ate

about

of holes.

centimeters.

supposes

that

trap

a

all

by

Pocock

Mell

me

into

examined:

Futsing,

which

in

voracious

a

twenty

as

killed

found

assures

still on

be

high

as

city

city of Canton,

time

a

in

entire

of its

account

abundance

an

is

for

kept

and

field

on

of the It

weighing

nessus,

warning.

blindly

victim

previous

thickets.

jump

offer

about

observed

as

cities of the

especiallyabundant

middle

that

is sometimes

and

least

at

year,

Mr.

will

in the

and

disagreeable odor,

protective, or course

one

Theretra

and

rats

Mell

China.

South

in

than It is

broken

even

woods

mammal

of tener

and

much,

spread

of its habits

about.

not

are

region of

commonest

runs

houses,

from

insects.

ground

dikes

where

areas

it

as

it has

plains, villages and

heard

for occasional

opportunity

that

account

in the

and

chirrup constantly given or

short

is the

and

it is

has

so

coast

warmer

it is found

says

least

; at

be

excellent

an

and

cargo

it is doubtless

that

Notwithstanding

little evidence

the

to

Province,

Kwangtung

in the

to

seems

cash.

jingUng

by junks

there

is apparently

Canton.

of

121

Skull

length

20-21

to

20

Chinese

mm.

mm.,

or

hind

and

hind

foot

foot about

14,

more,

14 no

or

of

Crocidura

over.

white

tip to

tail

C. attenuata

MAMMALS

THE

122

b.

length 22-24

Skull white

hind

mm.,

foot about

skull length

2 1

brownish,

color

Smaller,

mm

20

hind

mm.,

foot

length about

skull

dracula

C. dracula C. dracula

12-13

17

grisescens

^"-

C. ilensis

mm

feet whitish.

a'. Hind a".

Coloration

very

b".

Coloration

dull brownish

b'. Hind

C. ilensis lar

pallid

C. ilensis shantungensis C. ilensis

feet dark

Larger, color

skull length about

gray,

19

about

50 mm.,

skull length 19, paler

b'. Tail

about

42

skull length 18, darker

mm.,

Crocidura

48.

COMMON

C.

SHREW

GRAY

servir k I'Hist.

pour

vorax

C. rapax

Milne-Edwards

attenuata

Recherches

Milne-Edwards,

attenuata

phaopus

mm.

a'. Tail

Crocidura

small

a

mm

.6

sloxll length less than

Smaller,

b.

tail with

15-19,

C. dracula

b'. Smaller,

a.

MONGOLIA

AND

tip

a'. Larger, skull length 23-24

B.

CHINA

OF

Nat.

Mammiferes,

des

263, pi. 38B,

p.

fig. l; pi. 39A, fig.2, 1868-74. grisea A. B. Howell, Proc.

Crocidura of

Crocidura

Type Specimen: in

clearer surface

with

of

short

with

tip and

low

posterior

and

large,

side

cuspids.

There

The

lower

of

the

the

genus.

ventral

hands

a

in Sorex. anterior

usually

incisor Its

base

side of the

large

upper

main

the no

space

is without is in

height of

contact

first lower

the

the

lobes

with

unicuspid.

the

on

much

has

and

second

latter

the

and

cutting edge half

or

those

unicuspid

of

cusp

at

prominent

a

first

The

The in

pinched

practicallylike

posterior

anterior

occiput.

is

incisor

its

longer hair.

larger Suncus

the

at

are

subequal

between

distinct

grayer

the

thinly clothed

are

rostrum

cusp.

the

considerably exceeding double

from

of the

teeth

paler,

a

upper

silvery,with

The

The

nearly vertical

different

inspection, the

feet

and

meeting

ridge.

mere

The

slender

view

is

a

close

that

than

is presumably

and

above,

paler reflections

crests

than

Suncus.

is about

incisor, and

large

prominent,

and

China,

gray

paler, more

are

Armand

Pere

Paris.

at

On

with

lambdoid

evident

tapering

corresponding cusp

skins

by

pelage is hardly

brown.

of the

backs

Winter

but

is less

is less

in

southwest

I, p. 9, 1929.

Szechwan,

brownish

lightlybuilt, less angular

in

is

The

pale hairs.

sagittal crest the

hairs.

the

skull is

murinus,

with

minutely punctate

be

to

appears

The

a

was

summer

uniform

below, faintlytinged

gray

portions

murinus,

art.

collected

Naturelle in

general color

The

"

Suncus

Mus., vol. 75,

central

d'Histoire

Museum

Description: of

S. Nat.

principality of Muping,

the

that

U.

original specimen

The

"

still in the

from

1926; seventy-five miles

vol. 39, p. 137,

Washington,

Soc.

grisea A. B. Howell, Proc.

attenuata

David,

Biol.

Pukien.

Yenpingfu,

the

third

first uni-

premolar. as

typical

two-thirds

of

THE

and

Occurrence the

lower

the

series

collected

was

Edwards,

the

it may

doubted

that

be the

the

the

Pope on

at

the

higher

it at of

may

taking

such

In

As be

them.

secured

the

these in

some

Nor

tail

from are

cases

the

southern

to

able

the

way

have

but think

to

nearer

not

than

same

a

found

as

China, the

as

those

differentiate

H. as

from

although the of other

average made

well

single one

by

correction, depending to

Milne-

to

Szechwan,

and

probably

were

wan, Szech-

provinces, Clifford

Namfong

quite

shorter

subject I been

a

inclined

am

in

considerable

Yenping, Fukien, at

be

to

seem

measurements

have

I

and

coastal

and two

others

of the

According

along experienced collectors

province.

and

1921-22.

somewhere

of the

of eastern

central

at

westward

where

in

China

mouth

it is found

country

elevations,

more

he

as

the

Szechwan,

Muping

from

came

specimens

Szechwan,

specimens. of

where

field measurements

collectors, they method

this

from

in

all South

over

north

Thence

mountainous

Granger

and

far

as

Futsing, Chunganhsien,

Hainan

eastern

collector's

in

least

Wanhsien,

came

really

shrew

Kiangsi.

at

at

123

common

at

in

Walter

other

Hainan,

These

Wanhsien,

Chinese

levels

a

of the

and

if it is found

specimen

collected

Nodoa.

Dr.

by

valley, for

island

borders

Hupeh,

original specimen

type

Yangtze

it at

the

to

in

Ichang

at

as

is

its range

adjacent region

basin

Yangtze

This

"

levels, extending and

Yangtze the

Habits:

INSECTIVORES

native on

the

satisfactorily

A. C.

individuals

Fukien

the

the

but

in the

paper)

1929

is

winter

usual

upper which

winter

fresh

in the

specimens undoubtedly in

Hunan,

seasonal

a

C. The

northwesterly point

most

Wenhsien

country,

168), where

were

in

zoological expedition in the

occurrence

is

again

the

alcohol,

and

skin and

a

is

(i9i2e,

Thomas

p.

the

from

9)

at

the

Little

duras

and seem

adolescent

caught

an

anhsien, young

one

p.

134)

of

northeast the

id,

p.

of Bedford's

evidence low

of its

country River

at

specimen, preserved

In

Szechwan,

eastern

southern

Shan,

Szechwan, Nanchwan,

near

Howell

and

Chungking;

quite

species ranges

in

skiill of the latter

series from

Chinfu

191

Duke

Namting

The

different.

it from

Probably, then,

(1929, southern

across

altitudes.

lower

be

to

of Blarina, to

fiftymiles

mountains

seems

noticeably

recorded

has

a

is in the

taken

no

the

secured

of the

those

be

of

C. attenuata.

of

of the

are

locality

until the

on

Yochow,

(Thomas,

to

was

History

type

been

this form.

be

to

seem

than

is not

otherwise

Suifu.

from

China

Sorex

a

expedition

Andrews's skvill which

little shorter

specimen very but the specimen and

Dr.

border.

Burma

from

synonym

Yunnan

where

Yunnan,

southwestern

the

appears

two

examples

Natural

Kansu

and

of Szechwan

west

extreme

in

reached

There

1909.

Yochow

collectors

the

by

secured

a

as

been

Chekiang

species has

southeastern

Taochow,

near

specimens

two

latter the

which

at

from

of

brown have

of the

of

specimens

the color

series from

(January)

skins

mm.

while

darker

Fukien

Museum

therefore, regarded the

I have,

grisea.

for winter

American

winter

from

23,

three

8

to

it must

brownness

the

compared

of the

collection

the

quite indistinguishable

The

Zoology.

character,

the

the

maxillary

characteristic

the

late-November

a

of the

C. attenuata;

November

on

in

those

are

Howell

which

with

was

as

usual

the

strikingly from

differs

collected

Comparative

of

Museum

in the

type coat,

for

typical

9; and

ear,

corrected

and

parts is undoubtedly

nostic diag-

members

of the

12;

length

originalaccount

small

too

mm.

pelage

the

Since

summer.

except

same,

foot,

the

as

faintly grizzled"); those

as

same

that

main

His

gray

tail, 56; hind

mm.;

in the

mm.

of the

peculiarsilvery gray of the

i

70

the

are

(misprinted 6.5

row

practically the

are

body,

skull

of the

dimensions tooth

and

head

slate

("pure

Yenping

near

all-gray Chinese

("smallest of the

coloration

given

from

of C. attenuala.

subspecies

a

series, although

Szechwan

western

more

size

dorsal

the

and

measurements

namely:

race,

are

genus")

of the

as

small

the

MONGOLIA

AND

distinguished specimens

has

this

grisea,later regarding characters

the

from

(1926, p. 137)

Howell

B.

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

124

leave

and

wander

and as

the

it

are

ran

American across

body

a

Museum's the

almost

about

occasionally taken.

are

Unlike

of this shrew.

habits

of which

young

specimen having

immature

caught

the

their nests

individuals

Fukien,

of the

known

at

never a

Thus

length

trapped,

tender

Pope, of

only

55

mountains

the

croci-

that

small

July 16,

on

collection

trail in the

so

age,

species of

mm.,

has

at

another near

1925,

Chungvery

Yenping,

INSECTIVORES

THE

feet, in the

2,500

embryo

than

more

and

underbrush

closed,

in

hole

a

Chingking,

Ycx;how,

Fukien:

Chunganhsien,

Yunnan

China:

July, watched

p.

with

nest

a

be

In

"

range

perhaps

and

Crocidura

mountains

five young,

devour

they

with

their eyes

time

another

at

lest

microtis

Kwangsi, South

a

with

nest

each

still four

other.

follows:

all,ninety-four, as

i;

Tunglu,

(M.C.Z.).

9

42.

:

Namting

no

definite

Futsing,

12;

2; Nodoa,

River,

at

Yenping,

i;

Burma

border,

2.

Crocidura

dracula

dracula

WHITE-TIPPED

Thomas,

Crocidura

dracula

Crocidura

pradax Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

ibid., ser.

Specimen:

original number

i.

2.

locality,15.

49.

Type

as

is

3.

Namfong,

Hainan:

16)

there

I.

Wanhsien,

Hunan:

found

must

Dahyang, 2; Ningpo, Ichang, i (M.C.Z.).

Szechwan:

that

it in wooded

found

in late

Chekiang: Hupeh:

and

futnigata from

C.

as

author

once

adds,

Specimens examined: Kiangsu:

former

rocks

he

part

warmer

year,

(1922,

by Mell

(1930, p. 2)

He

stones.

Captives,

young.

The

among

the

single

a

of the

year.

recorded

species.

is this

China,

border, contained

in the

that

specimen previously-

The

1920.

Burma

the

on

early in

born

by Shih

and

Kwangtung

from

a

shrew

the

Probably

be

may

single litter

a

31,

26, 19 17, indicating

February

on

rate, the young

at any

August

River,

Namting

the

from

mentioned,

province, on

same

125

An

"

34,

Nat.

Hist.,

9, vol.

adult

from

11,

p.

Thomas

SHREW

ser.

8, vol. 9, p. 686,

656,

male, skin

(probably)

1912.

valley, Yunnan.

Likiang

1923.

skull, in the

and

Museum,

China.

Yunnan,

Mengtsz,

near

British

Orii

Collection.

"

color

above

is gray

with

sides less brownish. due

to

dark

brown

very

short

The

On

lower

feet

The

above

surface

wash.

March,

and

hand

for

This so

of

the

is whitish head

and

with

comparison.

the

is

but

a

larger.

the

over

The

back, the

general head

and

slightlygrizzled appearance subterminal

or

dull

whitish

portions of

hairs.

The

is

tail

indistinctlypaler below, terminating in forms

and

body

description is from

representing

tinge

pale-gray tips

covered

slightlybut the

C. attenuata

to

brownish

inspection,there

from

thinly

are

and

decided

close

pencil which

drabby at

a

silvery reflections

hairs.

the

general similar

In

Description:

winter

a

rather

is clear

gray

but

with

taken

topotypes

pelage,

characteristic

no

summer

a

in

faint

a

mark.

bufly

February specimens

or

and are

MAMMALS

THE

126

The

is

skull The

larger. first lower

OF

essentiallysimilar

teeth

likewise

unicuspid

is

to

AND

that

of

MONGOLIA

C.

their

proportionately lower, nearly

twice

except

same

but

attenuata

for

are

the

CHINA

considerably

greater as

long

size, but

the

its vertical

as

height.

"

(NAS

Fig. 9.

Distribution

SE-f

CHINA

sou

HKl)

^

Map.

Crociiura I.

C. dracula

Measurements: formed

recorded

C.

prcedax,and

on

Four

"

part of the

as

dracula

the

same

specimens

collection

labels

elsewhere.

2.

by

the

with

which

are

the type, show

collector; others

C. dracula

grisescens

virtually topotypes, and the following dimensions

are

from

the

type

region

of

THE

Working Thomas

with

had

his

at

of

Likiang valley that

will

southern

size, but

a

much

very command

central

of 24.1 the

The

series of careful

but

this

of other

series also shows

is

In

cases

this apparent

making

the

up

as

Occurrence

and

claimed

is the

prcedax

former

a

are

of variation

by

Zoology, of

shrews

in

their

specimens, and

and of

Habits:

This

"

from

from as

species

a

and on

Thence

a

few

the

source

due

is

by

Dr.

They Tali

Yangtze

westward,

reveal

skull

a

length

of C. dracula, A

tint of the than

grayer to

the

the

I have

while

large upper

average.

ing greater stretch-

independent

of which

taken

are

for

at

fails to

have

to

first described

was

basis

secured

or

by

abstracted

Yunnan.

across

Likiang,

shrew

were

this

of both

brownish

partly

of

of

season.

compared

with

present species.

specimen

a

it appears,

served

locality was

Likiang Range.

of the

synonym

skulls

have this

journey

feet in

northern

a

C. dracula

slightlysmaller.

collectors, and

some

characters

any

typical

topotype

very

be

may

the

supposed slightlygreater

is said

in the

than

from

prcedax find

to

from

of topotypes

difference

skin

Yunnan,

skins

unable

specimens being distinctlybrowner

of dracula,

of whose

Crocidura

region

therefore, regarding C. prcedax, the type

southeastern

9,000

of the

topotypes

some

Four

quite latter

of C.

type

representative series

more

practicallyequaled by

slightamount

a

and

measurements

The

surface,

that

of the

127

described

am

only character

skulls

I am,

I

Yunnan,

Yunnan.

mm.,

in

he

animal

a

some

larger when

distinguish the

tangible difference.

any

INSECTIVORES

and in

the

comparison R.

C.

a

from

to

parties in America.

Museum with

Andrews

River

and at

they found

near

Comparative

of the and

trapped numbers

Lake

at

it all the

near

way

series

extensive Edmund

Heller

altitudes

Yunnanfu.

Shihku,

in

collector, part

Japanese

sold

Mengtsz

up

Their the to

base the

to

most

of the Burma

MAMMALS

THE

128

border

(below eastern

China

smaller

race,

24

it is

where

by Stevens, taken

mm.

species is,therefore, the

series

the

Among with

skull

a

affording size than

the

London,

tions eleva-

but

distance

Tongking,

skull

a

1925,

and

slightly

some

from

with

of distribution

area

Dr.

by

of 26

Andrews, and

mm.,

evidence

that

River

Namting

be

must

season

taken

females

three

crociduras Soc.

lower

length of This

498).

p.

is southern,

reaching

exceptionally large

one

head-and-body

a

males

old

was

attain

may

of

length

105

mm.,

considerably larger

a

average.

the

breeding

main

taken

length

additional

On

whose

one

Zool.

for

mammals

on

level.

sea

Yunnan

similar

very

extends

report

the

at

between

by the

three

were

Proc.

China

its range

too,

feet above

1,700

parts of China.

southern

male

(see

Tio

Ngai

at

in Fukien

doubt,

which

only

available

are

in Thomas's

among

of

MONGOLIA

southern

across

records

represented

indicated

AND

altitude

an

no

grisescens. No as

CHINA

quite

feet), but

9,000

into Indo-China, secured

at

species occurs

the

Doubtless

River

Namting

the

on

OF

the

at

in

early

between

Burma

the

border,

February

Heller

for

year,

and

22

feet

1,700 notes

that

26

elevation, the the

on

each

labels

contained

of

two

embryos. secured

One

Specimens examined: 3;

in

B.M.);

type); Namting

River,

type the

of

prcBdax

drainage, 6,000 feet, i

;

feet, 2; Yungchangfu,

5,500

Crocidura

grisescens A. B.

Crocidura

dracula

National F. T.

Howell, Joum.

grisescens A. B.

specimen:

An

"

Burma

(M.C.Z.);

2

border,

River, Tengyueh

adult

vol.

S. Nat.

female,

Kuatun,

cluding (in-

11

(M.C.Z.),

i

Yangtze

feet, 4

;

Yangpifu,

5,200

2.

grisescens A. B. Howell

dracula

U.

feet, 2

Shihku,

feet, 23;

road, 5,000

feet, 4; Yunnanfu,

Proc.

1,700

Mengtsz,

Lake, 6,000-6,500 feet, 3; Tashuitang, Salween

Mammalogy,

Howell,

from

Museum,

Yangpi

Crocidura

50.

Lukuchai,

Tali

River, 6,000 feet, 6; Shungkwan,

Type

River, 6,900 feet,

Mekong

feet, 2; Chungpa,

2,000

4.

following localities:

the

all,ninety-nine, from River,

October

on

Pass, 8,000 feet, 2; Likiang, 8,200 feet, 31; Likiang, 9,000

Homushu

(B.M.,

In

"

Salween

Chaunglung,

Yunnan:

in full moult

Likiang, 8,200 feet, was

at

9, p. 60,

skin

1928.

vol.

Mus.,

75,

art.

10,

skull, No.

and

Fukien,

northwestern

i, p.

1929.

252187,

China.

U.

S.

Collected

by

Smith. Similar

Description: "

of topotypes

they

are

northeastern

of this

to

topotypes that

of both

Unfortunately, skulls its describer, the

present

measurements

forms are

form are

not

is to

as

The

that

indicates

buffy

of the

wash

minute

A

whitish

son compariin coloration

belly the the

tip to

well.

available

for

slightlysmaller be

slightlysmaller.

of dracula in the

precisely alike, except be a little paler. subspecies may

tail is characteristic

if collectors'

with

race

but

typical form

the

trusted,

comparison, but in its cranial

in the

tail

according

dimensions,

length

as

well.

to

and

INSECTIVORES

THE

Measurements:

by Howell

here

H.

Pope

(type)

usNM

84756 cranial

For

and

59

90

65

the

approximately

color tail

is

the

exactly

tip,but

limits

in the

same

skull

the

in

as

Specimens examined:

Hi,

Kukturuk,

Description: terminally, and below,

The

race.

minute

the field

hind

other

ments measure-

than

foot

white

in the

head

dimensions:

and

the

smaller

;

55

an

adult

Tail

back.

Feet

back. that

than

female, skin

and

skull,

Asia.

central

hairs

the

below, silvery whitish

description of

body,

1901.

drab

gray

gray,

distinctly

sub-

indistinctlybicolor, whitish whitish

of the

gray.

Eiiropean C. russula, with

less terete.

and

the

Miller

pale drab,

base

with

Fukien.

158,

Sinkiang,

like the

smaller In

the

at

gray

above

"

Museum,

above

shrew,

contrasted drab

but

Measurements:

mm.

;

the

tail,30;

type. hind

gives

Miller

foot,

13

the

following

(without claws, 12) ;

"

.

Skull:

molars,

greatest

and

Occurrence

Asia.

as

Miller

which,

on

Perhaps been

a

Habits:

"

indicated

the

are

study, forms in the

I

of open

tooth

close

have C.

a

wide

from

so

distribution

relationship with

ventured

suaveolens.

grass

case,

country

to

The

8.4; width

across

8.0.

row,

described

Although have

of brain

width

mm.;

8.4; lower

species seems

has

found

row,

16.6

to

further both

length, tooth

6.0; upper

this shrew

have

small

unicuspids

upper

ear,

to

and

tail and

vol. 14, p.

Washington,

western

skvdl is somewhat

The the

are

ilensis ilensis

British

the

extreme

darker

sharply

not

In

"

A

"

gray

type

Two

Chunganhsien,

at

the

even

small

Chunganhsien,

from

Crocidura

Biol. Soc.

ilensis Miller, Proc.

Type specimen:

but

region

of

represent

shrew.

shorter-tailed

and

slightlyshorter

a

district

doubtless

form,

same

typical form, of the

Two,

"

51.

from

the

measurements

Kuatun

the

of this

range

the

127.

page

series.

Tongking

Crocidura

from

slightly smaller

a

lots indicate

two

of the in

on

this

bases

by Pope

it is

that

table

see

specimens

which

on

type,

Howell

northeastern

claim

the

out

The

"

skulls, collected

skins, without bear

of the

Habits:

Fukien,

northwestern

61

87

measurements

Occurrence

type

collected

Tail

89

84755

of two

those

as

the

Ftakien.

body

and

Head

well

as

given for

those

are

millimeters,

in northwestern

No.

252187

into

converted

and

by Clifford

following dimensions

The

"

129

far

to

across

his

the

westward,

north-central

C. shantungensis,

as merely subspecific. typical C. ilensis is said to

regard

of western

Sinkiang, and

doubtless

THE

I30

is

a

pallid semi-desert the

upon of

MAMMALS

of

record

Tarbagatai

form.

Specimens

taken in

Mountains, 1912a,

examined:

lar G.

August

Amer.

Allen,

Specimen:

Type Natural

M.

History, 3, 1922,

by

Description: "

"

from Dr.

A

to

a

AND

AlONGOLIA

place

in

by Douglas

the

Carruthers

the

on

Mongolia,

western

Chinese

on

fauna

rests

steppe

south

the

borders

of

392).

Crocidura

ilensis

Novitates,

male,

skin

no.

lar G.

M.

317, p. i,

May

only. No.

Nor,

Tsagan R.

claim

extreme

p.

Mus.

A

CHINA

None.

"

52. Crocidura

Its

female

a

(Thomas,

Dzungaria

OF

central

Allen 19,

1928.

59940,

Gobi,

American

Museum

Mongolia.

of

Collected

C. Andrews.

small, short-tailed, pallid race

FiG.

10.

Distribution

of C. ilensis.

Map.

Crocidura 1.

C. ilensis lar

2.

C. ilensis shantungensis

3.

C. ilensis phmopus

Upper

sur-

THE

face of

body

1912),

the

is

hairs

the

given by of

the

individual

side.

hairs, the gray

The

of the

that

of the

Measurements:

tail,29; hind the

with

foot,

average

and

of the

of

with

tipped

bristle

scattered

numerous

12;

to

the

white,

the

rather

short

hairs

sharply

hairs

which

conspicuously

length.

The

type

measured

in the

The

tail and

8.

ear,

other

white

dull

Tail with

clothed

effect

pallid appearance

feet

body

white.

well

the

and

the

subterminal

finely grizzled

heighten

surface

above,

minute

a

hands

(Ridgway,

brown"

a

inspection

typical subspecies, perhaps

"

of the

with

base,

through

base,

"wood

nearly

only specimen is unfortunately lost, but

skull to

close

lower

brown

grayish its

their

backs

the

the

pencil, and

at

On

show and

of

rest

projecting throughout

similar

slaty

Chin

at

below,

small

a

body

rings which

gray

hairs

bicolor, white form

the

131

pale grayish brown,

pale-brown tip.

upper

of the

roots

of

and

of gray,

ring

tail very

and

INSECTIVORES

short

and

races

it is

a

flesh: head small

and

hind

body,

foot

60

mm.;

less than

are

perhaps distinctive, apart from

are

be

likely to

trifle smaller.

the

very

pallid coloration. Occurrence I

originally described

considered

but

in

hundred

grass

land,

miles

distant

great surprise

I should tent

less it

as

of the

the

individual others

Not the

genus

from

sectired,

shantungensis Miller,

Crocidura

coreiz

Type from

75,

Proc. art.

specimen:

Chimeh,

no

in

the

away,

local

the

is

grass

In

cover.

and

place

a

the

terrain

edge

of sand

grows."

Possibly

of

trapping,

of

the

spite

where

middle

northern

most

was

in which

taxidermist's

uncommon

in the

quite unexpected apparently

there

"It

about

grass

was

fifteen

country

caught long

itself

writes: of

coarse

grassy

of

Andrews

can

apparently

ilensis

sort

best

probably

it is

think

in the

be

C.

is based

it

Gobi, of

occurrence

in Asia.

Crocidura

vol.

the

C.

was

long

it must

its presence

"

only,

Crocidura Proc.

Zool. i,

One

"

53.

Mus.,

I

Even

from

itself constitutes

Thomas,

R.

It

one.

the

that

so

Specimens examined:

Nat.

which

wanderer

a

yet known

different Dr.

through.

run

hard,

was

find

to

it is

of

type

in this desert.

shrew

a

a

I believe

The

somewhat

westward.

this form

C. ilensis,of which

only thirty or forty yards

only is

record

the

to

to

is

very

were

occurs.

the

about

in

which

on

species, but

wide-ranging

thus

expected

lake, which

gravel,

but

single specimen

distinct

a

of the

and

find

to

have

was

and

no

as

subspecies

a

The

"

pale, desert-livingrepresentative.

a

taken

a

Habits:

and

p.

A

Biol.

ilensis

Soc.

1908,

Miller

shantungensis

p.

vol.

14, p.

158,

639; ibid., 1911,

1901.

p. 688.

A.

B.

Howell,

Proc.

U.

(in part).

1929

skin

type.

Washington,

Soc. London,

10,

the

and

Shantung, China.

skull. No. Collected

86151,

U.

S.

June, 1898, by

National Patil

D.

Museum, Bergen.

S.

THE

132

MAMMALS

Description:

^A

"

surface

Upper

of

below, whitish clear

bristle

minute

The

much

front

along

of

and

light

teeth

the

slaty the

its

smaller, The

second

of it,while

white

of the

are

at

seen

of the

length of and

field from For

half

tips of

backs

certain

of

usual

on

the

of

numerous

surface

have

winter

The

angles.

feet

and

with

dorsal

feet.

Ridgway;

hands

below, the

in

type and

this

pelage

the

cusp;

two

by

about

the

same

large

large unicuspid

a

unicuspids third

level

first

the

genus;

is followed

height of the first,and a unicuspids is slightly narrower are

white

below.

the

both

with

"russet" of

whitish hairs

The

shrew

nearly

base;

above,

length.

clearer

of these

the

MONGOLIA

very

the

has

about

AND

ears

at

back

when

grayer;

and

follow

that

in side

its bulk than

as

the

that

in

one

of the

main

large premolar.

Measurements:

head

and

hairs

a strong posterior cusp, tip projects slightlybeyond this

view.

cusp

skull

incisor

whose are

the

hairs

reflections

slightlypaler

upper

head, body

gray,

CHINA

small, distinctly brownish

very

whitish; tail bicolor, like

scattered

is

OF

not

"

quite

body fresh cranial

This lOO

mm.

combined.

is the

common

usually, the The

small tail

following

see

table

below.

of China,

slightly less

measurements

specimens. measurements

shrew

than were

with the

made

a

total

length of in

the

INSECTIVORES

THE

from

China

the

sixty-fivemiles

Tombs,

of

C.

shantungensis the

too, recorded

Shensi, are

the

matched in

coat

U.

late

October,

collected

Chekiang,

for

China,

eastern

none

Chekiang: Tunglu, "China," Shansi:

five miles

Crocidura

corea

south

M.

of

November

1

and

The

the

with

entire

the

upper

19

1

2),

of Taiyuanfu,

south

at

the

3

Zoology, in

in Fvikien

south

follows:

Crocidura Allen, Amer. Mus.

Adult

by

the

Mus.

Comp.

skin

from

Central

dark-brown

M.

and

Asiatic

Allen p. 7, December

loo,

no.

1912

skull.

Wanhsien,

No.

American

56013, China.

Szechwan,

Expeditions,

28, 1923.

(in part).

Dr.

Collected

Walter

Granger.

shrew, like C. ilensis shantungensis, but

instead

of whitish

surface

of the

surface

of the

tail dark

and

Novitates,

G.

Zool., vol. 40, p. 242,

female,

dark-brown

i.

ilensis phseopus

dorsal

browner

(U.S.N. M.).

Fengsiangfu,

M.

"

A

"

of

54.

chin, throat, forearms

except

Tunglu,

species' range

farther

made

from

Comparative

of the

part

all,fovirteen, as

History,

921,

Description:

grayish

southern

collections

series

of

Museum

slightly

i.

Natural

2,

the

many

In

"

Allen, Mem.

Specimen:

Type Museum

pheeopus G. G.

for the

a

were

winter

the

of the

trace

closely

They

apparently

small

The

rump.

Wright

is

still to retain

seems

can

Chekiang.

(M.C.Z.).

5

forty-five miles

ilensis

one

they

through be

(Univ. Mich.).

i;3

Crocidura

from

same,

(1929, p. 10)

examined

that

pelage

southern

is the

corece,

I have

find

sumably, Pre-

two.

it.

Shantung: Weihsien, Shensi:

T.

short

very

the

of the

examined:

Specimens

way,

for

approximately

elsewhere, includes

These

latter,

tive representa-

a

the

by Howell

recorded

and

as

Eastern

the

to

Fengsiangfu,

Crocidura

as

Shansi.

the

from

between

of

south

688)

p.

Museum,

their

across

by J.

miles

corresponding pelage

and

pelage

summer

perhaps represents

and

in

intergrade

an

peninsula.

Korean

regard this

to

doubtless

China,

the

common

in eastern

"closely similar"

as

specimens

Taiyuanfu,

yet fullydeveloped,

not

darker

and

(191 le, three

of

the

occurs

northern

corecR

it best

thirty

S. National

specimens

by

taken

of

south

cotirtesy of the

as

It

single specimen

a

thought

from

opinion, the

C.

Peiping, Hopei,

possibly

or

Thomas

by

miles

five

records

I have

specimen

also, in my

from

of

geographic grounds

on

into

nearly identical

east

Asia.

east-central

northward

valley

the

representative of

eastern

across

(igoSf, p. 639)

Thomas

Indeed,

as

with

is the

found

Yangtze

here

intergrading

This

"

shrew

reddish-brown

small

but

Habits:

and

Occurrence

133

body,

the

brown,

feet. backs

C.

and

rather

belly

chin, white-tipped, with

of the

fore and

nearly "mummy

less grayish than become

less

i.

dark-gray

shantungensis.

At

abruptly whitish, bases.

The

hind

brown"

base

feet,

(Ridgthe

sides,

the

hairs,

of the

tail

MAMMALS

THE

134

The

and

cross-section,

lachrymal

The

Measurements:

in the

over

the

races.

the

paracone

not

rostrum

first upper

The

of the

posterior cusp

point

first

in

height and

of the

carnassial.

of

of contact

and

forested

part of

rainfall.

the

first and

and

autumn

in

Shan, mark

for the the

a

general

various

the

way

collectingparties

A

of western

Ichang country

with

agrees

feet to

in

the

northward, as

C.

Ichang,

i

In

"

vorax

Wanhsien,

G.

M.

this

in

south

Comparative i.

that

all,twenty-six,

as

follows:

grayish, I

Allen,

M.

Allen

2.

Amer.

Mus.

Novitates,

vorax no.

G. lOO,

p.

8, December

Taipai

of

to

in

China,

to

find

it

Yangtze from

color

and

the

drier

previously (19 12,

23.

Crocidura

the

the

seem

Zoology

shantungensis

individual

same

failed

area

(M.C.Z.).

55. Crocidura

is the

Taipai Shan, Tsingling Mountains,

Szechwan:

localities

coreos.

Specimens examined: Shensi:

and

subspecies C.

in

from

specimens

series in its redder, less the

with

of

eastern

of twenty-three

farther

or

Museum

in

Yangtze

the

dant abun-

more

its distribution

of

of the

form

their

These

visited

have

Szechwan the

Wanhsien

the

comparison

242) identified

Hupeh:

in

single specimen

series

it also two

limits

that

the

Shensi.

southwestern

with

Shensi

fine

I refer to

southern

Tsingling Range,

higher country

basin.

and

were

includes

probably

out, but

a

measurements

Granger.

locality,on

type

secured

Granger

of 1921-22,

winter

the

in

Wanhsien,

differ

to

seem

of this dark-footed

southern

and the

not

132.

page

worked

be

Szechwan

Walter

Walter

Dr.

distribution

The

"

is still to

eastern

At

Dr.

Szechwan,

Habits:

Crocidura

eastern

table,

see

does

race

following

The

specimens by

measurements

Occurrence small

fresh

this

China.

of eastern

those

field from

cranial

For

p.

exactly

the

neighbors, C. i. corecB

practicallyequal

are

tip of

of the

length.

with

those

rounded

general dimensions

In

"

from

appreciably taken

dark

in

surfaces.

both

on

molars.

second

in

is

its

delicate,

and

unicuspids

level

the

reach

foramen

brown

of its

that

as

quite as height of the

third

dark

same

evenly throughout

is small

the

and

second

The

incisor.

double

is about

the

teeth

the

MONGOLIA

AND

dimensions

same

It

and

especially elongate, unicuspid

the

shantungensis.

i.

C.

scattered

are

about

skull has

The and

hairs

bristle

long

CHINA

terminally is much

but

beneath,

is gray

OF

28, 1923.

INSECTIVORES

THE

Type specimen:

China,

Likiang, Yunnan, Dr.

by

"

and

Head

(Ridgway,

12), with narrow

a

1916,

15,

species, apparently

grayish-brown

of buffy

paler,

the

on

distinctlybicolor, gray

less

and

low

allied

anterior both

and

line

the

anterior it

cusp

much

longer directed

wardly center

of the

of the

base

dimensions: maximum

group

to

in

of the

"

head

The and

dimensions, and

skull

The

as

crescent,

Measurements:

head

is

which

that

as

and

basal

faint

a

wash

Tail

brown");

the

half.

clear

scales, and

Ears

third

and

of C. russula

the

thin, small

the

of

about

are

that

The in

as

species,its

the

the

of the

latter, but

main

of the

instead to

paracone

the

tooth a

of the to

seems

wide

about

cusp

in

zontal hori-

same

large premolar,

posterior edge forming

summit

the

with

the

large

practically equal

are

relations

with

ridges.

of the

posterior cusp

unicuspids

(paracone) of

cusp

Europe,

lambdoid

prominent

more

largest,exceeding

C. russula.

in

premolar than

conceal

The

slightly.

"clove

cross-section, their tips practically on

extent

as

size

same

second

vertical

slightlyexceeding main

the

sagittal ridge

The

on

the

to

hairs.

slaty,becoming

are

through

(nearly

enough

the

the

to

usual.

unicuspid

incisor.

show

above

back

of

brown"

due

belly, with

everywhere

they

"wood

appearance,

tips

of the

gray

where

nearly

brownish

hairs

chiefly present

are

than

well-defined

first upper

The

the

tail is thick

of the

is of about

skull

but

the

of the

the

than

darker

conspicuous

The

into

bases

gray," below,

bristle hairs

scattered

pepper-and-salt

below

sides

the

at

hair

The

below.

band

The

"slate

almost

minutely

a

chest.

pale grayish brown,

very

a

gray

gradually pales

color

be

Mountain),

October

Heller.

Edmund

above

body

19

of

presence

be

12,000

(Snow

Shan

Collected

Museum

C. russula.

to

a

Ssu

on

feet altitude.

medium-sized,

A

Description:

at

and

C. Andrews

R.

line forest

timber

from

History,

of Natural

skull, No. 44383, American

male, skin and

Adult

"

135

back-

over

the

tooth.

type,

measured

as

body,

72

by

tail, 51; hind

mm.;

for five other

collector, shows

the

from

specimens

foot, the

the

These

13.

ing followmay

age: type localityaver-

body, 64.2; tail,40.6. is

obviously larger the

following dimensions CRANIAL

animal are

from

bears

in

its dimensions

considerable

than

external

topotypes.

MEASUREMENTS

OF

CROCIDURA

VORAX

that

of

the

resemblance.

ilensis The

small

thin

foot

is

side

by side, until

This and

lower

to

range,

1923, as

a

as

collector's

The

of

act

note

devouring

a

:

Ssu

Minkai,

i;

Crocidura

rapax

G. M.

Allen,

Type Specimen: at

9,000

A

The

Tail

body, 64 18; basal outside

a

mm.;

but

light

bicolor

"

The

tail,42;

the

few

a

viduals indi-

the

on

of

distance

(1922b,

Thomas

one

base

eastern

feet, a short

7,500

that

states

in

caught

394;

p.

Likiang Range,

rapax

G.

loo,

no.

skin

when

taken

it

was

trap.

a

; Taku

i

Ferry, Yangtze,

l ;

1.

M.

Allen

p. 9, December

28, 1923.

skull, No.

and

Yinpankai, December

American

44321,

River, southern

Mekong

1916, by Dr.

25,

of the

C. russula

entire

dorsal

nan, Yun-

R.

C.

collector's

with

5.3; upper

richer the

on

gray

Feet

but

row,

covered

slightlymore

drews An-

The

skull

8.0; lower

tooth

head

with few

vorax

brown, and

minute

and

tered. scat-

head

and

delicate. of the

measurements

foot, 12.5.

tooth

much

a

gray." thinly body, the bristle hairs rather

of C. vorax,

hind

resembling C.

group,

surface

length, 16.3; palatal length, 8.0; width

molars,

it also

the

near

feet

slightly peppered "mouse

like the

skull is like that

Measurements:

subspecies, species of the

follows:

as

Lake,

Collected

(Ridgway),

Below,

hairs.

from

shrew

small

proportions,

shoulders.

to

a

Heller. "

nearly "bister"

to

Peishui, Likiang Range,

Novitates,

male,

feet altitude.

Description: in size and

^Adult

History,

Edmund

and

gray

"

of Natural

Museum

Mus.

Amer.

5 ;

Tali

Crocidura

56.

laid

Ferry, 6,000 feet, and

valley

specimen

all,nine,

Shan, Likiang Range,

Chitien, Yangtze,

as

Asiatic

referred

Lake,

(Apodemus)

In

hind

are

assignment. Likiang Range, between

the

on

9,000-13,000

type

mouse

"

two

group."

the

on

Specimens examined: Yunnan

russula

the

of the

definite

of which

shrew

from

specimens

species of

Sorex

a

Crocidura

distantly related

not

the

Taku

Tali

of the

regarded

more

Yangtze

Minkai,

it is this

doubt

a

from

one

in the

from

be

I have

(timber-line),and

one

records

make

to

length

skins

apparently

it should

high altitudes

at

feet, both

No

657)

p.

"small

in the

well

south.

the

hesitated

The

when

relationships of

levels, including

Chitien, 6,400 as

is

perhaps

taken

been

feet

12,000

from

the

has

shrew

skulls.

feet,

fore

the

of the

I have

made,

be

can

from

but

of which

Europe, general review

a

of

appearance also

of the

comparison

on

obviously larger. It

are

the

coloration, and

general resembling Although and of distinctlylarger dimensions, paler brownish gray,

up.

of

long fur, brownish

sight much

first

at

MONGOLIA

in

only slightly greater,

C. russula

9,000

has

much

a

is obvious

as

genus

made

are

AND

its rather

In

"

shrew

phceopiis,it is

ilensis

but

this

ears,

skins

the

as

Habits:

and

Occurrence

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

136

type

greatest length,

measures:

of

brain

row,

are:

case,

7.4.

8.2; width

INSECTIVORES

THE

probably only

is

shrew may

even

prove

to

judge

fact,

be

to

from

indochinensis,

Museum

Homushu

though five

recorded

Hunan,

and

River, Yunnan,

grayer,

and

1870; Recherches

Yunnan,

This

Sorex.

external

is

The

viewed

as

The

angle.

the

in

The shows

teeth

of

incisor

and

the so

molar

that

inner

the

cusp

the

are

Museum

B.

from

Yinpankai, Mekong

Homushu

Pass, Yunnan.

and

Zool. Researches

Western

is

fore

a

with a

low

hind

bare

the

rim,

burrowing

but

behind, instead

surface

of

and

straight

case

habits

of the

is

laterallyproduced

A

small

oval

faintly

to

form

the

animal, low

continuous

meeting for

rugose

fur

and

at

medially

an

muscle

strong angle

a

is present

foramen

a

not

are

above

is

hind

somewhat and

visible

crests

to

and

the

strong sagittalridge

of two

brain

the

minute

reduced

not

does

than

claws

greatly

are

eyes is

the

slightly shorter and

shrews,

Blarinella

as

distinguished by

once

ear

white-toothed

Crocidura

to

tail which

The

of the

project slightlybehind, flange-like,forming from

stout

and

have

modification

unicuspids

the

so

upper

upper

is merely

protocone

is

prominent that

beyond that

large carnassial

series, both

or

A.

the

at

between

unicuspids.

additional

further

it is at

Crocidura, with

its outline

and

first upper

from

and

same,

National

16, p. 282, 1875; Anat.

relation

same

external

of greatest breadth.

point

4, vol.

snout.

the

parietal

attachment,

skin

a

footnote.

1875, p. 229,

skull, in accordance

occipitalridges that crescent

from

fossorial modification

a

appearance

solid than

more

the

des Sci. Sci., Paris, vol. 70, p. 341, February, 1870; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 5, p. 306, April, 1870; Ann. des Mammifferes, p. 254, pi. 38, fig.i ; pi.38A, figs,i-i j, 1868-74.

Nat.

the

in skins, while

of the head.

contains

be

type, the

March,

Hist., ser.

bluntly pointed

evident

the

to

Milne-Edwards

scaly feet, well-developed

the

shortened

C.

to

Acad.

p.,

scale-covered

practically naked, foot, by

Nat.

Mag.

in somewhat

In

related

In

present, therefore,

addition

S.

U.

alcoholic

an

London,

Soc.

represents

genus

stands

that

and

pi. 5, 1879.

150,

p.

i

10,

k I'Hist.

Zool.

Ann.

Anderson,

Anurosorex

13, art. servir

pour Proc.

Anderson,

Pygmura

the

In

History

the

Anoiirosorex

Rend.

Compt.

5, vol.

ser.

For

it.

closely

Three, including the type from

"

skin

a

Milne-Edwards,

Nat., Zool.,

in

specimens

Genus Anourosorex

be

may

nevertheless

may

preceding,

"perfectly typical."

as

examined:

Specimens

a

both

this

species,

larger series is available.

Natural

of

of the

form

when

from

distinct

a

originallypublished.

as

American

Pass, which has

different

very

C. rapax

of the

Yochow,

not

as

lowland

richer-colored,

a

descriptions alone,

collection

Howell

treated

Although

"

possibly inseparable

or

retained

I have

Habits:

and

Occurrence

137

a

there

of the

are

upper

and

lower

low

transverse

hardly

and

cusps of

Crocidura

only

two

jaw,

while

last molars

obvious.

angles.

ridge The

in the between

are

at

much

in which

large

the

The

dentition

reduction the

first

upper

large

posterior end reduced

the

still

in

identity premolar

of

size,

of the is de-

with

cidedly molariform, then

paracone,

blade-like inner

AND

is the

latter

main

compressed has

portion of the

largest

parastyle large and

antero-extemal

MONGOLIA

portion consisting of the usual

its outer

the

CHINA

a

low

protocone and

molars,

rounded

The

first,on

of the

the

in which

jaw

comer

representing probably

first

largest and

third

small

confined

is

indefatigable traveler

first

European in

the

given

and

Dr.

a

in the

57.

had

of it under

squamipes

Recherches

the

the

long

obvious

recalls

cusps

formula

American

the

Soricidas, is

of the

eastern

discoveries

David,

who

was

and

named

collections,

specificname, the

genus

the

tersely

reserving this

before

Meanwhile,

of

Milne-

Szechwan.

from

obtained

two

26.

=

remarkable

a

tooth

blade-

of the upper

adjacent parts of

giving

the

barely

area

to

tooth

The

Armand

"Recherches."

Anourosorex

Milne-Edwards,

three

much

mammals

his

tooth,

profile view, the

division

many

even

Anderson

John

in

with

the

Pere

area

mesostyle and

like those

m.l

so

and

on

paper

without

preliminary diagnosis

squamipes

Anourosorex

small

secure

genus,

account

India,

reached

had

to

sight

the

collector,

preliminary

new

his later

this for

one

and

naturalist brief

a

characterized

was

jaw,

long

a

crown

crown

a

lower

pm.r

another

of

the

hypoconid.

China

western

It

Indo-China.

from

the

transversely

molars

but

i.f ct

first

at

parallelism

a

that

Edwards,

follows:

as

which

highlands of

the

to

and

India

interpreted

be

really

Blarina, but

very

having the

produce

half

and

long

first

postero-extemal

to

as

has

the

the

the

interesting genus,

This

second.

paraconid, protoconid and

the

to

In

in size, the

successively smaller,

others

is

of the

cones

of the

posterior half of the

lies

and

tended ex-

represented only by

so

molar

second,

of

pair in

the

as

small

very

cutting edge straight,while

graduated

are

of the

hypocone

about

only

upper

and

and

of the

are

third

The

metacone

outer

its

has

like incisor

hypocone

reduced.

the

inside

row,

has

great reduction

and

of the

that

to

molar

upper

of the

metacone

metastyle much equal

second

account

evident

well

as

anterior

is broadly

but

is remarkable

metastyle, while the mesostyle is greatly reduced, and thin ridge connecting the paracone metacone, a cutting edge.

small

which

cone

small

other, closely simulating the

the

The

molar.

wide

a

while

behind, behind

one

OF

MAMMALS

THE

138

from

work

Assam,

Pygmura.

name

Milne-Edwards

pour

servir

k I'Hist.

Mus.

Novitates,

Nat.

des

Mammiflres,

p.

264, pi. 38,

fig. I; pi. 38A, figs. l-lj, 1868-74. Anourosorex

squamipes

Anourosorex

assamensis

Type of this "dans that

capita G.

specimen:

species, nor les

Pere

Szechwan, at

capnias G.

Paris.

montagnes David's and

that

No

"

M. M.

Amer.

Allen,

Allen, ibid., p.

type

specimen

definite

any du

specimens they

are

came

100,

is mentioned

locality,beyond

S6-tchouan

no.

p.

10,

1923.

II.

et

from

du the

the

Tibet."

in the statement

original account that

It is assumed,

principality of Muping

still preserved in the

Museum

d'Histoire

it

occurs

however, in central

Naturelle

THE

Description:" becoming a

dark

mouse

gray

of ochraceous

with

a

but

to

of

fingersand

the

latter

scaly covering

has

about

rump,

with

the

139

9

over

claws a

few

the

minute

11

The

A

nourosorex

A. squamipes

General

mm.

of brown;

below,

hairs.

Backs

of the

feet, like

Map.

the

the

color

cheek;

terminal

Distribution

II.

of

each

brownish.

Fig.

center

suggestion

on

the

the

on

faintest

tips of

white.

mm.

about

is usually present

buffy

the

is dark

the

on

fuscous,

tawny

slightwash

dusky,

naked,

fairly long,

slightlylonger

spot feet

FuT

INSECTIVORES

tail,are

hairs, although

back, above

a

small

paler hands

gray and

practically

otherwise

its

cranial

The

in

than

In

broadened of the

comers

to

molar

is

on

Measurements:

both The

collector's

Szechwan,

more

are

and or

Tsingling Range

Habits:

less with on

the

The

"

the

Yunnan,

passing into southern of Pere

thence

Armand

and a no

of

cent,

per

broad

the

internal

series

of twelve

trace

of

even

proportionally

total

ledges,

first molar

the

are

It is

length.

incisors

upper while

the

produced

skulls, the

outer

laterally

third

upper

alveolus.

an

of

of the

account

The

teeth.

measurements

south

a

series from

Wa

across

who

stump-tailed shrew

highlands of of

border

Yunnan.

David,

of this

range

forested

southern

Kansu,

discoveries

the

Shan,

follows:

as

southern

and

25

stout,

of distinct

sides, with

"

Occurrence coincide

formation

premolar of angles. In one

missing

in central

the

about

build, with

large upper

distinct

form

by

out

in

species the skull is slightlyshorter

this

in

MONGOLIA

AND

briefly described

been

assamensis, forming

A.

characteristicallyheavy are

have

characters

generic distinctions.

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

140

Shensi,

Szechwan It

was

first met

western

one

with

of the

from

China,

westward and

to

probably many

it in central

to

seems

the

extreme

northern

remarkable

Szechwan,

INSECTIVORES

THE

in

probably it

The

made.

were

in

Taipai Shan, it has

west,

it back

brought

and

record

easternmost

secured

Granger

Suifu

from

seven

be

to

seems

of

Museum at

the

p.

134)

as

at

well

at

it from

Chinfu

from

as

in

and

at

one

forested To

in

that

and

on

evidence

5.

in

There

time

localities

it

capnias

the

Szechwan:

to

altitudes

River

taken

has

and

A.

though

Wanhsien,

first

at

the

to

up

placing

In

"

2

10,000 i; Wa

all,forty-nine,

as

with

two

races

study

i

(M.C.Z.).

2.

Shan,

19

nan Yun-

(M.C.Z.); Suifu,

4

Chungtien

the It

Mekong

seems

odd

I described the

ences differ-

of further

series

species,for

follows:

(M.C.Z.); Hsienshanhsien, feet,

the

Likiang Range.

the

of this

appear

on

8,000 feet.

the

on

synonymy

puzzling,

where

in the

while

Ferry,

found

of for

Changyanghsien

seasonal.

or

Changyanghsien, Taipai Shan,

capita in

s.

record

Ichang,

feet, as

10,000

Taku

in

record

one

localities in southwestern

places

been

correct

northeast

known

at

from

as

2).

191

of

above

Zappey, far

not

various

various

at

of its presence

Specimens examined: Shensi:

at

up

Yangtze

were

largely individual

Hupeh:

was

R.

Allen,

found

easterly

most

seven

I9i2e,

Chungking;

of

but

be

to

appears

the

by W.

1907

both

(1932) is doubtless

observed, be

same

taken

C. Andrews,

R.

Osgood .4.

two

Hsienshanhsien,

specimens no

feet.

the

twenty

the

Shan,

miles

-one

It R.

locality,

type

Omei

at

north

fifty miles and

Szechwan;

5,800

and

168;

p.

of the

west

or

for

Expedition

(191 id,

of Yachow,

southwest

western

at

southward,

by Dr. River

just south

highlands really begin (G. M. the

district

p.

as

Walter

of seventeen

Stotzner

Thomas

well

as

late

for the

series

the

(near Nanchwan);

Shan

Hupeh,

animal, namely,

1907,

Dr.

province.

of the

part

fine

and

its

Howell

B.

Museum,

Szechwan, a

2), while

stations

and

west

Yunnan,

Chaotungfu,

its presence

1922,

several

Yuenchinghsien

the

Zoology in

place (Jacobi,

records

(or Yashan)

Shan

Comparative

same

southern

in central

found

one,

where

A.

and

Museum, S. National

U.

in the

river

same

Wa

forty-fivemiles

near

to

the

on

in the

dead

a

Yangtze River, whence

the

on

at

west,

Szechwan,

in

common

American

the

others

two

is

Wanhsien,

at

for

specimen

frequently

most

secured

Zappey

be

to

11)

p.

It

half

separate) from

explorer, Berezovski, found

Leningrad.

to

a

Still farther

of

105

151,

p.

farther

altitude.

feet

10,000

(1892,

Russian

the

seems a

(1929,

records

as

where

at

Buechner

by

recorded

been

Ssigu, Kansu,

near

Tsingling Range,

the

a

and

three

little

that

at

species again,

the for

lived

he

procured it in Shensi,

also

Andrews

Dr.

months.

province being found

(1873)

where

that

plains and

in the

common

latter

the

Shensi,

in southeastern

Sianfu

is

and

tunnels,

of his finds

number

a

of Milne-Edwards

remark

Later, David

of Tibet.

large

so

is the

Szechwan,

and

Tibet

part

a

its habits

on

underground

of eastern

far from

not

note

in its

considered

time

of

only

usually keeps

mountains

where

principalityof Muping,

the

141

(U.S.N.M.).

MAMMALS

THE

142 Yunnan:

OF

district, Tomulang,

Chungtien

of Chungtien,

thirty miles south

feet,

9,000

I

8,000 feet, I

Genus

Crossopus Gray, Crocidura

Proc.

Just

the

as

soricine

type,

toothed

shrews.

the

this

so

of each of

nature

especiallyof

the

and

again

in the

reduced

when

under

water.

The

which

profilemakes

The

bony

and

lambdoid

structure

between

the

and

three

of

unicuspids the

its main

low,

commissure

backward,

a

and

the

hypocone

but

evident,

The

third

the

lower

second

The

third

tooth

the

two

while lower

formula

with

large

as

by

a

three

molar, be

even

and

show

a

has

is

its

or

decrease shows

follows:

follow as

premolar

has

i.f Ct

while

cusp,

produced lacks

this

size, while

molars

is low

cingulum

cusp.

fairlydistinct commissure.

at

in size from all the

and

about

are

proIn

straight; the

cutting edge

slightlynotched

though small,

interpreted as

ridge

transverse

incisor

a

the

nearly

molar

distinct

shows

in

Then

its anterior

anterior

two

but

sagittal

shaft

practicallyequal

the

in size, but

following

molars

of

This

second

trum. ros-

throughout

main

first molar

The

still smaller

posterior

as

of the

metacone

reduced

teeth

high

as

that

the

cross-section,

and

case

margin.

foramina

white

their

body

of the

alveolar

light,with

are

ings open-

the

brain

posterior cusp.

height

half times

and

a

low

cutting edge.

blade-like

smaller

may

a

same

well

as

is much

pair

of minute

have

closing the

the

and

water,

out

outline

dorsal

teeth

guard hairs,

keep

equaling

thin

The

large premolar

with

the

a

paracone

the

a

waterproof

flattened

large premolar following.

-like

succeeded molar

jaw,

of the

the

and

paracone,

edge, but

the

of both

upper

and

tocone

has

blade

the

for

about

broad

a

incisors

upper

and

one

its postero-external

extension,

with

is

unicuspids.

of the

cusp

antitragus

lateral

both

on

to

a

principally in

of the

tips

of white-

or

somewhat

tending

rump,

markedly

practically the

in the

nearly parallelwith

There

anterior

about

forming

is

sharp-pointed,

anterior

cusp

first

two

The

vertical, slender,

as

very

low.

crests

relatively light.

high

skull

;

relativelylong,

outline

of the

stiff hairs

burnished

flat angle with

nearly

a

its upper

life lie

aquatic

swimming

valvular

a

crocidurine

of the

flattened

of the

modification

aquatic

an

for

of

glossy,

tail is

1877. .

is

peculiarly shaped,

latter has

The

palate

is

Yinpankai,

River, Chiangwei,

(part).

form

hairs

with

The

River,

1842 (part,for Crossopus himalayicus)

Neomys

for

the

ears

River,

Mekong

i ;

feet,

10,000

Ferry, Yangtze

feet, 5; Mekong

46, pt. 2, p. 262,

aquatic

fringe

elongated

length.

skull

an

web

a

pelage through

and

in

of

place

vol.

1873, p. 231

a

Mountain,

Anderson

modifications

with

Peitai of Taku

feet,

9,000

10, p. 261,

genus

is

genus

feet

in

toe

the

i, vol.

Its external

well-developed

edges

World

Old

and

drainage, 7.

Soc. Bengal,

Soc. London,

Zool.

i ;

north

8,000

Chimarrogale

Hist., ser.

Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

Anderson,

Asiatic

Joum.

Anderson,

Chimarrogate

miles

twenty

Lachimii,

Salween

Mucheng,

;

MONGOLIA

feet,

10,000

2 ;

River,

Mekong

;

AND

River, Hsiaokela,

feet, 2; Mekong

10,000

CHINA

its upper front

cusps

pm.i- m.l

to

terior pos-

back,

still present. =

28.

INSECTIVORES

THE

This

of water

genus

Sikkim,

eastward

India,

southward

and

into

have

been

both

of which

and

of

account

races

be

may

B.

the

into

the

with

color

b.

Slightlysmaller,

hind

Chimarrogale

himalaica

Chimarrogale

himalayica

in the British

B.

A.

The

Zool.

is

type

and

uniform

subspecies, a hairs.

dark

brown

skull

and

on

(Gray) 1842. p. 139,

art.

n,

i, p.

pi. 5, figs.17-30,

have

is

1879.

1929.

No.

mounted,

teeth label

the

42.2. 18.1

extracted.

been

merely "Himalaya,"

long

the

of the

on

of the middle

subterminal

the

bands

The

rump.

of

all around

at

feet

the the

eastern

of

the

of

most

on

color

the coat,

of the

back

region which

paler mid-ventral

the

Backs

light

brown.

terminal

third

for the

anterior

No

does

mounted,

mm.

In

a

claw

fresh not

the

preserved, except

or

is

Tail more,

a

the

greatly

specimen is 23

of

measurements

tail

mm.

teeth.

Its

mentioned.

been

already

"

foot without

is not

type

have

size as

and

that in the

evenly sprinkled throughout

are

into

with

slightly darker

pale whitish

brownish.

above

Measurements:

23.3

75,

leander

white.

chief characters

type

vol.

.

Yunnan,

is identical

blue-gray above,

with

basal third below

but

p. 261,

lo,

anterior

the

color

the

imperceptible degrees

distinctly washed

The

.

himalayica

C. himalayica

less.

Western

by Gray, and

C. himalayica

...

skin, formerly

Longer white-tipped hairs

uniform

more or

mm.

Mus.,

which

from

especially numerous by

22

i, vol.

ser.

a

minutely peppered with

and

or

mm.

Researches

U. S. Nat.

Proc.

Apparently

"

hind

Howell,

"

grees de-

collector.

Description:

are

claws,

Hist.,

Nat. and

mentioned

not

C. Drummond,

claw

Mag. Anat.

Museum,

localityis

the

the slaty color

Chimarrogale himalayica himalayica

Anderson,

Specimen:

Type

In

species

C. himalayica

claws, 23

foot, without

Crossopus himalayicus Gray, Ann.

grades

from

back

foot, without

58.

and

excellent

an

The

Chimarrogale

of

grading by imperceptible

brown,

of the

Slightlylarger, hind

the

For 139.

p.

species

subspecies,

two

C. styani

a.

back,

1879,

Subspecies

and

sharp line of demarcation

a

by

Yangtze,

Two

Japan.

and

following key.

the

Species

of the

himalayica.

C.

Anderson,

see

in

back

Belly grayish washed

The

Indian

the

to

Darjeeling

mouth

also

is represented

of these

; one

latter,

Chinese

to

Belly white, with of the

China

distinguished by

Key A.

Indo-China,

the

to

is found

and

closely similar

are

China

southern

from

hill country

in the

occurs

across

from

described

anatomical

shrews

143

differ

measures

from

from about

Tongking

specimens

Chinese that 80 in

of

the

mm.,

the

race

the British

are

able, avail-

C. h. leander. hind

foot

Museum,

with the

MAMMALS

THE

144

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

present in small into

A.

and a

British B.

minute

our

Howell

of western

in the

of the

in

engaged ...

from

Yunnan:

He

it

insects

to

running the

and

specimens different,

are

(1879, p. 139) gives

mountian

a

"behind

stream

feet,"

of 3,500

elevation

an

"observed

in addition

about

the

over

It

water.

evidently

was

larvae, it is

aquatic

on

stones

probable

fish." In

"

addition

the

to

in the

Tongking

and

in

plunging freely into

and

examined:

hills,at

Kakhyen

kill young

Kashmir,

following

the

feeding, and

Specimens Sikkim,

in

examples

Anderson

caught

he

westward

other

and

type

Yunnan

the

apparently

of Yunnan,

streams

conclusion.

same

Yunnan.

stream

it may

that

the

that

it is

species,but

the

examining

see

specimen which

a

Ponsee,

at

the border bed

I cannot

reached of

account

camp

region.

HIMALAYICA

mountain

the

After

MONGOLIA

of this

Little is known

along

Museum,

AND

CHIMARROGALE

OF

"

numbers

Himalayan

the

in the

Habits:

and

Occurrence

CHINA

OF

British

specimens

and

type

examined

I have

Museum,

from the

China:

Likiang,

2

(i each

in M.C.Z.

Chimarrogale himalayica

59. Chimarrogale

leander

Chimarrogale

himalayica Shih, Bull. Dept.

Thomas,

U.S.N.M.).

and

Ann.

Nat.

Mag.

Hist.,

7, vol.

ser.

Yatsen

Biol., Sun

leander

Thomas

10, p.

165, 1902.

Univ., Canton,

no.

4, p. 2, 1930;

ibid.,no.

8, p. I,

1930.

Type specimen: Kuatun,

by

F.

W.

hairs

China,

2.6.10.3, British

Museum,

altitude.

Winter.

meters

1,200

to

the

typical form

but

slightly smaller, the

of the

above

slate, minutely grizzled with

of many

other

skull, No.

paler,the white

Color

brown

and

Fukien,

Similar

"

dark

skin

A

blackish

tail not

all-light-grayhairs mixed subterminal are

waterproof

from lected Col-

Styan.

Description: somewhat

to

"

northwestern

many

ring

longer

the fur; these

ones

and

with

others

minute

a

with

increase

extending

in

to

the

tip on

having

a

gray

pale tip. Sprinkled

pale shining tips that length

the

paler, due

and

under to

the

base, among

project and

color side. ence presthen

a

the serve

conspicuousness posteriorly,

INSECTIVORES

THE

produce

and

distinctlyhoary

a

with

covered

surface

pale brownish,

Feet

fringing

hairs

conceal

the

of the

darker

a

white.

toes

on

The

skull

of the

cusp

its

does

half.

main

sharply pointed

the

specimen, Mr.

to

side; the

outer

that

hairs

barely

silvery below,

somewhat

short, extending back

incisor

Since

"

flesh

no

the

to

Habits:

and

China.

In

Fukien,

three

place by that

the

from

had

native

a

hardly

a

and

China, Yao

at

the

the

under

a

the

to

Kwangsi of

in

the

large stone

a

Wright

present

in brook

p.

a

life the

is furnished northern

the

To

These

2)

(Shih,

1930a,

Mell

young

adult

males

and

i ;

Shan.

a

1931,

p. on

a

from

others

(1922, found

of

of several

are

p.

west southarea

ten

bom

Mahutze

In

mountainous

deep valley along at

certain

province

same

Tunglu,

and

notes

taken,

was

range

few.

same

He

failed.

Zoology.

province,

Two

hunter

at

of the

Kwangtung

altitude.

by

T.

(Shih, 1930,

latter

Kwangtung,

its known

most at

the

to

seldom

in the

of

Comparative

apparently newly

meters

His

it there

procure

by J.

are

close

though

Mountains

streams

western in north-

Kuatun

early July, 1926.

streams.

across

records

from

rat, and

water

Futsing

of

River,

two

and

June, or

collected

of

along upland

as

is

Shrew

Water

Chunganhsien,

at

Kuatun

the

probably

Himalayan

originalspecimen

taken

Chekiang

himalayica.

localities,such

the

Fukien Fukien

10

C. h.

northerly point

regions

750

of

all efforts

actual

"Drachenkopf,"

another

by

Ftikien

"

under

race

Museum

district

records

Shan,

in

skull

region, North

it, and

in Mahutze taken

in

but

table

lao shu"

most

without

mountainous

seciired

23.0 20.5

altitude, but

Shan

Shan

91.0

80.5

in the

its range

southern

the

7

in May,

animal

now

from

the Yao

21.0

were

Pope

The

it extends

the

H.

same

single skin

Chekiang,

others

is "shui

tail is four-sided.

by

type

Locality

Ear

foot

90.0

to

fairlycommon feet

300

of the collected

of topotypes

5

in suitable

name

the

seen

terior pos-

through

tooth

available

were

series

22.0

This

"

addition

Clifford

it is said to be

of the

characters.

Hind

see

apparently fairlycommon

Mr.

the

specializationof

84.0

measurements,

Occurrence

in eastern

himalayica except

C.

Pope.

cranial

For

of

great reduction

The

measurements

of value

are

the

and

generic

are

that

teeth.

Tail

and

the

short

and

paler Vibrissae

smaller

cusp

following H.

Clifford

size and

first upper

Measurements:

In

with

differ from

apparently

not

slightlysmaller

in the

at

extending

brown.

with

washed

gray

Lower

quarters.

white.

ear,

he

dark

a

covered

above,

basal

the

of line

Tail

brown

scales; color

nearly clear whitish

fur brown

hind

the

over

appearance

smooth

shorter, with

145

p.

16) May

female

2).

also 12, were

rocky brook, It is

evidently

THE

146 confined

the

to

insects

upon the

and

small

in western

fishes.

examined:

from

Yangliupa,

F. W.

Styan.

and

A

"

below,

rump;

Proc.

washed

female, skin

except

No but

uniform

of

area

hairs

from

which

I have

C.

line

dividing the colored

of the

account

of the

The

"

dried

had

the

Head

skull

type it

skin,

and

and

that

second

a

Hind

(61)

No.

OF

Palatal

length

length

the

Evidently

Habits:

type

in the in the

igisd, as

21.7

and

Ward

(Thomas, hand

level

of the

lightsurfaces.

toward

the

fifth

back,

below

the

author,

skull is

the

slightlysmaller

it

swam

it resembles

those

are

in

of the

British

the

type,

Museum,

p.

This

"

Upper

across

tooth

molars

335). in

a

He small

in its habits

8

aquatic and

Museum,

mountains

of

Upper

writes

(F.

brook the

other

on

STYANI

Breadth

case

rare

tooth

Locality

row

7.1

10.5

9.6

Szechwan

7.0

9.9

9.3

Burma

shrew a

Lower

row

is known

second

Burma, K.

Burma

6

CHIMARROGALE

II.

Locality Szechwan

(s.u.)

of brain

ii.o

British

Ear "

11.3 23.9

Occurrence

it by

Basal

(type)

15.2.1.2BM

feet

in numbers

the

given by

foot

17.5

MEASUREMENTS

length

Kingdon

ward, back-

and

the

like

20.0

85

Greatest

F.

and

is

specimen

Breadth

specimens,

dark

measurements

Tail

body

100

BM

to

by

1897,

privilege of examining.

CRANIAL

.8

length face

above

characters

appears

available

only

(108)

BM

15.2.1.2BM

99.3.1

16,

shoulders

surface, running

dorsal

Museum,

himalayica.

the

No.

99.3.1.8

the

increasing in side of the

and

June

from

black

slaty

the

on

99.3.1.8, British

Collected

tip.

Measurements: taken

typical

Styan

lips and

yellow, a sharp

examination

an

that

the

1899, p. 574.

sktill.No.

dark

the

and

Soc. London,

and

white

shining

narrow

comparative

from

than

the

to

barely distinguishableon

intergrades with

Winton

De

Szechwan.

including

with a

Zool.

digit. Tail; short-haired, tapering whitish

live

to

(B.M., type).

i

northwestern

interspersed with

white

is

doubtless

Anderson

all,five, namely:

Styan,

"

white

size,and

Chimarrogale styani

Description: Above,

Feet

supposed by

subspecies this

a

Kuatun,

3;

Winton

Type specimen:

eye,

is

(skin only, M.C.Z.).

i

Chunganhsien,

Chimarrogale styani De

In

"

60.

the

As

MONGOLIA

and

streams

slightlysmaller

Chekiang: Tunglu,

on

small

AND

China.

Specimens FxJden:

CHINA

OF

vicinity of

of its

ground

race

MAMMALS

Imaw

species of

an

altitude

1921) Bum the

but secured

specimen

at

Ward,

from

that in

genus,

he the

two

by

of 11,000

captured daytime.

frequenting

INSECTIVORES

THE

alpine

white

delimited of

pattern

it is

the

or

therefore, interesting however,

specimens

find

to

the

the

I

have

"

Szechwan":

Naung

Burma:

5, vol.

I

13,

it

desmans,

p. 266,

seems

Soricinae, while

to

the

feet, and

Possibly,

distribution,

and

above-mentioned

ventral

a

but

Similar tail.

The

phalanges,

and

those are

This

the and

on

dorsal

the

each

in

covered

by

d. I'Hist.

and

lateral of

portion.

keels

lateral hind

edges

are

are

the

dorsally by

to

He

a

to a

the

for

swimming

hairs, by that

line

serve

of

the

base

tail

as

ally later-

together,

run

tip

of

in

stiff bristles

short

lines

two to

the

third, and

of

the

of the

along the middle the

the

excellently shown

three-quarters

present

fish-

of the

crowns

describes

quite

the

ized externally character-

middle

the

terminal

webbed

enhance

small

the

adaptation

over-hairs

are

in the

line

provided with

Chimarrogale,

is

skull

which

fringes are

feet

of the

of stiff short

39A).

median

and

In its habits

tail modified

Basally

side, beyond the

a

Chimarrogale.

shrews

of the 39,

New

special

a

shrews

still further

long, white-tipped

characters

and

specializationsof

are

the

ears,

Old

specialized,probably for

are

of water

fringe along

shorter

their

servir

forming

as

prehensile nature

genus

abundance

and

and

Sci. Nat., Zool.,

pour

typical

more

first two

teeth

valvular

its terminal

fore

des

of the

Nectogale)

foreshadowed

and

fringe along a

1870; Ann.

1870; Recherches

crocidurine, representing

reduced

the

angle

side.

feet

the

shrews

the

base, triangular in section

in

corresponding

like

it is,

(B.M.).

i

water

and

plates (1868-74, pis. the

at

lower

the

the

the

that

of median

by

to

The

a

jaws.

These

water.

compressed

hairs

both

4, vol. 5, p. 306,

between

narrowed

long snout,

quadrangxilar

the

in

Sci., Paris, vol. 70, p. 341,

Hist., ser.

obvious

more

development

forming

examined

regarded

aquatic,

Milne-Edwards's

marks

region.

same

for

Except

last, and

Tsingling region.

annectant

is

last

part of the the

shed

the

the

to

northern

more

Neomys], Neosorex,

=

more

eating, through

webbed

much

Milne-Edwards

water-living type already

the

In

1868-74.

now

the

it is doubtless

by

himalayica.

similar

Nectogale Nat.

Mag.

subfamily, Crossopinae,

by

C.

rather

Pass,

Acad.

Rend.

Compt.

(Crossopus[

anterior

with

valley, Wulaw

Milne-Edwards

Although

of the

color

(Neosorex).

shrews

(B.M., the type).

i

Chaung

1870; Ann.

p.,

Mammiferes,

des

Worlds

sharply the

to

species, C. platycephala, with

Japanese

livingin

two

similar

very

water

than

for the

appearance,

:

Nectogale Milne-Edwards,

Nat.

the

and

Genus

ser.

says,

is somewhat

species

examined:

"Northwestern

Upper

Thomas

American

the

to

in

closely related

in Kansu

Specimens

as

different

styani,it is otherwise

present

found

will yet be

of

even

more

size of C.

the

is,

it is similar

too,

perhaps

smaller

very

surface

ventral

Neomys,

a

this respect, which

is, however,

It

streams.

147

the

tail, upper

third

of

terminal

fringe of short, stiff,flattened swimming

scales, which

on

the

power toes

of the become

feet. trans-

feet.

These, wide

a

hind the

;

of the

is

there

axis in

only

climbing

Edwards

of the

palm.

base

of the

openings

about

for the

side

foot,

that

the

from

foot

the

at

base

with

adhesive

animal

of

similar

a

hind

oval

as

of

of the

one

the

and

useful

and

foot, both

in

small

be

where

streams

chiefly

others, forming but

hind

that

pads,

of the

parallelto

must

and

foot

larger than

side

is very

tubercle

in the

unicuspids in other

forms

the

first

basal

its

disks Milne-

lives, as

central

a

central

is not

The

Only

a

c.t

pm.x

=

jaw

lower

smaller

in

highlands

slightlybrowner

5, vol.

ser.

April, 1870; Recherches Nyctogale elegans David,

pour

Proc.

Type Specimen: toire Naturelle

The

Crocidura.

than

cross-section, the third

canine

and

shorter, but

are

upper

row

premolar the third

formula

tooth

have

behind

other

is the

molar same,

which into

is confined

Sikkim,

to

mountain

it is

where

of

streams

represented by

a

subspecies. Nectogale elegans

Nectogale elegans Milne-Edwards,

from

teeth

and

upper

three

28.

WEB-FOOTED

specimen

The

in front, the

one

cusps,

molar

westward

61.

Nat., Zool.,

small

the

and

palatal notable

mainly

are

reduced.

equal height

of

single species is known,

Chinese

linear

two

as

incisive

elongate in the axis of the tooth

of the

than

m.f

teeth

is much

upper

nearly

two

cusps

reduced

i.f

The

straight line

same

and

the

case,

pair of small

a

unicuspids,

upper

more

the

with

cusp

one.

more

namely:

In

of the

figtiresshow

brain

broad

very

unusually elongate first incisors, both

first

smaller.

of

of the

rather

shrews, the two

(the canine)

a

large premolar.

the

cusp

and

low

are

pair

somewhat

and

the

nearly

a

continuation

Milne-Edwards's

opposite

slender

lower, while

Sci.

Two fore

inner

the

fore

transverse

opposite

of the

on

5 of the

to

narrower

the

extraordinary pads stones

rostrum.

between

the

from

fore

consist figiires,

third

a

extraordinarily flattened, with

is

foramina

the

wet

on

profileof which

dorsal

each

pad

digits2

nearly

pair of

a

pads of both

suggests. skull

The

that

out

is

MONGOLIA

excellent of

foot

metatarsal

the

AND

disk-like

bases

the

at

These

longitudinal.

the

one

center

transverse

one

first toe, while

of the

foot

shown

are

row,

are

fore

digit and

in the

nearly touch

transverse

CHINA

the

of the

each

on

first

OF

Milne-Edwards's

across

that

hind,

of this

back

which

pad

transverse

base

in

shown

as

4 of the

3 and

remarkable

Most

scutes.

verse

of

MAMMALS

THE

148

"

Compt. 13,

Description: "

Rend. 10,

I

Acad. p.,

Sci., Paris,

March,

servir k I'Hist. Nat.

No

SHREW

WATER

Zool. Soc. London,

Muping, at

art.

Milne-Edwards

is

vol.

Ann.

des MammifSres,

1873,

type is mentioned Szechwan,

1870;

p. 555

70, p. 341,

Mag. p.

Nat.

1870; Ann.

February, Hist.,

ser.

4, vol.

5, p.

des

306,

266, pis. 39, 39A, figs,i-il,1868-74.

(errorim).

in the

descriptions,but

the

presiunably still in the Mus^vmi

original d'His-

Paris. General

color above

slaty gray,

overlain, except

on

the head,

THE

longer hairs having

with

abundant

more

chin

and

bases

gray

tail,white, hairs

everywhere

fringesof short

hairs

white

The

prominent

vibrissae

hair

shows

minute

the

rainbow

white

of

body

the

at

the

base.

in

as

from

The

are

feet

lips

upper color

its

of

the

their

fringes white.

when

the

wet,

certain

and

desmans,

become

brown,

that

states

the

the the

back, with

Milne-Edwards

reflections

tips,which

off from

marked

tail is like the

white.

are

prominent

sharply

gray

; and

149

surface

rather

side, the

upper

and

Lower

posteriorly. the

to

INSECTIVORES

other

insectivores. skull has

The

is chieflynotable first incisors central

been

succeeded

Measurements:

Milne-Edwards

foot,

and

Occurrence

He

small

streams,

in

pursuit

of small

he

and

Natural

found

it

to

A

had

even

he

using

was

in

writer

the

bait

while

facility,

It seemed

to

To

capturing

be

procure

in order

streams

Bombay that

one

fishing along

P^re

central

Journal of the

of

fore

torrents

remarkable

diet.

of small

the

experience as

Muping,

aquatic habits.

off sections

dam

to

its burrows.

which

of its

because

secure

with

its main

form

25;

of

one

mountain

impetuous

swims

and

plunges

given by

foot,

was

of

cusps.

15.

case,

district

slender

prominent

are

hind

shrew

water

of the

apparently

it necessary

out

fish

specimen

is still in the

mountains in the

of

journey the

who

Henri

records

sikhimensis

tint, but

Yangliupa two

in

the exact

should

localities

David

came

mountain

a

four

De

as

from

a

it in the

More

in the

than

course

of

given by Pousargues

agreeing

thus

authors

original

half months

1873).

Winton

India, which a

and

others

not

are

the

to

later found

for three

Szechwan,

Sikkim,

skin

by

latter

The

regarded

One

obtained

recorded

northwestern

be

"

Pere

resided

addition

Finally, a single one,

limits.

specimens from

doubtless

Specimens examined:

(B.M.).

but

them.

general northwesterly

he

d' Orleans

original description, was

573) from

Muping,

where

In

-history explorations (David,

Yunnan,

across

(1896a, p. i)

Sianfu,

Prince

collections.

from

Museum, near

his natural

later

in

species

rare

Paris

of

years

a

Shensi,

course

twenty

its

which

specimen

of brain

mountainous banks

rather

secondary

tail, 100;

mm.;

beautiful

the

minute

type

width

mm.;

the

unicuspids with

the

190

and

case,

premolar, with of

the

generic description,and

in India.

This

P-

into

brain narrow

length,

in

fish which

dig

small

stream

with

and

This

"

along

History Society

the

his

it

though difficult

rare

specimens

for

Habits:

found

and

find

total

discoveries

David's

Szechwan.

to

canine

measurements

follows:

as

broadened

long-crowned

lower

^The

"

and

Skull, greatest length, 25

16.

Armand

not

by

in the

and,

cusp

in the

characterized sufficiently

for its flattened

and

in all

respects

Styan

(1899,

indicating probably also

describe

differ in their

as

browner

subspecies only. Yangliupa, northwestern

Szechwan

N.

CHAPTER

ORDER

V

CHIROPTERA

BATS

Bats

hind

of

are

tail,

still

with

and

In

the

becomes take

for

fibula

claw

with

and

loss

the

also

membranes

in of

members

lost, The

part.

for or

Old

and even

the

have

most

subtropical in

the

Bonin

in

from

fur

former

the

is

usually by

special

regions, Islands.

although On

the ISO

the

food

confined

distribution,

by

family

one

mainland

as

habits.

many The

almost

species the

likewise vertebrae become

greatly

are

short

hook-like

and

supporting

and

from

living

family

two

have

fruit

or

families

whose become

Pteropidae

altogether occurs

the

members

comprising

Pteropidas

sixteen

although

insectivorous, other

the

regarded

remaining

the

including

a

wings

altogether,

represented

as

and

the

limbs

hanging

the

hand

retains

of

for

muscles

the

of

hind

ulna

of

stances. sub-

structtire

the

the

breast

thumb

the

bodily of

fusions

fingers

The

constituted

part

developed

World

that

group

Megachiroptera

are

the

developed

structure

the

become

vegetable

the

slender;

column;

of

so.

families

Microchiroptera

exclusively tropical

be

the

frugivorous

various

except

may

to

seventeen

the

and

finger

great

distally; spinal

do

hook-like

a

and

proportions claws,

the

tends

some

suborders,

of

first

into reduced

usually

the

flight,

teeth

have

have

the

many

molar

other

or

of

habits

others

reversibility

the

as

claws

incomplete

the

flight;

membranes

consists

and

and is

strengthening

for

such

the

particularly

In

instead

pulp of

between

lengthening

time and

fruit

through

insectivorous

same

development

the

foot

the

thread-like

altered,

another

of

rest;

place

ways

the

crushing

modifications,

the

At

in-

the

the

more

the them.

of

dentition

of

skin

and

by

between

cusps.

type

limbs,

type

of

folds

wing

a

essential

for

with

into

from

flight

true

of

hind

membrane

a

and

power

and

hand

the

this

lost

various

at

enormous

bats,

ridges

various

reshaping

while

of

retain

correlation

undergone

and

and

in

the

stretching

have

modified

has

of

secant

and

frugivorous

up

the

fore

the

of

extension

the

by

derivatives

specialized

the

developed

between

insectivorous

W-shaped

teeth

and

highly

as

surfaces

transformation

the

fingers

fotir

upon

have

supporting

and

legs

through

that

group

formation

looked

be

may

sectivore

in

to

Japan

barely

are

the and

reaches

BATS

THE

Of

synopsis

the

families

of the

Key

simple,

ear

with

humerus

tragus;

and

and

oval

three

the

the

Miller's

on

diagnosis.

a

of the

development

little developed

head

supplementary

outer

part

Chiroptera

last with

the

phalanges,

only.

genera

VespertiUon-

the

for their

serve

Mongolian

and

without

tubular,

articulating with

not

Chinese

of

finger with

Larger species,index claw;

of bats, will

two

in

based

following key,

genera

Families

the

to

and

by

represented, of which

are

The

species.

most

it is at present known

where

famiUes

Microchiroptera, six

the

idae contains

A.

of China,

border

the southern

151

Megachiroptera

scapula

(Pteropidae) B.

species, index

Smaller

lost; curved

tragus

the

Muzzle

with

with

a'. Tragus

present, bifid; nose-leaves

b'. Tragus

absent

1.

Hind

of with

erect

an

less into 2.

Hind

with

toes

of

a

two

each;

Muzzle

without

a'. The

nose-leaves

leaf

Microchiroptera

.

sisting con-

muzzle,

the

on

ridge behind, divided

or

more

Hipposideridae phalanges each

three

in front,

flat horseshoe

conspicuous

and

a

a

; nose-leaves

and

erect

narrow

terminal

sisting con-

pointed

Rhinolophidas

leaf .

.

leaf-like outgrowths.

tip conspicuously

tail

.

parts

fleshyconnecting piece, b.

.

Megadennidae

phalanges

transverse

three

scapula

simple complex.

flat horseshoe-shaped

a

mentary supple-

outer

the

more

nose-leaves

with

toes

the

leaf-like outgrowths.

conspicuous

;

and

encircHng the opening, the

humerus

usually articulating with

large and

joint

its terminal

portion expanded

lower

completely

not

usually well developed; head

a.

but

forward,

clawed,

finger never

largely developed,

ears

and

free

from

the

interfemoral

membrane. 1.

finger without

Second

side

upper

2.

of

the

present

in the

Second

finger with

from

tail

not

small

one

characters

digitusually small; tube

has

further,

without

the

the

tail

projecting

interfemoral

brane; mem-

Molossidae

processes

conspicuously

projecting beyond

the

Vespertilionidas

membrane

FRUIT

this, the

phalanx;

of

Family

In

perforating the Emballonuridae

postorbital

tip

interfemoral

tail

postorbital processes

skull

posterior border

the no

b'. The

phalanges;

membrane;

BATS

only family of lie in the a

the

claw ears

and

the

PTEROPID^ OR

suborder

are

development

all three

elongate of the

Megachiroptera,

of the

less reduction retains

FOXES

FLYING

and

tragus,

wing bones,

of its

obvious the

in the

bases

forming

ternal ex-

second

phalanges, although they

oval, their seen

the

in that

a

are

closed

Microchiroptera, while

the

tail is

which

usually

themselves When

canea.

when

front.

In

the

both

teeth,

blunt

two

by

of

scapula.

The

skull has

on

cusps

reach

lower,

and

upper

end, in

Size smaller, forearm Back

a.

of skull

Back

of skull

backward,

dorsally

the

eyes

less

complex, lacking

looking head

supplementary

the

palatal branch, in

lower.

the

to

of

the a

the

cheek

having

in the upper known

are

genera

limit

the

molars

paracone

Two

northern

while

the

shape, and

protocone

the

of their

to

distribution

this

Fortune, in

through

China,

in

a

his stay in

can

to

is in the

of the

the

alveolar

zygoma;

cheek

jected pro-

above,

five

line, if projected teeth

five above,

be

that

that

out

from

it

that

doubt

without

type

label, but named

was

of

by

P.

visit

his

to

to

chinensis

P.

leucopterus [of the

obtained

was

from

provinces

been

so

scribed de-

China.

received

was

and

iii)

p.

northern

northern

the

since of Pt.

that

Pteropus

.

(1870,

previous

Fortune,

.

the

country

Philippines, and

character

reasonable

no

appears

from

have

to

.

from

in

traveled

deflected

zygoma.

supposed 315), this specimen

p.

come

so

Gray

came

plants, who

have

the

J. E.

he

specimen

of skull

through

passes

1870, Dr.

which

of

in the

been

City Hall

Hongkong

Formosa

line, if

pines] Philipduring

Fortune

Luzon."]

merely

from

short.

four

teeth

tail absent; back

In

"

points

[Pteropus formosus labeled

of the

(1912,

His

noteworthy

no

alveolar

that

90 mm.;

collector

a

also

there

very

the

skull; cheek

the

bat

Andersen

But

had

"differs

but

that

Rousettus

Gray:

name

by Gray

chinensis.

present

downward

the root

than

more

1843-45.

assumed

; tail

mm.

Pteropid.*

of canine

explained by Andersen

of China

Chinese

line,if projected backward,

the alveolar

Robert

more

cal-

Cynopterus

[Pteropus chinensis

was

short

turned

well-developed postorbital processes;

of

downward

deflected

passes

under

90

falls outside

Size larger, forearm that

was

joint is

outer

the

Genera

the

to

less than

so

six below, back

As

is not

of canine

below, back

B.

the

is close to

little deflected

so

backward,

b.

with

membranes, the

by

mainland.

the

Key A.

forward,

nearly similar

are

metaconid

China, which

southern

stretched head

lacks

their anterior and

the interfemoral

the

shoulder

the

structure means

teeth, protoconid

on

faces

premaxillary is generally free and

the

from

feet,

the

by

MONGOLIA

borders

narrow

but

about,

articulation

with

to

hanging

rest, looks

skeletal

the

secondary humerus

at

animal

the

reduced

are

AND

partly free

and

small

very

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

152

near

by

"15

Museum

at

Botanical that

that

L.

Sclater:

Garden

since

city.

it

coming

from

that

was

a

waif,

1

871,

might island

borne

by

so

that

have seems

storms

p.

13)

of this Formosan

that

states

(1922,

Mell

to

specimen

a

Mell

That

it

According

"

Hongkong,

1899, Ford."

XII

persons

likelythan

P.

Ford

had

presumably

been

sent

or

or

a

species

been the

Director

specimen from

brought

equally probable in

there

trading

and

much

vessel.

It

BATS

THE

should, therefore, await

rejectionof

The

these

definitelyknown and

formosus

pselaphon, the

entire

known,

P.

the

in

China.

in

Formosa

from

genus result

a

the

to

short

in

as

a

of

it

possible

Bonin

the

China,

P.

of

P.

Islands, and

far

so

when

result

a

allied

respectively, and

distribution

in part

Pteropus

genus

closely

as

at

present

higher temperatures

of the

mollifying

for these

effect

species to subsist

is short,

is

group,

extend the

the

part of the transverse

by

smaller

suitable

for

about

than

cusp the

two

on

below)

and

inner

the

second

inner

an

ten

or

twelve

side.

in

thick

but and

upper

tooth

little bent

so

the

upper

form

separated from

are

lower, have

small

a

first premolar is small, the largest in both jaws; the molars

descending series. an

rostrum

incisors

upper

as

foot, and

skiall the

through

four

its

The

is the

and

The

both

hind

occiput

passes

The

and

calcaneimi,

the

the

the

another,

one

canines,

the

frugivorous habits.

palate has

In

developed,

with

smallest

are

simple, with

are

of

second

is present,

The

membrane.

well

The

lower;

short,

very

membrane.

occipitalcondyles.

space.

tubvilar; the

equaling the width

interfemoral

all in contact

are

short

a

and

largerteeth

short,

biillas and

secondary cingulum (one above

interfemoral

narrow

bodies

heavy

stout

almost

alveoli, if projected backward,

and

row

canine

prominent,

are

postorbital processes audital

size, with

claw; the tail,though

narrow

line of the

the

of medium

are

nostrils

the

F. Cuvier

248, 1825.

p.

genus

well-developed

a

the

to

serves

The

Japan

mainland

Cynopterus

MammiKres,

The

tip projects beyond

upper

presence

older

an

of the

leucopterus,in

making

current

of this

snouts.

fingerhas

the

P.

of the

member

and

and

northward,

des

fruit bats

The

a

being admitted

outlying regions.

Cynopterus F. Cuvier, Dents

that

before

no

The

the

of

Genus

usual

leaves

Philippine

of the

Japanese

warm

in such

occur

in part

be

records

two

dasymallus

absence

may

of the

to

ally of

an

prevailed

and

evidence

species.]

Chinese

as

certain

more

153

outer

ridge

formula

crescentic

and

is:

The a

of these

crowns

between,

groove

i.f c.t

pm.f in.i=30.

cross-ridgesbetween

the

tooth

rows.

Andersen

(1912) recognizes sixteen

across

north

China,

oriental

Sind, Nepal,

to to

the

Borneo, one

Celebes,

of which,

from

region

Siam

and and

east

the

to

"

Indian

Hainan,

is the

peninsula

thence Two

southward

species seem of the

type

and

Ceylon, and

to

ward east-

occur

in

genus.

Cynopterus sphinx sphinx (Vahl)

Vespertilio Selsk. Copenhagen, sphinx Vahl, Skrift. Naturh. Cynopterus sphinx sphinx Andersen, Cat. Chiroptera British

Type specimen:

tributed representing six species dis-

the

Philippines.

Cynopterus sphinx, 62.

forms

According

to

Andersen

vol.

4, pt. I, p.

Mus.,

vol.

123,

I, p.

(1912,

p.

1797.

598, 1912

602),

(fullsjTionymy).

the

two

original

MAMMALS

THE

154

from

specimens

in

and

Museum

in

mounted

skins

A

"

of the

of

neck

into

region

a

with

black

fur

extends

and

of the

of the

out

the

paler

Measurements: p.

From

exactly

"

634), from

foot from

History other

many

flanks

sides

and

of the

center

drab

have almost

the the

from

the

length

The

forearm mm.;

sides

on

the

flanks

belly

than

tawny

wholly, being

Ears ish, black-

under

side

between

the

the

half-way shades

pales

is drab.

dark,

On

of the

paler

than

dull olive

the

brown

below.

line

skull.

of

the

The

alveoli short

the orbit to the of the

the

very

of the

deep

nostril

slightdeflection

teeth

rostrum

if continued is

a

ous conspicu-

opening usually slightly

skull.

varies, according

measurement

the

the

whitish.

readily recognizable by

that

66-73.5

the

on

Membranes

edges.

olive

interfemoral

tail from

10-13;

the

to

tibia from

Andersen

25-27.5;

16- 18. 5.

the the

is

distance

the

one-fourth

exceeding

so

them

the

which

slightlyless

usually lack

darker

bats

fall outside

would

character,

(1912,

or

posterior part,

backward

the

the

half-collar, and

white

narrow

membrane

specimens

skull in these

a

The

again.

Females

of

part

fingerscontrastingly pale the

on

young

basal

rufous, forming

wrist.

slaty brown, The

with

following.

years

bat, with

less tawny-russet,

or

conspicuous

phalanges

elbow

more

cinnamon

the

and

forearms,

slightlylighter shade

males, and or

neck

becomes

naked,

the

back,

head,

the

brown,

Natural

Royal

in the

based,

History Society,

destroyed

were

olive-brown

species was

Natural

bright tawny.

neck

Top

the

founded

they

preservation

-bodied

stout

which

on

newly

however,

defective

through

MONGOLIA

Copenhagen

the

to

Doubtless,

1804.

Description:

of the

transferred

probably

were

collection

the

AND

India,

Madras,

Tranquebar,

formerly

were

CHINA

OF

same

table

it is clear

in cranial

dimensions.

above

that

males

and

females

average

almost

on

race

has

China

records

it from

Hills.

The

just

in

during

specimens

of

species

a

in bunches

fourteen

feet above

India,

well

was

porch

in the

of the

seeds

hang

from

night

litter the

would

found

often

"We

same

No

(Pope,

is that for the

in

They

palm leaves, twelve least dark, where

called

these

of the

of which

favorite

projections

places.

If

and

siu-prisedat

evening All

have

piles porch,

a

of the be

of

fruits.

fly to

side

would

they

Pride

porches would

under

or

nearly every

on

fruit, would

some

most

on

the

Every

dropping

the

found

were

roof,

found

and

in little

nails, and

thus

his feast the

bat

night would

to

they

the arrive

fact that

the

of

course

long the a

the

as

the

palm leaves

Chinaberries

fruiting season

two

months'

but

more

lasted, these big bats

was

over,

however,

thereafter

stay

never

were

not

they seen

MS.).

the

doubt

according

in

and

disappeared

As

After

always in evidence.

all"

heard

hanging under

bats

these

eight together.

or

seven

were

picking

seeds,

had

bats

I secured

fly off.

quickly

than

the

that

be

projection

the

morning

feed

to

in

are

thirty-six

nuisance.

a

in numbers

could

after

some

or

became

trees

series of

tree, sometimes

following morning

bat

feast, rejecting

to

piles,showing after

nail

a

leaves.

out

seeds

the

A

them.

on

there

proceed

and

compound,

of the

at

a

in the

places

H.

This

side of

under not

big bats

come

night Chinaberry

the

through

they would

o'clock

nine

about

in

Chinaberry

these

developed

the

ends

hanging

9th.

Kakhyen

it abundant

collection.

growing

on

and

23,

the

Clifford

chinaberry

secured

"December

our

four

or

the

he

Mr.

to

found

1923,

the

and

is due

when

year

January

to

new

of the

fruit

the

"When

of the

ground,

the

only by

shaded

were

the

January,

writes:

He

of three

hanging

and

and

4

Bhamo

at

along

for Andersen

Yunnan,

discovery in China

season

vicinity.

in that

bats

several

the

in Burma

border

1922,

December

Between

fruit.

in southwestern

its actual

December,

Hainan,

Nodoa,

doubtless

of

mainland

eventually be found

it must

over

slightlylarger

a

the

on

presence

although

the

across

for

credit

Pope, who

and

border,

southern

extreme

by

represented

Its

Java.

and

detected,

been

not

is

and

Siam,

and

Sumatra

of

islands

the

larger species of Cynopterus found

is the

This

"

Burma,

of India, Assam,

most

at

Habits:

and

Occurrence

15^

BATS

THE

seasonal

abundance

fruiting season in numbers

Specimens examined:

at the

and

Swinhoe

"

of

In

varies,

Mr.

as

particular trees, proper

time.

later collectors

This

in Hainan

all, thirty-six,from

Pope's the

and

habit

remarkable

perhaps

failed

Nodoa,

notes

to

Hainan.

indicate, thing accounts

find this bat.

MAMMALS

THE

156

Trong,

but

of the total

fourth

one

in color

orbit

the

from

Measurements:

ear

mm.;

foot

claws, 15-17.

The

sktdl

5;

species and Siam,

part of

Mell

the

of

four-fifths known

pest

fruit of

They once

part

always

are

on

at

laitsi and

early July

had

in

and

for

occurs

the

that

equaling,

differences

meas\u"ement,

forearm,

65-72

sphinx; tail,8.5-1 1.5; basal

of the

several

the

and

The

it is

and

Shan,

northern

it will actual

only

in the

of this

ably probrecord

southern

Shan,

Dingwu

part

the

neighboring

and

common

northern

of

races

Biorma, and

unexpected,

that

29.5-32;

19. 8-21. 8; upper

11.1-12.8.

crowns,

Upper

not

Lofau

length,

width,

border.

in the

lungan

he

a

from

one

that

of

A

a

well

as

he

area

had

eyes

to

as

June

and

close

under

the other, for two

he

well-

a

hide

in nets

a

in

beam

the yovmg,

at

Captives as

in late

wing.

or

room.

sleep during

persimmon, found

a

fly away

to

and

on

in thick

temperament.

that

half to

a

captured

ready

are

and

of

October, they feed

crepuscular

banana

from

it becomes

day they

and

vicious

females one

ground

restingbehind

are

and

the

is often

the

open,

they

fruits dozen

one

large fleshy flowers

season

During

found

the

In

September

restless

young

teat

at

that

soft-skinned

small

and

their

believes

fruits.

heads.

In

on

off to

knocks

so

retusa.

occasion

are

it feeds

flower

trees.

by day,

They

such

apparently change

C.

Sumatra

to

states

April

doing

fig,Ficus

Mell

each

Assam,

Logong,

at

these

awake

night. dusk

as

teeth,

southern

blood-red

one

if disturbed. of the

will eat the

a

in

largest

from

"laitsi" growers,

species of

trees, and

hollow

of

age

dimensions:

30.5-33.2;

Peninsula,

(1922), who

and

placed verticallyabout the

and

available

are

is,therefore,

in March

heavy

the

to

it

Jann-fah.

at

the

which

shorter, so

sexual

same

18-20

is the

(Ho Yiiin),but

malabaricum,

Bombax

Musevim,

sphinx.

cheek

extreme

region, as

that

states

with

sphinx

following

of

area

in China

River

East

S. National

rostrum

6.5-8.2; zygomatic

This

"

Malay

of Mell

instance,

one

the

3; lower

wide

a

reach

to

Canton

the

the

on

but

over

in the

is that

for China

in C.

specimens

rostrum,

Habits:

Its presence found

be

as

occurs

southward

islands.

611, 1912.

I, p.

is less than, instead

The

greatest length,

10. 2-11.

and

Occurrence

vol.

tibia, 23.5-27.5.

measures:

crowns,

C. the

and

skull.

634) gives

palatal length, 11.0-12.8; teeth,

316.

p.

83569, U.

opening

as

Chinese

p.

with

cheek

of the

species

No

"

nasal

the

to

orifice, 16-18, instead

from

Miller

Mus.,

coloring to

is smaller

ear

length

(1912,

Andersen

but

British

in alcohol, No.

the

in this

found

are

Philadelphia, 1898,

Chiroptera

in size and

Similar

"

part of its range,

distance

MONGOLIA

Siam.

lower

Description: over

Cat.

^A male

"

Sci.

Nat.

brachyotis angulatus Andersen,

Type specimen: from

Acad.

Proc.

Cynopterus angulatus Miller,

AND

Cynopterus brachyotis angulatus

63.

Cynopterus

CHINA

OF

well

June

The

as

and

young

though occasional,

THE

are

One

exception.

the

These

young.

female

Mell

bats,

BATS

in

caught

adds,

tree

a

by

eaten

are

157

net

said

was

Chinese

the

have

to

had

they beUeve

as

two

them

' '

'

'strengthgiving.

Specimens examined:

None.

"

Genus

Gray,

Rouseltus

the

uniform

a

greater deflection backward

orbit

the

resembles

the

Cynopterus, but The

both

tooth

above

Rousettus

the

skull

condyles

is less shortened, is greater

nares

Cynopterus externally but

olive in color.

posterior part,

through

1821.

15, p. 299,

than

characters the

rostrum

the

to

jaw

of

passes

addition,

brown

cranial

Gray

resemble

somewhat

smoky

In

same.

vol.

Repository,

of this genus

Bats

nearly

Medical

London

Rousettus

than

the

the

of

so

that

ridges

formula

differs

in that

below,

namely:

of the from

width.

In

grooves

are

is

there

i.f c.l

base

distance

and

line if

alveolar

one

pm.f m.f

zygoma

the

less

;

in

edge of the it much

veloped. strongly de-

molar

The

=34.

slightly

projected

its teeth

more

more

is much

differs in the

the

the

lachrymal

cusps,

and

the

through

or

are

size,however,

Rousettus

that

so

The

in

each is

genotype

(Bgyptiacus.

This

barely reaches

genus

distribution

is

the

tropical and

southern

extreme

A

subtropical.

borders

of China,

single species

has

for its

been

once

recorded.

Rousettus

64.

leschenaulti

LESCHENAULT'S

Pteropus leschenaulti Desmarest, Cynonycteris amplexicaudata

Type this

Specimens:

species

still in

are

Naturelle

A

"

of the

appearance

browner

instead

occiput brownish brown;

under

brown The the noted

skull

longer from

under

olive, the

the

with

1912,

rostrum

that

labeled

are

fruit

Chinese

the

side between

(Andersen,

mounted

by Leschenaiilt

bister,

brighter phase,

in the

of

the p. and

and

back

142, 1820.

no.

collection

as

from

previous

and

Isabella rump

the

with

mm.,

dull

light

color. Mars

of

Museum

"les environs

dark,

rump

cotypes of

two

de

Pon-

1820.

to

80.5-87.5

varying from

nape

drab

no,

bats, Cynopterus, but and

back

i, p.

1870, p. 616.

(1912, p. 37), the

fairlylarge bat, forearm

other of

vol.

Andersen

to

Paris, and

at

Mamm.,

BAT

Zool. Soc. London,

existence

dichery," India, collected Description:

Method.,

Proc.

According

"

d'Histoire

Encyclop.

Swinhoe,

(Desmarest)

ROUSSETTE

the

color

brown,

drab

There

brown,

the

to

crown

almost

is also the

general

of the

under

fur and

wood

ably consider-

a

side wood

37). the

slightlymore

Cynopterus,

generic diagnosis.

and

the

deflected

teeth

are

one

brain more

case

distinguish

in each

jaw,

as

Measurements:

80.5-87.5

OF

MAMMALS

THE

158

greatest length, 37.5-41.5 width,

Habits:

and

Occurrence

11-12;

in p.

616) reported that to him

in

May,

by 1866,

female

a

with

but

dead,

Amoy,

at

by

It is corroborated

City Hall

in the

specimen

June

southern

southern

Burma

Museum

and

referringto

as

is of

and

of

of any

of the

family, according

and

heads

outer

not

postorbital processes the

fact

upper bats

the

of this

wing,

is folded

of the

family that

so

China. appears

to

be

(1922,

from

13), of

p.

Hongkong,

well

in

known

be

may

at

at

a

and the

India,

upper

Old

and

New

Worlds,

species

of doubtful

tail

short

of the

and

the

in the

while

skull

the

Externally, in addition

to

projects conspicuously the

from

its

of the

recorded the

a

from

other

is

singlegenus, the

folding

third

finger

tropical

Taphozous, in

country,

apparently

the

on

edge, the of

peculiar manner

two

by only

latter

of insectivorous

phalanges family is represented in the

and

origin,while

greatest

specialization

maxillaries, the tragus is

slightlyback

The

are

of

joint,the supplementary

complete,

recognized by

side.

two

but

the

to

developed.

the inner

the

degree

the

typically those

are

fused

membrane

once

rest

combined

are

least

the

teeth

not

rather

and

interfemoral

when

Although

her.

species in question.

slightlydeveloped,

are

the

well

on

back

as

In the shoulder

is slender

large and

are

slender

the

of both

parts

here

that

surface

Mell

course

(1907),

of the himierus the

with

simple, the fibula

present but

one

the

was

clinging to

BATS

Miller

to

scapula; premaxillary bones are

the

bats,

(1870,

EMBALLONURIDiE

Microchiroptera.

Chinese

articulate

species

Swinhoe

None.

"

primitive characters, together with

number

by

labeled

Canton,

SHEATH-TAILED

does

7;

Siam.

Family

this

records.

of this

Cynonycteris amplexicaudata

mentioned

at

China,

of

border

Specimens examined:

inner

teeth, 14-15.

species evidently, therefore, occasionally reaches

The

1876.

9,

extreme

In

measures:

8-13.5; zygomatic

inclusion

still-living young

a

instance

second

a

for the

following

the

(1912, p. 35) regards this record

Andersen

12.

skull

cheek

upper

only evidence

The

"

list is furnished

Chinese

the

dated

molars,

The

20-23.5.

of nasals,

tip

to

forearm,

measurements:

teeth, 15.2- 17.

cheek

brought

mm.;

MONGOLIA

following

claws,

orbit

outside

width

22.8-23.7;

lower

with

tail, 13-17. 5; foot

mm.;

the

gives

Andersen

"

AND

CHINA

one

of

these

for the first time

reported. Genus

Taphozous

Taphozous Geofifroy, Description de I'Egypte,

The

bats

of this genus

are

vol.

2, p. 113,

large

or

Geoffroy

"

1818.

of medium

size, with

large

erect

ears,

THE

a

bare

of which

the

premolars

;

incisor; the basal

small second

genotype

The

genus

is

of cusps

the

and

is

the

proves

well

be

Taphozous

"

extending

out

parted,

the

for

the

hollowed

followed

by

premolar making ear

the

a

conchs

a

is:

shows

2, p.

record

287, 1835.

far

of the

color of

At

the

on

the

the

head

the

is

a

body,

the

lower

elbow

above

and

bases

of

and

throat,

chin

and

on

joining the

fur both

Ridgway),

through

body.

line

a

as

to

Java.

limbs, but

the

to

or

from

Museum;

fur is confined

brown"

of the

Hollister's

tropical, sub-

BAT

Leiden

as

general

"mummy

addition

to

brain

oval

The

small

its main

conspicuous are

formula

small

and

below the

if the

is

hairs hair

is

tuft of all-black

specificname.

large

very

in the

membranes

The

forehead.

with

the

but

consisting of

The

China, unless

vol.

membranes

the

on

portions

skiill,in

The

the

to

white, which

other

on

a

first and

Temminck

melanopogon

side the

upper

femur.

(about dull

hairs, whence

notable

out

of the

the

of

FREE-TAILED

Presumably

on

it extends

everywhere

"

On

Description:

a

develops

; in the

countries, tropical and

warm

de Mammalogie,

Monogr.

Temminck,

Type Specimen:

brown

the

minute

a

well marked,

only.

the

founded.

BLACK-BEARDED

melanopogon

of

border

southern

to

65.

dull

each

is reduced,

molar

mesostyle

inhabitant

typically an

Peiping

the middle

ridges is

in

beneath

which

tooth

of the

distinctly

and

free, carrying

and

upper

is

margin

very

surface

Taphozous perforatus of Egypt.

barely reaching

surface

and

the

upper

narrow,

lower

the

and

=30.

The

Taphozous

of

the

forehead

the

developed,

small

third

commissures

m.f

well

slender,

from

skull

the

posterior ends

W-pattem the

rather

are

lip terminating in

conspicuous cingulum

a

and

lacking, while

are

pm.l

have

anterior

the

molars

In

are

lower

the

membrane,

are

bones

canines the

at

feet

interfemoral

processes

premaxillary

anterior

of it from

not

and

conspicuous incurving

a

strong

upper

two

i.i c.T

the

cusp

hypocones the

is

the

;

groove

projects.

postorbital

there

jaw

lower

tail

slender

a

short

the

spreads the

hollowed,

by

separated

areas

calcar

long

159

squarish tragus, long tapering muzzle,

short

two

BATS

space

general with

case

large canines

premolar cusp

large and

the

with

a

a

the

deep

with

a

nearly

are

two.

distinct

vertical

posterior wall and

knife-like level of the

the

The narrow

is

already mentioned,

long, slender

narrow

nearly reaching between

characters

"basial"

and

nearly vertical,

edge,

tip

and

the

of the

canine,

pits between

partition in

the

large the

midline.

MAMMALS

THE

i6o

Measurements:

OF

The

"

CHINA

collector's

AND

MONGOLIA

of four

measurements

Ytmnan

specimens

follow:

India

tropical

as

whose

and

collections

of the

in its

general

and

add

tropicalin distribution, it is rather in

Museum

by and

of the

it

as some

general

of

difference. of

occurrence

"

^An

March

157)

p.

since

I cannot

positive

in

and

North

believe

to

is

has

to

for

Hollister

that

tropical and

that

the

the

China.

from

U. the

come

there led

was

Peiping, Taphozous National

S.

"size, proportions, account

on

from

than

is discovered

I therefore

first

characteristically

has

distribution

evidence

China,

in

to

in the

the

southern

the

have

must

have

describe

to

from

any

establishing

specimens really came group.

far

so

prefer to regard

Philippine

this

from

HoUister's

:

adult

male

28, 1901,

in

by

alcohol. No. M.

L. Robb.

113,010,

U.

of

alcoholic

be

described

help feelingthat

apparently outlying

Taphozous

three

appear

this bat

unlikely

locality,and

more

and

family

Malacca,

represented

includes

range

scribed de-

melanopogon

list of those

collected

is

group

tropical locality,perhaps

more

description follows

Collected

the

skins

of

has

of

Taphozous philippinensis" and

Peiping,

its

the

the

However, of

of the

Until

record,

erroneous

Type:

as

It is

These

even

(1913a,

in 1901.

about

account

on

and

T.

typical

four

to

Strait

the

same.

of whose

material

characters

zone

of

much

Thomas

astonishing to find it recorded

alcoholic

Robb

mistake

some

more

an

L.

temperate

marked the

M.

of

tropical distribution

into the been

basis

the

solifer on

another

Hollister

whence

China,

North

the

species over

although

from

Yunnan.

border

this genus

range

that

Expeditions by

in southern

examples

bat

between

supposedly

subtropical speciesthe northern Since

Peninsula,

Malay

Asiatic

Yuankiang,

distributed

widely

a

fretensis,the

m.

form

Central

Chinese

recorded

T.

continental

from

specimens

parts

therefore, intervenes

the

and

is

This

"

of the

subspecies,

a

range,

Java

Habits:

and

Occurrence

S. National

Museum.

BATS

THE

"Diagnosis:

philippinensis. Color

tips and

uniformly drab-gray,

hairs

"Color

brown,

from

specimens:

drab

beard

and

and

and

teeth:

Skull

"

of type from

"Measurements hind

21;

foot, with

length,

interorbital

10.9;

entire,

row,

forearm,

In

of the

a

family is confined Africa,

and

possession

slender

in

second

with

but

and

is slender, and

In and

the

So

far

single genus,

as

wide cervical

imperfect

at

erect

the

on

a

braincase,

skins

and

mastoid

10.4;

4.8;

tooth

upper

entire, ii.i."

row,

in alcohol,

skulls, three

subtropical parts of Australia,

second

short

anterior

the

third

presternum

two

finger.

finger

at

p.

102).

division

has

In

the

the

skull the

but

with

is fused

proximal end;

The

a

presence

solid

equal

and

is also

long and

a

heads

of the

size, and

lack

phalanges, the

two

the

ears,

tragus

and

supplementary

vertebrae, making

its

the

their large oval

small, of nearly

are

the

by

nose,

in the

skeleton,

trochin,

very

seventh

loss of the

the

scapula;

posteriorly(Miller, 1907, entire

tooth

Condylobasal

topotype:

recognized externally by

be

singlephalanx

a

one.

the

one;

first dorsal

of

BATS

may

being bifid, with

trochiter

articulation

body, 76; tail vertebrae,

and

of

tropical and

the

its members

of but

posterior

humerus,

the

to

simple leaf -like outgrowth

characteristic

throat,

philippinensis. Teeth

T.

Skull

four

BIG-EARED

and

sides,and

MEGADERMID^E

Family

Asia

Cheeks,

Yunnan.

Yuankiang,

This

of

postorbital breadth,

5.7;

all,seven,

Middle

narrower.

breadth

16.4; mandibular

"

in

wood-

upperparts

blackish.

Head

"

64.

12.5;

breadth,

mandible,

9.1;

Specimens examined: from

12;

alcoholic:

breadth,

zygomatic

19.4;

breadth,

claws,

of ear,

noticeably

rows

of

color

wood-brown.

precisely as

almost

slightly smaller, the mandibular

tips

back

including belly drab-gray, the hairs unicolor. "Skull

General

"

hair

the

stripe under

and

instead

bicolor.

not

alcoholic

underfur

the

Taphozous

drab

underparts with

paler; lower

much

color

general

underfur

with

quite different; upperparts

hair

with

of white, and

of

general characters

and

Size, proportions,

"

l6i

first rib

and

the

bony ring; the fibula

ischia

of the

most

marked

pelvis are

free

peculiarity is

premaxillaries.

present known,

Lyroderma.

the

family is represented in China

by only

a

THE

i62

OF

MAMMALS

Genus

Geoffroy, Ann.

Megaderma

Hodgson,

Euchcira a

of

genus

This

orbit

aberrant

canine.

to

The

tooth

so

and

has

partly of the

minute

two

and

in

anterior

Megaderma

Andersen

and

lyra Swinhoe,

Proc.

Shih, Bull.

spasma

lyra sinensis

Lyroderma

Type Specimen: Amoy,

Description: except

running 10

mm.

just high

from

nape

lower

surface

basal

joint of

joint of the

to

for

inside in

the

tail

third

Mag.

Yatsen

Hist.,

Nat.

1870,

p.

and

thumb

cingulum

similar

hidden The

the

cusp

in the

canine

lower has

are large posterior. The

the

than

a

and

in

China.

Wroughton)

and

BAT

ser.

Univ., Canton, vol.

skull, No.

7, vol.

136, 1907.

19, p.

9, p.

no.

(not of Linnasus).

I, 1930

46, p. 55, 1933.

British

7.1. 1.339,

from

Museum,

Collection.

of fine

minute

inner

gray hairs

a

loss

(not of Geoffroy).

616

hairs

across

along

margin. washed

with

finger is very

forehead

the

inner

in the

bases membrane

long, equaling

the

third

edge

and

of

body

bases,

on

leaf

oval

color

a

rib

about

above,

face

light gray; grayish-white tips. The

brown"; and

their

at

erect

an

General

"wood

with

dark-gray

is included

the

Nose-leaf

dry skin, minutely hairy. mouse

the

premolars

two

BIG-EARED

large, oval, joined

the

paler,the the

Ann.

London,

Tomes

line

a

OR

Biol. Soc. Washington,

skin

Ears

"

naked

A

"

China.

Fukien,

Soc.

Proc.

is

in contact.

are

trifid crowns;

the

(Andersen

VAMPIRE

Dept. Biol., Sun

Sanborn,

small

a

outer

but The

concave.

of

single species only is found

A

Wroughton, Zool.

much

posteriorbase

slightly larger

lyra sinensis

Lyrodenna

of the

premolar is minute,

and

still more

are

lyra of India.

CHINESE sinensis

its

distance

elongation of the

W-pattem

development

at

the

frontal

longer subequal,

no

margin

the

tions projec-

of the

molars the

and

is distinguished

in short

width

of less than

upper

are

side, with

cusp;

pm.f m.f=28.

type species is Lyroderma

Megaderma

hind

upper

each

on

triangular

Eucheira

W

canine, while

prominent

66.

the

distorting the

by

up

the

instead

large premolar, which

and

incisors

is: i." c.t

Megaderma).

of

Malaysia, but

terminate

mesostyle

the

made

basal

formula

the

anterior

the

profile,the

subgenus

a

part).

and

increase

and

parts of the

antero-internal

The

of India

is greater

of

out

base cusp;

(as

(in

1810

197,

differ in that

two

is

the canine

between

angle jaw

anterior

large basal

a

the

drawn

incisors

upper at the

width

teeth

(metastyle), thus that

posterior part is much

cusp

15, p.

Megaderma

to

reduction

the

through

half of the

of the

Nat., Paris, vol.

lachrymal

posterior corner

outer

Berlin, 1872, p. 195

supraorbital ridges which

strong

the

that

so

Peters

(valid genus).

1907

"incipient postorbital processes"

as

from

Wiss.

104,

p.

MONGOLIA

Bengal, vol. 16, p. 891, 1847 (preoccupied by Eucheira Westwood, 1836, and Ann. Wroughton, Mag. Nat. Hist., scr. 7, vol. 19, p. 134, 1907.

close

is very

genus

Soc.

Andersen

insects).

by the

region

d'Hist.

Mus.

Asiatic

Joum.

57,

no.

AND

L3^odernia

Akad.

Preuss.

Mus.,

S. Nat.

Bull. U.

Miller,

for

Kon.

Peters, Monatsb.

Lyroderma

CHINA

wing;

the

second

metacarpal,

and

is

of the

pale

half the

than

unusually long, more

tibia is

The

in color along the bone.

163

BATS

THE

length

forearm.

of the

is at

skull

The

of the

by the absence

bats

Chinese

distinguished among

once

premaxillaries. Measurements: the

55. 49-5;

tibia, 37,

in

(1870c,

outhouse

an

and

Tomes

acquired by

eventually serving other

bats

quite

as

he

likelythey

station

northerly of

British

the

of Shih

one

Under

the

tropical a

specimens More

must

have

recently

Yachowfu

China. and

to

is to

to

be

this

These

are

be be

looked no

"much

as

as

for

evidence

expected.

average

The

compared all as

across

males the

writes

he

In

a

female

limestone

caves

and

specimens, the

be

tion collec-

the

recent

the

western south-

from

Yuen

at

of

most

Swatow,

at

in the

record

"the

that

of

collection

the

to

that

species,but

south,

seems

later

also

apparently

Farther

country

Museum,

twelve

some

mark

same

was

believed of this

were

record

two

that

British

single specimen

a

from

has

recorded

very

the

food

series of the

so

I think

Shan.

southern that

his

thirty-fivetaken

at

but

first to be

slightlylarger in

lighter with

a

Szechwan,

western

the

habits

series.

Fukien

southern

the

part in

The

of China,

Yunnan,

of the

related

discovered

forearm

being decidedly

in color,

yet of its presence

curious

which

the

species instead.

(1933)

Sanborn

Swinhoe

along the

pair captured

a

pair the

district is remarkable,"

temperate

been

described

grayish-brown"

seems

a

(lat.29" 20' north), in

western

of

spasma,

lyra to

series of

a

record

secured

Megaderma in

is

first inland

The

from

this habit.

has

species.

the

apparently

form

of bats

about

to

this

of

one

Bergen,

Wroughton

i), who

p.

D.

Hunan,

of

name

which

northward

ranging

city of Amoy

the

for

Museum.

(1930b,

border

and

and

been

History

by Paul

known

yet

phalanx,

eastern parts of south-

torrid

perhaps

subspecies.

over

of Natural

Andersen

Kwangtung,

high

Taphozous,

Futsing, Fukien,

at

from

SINENSIS

Megaderma

as

his collection

of the

type

were

Museum

the American taken

came

28; second

first mentioned

was

have

with

hawking

saw

It

It may

the

as

and

Fukien,

recorded

who

616)

p.

30,

more

of China,

portion

northern

as

Amoy.

at

species of the

This

part of China.

central

in the

Swinhoe

by

least

at

in two

LYRA

LYRODERMA

OF

"

phalanx,

skins

mm.

65

19.5.

20,

southern

the

reaches far

as

latitude

Habits:

and

Asia, coast

51 ; its first

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

the

foot,

33;

67 and

measures

metacarpal, 47,

third

Futsing;

Occurrence

forearm

The

"

its

in

ment measure-

brown

instead

dently species is evifor

while

occurrence

Indian

there there

species

are

THE

i64

MAMMALS

CHINA

OF

AND

probably like it this bat feeds

well known,

and

birds, small

mammals,

and

Specimens examined:

Futsing, Fukien.

from

Twelve,

"

RHINOLOPHID^

LEAF-NOSED

of this group

peculiaritiesof the the

muzzle.

The

their

length but quickly toward

resemble In

supplementary

leaf

the

section, which sided

by

by

wall

except

these

tail.

articulation

pointed terminal of the

column

first

and

the

the

digit of

second

wing

with

the

processes,

consist

of

the

only of

from

and

palate ends.

(For other

short

to

the

Guinea,

and

various

local

constitutes as

reduction

details

see

About All

family,

so

are

whose

the

the

line, on

account

is formed

base

lack

instead

this

ment develop-

the

posterior

by vertical joints each

three

; and

humerus

has

the

and

tebrae ver-

making

a

lacking post-

in

from

separate

deep

distinct

fibula, though

The

peculiar

single minute of

carpal meta-

rather

a

premaxillaries, so

a

the the

first dorsal

presternum,

thorax.

both

bearing

continues

that

they

each

other

tooth.

indentations

The at

both

Miller, 1907.)

Europe

Australia. races.

posterior side is

its

phalanges

the

skiill is

only,

and

bones,

in the median

southern

the

parallel-

wing consisting of two

first rib and

of

branches

family is exclusively confined

portions, from

well.

the

surrounding

is very

This

in

palatal

narrow

the

cup-shaped

somewhat

toes, with

cervical

seventh

together and

and

leaf,but

the

head

supplementary scapula;

"lancet,"

the normal

:

at the anterior part of The thread-like, is complete.

orbital

part of the large

nearly equal compartments

strong ring of bone and

and

forward;

singlemedian

three

fingerof the

solidlyfused

slender

is different.

leaf, sometimes

median

Hipposideridae

The

peculiaritiesare

outer

with

the

into

digit;

third

leaf, the

horseshoe.

divided

external

The

small

a

respects they

compressed ridge, the "connecting piece," which

low

; the

narrows

these

nose-leaves

erect

in

not

rather

horseshoe-shaped

an

of

which

leaves; in the central

as

walls

the

are

a

lateral

outgrowths

size is apparent

In

of the

openings

central

only short

flat

rises behind

median

Other on

of

nostrils, enclosing

is erect, and

ridges.

smaller

and

conch

tragus.

no

formation

the

consist

these

wide

a

is

tip. There

them

incurved of the

with

breadth,

the

by the

appearance

leaf -like

complex

between

a

into the the

or

(the "sella"),its fiat face directed

column

buttressed back

their

Rhinolophidse,

with

open

more

less

proportionally large,but

are

acute

an

the

Hipposideridae, but

the

the

and

ears

in

BATS

easily distinguished in external

are

ears

vertebrates, including

other

upon

frogs.

Family

Bats

MONGOLIA

a

dozen

members

that

to

China

to

the

the and

Old

World,

eastward

species have

been

single genus are generic characters of

the

chieflyin the

to the

warmer

Philippines,New

found

in China,

Rhinolophus those

of the

with

which

family

Genus

In

addition

the

to

premolars distinguishesthis have

bluntly

canines, which very

tooth

row,

show

the

typical W-shaped

vol.

which R.

2,

of the

portion

erect

its level, and

with

of the

second

in

upward R.

; a

ears

a

simplex the

has

of the

the

the

group:

connecting

R.

low

linear.

This

typified by China.

is

group

The

and

Key A.

Connecting the a.

summit

of the

Connecting rounded

to

coming

process

with

the

with

A

in the

third

is the

Species

Soc. into

groups,

is the

these

connecting piece the

between

cochleee

the

group, but

in the

basioccipitalas the

R.

in China.

R.

ears

narrow

other

found

group,

of the

very

Two

been

midas

cochleae

them

European

of

family,

connecting piece produced

first group,

genus

Chinese

the

normal

philippinensis, have

the

this

size.

hardly projecting above

basioccipitalbetween

the

R.

type species of

in which

molars in

(Proc. Zool.

larger

are

of the

out

upper

specialized of

rounded,

apparently unrepresented

macrotis

R.

or

least

point, and

as

greatly enlarged, making

are

four

group,

evolved

more

lepidiisgroup.

process

three

speciallynarrowed

basioccipitalnot is

of 1905

and

is low

premolars

is reduced

his paper

fall. The

megaphyllus,

nose-leaf

less narrowed

or

more

R.

group

In

the

between

brieflythe species of

reviewed

recognizes

species

Chinese

called the

simplex, later

he

are

second third

the

cisors in-

trifid,the

completely

first and but

lower

upper

row

lower

less

or

The

diagnoses.

short

75-145),

pp.

of the

most

pattern

lower

second

more

of cusps,

articles has

in various

descriptionsand

London,

crowded

minute

The

continuous

and

of three

family Hipposider-

of the a

15, 1799.

p.

presence

related

crowns

first upper

teeth, usually

the

=32.

forming

practicallyfunctionless.

and

Andersen

giving

simple.

are

reduced

small

the

all

The

MammifSres,

the

m.f

pm.f

ct

and

inner,

the

than

larger

outer

i.i

tips, but

rounded

des

genres

from

of bats

group

is:

formula

tooth

The

idse.

et

mentioned,

characters

family

Lac^p^de

Rhinolophus

div., sousdiv., ordres

des

Tableau

Lac^pdde,

Rhinolophus

165

BATS

THE

to

or

groups,

in

occur

ferrum-equinum.

Rhinolophus

nearly the level of

off from

sella. in side

process

view

and

low

broadly (R. megaphyllus

off

R.

or

"simplex" group)

a'. Sella in front view of third times a". b'. Sella

digit not

the

in

a".

one

Small

than

more

one

and

phalanx one-half

first.

Larger, forearm

concave); than

parallel-sided; second

front

view

second and

about

p^ in the

less than

one-third

mm

pandiirate

phalanx

one-half

46

tooth the

the row,

rouxi

sinicus

R.

affinissubsp.

(sides slightly

of third

times

R.

digit

more

first.

palatal bridge

maxillary tooth

row

MAMMALS

THE

i66

b".

Small

OF

p^ external

to the

tooth

palatal bridge more maxillary b.

Connecting

CHINA

row

AND

ing, want-

or

one-third

than

MONGOLIA

the

in side view

process

and

erect

{R. pusillus or R. "lepidus" group)

a'. Larger, forearm

a".

Forearm

h".

Forearm

Connecting

more

about

39

38

mm.

R.

mm

37

mm

below

off well

lepidus

R.

cornutus

R.

blythi szechwanus

mm

about

coming

process

narrowing

towards

pumilus

siunmit

the

one-third

bridge less than tooth

without

summit,

the

wing-like expansions

or

b.

42

sella.

Sella

a.

than

about

b'. Smaller, forearm

of the

subsp.

sharply

pointed

B.

ferrum-equinum

R.

row

its base;

at

like cup-

palatal

length of maxillary

the

pearsonii and

R.

row

its basal

Sella broad,

margin raised, cup-like,or

R. p. chinensis

panded, ex-

wing-like. a'. Base

of the sella raised

cup-like in front, its

and

episcopus episcopus and

R.

hairy

face

e.

h'. Base

expanded wing-like.

of sella

a".

Fur

b".

Fur

woolly, dark, forearm forearm

normal,

Rhinolophus rouxi sinicus Andersen, rouxi

Type specimen: from

Chinteh,

This

Description: "

wherein not

the

exceed

leaflet external is

rounded; and

the

tarsus;

(4)

jaw, separating the

process

in

the more

small upper

of the

palate

than

one-fotirth

is

and

in the

the

is

a

distinct

somewhat

or

tooth

rarely half external similar

affinisgroup,

to

that

so

row;

in the

off, a

well-

leg just above

the

distinctlyin the

large premolar, while

external

middle, with on

view

broadly

rounded

broadly

in the

does

supplementary

its summit

and

maxillary

stands

so

sella in front

; the

the

is maintained

relatively unshortened,

of the

of

lengthened and

is inserted

membrane

the

combination

the

muzzle

is low

Museum,

Styan.

pandurate, with

premolar (p^*)usually

size is less than

W.

(2) there

side view

rex

(in part).

99.3.1.6, British

finger is not

sides

of

in

I. spurcus

98.

2, p.

primitive structure

more

first ;

skull

premolar (pa) is usually

(6) the

by

F.

is, abruptly narrowed

that

canine

vol.

1899, p. 573

skull, No.

and

the

tip ; (3) the wing

slender

the

upper

small

is hastate,

length is

median

the at

R.

Andersen

1905,

London,

third

the

times

horseshoe

connecting

the

Soc.

parallel-sidedinstead

lancet

developed, the

to the

and

narrow

one-half

and

sinicus

easily recognized by

of

phalanx

second

one

rouxi

(i) in the wing, the

following characters:

and

R.

Collected is

bat

lanosus

mm

male, skin

China.

Anhwei,

R.

mm

Zool. Soc. London,

Proc.

Adult

"

55

Styan, Proc. Zool.

and

Winton

De

71-72

about

Rhinolophus

67.

Rhinolophus

R.

caldwelli

(5) in the tooth

lower the

with

the

row,

jaw the

tooth

row;

obviously

THE

less bulk,

that

so

length, the wing about

46 In

the

adults

hairs

is

less extensive fur

The

are

of darker

area

of the

hairs

in the

metacarpal,

where

mm.

flesh

in the

of

from

Yangtze

OF

by Styan

Fukien,

second

11.9;

p.

245)

recorded

still farther number

at

west

not

Canton

the in

The

(DeWinton

and

obtained

six years

and

River

eastern

lower

It is

later.

the

south, roof

beams

region.

(1922, p. 13) of houses

I have

Yangtze,

Dr.

from

at

Walter the

the

both

of

caves

S. at

has

finding

northern

Allen,

Ichang, Hupeh, in

U.

Howell

the

Granger

of

common

writes

already (G. M.

by Zappey

Szechwan,

in

B.

in

members

it

A.

p.

was

573),

common

for

by collectors

of

parts of

specimen

type

found

Mell

half

Styan, 1899,

Yenping, by

from

Expeditions

southern

along the

Yunnan.

until

the

over

east, westward

specimens collected

along

Wanhsien,

made

Farther

hanging behind two

the

fifth

12.3;

11.2.

Mandibular

Maxillary

bat

fourth

20.8;

SINICUS

ROUXI

common

third

phalanx,

phalanx,

1929, p. 12); Pope province in July, 1926, and

Foochow.

parts of the

a

able, avail-

are

measurements:

phalanx,

Howell,

same

of the

gray-brown,

specimens

second

11.2;

RHINOLOPHUS

Anhwei

Asiatic

the

two-

bases

Zappey, the collector:

R.

14.6; second

southern

been

B.

(A. in

it from

southern

was

Museum

Museum

single individuals and

Chinteh,

indistinct basal

pale

smoky

are

Width

is

on

into

series have

whence

Chunganhsien recorded

valley

distinction

the

American

National

at

This

"

highlands

Szechwan

although the

the

Habits:

back;

the

faintly pinkish buff.

following wing

same,

MEASUREMENTS

and

very

of fresh

Zygo-

Occurrence

a

the

are

young

by W.

100) gives the

p.

of same, 34.7; first phalanx metacarpal, 35.4; first phalanx of same, CRANIAL

they

The

metacarpal,

secured

is

measurement

hairs.

phalanx

first

34;

to

lower

following measurements

measured

two

with

above the

; below, similar, but

throat

6

of the

The

(igose,

Andersen

the

on

base

"

shoulder

buflfywhite

pale

the

Measurements:

China

in forearm

other

forearm

latter; the

brown

russet

each

from

short, about

at

including

rich

a

except

is rather

scarcely paler

the

each

approach

examples

is less than

expanse

167

mm.

color

V-shaped thirds

if extreme

even

BATS

191 2,

while

obtained

that

a

vicinity.

MAMMALS

THE

i68

Another

fine series

Andrews

and

the

season

the

males

while

Edmund

females

H.

with

were

social

a

R.

C.

they apparently segregate,

16, 1926, all the

taken

Chungan

adults

females, their

and

Dr.

by

species,but during

series from

of the

Thus,

males

immature

Yunnan,

western

their young,

having 15 and

Pope, July

in

MONGOLIA

large extent

a

by themselves.

consorting them

It is to are

AND

Likiang,

at

Heller.

the

when

Clifford

Mr.

by

taken

was

CHINA

OF

old

were

females,

then

progeny,

nearly

full grown.

Specimens

examined:

Ichang,

Fukien:

Chunganhsien,

2

Wanhsien,

Yunnan

Chekiang:

Yenping,

20;

Tunglu,

Rhinolophus

affinishimalayanus affinisDobson,

larger

of the

with

in

that

of the

is

loose,

more

Two

of the

hairs

paler, more lightened by lower

53

so

shortened

tooth

row,

mm.) and

phases

above

drab the

side almost

are

21.

148, British

India.

pale

to

(with

Collected

small

that

This

is

a

as

in

olive. hairs

ochraceous

the

is

browner

(3) the

only

in bulk the

of

the

cuneate,

skull differs

about

(p^) of the

quarter

a

jaw

upper

body,

fur, too, is

a

darker

wood

or

with

is

ternal ex-

longer

longer

and

their

flanks.

in which

brown;

brighter phase,

being buffy with

each

papilla on

and

rouxi.

tips Mars In

is

horseshoe

jaw (p,) is normally

lower

slightlylonger wings; close

tip ;

a

conspicuously

slightlyconcave),

length

premolar

is

there

wing

off; the lancet

the

larger bat

sinicus,

closelyrelated.

it is

small

mere

rounded

of the

rouxi

first; (2) the

sides

below

its median

(4) the while

a

the

in the that

finger,so

recognized by Andersen,

of the

rather

(i)

of the

length

broadly

that

rather

tawny

bases

third

narrowed

grayish, their

are or

and

and or

row;

in rouxi.

short

not

color

the

low

sides

at

tooth as

(about

forearm

pi. 3, figs.lia, b.

primitive R.

characters:

leaflet reduced

the

palate

row

of the

times

however,

maxillary

the

103,

79.11.

specialization, though

distinctlypandurate

practicallyin the to

2, p.

Provinces,

slightlymore

following

phalanx

one-half

concave

the

having

the

second

process,

is,not

vol.

(in part).

alcohol. No.

of United

the

in

supplementary

sella

connecting that

an

and

the

and

1905,

1878

112,

p.

in

part

advance

recognized by

side; the

London,

Mus.,

female

northern

"

more

Andersen

Hutton.

this speciesindicates

one

British

adult

Description: Compared

lengthening

Zool. Soc.

Proc.

Chiroptera

^An

"

Thomas

by Captain

Andersen,

Masuri,

from

than

I.

afl"nis himalayanus

Rhinolophus

Cat.

Specimen:

be

Yungan,

23;

i.

Rhinolophus

It may

follows:

eight, as

7.

68.

Museum,

and

Likiang, 54 (includingthree skins).

:

Type

hundred

all,one

(M.C.Z.).

Hupeh:

Szechwan:

In

"

the

tips more

the

the

bases

lower

color

above

tawny,

side is the

BATS

THE

Measurements:

larger

hence

of

spread

flesh:

and

that

so

Across

they

are

forms a

Asiatic

the

in India.

as

are

are

warm

and

of

rouxi.

body, 58

OF

Habits:

mm.;

in

to

adult

male

from

tail,35;

hind

foot,

An

a

differentiated form

elevated

lowlands

be

mm.

length,

Wanhsien 13; ear,

20;

of eastern

the

confused

much

the

unless to

seems

the

be

The

following, is

of western

China,

a

China

the

same

farther

species

two

readily.

more

parts

has

general into the in the

occur

diagnostic

slightly

more

present

to

eastern

slightlydifferent

form

hill country,

localities,

same

characters

R. be

a.

found

lined out-

as

that

local

himalayanus, in the

India, while occurs

R.

as

range

plastic,so

race,

probably and

SUBSPECIES

AND

AFFINIS

perhaps penetrating

species it

than

bat

China

southern

As

RHINOLOPHUS

This

"

mainland,

likely to

noticed.

slightlydarker

moist

and

MEASUREMENTS

Occurrence on

forms

56

more

or

mm.

wings, 318.

CRANIAL

rouxi

the

head

in

than

in the

measured

is 50

forearm

The

"

169

which

more

in

the

corres-

THE

I70

representing referred

two

if

in

Likiang

Yunnan,

contained

(1932), in recording

Osgood

the

Possibly China

species from

Shenchow,

specimen:

Rhinolophus

what some-

ftirther from

May

on

2^,

R.

race

specimens from tener, with

a.

some

representative series of

revision

of

is necessary.

names

follows:

as

(alcoholics)

8

.

affinis

Andersen

macrurus

Ubndon,

1905,

vol.

in alcohol, No.

103.

90.4.4.7,

Collected

Bvuma.

southeastern

2, p.

British

Museum,

February,

by

1888,

Fea.

Leonardo

"

this

has

race

tail also

the

color

The

with

Compared

Description:

darker,

A

Expeditions

alcoholic

more

further

a

Zool. Soc.

Proc.

^An adtilt male

"

Karennee,

Taho,

ears;

again

(3 alcohoUcs).

10

Andersen,

Rhinolophus affinismacrurus

China,

be

also

(alcohoHcs).

2

69.

from

one

the

and

all,twenty-eight,

In

"

that

Likiang, 8 (alcohoHcs); Tengyueh,

:

Type

and

available.

of which,

and

to

larger

a

show

would

Wanhsien,

Szechwan: Yunnan

refers them of

study

Specimens examined: Hunan:

Tengyueh,

typical. I

Szechwan,

were

it is

but

Anhwei,

is not

Asiatic

series of skins

a

Likiang, Yunnan,

near

hesitation. the

this

however,

may,

material Museum

from

others

that

large fetus.

a

Nguluko,

and

which

American

the

by

in

Nanking,

Wanhsien,

series from

a

mentions

Andersen

macrurus.

a.

show

comparative

enough

obtained

was

R.

would

Hunan,

Shenchow,

from

intermediate

MONGOLIA

AND

specimen from

a

material

subspecies

this

to

in alcohol

series

himalayanus

additional

that

quite likely have

R.a.

CHINA

subspecies

Andersen's

ponds fairly with as

OF

MAMMALS

a

R.

and

horseshoe, slightlylonger

central

tibia

and

slightlylonger.

averages

apparently quite

is

of western

himalayanus

a.

broader

somewhat

the

same

in

as

R.

himalayanus, with

a.

a

phase having grayish bases to the hairs, and a brighter of the hairs are the bases bright buffy, their tips nearly tawny

wood-brown

phase in which brown. Measurements:

from

measurements, the

length

of

from

against 23.9-25.4 the

same

of R.

(1929) has

13.8-14.5, in

in R.

in both. a.

with

a.

macrurus;

and a

I

similar

in his

that

in R. R.

a.

the

am

105) gives

p.

a.

dimensions,

other

Fukien

from

U.S.

from

of R.

to

comparative

a.

himalayanus, the

form,

Museiun.

breadth

tibia 22.8-23.8,

however,

agrees

that

National

of

20-20.7;

15. 2-15.8; the

referring them

lot in the

table

a

specimens

macrurus

macrurus

specimens

series of

A

macrurus,

done

it appears

which

is 17. 2-18. 5 mm.,

ears

of nose-leaves

(igose,

Andersen

"

with as

practically his

tion descrip-

A. B. Howell The

forearm

BATS

THE

in the

measurement

cranial

For

and

it is

and

also the

S.

this

form. here

Yuki

how

far inland

that

just reach

this

Fukien

is found, but

southern

hainanus

This

and

a

2-3

so

knee

to

a

Measurements

given,

the

table, page

island

Pouten,

January,

in

Howell

the

to

specimens discover

collectingto of those

mammals

following localities:

of claws In

"

is also

addition

The

of

2

the a

50

mm.

few series

with

the

on

differential ten

latter

respect

cinnamon

more

is also

length

of the

leg

average.

just

measiirements

adults

a

tion, slightvaria-

very

The

race.

of

himalayanus

a.

the

measiu^ement

mm.,

less

R.

in

niacrurus,

1906.

China.

but

forearm

17,

26748, American

Hainan,

color,

mainland

about

of

measurements

a.

averaging

to

skull. No.

russet

of R.

in the

than

and

affinisdifferingfrom

above.

Nodoa,

J. A. Allen

island

its richer

specimens

smaller

:

and

B.

Hist., vol. 22, p. 482, December

Pouten,

of R.

race

series from

cranial

in

the

confined

to

given

are

169.

Occurrence the

a

Nat.

female, skin

little darker

mm.

end

Futsing,

2.

Mus.

from

and

Fukien

very

little smaller, in and

is

horseshoe

closely resembling below,

adult

History,

"

feet,

the

affinis hainanus

Rhinolophus

An

"

of Natural

Description:

A.

by

it is another

all,fifteen,from

J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

in its broader

and

all

are

2.

Type Specimen: Museum,

In

"

70. Rhinolophus

at

low

hills,a locality whence

for future

probably

more

the

to

hand

Province,

referred

thousand

a

border.

Futsing, 5; Yenping, 6; Yuki,

:

Chekiang: Tunglu,

specimens

the

specimens,

of four

25.

southeastern

Indo-China

Chekiang

It will remain

cave.

examined:

The

from

came

and

last in

the

has

type

Siam

Tunglu,

altitude

a

race

the

Specimens

from

the

China.

Province,

an

in

page

across

ranges

Museum

is at

taken

of tibia

length

slightlylarger subspecies is evidently

of southern

Fukien

National

were

form

the

the

53.5-54,

169.

and, since affinis,

namely,

coast,

Yenping, U.

from

from

This

"

seaboard

the

the

near

Yuki,

likelythat

along

country from

Habits:

is from

table,

see

representative of R.

Burma,

hand

at

measurements

Occurrence southern

specimens

171

Habits:

and

of Hainan.

Hainan,

Mr.

In

"

This

richly colored

addition

Clifford

H.

to

the

Pope

race

is

presumably

originalseries collected

of twenty-seven

thirty-eight

at

1923.

Specimens

examined:

"

In

all, thirty-eight,from

Nodoa.

Hainan.

Nodoa

from in

THE

172

MAMMALS

Rhinolophus nippon

Temminck,

ferrum-eguinum

nippon

Rhinolophus

ferrum-equinum

Thomas,

Type specimen:

"

lengthened,

times

shortened, and

the

that

so

fifth,while

is broad

the

and

the the

last is very sella is

lancet

not

connecting

low

process

long and

quite

larger; (4) outside

the

large premolar saddle

small

tooth

with

the

of

the

according

row;

position of

external

in the

occasionally quite

number

the

canine

the

lower

Andersen, small

of vertical

the

on

grooves

bare

the

affinis.

In

color

with also

buffy a

these at

the

bats

uniform

a

the

sides;

Measurements:

table

of measurements,

mm.,

therefore

slightly less. 60

mm.

This

"

smaller

skull

and

race

teeth

two

pale

brown

R.

gives

of the

as

respectively, the

from

tibia,

than

the of

23.3

of

lower

R.

a

lip are

rouxi

is

There

hairs.

the

western

more

the

his

57.2-59.3

skull

forearms

respectively.

ones,

In

China.

measurement

tragatus, but the

ones

same.

western

forearm

Shantung, 23,

the

upper

slightlytinted

very

practically the tips to

durate pan-

distinctive; (6)

area

above

gray

f. tragatus

slightly those

specimens

is

slightlysmaller

than

Andersen

overlapping In

is

smoky

surface

lower

slightlybrighter phase with

with

and

are

small

long tail, equaling

a

R.

and

premolar

lateral progressive character, for in this species the two the three of lost,leaving only the median usually present in groove and

its

either

the

upper

bats, yet

length of tibia, is further

the

palatal and

row,

is usually

(5) the

row;

the

and

oriental

plementary sup-

affinis,

that

to

the

in

has

tooth

(p=)

so

cingula overlapping,

the

than

skull

maxillary jaw

horseshoe

tip (hastate); the

slender the

fourth

sides), the

obvious

less

become

the

(2) the

;

and

one

has

less than

fourth

somewhat

than

more

metacarpal

the

upper

stand

times

affinisis

R.

digit is

off; (3)

among

one-third

in

rather

stage of

affinis,especially as lowing recognized by the fol-

be

actually wanting,

their to

or

decidedly

and

distinguish this species

to

in the

again

is

or

seum, Mu-

R.

third

length of the

premolar

row

in contact,

combined

may

and

reduction is

tooth

are

alone

one

small

(ps) is also external

premolar suffices

the

Leiden

advanced

more

as

than

rounded

broadly

128.

p.

in the

(with distinctly concave

with

the

a

third

of the

is folded, it is

a

687; ibid., 1912,

may

wing

smaller

and

rouxi

slightlylonger

bridge long, nearly one-third size is

the

horseshoe

but

cuneate

in

are

time, the

same

pandurate

leaflet of the the

(l)

wing

the

no.

2, p.

presumably

They

row.

phalanx

the

first;at when

vol.

1905,

Japan.

allies,R.

tooth

second

is

1835.

p. 30a,

monogr.,

191 1, p.

race

species

of characters:

that

so

of this

2, 8th

London,

from

of their

of the

combination

one-half

bats

reduction

the

regards

Soc.

sent

was

either

specialization than

Zool.

type of this

it

The

Description:

Proc.

Temminck

Soc. London,

Zool.

Proc.

MONGOLIA

nippon

vol.

Mammalogie,

Andersen,

The

"

whither

Holland,

de

Monogr.

Rhinolophus

AND

femim-equinum

Rhinolophus

71.

CHINA

OF

The

length is 56

measure

third

meta-

BATS

THE

carpal,

37,

For

43,

skull

phalanx,

45.5;

fifth

metacarpal, 45, 46.2,

measurements

Occurrence

and

This

"

eastern

is typical in

Japan, and according the bat is indistinguishable,so that It

same.

(1927, p. 142) he

northward

ranges

complicates the

semi-desert

Expedition. presented

by

southeast

of

pelage, the

are

Dr.

Arthtir

Tsinan,

other

drab, tipped

with

northern

parts of this

two

Its

area.

p.

687), without

secured

in

the

series

collected in the Walter

of at

and

skins

Granger

of

the

but

whether

in

on

by

the

border

of

exists

pallid race been

in

mentioned

recording

Pope,

Natural

of eastern

Zoology,

by three

or

a

skin taken

History Szechwan,

I

pale

needed drier

the

Thomas females

province.

full-grown

and

of

type

are

in

of the

part

nearly

two

H.

Weigold

gray

specimens

southeastern

Clifford

usual

Jacobi

Lungtung,

at

cave

the

additional

including

Museum

American

at Wanhsien

the

the

male,

a

and

Comparative a

in

even

distinctlywhitish

hairs

subspecies,

to

skulls

Fukien,

is in

has

China,

city by

though Al-

genus.

Peiping,

in

them

a

Shensi

in

district

Chunganhsien,

collection

brown,

reference

Shangchow

seven

of the

occurrence

of

these

bases

determine

to

of

of

that

near

f. mikadoi

single specimen,

a

west

Museum

secured

One

slightlydarker

China

miles

Ognev although

R.

of the

the

as

and

Korea,

northern

throughout

Shanghai

regarded

Vladivostok,

northerly species

the

who

paler, the

(191 le, A

Jacot,

Shantung.

much

at

occur

secvired in

skins

from

large Japanese example

a

thirty

others

is

southern

as

it may

occurs

cave

a

fourteen

There

China

eastern

least

at

RACES

specimen

a

(i9o8f,p. 637) mentions

itself in

hanging by (1922, p. 2) records

from

most

evidently

Thomas

areas.

found

from

it

abundant,

not

Andersen,

that

the

is thus

It

fourth

33;

wide-ranging horseshoe

the

of

race

to

by naming

matter

(from Yokohama).

far

as

his behef

recorded

has

34,

FERRUM-EQUINUM

RHINOLOPHUS

OF

Habits:

20;

table.

see

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

bat

first

19.5,

phalanx,

second

its

40.4;

metacarpal,

173

young

and

by

skull Dr.

provisionally

this race,

refer to be

MAMMALS

THE

174

last

the

slightlylarger this

that

in

than

row

the

western

and

separating the canine

some

palatal bridge

of the

length

in the

as

cases,

Shantung:

all,ten,

Chunganhsien, Wanhsien,

Asiatic

Joum.

Hodgson,

Dobson,

Rhinolophus

ferrum-equinum

tragatus Andersen,

"

R.

with

f. nippon,

equally

skull

than

is of

so

the

on

external

to

it into

R.

ferrum-equinum.

as

sides

two

in the

vary

and

skull

a

the

and

In

sktill.

same

4, p.

Mus.,

699, 1835. 1878 (in part).

119,

p.

vol.

1905,

Nepal,

iii.

2, p.

are

nasal

"unquestionably (Andersen,

than

that

the in

is smaller

primitive

more

general

swellings upon

ears,

length, 21.8-24.5

third

metacarpal, 37.2-40.3; metacarpal, 42-45.1;

are

row

higher stage" of development

a

19056,

that

112), for

p.

it is

wholly

actually overlap, the

lower

gives

the

small

the

external, and or

in

cingula it has

cases

some

is likewise

small

its first

fifth

horseshoe,

phalanx,

20.5-23;

molar pre-

upper the

for

following measurements

of

breadth

mm.;

tions, propor-

it rests

which

wholly

to

Andersen

British

in the

now

same.

large premolar

"

great

tragatus Hodgson

cotypes, from

teeth,

altogether; in the

road

row

"

slightlylarger race

of the tooth

out

Measurements:

fourth

affinis,but

Zool. Soc. London,

Proc.

very

color is the

and

the

R.

jaw premolar (ps) and disappearance, and if present is very minute of skulls. in a large proportion It is absent the tooth row.

disappeared well

a

f. nippon

forced

canine

the

is

represents

of R.

that

that,

the

112).

p.

horseshoe

The

broad.

The

igose,

vol.

British

Chiroptera

three

smaller

the

although

Cat.

The

"

This

Description:

quite in

stand

tooth

the

find

surprising to

2.

Soc. Bengal,

tragatus

ferrum-equinum

(Andersen,

points to

i.

Rhinolophus

Museum

the out

7.

Rhinolopkus

Type specimens:

from

in

Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum

72.

Andersen

even

follows:

as

Tsinan,

of

southeast

Lungtung,

Szechwan:

In

"

the

It must

mm.

different

very

be

not

throws

56

decidedly external

it may

specimens,

of

appearance. less

large premolar, once

forearm is not

it may

Fukien,

at

Shantung

Specimens examined: Fukien:

the

general that

so

races,

MONGOLIA

race

premolar

Chunganhsien,

series from

in the

small

upper

eastern

its

in

f. tragatus the

has

race

the

that

AND

of its short

account

on

acknowledged, however, R.

CHINA

OF

this bat:

8.8-9.7; forearm, second

metacarpal, 43.5-47.3;

59-63;

phalanx, 32-34.5;

tail, 34.8-37; tibia,

25.6-26.6; foot, I3-I4-3For

cranial measurements

Occurrence form reach

of the middle

and

see

Habits:

species in altitudes.

"

western

The

page

Probably

173. this

will be

China,

chiefly in

American

Museum

the

found

to

be

highlands,

Asiatic

the

for

it

Expeditions

common seems

to

secured

BATS

THE

it at

and

Likiang

locality,taken

latter

male

the

again

recorded in

a

Szechwan,

northern

Likiang,

Yunnan:

In

"

Andersen, Rhinolophus lepidus shortridgei

from C.

Specimen:

Pagan,

combination of the

of

Hist.,

and

of

northwest

species, sub-

Chengtu,

race.

9, vol.

ser.

No.

skull.

1

Collected

Burma.

October,

2, p. 377,

1918.

8.8.3.1, British

October

12,

Museum,

Guy

by

1913,

second

phalanx

metacarpals

(2)

horseshoe

with

a

leaf

on

the

has

tooth-like

each

side;

row,

and

skull

;

lower

bottom;

(4) the

small

forearm

(ps) variable,

the

brown

is about bases

wings,

250;

head

series

canine

typical

Pagan Burma.

and

A

by Dr. Walter

on

length mastoid

51

in the

middle,

narrower

triangle beyond

of the

(3) the skull

of the

19056,

the

small

the

row,

the

to

maxillary

portion of

tooth

the

(5)

row;

122).

p.

drab, tipped with

light ecru

very

first;

supplementary

grooves;

external

are

somewhat

below,

lighter.

mentioned

below

tail,20;

mm.;

376)

p.

total

Habits: of

the

the

length tooth

This

Indian

is

in

measured

was

hind

foot,

the near

skull

a

and for

Wanhsien,

skull

following

to

front

9; ear,

20;

the

spread

of

slightlylarger from

which in

measurements

canine,

33.

based

16. 8-18. 7;

condylo-

6.5-7.5.

row,

peninsula,

Irrawaddy,

single skin, Granger

"

the

notes

length, 15-16.9; maxillary

form

above

the

somewhat

the

(seeAndersen,

mm.

hairs

body,

topotypes:

Occurrence

somewhat

or

in

acute

an

the

(in skin),43; metacarpals, subequal, length of third,

(1918, of

in

specimen

and

forearm

Andersen a

;

The

"

follows:

one-third

practicallythat

42-43

of the

cinnamon

or

Measurements: as

is

as

and

vertical

premolar (p ^) is always

upper

measurement

In color

three

trifle less than

zygomatic width

the

lip with

times

small

it; a

sides,

projecting

process

lower

hastate,

the

very

of

length

the

slightlythe longest;

lip, notched

side

at

that

so

one-half

fourth

upper

either

on

and

one

the

the

slightly concave

connecting

lancet

premolar

flesh

projection

sella

long palatal bridge, a

a

wood

completely covering

small

summit;

is less than

practicallyequal, with

are

not

top than

at

of digit III

lengthened,

not

following

the

species, distinguished by

(i) the wing is

characters:

the

the

the

to

follows:

Nat.

Mag.

medium-sized

A

"

on

Very likely

reference

Shortridge. Description:

of

the

lepidus shortridgei Andersen

Ann.

River,

Irrawaddy

from

4.

male, skin

A

"

this

to

female

large fetus.

a

without

thirty miles

all,six, as

Rhinolophus

73.

Type

128),

p.

Penhsien,

Tengyueh,

2;

(19126,

feet, is referable

3,000

examined:

Specimens

contained

near

cave

at

1917,

22,

Thomas

by

taken

as

May

on

A

Yunnan.

in western

Tengyueh,

at

175

known

Kindat is

eastern

hitherto on

the

race

from

of R. the

upper

eastern

cality, lo-

Chindwin,

unfortunately lost, was

extreme

lepidus, type

Szechwan;

secured the

bat

THE

176 found

was

like any the

connecting

pumilus

comutus

Type specimen:

"

as

in R.

and

than

forming nearly in the

In

tooth

forearm

times

the

sella

base,

the

their

tips,whitish

darker

on

the

connecting

of the

brown

Andersen

13.2;

fourth

metacarpal,

R.

and

the

pusillus

regards

a

recorded

I9i2e,

gives its first

the

specimen

128).

digit not much

its summit

acutely pointed,

view in

than

lepidus, and

R.

small

molar pre-

upper

variable. side

contrastingly paler

are

the

brown.

tips are

Under

brown,

giving

"ecru

drab,"

side

following: forearm,

phalanx,

fifth

27.7-29.5;

teeth,

cheek

Habits:

10.7-11.4;

metacarpal,

38.8-39.7

second

phalanx,

27.7-29.5;

mm.;

12.7-

tail, 18; tibia,

width, 7.9; mastoid

collected

is

localities records well of

in

described

by the

five from as

several

Chengtu,

In southeastern

width, 7.8; upper

6-6.1.

-This bat

"

Although

group.

northwest

following

the

third

(2) nose-leaves

lepidus,the

upper

Prout's

to

sharp-pointed connecting

from

p.

lower

and

(191 id, p. 160) by Andersen, as miles

ecru

of

middle, and

side

drab, while

length, 16; zygomatic

5.7;

Occurrence size

the

first ;

smaller R.

Museum,

16, 1902.

in the in

premolar

of

8, British

8.

total

teeth,

with

1

phalanx

of the

in

as

lower

hairs

tinged

metacarpal, 27.7-28.7;

Skull:

teeth

sella

the

fig.22b.

distinguished by

process

of

Szechwan.

127,

2, p.

10.7.

2.

second

length

vol.

March

triangle;(3) skull

third

cheek

the

face

hairs.

Andersen

1905,

mm.,

altogether

not

(Andersen).

Measurements:"

16.2-17.2; foot,

39

front

minute

from

of eleven

as

Wanhsien,

slightlyconstricted

of the

of broccoli

flanks

London,

Japan,

the

the small

bases

with

pumilus

Soc.

lengthened,

not

row,

color, the

general effect

a

bat,

(4) arrangement

narrower;

than

group,

isosceles

an

Zool.

regards the

lens,

a

comutus

Kiu

one-half

the

With

series

a

he

species from

of the

record

only

only (skin),from

Proc.

villageof Yenchingkou,

mentions

female, in alcohol. No.

Riu

small

lepidus,with

narrower

One

"

^Adult

"

(i) wing one

seen

Andersen,

A

Description: than

of the

be covered

to

Rhinolophus

Island,

characters:

are

process

74.

more

the

who

(1932),

subspecies.

examined:

Okinawa

MONGOLIA

northeast

is apparently

described

Specimens

from

AND

(near Likiang), which, however,

Yunnan of the

Rhinolophus

CHINA

miles

two

cave

a

of Osgood

that

except

OF

This

1926.

lo,

Ngvduko, and

in

wintering

February China,

MAMMALS

Swinhoe

recognizable by typical

process,

Riu

from

the

at

Foochow

its small of

Kiu as

the

to

It is also

same.

Thomas

of western China. higher country identified as Kiatingfu, Szechwan, secured

northern

in

caves

Szechwan,

China,

Mell

Penhsien,

near

altitude

(1922, p.

3,000

or

Andersen

Islands,

the

medium

lepidus

R.

this form

thirty-five

feet

13) mentions

(Thomas, a

specimen

THE

the

from

northern

common

in the

rarely in

houses.

In

of

or

their

examined:

Rhinotophus

blythi szechwanus

Rhinolophus

minor

G.

M.

with

forearm

a

digit not

Andersen,

A

"

the

small

skin

rock

or

their

beneath

more

crevices,

resting

Ophideres, Ischyja"

Hist.,

ser.

Andersen 9, vol.

2, p. 377,

1918.

Zool., vol. 40, p. 244, 1912.

and

China.

skull, No.

13. 1.26. 2, British

Museum,

Collected

September

1912,

37

It may

mm.

one-half

27,

by

sharply pointed

process

small

small

in the

premolar

and

at

narrower

of sella

the

forming nearly

tooth

variable

phalanx

first; (2) the

in side view,

premolar

upper

lower

sides

the

row,

but

in China, the

distinguished by

second

the

occurring

genus

further

the

times

at

of the be

unlengthened,

and

one

smallest

the

slightlyconcave

the

cusp,

and

an

third

the

broadest

summit; isosceles with

provided

frequently standing

in

a

the

practicallyso.

or

The

color

Ridgway,

surface

of

ventral

above the

body

pale

bases

by

For

the

is

bases

a

uniform the

drab.

to

the

"

collectors

cranial

a

of

measurements

same

exactly

"cinnamon

brown"

conspicuously whitish;

at the

specimens

are

sides, the a

grayer

throat

and

brown

with

lower midless

hairs.

following

in the

almost

everywhere

of the

Immature

dorsal The

brown,

hairs

pinker, paler tint

region pale

Measurements: made

Nat.

Comp.

species is

about

exceeding

base, then

connecting

clear

scattered

blythi szechwanus Mag.

Ann. Mus.

female,

This

of

triangle;(3) the

of

caves

Arete, Grammodes,

as

Rhinolophus

following points: (i) wing

row

found,

apparently

are

in

Brown.

"

the

they

says

None.

"

Szechwan,

Chungking,

Description:

at

be

may

moths,

Allen, Mem.

Type Specimen: R.

haunts

of various

75.

W.

but

Kwangtung,

geometrids.

Specimens

from

177

part, Hving by day in colonies

southern

places, the wings owlets,

of

part

BATS

measurements

are

field.

see

table, page

178.

from

fresh

examples

THE

178 CRANIAL

humid

I have

OF

the

presence

to

smallest

of the

of

southwest

Rhinolophi

locality

type

localities

these

in the

in

province

a

the

is

in

winter

and

region

in the

collecting will Szechwan.

western

darker

in

Chungking,

series from

Ichang, Hupeh,

from

additional

doubt

found

SUBSPECIES

Expeditions secured

specimens No

MONGOLIA

BLYTHI

The

part of the

eastern

Zoology.

AND

RHINOLOPHUS

Asiatic

Central

it also four

to

CHINA

China.

southern

in the

referred

Comparative

coastal

MEASUREMENTS

the

Wanhsien

near

of

and

OF

of

uplands

Szechwan,

MAMMALS

in tint

a

of

cave

1922-3.

Museum its

reveal

It is the

than

the

race.

Specimens Hupeh: Szechwan:

examined:

Ichang,

4

(M.C.Z.).

Wanhsien,

39.

Rhinolophus

76. Rhinolophus blythi calidus

Type

follows:

In all,forty-three, as

"

G.

specimen:

"

M.

Allen, Amer.

^An

adult

Mus.

bl3^i

calidus

Novitates,

female, skin

G.

no.

and

M.

Allen

85, p. I, August

skull, No.

28, 1923.

44692,

American

BATS

THE

June 17, 1916, by

Roy

In

color

"

szechwanus,

brown"

"sayal

their

near

The

Collected

brighter than

bases

tips

b.

R.

the

hairs

dull

cinnamon,

of

buffy tint, their

faint

a

above

; below, pale pinkish buff, the hairs becoming

Ridgway

of

is much

race

throughout.

with

whitish,

everywhere

lowland

this

cinnamon

more

China.

Fukien,

Yenping,

C. Andrews.

Dr.

Description:

from

History,

Natural

of

Museum

179

are near

whitish

bases.

The

is

skull

a

in

larger than

little

very

but

szechwanus,

otherwise

there

is

little difference. Measurements:

forearm, 38 cranial

For

and

of the

race

forms

as

Andersen

really

this.

Kuliang,

i;

Specimen:

Type Natural

by

b. calidus darker

on

in the

2

red

the

well-defined

referred

many

Museum R.

to

years

a

of

very

the

two

from

pumilus, is

cornutus

its

but

ago,

Foochow,

imperfect

follows:

as

14; Yuki,

G.

bl3rthiparcus

Mus.

Novitates,

skull. No.

island

of Hainan,

Central

Asiatic b.

R.

but

M.

i.

Allen

317, p. 2, May

no.

and

China,

19,

1928.

58465, American China.

of

Museum

Collected

December

Expeditions. of

szechwanus

differingfrom

mm.

in

chest

neck, throat

is

dusky

phase, nearly "russet"

pale

are

tips,producing

; the

series

across

China

western

both

in

its rich

and russet

coloring. back

tip about

blackish and

the

Pope,

southeastern

above

over

russet

russet

of

brown

Color hairs

H.

not

difficult.

Structurally like

"

or

Adult, skin

"

Clifford

Description: R.

Allen, Araer.

places

Although

British

the

In all,eighteen,

History, frorn Nodoa,

8, 1922,

average

Rhinolophus

M.

G.

blythi parcus

in suitable

Province.

Futsinghsien, 2; Yenping,

77.

land brighter-tinted low-

difference, when

Swinhoe

by

species: sub-

is considerable.

its identification "

somewhat

a

Fukien

specimen in

the

taken

was

Specimens examined:

Rhinolophus

merely

as

the

other

178.

page

(iQOse, p. 127) doubtfully It

rendered

Fukien:

north

the

in

as

foot, 7.

is

comparison,

in

same

blythi,occurring probably

far

unlikely that

which

condition

R.

;

table,

This

subspecies,

laid out

are

tibia, 15

"

the

practically

see

Habits:

China,

It is not

;

Indian

marked

strongly

mm.

is

measiirements

Occurrence

southeastern

size

The

"

ochraceous

length. a

Specimens

in

these

the

area,

the

the

The

bases, deepening

surface.

In

buff.

(Ridgway).

among

of the

mid-ventral

paler, pinkish area.

Scattered

darkening

and

their

at

On

brown

a

hairs with

are

the

color

axillar

individual to

sides

of

distinct minute

the

is clearer,

brighter

region, ventrally

phase

are

Mars

head

is ,

brown.

a

paling the

MAMMALS

THE

l8o

the

to

cochleae

basioccipitalis

are

branching between.

The lower

in the

first small

in other

Measurements:

chestnut

at

that

the

palatal bridge, molars,

5.7;

(canine

to

in which

the

drab. in

forms

this

about

bright

as

In

the

dark

but

is

a

but

;

third

;

carpal, meta-

foot,

13.5;

5.4;

teeth

cheek

lower

7.

outside

width

j.j;

5.7;

is the

phase In

its

common,

more

intense

brighter, more

szechwanus,

b.

R.

whitish, their tips drab, the

are

the

color

collected

buffy,

more

H.

Clifford

of the

bases

the

to

even

Mr.

by

belly

slightly

becomes

strikingly redder,

skins

shows

Pope

specimens

dull-colored, grayish immatvire

the

are

b. calidus.

of R.

this

phase brown.

darker

it is

width,

dull, gray-colored

the

China

it is

brownish

much

and

similar,

mm.

palatal length,

13.3;

molar),

last

to

hairs

dorsal

fifteen

over

or

7.5; mastoid

to

of eastern

adults

as

36.3

length,

represented.

contrast

the

of tint

uniformity

much

basal

bright, tawny

a

is also

Hainan

from

race

series of

A

hairs.

of

bases

it.

to

measures

in

stands

specimen

type

while

row,

178.

b. calidus

R.

tooth

in the

6.0.

marked

a

sagittal crest, slightdepression

a

metacarpal, 27.6; tibia,

(canine

specimens secured,

the

In

forearm

width,

teeth

cheek

molar),

last

coloring,it

external

partly

fifth

28;

zygomatic

1.7;

deep-brownish phase

a

be

the

type

metacarpal,

upper

Among

but

the

also table, page

See

while

In

premolar

of the

may

with

quite

stands

premolar

middle

so

well-defined

a

orbit,

each

over

greatest length, 16.5;

skull:

The

a

specimens

"

fourth

2j;

ridge

upper

minute

the

jaw

but

row,

form

is

There

narrowed.

much

very

midline

in the

large, nearly meeting

very

anteriorly to

are

with

washed

drab

below,

sides.

The

the

hairs, above;

of the

roots

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OF

these

possible that

two

others

tioned, men-

individuals

of the

series

resembles

race

immature

The

the

adults

brown

in

are

fully

reality not

mature.

in the house was

feet

where

place

bushes.

with

But

straight hundreds and

situated

and

Mr.

"

the

into of

a

the bats

only but

a

Specimens

one

few

slanting

a

few

but or

of

a

when

examined:

the

just

was

an

and at

was

hill.

third

woods.

The

tunnel

floor of the

low

beneath

the

prospector's hole covered

mouth

the

inner

the

first

The was

seen.

of

end

trip

made

This

a

with

they tunnel

had

In

all,eighteen, from

Nodoa,

tunnel a

dug

colony

deserted

is double

Hainan.

and

grass

deep

revealed

jungle. fourteen

about

of Nodoa."

west

"

several

in the

out

old

visit

stragglerswere

two

miles

grassy

tunnel

caught

"I

bats:

of these

writes

long

entrance

largest colony side

a

extending

got

we

Pope

in

few

a

irrigatingditch

deep,

place

night

at

old

an

Another

Habits:

and

Occurrence

and

of the is

BATS

THE

Rhinolophus

pearsonii Horsfield, Cat. Mammalia

Rhinolophus

yunanensis

Rhinolophus

larvalus

specimen:

Thomas

for

and

Pearson,

East-India

type

Company,

many

years

London,

whence

Nat.

des

Mammiferes,

248, pi. 37A,

p.

China.

Darjeeling, India, collected in

was

it

Yunnan.

Hotha,

pt. 2, p. 336, 1872.

41,

k I'Hist.

Muping,

from

was

Co., p. 33, 1851.

vol.

servir

pour

(not of Horsfield).

The

"

Bengal,

Soc.

Recherches

Milne-Edwards,

East-India

Mus.

Asiatic

Joum.

Dobson,

fig. l; pi. 37C, fig. I, 1868-74

Type

pearsonii pearsonii Horsfield

Rhinolophus

78.

l8l

the

was

of the

Museum

transferred

later

by John

Honourable the

to

British

Museum.

"

and

ferrum-equinum

of about

55

the

is unusually is

width

of the

premolar premolar

is

The

fur is

the

is well

Anderson's

and

the

to

Habits:

Chinese

Szechwan,

out

as

by

from

Muping,

while

The

only

so

Range

longest; the

the

row;

that

small

the

lower

the

on

the

upper

small

groove

chin.

brown.

dark

and

palate

tooth

The

row,

shows

the

the

and

row,

skull

and

necting con-

of the

expanded

so

median

one

tooth

the

width.

tooth

uniformly

identified of western

Specimens

The

"

of

R.

Andersen

long palate,

small

a

female

lower

one

taken

"

type

None.

p.

seems

at

an

be

altitude

as

far

(1879,

that of

by of

P-

feet

eastern

least

95)

"

^

at

(1923, the

been

decision

specimen

on

as

larvatus,

already

Anderson

Thomas

10,000

at

R.

Milne-Edwards's

the

available.

from

had

Dobson,

Anderson

collected to

its range

Yunnan

of

adds

are

Milne-Edwards's

of

289).

was

former

measurements

yunanensis

type

Milne-Edwards's

The

mm.

southern

pearsonii by

Yunnan.

examined:

from

both

extends

typical race

(1905b,

record

55

cranial

no

the

Dobson's other

12;

of R.

type

in

is

pearsonii

came

the

synonyms

since confirmed

who

R.

highlands, whence

which, together with

Yunnan.

the

is

third

summit

maxillary

the

measurement

tibia, 26; foot,

and

Occurrence

made

still in

forearm

The

"

following: tail,20;

India

as

the

external.

larvatus

central

only

the

In

fossa

figured by Milne-Edwards,

premolar

upper

Measurements: R.

described

with

to

forearm

a

trifle the

a

below

mastoid

the

is

There

with

former

fifth

cuneate.

or

temporal

than

the

off well

practicallyin the

stands

loose, and

and

long

minute

partly

but

slightlyexternal.

skull

The

is greater

zygomata

of the

one-half

nearly the

resemblance

peculiarly "crenulate,"

coming

sagittalcrest, and

is minute

borders

regularly tapering

long, unshortened,

high

a

is

lancet

the

that

slightlylonger, and

much

general appearance,

like

its lateral

low, rounded,

process

bear

to

seems

structure

fourth

has

and

high

sella,while

there

the

shortest,

is

sella

wing

a

bat

affinisin size and

R.

and

mm.

metacarpal

horseshoe

This

Description: R.

was

Hotha, p.

656),

Likiang

1

THE

82

MAMMALS

OF

Rhinolophus

pearsoni chinensis Andersen,

Rhinolophus

pearsoni Thomas,

from

Museum,

Proc.

Ann.

Nat.

Mag.

Soc. London,

Zool.

Hist.,

1898,

Andersen 7, vol.

ser.

16,

289,

p.

1905.

Shih, Bull. Dept. Biology, Sun

p. 770.

Yatsen

Adult

"

and

China.

Fukien,

Kuatun,

skin

male,

skull, No.

Collected

British

98.11. 1.2,

April 16, 1898, by J. D.

Touche.

La

"Similar

Description: "

mandible

shorter

width,

Measurements: of the

(29 in

tibia 26

of mandible

teeth

The tooth

that

are

The

Fukien

the

and

the

has

row

with

the

mm.;

maxillary width

of 9.2

7-17.9);maxillary

tooth

a

17.

tooth

is 52.7

type

(exclusive of incisors),

mountainous

The

only other

(1930b,

p.

i)

from

the

3) relating to

two

recorded

R.

cases

as

October

9,

1

Allen,

Description: "

distinguished among

suggests that

pursuing I have

of Hunan,

the

Shan

Yao

it in the

these

and

and

have

may

by Shih

one

are

(Shih,

second

a

1930,

in both

Kwangtung,

area,

in

of termites.

swarms

found

from

mountain

Tsogokwahn,

at

episcopus episcopus G. M.

An

"

Mus.

Amer.

adult

History,

by

921,

He

found

as

separate

a

None.

"

Rhinolophus

Specimen: Natural

he

as

China,

of

part

pearsoni,

R.

as

it

regards

region,

that

from

so

pearsoni.

Rhinolophus episcopus G. M.

of

that

Wachowtoi,

border

specimens

80.

Type

Canton

at

row

in northwestern

770)

p.

southeastern

occurrence

southwest

Specimens examined:

Museum

August

of its

records

size Andersen

of Siudsau.

east

in

seen

of the

the

to

Kuatun,

(1898,

Thomas

the

covers

north

country

large bats

the

by

(1922, p. 13) writes

Mell and

premolar in

upper

in contact.

type specimen from

slightly smaller

its

south

been

The

"

small

premolar slightly external

almost

are

probably

range

the

to

lower

earlier recorded

of

southward.

forest

small

Habits:

one

account

on

race.

the

skull

(against

16.8

typical form

the

largerpremolars

is the

Fukien,

in

as

but

row,

the two

Occurrence

but

maxillar

narrower

(against 10.8-11.1).

10.3

the

of

the

;

(against 9.8-10.2); mandibular

9.5

skull,

Masuri,

and

(Andersen).

measurement

typical form)

(against 9.7-9.8);length row,

rows"

tooth

forearm

the

Darjeeling

pearsoni from

tibia, slightly smaller

and The

"

Rh.

to

shorter

markedly

with

but

p.

MONGOLIA

4, p. 3, 1930.

no.

specimen:

Type

AND

Rhinolophus pearsonii chinensis

79.

Univ., Canton,

CHINA

the

This

Central is

one

Chinese

Novitates,

male, from

85,

no.

skin

and

Wanhsien,

p. 2,

28, 1923.

Szechwan,

Expeditions,

of

smaller

bats

August

skull. No.

Asiatic the

Allen

Dr.

56895, China.

Walter

species of

the

by the following characters:

American Collected

Granger. at

genus,

(i)

The

once

wings

BATS

THE

lengthened,

not

are

exceed the

high, its

and

cup,

well

below

do

small

a

as

leaflet at

hairs

third The

developed with

metacarpal has

In

the

tooth

the

or

row

The

tooth

color

partly

so,

is smoke

above

Measurements:

"

The

(p^) retains

or

jaw the

be

may the

the

quite

abdomen

of

the

pale,

are

brown

type

from

the

this bat

and

Habits:

slightlyexpanded at

once,

while

the

"

The

tooth

mitre-shaped

row.

primitive position is external

to

the

at

at

their base.

almost the

measures

Below,

white, shading

sides of the 47.5

body. third

mm.;

the

dried

large, parallel-sidedsella rising

remarkably

cup-like margins of

and

zygomata,

maxillary

ps

fifth of

and

metacarpal, 34.5; fotuth and fifth metacarpals, 36; tibia, 18 (allfrom Wanhsien of specimens from are: skin). The collector's measurements

Occurrence

the

row.

hairs dull whitish

pale cinnamon

forearm

cup

nose-leaves between

fourth

its

small

in the

the The

conspicuously broad

the

of the

length

begins

process

the

sagittalridge, narrow the

lower

the

of

posteriorly,and

low

premolar

gray,

middle

chin, throat, and

into pale drab

in

but

row,

least

at

small

jaw the

upper

fully in the

a

one-half

shallow

tip. notch, deep median

the

a

shortest,

a

low, while

All

of

bottom

is the

skull

a

its

rounded

front.

moderately

long palatal bridge equaling

(6)

the

at

in

side

a

has

and

muzzle,

each

except

sides and

as

its base,

form

rather

and

is

reaches

At

to

fingers

broad

as

once

connecting

convex

convex

the

covering

are

ears

The

(5)

equal length.

The

not

sella

The

half

raised

and

continuous

sella,with

the

minute

(4)

antitragus.

a

high

The

broadly

are

(2)

summit.

rounded

fifth

and

it at

which

above

sella,is evenly

of the

supplementary

(3)

nostrils.

nostrils

is broad,

with

covered

are

the

fourth

skin), about

dried

the

finger does

equal length.

wing-like expansions.

summit as

in

mm.

it to

of the

horseshoe

are

about

slightly narrower,

form

not

the

is about

anterior

3

maintains

margins

outer

but

and

base

extreme

full width

lancet

(nearly

of

in the

while

second,

the

third

of the

phalanx

second

phalanges

broad

remarkably

the

second

and

times

one-half

and

one

first

the

that

so

183

the

lancet

intemasal

with

convex

area

distinguishes

sides

rising to

a

1

MAMMALS

THE

84

bluntly it is

from

the

Granger

apparently

in

few

a

and

1925,

the

to

October,

and

they

given

not

of the

Dr.

where the

genus,

it is known

present

again from

and

1921,

at

Szechwan,

eastern

1926, while

perhaps

members

other

most

half of China, but

southern

February,

uncommon

MONGOLIA

AND

Like

locality,Wanhsien,

type

secured

December,

CHINA

tip is also distinctive.

rounded

probably confined

only

OF

same

Walter

in hibernation.

were

in

cave

It is

congregating in large ntunbers

to

for the winter. examined:

Specimens

all, thirteen, from

In

"

Wanhsien,

Yenchingkou,

Szechwan.

Rhinolophus episcopus caldwelli

81.

Rhinolophus episcopus

Type specimen: Museimi

of Natural

31, 191 6,

by

upland In

is

and

lowland

the

skull

the

mm.;

canine, width

mandibular

in

taken

a

at

cave

of

and

in these and

vmcommon

species

of the

Rhinolophus lanosus Andersen, A,

no.

10, p.

Mag.

Zool.

of

specimen measured:

forearm,

31.5;

fourth

and

fifth

metacarpals,

occipitalcondyle

mm.;

width,

7.8; mastoid

front

to

width, row,

a

only,

Nat.

mountain,

on

by

slightlysmaller the

species to the

lanosus Hist., ser.

Soc. London,

H.

Rev.

acquisition of

in the a

this form

which

on

borders

of

8.5; 6.0;

interesting brightly

more

lands, high-

Szechwan It is

evidently

extent.

any

type, from lanosus

bats.

is based

Caldwell,

R.

many

and

of the

paralleled by various

social

Rhinolophus

Ann.

Proc.

luclus Thomas,

18

evidently

it is a

known

single specimen

discovered

One

"

82.

Rhinolophus

is

not

Specimens examined:

premolar

canines, 3.7; maxillary tooth

resulted

characters

probably

upper

small

of incisors,6.5.

summit

the

"sayal near separating the

tint that

to

of

forearm

a

cusp.

zygomatic across

The

"

helpful cooperation It specimens from Ftikien. form

only

canine,

3;

has

colored

October

Collected

hlythi.

metacarpal,

9; third

whose

R.

long sharp

and

type

Habits:

similar

a

exclusive

row,

and

Occurrence was

small

molars, 6.7; width

tooth

American

44771,

cinnamon

warmer,

about

has

palatal bridge,

15.5;

outside

28, 1923.

smaller, with

but

noticeably smaller; the

front

to

China.

are

and The

"

occiput

Skull:

a

teeth

tibia, 17; foot,

skull. No.

Fukien,

a

difference

of the

row

Measurements:

33.

pelage above

races

Allen

85, p. 3, August

no.

and

typical form

the

to

smoky,

fully in the tooth

43

Yuki,

M.

Caldwell.

R.

the

of

Novitates,

female, skin

adult

Similar

mm.,

instead

brown,"

'An

"

Mus.

Allen, Amer.

History, from

"

against 48

M.

Harry

Rev.

Description: 43

G.

caldwelli

G.

Yuki, Fukien.

Andersen

7, vol. 16, p. 248, 1905.

1898, p. 770.

Mell, Arch.

f. Naturgesch.,

vol.

88, sect.

14, 1922.

Type specimen:

"

An

adult

female, skin

and

skull, No.

98.11.1.1, British

BATS

THE

from

Museum,

(

=

18), 1898, by J.

This

Description: "

characterized

in

is

pelage muzzle,

more

raised, forming

deep

a

than

shorter

is notable

for

corresponding the

small

the

jaw

45 fifth

;

its first

metacarpal,

For

and

Habits:

species by its large size, blackish the

nasal

leaves,

perhaps only the

type

(1898,

p.

on

4th, 1898, there This

can

is

the

from

770), although description.

his The

be

Andersen's no

doubt

apparently

not

paper.

that a

common

is at

does

the

evidently As two

in the

inconspicuous, separating

row,

woolly,

and

is

among

uniformly

blackish.

measured

gives

71.5

the

35 ; fourth

of

that

mm.,

following: third

phalanx, R.

I. spurcus,

a

carpal, meta-

metacarpal,

and

of the

to

Javan

form

trefoil.

a

R.

luctus,

correspond with said

to

through was

Thomas

by

inadvertence but

relate

one

to

species in southeastern

of

to

It is

which

by Thomas

that

not

references

Chinese

development

great

originallyreferred

was

there

the

expanded

was

186.

page

distinguished among

once

sella

specimen

"18/4/ 1898," which in

the

its cusp

16.

Fukien,

date

fossa,

proportionally small;

are

but

are

type

skull

temporal

pelage is peculiar

representative

Kuatun,

(3) The

of

woolly fur,

of the

base

continental

specimen

Andersen's taken

with

the

considerably

fifth.

well

25 ; second

bat

digit three

row,

latter also

This

"

a

of

stands

the

sella;

rounded

also

table, under

see

of the

tooth

tibia, 34; foot,

54.5;

connecting

post-nasal depression,

teeth

nature

of

The

skull measurements

Occurrence

hollowed

;

in

metacarpal

relatively small

membranes

phalanx,

summit

the

likewise

widely expanded

phalanx

than

the

of the

borders

trefoil

a

the

second

The

in the

forearm

Yenping, 69.

mm.

the

deeply

The

and

ears

The

"

below

; it is long, slightlycrinkly or

The

throughout.

specimen from

well

side

sella

first; third

the

premolar

(4)

on

tinguished dis-

be

may

borders

inner

the

each

narrow

slightlyshorter

quite

small

the

in its texture

bats

Measurements:

52;

is

The

broad, covering

side ; outer

the

tongue-shaped, terminating

the

cup-like

a

It

woolly.

horseshoe

sella

nose-leaves.

larger premolars.

two

Chinese

sooty

lower

is

(Andersen),

form

sella to

and

at

rather

times

and

large

premolar

upper

in the

while

the

to

leaflet

high sagittal crest, the

the

maxillary width,

narrow

color

beginning

the fourth, which

than

in

especially modified,

one-half

and

one

April 4

species, wing-like outgrowths.

the

and

and

narrow,

not

the

(i) Anterior

of

erect

rounded,

long,

(2) Wings

of

base

smoky

base

cup; the

and

lancet

point. less

low

very

terminal

dark

philippinensis group

R.

conspicuous projecting rim,

a

laterally,forming with process

the

supplementary

a

form

to

the

advanced

being

without

raised

nostrils

species of

a

following details:

the

by but

is

the in

peculiar

Collected

Touche.

expansion of

the

by

with,

structure

La

D.

China.

Fukien,

northwestern

Kuatun,

185

given have

became

in

been

April

specimen, however, the

same

China.

individual. Rev.

H.

R.

1

86

MAMMALS

THE

Caldwell

secured

Yenping,

2,000

it is not collection

of

bat

woolly

in

one

American

the

in

taken

Fukien:

7; Foochow,

Yenping,

G.

spurcus

Specimen:

Type

Clifford

H.

Description:

A

4, 1922.

"

with

brown,

about

so

to

gray,

as

meet

to

form

depression the

surface

but

the

teeth

to

G.

spurcus

Novitates,

skin

island

Nodoa,

the

skull above

a

dark,

that

was

1928.

American

58444, China.

December

Expeditions.

and

small

anteriorly

and

in

the

two

pitting of

in the

tooth

row,

large premolars,

external, allowing

more

both

triangular

a

curious

a

land main-

in the

as

premolar is quite

upper

it is smaller

same

shows

more

tipped minutely

below,

off

cut

parietal area

The

fur

supraorbital ridges

The

and

sagittal crest

lanosus

R.

the

larger and

much

practically the

are

decidedly larger.

The

19,

woolly-haired bat, like typical

effect.

orbits.

of Hainan,

Asiatic

collector. Central

May

p. 3,

skull. No.

and

brown

race

Kwangtung,

the

Allen

M.

317,

no.

partly external, clearlyseparating

Fukien

in the

whereas

is

in

also

are

14) mentions

p.

Siudsau,

slightlyfrosted

is

Fukien,

near

Apparently

follows:

as

male,

chocolate

bone.

of the one

Mus.

give a bodily dimensions

the

of

lanosus

proportions, but

between

lower

adult

prominent

a

(1922,

in all.

2.

large, dark,

skull

the

animal,

An

dull

the

Although

all,nine,

Allen, Amer.

Pope,

in external

of Ftikien

Foochow,

east

History, from

of Natural

Museum

M.

"

from

mountains

luctiis.

R.

Rhinolophus

83. lanosus

Rhinolophus

^In

"

pit in the

locality,seven

Mell

mountains to

MONGOLIA

same

Museum.

the

Specimens examined:

sooty

Two

this, though referred

doubtless

AND

charcoal

in the

its habits.

in

CHINA

chambered

a

others

feet, and

colonial

OF

these

two

meet.

Measurements:

respectively

70,

53.2;

In

"

71

fifth

the

mm.;

metacarpal,

third

a

male,

second

metacarpal

in the

tibia, 36; foot,

54.2;

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

and

type

the

OF

THE

RACES

OF

the

forearm

type, 44.7;

measures

fourth

carpal, meta-

18. RHINOLOPHUS

LANOSUS

Greatest

ZygoPalatal

matic

Palatal

Basal

Mastoid

Width

Upper

Lower

across

cheek

cheek

Locality

Fukien

Hainan Hainan

and

Occurrence the

mainland

It is

form,

apparently

Habits:

has

uncommon

a

"

This

island

race,

strikingly larger and

of

though

skull

than

solitary habits,

two

externally the

as

Fvikien

specimens

large

as

examples. being all

BATS

THE

that

secvired

were

these

in

found

was

individual

specimen

from

in

taken

was

Rhinolophus

G. M.

rex

Rhinolophus

Specimen:

Type

of

Museum October

1

apparently of

the

species by times

with

of

the

low,

about

from

the

ear

;

(4) ears

chest,

in

color

sides and

the

The

skull

is

cancellar

forward

as

or

the

rib

in

of the

some

sagittal

crest

is fully in

the

in

spongy

orbit.

The there

bats

is well tooth

it

on

prominent is

no

marked

the the

group,

and

with

The

the

swellings are of

despite

even

of

bone

small have

a

times

at

back,

below

the

the

10

length

at

the

of the

ear.

case

small

fenestrae

above

with elliptical anterior

nose-leaves.

space

on

edge

of the

their

about

mm.

except

inner

premolar of narrow

siderably con-

extremely

brain

size of the

the

beginning lancet

the

three-fifths

numerous

rim

low. may

the

its

convex,

outline; (3)wings

above, paler

svurface

beyond

antitragus of

borders

at

deep

a

minutely hairy,

convex

on

mm.

form

border

one-half

and

muzzle, leaflet

backward

and

;

broad

lower

the

to

is reduced, narrow

of hair

nasal

narrow

but

all around

its lateral

16

buff"

fringe

appearance

of this

row,

about

one-half

and

one

supplementary extending

and

specially

not

greatly developed,

obovate

one

longing be-

Chinese

among

beyond

mm.

relativelyenormous

a

peculiar in having

cavity behind, but as

parallelto

ample,

exceeding

4

process

about

long,

axillae; a thin

or

and

sella,with

light "cinnamon

a

of the

conch

with

rather

3

cup,

sella,low

of the

large

very

Collected

nose-leaves,

but

nose-leaves

broad,

nasal

slender,

height; (5) fur

their

extreme

calcaneum

tarsus,

China.

distinguished

without

front,

sella

the

of the

height

the

56890, American

(in originaldescription said

digitnot

connecting

the

summit

No.

developed

produced upward

slit in the

rounded; the

skull.

(i) wings third

the

one-third

foot

of the

ear

only

28, 1923.

Szechwan,

be

may

line, and

nostrils

wing-like; posterior side of

below

and

equal; (2)

about

median

broadly

It

of the

sella

the

August

p. 3,

broad, extending

of the

edges

narrow

a

base

rising from

the

the

case,

inhabitant

Allen

remarkably

characters:

median

the

85,

M.

Wanhsien,

group).

very

in

; inner

the sides

half

other

Granger.

phalanx

horseshoe

G.

philippinensis group

R.

following

deeply notched

summit

the

first; metacarpals

the

anterior

the

second

a

The

each

of

Hainan.

Nodoa,

rex

no.

with

bat

large to

second

the

from

Walter

macrotis

R.

the

lengthened,

cup,

In the

ceiling,was

female, skin

History,

A

"

Novitates,

adult

Dr.

by

921,

Description: be

An

"

Natural

12,

Mus.

Amer.

Allen,

only, from

Two

"

84.

the

and

sectired.

locality.

in the

roots

among

was

wooded

a

woods;

not

One

cave.

Specimens examined:

to

in

tunnel

a

of

midst

but

shaft

similar

a

solitarybat, hanging from of the

in the

prospector's shaft

a

started

was

Pope during his stay in Hainan.

H.

Clifford

by Mr.

187

the

the as

a

far

deep

margin The

jaw upper separating it

MAMMALS

THE

l88

last

the

from

premolar

premolar, yet its fully

is also

in the

"

plane

;

MONGOLIA

in the lower

jaw the minute

middle

palatal bridge is remarkably of the

hind

of the

edge

of

measurements

long,

tending ex-

last molar.

fresh

specimens

give

following figures

the

:

forearm

The

phalanx,

first

tibia,

43;

mm,

in the

phalanx,

26; fourth

58

measures

second

17;

MEASUREMENTS

restricted

lancet

tooth

well

as

the

from

cave

in

Kweichow,

more

that

be to

than

narrower

the the

Specimens Wanhsien,

eastern

the

during

cave

securing

in

all

almost

winters.

of this

(1933) of

Sanborn

mentions

He

south.

In

"

all,

stage

record

taken

R.

for

sent

there

of

episcopus

this

species

Tungwongtien,

at

nose-leaves

including

seven,

are

lower

and

in

one

alcohol, from

HIPPOSIDERID^ BATS

HORSESHOE

time

he

development

other

the

are

where

hibernating the

of which

female

a

that

seen

Szechwan.

Family

This

In

teeth

primitive traits,

are

frequent occasions

species.

only

premolar

originallygiven.

measurements

examined:

The

rounded

Szechwan,

bats

climax

way

nostrils, the

specimens

the

so

Central

some

reduced

small

collect

to

in

are

eastern

On

winter

primitive level. of

All

lengths.

the

of the

of the

of the

and

process,

Wanhsien,

seven

edges

palatal bridge

of the

near

three

for

it represents

much to

the

to

its nose-leaves

seems

metacarpal,

peculiar and

so

work

habits

or

position

the

the

to

the

by

connecting

while

great length

stayed

Granger

succeeded

a

cup

Yenchingkou,

at

previous

formed

nearly equal metacarpal

the

his collectors

is at

the

and

row

Walter

and

its

41.5;

REX

extraordinary that

seems

low

characters,

unusual

are

in the

43; fifth

RHINOLOPHVS

OF

discovered

deep

The

sella,

tongue-shaped

broad

metacarpal,

metacarpal,

possibly its distribution

but

peculiar.

or

It

"

been

have

not

Expeditions,

Asiatic

Dr.

should

bat

Habits:

and

Occurrence

large a

type; third

21.

CRANIAL

as

The

row.

collector's

The

AND

is small

cusp

to the

posteriorlynearly Measurements:

CHINA

OP

family is closely related

distinguished by

Miller

in

to

1907,

the on

Rhinolophidas, the

ground

but

was

of its further

for the

first

specializa-

THE

tions

the

and but

two

and

to

form

phalanges solid

a

accessory

original phalanges fovirth commissure

be

keyed

follows

as

to

p.

Bonaparte,

of

to

form

jaw

be

made In

genus.

unusually

the

but

short

zygomatic plate

tripartite. The

chief

Hipposiderid^

form

wide

a

the

vertical

deep

a

the

muzzle

plate; nose-leaf

not

cleft into

plate; nose-leaf

nasal

canines

i, p. 37,

no.

Ital.,vol.

portion of

the

may

premolar is usually corresponding

be

Ccelops

.

p.

no)

for synonymy of the

characters

recognized by

large antero-external rounded

;

out

premolar

there

more

cusp

from that

or

the was

as

a

low

less

row,

present

viously pre-

in

Rhinolophus, The

sagittalcrest, and abruptly expanded.

their base

tooth

agnosis di-

large triangular

originalphalanges.

is

near

and

nose-leaves

the

lobe

of the

trace

secondary

a

crowded

small

the

is usually

zygoma

middle.

1837.

(1907,

without

full and

have

to

may

a

toes

cleft in the

1831.

i, pt. 21,

Miller

to

instead

deeply

very

Hipposideros Gray

Hipposideros

tragus, but

posterior part

the

Chinese

of

addition

well-developed tail,the

upper

with

TricBnops covering

may

the

without

small

the

of the

traces

distinct

a

nose-leaf

the

to

Hipposideros with

molars

with

from

beyond

without

Tricenops,with

terminal

verticallyto

Iconogr. d. Fauna

mentioned,

The

China:

tail,the

World,

and

lobes

narrow

Reference

the

fingers

Hipposideros

expanded

minute; horseshoe

has

other

finger

:

Hipposideros Gray, Zoological Miscellany,

skull

in

molar

14) ; and

1

the

Genus

the

cell-like

first

The

Old

the

styles,toes

upper

Genera

the

expanded

not

Zygomata three

ears

process

corresponds

three

the

to

horseshoe,

trilobate

deeply

Phyllorhina

fused

developed.

well

Zygomata

Tail

last

vertically and

Key

B.

while

China,

occur

normal

rudimentary

a

the

of

southern

to

genera

with

Ccelopswith

;

east

Three

(Miller, 1907,

wide

remarkably

b.

into

have

vertebrae

are

leaf

points.

only,

parts

warmer

Africa

styles, and

well-developed

a.

septa

metacarpal

to

their

toes

connecting

vertical into

the

anterior

an

and

transverse

produced

the

the

to

molars

well-developed tail,the

Tail

of

of

sella

different,

feet

lumbars

the

erect

an

by

be

may

Australia.

and

Philippines

A.

but

usually divided

region and

may

consist

the

fused

are

bony ring, and

present,

which

In

ribs

leaflets; the

is also

nose-leaf

lost.

second

nose-leaves

not

family is confined

Mediterranean

points

of the

phalanges each.

two

The

form

solid

a

digit II, consists

wing, but

is

and

189

Rhinolophus is

The

are

apices of

portions, the of the

making

smaller

the

first and

The

rod.

bony

lancet,

the

have

each.

Rhinolophidae

of the

of

premolar

presternum,

sometimes

with

to

small

lower

the

feet, while

girdles and

of the

BATS

;

the

while in

first upper in

the

lower

Rhinolophus, is

formvila, therefore, has

tooth

The

lost.

permanently

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

190

in

than

less tooth

one

30. namely: i.i c.t p.f m.l type species is Hipposideros speoris of India.

the latter, The

=

known

species are

Fotir

to

distinguishableby the following

in China,

occvir

key: Key 80

larger, forearm

Size

A.

with

Nose-leaf

only

about

Forearm

b.

profile of

with

leaflets, skull

H.

supplementary leaflets,skull

two

60

about

Forearm

42

much

less than

80

mm.,

nose-leaf

with

mm.,

nose-leaf

without

leaflets

supplementary

three

vol.

4, p.

.

(Hodgson)

tibia.

of the

consist

Nose-leaves with

four

in the

notched raised

by

thickened

In

their

fleshy

color, the

brown,

skull

interorbital to the

bases

of the

tooth

leaves. more

than

The

the for

whence

In

row. a

compressed

minute

front

central

the

a

ridge

transverse

side behind

each

half-ridge.

a

divided

ridges is

these

frontal

A

deeply slightly

ridge with

transverse

thinner

on

gland

opens

continued

profile slopes evenly an

this

foramen the the

pale drab, body wood

or

of the

surface

lower

high sagittal crest

view

height of

grayish white

are

the

hairs.

of the

its the

above

brown,

bases

posterior half of

double

hairs

canines, making

of the

with

at

thickened

a

this

most

is not nostril is

of the

border

outer

is

muzzle,

and

last.

Vandyke

to

is notable

region,

nostrils

of the

bases

scarcely paler

The

shield

of these

brown

tips wood

the

sections, while

rather

but

at

middle, behind

three

in front

and

between

into

ribs

the

behind

rib in the

vertical

vertical

skin

nent. promi-

not

fourth

horseshoe

main

The

excrescence.

the

and

middle,

immediately

;

strong

wart-like

a

length

the

lobe

of it, the

side

each

at

one-half

partly covering the

large horseshoe

a

leaflets

accessory

merely

external

a

narrow

of

third

40;

slightly shorter;

very

antero-external

the

large, triangular, but

Ears

female

a

tibia,

mm.;

about

only

tibiae,calcaneum

of the

ends

the

wings from

85

fifth

the

practically equal,

metacarpals

fourth

and

about

large bat, forearm

and

male

a

"

very

sinensis geniilis

699, 1835.

the types, Type specimens: According to Andersen, in British Museum. the in alcohol, from Nepal, are now A

poutensis

H. H.

leaflets.

supplementary

Bengal,

Soc.

Asiatic

Joum.

pratti

mm.

Hipposideros armiger armiger

85. Rhinolophus armiger Hodgson,

Description:"

armiger

profileof

with

H.

Size smaller, forearm a.

more.

supplementary

flattened

muzzle B.

or

Hipposideros

of

evenly sloping

muzzle b.

Species

Chinese

the

mm.,

four

with

Nose-leaf

a.

to

of

angle

region for the

zygoma

anterior

is

nearly forms

passage

forward

downward

and

forward

degrees with

45

of

a

nerve

the

to

the

expanded

vertically to

In the

the

part.

upper

line

pentagonal

somewhat

a

the

to

jaw,

nosea

httle

minute

THE

first

is crowded

premolar

however,

of course,

while

missing,

Measurements:

the latter

In

"

There

is

in northeastern and

a

no

cranial

Occurrence

the

the

Malay

following

list

OP

difference

Habits:

Peninsula.

in

lower

in

inland

and

the

specimens,

some

premolar

is,

overlap slightly.

even

may

canine

minute

the

jaw

both

are

the

contact

large premolars

two

"

The

eastward

forms

range

into

American

fine series,partly in alcohol, from

are

and

coastal

forms,

ARMIGER

males

and

the

China,

slightly smaller Museum

various

females.

:

in general is from southern

across

merging The

HIPPOSIDEROS

in size between

of these

measiirements

southward,

quite

the

MEASUREMENTS

India,

angle between

swinhoii.

constant

and

in

191

the

not

are

others;

the

represented by EXTERNAL

The

in

practically so

although

into

outward

large premolar, which,

BATS

Asiatic

Masuri

as

a

race

and

Nepal

species, to H.

a.

Expeditions

localities in southwestern

kiang, Che-

debilis

in

seciu-ed

Yunnan,

as

MAMMALS

THE

192

Wanhsien, British

from

Museum

(1929, p. 14) records station, and

well

as

a

from

in

Field indicate

a

It is

:

Homushu

Szechwan

:

swinhoii

Shweli

Hipposideros anniger

G. M.

same

province, has

128)

p.

latter

of its range in

the

localities

These the

of

northwest

specimens

from

corded re-

basin

Yangtze

colonial.

highly

following localities:

the

River, 27

;

swinhoii

(Peters)

23 ; Yunnanfu,

Tengyueh,

i

.

skulls.

28

Peters, in Swinhoe,

swinhoii

mentions

of China,

species and

the

limit

Kweichow.

from

half

Taipingpu,

and

20,

86.

Phyllorhina

;

nearly

(1933)

and

from

thirty-fivemiles

all,eighty, from

In i

(i9i2e,

represent

southern

"

Pass,

Wanhsien,

Hipposideros armiger

Sanborn

cave-dwelling

a

examined:

Specimens Yunnan

may

while

in the

the

Howell

while

Museum

the

in

specimen

Szechwan,

Thomas

from

more

many a

Hwangtsaopa,

Penhsien,

which

province

the

across

range

southward.

this

and

as

mentions

S. National

Hunan.

near

China,

from

Museurh

(1906) U.

Suifu

caves

Szechwan,

northward

the

from

well

as

east-central

in the

Changshowkai,

central

Chengtu,

each

one

males

two

to

as

from

third

MONGOLIA

Pass,

in

Kiatingfu specimen

a

AND

Andersen

Szechwan.

eastern

CHINA

Homushu

Taipingpu,

Tengyueh,

at

OF

Zool. Soc.

Proc.

Mus.

Allen, Amer.

London,

1870, p. 616.

Novitates,

85, p. 4, 1923.

no.

Hipposideros armiger of authors, in part.

specimens:

Type collected the

skins

as

collection

In

the

brown

surfaces

lower

the

and

measurements

the

to

back

of

cotypes

Fukien,

cinnamon

a

other

but

typical form,

instead

brown

buffy

China,

this

1867,

bat, in

are

brown

coloring slightly

the

than

rather

wood

brown,

of drab.

distinguishable from

is not

this bat

characters

typical race. Measurements:

See

"

and

Occurrence he

of

three

the

Amoy,

at

Museum.

similar

Quite

that

states

Swinhoe,

British

of the "

the

Robert

by

Description: brighter, the

Andersen

"

Habits:

Peters

it and

H.

in

with, in which, of skins from

the

from former.

warm

the

me,

coastal

is

cannot

be

merely

as

a

of age

matter

Expeditions, however,

The seems

course, or

brighter

much

I, therefore,

in

distinction

the

With

that

the

alternative

indicate

that

by

Peters's

brighter

the

the

tint than

phase,

and

color that

American

the variation

a

is

to

those

duller

mens specifor

name

of the the

work

fine series that

Museum

out

between

material

apparent

was

revived

1923,

series collected to

it

Fukien,

pointed

armiger, and

chiefly alcoholic

had

and a

of H.

of this group,

bats

the

hardly appreciable.

are

of

are

reviewed

considering only

was

colors

area

armiger armiger.

synonym

himself

impossible, of

maintained.

a

Szechwan

interior.

It is not

animal

from

H.

Andersen

name,

Andersen

naturally,

before

-When

"

the

bestowing

diadema.

under

swinhoii

H.

(1906) regarded

that

tables

the

coastal

distinction Asiatic

geographic.

This

bat

first recorded

was

in

large number

a

specimens

very

Zoology for in

Establishment, series at

a

Tunglu,

have

found

for

specimens ground smaller,

from

rufous

a

ferruginous soiled

duller, inland

from

Foochow,

Shih

(1930)

Hunan

and

diadema

Canton

i).

p.

is either

region, where

Specimens

H.

Fukien:

Tunglu,

3;

(sic) praltiThomas,

Hipposideros

pratti A.

of

the

A.

E.

British

much

of the

specimens in

1867.

from

southwestern

Mell

(1922,

by he

in

as

13)

p.

includes) from

the

yet certainly known.

all,thirty-seven, as follows: Amoy,

27;

(M.C.Z.).

i

Hipposideros prattiThomas

Howell,

Ann.

Mag.

Proc.

U.

female

Museum,

from

"

Nat.

S. Nat.

A

in

Hist.,

ser.

Mus.,

vol.

6, vol. 7, p. 527, 75,

art.

(No.

alcohol

i, p.

1891.

13,

1929.

given), in the

not

China.

Kiatingfu, Szechwan,

collection

Collected

by

Pratt.

Description: "

H.

bases

5.

Hipposiderus

Type specimen:

mentioned

bat

the

Museum

and

Kwangtung,

is not

Yenping,

87.

B.

Madrid

darker.

drab,

163) mentions

p.

the

pratti (neither of which

H.

In

"

(1922,

side

sides

and

nape,

has

year,

lower

the

mens speci-

perhaps

i.

Hsiyuenkeng,

Chekiang:

the

diadema

examined:

Kiangsu: Chinkiang,

Shan,

Probably or

previous

to

tint, and

head,

I

series

of the

slightlytipped with

back

Swinhoe

brighter

the

One in

other

appreciably

of

true

bright

parts,

brown,

Cabrera

by

Yao

this

of the

smoky

sent

it from

under

the

is

I

British

recording

latter

be

to

others

record

in the

mentions the

is very

single specimen

a

skin in

fullymature.

not

of the

young

form.

others

notes

(1930b,

H.

a

that

seem

were

hairs

the

white, tipped with

of the

adults

not

and

a

Museum,

Science

which, with

(1929),

adds

the

phase, having

orange-rufous,

to

does

specimens

April specimen, probably

hairs

as

character

and

(No. 60212, A.M.N.H.)

Yenping

represents

S. National

U.

animal,

lowland

possibly his

and

examined,

the

these parative Com-

secured

northerly

most

mentions

Howell

B.

of of

Expeditions

Yangtze,

is the

there,

one

Natural

province,

of the

secured

Museum

Ward's

Asiatic

same

mouth

of

A.

in the

Yenping

this latter

but

the

be

may

of the

through

Museum in the

east

China."

"North

of

collection

obtained

near

just

What

summer.

American

(1870c), who

by Swinhoe

species,although Andersen

the

from

color

in

193

mounted

Hsiyuenkeng

and

Chekiang,

from

Museum

China

years, The

Chinkiang, Kiangsu,

at

from

the

many

1881.

Yenping

from

An

in

been

BATS

Amoy,

at

cave

a

has

THE

armiger,

the

two

species are

inspection. Although tibia of

prattiis

of

supplementary

four

of

Although the

the not

forearm

longer (about

34

nose-leaves

general

same

at

all is

mm.

size

closely related,

about

the

same

against 26) outside

the

; there

and as

are

on

appears

length

horseshoe;

as

appearance

in

a

closer

both,

only

two

also,

the

the

instead skull

is

MAMMALS

THE

194

canines, forming

drop as

to

have

two-thirds

tips of

the

on

hairs

whitish, lacking

than

does

and

nearly

9

long pencil

of

in the

Fig.

Nose-leaves

12.

(center), natural

so

In

mens speci-

Immature

dull

bases

their

as

marks

a

a

of the

gland two

at

sexes

ridge

outer

Adult

rim.

developed it is

a

pair

In

hairs.

both

been

a

sexes

These

behind.

its base

a

conspicuo in-

and

it is low

of

in

line, and

median

have

The

more

males

young

by surrounding median

low

the

at

and

much

(instead

two

side.

projecting

a

of

has

and

each

at

leaf very

instead

females

nose-leaves

of Hipposideros size.

Measurements: ear

from

the

forearm

foot

Below,

effect.

brown,

the

back

illustrated

by

(1932, p. 223).

Osgood

female

of the

leaves, deeply divided

hairs

black

striking differences

its basal

on

the

on

dusty

a

muzzle

nose-leaves

that

less concealed

or

more

depressed

so

buff

with

length ;

drab

the

cover

portion

high.

mm.

is

region

tips cinnamon.

extended

slightly males,

young

of its

hairs

palate,

perpendicular

tint.

are

naked

prominent, nearly skin

tips

of the

completely

posterior erect

the

in females

dried

their

of the

palate.

tinged

or

pale points giving

brown,

the

not

nostrils

the

of

have

dark

plane

of the

plane

rostral

profile

base

the

to

almost

an

of the

for most

with

brown

are

the

is

the

tawny,

armiger) supplementary

in H.

as

the

or

throat

cinnamon

the

horseshoe

margins males

hairs

darker, with

much

The

and

nape

dark

are

of the

are

of four

the

with

there

and

sagittalcrest,

cinnamon

in adults

or

bases

that

the

armiger

H.

sagittalcrest

degrees

45

flattened

so

profilenearly parallelto

a

above

Fur

the

is

of the

summit

the

from

of about

angle

an

pratti this region

in H.

in

whereas

top of the

the

MONGOLIA

AND

portion, for,

from

slopes evenly

muzzle

of the

rostral

in the

different

very

CHINA

OF

with

crown,

"

24;

After

The

type

H.

88.5 20.

and

Osgood

measured:

90

mm.

(left),and

male

armiger,

Wilfred

tibia, 35; foot with

measTores

claws, 18,

Dr.

claws,

of

and

head 21

(right) and

Hipposideros pratti,male

(courtesy

;

Field

body,

90

forearm, 83.

respectively; the

History).

of Natural

Museum

mm.;

tail, 56;

In two

tibia, 35.5,

34;

skins, hind

THE

The

following

are

dried

the

secured

of bats

J. T. Wright, from

measurements

Occurrence

leaves, up

in the

is at

in the

same

hand

species was

Jacobi (1922,

p. the

has be

also

where

over

India. at

of H.

The

the

mouth

armiger.

shape

of

the

by

collector, and

of forearm

those

tibia

cave

Caldwell

where

the

mentions

males

have

type with

frequently

are

clusters, although

northerly

H.

armiger,

males

from

well

Yangtze, J.

T.

no

nose-

hanging

information this

but

a

No

doubt

is from

Wright secured

a

also

Futsing. Howell

females. it will it does

at

has

Szechwan,

eastern

than

apparently

available

true

skull from

a

as

was

series; Howell

Wanhsien,

Hunan.

China,

this

and

secured

locality,as

record

of the found

locality, Kiatingfu, Szechwan,

Andrews

and

Changshowkai,

of the

two

already shown,

as

character

the

larger posterior nose-leaf

of southeastern most

The

latter three

a

skull, in

the

in separate the

superficial similarity,

their

closely related,

not

tibia.

At

same

it from most

are

doubt

no

point.

2)

recorded

found

into

and

that

armiger

of the

species from

and

notes

the

in the

Fiikien, both

in

but

this

found

Yenping, recorded

flesh

the

Tunglu, Chekiang;

Notwithstanding

"

H.

length

cave, on

in

taken

were

at

Habits:

and

differ remarkably and

195

skins.

Hipposideros pratti and but

BATS

eventually not

extend

Tunglu, Chekiang, series of this

species

THE

196

MAMMALS

Specimens examined: Fukien

Futsing,

:

OF

(skull); Yenping,

i

Chekiang: Tunglu,

Type Museum

July

A.

33.

of Natural

^An

"

poutensis J. A. Allen

Hipposideros Bull.

Allen,

specimen:

Nat.

Mus.

Amer.

adtilt

Hist.,

vol.

22,

p.

483, 1906.

sktdl, No.

and

skin

male,

History, from

of

Pouten, island

American

26698,

Collected

China.

Hainan,

2, 1904.

Description:

"Ears

"

with

7

ribs, the

8 transverse

or

large, nearly

nearly straight,becoming border

outer

nose-leaf

the

anterior

mm.

side;

no

even

softened

frontal

of the

most

face

with

slight notch

a

sac

near

"Color

;

pale buffy

tipped; ears

the

wings

last vertebra 9

Measurements:

foot,

specimens, ranging "Skull

9

60; thumb,

mm.

from

protuberance,

upper

lateral tooth CRANIAL

and

with

No.

length

26696

Basal

length

least

as

58

the

transversely the horseshoe, horseshoe

basally; leaflets

small

obtuse;

portion of mm.

either

on

distinguishable in

none

short, with

pointed,

tibia ; tail very nail

the

about

7 mm.;

claws.

surface but

russet

brown,

basal

paler, the

much

7; third

metacarpal,

slightly grayand

with

63,

length, breadth,

43;

fourth,

60.6

averages 6 at

60, 15

zygomatic

24;

; width

1 1

at

in

a

breadth,

outer

OF

body,

fifth,41;

base

cal-

23;

adult

series of 27

60, and

above

(including canine), 9; length of lower MEASUREMENTS

43;

finger, 65; fifth,65; tibia,

82; fourth forearm

of the

two-thirds

hairs

brown."

6 below 13;

width

60. at

of canines, 6.5 ;

jaw, 16."

POUTENSIS

HIPPOSIDEROS

Upper

Lower

Palatal

matic

Mastoid

across

cheek

cheek

length

width

width

molars

teeth

teeth

8.6

12.9

1

1.3

9.2

8.9

9.8

Hainan

13.2

1

1.6

9.0

8.8

9.8

Hainan

9.4

9.1

9.9

Hainan

9.1

8.6

9.5

Hainan

ZygoGreatest

8

distinct three

at

or

thumb

to

8 ; mastoid row

portion

distal fifth of the

The

(of type), greatest

nasal

about

border

rather

(from softened, well-filled skin), head

finger (with metacarpal), 10;

and

transverse

ridges, most

blackish

"Type

"

the

similar

membranes

62; tail, 28; forearm,

caneum,

the

the

below

gray;

free

is short

leathery,

inner

heaviest;

(transverse measurement)

exserted;

(type),at

brown,

tip; upper

nose-leaf,

without

mm.

above

the

its free border,

from

longest and tip,which

and

high, thick

as

the

the

vertical

behind

broad

as ones

below

three

on

skins

feet short, about

third

convex

slightlyhollowed

slightly convex, high, or about as wide

2.5

with

lower

narrow,

and

fur

MONGOLIA

5.

88.

Hipposideros poutensis J.

AND

all,thirty-nine, as follows:

In

"

CHINA

26697

23.9

8.8

26702

22.5

8.9

26716

12.7

1

1.4

Width

Locality

26718

8.6

(130)

9.2

8.9

9.7

Hainan

26725

8.5

12.5

8.8

8.5

8.8

Hainan

(130)

9.0

9.0

9.8

Hainan

26729

23.8

9.1

THE

"

Young:

in

as

the

adult

without

smaller, thinner,

Ears

"

but

fur whitish

gray

in the

specimens;

below

darker

dark

specimens, faintly buffy brown

grayish

dull

to

portion of the

in the

gray

brown

seal

slightly light-

hairs

the

drab,

appendages slaty brown,

to

basal

suffusion, the

brown

; nasal

ribbed

seal brown

above

Color

slight reddish

very

197

prominently

less

developed.

less

with

or

BATS

tipped." Occurrence I

can

Hainan, other

July

and

2

Khasia

closely Hills, eastern

in many

related

H.

to

size, and

a

Dr.

of

the

Ann. Soc.

Hipposideros

Proc. in

stoliczkana

Foochow,

Fukien,

Description: with

The

middle, lens the

external

naked, third

except

the

basal

hind In

and

low

legs are brown

two-thirds abdomen

9, vol.

is

with

of

the

of

D.

occvu-s

the

nostrils

is

nostrils

a

into

third

2, p.

the

it is same

Hainan.

380, 191 8. Yunnan,

Western

La

p.

98, 1879.

to

to

a

brown

three

be

cells.

and

a

yellow phase. in

The

fourth

finger slightly exceeds

and the

a

median

a

posterior large, thin and The

border. ears

the

under

hairy;

minutely

slightlyraised, and

are

antitragus.

shortest, the

hitherto

genus

leaflets, unnotched

anterior

the

from

Musevun,

of the

member

nose-leaves seen

British

Touche.

in

low, well-haired

slightly the

is of about

Pouten,

92.2.1.3,

Chinese

and

mm.,

divided

base,

In

fifth

wing the

the

equal;

about

second

in

length;

proportionally long. phase, to

are

by J.

smallest

the

too,

Hist., vol. 22, p. 484, 1906 (not of Gray). Yatsen Univ., Canton, no. 9, p. 2, 1930.

skull. No.

parts

of the

and

phalanx

the

Hist., ser.

Zool. Researches

Nat.

Biol., Sun

44

other

between

metacarpal

the

basal

the

at

and

Mus.

is the

Perhaps,

1870, p. 616.

Collected

about

border

from

Nat.

Mag.

and

shorter

Andersen

simple, lacking supplementary

with

portion is

erect

This

"

is

and

runs

China.

forearm

horseshoe

ridge

^A skin

"

the

from

similar.

London,

Anat.

J. Anderson,

Shih, Bull. Dept.

Type specimen:

known,

Zool.

fulvus J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

?Hipposideros

nose-leaf, etc."

Hipposideros gentilis sinensis

Phyllorhina

it "is

that

relativelymuch

ears,

of the type series,from

Ten

Hipposideros gentilissinensis Andersen, Phyllorhina fulva Dobson,

smaller

No other

to

being considerably smaller,

it in

archipelago which

Japanese

"

89.

Swinhoe,

in the

as

apparently

Specimens examined:

aurita

differs from

but

relationship J. A. Allen notes

this

leptophyllus (Dobson),

Hipposideros

portion of the

nose-leaf

of

clear.

Pouten,

at

individuals.

immature

and

wholly

of structure,

turpis

has

adult The

to

transverse

fiftyspecimens secured

since.

Bengal,

details

tail, broader

yet

related

on

series of

taken

been

is not

above a

original description, to which

is the

The

including

1904,

4,

have

forms

doubtless

Habits:"

It is based

specimens

described

and

and

little.

add

the

fiu- of the

three-fourths, tipped dull

surface

upper

grayish white, with

with across

dull

is cottony

brown; the

chest

below, a

for the

white

band

the of

throat

drab.

In

MAMMALS

THE

198

OF

fvir of the

brighter phase, the

the

the

brown-tipped, In

the

the

weak

the

large

premolar,

upper

minute

a

Burma

H.

a

g.

is from

is 43.5

in

mm.,

metacarpal,

tail,32; foot, 9.5

north

but

than

and

on

in the

once

from

adults

or

specimens secured in the

by

of the

tooth

from

typical

brown among not are

Mr.

In

male

from

42.

The

gentilis of

H.

Habits:

This

extending eastern

while

so

to

the

Its

phase, golden Chinese

species.

is uncertain, drab-brown. Clifford

low, rollinggrassy

but A

H.

the

as

two

and

from

yellow,

hills of the

"the Fukien

18 ;

body, 45;

of southern

in

will

the the

serve

golden

coffin

southern

coast

a

few

and

brown

miles

Yunnan,

bases

to

represent

ones

an

genus.

the

distinguish it

to

immature

cavity of

the

of it farther

evidence

no

series of nineteen, all in the

Pope,

is, 17,

SINENSIS

size, cottony- white

Whether

doubtless

sion dimen-

specimen).

large species of be

to

it is present

small

in the

same

GENTILIS

seems

westward

in Szechwan.

gentilis,

this

Head

west

forearm

H.

typical

species characteristic

north

there

the

on

:

is another

coast

Masuri,

the

Yunnan,

31.5.

HIPPOSIDEROS

far

in

western

33,

latter

g. sinensis

of the former

follows

as

OF

"

H.

tibia in the

metacarpal,

are

the

not

a

although there

row,

teeth.

24.5 (fleshmeasurements

not

Fukien,

apparently

hairs

31;

measurements

probably

all events,

fourth

MEASUREMENTS

Occurrence

China,

In

Fukien,

from

31,

CRANIAL

At

minute, barely as high as the latter and angle between

against 38.5-41.5

mm.,

conspicuo in-

base,

at

very

Peninsula.

Malay

40-43

one

; ear,

cranial

The

line

two

differs

striking difference.

very

third

these

race

the

in

alrox

measurement not

the

to

yellow

uniformly pale yellow.

lies in the

and

external

is golden

Pegu by its slightlylarger size, grading into the

and

into

canine,

This

"

side

premolar is

upper

MONGOLIA

side

dorsal

lower

between

space

Measurements:

and

small

of the

cingulum

be

may

the

skull

AND

CHINA

old south

at

old

young-adult phase, stone

of

was

grave" Futsing.

BATS

THE

season,

at

Nodoa

and

Namfong,

Five

from

others

is the

This

A.

do

not

the

that

the

Possibly does

Hainan

this

Namfong,

:

i

well-developed three

formula

dental

but so

in

that

;

of the

Osgood, vol.

this

of

p.

same.

sideros Hippo-

as

this, for

(an Asellia) is

latter

not

follows:

likewise

are

as

much

are

in

a

into

fold.

semicircular

a

having

is divided

nose-leaf

zygomata

high vertical

a

in

teeth

The

in

Hipposideros

of the

the

species only

One

1871.

455,

ending

of bifid.

are

is

2, p.

portion of

structure

incisors

Publ.

The

sideros, Hippo-

expanded,

plate forming the greater part

is known

from

China.

The

type geno-

"

that

Field

Osgood

Triaenops wheeleri Mus.

Nat.

Hist., 200I.

ser.,

vol.

18, p. 224,

1932.

Sanborn,

Proc.

Biol.

46, p. 56, 1933.

An

"

March A

21,

small the

pointed lobes edge of the

1929,

by

Dr.

close

together

interfemoral

at

Tongking,

E.

Ralph

about

margin

skull. No.

"and

Moun,

Muong

bat, forearm

terminal

skin

female,

adult

History, from

Natural

except

the

2)

is also

Hunan,

the

is the

May,

(1930b,

of

resemble

genus

instead

general

specimen:

Description:

from

(1879), while Rinsui, Hainan,

Triaenops Dobson

terminal

the

species there

Collected

distinct

bats

4.

of

bats

upper

Soc. Washington,

China.

the

on

persicus of Persia.

Tricenops wheeleri

Museum

border

all,fifty,as

90.

Type

by Shih

See. Bengal, vol. 40, pt.

posterior portion. is T.

specimens.

eastern

21.

Nodoa,

Asiatic

and

some

the

approach

reporting

in

Amoy

species, and

In

"

tail, but

the

from

yellow phase.

to

Anderson

by

at

common

common

pointed lobes

narrow,

number

5.

the

Externally

Yunnan

the

in

Dobson,

comment

Genus Joum.

expected

at

from

China.

Yungchang,

Tricenops Dobson,

A

in the

are

be

appreciably from

southwestern

Futsing, 19; Yenping,

Yunnan:

Andrews,

taken

distinguishable

yellow phase.

would

western

without

Specimens examined: Fukien:

differ

found

the

from

positively known

to

he

recorded

mention

not

Yunnan,

are

others

this

at

Hipposideros fulvus, specimens Doubtless, too, Swinhoe's phase is Gray's H. muriniis.

as

stoliczkana, from he

C.

in

Five

not

from

brown

bat

in the

R.

Dr.

and

aurita, which

Phyllorhina

Hainan,

were

Phyllorhina fulva by

Burma

records

two

by

seem

called

bat

Allen

noting

collected

in eastern

collected

; only

Yungchang

but

typical form,

on

males, hence

rest

segregated.

not

of

island

the

females,

were

were

sexes

the

mainland

Fukien,

Yenping,

1925)

27,

the

rate,

any

of Fvikien

those

J.

(November

of these

Seven

199

of

the

the

membrane.

42

32236, French

Field Indo-

Wheeler.

externally like Hipposideros,

mm.,

is divided

nose-leaf

Tail

apex. The

into

three

slightly projecting

anterior

horseshoe

is

THE

200

supplemented nostrils

by

The

representing surfaces

of the

Ears

leaves.

about

(bister) above, phases, the hairs broadly white at the

described

color

two

MONGOLIA

AND

reaching

the

to

forward.

is

color

CHINA

marginal

lateral

two

laid

when

OF

MAMMALS

body

brownish

as

pale "snuff

are

brown,"

slightlypaler

perhaps

sooty,

or

base.

The

the

bases

at

under

of the

hairs. Measurements: six adults

of

gives the

Osgood

"

from

the

finger, metacarpal,

second

skull of the

The

of canine,

of

swellings,4.4; height and

Occurrence in

in

Expedition

in the

badly

shot

that

measurements

More

This .

both

show

may

specimens

skvdl

one are

material

subspecies.

"The

but

History,

is

complete enough

Chinese

of the

.

.

examined:

Specimens

I have

"

examined

to

three

genus

specimens

of

are

in commenting and

were

The

so

skvdl

and

type series.

represent

be

to

These

study.

for

two

discovered

was

(1933)

of the

those

specimens

is the first record

5.2.

Kweichow.

for

nasal

therefore,

was,

Sanborn

and

front

to

across

preserved in alcohol

are

42;

finger,

Kelley-Roosevelts

finding of

the

slightlylarger than

these

width

teeth,

the

by

of Wenshui,

southwest

of Natural

fifth

condyle

species

China

by

;

7.1;

cheek

upper

southern

substantiated

forty miles Museum

writes:

them,

on

wing

Field

in

presence

lately been

Tungwongtien,

now

width,

Indo-China,

Tongking,

Its

tail, 39;

forearm,

31.5;

mm.

described

recently

ments measure-

mm.;

10.

7.4; mastoid

This

"

western

has

calcar,

zygomatic plate, 2.0;

Habits:

1929.

and

expected, at

in

places

two

finger, metacarpal,

9;

the

measured:

greatest length, 15

width,

zygomatic

13;

foot,

measured:

type

length, 84

in alcohol

adult

third

32;

metacarpal, 28; tibia, 18; hind

An

for

averages

locality: total

type

foot, 8; forearm, 41.6 (dry).

hind

following

a

.

.

.

slightlylarger

China."

original series from

the

Indo-China. Genus Ccelops Blyth, Joum.

Chilophylla Miller,

This

Asiatic

Proc.

U. S. Nat.

is

genus

Soc. Bengal, vol.

Mus.,

large by

deep notch, is high and

(2) By

the

leaves

ears,

the

each

on

1848.

1910.

ally Hipposideros: (i) By

its

from

antitragus, instead

the

continuous

less

or

more

a

side

modified

deep cleft the

All

in the

the

upper

is present

posterior leaf, having these

outgrowths

are

middle,

of

a

a

to

while

horseshoe-like

small

minutely

the

being

with

the

upper

of the

usual

be

two

beneath

strap-like narrow

behind

of

consist

it appears

that

so

shape

beyond

upright portion

transverse

middle.

by

leaflet in

supplementary transverse

in which

muzzle, but

separated

forward

38, p. 395,

peculiar shape of the nose-leaves, which the

over

17, pt. i, p. 251,

vol.

readily distinguished

funnel-like

a

Coelops Blyth

marked

is

off

edge. shoe horse-

distinct each

a

broad

single

lappet projecting portion.

nostrils, and

The

behind

usual that

heart-shaped projection in hairy.

the

(3) By

the

very

is the

rudi-

BATS

THE

mentary

tail,less than

marked

secondary in

"peculiar

the

styles,and

the

They

is the

Coelops

Nat.

Mus.,

75,

from

Museum,

C.

more

definition

of

brain

is at

case,

case

featirre and

and

the

the

outer

molars

its

13.0

;

lower

ear

from

skull

in

the

34

Occurrence

Sowerby known. robinsoni.

near

and

In

gomata. zy-

the the

to

lower

a

first outer, on

is

premolar

given

for

the

and

type

foot, 8.0; forearm,

metacarpal,

fifth

28;

carpal, meta-

length,

15.

6.6; rostral

breadth,

breadth

of brain

i

condylobasal

mm.;

3.6; interorbital case,

constriction,

7.6; depth

8.8; maxillary tooth

length,

of brain

case,

5.0;

dibular man-

row,

5.6. Habits:

Yenping,

Eventually

the

conspicuous

more

tibia, 15.0;

fourth

27;

1.6; length case, 9.2; including auditory bulla, 6.4; mandible, row,

are

mm.;

view of the

level

height (Miller,1928).

measurements

body,

sharp

14.

of brain

tooth

its

ences, differ-

less

dorsal

the

posterior

the

to

larger brain

and

proportion is

cingulum

and

main

the

Ccelops robinsoni,

of

in

the

The

region, In

of

In

series," in which

broader

proportion

greatest

breadth,

in

are

those

form

smaller

a

out.

rostrum.

than

distinguish

to

warm

made

mandibular

metacarpal,

meatus,

Collected

brown.

laterally beyond

more

molars;

and

head

measures:

zygomatic

the

on

border

following

The

"

8.8; third

35.6; thumb, 29;

inner

with

interorbital

the

lower

nothing

Pahang,

from

of

developed;

better

specimen:

known

the

the

length is greater

Measurements:

The

in

of the

borders

S.

S. National

feet altitude.

is merely

tipped

slightly larger

"are

have

hypocones

larger and

only

seen

once

noticeable

more

second

U.

Howell, Proc.

U.

238991,

be

to

readily

not

project

to

No.

in turn

base,

supranarial swellings

teeth

The

at

the

narrowing

extreme

the

B.

A.

16, 1928.

2,000

appears

robinsoni

C.

with

compared

as

the

there

is doubtless

color

the

type,

grayish

fur

frithii,having

alcoholic

China,

Ccelops robinsoni," which

from

animal

30.

=

C. sinicus.

Sowerby.

C.

"Externally

Description:

85, March

p.

male, in alcohol.

adult

de

Arthur "

the

An

"

Yenpingfu, Fukien,

near

by

7, 1922,

41,

m.^

gray,

a

114).

p.

Miller

inflata

vol.

of

taken.

been

have

are

development

i.h c.t pm.f

a

i, p. 15, pi. 2, fig.f, 1929.

art.

Specimen:

Type

April

vol.

:

is

molars

upper

C. inflata, and

specimens

Washington,

Biol. Soc.

Ccelops inflata Miller, Proc.

unusual

there

angles" (Miller, 1907,

reentrant

brown,

a

few

91.

the

the

in Ilipposideros,viz.

China,

for very

be rare,

to

seem

as

same

in

while

portion,

inner

great depth of the

the

canine,

upper

of the

narrowness

species occur

Two

the

on

in which

(4) By the teeth

length.

in

mm.

cusp

formula

tooth

The

2

201

in

it may

his paper

"

on

Beyond Fukien, prove

Chinese

the there that

mammals

single type are

this

merely

in the

U.

taken

Chinese

other

no

is

specimen

a

by

Mr.

specimens

subspecies of

S. National

Museum,

C.

MAMMALS

THE

202

Howell

B.

A.

differently shaped brain

(Howell,

case

Specimens examined:

Type specimen: American

Museum

Szechwan,

Wanhsien,

Description:

of the

with

gray, ears

an

smoke

gray.

form

of the

back

anterior

two

cave

Ridgway (1912); minutely ringed with

those

nostrils

the

of the

side

horseshoe,

ridge behind

is

genus

fifth

;

thimib

the

a

great length of than

shorter

as

fottrth

of the base

the

of the

and

and

tipped

lucent large trans-

median

and

stiff hairs,

short

the

longer hairs,

shoe, horsefrom

one

and

third

of the

two

finger

long metacarpal and

very

the

latter is the

fifth The

toes.

similarly and

behind

shortness

digits.

membrane;

The

and

short second

metacarpal

first

the

to

phalanx

wing arises

is well

calcaneum

the

combined

longest digit,due

phalanx, for its metacarpal

its second

those at

metatarsus

The

digit.

third

nostrils.

phalanx (7: 1.6 mm.), the former wholly involved no phalanges and is minutely longer than third

surfaces

along its lateral edge,

three

has

six

are

peculiar for the

the

with

nose-leaves

length

terminal

the

brownish

thickly clothed each

fringe. On

the

of

Walter

in

the horseshoe frithii,

of C.

raised

phalanx of

Dr.

mm.

Membranes

effect.

sides

the

11

two-thirds,

digit has

first

84388,

northeast

1926, by

26,

in the

and

skull, No. miles

lower

edge

the

and

84893,

a

basal

the face of the

length of

the

1928.

19,

woolly, about

and

of the

wing in this

The

of

to

arising from

well-defined

a

erect, from

similar

are

longer hairs,

May

from

for the

then

hairs,

posteriorto

process

while

and

giving

Allen

M.

p. 4,

February

indistinctlytricolor

nose-leaves

The erect

back, blackish

of the

base

at

very

Expeditions.

nearly sepia

indistinctlybrown, blackish

Collected

Pelage long, dense,

"

middle

History,

China.

Asiatic

Granger, Central

in the

Natural

of

G.

317,

no.

the

Yenping, Fukien.

female, skin, No.

adult

An

"

Novitates,

show

pi. 2, fig.f).

1929,

Ccelops sinicus

92. Mus.

Allen, Amer.

C. robinsoni, to

One, the type, from

"

MONGOLIA

AND

figured the skull of this and

has

Ccelops sinicus G. M.

CHINA

OF

are

from

developed,

as

the

long

the toes. The

is

remarkably

delicate, with

interorbital

narrow

very

The

skull

frontal

shield

is

portion, to which nearly flat, its dorsal

a

nearly globular brain

the

its anterior

inclined

at

and

is confined.

sharp sagittalcrest

stirface

case,

sharp angle

a

plane of the tooth general level on each

row,

the and

maxillae

that tapers nearly to a point in front. a profile noticeably compressed, with a prominent secondary

to the

The cusp,

canine

half-way

distinctly crowded space

between

The

swellings but

little raised

peculiar prolongation of

the

above

premaxillae

gives the skull

upper

about

and

side.

the

to

is on

the

the outer

posterior edge. side

large premolar

and

of the the

tooth base

The

small row,

of the

but

upper there

canine.

premolar is In

a

is

minute

the

lower

BATS

THE

the

jaw

by

a

tooth

the

All the

row.

Measurements:

38

mm.;

of

spread

16;

ear,

collector's

The

"

teeth

cheek

lower

measurements

wings,

phalanx, 7; metacarpal, 26.3; its first phalanx,

metacarpal, fourth

finger, metacarpal,

fifth

tibia, 16.4; foot, 8.0; calcar, Skull:

canine, width,

7.8; mastoid

shield,

3.9;

lower

Occurrence this

me,

doubts

types,

and

well

as

are

in

small

so

C.

of

specimens

frithiiis

specimen of C. -sinicus hsien, and

where

to

seem

it

be

for

C.

in

were

I had

frithii.

into

of

that

C.

inflata

latter.

the

opportunity

Any when,

a

and

type

rings of the

caves.

very Bats

of

No

known

only cave

few

had

collections.

different

brownish

"warm-air"

cave

compare

appearance

gray

The

to

very

a

for the

the

bat.

This

upper

description of

the

after

above,

in

last

6.8.

present is

The

neighboring

specimens get

of frontal

of

back

before

an

hairs

midwinter

other

than few

12.0;

dispelled,however,

they hardly lessen

taken

warmer

rare,

two

brown-looking

very

a was

10.2;

to

months

two

evidently hibernating.

was

much

was

that

comparison

phalanx, phalanx,

coincidence,

Osgood,

species,lacking the shining brown-tipped fiu-,while

22;

second

molar,

publication

of the

H.

Wilfred

as

of last

published until

specificdifference Dr.

lo.i;

finger,

bent),

second

of canine

curious

in for

sent

was

not

35;

constriction, 1.8; width

back

to a

the

with

company

both

By

"

but

to

as

incisor

row,

written

third

length, 13.5; condyle to front of length of premaxillaries,4.0; zygomatic

5.8; front

molars,

Habits:

and

species was

reached

in

outside tooth

9.0;

thumb,

35.5;

basal

mm.;

width, 8.2; interorbital

width

molar, 6.4;

17.0

palatal length, 6.2; median

i ;

phalanx,

phalanx,

about

body,

(somewhat

of

like. blade-

almost

and

finger, metacarpal,

its first

to

measures

phalanx

of the line

the

5.

greatest length,

15.

head

:

forearm

second

7;

its first

28.6;

finger, metacarpal, 30.5;

are

The

232.

1.6; second

its

being separated cingulum

compressed,

much

are

the

slightly external

is

premolar

of

instead

exceeds

height barely

lower

small

anterior

The

in

frithii,and

C.

in

as

space

canine.

closelyagainst the canine,

incisor abuts

outer

203

doubt,

at

Wan-

in it

bats

this

genus

it is

too,

largelysolitaryin habits. Specimens examined:

One

"

only,

type, from

the

VESPERTILIONINE

and

the

is

a

only

widely distributed family

Externally its members separate

ears,

leaves

the

or

other

margin

that are

is

of the

family

BATS

of bats

commonly

in both

represented

and

Old in

New

temperate

Worlds,

regions.

usually distinguishableby the moderately developed

(rarely joined outgrowths

Szechwan.

VESPERTILIONID^

Family

This

Wanhsien,

across

of

interfemoral

the

the

head),

muzzle,

membrane.

with

tail not In

the

tragus, reduced,

wing

the

and but

lacking

nose-

extending

second

finger

to

has

a

of which is

and

metacarpal

small

one

terminal

the

OF

MAMMALS

THE

204

mostly cartilaginous.

is

one

large secondary peculiar (trochiter)with the scapula,

the

head

distally, while

thread

while

is not

vertebra

cervical

the

of the

rather

genera

has

distinct

a

the

dorsal,

outlines

here

external

Nostrils

more,

defined the

to

normal,

type

be

may

Genera

produced

by

least

at

divides

closely one

by

Chinese

of

of the

fused, lacks

premaxilthem

between

tion modifica-

without bats

mere

thus

combine

twelve the

thirteen

or

group.

The

following key, representing four

the

(1907).

Miller

by

not

known

a

specializedwing development.

how

on

These

wing

seventh

skull

The

notch

or

to

The

lumbars

the

are

insectivorous

with

structure

depending

recognized as

nor

emargination

usual

ulna

traceable.

ascending branches

the

present

of

are

first

their

the

radius.

the

fruit-eating(see Miller, 1907).

for

possibly

premolars

a.

the

with

family is well represented in China

Key

last

with

still have

always

teeth

The

cusps

subfamilies

A.

is

There

unmodified

The genera,

fused

and

postorbital processes, anteriorly.

it is fused

vertebrae

sacral

laries only.

base

the

supplementary

outer

of

phalanges, of

skeleton

the

reduction

great

the

at

finger three

The

of

articulation

the

in

third

the

phalanx,

bony

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

tubes; anterior

short

as

Mongolian

and

(p^, p'), if present, conspicuously

smaller

Vespertilionid^ upper

than

the

times

the

(p^). Ears

funnel-shaped.

not

a'. Second

length than a".

b".

of third

phalanx

finger less than

of the first ; median

the Six

body teeth

of that

three

of presternum

lobe

Subfamily Vespertilioninas

bone

behind

the

canine, above

below.

and

tibia

1.

Hind

foot, plus claws, shorter

2.

Hind

foot, plus claws, equaling tibia

Less 1.

than

Ears

six teeth much

2.

Ears

not

Outer

Outer

small

canine, above. three

head,

upper

a'. Fifth

incisor

cingulum

lower

two

molars pre-

extending beyond

not

its

crown

flat ; size

large

la .

.

yond extending distinctlybeof

inner, pointed; size

medium.

finger short; when

scarcely exceeds b'. Fifth

molars pre-

Plecotus

incisor

upper

or

lower

side.

each

the

Myotis Rickettia

side

cingtilum of inner, b.

the

than

than

especially elongated,

on a.

behind

longer each

on

larger

not

finger longer than and

first

wing

phalanx

combined in

Ears

not

b".

Ears

distinctlyjoined by

band

across

4

.

it .

.

Nyctalus

4.

forehead a

.

carpal meta-

digits 3 and

a".

joined

is folded 3 and

metacarpals

low

Pipistrellus brow Barbastella

BATS

THE

phalanx of third finger long, about

b'. Second

b.

slightlyin and

B.

produced

i.fc.\ p.f m.f

formula:

as

the

of about

tube; first and

short

a same

Myotis Kaup,

Vesperliliomyotis Borkhausen

of

continent extend is

other

species

often

of

groups

in

more or

intermediate it

seems

Old

the

Thus

and

with

a

than

half

dark

except

its tooth in

condition

be

to

pm4)

hypocone. the

is the the

anterior

largest.

first and

In

many

paracone.

of

hypocone.

in

the

many

species,

single

genus.

Leuconoe

called

Capaccinius

names

species, in addition

to

second

third

The

small,

are

molars of the

upper and

is

is

have upper a

small

molar

while the

the

i.t

dark

are a

Ct

third

pm.f

a

its commissure

of

generalized mum maxi-

the

m.f

=

38.

the

well

cusps

protocone the

between

through and

or

Of

(representing pm^

distinct

protoconvde is reduced

less

rufous.

contains

W-pattem

jaw, with

brown

handsome

the most

formula

living bats, namely:

two

The

all

probably represents

of

moupinensis

M.

color

chinensis

big M.

the

rufo-nigerwhich

Vespertilioninae. in

size from

In

chinensis.

M.

posteriormost style (metastyle) of the

the

been

Asiatic

and

small, weak-footed

species there The

generic

vary

genus

the

this genus

found

additional

European

large M.formosus

subfamily

premolars, the

on

and

the

large feet

have

applied

various

by

all within

them

of

account

on

shown

are

several

names.

to

mm.,

characters

the

number

and

65

proportions

the

gray, In

the

of

forearm

the

given

species of this

Chinese

very

that

been

have

names

characters

retain

to

certain

subgeneric

half-dozen The

has

which

there

occurrence.

structure

possible to recognize

it is

to

Nevertheless, of

species with

include

to

forms,

sense.

in

universal

inspection ; yet

hemisphere Indeed,

season.

summer

in every

occur

northern

the

is quite so differingin details of

many,

present

Bianchi

in

that

combinations

the

World

Rickettia

some

are

casual

or

for

and

by Thomas,

and

in the

growth

mammals

land

subgeneric

stages

better

Tjrpe species,

Thierw., vol. i, p. 106, 1829.

widely distributed, for they

very

are

on

Murinin^

Myotis Kaup Syst. d. Europ.

Naturl.

u.

genus

a

molars pre-

Murina

closely interrelated

generic

a

the

apparent

not

upper

34

limit of tree of

group of

second

globe, including Australia, the

as

Kerivoula

38

Afyo/ii myotis (Borkh.).

=

genus

the

far

as

no

The

this

of

Bats

Kerivoulinae

Subfamily =

Genus Entw.-Gesch.

Skizzirte

=

size

i.fc.^ p.f m.f

formula:

Tooth

of its

Subfamily

tooth

genus;

Nostrils

short

very

the width

expansion

anterior One

ing commenc-

; sternum

twice

length less than

its median

broad,

margin

inner

of the

front

Miniopterus

36

=

margin wide, and

funnel-shaped, their outer

Ears

the

Subfamily Miniopterinas i." c.\ p.f m.f

formula:

tooth

genus;

times

three

first phalanx

length of the One

205

the

loss

diminished

veloped deand

former of the

size

rather

usually

itself is

CHINA

MONGOLIA

AND

with

slender

skull

and

slightlyupturned

The

type species is the large Myotis myotis of Europe. Key

Size large, forearm about

Forearm

a.

to

the

45

mm.

45

brain

rounded

smoothly

The case

A.

OF

MAMMALS

THE

206

rostrum.

Chinese or

Species

of

Myotis

more.

skull with

mm.,

Mongolian

and

short, slightlyupturned altarium

Myotis

'"

muzzle

.

b.

Forearm

than

more

a'. Forearm a".

about

General

b".

45

General

b'. Forearm

60

mm.

50

mm.

color

orange

color

dark or

mm.

a".

Forearm

60

h".

Forearm

about

formosus rufo-niger M. pequinius

M.

black

and brown

above,

below

gray

more.

65, belly dark

myotis ancilla

M.

; belly whitish

mm.

M.

grayish

and

chinensis M.

B.

Size small, forearm forearm

Smaller,

a.

Second

31-33

upper

small

upper

small

Larger, forearm

35-39

Second b.

less than

a'. Forearm

about

39

40

in the

premolar

internal

tooth

M.

row

the

to

tooth

b".

Tibia

shorter, about

.

.

foot

mm.,

half its length.

less than foot

15 mm.,

than

.

.

more

M.f M.

less than

a".

Foot

large, obviously

b".

Foot

smaller, about molars

Upper

tips above

above

1910,

Type Museum, 27,

ancilla

myosotts

1909,

p.

636; ibid., 191

with

shorter

Shangchow,

wood

brown

more

as

in

the

mystacinus

fur M.

ancilla

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

male,

laniger

Thomas

London,

skin

April 26,

1910,

p.

skull, No.

and

Shensi, China.

southeastern

Smaller

the

than color

hairs

the

European is

above

typical form,

strongly defined, blackish

grayish white,

protoconule,

Proc.

25;

Zool.

See.

10.5.2.4,

British

November

Collected

P. Anderson.

The

ears.

distinct

1, p. 688.

adult

^An

"

by Malcolm "

protoconule, hair-

obvious

Myotis myotis

Abstract

Thomas,

Description:

daubentonii

M.

tibia

of tibia.

dull, face densely hairy

specimen: from

half the

length

M.

with

93.

London,

than

more

half the

without

fimbriatus

mm.

glossy

molars

Upper

2.

Myotis

39

rater

half its

length forearm

davidii

M.

row

mm.

long,

1.

moupinensis

muricola

mm.

Tibia

b'. Smaller,

luciuosus

mm.

premolar

a".

20

c.

mm.

the

brown;

everywhere

nearly

with

head lower

dark

M.

myotis,

"drab" grayer;

siurface

of

as

paler

Ridgway,

dark

slaty bases.

and

shoulder

in the

in

color,

instead

of

patches

typical

race,

BATS

THE

with

correlation is

shorter

the

the

molars

upper

12;

taken

which

regards this

body,

is low

protocone

so

;

and

tail, 56;

mm.;

17;

front

of canine

from

Thomas's

of

at

the

northward.

only

the end

south

Zoological

in details

agree

Europe,

Although

of

the

territory (Bobrinski,

in the

are

to

the

Mongolian

Leningrad and

at

Nor,

by Putiata

here

of

mentioned,

Shensi

Dalai

of

well

le).

191

Europe, ranging

southern be

to

southeastern

east

1910b;

large Myotis

and

seem

just outside

perhaps

the

female

a

blythi is still uncertain.

M.

Asia

eastern

and

males

three

(see Thomas,

Shensi

locality in

Museum

of measurement

Thomas.

Specimens examined:

None.

"

Abstract

altarium

Myotis

94.

Thomas,

of

species of central

a

for

of Sciences

given by

Myotis altarium

length,

series

a

Indian

collected

males

two

Academy those

be

the

and

on

representative

the

Tuntzia-inzia,

be

to

The

based

eastern

to

to

Khingan,

1929).

75

description is taken

above

southeastern

records

addition

seems

Great

in

seems

few

the

in

head

basi-sinual

mm.;

The

"

was

the

as

typical form

eastward,

22.2

relationship to

its

although

Thus,

Habits:

Shangchow,

at

with

and

smallest

the

one

upper

the

two

(range 59-62).

61

length,

and

original account,

of the

hypocone,

zygomata.

and

species

The

9.2.

Occurrence

other

middle

of this

skull

the and

case

the

toothrow,

measured:

type

forearm,

;

greatest

of m^

to back

The

"

21

ear,

Skull:

the

narrow

the

form

general brain

practically no

have

Measurements:

He

its

In

in

smaller

bullae

the

animal,

European

protoconule.

without

foot,

quite in

stand

premolars

the

ears.

rather

relatively slender, with

small

in

than

slightly smaller

Skull

207

Zool. Soc. London,

Proc.

Thomas February

14,

Zool. Soc. London,

191 1, p. 3; Proc.

1911, p. 161.

Type specimen: from

Museum,

Omei

Description: shortened

as

outer

convex,

long

but

outer

rather

base. more

Membranes

the

beyond

above,

a

deep notch.

slightly ctirved Feet than

large,

but

half-way

naked,

outward,

to

interfemoral

not

the

narrow,"

rather

laid forward,

when

nose

convex

lower

Tragus

long,

not

with

a

not

a

fringed.

very

1910.

so;

narrow

that

is,reaching

edge evenly

half, with very

weU-marked

disproportionately tail, with

British

remarkably

their inner

in

and

2,

with

45 mm.,

1.9,

in this respect.

pequinius

M.

bechsteini,but

1 1.2.

August

Collected

species, forearm

slightly concave

antitragus separated by evenly

in

as

skull. No.

and

China.

recallingsomewhat

millimeters

several

female, skin

adult

^A medium-sized

"

"nearly

^An

Shan, Szechwan,

rostrum,

Ears

"

calcar

a

strong

sharply pointed, lobule

at

the

long, extending

postcalcaneal

lobule.

208

MAMMALS

THE

The

back

is rather

fur

about

8

hardly paler than

the

brown,"

'Trout's

paler than

the

General

length.

tips

MONGOLIA

AND

in

thin

but

long,

in

mm.

CHINA

OF

color

rather

except that the tips of

the upper

"dull

uniform

above, hairs

of the

of

are

the

brown," surface

lighter,vmder

hairs

the

hair

the

pelage,

summer

distinctly-

more

lighter. which

differs from

skull

The

is broad

sided.

point

level of the

the

to

second

first and

Measurements:

tail, 48;

ear,

phalanx,

13.3;

The

breadth

of brain

case,

and

Habits:

Ward.

description

The which

account,

the

unusual of

shows

the

of

to

although

Type sent

from

G.

Myotis

specimen: South

color

upper on

blackish

at

central

the

brown.

base

differs

the

August,

1910,

the

a

roosting colony) Mr.

and

F.

Kingdon

(191 id,

Thomas's

narrow

considerably from species,

161)

p.

"it is

that

notes

Chinese

another

chinensis

Novitates,

type

by

is in

chinensis

a

ears,

and

of most

that M.

most

pequinius,

body is

the hairs

parts and

a

the

uniform

everywhere

of the

abdomen

minutely

ibid., 1870, p. 618.

85, p. 5, 1923.

collection

Fortune,

Robert

(Tomes) Swinhoe,

1857, p. 52. no.

large species, forearm

parts of the

the muzzle,

chest, and fuscous

A

Mus.

The

"

China "

from

from

He

12;

identified in

C. Smith

from

length,

6.5.

where

of this bat.

Zool. Soc. London,

Allen, Amer.

Description: of the

Proc.

Tomes, M.

of m',

None.

"

95.

Vespertiliochinensis

J.

taken

is known

basi-sinual

(no doubt A.

row,

it."

Specimens examined:

Myotis chinensis

been

its skull, which

genus,

approach

an

Dr.

second

the

and

species has been

females

The

vaulted.

tooth

readily recognizable by its size, long

and

shape

members

has

gives all that

peculiar species

four

and

short

a

29.

Szechwan,

P. Anderson,

Malcolm

highest

with

unusually

mm.;

back

to

this

in central

15.2

its

body, 55 mm.; finger, metacarpal, 40; first

claws,

length,

Hitherto

"

Shan

of five males

by

foot with

of canine

7.9; front

is

rostrum,

from

concave

head

measured:

edge, 8; third

inner

greatest

type localityonly, Omei

was

specimen

tibia and

measured:

secured

type

tragus

skull

originalseries

tooth.

on

combined

Occurrence

premolars

straight

in the

stand

shortened

being nearly parallel-

abruptly

palate

both

of

instead

then

The

anterior

The

"

22;

region.

upper

the size of the

half

about

in the

Myotis

skvill is nearly

the

premolars,

small

nasal

slightly upturned

and small

of

outline

profile the

In

usual

forward,

narrowed

evenly

and

of the

that

a

botanical

about

slaty at

tipped with

collector, The

mm.

the base.

uniformly gray;

1850.

general color

Below, dark

sides

Museum,

about

smoke

becoming

olive brown,

dark

are

66

British

of the

gray,

of

the

the

throat,

the

body

hairs dark

BATS

THE

the

with

group,

the

nose

wrist

the

the

The

and

forms

hardly

Measurements:

head

Myotis

in the

and

marked,

95

mm.

;

and

Occurrence the at

European present

of the Its

tail,55

with

the

Fortune,

country

from

body. other

a

part

molars,

Apart

this bat

the

of the

The

from

the

localities,except

the

quite

extreme across

the

of

from

is replaced in the

the

definite

eastern a

Yunnan, China.

by

point the

along

below, the

I have

American

seems

to

thus be

in

near

he

where

hill country band

Robert

chiefly

was

Yungchangfu,

Nothing

however,

by

some

over

ranges

listed

at

relationship.

sent

Shanghai,

black

secured

of

than

reduction

great

work

from

western

broad

specimens

single one

southwestern southern

probably

the

points

His

probably

form

in

single skin

"China."

possibly

size to

species.

a

country,

in

hairs, contrast,

side of that basis

type:

closely allied

more

and show

to to

the

little inferior

prove

specimen

and

lacking

tips

the

on

is very

seems

of

CHINENSIS

protoconules it

protocone.

mm.

came

typical

China,

race

in

range

upper

bat

tooth

somewhat

indistinctly

is very

measurements

MYOTIS

it may

which

loss of

collector, from that

so

expedition its habits.

to

large

under

bats.

by

forearm, 64

extensively whitish

of southern

Szechwan

;

OF

This

"

with

botanical

other

mm.

of the

following

gray

of that

coast

the

minute

China,

from

genus.

the

from

approach

hypocone

shoulder

a

in the

first described a

southern

the

side,

more

Tomes

the

of the

under

The

MEASUREMENTS

for

of

of the

base

of the

of most

and

protoconule,

group.

than

Myotis myotis,

hypocones

dark

a

gives

Habits:

believed,

the

slightlyin

is drawn

premolar

distinct

more

CRANIAL

to

; at

tip

the

slip extending

characteristic

form

slender

myotis

Tomes

"

body,

lack

molars

upper

condition

keel

a

of

members

smaller about

membranous

prominent

a

small

second

the

laid

when

in

as

forward

metacarpal.

general

the

jaw

upper

row.

the

is

about

are

slender, without

and

long

of the

base

skull has

The In

the

to

body

extending

ears

is very

calcar

the

;

large

finger, ventrally, there

fifth

of the

general proportions

The

209

tained ob-

lowland of eastern

the

sides

seen

of

none

Museum's

extending recorded

of

THE

210

Specimens examined: Chekiang: Tunglu, Fukien

i

;

.

i.

specimen:

Type

M.

1

12,

adult

in

Similar

Description: "

form, but

differingin having

of with

prominent

a

a

head

somewhat

their

base

and

skull

and

China, except

specimens of

in the

below,

do

being

the

almost

a

not

of the

hairs

differ from

those

smaller,

little

very

uniformly

gray,

the

above, of the

top

fuscous

hairs

the

instead

gray

Color

body.

Ridgway,

of

typical

the

to

uniformly

of the

sides

Collected

Expeditions.

coloring

and

American

56867, China.

whitish, resulting in

tipped with

by the bases teeth

Asiatic

surface

under

28, 1923.

Szechwan,

general proportions the

August

p. 5,

skull. No.

and

Wanhsien,

Granger, Central

smoky;

minutely

darkened

appearance, The

darker

85,

no.

Allen

M.

nearly "bufify brown"

grayish brown,

uniform

skin

male,

stripe along

black

G.

luctuosus

Novitates,

from

Walter

Dr.

Mus.

Ainer.

History,

by

921,

Allen,

An

"

Natural

of

Museum October

G.

luctuosus

chinensis

Myotis

96. Myotis chinensis

locality,i (sldn only)

definite

no

Yungchangfu,

Yunnan:

MONGOLIA

follows:

In all,five,as

"

AND

(M.C.Z.).

2

Yenping,

:

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

at

evenly frosted

an

showing through.

as

in southern

typical form

of the

indicated

by

available

few

the

latter.

Measurements:

first four

in the

those

measurements,

specimens, the type and

Two

"

topotype, show

a

taken

columns

by

the

the following

collector

in the

flesh. Tail

Foot

Ear

56867

80

65

16

21

65

56871

89

65

16

22

66

No.

Head

The

and

body

skull measurements

of the

Third

Forearm

Mc.

Fifth

64

62

59

61

59

57

specimens

two

same

Fourth

Mc.

Mc.

given in the table

are

preceding. Occurrence

China, extending Asiatic I have the

and

seen,

sides.

A.

mentions

from

of the This

This

"

Wanhsien,

(1929,

and

perhaps

in

eastern

in the

uniform

Howell

is

highlands.

western

at

is very

B.

Hunan,

Wanhsien

the

to

Expeditions

showkai,

race

Habits:

and

p.

Fvikien,

should

the

series secured

of

the

Kweichow; doubtless

the be

by

blackish

the

part

along

area

Chang-

single specimen

referred

to

of

Central all that

it from

recorded

has

interior

constitutes

Szechwan,

reduction

in

of

race

15), however,

Hwangtsaopa,

Yenping,

a

The

the

he

typical

coast. seems

to

series in

be a

a

where

cave

Specimens examined: in alcohol, 5 skins

cave-inhabiting species,for

and

"

In

several

all,ten, from

skulls, 2 skins.

Granger

Dr.

species of bats Wanhsien,

were

sectired

the

hibernating.

Szechwan,

including

3

THE

Proc.

Vesperlilio rufo-nigerTomes,

schreibersi Shih, Bull.

1 Miniopterus

specimen:

Type

It

Tomes.

by

is the

and

Collection,

between

was

This

"

of

with

49

extending

basal

out

to to

of

and

ears,

of the a

in

wing

triangular of the

for the

extending well

the

that

at

of India, and but as

decided a

third

outer

to

Habits:

associated

with

617) found

in Formosa, was

(1858)

wing

of

the

fourth

body

tips

basal

of

part

membranes

membrane,

of the

base

the

the

membrane

of the

body, this

all but

fingers and

the

fingers and

two

large

and

fifth

digits

from

the

fifth

ankle The

finger.

slightlypaler.

coloring,with

orange

covering much

that

so

(191 7)

Bianchi

to

by as

the" Mr.

different

as

it

wing

of the

has

proposed

might

"Kiang."

from

the

type

Chinese

the

by

hanging secured

in

by

hunter,

the

Da

formosus

"race."

The

1858, pi. 60,

British this

fact

the

M.

hardly important

eastern

That

specimen.

is shown ten

as

at

mentions

Vesperliliorufo-niger,

an

in the

Bat

collected He

typical

form

plate (Tomes,

(1878)

single specimen Pope's

specimen

a

from

represent

in his colored

of about

Orange-colored

intensity of coloring was

Dobson the

the

of

Chinese

the

in the

of

basis

second

a

name

tree-livinghabits cluster

form the

on

and

these

regarded

regarded

by

the

available.

Chinese

Fortune

the difference

while

found

the

covering

entire

include

for its handsome

genus

The

"

intended

a

below

Fur

toes.

knee.

only parts

the

to

are

along

by Tomes first

be

and

the

subgenus Dichromyotis.

is mentioned

therefore,

of

and

surface

interfemoral,

specimen is figured

and

of the

Lower

out

the

obtusely pointed,

antebrachial

fourth

forearm

a

base

side of the

and

with

genus,

the

to

is, the

part

in the

botanist

had

that

Fortune,

long

the

as

part of the

specificdistinction, though

Shanghai

p.

as

and

first recorded

had

so

measurements

hue

Shanghai by

figured

one

Robert

and

humerus, and

elbow

That

orange.

No

is remarkable

species the

he

of the

along each

the the

the

from

membranes

fore

the

as

"

Occurrence was

line

are:

is also

as

the

as

bright orange-nifous of the

the

on

bat

same

part of the Tomes

as

(1878)

tragus

triangle extending nearly

a

membranes'

the

for

well

as

Measurements:

the

joining the

between

tail membrane

This

side

tail membranes.

spaces

in

forward,

upper

out

black

wing,

ovate,

line

broad

a

and

brownish

4, p. 4, 1930.

no.

Museum,

Dobson

by

membrane

Wing

the a

coloring extending the

British

fairlylarge species for

a

narrowly

remarkable

Color

Univ., Canton,

Yatsen

Shanghai, Kiangsu, China, by

at

lobule.

on

about

membrane

is

Ears

mm.

small

a

1878.

p. 311,

recorded

specimen

(Mammalia).

1858, p. 79, pi. 60

Mus.,

i860.

Description: about

Brit.

is in the

type

collected

and

1850

London,

Biol., Sun

Dept.

The

"

Soc.

Zool.

Chiroptera

Cat.

Dobson,

Vespertitioformosus

211

rufo-niger (Tomes)

formosus

Myotis

97.

BATS

that

Museum.

It

is,

bright coloring is Swinhoe

leafy branches Central

malia), Mam-

Asiatic

Da, hanging

from

(1870c, of

a

tree

tions Expedia

bush

on

Unfortunately, its skull

1924.

subsp.,

China, just

of southern

therefore, Indian

the

What

(1930,

4)

p.

the

to

in the

is found

Miniopterus

as

black

Kwangsi. parts

warmer

parts of

warm

of

pattern

district of

Shan

limited

be

to

form

Yao

this

is doubtless

and

orange

in the

Loshiang,

seems, as

Shih

by having the

as

from

came

distribution

general

The

It

picta.

Kerivoula

described

but

MONGOLIA

preserved.

not

was

recorded

specimen

species is the

same

schreibersi

AND

CHINA

thickly settled region of Futsing, Fukien, in October,

in the

mountain

low

a

OF

MAMMALS

THE

212

that

country.

in the the

described

ear

Tomes

by

differences, if found

color

Specimens examined:

do

skin

suffice to

may

specimens, but

characterize

from

Specimen:

thirty miles

rather

Fur

above

"drab

of the

hairs

rather

the

but

narrow

forearm

about

shortened

minute,

tail, about

"

hind

42;

tibia is 18; third The

notch

at

the

back

corresponding

4.7; front

case,

Occurrence

and

bat,

the

mentions

of the

above

foot

without

that

type

in the

claws,

palate), 14.5

"

of

mm.;

back

to

12;

50

mm.,

and

Ears

the

ends

the

anal

medium,

curving outward

ear,

of the

end

lower

flesh

head

:

In

ear,

18.

(in a

second

of m',

specimens

which were

In

one

of the

body,

and the

two

62

mm.

skin,

dried

;

the

specimen, 48.5).

length (to width,

hind

the

12.2;

edge of

breadth

6.9. two

is taken

occupying

seems

from the

cave

to

be

in

taken

original specimens

Peiping, nothing further of

is

premolar

upper

jaw.

lower

zygomatic

for the

Except

description these

50

of the back;

legs

the

middle

"basi-sinual"

measured:

of canine

west

1907.

lacking.

is

measured

type

Habits:

thirty miles

Wings

from

The

one

this tooth

The

of

of the

Thomas.

to

metacarpal, 46; forearm,

of

skull

height

11,

border pale buffy hairs, its outer has skull in profile peculiarly upturned, a

The

white.

specimens, however, Measurements:

of

side

Museum,

fringed with

according

is also the

as

known

Ixxviii, 1917.

p.

gray,

practically hairless.

sharply pointed.

membrane

rostrum,

slaty; below, whitish

half the

short, about

not

with

slightlymarbled

He

October

long in the middle

mm.

and

21,

Collected

slaty. Under

white

membranes,

tragus

5

hairs

of the

nearly white, their bases

tibiae;interfemoral

cave

Peiping, Hopei,

bases

the

gray,"

narrow;

above,

this

China.

vol.

8.8.7.2, British

skull. No.

velvety, about

and

short

region, edging

a

and

^A

"

of the

skin

comparatively large species, membrane. fringed interfemoral

a

brain

male,

of

west

Description: with

A

"

it.

pequinius Thomas

Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1908, p. 637. Myotis {Leuconoe) pequinius Thomas, Zool. Acad. Mus. Sci., Petrograd, for 1916, Capaccinius pequinius Bianchi, Annuaire

Type

ences slight differ-

the

Futsinghsien, Fukien.

from

Myotis

98.

since

race,

for Formosan

hold

not

constant, One

"

validity of this

the

(1929) questions

Howell

of

known

Thomas's in company

account.

with

THE

a

colony of Miniopterus,

BATS

association

an

213

of genera

sometimes

found

in southern

Evirope. Specimens examined:

None.

"

Vespertiliodaubentonii

Kuhl,

Specimen:

Type

Hessen-Nassau,

Wetterau.

Ann.

Not

"

the

surface

size

laid forward

when

than

more

calcar

high

the

as

third

and

width

of brain

It

from

was

Hanau,

small

as

slightly smaller molars

but

small

half

the

M.

beyond from

tip rather

third

the

size,

tibia, and

the

on

the

side of the

blunt

;

half

mystacinus,

and

protoconule

than

the

forearm;

tail

about

more

dense

than

with

broader

as

in

differingin the

of

length

skull

having in

anterior

rostrum,

the

deeper rostrum,

greatest

on

metatarsus;

below.

and

and

decidedly

metacarpals evidently

posterior border;

mystacinus, but

than

foot

muzzle;

slightly shorter

of M.

long, extending

the

slightly shorter

occipitalregion

distinct

length of

the

moderately

ear

above, bufifygray

slightlymore in

its

keel

that

as

lower

case, case

than

tibia; wings ear,

Yvtx

brown

by its small

Recognizable

legs.

without

head.

wood

than

a

1819.

195,

existence.

"

more

fifth, the

to

without

brain

palate

as

slender,

skull is

and

4, pt. 2, p.

184):

p.

millimeters

two

or

length

mystacinus, The

(Kuhl)

vol.

in

mystacinus,

half

body

as

of the

M.

of the

long

long

of

one

from

graduated

1912,

half the

about

tragus

be

to

large foot,

mm.,

upper

About

M.

35

naked

Naturk.,

Germany.

about

the

by

Ges.

known

Description (after Miller, forearm

daubentonii

Myotis

99.

greatest

; the

teeth

the

upper

commissure

of

the

protocone. Measurements:

head fifth

and

body,

finger,49; Skiill:

breadth,

large feet,

on

the the

tail,34

to

the

on

the

from

North upper

north

of

brain

Habits:

of the

evidence

1 1 ;

may

American molars. to

the

M. It is

the

tooth

small

be other

mm.;

Eiu"opean

specimens:

; third

forearm, 37

of

case

finger,62

;

species of the

Mediterranean

in northern

at

lachrymal

middle,

5.4;

superficiallyresembling

like

It

the

by

once

given.

lucifugus, and a

at

bat, though

distinguished characters

brain

9.0;

5.6.

brown

regions of central

of its presence

width,

row,

relatively

corresponds

it has

temperate

a

to

some

distinct

conule proto-

of the

parts

region in Europe, extending

Pacific, following the

desert

zygomatic

7.8; depth

case,

This

"

the

by

as

Sweden to

for

following

tibia, 1 7 ; foot,

length, 13.8

mystacinus, well

;

5.2; mandibular

and

as

gives the

13.

row,

probably to

;

breadth

tooth

M.

World,

mm.

ear,

Occurrence

extent

43

condylobasal

5.0;

maxillary

Miller

"

tree

Asia.

growth

apparently

It is included

Mongolia,

furnished

here

by

Old ward east-

wholly

chiefly

Bobrinski

MAMMALS

THE

214

Sciences

of

Academy

indicate

occurs

far south

this

of

seems

no

These

species, it

northern

bordering

forest

one

Hangai,

Mongolia.

other

evidence

Gol,

(3)

;

Urto-tamir,

Urga,

many

Gol

grasslands

the

south

of its presence

None.

"

Mus., p. 298, 1878. Myotis hirsutus A. B. Howell, Proc. I, p.

specimen:

A

Description: "

hardly darkening

in the

skin

dull

British

Brit.

Mus., vol. 75,

collected

Museum,

lustreless

brown

short

and

of the

bases

foot stout,

40 mm.,

tips, except

at

relatively

fur, and

of

dense,

about

at

the

10.8

dull

a

the

hairs; below,

including

mm.,

grayish brown hairs

hairy;

above,

dark

have

region where

anal

of the tibiae

Backs

to the base.

of hairs white

U. S. Nat.

1926; Proc.

139,

Chiroptera

Swinhoe.

about

the

ashy-brown

bases, with

vol. 39, p.

Cat.

Dobson,

1870, p. 617.

hairy.

large pale claws, fur rather at

a

with

bat

forearm

Size meditma,

is

Robert

small

feet ; tibiae

large hind

London,

Washington,

Soc.

type

China, by

Fukien,

Amoy,

Biol.

The

"

Zool. Soc.

Proc.

(Peters)

fimbriatus

Myotis

Fukien.

Yenping,

15, 1929.

Type

a

be

Toi, Kosso

Kosso

from

one

near

scattered to

the

Russian

area.

fimbriatusPeters, in Swinhoe, Vespertilio

patch

so

River

the

from

(4)

Sangin,

edge of the

100.

the

from

like

of the

Zoological Museiim

specimen

from

There

Specimens examined:

art.

the

Mongolia;

Mongolia,

the

as

Gobi.

northern

a

one

in

that

localities

of the

(5)

Mongolia;

northern

as

(2)

MONGOLIA

AND

one

second

northwestern

Halhen,

River

(i)

follows:

as

Mongolia;

northwestern from

specimens in

records

(1929, p. 225), who

CHINA

OF

is

there

a

slaty small

without

calcaneum

keel.

skull is

The

The

larger canines. and

the

small

premolars

Measurements: as

tibia, 15. 1.

and

representative

of

seems

allied in the

upper

surface

Habits: the

of the

and

body, 48

MEASUREMENTS

SKULL

"

This

Eturopean

characters tibia.

inward

crowded

(1929) gives the

head

specimens

Occurrence

not

OP

bat, M.

of the There

is

a

as

small

mm.;

tooth

row.

of twelve

measurements ear,

15; forearm,

39;

be

the

FIMBRIATUS

(1929) remarks,

Howell

capaccinii in apparently

protoconule,

evident

the

tail, 39;

MYOTIS

skull, the

but

from

average

ately proportion-

laniger,with

of M.

have

molars

upper are

Howell

"

follows:

foot,

10.4;

that

considerably larger than

eastern

large heavy no

Asia,

may to

feet and

patch of hair

at

which the

the

it

hairy elbow.

THE

This

is another

species that

he

specimens

whence

sent

it

determined

that

Swinhoe's

paper.

Museum, as

the

In

A.

1926,

National the and

in the

the

and

M.C.Z.,

In

Kuhl,

Vespertiliomontivagus

Dobson,

Ges.

Asiatic

vol.

For

Description: "

Miller, "Mammals small

size

inserted laid half

others

is

one

as

the

high

as

of the

long

Calcar

long

with Skull

as

and

the

practicallyno similar

and

Anat.

typical subspecies,

see

Recognizable by its and

foot,

tragus

fifth

membrane

wing

long, extending, when about

pointed,

narrow,

metacarpals subequal, falling is folded.

wing

inserted

membrane

slaty; below,

the

at

base

Foot of

the

about

half

outer

toe.

keel.

the

hairs

but

less

with

a

bright,

gloss, their

distinct the

tips

hairs

of the

tinge of yellowish.

a

slightly less

than

premolars less drawn

inward

delicate, breadth half

in form, from

the

but

the

lower

the third, and

jaw the the

the

again

shows

small

The

The

row. nor

is the

premolars a

than

more

decidedly the

tooth

hypocone, second

case

length.

second

line of the

first and

second

of brain

greatest

practically without

are

line of the

wing

3 mm.,

from

A.M.N.H.

1819. 1874; in Anderson,

169).

p.

short

nose,

when

in

habit,

specimen

old

an

202,

moderately

and

above, light yellowish brown,

and

the

third, fourth,

ear;

by about

slender

molars

the

beyond

mm.

with Ear

toe.

there in

(from Germany).

(1912,

combined

outer

slender, with

alike

In

2

or

the

three-fourths

gray

but

i

tibia, the

Color basal

of the

S.

(Kuhl)

description of the Europe"

mm.),

35

base

elbow

as

minute

a

from

looking over-

U.

the

colonial

in the

4, pt. 2, p.

in existence

in

Yenping.

Soc.

not

of Western

(forearm

at

forward,

short

Probably

"

preservation."

evidently

mystacinus

Naturk.,

of

Myotis hirsutus,

are

at

cave

(1878) lists

state

Bengal, vol. 43, pt. i, p. 237, Western Zool. Researches Yunnan, Hotha, Yunnan. p. 98, 1879. Viv. Foss., p. 91, 1904. Myotis montivagus Trouessart, Cat. Mamm.

Type specimen:

Joum.

there It is

British

the

to

Dobson

specimens

Yenping, Fukien,

mystacinus

Wetterau.

Ann.

and

well known

from

Myotis

1 01.

Vespertilio mystacinus

thirteen

all,four, of which

three

these

species as

same

records

History.

in the "

One

latter

The

Vespertiliofimbriatus in

specimens

of

Amoy,

at

common

identification. it

three

sent

Fukien,

Natural

secured

examined:

Specimens

Amoy

of

for

"very imperfect

a

He

Yenping,

from Museum

doubtless

was

redescribed

found

named

skins.

as

description.

Museum

American

and

it is in

that

Howell

earlier

two

Swinhoe

Berhn

at

apparently

and

states

B.

the

was

alcohol

and

type

Peters

to

215

Robert

undescribed

Swinhoe

in

one

Consul

BATS

tendency

are

to

that

of rostrum second

first and

smaller first and

and

or

more

second

upper

protoconule developed.

considerably smaller be

drawn

inward

from

than the

others.

Measurements:

"

Miller

(1912) gives the following dimensions

of

European

2i6

specimens:

forearm,

7.6-8; head A

and

specimen cheek

different

from

The

him

as

foot

and

I have

Europe

precise status

its

Asiatic

forward

to

arises from the

above,

the

southwest

of China;

the and

montivagus," I and

a

Dobson's the

description

name

of the from

color.

It may

into this part of Yunnan.

species inhabits

are

third

the

be

In from

of M.

synonym

case

hence

other agree

future those

has

by

toes, small

of the

respects

the

closely, as

the

show

European

in

premolar

middle

followed

collections

of the

in

Anderson

length

does

the

part of its

supposed that in this southern and

cinus, mysta-

Yunnan.

of western

base

upper In

measvu"ements

uplands

different

a

the

from

premolars.

general body

Yunnan,

two-thirds

diagnostic points of the

The

early '70's. feet, wings

small

was

Myotis

a

of

northern

collected

position of the minute

the

characters

Hotha,

first and

the

it

where

656)

description of "Vespertilio

is

species for the highlands

in the

there

south

other

the

Fukien.

Yenping, p.

is

China,"

"North

from

across

this

given otherwise

seems

Likiang Range

the

on area

wing

the

and

it

(1923,

of Dobson's

range

or

feet,

out, reach

ears

slightlygraduated,

from

recorded

wide

Hopei,

make

Its

and

in alcohol

has

American

Tombs,

mm.,

common, un-

seems

The

race.

Its

Its measurements,

Museum,

specimen

least it

very

fourth.

that

the

of the

the

are

Etiropean animal,

careful

the

tibia and

;

temperate

is difficult to

is 32.5

perusal

a

and

angle

forearm

metacarpals

little doubt

came

of foot and

by

tail,40.5

;

north.

in the

at

typical

from

forearm,

mm.,

nan, Yun-

Hotha,

north

Eastern

at

a

description appear between

upper

measured

doubtful.

coloring

American a

limit

also

the

to

the

10,000

be: the

38

same

essentially

body, 46

of the

tree

specimen

a

Thomas

to

the

and

species covers

of his work

course

the

as

China,

record

specimen

from

species, was

bat

a

to

been

its exact

The

in the well

have

second

mm.;

5.5;

not

are

uncertain, but

has

nose;

of

mystacinus," from

indicatingthat so

rather

longer than

skin

of

this

general

referred

be

of the

mm.

A

same.

M.

is in

that

of the toes.

0.5

43

of the

specimens.

millimeters) : head

been

so

to

end

apparently this, as the

"near

or

alcohol

base

of

body,

molars,

dimensions

European

synonymy

to

This

"

practically those

quite the also

about

foot,

palatal length, 6.0;

11.6;

across

Vespertiliomontivagus

Expeditions secured

about

are

for

subspecificreference

probably

the

third

the

length,

The

and

measurements

width

7.0;

teeth, 5.8.

has

east

in

although

is nevertheless

basal

mm.;

head

cranial

Asia, extending nearly

in the

while Museum

in

Habits:

and

hind

tibia, 15;

height, 15; breadth, 7.0; forearm, 38; tibia, 15.

ear,

and

The

of Dobson's

placed

claws, 8.0;

of

which,

cheek

(inches reduced

Occurrence

MONGOLIA

measured:

width,

given by Miller

those

follows

parts

lower

type specimen

which

14

8.0; mastoid

5.0;

AND

finger, 49-56;

Tombs

Eastern

foot, 6.8; tibia, 15.2.

width,

teeth,

third

mm.;

greatest length,

are:

zygomatic

CHINA

tail,40.

44;

from

12;

ear,

OF

32-35

body,

specimen

tail,35;

In

MAMMALS

THE

high country that

form,

the

color

Dobson's

THE

name

follows

in

available

be

may

the

along

p.

224) records

as

follows:

(i)

in

male

a

(2)

August

14,

1924,

collected

Nor,

the

south

end

at

Fukien:

China":

mystacinus

Zool.

Type the

on

30,

p. 219,

A

"

skin

Rend.

tips

bases

of the

No

and

skull. No.

Russian

the

upper

premolar is

and the

same

first and

third

is likewise first and

third

skin from The are

M.

coloration

(1912)

and

hair

been

valley of

the

the

Moldja

southern

the

the

incisor

outer

be

to

as

in contact

are

on

in

Kash-

of

structurally

is

contrast

to

the

silky gloss; below,

same

instead

the

According

so

This

above,

with

white

;

inner

the

decidedly

The

gray.

;

invisible

in the side

premolar is minute

from

lower

of the

are

anterior

the

describer,

middle

the

doubtless

characters its

to

outside, while

the

jaw, tooth

middle

the

molar pre-

leaving the

row,

contact.

of

measurements

the

forearm

34.5

mm.

figured in outline

Habits:

that

described

and the

This

"

of

mystacinus above,

notes

Although

has

of

fresh

specimens

; tibia, 15

available.

are

; foot, 7.

by Bobrinski

(1929) but

no

ments measure-

available.

Occurrence common

No has

Mus.

Zoological Museum

mystacinus.

comparison, but

lies

and

premolars in "

Annuaire

p. 95;

slaty.

are

row

premolars

Shansi

skull

for

tooth

minute

Measurements: A

below

than

the

A,

ser.

Khotan-tag,

pale ochraceous

typical race.

smaller

in from

drawn

and

in the

as

Range,

latter, the

available

much

1926,

13906,

of M.

pale grayish

hairs above are

but

race,

are

Bobrinski

Sci. URSS,

1929.

of the

of the

tone

hairs

skulls

of Dalai

east

1885, by Przewalski.

4,

European

of the

Acad.

Leningrad, U. S. S. R., from

slope

May

ochraceous

the

Tintsa-intsa

mystacinus przewalskii

"

more

place

a

Mongolia, Tsummode,

called

Range.

follows:

Myotis

vol.

north

the

to

TJrga, (3) one from

Three,

Description: A pallid desert form similar

northwestern

(1929,

of Sciences,

skin.

URSS,

Collected

garia.

Uliassutai,

in China.

of Sciences,

the

Academy

Khingan

as

Bobrinski

for

Russian

at

apparently

i, in alcohol.

i

specimen:

Academy

River,

Great

przewalskii Bobrinski, Compt.

Sci.

Acad.

by Kozlov;

"

102.

Myolis

one

near

it

northeast,

Mongolia, the

from

from

the

i, in alcohol.

Tombs,

Yenping,

"North

of

of its habits

Specimens examined: Eastern

In

northern

Museum

alcohol

of the

Nothing is recorded

Hopei:

of

area

in the

by Potanin;

collected

217

subspecificsense.

a

wooded

three

BATS

be

a

pallid, desert

Europe, differingchiefly through

whitish

European

from

to

appears

instead

of

form

is

Kashgaria,

and

dusky

lower

"occasionally believed

by

its

race

almost

the

paler tawny

surface.

Bobrinski

of

But

whitish" to

be

Miller below. limited

that

to the

it

area,

form

likely that

seems

in

occurring

drier

the

of Sciences

Academy Chansai

River,

evidently

not

describes

as

of

one

the

Bats

from

M.

Gol

of

darker

bat

described

as

by

(1909,

rare

in

semiarid

this

collector, with

east, with

still farther The

form

M.

the

but

apparently recognized by Ognev

to

the

was

this

desert

nearly

very

gracilisOgnev,

m.

of

close

very

too,

Shansi,

specimen

M.

form, Eversmann

be

must

doubt,

no

something

or

saturate

brandtii

m.

the

from

correspond

to

seem

Eastward,

typical form

the

(lacking

Paotehchao,

and

area,

Ho There

History,

by Bobrinski;

964)

p.

even

size.

skins

Natural

Anderson.

P.

M.

larger

from

Alashan,

Hwang

the

of five

Shansi, which

of Paotow,

the west

and

Kozlov,

from

of

of

slope

and

Museum

the

Dinyuanin,

and

series

of

alcohol, from

in

west

color

and

Indeed,

collection

near

Pass,

przewalskii a

m.

east

Gol

Gobi.

the

kukunorensis

m.

American

the

intergrades

and

in

Roborovski

Thomas

the

Vladivostok.

Hotin

by

M.

from

Mongolia,

the

bordering

specimens

Ucheten

Turkestan

are

by

seen

southern

Turkestan,

from

ground to

of

recorded

doubtless

identical,

on

forty-three miles

same.

only race

the

referred

be

MONGOLIA

satisfactorilyseparated

Shansi

Shan,

subspecies

collection

the

specimen

is the

of

records

from

and

Nor,

pale coloring to

the

Nan

the

new

Koko

Maitaichao,

be

distinguishable,collected

probably should skulls) in

it cannot

and

221)

p.

AND

Leningrad, "of przewalskii type"

at

western

Alashan,

slope of the

south

(1929,

himself

Bobrinski

CHINA

parts

Shensi,

provinces of Kansu,

the

in

OF

MAMMALS

THE

2l8

the

is

Asia

western

typical mysta-

cinus.

Specimens examined:

^Five

(skins only) from

103.

Myotis

Vespertiliolaniger Peters, in Swinhoe,

Biol.

Myotis sowerbyi A. B. Howell, Proc. Yenping,

I, p. 16, 1929.

Type

Specimen:

Fukien,

and

account

of the

British

8 mm.,

A

1870, p. 617.

298, 1878 (part).

vol. 39, p.

138, 1926; Proc.

a

U. S. Nat.

this

bat

Mus., vol. 75,

(1878)

lists

Amoy,

at

in

published

was

Dobson

China.

of

specimen

description

whose

of South

small

slightly more

of the toes, upper The

general

dark-brown than

the

lustreless

chest, fur

and

part of

color

Swinhoe's

it

in

as

the

and

fur is

with

half

the

foot

length of the tibia, calcaneum

not

35

slightly graduated, wing narrowed,

face densely

hairy.

dull

drabby

ears a

dark

everywhere

paler grayish

its relative

mm.,

about

species, forearm

membrane

is

above

the

below,

Ridgway;

across

p.

procured

obviously keeled, metacarpals

of

London,

Mus.,

Museum. "

base

Brit.

Soc. Washington,

Peters,

mammals

Description: about

laniger (Peters)

Soc.

Fukien.

Swinhoe

"

it to

sent

Zool.

Proc.

Chiroptera

Cat.

Vespertiliofimbriatus Dobson,

art.

forty-three miles

Maitaichao,

Shansi.

of Paotow,

east

"

shortness,

dark in

the

the

at

near

"iron

base, tipped with

center

dull

brown,

from

of the

sooty-gray

the

gray"

brownish The

abdomen.

tint,

and

the

BATS

THE

densely hairy face external

Skull:

small

the

general

molars

upper stand

slightlyspaced

even

distinct

a

in

the

the

;

distinguish it

at

the

are

eye

from

once

obvious

M.

mysta-

appearance.

show

wholly

the

surrounding

area

species, and

similar

premolars are

bare

of this

characters

of somewhat

cinus

case

without

219

tooth

without

row

canine

upper

in

protoconule has

view; the

crowding, small

a

front

in

and

one

posterior cingulum

cusp.

Measurements: forearm hind

in

foot A.

and

B.

8

specimens 34.8; foot,

7.9;

head

tibia,

and

and

of the fur

Swinhoe

recalls

which

he

observed series

at

Museimi

which

extends

same

of the

China.

the

this

known A.

from

Peters.

general

to

Mr.

bat

and

He

Hainan,

Dobson,

tail,38.6;

MYOTIS

at

further of

as

forearm,

12.3;

ear,

the

in

in

examined

the

latter's Dr.

the

and

skull

the

collected

in southwestern

of

secured

others

also

obtained

island.

In

by

the

a

in the a

tion, addi-

American

Yunnan,

a

record

part of China.

western as

Myotis

sowerbyi specimens

overlooking the

specimen

the

for

for

of mammals

Andrews

He

States.

Berlin

at

account

C.

rather

description

collected

Pope

first record

species along both

R.

acteristic char-

and

United

Peters

Chunganhsien.

at

a

it to

species, the

H.

Clifford

apparently

the

southeastern

be

to

seems

in its short

and

new

1870.

described

records

LANIGER

sent

a

Tengyueh, to

Howell

the

and

species a skin

Yenping,

distribution who

of fifteen

measurements

average

China,

inclusion

Mr.

range B.

it

province,

Expeditions

the

1926,

for

Nodoa,

referred

Asiatic

In

this

of

in alcohol, from I have

35

The

respectively, the

mm.

sooty-colored bat

Fukien,

published

Fukien,

corner

small southern

regarded

China,

Yenping,

OF

of

Amoy,

Swinhoe

to

and

mm.;

austro-riparius of

latter

South

41.3

This

parts

one

sent

in

"

M. at

The

northwestern

pair

Habits:

the

secured

body,

MEASUREMENTS

warmer

identification.

is 34

hand.

at

are

15.

CRANIAL

dense

Fvikien

specimens

mm.

alcohol:

Occurrence

from

(1929) gives the following

Howell in

of fresh

measurements

specimens

two

7.6

No

"

type

the

from

of this

previous description

Foochow,

indicating

region of

coast

and

of

of M.

southern

fimbriatus,

latter

the

regarded

Specimens examined: Yenping,

Fukien: Hainan:

Nodoa,

in alcohol);

Type specimen: H.

Rev.

by

1920,

12.

frater

Novitates,

G.

Allen

M.

85, p. 6, August

no.

28, 1923.

48039, American

in alcohol. No.

male

Collected

Ftikien, China.

Yenping,

North

America,

but

differingin details

M.

about

one-half

the

total

volans,

of M.

but

evident

keel

by about

elbow

laid

when

1.5

much

10,

folded.

when

from

long

Wings

ankle.

the

of the

falling short

longest but

short, barely reaching the muzzle

Ears

in

off than

abruptly rounded

less

tips

their

Tail

:

long, exceeding very length, provided with a low

tarsus

third

the

graduated,

mm.

forward,

length of the

follows

as

M.

to

tibia

length; half its

less than

the

about

at

metacarpals

the

ample;

foot

volans,-the

that

August

species (forearm 39) structurally similar

small

of western

volans

Museum

Caldwell.

A

"

in

Chunganhsien,

Myotis

adult

An

"

R.

Description:

as

Mus.

History, from

Natural

of

follows:

i.

Allen, Amer.

M.

really quite

are

2.

104.

Myoiis frater G.

they

laniger, but

M.

In all,thirty-three, as

"

(lo

i8

Tengyueh,

Yunnan:

of

synonym

a

MONGOLIA

AND

showed.

Peters

distinct, as

as

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

220

volans.

M.

its lower half Tragus similar in both, short, its anterior edge slightlyconcave, and crenulate abruptly beveled margin slightly broad, the posterior upper

tip.

the

off to

the

On

side the

lower

quite

of the femur

middle

skull

The

uptiuTied brain

As

anterior crests

to as

the

convex,

in

is much

as

well is

way

more

(as

the lower

In

teeth inward

jaw,

crowded

a

the

to

tooth

form, and

it is

the

very

second

brown. its short

lambdoid and

weak,

the

from

color

slightlyinflated

and

small

are

The

reddish in

the

ridges, after uniting

back

continued

The

line from

species

and profile),

temporal

in the American

in size and

reduced

in

seen

are

crowded as

row

actually smaller.

a

species.

American

the

species, the lines.

concave

premolar being practicallyin the

wing from

in the American

as

of

that

occiput, diverge, and not

the

on

specimens, but is apparently dark

American

the

of

as

elbow,

forehead

elevated

small

second

the

closely resembles

rostrum,

case.

to

alcoholic

in the

evident

is not

thinly

fur extends

row,

proportionally

premolar in the

little inward

the

instead

from

the

same

tooth

row.

Measurements:

foot, 8; claw,

ear

from

"

The

meatus,

measured:

type 11

;

forearm,

39;

total

tibia,

length, 20;

leg

94

from

mm.;

knee

tail, 47; to

end

of

29.

Sloill: greatest

length, 13.5

mm.;

basal

length, 13.2; palatal length, 6.6;

THE

maxillaiy width, tooth

5 ; mandibular

row,

and

Occurrence

counterpart it agrees

of the

Habits:

They

species. were

Fukien,

at

The

about

2,500

on

stems

group

small

outline

of the

the

been

it

was

more

middle

suppression.

The

derived

this

from

remain

the mountains

on

the

which

even

minute

based

distinguished by the

are

with

feet

keeled

by the inflated skull, with

ventrally, and convex

specimens

of live bamboo

that

toward

have

which

though with

in

its way

thus

may

be

to

appears

long-legged bat, with

or

of structure,

on

8.0; maxillary-

unique. Yenping,

near

feet altitude.

this

of

width,

incisors, 5.4.

volans,

details

species

in holes

tibiae and

M.

farther

gone

three

taken

bats

long

ears,

The

of

progressive dentition,

more

jaws has

less-progressive American Asiatic

mastoid

9.2;

interesting little bat

important

and

of both

This

"

221

exclusive

row

American

western

lengthened tibiae premolar

tooth

of the

in most

width,

zygomatic

5.9;

BATS

combination

calcar, fur extending short

of the

to

elbow

occiput, and

elevated

rostrum,

short

temporal ridges at the occiput.

Specimens examined:

Three

"

in alcohol,

including the type, from

Yenping,

Fvikien. muricola

Myotis

105.

Vespertiliomoupinensis Milne-Edwards,

moupinensis (Milne-Edwards)

Recherches

pour

servir k I'Hist. Nat.

des Mammiftres,

p. 253,

pi. 37A,

fig.2; pi. 37C, fig.4. 1868-74. Vespertilio muricola Cat.

Dobson,

Myotis moupinensis

Muping,

central

the

sides

yellowish of the

below,

the

ashy.

The

stripes,the

hair

measuring

are

half

tip marked The not

and

small

delicate

sent

Magdeburg,

Pere

by the

to

vol. i, p.

Armand

Paris

184, 1906.

David

Musevun

part of

upper

is

of the

smaller the

area

and

the

in

where

it

and

the

length of tibia; the

from off

by

delicate

flattened, and

base

the a

of the

sharp

skull

of oval

notch

has form

a

long

at

dark

smoky

calcaneiim

toes

from

the

stripe on in other

tips, while

brown

has

basal

a

each

small

distinct

and

to

sooty;

aspect.

three

side. Chinese lobe

bats, or

fairlylong,

keel; with

portion.

sharply rising forehead in dorsal

of the

center

peculiar in showing

delicate

; ear

the

base, tipped minutely with

is thus

than

its small

by

burnished

blackish

the

side

delicate

more

with dark

are

slaty

dorsal

bats

calcaneum.

color; above,

hairs

body

dark

everywhere bronze

keeled

of characteristic the

Chinese

among

feet, and

bronzy,

or

appearance

wing membrane narrow

brown

central

feet

The

Heimatk.,

u.

collected

was

distinguished

small

silky, and

long and

is

f. Natur-

China,

Readily

"

Fur

type

Szechwan,

Description:

case

The

(forearm 33), very

back

Mus.

stillis.

presumably

size

Proc.

"

Ber.

u.

Mus., p. 316, 1878 (in part). Zool. Soc. London, 1911, p. 162.

Brit.

Thomas,

specimen:

Type

Abh.

Hilzheimer, Chiroptera

The

in

teeth

profile,brain show

no

trace

a

of

MAMMALS

THE

222

in the

protoconule below

and

above

follows:

skull

The

40

8.0; mastoid

length, 6.6; zygomatic width, 5.2

;

tooth

upper

162)

that

says

the

edge of This

that

at

with

by land with

but to

of

to

the extreme

in

possibly North

They

of the

southward, small

very

well

protoconules in the

molars,

upper

as

in

and

the

and

and

One Asia

of the

suppose

may

connected

Pacific

keeled

intimate

have in the

calcaneum,

toes, the

of the

across,

temperattires

delicate

unusually dark-based

its

fur,

skull, the

and with

lack

of protocone

union

species. sub-

northward

exterminated

were

a

as

was

lowered

is

nor

ally of the

sides of the

formation

the

close

present

foot, with

base

the

in the

ranged continuously

least

at

or

form

a

eastern

both

on

(191 id,

notch

trenchant,

of Alaska.

delicate

long silky pelage

bright contrasting tips, as

molars,

Thomas

very

whose

connection

from

33.

palatal

across

Chinese

the

bats

group

the

to

as

forearm, ii.o;

sharp

probably

coast

these

in the

in the

ear,

seem

retained

Pliocene, when

origin of the wing membrane

narrowed

not

the

by

America,

of this

flesh

Muping as a distinct closely related to M.

very

latter

the does

America,

members

the

agree

from

North

the

the

length,

really separable.

southern

break

subsequent

somewhat

north.

it is

I have

western

premolars

12;

ear,

6.6; width

from

particularly interesting as

is

northward,

the

width,

evidently

this character

Nevertheless,

bat

western

the

retreated

the

but

time

some

it is

but

7.5;

at

row.

in

basal

mm.;

described

was

ear,

extends

now

range

bat

distinguished

californicusgroup

M.

small

tooth

measured

foot,

hypocone

second

6.0.

row,

it is

in skins.

it obvious

tooth

of India, if indeed

(Hodgson)

muricola

outer

This

"

Milne-Edwards,

species, by

p.

6.g; lower

row,

Nomenclature:

Likiang

tail,38; hind

mm.;

in the

each

the

have

first and

small

greatest length, 13.0

measures:

latter

the

The

from

specimen

body,

do

stand

but

MONGOLIA

AND

nor

protocone.

crowded

A

"

and

head

the

not

are

Measurements:

molars,

upper

separated from

all well

CHINA

OF

of and

hypocone.

the

across

25".

It

Habits:

and

Occurrence

southern

again reported it from and

from

two

Expeditions for

in

19

Eastward

1

6

have two

it has

heimer, 1906), and at

Foochow,

specimens has

from

first recorded

was

recorded

taken M.

This

"

near

very

Yinchinwan, extended

a

muricola

be as

of the

area

and

Thomas

at

considerably

Kiiikiang, was

secured

apparently

scattered

not

by a

common

individuals;

colonial, sometimes

the

yet

(191 id) Tatsienlu Asiatic

the

southwest,

Likiang,

Yunnan.

Kiangsi

northern

in

Central

Asiatic

species,and in

calities lo-

of latitude

Museum to

Ssushanchang,

various

from

one

American

The range

taken

from south

region, namely,

same

from

It is

known

now

the

singlespecimen

Fukien. seem

were

is

in Szechwan,

Szechwan.

recorded

to

bat

exclusive

Muping,

its known

specimens been

small

half of China,

India

(Hilz-

dition Expethe

few

Dodsworth

living in bungalows,

as

the

THE

implies, and

specificname or

of the

He

year.

Foochow,

apparently of the

shelter

with

In

"

223

to

singleyoung

a

all,three,

degree hibernating

some

house

during in

one

May

the

cooler

and

June

part there.

follows:

as

(in alcohol).

i

Likiang,

Yunnan:

the

females

examined:

Specimens Fukien:

found

Simla

at

from

withdrawing

least

at

BATS

2.

Vesperlilio davidii Peters, Monatsb.

davidii

Myotis

106. Kon.

Wiss.

Akad.

Preuss.

(Peters) Berlin, 1869, p. 402.

Proc.

Swinhoe,

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1870, p. 618. davidii J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

Myotis

Mus., vol. 75,

i, p.

and

David,

The

"

European the

base

Probably, however,

the

this

the

feet

The

to

the

resembling

as

origin of

internal

the

with

by

common

position

of

membrane

wing

the

from

the

Allen

terminal

is characterized

the

tooth

a

hairs.

precise coloring, Hainan

black

"nearly

In this type

tips."

of the

than

specimen

frosted of

with

coloration,

position

jaw, but

closely approximated,

that

so

the

half-way

base

of the

the

to

toes, of the

tip

project free.

tail

the

by

is from

membrane

wing

in each

row

dark-based

its

of this genus.

bats the

vertebras

the

describes

parts

upper

light brown

with

light-brown tips to

alcohol, and

J. A.

having

large ;

in

was

with

ashy tips to

or

gray

dark

as

long, extending slightly more

skull

are

the

(ex Peters?)

but

of dark

rather

are

two

The

internal

and

jaw

peculiar among

calcaneum

tail.

S. Nat.

U.

Paris.

at

the

distinguishable by

specimen

species as

tips instead

The

Proc.

Howell,

Peiping, Hopei, China,

at

Naturelle

is described

specimen

indeterminable.

therefore, somewhat

it is,therefore,

collected d'Histoire

Dobson

by

similar

whitish

B.

toes.

described

to

was

in each

the fur above, below

referred

type

Hist., vol. 22, p. 488, 1906. A.

Museum

type

premolar

of the

Color

Nat.

daubentonii, but

M.

small

The

"

Mus.

1929.

is in the

Description: second

15,

Specimen:

Type Pere

art.

in the

of the the

small

upper

lower

second

first and

premolar third

jaw separated by

molars pre-

slight

a

space.

Measurements: into

converted

hind

30.0;

fifth

foot, 8.4;

finger, 35.5;

recorded

by J. A.

Occurrence The

type

may

be

island

of

The

"

metric

units,

are

15.3;

ear,

tibia, 12.6; Allen

and

specimen

had

a

skin

Peiping and

little

for

was a

The

18.

of 34

to

doubtless

skull, while

given by Dobson,

and

body,

tail,

31.7;

41.4

third

specimen

mm.;

finger, 43; Hainan

from

mm.

seems

second

as

and

forearm,

7.0;

calcaneum,

Very

"

incorrectly described, Hainan,

as

tragus,

type

head

follows:

forearm

a

Habits:

from

of the

measurements

be

in alcohol,

example, otherwise

known

taken

agreeing

about

this

so

that

at

Rintoi,

in

bat.

its colors on

the

general, seems

to

unique

be

OF

MAMMALS

THE

224

AND

scattering of white-tipped hairs, giving it minute

upper

and

row,

closelysimilar condition

in the

184)

to

prove p.

be

a

15)

p.

of the

than

Hainan

specimen

the

adds

J.

A.

(1906, specimen

a

Of

Hopei.

the

latter,

eventually

It may

suggested (1906, geographically different

Allen

represent

may

tooth,

Kiukiang,

of

note

daubentonii.

M.

lower

from

Museum

Hsinlungshan,

latter, and

close relative the

488) that

(1929,

tooth

the

records, Hilzheimer

Magdeburg

a

The

appearance.

corresponding

these

to

from

trifle darker

a

of the

case

coloring, with

wholly inside

premolar

the

to

Howell

B.

Museum

be

is said to

color

the

sent

were

A.

National

S.

U.

ten

and

Kiangsi,

northern in the

that

mentions

slightlyfrosted

a

addition

In

characteristic.

be

to

seem

p.

a

second

the

of

withdrawal

MONGOLIA

in its blackish

of this genus

bats

eastern

among

CHINA

a

has

form. examined:

Specimens

None.

"

Rickettia

Genus Rickettia Bianchi, Annuaire

Capaccinius ( rank).

This

is

genus

in the

enormous

structure

wing membrane

to

of the

from

the

of the

base

species of that

the

toes

in

essentiallyas

reduced

and

there

outer

upper

in

has

of

the

the

of

wing membrane dorsal

of the genus

the

only

Rickettia

RICKETT'S

Vesperlilio{Leuconoe) pilosus Peters, Monatsb. Brit. Mus.,

pp.

285, 289, 1878.

more

as

more

of the

hairy;

side of the

hind

a

arising

tibia, about teeth

The are

more

smaller The

genus.

prominent Gulf

than

of California

in the

outer

part

the

moreover,

that

of

few

a

of the

some even

is different, in

sertion in-

it continues

metatarsus.

The

type

recognized is Rickettia pilosa (Peters). pilosa (Peters)

BIG-FOOTED Kon.

or

rather

Pizonyx

much

of in

molars

upper

gland-like structvire

outer

species hitherto

instead ankle

in

relatively

claws, the

unusually free.

of the

cusp,

of

are

side of the

subgenus

to

Pizonyx

siuface. of the

107.

Chiroptera

are

the

is present

a

as

the

feet

the

limb

as

of Rickettia it lacks

feet

ventral

hypocones

conspicuous inner

and

ridge-liketo the and

a

striking,but

wing membrane

lower

Leuconoe

to

resemblance

Myotis. region is rather of the

leaves

widely point of

in the

curved

from

or

the

protoconule such

no

referred

incisor The

This

Myotis,

the

It is,however,

wing membrane,

the

in

generic

general

The

strongly

origin from

Myotis but

is

species,sometimes

usual

takes

genus,

half-way of its length. are

as

and

to

in

tibia, and

and

tibia.

the

large

equals the tibia in length, while

foot

foot

of

subgenus

a

Myotis, which

of its teeth.

hind

Inclusive

size.

of

as

14, 1936 (raised

168, May

17, p.

specialized offshoot

a

and

number

vol.

Mammalogy,

proportions of the

of the

attachment

Sci.,Petrograd, for 1916, vol. 21, p. Ixxviii,1917,

Zool. Acad.

evidently

in the

it resembles different

Mus.

Myotis). G. M. Allen, Joum.

=

Bianchi

Preuss.

BAT Akad.

Wiss.

Berlin, 1869, p. 403.

Dobson,

Cat.

BATS

THE

Vespertilio{Leuconoe) ricketti Thomas, p. 208,

144,

no.

remain

It

the

on

Since since

a

obtained

skin

and

of

it in

the

from

Peters's

from

neither

Museum

B.

of the donor, who

and

America,

seems

in

whence

Rickett.

had

cover dis-

catalogue.

South

China,

C.

by

could

been

inquiries

to

description, there

eastern

skull, collected

he

have

to

now

in response

reported

instead

Montevideo,

locality as

that

in the

specimen

a

appears

wrote

with

exactly

came

it in honor

named

myself, been

but

on

whereabouts

1894

Believing it it in Fukien,

secured

Foochow.

at

Fiir

Description: bristly whiskers. "

covered

calcar femoral

the

Color

Under

audital

form

First upper

cusp.

of the of the

first,both

Lower

incisors

from two

in

from

a

a

hairs

teeth

slightly internal

very

lower

outer

in front, but

inner

two

a

in

view

crown

the

on

outward

sides

axis

their

the

cingvdtim barely half that

area

the

to

posteriorly

of the

tooth

trifid

crowns

as

conspicuously larger, showing a

of

conspicuous secondary

crown

pairs with

incisors

tip height of

the

plumbeous.

bow

with

smaller, its

much

premolar

the

slightsagittalridge, relatively

which

large, each

inter-

of

is free.

slightly darker

of the

and

long, extending four-

very

of which

drab,

bases

with

third

is

behind

seen

them

row. seen

only

forming

elevation.

forearm

Comparative tail, 50 20;

vertebra

half

premolar low, its point hardly projecting above

the

Measurements:

has

calcar

half

reaching

not

less than

narrow,

zygomata

incisors

imbricate, the

front;

cusps

blunt

slender

Upper

second

canine;

the

clothed

ankles, feet

stiff hairs; basal

slenderly proportioned, with

bullae, and

angle.

an

white,

well the

laid forward

claw;

surface

below,

short

and

slender

upper

surface

rather

Skull

to

entire

the

short

long

a

and

when

tail,the terminal

the

to

of

head.

small

with

Ears

rather

Tragus

above

conspicuous

hairy.

also

Thumb

fifths the way

the

rather

with

muzzle.

ear.

legs, both

Muzzle

velvety.

and

short, close

Hind

membrane

of the

a

Mus.,

1916, vol. 21, p. Ixxviii,1917.

Museum,

mention

ever

agree

it

that a

species,he

new

of the

any

has

specimens doubt

to

Thomas

nor

specimen

Chinese

reason

1894.

Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat.

its present

its

gave

in alcohol,

J. Berlioz find

for

and

type

and

Paris,

at

S. Miller, Jr., and

specimen other

no

Sci., Petrograd,

originaldescription

female

adult

an

least, M.

at

of G.

part the

no

was

sight of;

lost

his

based

Naturelle

d'Histoire

Acad.

origin of the

The

"

Zool.

Mus.

Peters

unknown.

Uruguay.

G. M.

1928.

specimen:

Museum

6, vol. 14, p. 300,

Hist., ser.

Foss., p. 89, 1904. Miller and

Viv.

Capaccinius ricketti Bianchi, Annuaire

Type

Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

Mamm.

Myolis pilosus Trouessart, Cat.

225

^A

"

skin

length of Zoology

(ca.);foot

calcar, 21.5.

55

in

Thomas

American An

claws,

Musetim

alcoholic

forearm,

meastires:

with

the

mm.

56.5

of

specimen head

mm.;

20;

ear,

19;

tragus,

records

for

the

type

of

inner his

Natural

in the and

History

Museum

of

body, 65 (ca.);

margin, 6.8; tibia, Vespertilio ricketti:

forearm,

58

6.2 ; third

21.3

teeth,

information

is in

bats

these

in at

rather

the

membrane,

give

freedom

Pizonyx,

and

and

its strong

uses

very

no

for the

the

clue

the

to

Specimens examined: Fukien:

Shaowu,

Anhwei:

Suchow,

Shantung:

The

bats

i

than

by

in

their

the

the

of 56 of

most

were

of

Rickettia

fish from

small

could

attachment

wing

the

be

close

has

in Noctilio

to

fish-eatinghabits svirface.

the

from

secvired

so

and

Dr.

Liu's

fortunatel Un-

mens, speci-

empty.

i;

Foochow,

i

(B.M.).

(B.M.).

genus

distinguished by Myotis, their short otherwise

in

Four:

Entw.-Gesch.

of this

usually be

of

(M.C.Z.)-

Taianfu,

Skizzirte

like them,

habits

food

Genus

PipistrellusKaup,

Field any

"batch"

a

at

of

one

the

skin

a

recallingthose

all characters that

hooking

River,

Min i

"

reduction

tail, the

of both

intestines

species

northerly once in numbers. only report of its presence strong calcar for spreading the interfemoral

leg, are

for

third More

the

as

likelyindicate feet

examining

is at

This

Taianfu, Shantung.

short

to

type

a

accompany

representing part of

in 1926, and

species,as well

of

in

other

one

in the

are

specimens,

two

field notes

no

opportunity

the

large foot, long and

The

to

had

have

received

brought

of the

record

I

then

Museum,

British

Unfortunately

History.

as

both

of this

capture

secured

Zoology, the

Comparative

of

Museum

the

Liu,

C.

the

River, Fukien.

Min

1936) the who

erroneous

Expeditions secured

Asiatic

to

Fvikien,

served

former

Shaowu,

Allen,

Fukien an

Foochow,

collector, and

for the

skull, from

C.

The

1894.

Museum

Dr.

Yangtze, by

Since

these.

by

from

two

present

as

from

coast

eastern

far

So

species in 1869, under

are

Thomas

reported (G. M.

of Natural

Museum

14.0;

teeth, 8.5; lower

cheek

upper

the

on

November,

skin without

a

I have lower

which

width,

zygomatic

5;

of this bat.

is recorded

recorded

American

The

record, namely,

as

in

other

Museum.

Suchow,

greatest length,

measures:

11.

8.9;

description of the

the

specimens

next

April, the

recently

molars,

it is found

Vespertilioricketti,named

British

specimens

these

Little

"

however,

Following

locality,the in

of

across

Habits:

and

goes,

Shantung.

of

margin,

10.9.

Occurrence

taken

inner

18; tragus,

ear,

length, 18.0; palatal length, 10.6; width

width,

mastoid

MONGOLIA

AND

18.

second

the

basal

mm.;

cheek

; calcar,

of

skull

CHINA

body, 69; tail,48;

and

head

mm.;

finger,94

The

OF

MAMMALS

THE

226

u.

Naturl.

Syst. d. Europ.

small,

are

their blunt

generally

PipistrellusKaup

small

tragus

unmodified

of

some

ears,

Thierw., vol.

which

98, 1829.

extremely

them

which

I, p.

are

so,

and

proportionally

may

broader

projects slightlyforward, and

exterior.

The

feet

are

small

and

BATS

THE

tip; the

in

latter

the

and

short

The

closed.

space

or

shown

has

recognizable by

the

males

wide

of the

study

thorough

species

of

the the

that

of

B.

nearly

Color Color

Grayish

a.

h.

Dark

=

this

correctly

be

characters

the

species

eastern

baculimi be

recently Thomas

More

Until

a

tion following determina-

the

made,

readily

are

bone.

penis

or

The

species

type

of

Pipistrellus)pipistrellus.

Species

Pipistrellus

of

above, lightlysprinkled with

P.

whitish

pulveratus

brownish.

or

long with

baculum

above,

brown

above, baculum

brown

pulveratus Peters, in Swinhoe,

Vesperugo

maurus

Vesperugo

pulverulatus Trouessart,

Cat.

Pipistrellus savii pulveratus Thomas,

by Robert

A

"

skin

Swinhoe,

Description: "

Size

P.

curve

P.

straight

and

Zool. Soc. London,

Brit.

Mus., Viv.

Mamm.

Zool.

Proc.

Howell, Proc.

Pipistrellus pulveratus A. B.

Type specimen:

Proc.

Chiroptera

Cat.

Dobson,

shorter

double

abramus

tralatitius tramatus

Pipistrelluspulveratus (Peters)

Vesperugo

color

of

can

bats

to

cranial

and

wholly provisional.

as

Chinese

to

108.

general

whole

a

of

34.

apparent.

the

at

mens identify poorly preserved speci-

to

two

in

Vespertilio(

European

black

grayish

as

regarded

Key A.

least

at

is the

cusp

species can

appearance,

color is not

differences

group be

must

is the

genus

size, general

in which

in alcohol

those

the

before

frequently impossible

it is

that

they

are

in

similar

So

estimated.

incipient

=

assigned

been

the

canine

lower

The

an

m.f

jaw,

inner, and

the

cusp.

pm.f

have

is needed

study

than

shows

is: i.f c.t

in each

Pipistrellusand

in

lost

quite

is

secondary

names

one

extreme

is somewhat

skull

less tooth

is smaller

sometimes

upper

further

China,

from

small

a

various

that

incisor

formula

tooth

The

latter

the

upper

has

the

while

stout,

Notwithstanding genus

outqr

forms

eastern

posterior base.

of

premolar

is

there

for the

except

finger. The

fifth

Myotis, and

in

than

middle

minute

for the

membrane,

shortening of the

no

proportionally

broader

the

shows

wing

in the

included

tail is wholly

delicate; the

227

Foss., p. I12,

Soc. London,

U. S. Nat.

in the

previous

British

75,

art.

i, p.

17,

1929.

from

Museum,

lected col-

China,

Amoy,

1870.

fairly large for

blackish, minutely

(errorim).

1897

1898, p. 771.

vol.

Mus.,

to

1870, p. 618.

218, 1878 (in part).

p.

frosted

the

forearm

genus,

with

pale

gray

or

about white

35

mm.,

above

and

below. The

color

scattering than are

a

of

above

is darker

slightly frosted

longer "Ears

and

than

below,

pale-tipped hairs, which,

more

effect

abundant,

fairlylarge for

a

to

the

a

deep

however,

middle

of the

evenly frosting the

blackish

hardly back; lower

Pipistrellus, tragus short, broad

brown,

suffice

below,

to

with

give

the

more

pale tips

surface. and

bluntly

a

rounded.

THE

228

from

Wings

the

MAMMALS

base

CHINA

OF

AND

of the

toes, fur of the

upper

and

MONGOLIA

body

extending

not

out

the

to

on

membranes. In

the

skull, the

length, the inner

bifid,with

slightly backward.

The

but

visible between

the

Measurements:

of other

in his

later

correct,

and

to the

as

type,

the

to

directed tooth

row

in contact.

nearly

given by Peters, and

as

of

place by a

few

at

p.

Futsing,

apparently

ranges

back

from

Kwangtung. westward

Likiang

quite and

use

available

From across

another

of

the

go,

has

maurus,

ugo

synonym.

view a

is

thorough

this bat

in late

original it from

recorded a

second Dr.

of

southeastern

Makaihsien,

in

Dr.

C.

south,

Lackpass Forest, for

was

R.

July, 1916, probably Still farther

in

country,

to

seems

to the

Chunganhsien.

one

coast

until

and

Kuatun,

at

immature.

are

the

from

at

Fukien,

they

tured cap-

Museum,

Pipistrellussavii, of

In addition

(1898)

Pope,

capture

British

genus.

China.

eastern

as

specimen

pulveratus a

records

Thomas

H.

a

Vesper

the binomial

of the

province

same

of

the

of

race

a

on

ground. back-

dark

Very likely Thomas's

to

of southern

breeding colony, the 14) has recorded of

eastern

members

Clifford

P.

name

synonym.

as

hairs

basis

the

species of

Chinese

among

pale

on

the

Fukien,

the

of

Chiroptera" under

an

a

far

portions

corner

the

be better

So

"

southeastern

same

region

a

side and

are

specimen is in

considered

small

(1922,

skin

he

regarded it

warm

procured a

This

"Catalogue of

Habits:

in

the

near

from

Fvikien.

of all the Asiatic

northwestern

Canton

the

by Peters

it may

locality,Amoy,

Andrews

known

is in tvim

Occurrence confined

Mell

of

equal in

about

are

outer

premolar premolars, which

easily recognized

maurus

be made

can

secured

pair

the

on

cusp

light sprinkling

the

for the present

Vesperugo but

is

bat

Amoy,

at

(1898)

Thomas

the

of each

is internal

measurements

species,of which

European

be

third

first made

was

listed by Dobson

study

small

This

"

Swinhoe

by

which

secondary

upper

its size and

by

genus

It

a

incisor

specimens follow.

Nomenclature: the

the

first and

The

"

inner

China,

it

brought

Andrews

Yunnan,

in the

and

Howell

THE

(1929) mentions

(1878) lists Peiping these

records

from

others as

a

little more

Likiang,

i;

Temminck,

Scotophilus pumiloides Vesperugo

abramus

Myolis abramus

Mag.

Swinhoe,

Proc.

Proc.

Type may

Thomas,

Specimen:

Leiden

Description:

Size

10

base

of the

General brown

the

be

;

a

London,

1857,

a

Island, Chekiang.

Chusan

?China.

51.

p.

1835.

232,

481, 1842.

1870, p. 618.

Nat.

London,

1928, p. 143.

Nagasaki,

is from

Japan,

and

Holland.

forearm

about

distinct

but

keel

32 on

wing membrane

mm.,

the

Penis

calcar.

bone

from

long,

curvature.

dull

of the

upper

sandy lower

incisor

minutely longer

iirements

2, p.

Hist., vol. 22, p. 488, 1906 (lapsus calami). f. Naturgesch., vol. 88, sect. A, no. 10, p. 14, 1922.

double

hairs

vol.

original specimen

low

(M.C.Z.).

i

brown svuf

ace

over

the

back, becoming

dark-based,

with

dull gray

dark

tips.

slightlybrowner.

outer

skull. Meas

Soc.

small,

a

species.

(Tenmiinck)

I, vol. 9, p.

London,

Museum,

above

head be

may

Skvdl: it may

color

the

on

Females

or

toes;

slender, with

mm.,

Soc.

Zool. Soc.

The

"

still be in the

"

the

Proc.

Mammalogie, Hist., ser.

Mus.

Scotophilus pomiloides (sic) Mell, Arch. Pipistrellus abramus

de

Zool.

J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

Beyond

mistake.

i.

Nat.

Zool.

a

Dobson

follows:

as

Pipistrellusabramus

Monogr.

Tomes,

of the

Futsing, 5 (young); Amoy,

i;

Makaihsien,

Vespertilio irretilus Cantor, Ann.

Pingkiang, Hunan.

and

this is doubtless

known

In all,nine,

"

109.

Vespertilioabramus

be

to

seems

Chunganhsien,

Yunnan:

229

Suifu, Szechwan,

localityfor it,but

Specimens examined: Fukien:

BATS

:

"

or

may

equal the tip of the

shorter,

even

on

cusp

of the

opposite sides of the

inner, same

MAMMALS

THE

230

Nomenclature: Asia

of

parts not

always

that

the

for its

the

Old

World

identifications

(1929) had

foimd

J.

closely related

probably

Vesper tilio irretitus off the

mouth

Japanese form latter. ' '

I have

following species. Nevertheless,

Yangtze. from

that

abramus,

P. A.

Howell

B.

applied

and

series, on

men speci-

one

Hainan,

portensis from in

coloring; they

in

1842 described

from

the

dark

if it shoiold

China, his

of North

the

as

the

that

apply

will

name

are

of Chusan,

island

later prove

is from

specificname

the

that

from

Cantor

bat

same

older

previously

former,

the

his P. hence

and

this

of the

treatment

I had

suggestion,

examined

487) based

p.

opinion

my

for

of the

most

species distinct

a

subspecies

northern

is doubtless

explains

as

immature,

the

to

is different

Temminck

abr amusi

a

be

to

what

of the

as

(1906,

specimens

the

Contrary

the

to

Following

animals.

Allen

A.

however,

correct.

this bat

thorough

undertaken,

tralatitiiis

P.

southern

to

of which

be

can

means

is remarkable

more

a

showed

excellent

an

it is

that

Thomas

abramus

Until

warmer

appearance

affords

of P.

curve.

disregarded.

is doubtless

recorded

pumiloides

and

be

regarded

that

deduction

sigmoid

general

bone

the

inhabit

genus

Lately, however,

baculum

The

species

in

penis

or

MONGOLIA

this

similar

so

baculum

males.

double

must

Thomas

formed,

P.

of the

shape

and

are

identify specimens.

to

easy

distinguishing the length

but

AND

species of

small

Europe,

and

size and

of all the

a

Several

"

CHINA

OF

to

the

Japanese

word

China,

from

"

(insectedu lard)

.

Occurrence Eastern

and

Tombs

Ftikien

Habits:

and

about

the lamps of

eaves

Gazetteer or

for

"Foo-yeh"

or

in

he

through

Shantung

dwellings, and mentions

lived.

"belly-wings,"

but

He

at a

least house

night coming

at

such adds

to

It is

of Szechwan.

borders

(1870a)

where

Shenchowfu,

Pipistrellussp.?

(1929, p. 17) have

recorded

both

Hunan,

colony

a

in

under

Chinese

the

that

it is also called

Sowerby

this genus

from

contained

(1912, Kansu,

unsatisfactory for determination.

Specimens examined: :

Eastern

Shantung: Fukien:

Yenping,

1 1 ;

Forty-seven, Weihsien,

9. 2;

Wanhsien,

Hupeh:

Ichang,

Hunan:

Shenchowfu, 3.

"

Tombs,

Chimo,

Szechwan:

Hainan:

the

eastern

"Feishoo"

Mouse.

Under

Hopei

to

Swinhoe

Hainan

in

specimen from

was

species in

common

a

colonies

insects.

house

calls it

Flying A

a

westward small

bat, frequently making

the

is

Peiping in Hopei, south

and

Hainan,

and

This

"

Futsing, 3.

6. i.

8.

4.

as

follows:

three p. but

embryos.

172) and in each

A. case

B. the

Howell

men speci-

BATS

THE

Pipistrellus tralatitius

no.

Pipistrellus coromandrus

from

Adult

"

Size

Description: "

London,

1928,

spirit,No.

French

144.

p.

25.1.1.120,

Indo-China.

small; forearm,

straight,about

4

with

below,

length

Skull

Collected

British

Museum,

March

30,

differs from

12

typical

brown,

dark

without

According

coromandrus

P.

color

due

appearance,

visible

mm.

small

baculum

mm.,

peppered

hairs, hardly

about

30

General

long.

mm.

minutely

a

paler tips of the

small

Soc.

Thomas

tramatus

1924,

Stevens.

by Herbert

brown

in

male,

Tongking,

Thai-Nien,

Zool.

Proc.

Thomas,

tramatus

Specimen:

Type

231

in

except

mately approxi-

slightlybrighter the

to

extremely

lens.

a

this

Thomas,

to

and

the

form

delicate

more

hardly of

build

the

skull. Measurements:

body, 38

mm.;

tail,28.5;

skull

of the

The

length, teeth,

1.4;

1

species, which

case,

view

side

in

different

very

from

base

Habits:

and

Occurrence

is

present carries

from

one

the

Yunnan

-Fukien:

"

Ann.

la Thomas,

This

Mag.

closelyrelated

to

reduced

of

genera.

less the The

the

the

lo, p.

outer

4

cheek

6.6; upper

other tooth

color

is

includes

the

more

positively

to

characters

indicated,

it

Probably, however,

same.

i.

la Thomas 163, 1902.

in turn

incisor.

elevation";

In

la

in the

as

in

"gigantic Serotine,"

a

According

is similar

styles, instead formula

at

refer

Tongking.

the a

to

of

Miller

to

(1907),

Pipistrellus, differing of the

form

outer

upper

well-developed cingulum

first and

prominent, "barely extending two

the

shows

being flat-crowned, with

central

The

long.

probably

vespertilionidbats.

upper

be

now

may

practicallystraight,

mm.

single species, la io,

Scotozous, which

indicated

mesostyle is

extremities"

7, vol.

but

is still different,

"barely

related

Hist., ser.

largest of

the

chiefly in the

the

Nat.

contains

genus

probably

and

condylobasal

mm.;

is

I would

the

are

Yenping,

Genus

incisor

and

brown.

that

from

northward

range

which

in China

range

only specimen

southern

examined:

Specimens

it is

head

:

abramus,

about

Yenping, Fukien, which

known

specimens from

few

P.

chocolate

more

The

"

the

but

portions,

southern

and

11.8

breadth,

baculum,

tip, and

to

probably consistently different, a

a

length,

6.1; mastoid

superficiallyresembles

distinguished by the

tapering

at

meastirements

16.

4.1.

This once

foot,

greatest

measures:

of brain

following

tibia and

10.5;

ear,

type

breadth

the

gives

Thomas

"

second

outward

exceeding

Pipistrellus

to

line

them and

molars

upper

joining the as

in

Scotozous

other is:

MAMMALS

THE

232

i.l c.T pm.f m.f while

above, is hidden The

away

in the

angle

wing

in

shows

shortening of second

la

fifth

the

between

the

that of

phalanx

Ann.

Thomas,

to

specimen:

Type

from

Museum,

F.

by

1902,

above

hairs

the brown

at

marks

membrane.

tibia, with fourth

of

that

The

and

the

to

skull, No.

China.

Hupeh,

the

of

the

British

2.6.10.2,

Collected

bat, forearm face

Under

January

13,

Fifth

plus

is

strong,

grayish

to

little

Ears

half

than

the

to

the not

The

the

its is

margin

outer

is like

tragus

three-fourths

about

straight, while

than

relatively short,

tip inside.

the

breadth

longer

shorter

finger nearly equal

phalanx.

near

a

considerably fifth

the

first

the

short, its greatest

margin, which

tuft of dark

grayish brown,

parts dark

metacarpal

length of

half

General

mm.

small

ankles; tip of tail slightlyprojecting from

the

total

the

70

A

base, indistinctlypaling

the

at

from

about

naked.

nearly

gland.

head, densely haired

skull

flattened brain

proportionately large and

is

as

low

a

reduced

already

the

to

noted

as

well

incisor

marked

with

a

the

length

convex.

strongly

of

a

imbricated.

molars. Measurements Head

:

"

and

No.

body

Tail

(type)

104

63

89

61

Foot "

18

cusp

basial

pits

longer the

Hypocones

from at

than

outer

evenly

part

which

The

region.

mesostyle of

near

fore

the

sagittal crest

differences

deeply excavated,

faint indication

rather

rostrum

posterior border

short

The

Scotozous.

and

trifid crowns,

and

the

important generic

Pipistrellusand

genera

of

above

interorbital

the

to

level

incisor

outer

upper been

strongly overhanging

a

sharp ridge

about

back

extends

with

and

case,

stout, the

occiput distinctly elevated

the

above,

forward

56872

end

tip is bluntly rounded. The

are

about

Nyctalus, in

1902.

proportionally large and

but

Nyctalus, inner

the

on

164,

skin

a

brown;

claws.

former the

longer than

is

brown

dark

long

of the

length

10, p.

submental

Feet

the

and

7, vol.

southern

tips. Wings

the

third

tip

in

condition

reaches

la io Thomas

type

sooty a

everywhere the

the

to

its

large dark-colored

A

uniform

a

hairs

The

"

lens, and

a

Styan. "

bristle

ser.

Changyang,

W.

Description: color

Hist.,

Nat.

Mag.

large premolar

with

digit3.

III.

la

the

with

contact

two.

approach

an

finger,so

basal

of the

third

strongly in

is

MONGOLIA

AND

premolar (pm') is ininute, visible only

small

the

canine

The

34.

=

CHINA

OF

palatal notch canine.

upper

molars

the the

smaller back

broad.

tip ;

lower

the

continues

of the the

of

of

but the

Upper incisors

practically absent

in

The have

allied skull inner with upper

and

Occurrence for

captured, collected

Habits:

first known

the F.

by

W.

Styan

Expeditions

Asiatic

they in which

-Despite its large size, this bat

"

others

two

with

and

from

Nanking, wongtien, Kweichow,

the

extending

Genus Nyctalus

R^gne

Noclula

Le

Gerbe,

This tooth

Anim.,

Naturaliste,

is

genus

formula.

u.

ann^e,

2""

Porto

1842 (as Naturl. 24,

no.

are,

finger barely exceeding the fourth the

genera,

and

second

third

of the

rostrum

orbital also. very

first

of

the is

The

hypocones At

from

(Miller,

type

Size

in

heavier

1907,

forms

p.

probably

about

men speciTung-

subgenus

back

about

The

the

small

and

while upper

the

small

two

tip

of

related of

the

end

of

the

notch

at

the

length

to

the

upper

posterior cusp

large

incisor ; the

molars

but

exact

with

is

canine

premolar is minute,

anterior

tip

inter-

it is unusually outer

ternal ex-

this

the

half-way

palatal aspect the

somewhat

in the

about

finger).

in

distinguishing

wing,

combined to

Vesperugo).

it agrees

body, with

the

the

reaches

of

which

metacarpal, whereas

third

the

1829.

I, p. 99,

new

chief

finger of

tip

Nouv.

Lesson,

and

small

207). occur

in China,

their

relationships

out.

species is the Madeiran

larger, forearm

a

of

The

Pipistrellus,but

view;

subgenus).

a

vol.

(as

1880

exceeds

large anterior

a

external

Key A.

on

(as

Thierw.,

ears.

fifth

of the

large premolar,

still imperfectly made The

as

with the

two

while

much

are

with

least

(in

phalanx

above,

concave,

usually hidden

phalanx

a

Vespertilio).

of

15,

fifth

its

of

from

Szechwan.

eastern

Pipistrellus,with

finger usually la

another

36, 1825

p.

however,

or

sumably pre-

slightlyto the south.

Europ.

unusually deep, extending

teeth

deeply

fifth

basal

constriction

is in contact

are

the

tip of

metacarpal

d.

proportionately shorter greatly shortened

304) speaks

recorded

187, March to

where

Yenchingkou,

at

cave

type,

Central

Bowdich

Santo,

Syst. p.

a

p.

Wanhsien,

subgenus

a

evidently related

is the

feature

range

Nyctalus

and

p. 27,

Its members and

less delicate

Madeira

Mamm.,

Entw.-Gesch.

Skizzirte

Pterygisles Kaup,

in

Excursions

Bowdich,

Tableau

known

only, from

Two

"

(1933)

has

The

Szechwan,

in

bats

(1932b,

Sowerby

Sanborn

Specimens examined:

Wanhsien,

at

rarely-

the

1902,

Hupeh.

southern

of other

numbers

species wintered.

several

in

until

taken

not

was

Changyang

at

secured

found

were

specimen

be

to

seems

to

62

the

mm

Chinese

Noctule, Forms

of

Nyctalus

verrucosus

Bowdich.

Nyctalus A'',aviator

THE

234

B.

OF

MAMMALS

Size smaller, foreann

about

a.

General

color

darker

b.

General

color

less dark

50

A'',velutinus N.

Nyctalus THE

Mag.

Ann.

Thomas,

in

Temminck,

Vespertilio molossus

MONGOLIA

AND

mm.

112.

Nyctalus aviator

CHINA

Hist.,

Nat.

NOCTULE 8, vol.

ser.

8, p. 380, 1911.

Japonica, Mamm.

Siebold, Fauna

plancyi

Thomas

aviator

LARGER

noctula

(apergu g^n.),

p.

pi. 3, fig.3, 1842-45

15,

(not of Pallas, 1767).

specimen:

Type

April

Collected

Japan.

selected

skull, No.

and

skin

male,

Thomas

"

British

5.1.4.5,

30,

by H.

1904,

This

is

Europe, although

their

relationships may

has

along

membrane The

elbow.

sides

the

lighter,"dead-leaf

color."

skull is

large and

The

Measurements:

The

skull

width, 14.2;

of the

upper

it V.

bat

lasiopterus,but of southern

maximus

a

out

of the

below

Europe,

a

bat

therefore,

wing and

somewhat

of the genus.

according

Thomas,

to

is 62

available.

by Temminck,

by its previous is

term

body

the

to

on

connecting knee

brown;

in others

as

first described

was

specimen

species. Thomas,

eastern

line

fur

condylobasal length, 21.2 mm.; (front of canine to back of m'), 8.5.

that

probably, although Dobson's N.

as

measurement,

invalidated

was

a

Hondo,

Tokyo,

The

extends

reddish

dark

are

teeth

This

Vespertiliomolossus,

aviator,

measured:

type

"

as

and

far

general form

forearm

cheek

Nomenclature:

called

body

fresh measurements

other

No

mm.

of the

The

"

of the

close.

be

not

of this genus

is uniform

above

color

Nyctalus

from

Museum,

large bat, resembling the large species of southern

a

plush-like character

usual

the

of

type

Ogawa.

Description: "

the

as

a

synonym

referred

perhaps

to

that

European

upon

his name, Dobson N.

noctula

species proved

somewhat

bestowed

but

by Pallas.

use

of the

mastoid

the

latter

the

be

to

nearly allied to

the

name

N. aviator. Occurrence

Japanese

The

as

well

latter

as

to

its distribution

or

be

that

record we

seem

relationships.

Specimens examined:

"

in

Shaweishan

extends

None.

of the

of Thomas

specimens

from

archipelago, but otherwise

only record

The

"

mentions

animal,

Nagasaki,

River.

Habits:

territoryseems

in Chinese

and

and

the to

addition

Island, range

have

very

of this

occurrence

(191 if),who, to

ofE the

southward

his

in

type,

mouth

from

little knowledge

species

renaming from

the

Tokyo

of the

Yangtze

the

Japanese

of the

species,

THE

Vesperugo

{Noctula) plancyi Gerbe,

Vesperugo

noctula

plancyi Gerbe,

Noctula

sinensis

de

is said

tragus

tail not

Nepalese

(? head

a

is said

type

third

of

first

of the

^by its

not

and

says

rather

the

margin;

color

the

was

read

as

in the

Szechwan,

of

size

the

head

latter.

that

says

from

"

the

of

length

the

Peiping example

hairs

the

49.

European

the

reduced

the

His

than

smaller

above,

Academy,

until

Habits: and

suggested

that

using Peters's noctule

Yachowfu, from

dark

brown

body,

and

70

at mm.

;

in

description,published March

on

1880,

i,

but

is antedated

hence

following month,

velutinus, or

by

examined:

"

Vesperus sinensis, by

subspecies of

a

has

followed

North

China

seems

a

have

to

(1912e) has recorded

N.

the

whether

is

n.

2,599

this is

None.

as

A.

feet, and

sinensis). Whether, subspecies,

present a

valid

in

Peiping,

from

name as

this

since

altitude

unsettled.

Specimens

stand

that

one

Thomas

are

the

Vesperus sinensis, No

(as

described

was

under

suppose

bat.

Szechwan,

even

This

it should

name,

Hunan

individuals

"

again

to

China, although

southern

Europe,

4 millimeters

or

of 75

from

it shares

which

it is brown

Berlin

issued

it is reasonable

another

with

instead

specimen

a

tibia, 18; forearm,

11;

by Gerbe,

distributed North

of

plancyi of Gerbe.

Trouessart

from

The

value.

its inner

on

smaller

mm.

(1880), describing

sinensis,

tail,45; foot,

probably

that

Hodgs.,

been

brighter at their tips;below, pale brown;

and

Howell,

of

digit falling 3

have

to

129), writing

Peters V.

Monatsbericht

China,

in

presumably

typical form

notched

deeply

more

membrane;

details

in the

than

body) length of 65

p.

labiatus

Occurrence

N.

and

curved the

and

(191 2e,

N.

Vesperugo

so

darker

black,

The

"

named

the base

was

It is

named.

V.

by

elbow.

incisors." he

19;

(? in part).

18, 1929

i, p.

original description gives few

"

outer

Peiping, Hopei.

258.

p.

art.

Peiping, Hopei, China,

subsequently

was

1880.

15,

April 15, 1880.

April 15, 1880.

Berlin, 1880,

from

sent

187, March

p.

26, p. 202,

no.

Mus., vol. 75,

plancyi is "just distinguishable

n.

the

it

from

projecting

of the

Thomas

ear,

was

abruptly

more

form, with

that

The

brownish

be

to

Measurements:

N.

S. Nat.

U.

type

Wiss.

24,

no.

ann^e,

26, p. 203,

no.

Akad.

Howell, Proc.

The

"

short

annde,

Preuss.

Kon.

whom

ann^e,

Museum.

Description: the

"

for

Plancy,

the Paris

color

B.

Specimen:

Type Collin

A.

plancyi (Gerbe)

Naturaliste, 2"'

Naturaliste, 2"'

Le

Peters, Monatsb.

Vesperus sinensis Nyctalus noctula

Naturaliste, 2"'

Le

plancyi Trouessart, Le

235

noctula

Nyctalus

113.

BATS

form,

or

are

must

similar

a

from

specimen

(1929, p. 18)

Howell

however,

these

members

of

for the

widely

specimens

of this form, B.

course,

of the

race

seen

Peters.

noctula, and

V. a

North

the

more

dark

present remain

MAMMALS

THE

236

OF

Vesperugo

molossus

Nyctalus noclula

M.

G.

labiala

Zool.

Proc.

f.

Museum 29, 1916,

specimen: of

Natural

by

Edmund

Prout's

chest.

adult

brown; bases

of the

The

28, 1923.

10, p.

no.

art.

skin

18, 1929.

i, p.

Univ., Canton,

4, p. 4, 1930.

no.

skull, No.

and

44649,

American

July

Collected

China.

Fukien,

Futsing,

1912.

14, 1922.

C. Andrews.

R.

and

A,

sect.

vol. 75,

Mus.,

male,

and

below

Allen

85, p. 7, August

no.

88,

Yatsen

History, from

Smaller

"

above,

An

"

vol.

S. Nat.

Heller

Description: the

U.

M.

1870, p. 619. Zool., vol. 40, p. 243, Comp.

Mus.

Dept. Biol., Sun

Shih, Bull.

G.

London,

Naturgesch.,

Nyctalus species A. B. Howell, Proc.

Type

Soc.

Allen, Mem.

Vesperus lasiopterus Mell, Arch.

Vesperugo noclula

Novitates,

Mus.

Allen, Amer.

Swinhoe,

MONGOLIA

AND

Nyctalus velutinus

114.

Nyctalus velutinus G. M.

CHINA

than

darker

paler,

near

both

hairs,

the

slightly grayer

brown, and

above

Color

nochila.

N.

western

Dresden

below,

on

about

darker,

are

fuscous. On

the

dorsal

joining the knee femoral the

and

membrane

nearly

finger and

along

the

membrane

extending

under

at

the

side

its extent across

Measurements: taken

is

to

"

line

a

of the

base

of the

the In

of the

thickly furred

is about

from

fur

extends

body

out

and

proximal half of the humerus,

the

wing membrane

fifth

the

surface

from

fourth, On

humerus.

like that

middle

the

joining

on

of the

from

the as

knee

well

the the

as

under upper

to

the

on

side

tibiae.

basal

the

a

Below,

third

of the and

propatagium

of the

line

inter-

the

across

of the

middle

as

interfemoral

side, namely,

to

a

line

tibiae.

following list

by the collector, the others

the

far

as

the

the

dried

first four skin.

measurements

were

BATS

THE

of South

bat

dark

it is but

coloring, however,

incisor

of

Nepal,

to

In

is close

that

the

decided

I have

able

been

having

not

previously (G.

had

treat

to

to

compare

it

as

N.

with

common

of

noctule

it with

North

undoubted

species until

very

shorter

the

as

it may-

and

size and

outer

of

labialus

specimens.

Allen, 1912) referred

M.

separate

a

in

it has

character

a

well

as

noctule

the

Its small

latter.

quite distinctive,

respect, also, it is like the

this last

but

I

which

of the

of

Asia,

northern

and

Europe

subspecies

a

seem

jaw,

upper

of

that

to

relationship

the

Undoubtedly

"

China

shown

later be

Habits:

and

Occurrence

237

N.

China, n. plancyi, specimens of the latter, studies

further

be

can

made. This

is

bat

from

the

few

type

came,

American

Wright

in November

eastern

Szechwan,

and

Zoology, July

21,

1907.

In

from

Mount

examples

It is

size.

small

of

bat that as

and

twenty

(1930,

in the

found

be

may

p.

4) writes,

Shan

Yao

the

under

in the

hollow

taken

one, two

their

on

immature

apparently kong Hong-

from

records

of

name

where

of

record

Vesperugo sometimes

Vesperus same

noctula, as

in the

joints of bamboo

T.

parative Com-

of

also, it is the

doubt

district,Kwangsi,

by day

recorded

(1870c)

No

same.

by J.

Museum

(1922, p. 14)

perhaps Mell's is the

in the

has

Swinhoe

Futsing,

Kweichowfu,

still immature

remarking

Szechwan, that

from

one

as

are

but

(1929)

Howell

B.

this bat

Canton

near

Shih

which

it abounds

A.

central

Omei,

probably

well

Ichang, Hupeh,

nearly full-grown

a

addition,

it at

Chekiang, taken

Tunglu,

the

whence

Fukien,

Expeditions secured

respectively,as

from

one

last

Vesperugo molossus,

as

lasiopteriisfrom

Asiatic

March

of

Province

judging

China,

southern

over

the

In

specimens from

and

the

common

very

Museum Two

Yuki.

and

not

available.

specimens

the

Foochow,

apparently

many

bamboo

forests.

Specimens

examined:

Kiangsu: Nanking, Fukien:

Foochow,

Chekiang: Tunglu, Hupeh:

Ichang,

Szechwan

:

"China,"

i

i

Futsing,

9;

The

bats

i

(M.C.Z.).

Mich.L

of

Nature,

of this genus

are

Pipistrellus,except due

of

glands

presence

slightly longer in proportion

Eptesicus Rafinesque

p. 2, 1820.

the

the

i.

(M.C.Z.).

3

that

to

locality,2; Yuki?,

no

Genus

EptesicusRafinesque, Annals

follows:

(M.C.Z.).

Kweichowfu,

(Univ.

as

(Univ. Mich.).

2

5;

In all,twenty-five,

"

not

very

is

muzzle on

and

the more

different

in external

slightly more

fore

part

of the

appearance

with

blunt

face;

nearly straight

lips,

tragus, too, is

the

with

heavy

from

a

blunt

point.

instead side

of short

of the

slope

and

latter, giving: i.f

of these small

all may

forms

limits here

melanops Kafmesque Key A.

Forearm

40

40

of the In

New

an

minute

this

Three

species of the

type

is

genus

Chinese

Mongolian

and

Species

mm.,

outer

upper

mm.,

outer

obviously

incisor

shorter

about

37

than

more

Forearm

a.

b.

40

about darker

Forearm darker

51

incisor

upper

equaling

inner

the

;

the

56

paler, the bases

E.

; darker, the

mm.

Type

centrasialicus

Specimen: of the

"

series to

Below, with

the "warm

the

an

The

and

rounded

upper

Sci.

URSS,

1926,

ser.

A, p. 96.

specimens).

Mongolian

to

as

skin

male,

pallid desert is

skull, No.

and

Leningrad,

of

race

Zoological

2135,

Btu-chastei-

S. S; R., from

U.

the

buff," of the

fur

hairs of

contrast

dark,

sides

that

teeth

of

tawny" blackish

brown," of the

color

their

a

Ridgway basally.

brown

tips white, the

where

neck

in

btiffy

below. of

E.

serotinus, with

outlines, relativelybroader The

dark

in

variation

"ochraceous

Asiatic

and

European

north

"mummy the

along

to whitish

than

nearly

everywhere

are

color

the

of individual

slight amount

a

locality,from

same

proportions.

the

adult

of Sciences,

gives place

are

in

interorbital

smoother

somewhat

region, and

slightly

smaller, the

general similar, though

incisor less slender.

Measurements:

from

An

sktill is smaller

more

stouter

inner

bases

evident

surface

upper

A

There

from

about

Acad.

Bobrinski, loc. cit. (in part,

"

andersoni

Altai.

Description: nilssonii.

Rend.

pollens

conspicuously

gohiensis Bobrinski

nilssonii

Eptesicus

Academy

tala in the Gobi

E.

of the fur

bases

serotinus

E.

Eptesicus nilssoni gohiensis Bobrinski, Compt.

Museum

alashanicus

ously conspicu-

fur not

tips

115.

Eptesicus nilssoni

of the

their tips

than

gohiensis

nilssonii

in

mm.

mm.

than

about

Eptesicus

the

than

E.

Forearm

perate tem-

forms

Eptesicus

of

extent

B.

the four

or

E.

Forearm

but

fuscus (Beauvois).

inner b.

large

are

extremes,

includes

range

Worlds.

premolar

there the

in

that

over

upper

group

each

on

upward

even

advance

an

The

same.

and The

with

of size between

range

Old

depression

less.

or

mm.

Forearm

a.

of both

E.

to

loss

m.|=32.

pm.i

c.t

shows

complete

considered.

=

shallow

a

formula

generically the

as

tropical parts

in the

the

considerable

a

considered

be and

occur

with

MONGOLIA

skxill shows

tooth

The in

AND

profileis slightlyflattened

the

end.

Nyctalus

Pipistrellusand and

and

anterior

the

CHINA

The

roiinded.

rostrum,

from

OF

MAMMALS

THE

238

"

The

Gobi, Mongolia,

external are

taken

measurements

from

the

of

a

collector's

series

of

record

adult on

the

females labels.

Eptesicus nilssonii the

serotinus

E.

strong

contrast

evident

line

at

the

group

the

and

Habits:

the

at

subspecies, E.

n.

north

(Kozlov)

;

from

(1929)

of the

color

about

of upper

and

mm.)

40

fur,

upper

well

as

the the

by

as

lower

and

of

those

surfaces

the

the

localities

collected Gobi.

single young

by

These one

Dr.

last about

by

E.

are

Walter were a

the

collection

the

of Orok

Sain

Nor, from

which

of

the

the

in the Central

Academy

central

breeding colony

from E.

lectors) col-

Mongolia

adult them.

and

description

centrasiaticus

variations

Asiatic

preserved with

near

Gobi,

the n.

series from

of

and

Roborovski,

Noin,

color

of the

from

Holt, northwestern

seems probable specimens listed as

new

Mongolia

Russian

and

It

was

Gobi.

alcoholic

an

(Kozlov

clearly present

grown

of

Przewalski;

by

these

the

is Its

additional

as

localities in

Mountains

Granger

third

following

Kozlov

a

named

form

kashgaricus, listingspecimens

gobiensis,in

from

in

Mountains

paper

n.

Gobi.

n.

Altai

the

in

given that

forms

two

E.

from

valley

northern

the same

collected

obtained

in the

the

and

Humboldt

from

others

of the

skins

indistinguishablefrom separate

in

locality of this pale desert

type

end

paper

two

the

others

and

The

"

Nanshan, of

Huluetenkuduk,

Nor,

the

centrasiaticus

Nor,

; two

the

between

eastern

China:

Orin

Shachow,

to

(forearm

size

bases

(1926),

in his later

northwestern

are

readily distinguished from

are

smaller

sides of the neck.

describer, Bobrinski

and

races

tips and

of demarcation

Occurrence

from

its their

by

between

Burchasteitala

former

and

supposed

Kholobolchi

Expeditions females, In

for

in a

addition.

In

his second

and

schenko

1898

paper

mentions the

on

probable

to

In

"

Kholobolchi

Nor,

27;

Usu,

Eptesicus serotinus

pallens Miller, Proc.

Vesperugo serotinus

Buechner,

Bull.

Biol.

Biol., vol. 13, p. 152), 1892. Eptesicus serotinus turcomanus Bobrinski, Annuaire as

to

Eptesicus serotinus

National

Kansu,

tinctions dis-

whoUy

24,

February

p. 53,

URSS,

Sci.

24,

191

1.

2), p. 106

vol.

ser.,

vol. 30, p. 234,

(Melanges

1929

(in part,

specimens).

eastern

Type

vol.

Zool. Acad.

Mus.

more

color

pallens Miller

Washington,

Soc.

seems

the

skull).

i

Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg, vol. 34 (new

Acad.

in

follows:

(3 mummies,

Eptesicus serotinus

116.

Kast-

hardly be considered

can

are

4

It for

males

Manakin

by

well,

as

two

and

in alcohol.

all,thirty-one, as Ula

taken

Mountains.

gobiensis

n.

Mongolia,

name,

Khingan

E.

specimens

of the four

Specimens examined: Mongolia:

Great

refer

same

diagnosis chiefly rests

the

reliable,since three

the

Usu, Mongolia.

nilssoni

Eptesicus

as

in northern

Urga,

under

skull at Ula

extra

an

records

near

of the

records

these

which

on

females

slope

western

that

Suzukte,

two

and

Bobrinski

1929,

from

females

two

of

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

mummies

three

expedition secured

the

OF

MAMMALS

THE

240

(errorim for pallens).

pallidus Bobrinski, ibid.,p. 235

Specimen:

adult

Collected

Description: "

skin

male,

Chengyuanhsien,

from

Musevim, China.

An

"

August

Similar

miles

seventy

by

Arthur

de

155156, of

west

Carle

form

typical European

the

to

4, 1909,

skull, No.

and

S.

U.

Chingyangfu,

Sowerby. paler, especially

but

below, skull slightlysmaller. General

Ridgway; the

first

the

basal

the

bases

half

hind

is

The

very

hardly

on

19;

ear,

Chinese cranial

slightly but

the

type

and

chest

of

not

conspicuously darker

for

contrast

belly

upper

"Dresden

to

with

the

drab

surface,

upper

bases, that

of

clear. from

that

measured:

forearm,

49;

of the head

tibia, 22;

specimens from

measurements

brown"

about

brown,

pale bufiy, in strong

different

The

"

foot, 13.8; other

hairs

the

fur

olive

uniform

posterior abdomen

and skull

a

of

of the

Measurements:

of three

above

third; below,

the throat The

color

European and

third

Shantung

of the last two

body,

serotinus.

70

finger,90.

measure:"

and

".

of the

51,

tail, 50;

mm.;

The

forearms

52, 50,

type follow.

tively. respec-

BATS

THE

and

Occurrence

form.

it I have

To

and

paler animal, four

taken

collected

Range

Potanin.

be

well

as

type

are

from

1929,

the

18).

p.

of

province

Howell

of

to

occur

E.

the

by are

I have

in

the

is

North

is most .

than

rather

type

from

a

species that

from

and

South

country

Sowerby

China

bats

and

the

during

be

seen

writes

day

in loess

that

westward

Shantung:

Chimo,

5;

"

In

Weihsien,

all,eight, as follows: i;

Tsinan,

2

the

by

(M.C.Z.).

from

the

the

same

Shantung be

dark

merely

and

light

lightest-colored

of E.

turcomanus

s.

nimibers of

the

this

out

wide

Shensi

not

seem

darker-colored

is the

the

a

and

It does

much

from

over

Kansu

dtiringthe

cliffs,coming

feed, flyingat comparatively great altitudes."

Specimens examined:

in

are

size.

areas

"everywhere

higher country

the

Howell,

B.

in

of

degree

peninsula.

p.

may

in

loess

(1914,

and

one

contains

also

this may

but

in small

occtir

its place is taken

plentifulin the

all but

(A.

advdt

an

specimens

some

where

54)

These

and

Tsinan

Indeed,

long-cultivated Shantung

China

(later

Kuyuanchow;

Shantung,

from

slightlysmaller

in

as

of

Yenanfu.

collection

Kansu,

Tsinan.

may

the

summer

Zoology.

difference

the

of

Weihsien,

Hopei

considerable

a

barren

cleared

.

the

except perhaps by

It hides .

from

specimen

a

latter

others

Comparative

specimens

evidently

andersoni.

the

of

below

two

and and

hardly distinguishable from

seen,

in

but

that

darker

specimens

or

Museum

of

east

Tsingtao, Shantung

Chimo

Museum,

variation, for

is shown

extent

American

from

ten

in the

Chengyuanhsien

miles

by

from

specimen

a

Chekou,

loess country,

The

Museum.

and from

Specimens the

notes

individual

This

camp

valley, collected

southwest

in the

dusk

Gobi, collected

southern

at

of

foothills

slope of the Alashan,

Ho

one

eighteen

one

at

National

S.

in the

are

somewhat

that

his

Tientsin, Hopei,

collection

are

U.

in 1909,

Kansu

Shensi, eighty miles

in

flying around in

now

two

in

from

follows:

as

southwestern

of the

latter,

somewhat

a

desert,

west

Hwang

far

not

The is

region of Transcaspia.

previously recorded

had

Chuanche

two

the

Pass,

district

Bobrinski

that

region,

desert

in

Gol

typical

pallens, regarded

s.

Mongolian

Desert,

pallens),and

s.

others

two

as

shot

were

of E.

the

Uroti

Ordos

(1892) the

in the

E.

found

the

Eversmann.

of

18, 1880,

the

the

secured

Sowerby the

from

two

with

Mongolia

Caucasus

the

Ucheten

the

from

description of

from

August

from

from

one

Buechner

1884.

from

serotine

European

undoubtedly

turcomanus

s.

specimens

; two

Ordos, in the valley of

made

of the

specimens

pale indeed

very

nine

by Kozlov;

Przewalski;

by

form

Miller's

to

E.

Przewalski,

by

the

access

with

may

records

the Alashan

is the

by specimens

shown

as

Bobrinski

have

identical

probably

however,

This

"

referred

did not

(1929), who as

Habits:

Asia, intergrading westward

northeastern

across

241

commonest warmer

border

in the

of

months, of Chihli.

evenings

to

MAMMALS

THE

242

OF

Bobrinski, Compt.

Sci. URSS,

Acad.

vol.

A

Cotypes: "

near

Dinyuanin,

from

northern

of the

Above

middle

the

bases

of all the

defined

basal

The

lobe

;

closely related, incisor, which

reaches

distinguishes

it at

The

in

skull

above

by

tragus, 5.7, Skull:

width,

;

"

A. and

B.

the

he

from

shorter

Additional

of E.

of the

edge

outer

inner

better

somewhat

a

instead

of

and

E.

to

paper

fifth

the

overhang

gohiensis. the

at

cotypes

metacarpal,

without

shorter,

slight convexity

a

the

seems

outer

much

nilssonii

have

of

it

upper

being

first in each

specimen

which

to

of

length

prominent

any

foot

with

caucasicus,

The

pallens

31;

;

"

mm.,

of brain

;

"

31,

claw, 7.9,

vertex.

Forearm, tail from

30.5;

13,

; ear,

"

given

are

case.

condylobasal length, 13.8, 7,

case,

The

"

from

teeth,

cheek

upper

;

"

one

Uroti

did

to

p.

E.

in

to

size is the

of

to

relationships. None.

a

the

are

;

"

;

"

zygomatic

5.2,

lower

5;

indicating a than

bat

form, than

E.

inner

incisor, instead

would

Asia, be

it

interesting to

be

serotinus,

outer

upper

as

closely

is somewhat show

this.

edly being mark-

regards it

species. Bobrinski but

of

by

pallens,

may

easily recognized by the long of the

habitat

desert

serotinus

E.

described

Alashan,

mentioned

Hunan

from

darker

only specimens

slope of the

west

darker any

southwestern

specimens of this bat

"

tip

Chinese

other

caucasicus

Specimens examined:

specimens and

smaller

as

Gol,

Alashan,

description, it is

its smaller

the

the

definitely refer

not

tip extends as

of Hotin

Pass

district,northern

18)

of this bat

cotypes

two

the

Bobrinski's

in addition

to

the

membrane.

measurements

32,

15. i,

14

Habits:

(1929,

incisor, whose

related

the

the

alcoholic

species. Possibly, however, Howell

Judging and

width

and

from

which

paler, the concealed

but

caucasicus

size.

lacks

metacarpal,

length,

recorded,

other

back

pale, "vinaceous

5.4, 5.1.

Occurrence

for the

Museum

.

total

cheekteeth,

the

in the

2146,

"

9.2,

hitherto

Gol,

skin. No.

hairs

black,

that

as

following

leg,

the

Bobrinski's

region, and

lower

;

"

in

of the

like

serotinus

E.

shown

The

third

39.5,

anus,

once

"

mm.;

level

same

from

describer, those

36

37-5i

the

of Hotin

Pass

male,

a

tips of the

from

exserted

slightly greater

profileis

Measurements:

the

Zool.

S. S. R.

in E.

than

differs from

bat

interorbital

the

Mus.

border.

pale

tip of tail

the

district;both

Uroti

membranes

brown;

defined

its

and

the

below,

narrower

in

Range;

Leningrad, U.

dark

of this

skull

A, p. 98; Annuaire

ser.

from

of the

border

portion brown;

somewhat

Tragus

Alashan

"brownish,"

hairs

sharply

a

the

on

of Sciences,

buff,"

1926,

13945,

alcohol, No.

slope of

west

"

with

in

female,

Description:

Bobrinski

Sci. URSS,

Acad.

p. 228, text-figs.4, 5, 1929.

30,

Alashan,

Academy

wing

Rend.

MONGOLIA

AND

alashanicus

Eptesicus

117. Eptesicus alashanicus

CHINA

its range

larger. and

THE

Dobson,

Bengal,

Asiatic

Monograph

(Dobson)

1871, p.

211.

Chiroptera, p. no,

and

J., Anat.

1878; in Anderson,

Mus., p. 195,

Soc.

Asiatic

Proc.

Dobson,

Vesperugo andersoni

243

Eptesicus andersoni

118.

Vesperus andersoni

BATS

figs,a, b,

Researches

Zool.

Western

c,

1876; Cat.

Yunnan,

Chiroptera

Brit.

pi. 4, figs.2, 6,

loi,

p.

1879. andersoni

Vespertilio(Eptesicus)serotinus

Specimen:

Type in

collection

the

Momein the

forearm

paler below;

comparison with

andersoni

be

may

foot, longer forearm, tail is free with is

a

the

the

dark

back, due

terminal

below,

basal

gray.

The

fur

The serotinus the

skull

is

Otherwise

the

this

that

is

Dr.

the

a

of

of E.

the

was

then

of

two

from

Anderson

John

in

in

1868.

dark

brown

above,

vertebra

color

darker.

slightly larger

ear,

terminal

slightlypaler for

the

noticeable hairs

basal

only of

also is very

Above,

appearance

the

out

notably

distance skull.

general

across

the

tip

andersoni

are

on

to

more

outer

of the

outer

the

than of the

root

tips;

tips buffy

cusp

that

of

the

of E.

squamosal

incisor

upper

essentiallydifferent

not

and

the

membranes.

massive the

i\xr of for the

bases

slaty,

color

middle

The

brown

the

the

different,

the

olive

between

between The

and

is dark

everywhere

the

to

half,

contrast

noticeably

greater

border

type

one

species at first sight resembles,

The

below

slightly larger and

teeth

the

It

by

1904.

pale tips to the hairs of this region.

extend

not

pallens, with posterior

that

serotinus, very

ones.

and a

brown very

of

fact

terminal

with

longer, extending half-way the

the

above

a

half

does

77,

mm.

short

very

half, without the

and

fur

blackish

is dark

back

by two

brown

to

p.

distinguished by its slightly wider

of the

olive

taken

E.

serotinus, which

E.

and

of the

bases

very

of the

instead

53

stated

Expedition, probably

larger than

about

Foss.,

Calcutta.

at

Yunnan,

western

Viv.

1876,

Museum

Yunnan

Somewhat

"

E.

in

of his Western

Description:

In

Indian

of the

Mamm.

in

writing

Dobson,

"

Tengyueh,

or

course

Trouessart, Cat.

is

inner from

slightly incisor. those

of

latter.

Measurements:

"

The

locality and

others

from

converted

metric

units.

to

of

measurements eastern

China

are

two

specimens

given below,

those

from of

the the

type former

MAMMALS

THE

244

and

the

Dr.

by

secured

he

specimens,

description. Its the

Heller

Edmund the

China

southern but

it is

was

taken

at

the

time

same

Specimens examined: Chekiang: Lanchi, Fukien:

and

VesperlilioLinnaeus, Syst. Nat.,

skins

coloration

and

of

much

is

the

him,

at

subspecies V. Europe whether A. B. from

quite the

m.

European

is

in

sexes

alcohol).

general those

in

tooth

same

end

World

Old

formula.

of the

shorter

broader,

characteristic

a

The

bats. It

in

Eptesicus,

genus

and

frosted resembles

skull

in the

way nearly half-

back it is

palatal aspect

in

and

differs,however,

dorsally extends

which

constriction, while

large

so

as

to

deep.

super

(1929)

11

white-tipped, giving

in which Vespertilio,

across

of its habits,

series of both

follows:

proportionally

rarely

the

but

records

examples.

a

The

ans.

Asia

typical form

Howell

in

resemble

present time

the

across

1758.

I, p. 31,

anterior

the

than

Of the old genus to

has

interorbital

distinctlywider

Lanchi, Chekiang. its presence

recorded

been

in

three

are

VespertilioLinnaeus

minutely

Eptesicus and at

there

Museum's

skulls, 2 skulls,

ear

is found

which

larger notch to

be

10, vol.

the

that

fur

the

appearance, that

ed.

of this genus

externally, except

and

and

Andrews

(skins only, M.C.Z.).

3

Futsing, 23 (10

bats

Dr.

China

Yangtze.

place.

Genus

The

has

American

In all,twenty-six, as

"

by

localities,but

Nothing

doubted.

evidently colonial, for the

of

of the

mouth

in Fukien,

These Dobson's

of

parts

wanner

secured

Expedition

basis

the

the

to

intermediate

from

be

cannot

the

skins

Yenping

at

covered first dis-

was

Tengyueh.

now

formed

across

of

It

Zoology (without skulls)from

Comparative specimens

no

seen

Momein,

at

northward

series

a

Futsing and

at

of

Museum

I have

has

and

China.

replace

to

seems

of his first Yunnan

course

extends

I

Eptesicus

South

Calcutta,

at

in Ftikien

ANDERSON

darker

over

specimens

probably

Museum

American

The

the

Museum

range

coast

eastern

pallens

MONGOLIA

EPTESICUS

larger and in

two

Indian

in the

This

"

Anderson

John

in 1868, when

OF

serotinus

E.

northern

more

to

Habits:

AND

CHINA

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

Occurrence

OF

China,

to

may a

not

Linnaeus

range

in the extend

general

temperate all the

specimen from

that

way

bats

V.

murinus

extends

from

single species remains, in

all the

included

It is

zone.

to

country

its

and western

a

Manchuria, as

known

question at

least

indistinguishable

BATS

THE

Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. i, p. 32, 1758.

Linnsus,

specimen:

Type

Linnseus

murinus

Vespertilio murinus

119. murinus Vespertilio

245

Not

"

known

type locality is assumed

exist; the

to

be

to

Sweden.

Description: with

but

Europe, toes; extends

third

out

General

color

of the

chest

from

body

Russian

axilla

(1912,

241) gives

p.

condylobasal

breadth,

6.2; breadth

of this north

(Ann. Mag. from

true

Habits:

to

be

without

Bobrinski

8, vol.

ser.

A.

B.

the

the

on

fvu" first

throat

with

but

and the

to

side, the

under

longer side

each

on

of

(description

base

of three

measurements

following dimensions

8.0; maxillary

of

width,

zygomatic

mm.;

quite

Kansu. as

tooth

skull

a

from

lachrymal

9.2;

5.2; mandibular

row,

Specimens

obvious 4, p.

material

record, namely, that northern in

alcohol

other

examined:

Alashan, and

specimens "

None.

19)

p. as

a

V.

m.

hence

may

super

all events,

from

ans

a

Thomas

specimen

as

and

be

typical form

eighty-five least would

be

at

the

to

the

Eviropean

same

May

17,

normal

in

from

a

miles

(1929, p. 235), of

by Kozlov, not

Asia

and

Europe

specimen

of Bobrinski

typical

the

similarly determined

available,

taken

that

identified

so

has

third

third

were

of the

At

1909)

500,

well

subspecies

the

near

of

change.

(1929, as

evidence

some

continents

the

Very likely the

comparable

preserved

mentions

be

to

seems across

Howell

Sansing, Manchvuia,

Alyshkan, is

zone

Hist., and

of yet another

example

There

"

temperate Nat.

if sufficient

from

case,

quite

of Lanchow,

animal

also

species extends

Manchuria,

found

tip.

joining the

brown

is whitish

region

length, 14.8 of brain

and

Occurrence

north

the

across

the

The

5.6.

row,

second

band

of

base

:

Sweden:

from

back;

(1912) gives the following

Miller

"

Denmark

Miller

in the

a

of

tips of the hairs minutely

similarly blackish

anal

the

to

entire

line

a

Bat

specimens).

from

adults

form

is

abdomen

the

brown,

as

the the

off at

far

as

the

to

appearance

and

the

Measurements:

tooth

blackish

dark

hoary

rounded

bluntly

Serotine

from

Wings

ear.

membrane

tips to the hairs, while

whitish

from

a

above

proportions of the

shorter

keel; tragus

interfemoral

the

on

tibiae.

whitish, giving

the

a

of the

center

low

and

and

broader

a

with

calcar

size

the

About

"

be

may a

1909.

men speciThis

appearance.

Kashgaria.

MAMMALS

THE

246

De

specimen:

Type said

be

to

Winton

skin

A

"

Sesalin

from

This

Description: "

China.

however,

there

side, which

is

hand,

at

under

of the

minutely tipped with typical form, white

the

to

dark

brown

the

hairs

the

European The

animal is

skull

the

is

a

slightlylarger

than

and

white

area

China

the

on

color

hairs, the

the

lower,

pvire

formly is uni-

race

only

tips of

the

in

whereas

throat

Eiiropean bat,

of the

in

contrastingly

are

South

than

series of

representing

below, with

and

the

of the

bases

Russia

body

In

difference

the

at

the

from

typical subspecies in

longer.

from

Museum,

recorded

Styan. the

trifle darker

that

British

i.i,

constant

words,

above

2

mm.

of the

contrasted

a

from

two

other

both

W.

brown

sides

side

upper

there

dark

1899, p. 573.

individual

F.

4-9

to

and In

hairs.

throughout, and

whitish

from

contrast

97.4.

by

noticeable

a

throat

the

of the

roots

in

London,

same

differ

to

uniformly

gray,

in which

is

1898, p. 770. Soc.

the

Collected

forearm

a

Thomas

skull, No.

is said

race

slightlylarger size, with

three

and

(but doubtless

Sasahu), Ichang, Hupeh,

its

Zool.

and

MONGOLIA

superans

See. London, Styan, Proc. Zool.

Proc.

Thomas,

superans

discolor superans Vespertilio

AND

Vespertiliomurinus

120.

Vespertilio murinus

CHINA

OF

and

but

sides.

otherwise

similar.

and

Occurrence northern common, even

be

may

in the

more

much

desert

color

tips

the

hairs.

above

typical form

in the

for

bat

same

below,

It is

to

seems

range

anywhere

regions.

and As

This

"

the

looked

ground to

Habits:

China, with

as

from

serotine, and, though

the

Yangtze

over

nowhere

valley, northward,

easily recognized by its dark-chocolate

everywhere

already indicated,

northern

fairlywell distributed

be

the

part of its range,

frosted

it as

with

the

minute

possibly intergrades in

Manchuria,

but

the

whitish

with

the

Chinese

BATS

THE

specimens

that

I have

without

the

In

the

the

American

and

(1929,

north,

in

specimen

from

of

from

R.

still farther

is that

in

from

A.

northwestern

Hunan,

Fukien,

Hopei:

In

"

Ichang,

Eastern

Szechwan:

Shansi:

Pashuiko,

i

bats

all,four,

Kweichowfu,

of

the

is the

audital

bulla

barely in

bluntly

as

the

at

that

the

edge has

So

of the m.f

In

thumb

and

on

The

The

orbit.

The

=32..

is tooth

teeth

well-developed secondary

a

striking

depth through the is the

brain

case

is short

rostrum

there

mens specisole of

the

The

obvious.

long

as

fresh

tip.

flattened

and

about

are

skull, whose

its breadth,

as

ears

less

are

posteriorly.

i.f c.t pm.i

canine

upper

these

general bright buffy

a

the

at

of the

width.

rises

great

rounded

base

mastoid

front

small, of

flattened

much

the

in Eptesicus, namely:

as

the

at

specimens

profilehardly

length hardly

slight projection except

and

very

half

Berlin, 1872, p. 703.

tips of the hairs; the

brown

short

and

Wiss.

extremely

are

genus

in dried

broad is

skull

wide, its

same

Tylonycteris Peters

Akad.

Preuss.

the

by

but

foot,

the

follows:

as

(M.C.Z.).

i

fleshy pad is conspicuous

feature

that

Kon.

head, the tragus

hind

Kuattm,

from

collection

are

of all

record

(M.C.Z.).

i

this

coloring darkened

a

of Tai-

Yangtze,

southern

Touche

La

Dr.

(M.C.Z.).

Tylonycteris Peters, Monatsb.

the

most

and

that

southwest the

of

the

there,

male

a

nearer

and

specimens.

Genus

as

south

the

be

may

Peiping, i.

Hupeh:

The

to

the

as

miles

seventy

19), while that

six

contains

examined:

Specimens

p.

says

as

by the

Desert;

from

specimen well

Bobrinski

Hupeh,

Ichang,

the

Yochow,

(1929,

(1898), who

from

Pashuiko,

at

at

typical form,

Kweichowfu,

at

Shansi,

Howell

B.

by by Thomas

west

the

second

a

Ordos

northern

to

;

collected

Leningrad,

at

Ho,

came

has

Peiping, Hopei

Museum

Tientsin,

from

specimen

a

from

Hwang

type

Zoology

Comparative

Four

yuanfu. recorded

the

south,

collected

in the

the

by Howell

referred

Kansu,

Wulsin

of

bend

records

in alcohol

one

skins

three

sides.

and

(1929)

has

north

Farther

Museum

throat

coloring below,

in their

uniform

more

seem

Howell

B.

Museum

the

well.

another F.

A.

239) mentions

p.

as

white

contrasting

Przewalski

this

examined

247

and

inconspicuous

an

is the

formula are

cusp

peculiar

not

its posterior

on

cutting edge. The

China

genus to

is found the has

same

named

the among

is East the

Indies

latter

and

otherwise

locality,for the

from

tropical, occurring

some

Philippines.

the

nearly uniformly are

T. robustula

a

trifle

but

it

larger

seems

and

India A

subtropical

puzzling diversity

colored with

southern

individuals

longer forearm.

uncertain

if these

even

in

size from

Thomas

larger individu-

THE

248 als

MAMMALS

really constitute

from the

distinct

a

is the

and

Java, Indian

form

OF

type of

Scotophilus fulvidus Blyth, Joum.

Asiatic

Tylonycteris pachypus

f.

Arch.

Type specimen: It is

Size

"

pale yellowish the

tips are

pure

across

and

longest ; the

there

is

The

long low

a

under

the

Measurements: collector

forearm,

skull

length,

row,

5;

and

mm.

;

The

and

Sitang River,

Calcutta.

ously conspicu-

everywhere the

on

is

from

are

the

on

which

brown,

buff

warm

calcar.

fur

dark and

membranes

and

yellower base

the

membranes

darkens

nearly

of the

toes

without

are

canines

peculiar upper

the

where

chest

River, Yunnan,

body, 35

fur.

have

been

by

measured

was

hind

tail,29;

mm.;

foot, 6;

the

region 600-900

of

this

9;

ear,

he

China

of

a

China Heller

Yunnan,

at

will

extreme

an

the

altitude

eventually southern

the

had

25" north.

on

four

by

three

Namting of

1,700

River

feet,

reveal

the

border

of China.

occasions

Apparently skins

taken

at

in

presence

bamboos

the

the

by

of this Its very

191 7.

No

species here much

three for

and

southwestern doubt

and

flattened

in to

western south-

Andrews

border,

Burma

February,

C.

R.

Mell side

one

from

only record Dr.

and

stems,

obtained

hiding

usual

joint split on

bamboo

a

other

in

that

says

The

bamboo

and

area,

only record

The

14), who

p.

is found

bat

forests, chiefly in the

is in hollow

from

situations.

China.

(1922,

of Mell mountain

day

thirteen

took

forest, and

on

South

extreme

is that in the

during

is furnished

Edmund

tooth

lower

4;

delicately formed

and

altitude, in latitude

specimens in similar

7; width

width,

last molar,

to

basal

mm.;

Asia, extending into the subtropical

it is found

once

minute

This

"

parts of

meters

8; mastoid

width,

teeth, canine

11

molar, 4.7.

warmer

little bat

that

greatest length,

measures:

zygomatic

5;

eastern

of it for eastern

midst

search

and

maxillary

upper

tropical parts of

from

five

the

specimen

this

Habits:

Canton

the

at

with

back

Namting

of

Occurrence

records

the

skull

from

head

of last

place

on

skin

incisor to back

I have

at

keel

the

follows:

just reaching

the

wing

palatal length,

10;

molars,

in the

27

1922.

Gyen,

Museum

side the

The

14,

generic characters. A

"

as

Schwe

base, tipped

ventral

no.

28.

The

across

on

throat.

1859. 10, p.

Indian

extraordinarily flattened

mentioned

the

the

(Blyth)

A,

in the

the

at

described

was

subspecies.

a

28, p. 293, sect.

from

general coloring, especially over

dark

so

88,

as

fulvidus

small, forearm

very

buff

vol.

came

type

presumably

Description:

regarded

Soc. Bengal, vol.

Naturgesch.,

The

"

may

pachypus

T.

perhaps barely distinguishable from

genus,

be

MONGOLIA

typical

Tylonycteris pachypus

121.

Tenasserim.

the

AND

The

species.

fulvidus which

Mell,

CHINA

there head

further

along is per-

BATS

THE

haps

to

it to

enable

feet

cling to

the

In

"

Thomas,

Tylonycteris robustula

Type specimen:

sides

all, three,

from

as

of such

long

the

ago

gested, sug-

places. Burma

River,

Namting

the

under

pads

Dobson

access

A

"

"

forearm

skull. No.

Collected

Cecil

Borneo.

color

is said

Forearm,

26-28

mm.;

1.1.18.8, British

1

J.

to be

Museum,

Brooks. of

heavier

fulvidus,but

The

larger.

not

T. p.

to

by

1915.

15, p. 227,

female, skin and

Similar

Description:

Thomas

8, vol.

Hist., ser.

Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

Sarawak,

Upper

;

useful,

are

smooth

Tylonycteris robustula

122.

skull

obvious

the

obtain

to

so

Yunnan.

border,

from

perhaps

and

cracks

narrow

stalks, while

bamboo

examined:

Specimens

enter

hind

soles of the

and

thumbs

of

interior

hollow

the

to

it to

adaptation allowing

an

249

dark

with

body

little

but

brown,

stouter

a

lighter

below. "

Measurements:

foot, 6.3; ear, The

12.5

"

measurements

and

typical form

skull as

and

the

from

are

dark

two

the

skiill,and

referred

examined:

Proc.

Dobson,

in

tail, 27.5;

43;

Zool.

Soc.

than

skin

border,

to

T.

specific,especially

collected

p. fulvidus,

heavier

the

that

specimens

alcoholic

two

Yunnan,

the

at

same

of

little heavier

a

seem

1875,

River,

Namting

Scotomanes

London,

and

be

from

this

this form.

Three, from

"

it may

A

greatest length,

separating

as

rather

matters

:

(c-m"), 4.2-4.4.

teeth

value, and

Java.

of

follows

as

claimed

characters

Burma

River,

Genus Scotomanes

cheek

doubtful

together

doubtfully

Specimens

7.6; upper

typical specimens

the

are

Thomas

individual

are

occur

given by

The

"

of somewhat

Namting

locality with

case,

Habits:

color

forms

are

of brain

breadth

Occurrence

the

body,

10.

skull

mm.;

and

head

Dobson (subgenus

371

p.

Yunnan.

of

Scolophilus); Cat.

Brit.

Chiroptera

Mus., p. 258, 1878 (genus).

This its

is

monotypic

a

subspecies.

white

markings

It on

genus

is of a

fairlylarge

rich

brown

incisor

Nycticeius, having

one

reduction

condition

The

two.

of the the

formula:

anterior

family,

upper

anterior

the

over

canines.

edge i.i Ct

of the

each

Eptesicus

palatal emargination

its greatest

depth scarcely distinctlybeaded

orbit =

30.

a

and

hence in

its relatives

is smaller more

and

than

than half

somewhat

which

showing there

other

member between

expanded

and

angular (Miller, 1907).

a

are

distance

in any the

of

pattern it resembles

formtila

its tooth

with

ornatus,

characteristic

premaxilla, and

lachryrrial region is

The

pm.i m.f

has

In

ground. only

in

size, and

in

single species 5.

the

containing

the

Tooth

MAMMALS

THE

250

CHINA

OF

The

typical form of this species was described subspecies (imbrensts) has been The

Assam.

Sylhet, otherwise

not

subspecies

Scolomanes

omatus

sinensis

Scolophilus

omatus

Dobson,

Scotomanes

Scotomanes

Top of head whitish

area,

darker

and

white

a

a

and

of the

tuft

British

rich

color

mm.,

Museum, Touche.

La

D.

by J.

21,

and

with

russet,

neck

each

on

the base

to

the

to

have

of the

broad brown

shotdder,

sides

of the

wing

to

of the

of the interfemoral mentioned

body

the knee

;

tail and

a

around

ear

chin

side of the

been

a

the

of the

root

posterior base

area

of the skull

characters

the

of the

front

the

with

hair at the middle

back

Below,

hairs.

dark

similar, but

the

at

chin

the

white

a

minute

slaty,then

; back

back. from

collar from leaves

hairs

one

the

from

with

shining white

tuft of

of the

same

side of the

the

russet

brown

rich brown

dark

This

or

is 60

type

This

"

its

dark

race

smaller

averages

in

specimens

other

and

a

to

broad

membrane.

in the

account

MEASUREMENTS

Greatest

of

hind

mm.;

and

is

Habits:

16

lO.o

"

According

distinguishable by

(near tawny

however, western

or

may

its

takes

not

Upper

Lower

across

cheek

cheek

molars

teeth

teeth

lo.o

8.1

9.0

"

to

this

Thomas

slightly smaller

ochraceous

intergradation China

width

(ca.)

SINENSIS

Width

toid

width

length

18.0

Occurrence

from

form

measurement

less, 50-55

ORNATUS

Mas-

matic

Palatal

length

20.2

deeper color

typical

the forearm

be

may

SCOTOMANES

OF

Basal

length

Bat

The

15.3.

Zygo-

84847

than

Assam.

of

subspecies

but

mm.,

CRANIAL

doubt,

1922.

97.9.3.1,

but

of the

front

middle

the

'

Ornate

Soc. London,

Zool.

1930.

4, p. 3,

15,

1.

192

Proc.

generic characters.

foot of type,

No.

60

naked,

A

the

at

of the

distinctive

India

of the

Thomas,

August

bases

extensive.

transverse

Measurements: eastern

China,

the

brown,

are

stripefrom The

skull. No.

nearly

ears

tipped with

area

opposite side.

white

and

p. 772,

27,

no.

10, p.

no.

large, forearm

rather

more

line down

similarly colored the

but

Thomas

Univ., Canton,

88, sect. A,

Fukien,

to

similar

median

broad

of

north

smaller,

markings.

minutely

a

vol.

skin

male,

muzzle

membrane

the

along

A

"

Yatsen

Naturgesch.,

light russet

tips are

crown;

f.

Size

conspicuous white from

dark

a

Hills,

is somewhat

sinensis

omatus

Biol., Sun

northwestern

"

of the

Dept.

Bull.

Description: Face

Khasi

the

China

Hist. Soc, vol. Nat. Joum. Bombay Asiatic Chiroptera, p. 125, 1876. Monograph

specimen:

Kuatun,

from

eastern

and

Darjeeling, India,

Thomas,

Mell, Arch.

omatus

Type from

Shih,

p. 771.

from

different.

very

123.

1898,

of

MONGOLIA

AND

tawny) place,

and

Chinese

average

from it is

the

Indian

quite

easily be distinguished.

race

size and forms.

likely that

Locality Fukien

of

the

richer, No

mens speci-

THE

bat

This

Fukien

in northwestern the

of the

type from

and

American

single

a

Walter

records

(1929)

Howell

from

three

and

Kwangsi,

region By

he

day,

(1922,

northern it is often the

from

into

his

and

when

in

cabin

colored

ground,

a

examined:

Specimens Fukien:

Chunganhsien,

specimen adds

Gray,

Pachyotus

Trans.

and

body, the

olive

Eptesicus :

in

its

face of the

of the

tooth

i.i c.l pm.i

The upper

into

type

chief molars

a

cave

inferred

from

have

been

may

bats

of other

occasionally He

bats.

mentions

of from

of

the in

a

flew

insects,

gives a good from

specimens

Nantin

follows:

as

13, p.

The keel

30.

that

some

species,the

tragus

is

a

the

The

The

of helmet

the

resemblance

on

formtila, having

sort

close

in

bear

coloration

membrane.

=

69, 1821.

38, 1831 (part).

genus

of

but

skull

W-pattem

calcar,

one

to

tail

is the of the

rather

heavy

extending

differs from incisor

on

has

a

each

of

side, duced pro-

posterior

well-developed sagittal

reduction cusps

the

the

to

that

occiput prominently

slightly overhangs and

Eptesicus

crescent-shaped,

the

upper the

has

which

feature

somewhat

skull, however,

stoutly built

distinguishing so

a

these

like that

(1876)

vol.

low

It is rather

cranium.

that

been

height

a

Scotophilus Leach

ears.

m.f a

have

altitude.

meters

2.

i, p.

no.

of this

rounded

interfemoral

upward crest.

brown

short,

of the

namely

bats

the

fairlylarge, with

feet

edge

Soc. London,

Linn.

and

at

tainous moun-

i.

Zoological Miscellany,

Externally in their

,000

Mell,

wooded

P.M., apparently in pursuit

9

all,four,

Genus

ScotophilusLeach,

i

B.

district,

Canton.

at

of trees

from

A. mentions

Shan

in the

to

China

country.

Yao

Dr.

by

Scotophilus ornatus.

Yenping,

i;

Wanhsien,

Szechwan:

600

most

of

(1930, p. 3)

rare

might

Mell to

that

cliff in the

branches

that

Dobson

In

"

from

at

Yenping The

parts

warmer

of

mens speciSzech-

Szechwan,

Museum

habit

7.30

Flikien.

Shih

high

a

Shih's

under

valley,Yunnan,

Sanda

on

shrill note

species.

from

Hunan.

in the

a

that

uttered

of the

figure

p.

early evening,

captured

secured

half

the

found

so

eastern

Municipal it not 15), considers

situation.

unusual

somewhat

Chungking,

the

became

other

records

two

Kuatun

at

later

specimen

also

eastern

of

southern

Kwangtung,

of the animal,

coloration

and

of

says,

4 meters

to

that

notes

Canton

from

writing

species

a

cave

it is in

Touche,

northwestern

Yochow, a

from

Wanhsien,

the

across

(as Scotophilusornatus) from

one

2

for

looked

be

is

his

Expeditions

at

this

Evidently

Granger. should

and

taken

one

La

(1921b) and

Chunganhsien,

of

D.

J.

771), and

p.

Thomas

Asiatic

Museum

is

record

northerly

by

province,

same

from

251

China

1898,

subspecies.

in the

one

in

(Thomas,

eastern

Yenping

The

wan.

first discovered

was

BATS

is

of

the

mesostyles considerably altered,

MAMMALS

THE

252 the

molars

lower

the

peak of

central

outer

in

size

genus,

Key A.

Size larger, forearm

B.

Size

or

a

about

65

mm.,

color

Species

color

mm.,

be

the

first. southern

extreme

while

to

styles. In the

third

a

found,

5.

namely,

olive brown

dark

S. heathii

Forearm

58-62

olive

brown

yellowish

above,

5. kuhlii about

Forearm

Scotophiluskuhlii Leach, } Scotophilus heathii 10, p.

no.

50 mm.,

14,

Trans.

brief,

studied

but

"

rich

a

pale orange Skull

was

p.

a

619.

1821.

Mell, Arch.

f. Naturgesch.,

specimen in the collection

vol. 88, sect. A,

later

in

incorrect to

came

stating British

the

that

of D.

Brookes,

description is

The

unknown.

locality was

the

evidently

brown

to

and

strong

a

intense

Habits:

crest.

This

large

"

American

the

River.

Salween

record, although it is

is

there

four

are

tremely ex-

upper

it

where

Museum,

to

be

looked

about

58-62

bases

of the

across

the

throat.

the

Museum Eastward for all

hairs

was

is

limits

it

along

tropical and

occtirs

Expeditions

of this, however, the

southern

dark.

occiput slightly

house-haunting of

most

of China,

Asiatic

the

common

a

color

buflEy;below,

Membranes

profilerisingand

bat

General

mm.

the

throughout

common

Within

Asia.

southeastern

the

median

parts of India, and whence

brown,

stoutly built, with

large and

Homushu,

dark

yellow, slightlymore

Occurrence

species in

large species, forearm

^A

olive

overhanging, with

Yunnan,

13, p. 70,

1870,

by Dobson.

Description: above,

type

but

is

specimen

The

incisors.

vol.

London,

1922.

by Leach,

described

Soc.

Zool.

consobrinus

Scotophilus kuhlii Leach

Soc. London,

Linn.

Proc.

Swinhoe,

S. temtninckii

buflfy

paler below,

Type specimen:" The

at

insularis

smaller.

124.

a

kuhlii,

Scotophilus

of

below b.

parts

mediate species,inter-

closely allied subspecies.

Chinese

to

than

in the

Hainan,

on

other

two

smaller

occur

is also

two,

MONGOLIA

the

by

smaller,

a

these

between

species of the

the type

exceeded

with, probably, subspecies

of China,

a.

and

species,a larger

Two

W

AND

triangle is noticeably

second

the

CHINA

OF

I have

tropical sub-

in southern secured no

two

certain

subtropical border

THE

to

the

under

of the

one

bat

It is

coast.

the

253

(1870c)

Swinhoe

possible that mentions

species he

from

recorded

BATS

Canton.

from border

southwestern

this

Perhaps, too, this is Hunan

of

included

have

may

by

the

(1930b)

Shih

as

Scotophilus emarginatus. Specimens examined:

kuhlii

Pachyotus

insularis

Specimen:

Type

July

Howell,

Adtilt

"

Amer.

Mus.

Nat.

J. A. Allen

Hist.,

Mus.,

skin

male,

vol.

and

vol.

75,

22,

art.

p.

485, 1906.

i, p.

19,

No.

skull.

Rintoi, island

from

River, Yunnan.

Salween

insularis

S. Nat.

U.

Proc.

History,

of Natural

Museum

Allen, Bull.

A.

B.

A.

Homushu,

from

Scotophilus heathii

125. Scotophilus kuhlii insularis J.

Two

"

American

26786,

Hainan,

of

1929.

China.

Collected

I, 1904.

Size

Description: "

olive brown;

large, forearm

about

66

below, pale brownish

buff, darker

In

the

Measurements:

"

three

adults

Color

mm.

the

on

forearm

uniform

above,

sides.

67, 64, 67

measures

mm.

respectively. available

The

complete skull

up

without

as

a

Habits:

material

more

which

S.

recently S.

It, therefore, becomes different to

the

use

(1929) on

the

basis

He

except

Bats

in the

a

this a

appear has

race

writes for

the

area,

colony roosting among

as

a

occur

but

the the

in China

well

of

those

as

a

each

it is

Although described

of the

as

of

5.

well

true

larger S. heathii, with

less confused

by

Hainan

it is,however,

Hainan,

be cleared

cannot

size, it is nevertheless

after all the that

from

latter that

writers.

most

animal I have

heathii.

A.

is

really

continued Howell

B.

from

as Amoy, Fukien, localityin the U. S. National

indistinguishable from

the

insular

paler.

probably specimens records name

or

subspecies

Kachek,

somewhat

those

more

whether

in alcohol

available

(1922, p. 14), under

seems

be

as

available.

of greater

Assuming

of the

being

to

been

question

from

of this genus

and

given kuhlii

specimen

subtropical

mainland, Mell

of

a

of this bat

basis

type,

given:

here

are

present

the

of India.

skull of the

status

at

on

insularis, but

name

records

Museum. animal

that

from

The

"

than

kuhlii

measurements

until

Hainan,

Nodoa,

subspecies of the

that

from

and

Occurrence

of the

measurements

of

leaf stalks

all

across

to

seem

the be

southern

few

border

in collections

of China from

the

indeterminate to are as species. Thus Scotophilus temminckii, mentions finding of

a

fan

palm

{Livingstonia) at Szewui,

while

Kwangtung, in

China

AND

CHINA

3) writes

p.

in

that

MONGOLIA

it

where from

specimens these

5. heathii

very

he

has

Kutchen in part

relate

notes as

first recorded

was

Kwangtung,

secured

unlikely that records

619)

p.

also

; he

It is not

(1 870c,

(1930,

is abundant

Kweilin

Kwangsi. hoe

Shih

and

1824, in

colonies

OF

MAMMALS

THE

254

from

observed

large

Loshiang

and

5. ktihlii.

to

in Canton

common

South

in

in

Swin-

April

and

May. examined:

Specimens

Nycticejusi?)swinhoei

of Natural

Museum

July

yellowish

much

size and

general

distinguished

from

slightlydefined well

marked,

small

26788, American

of Hainan,

China.

Collected

characters

buffy

fuse

form

to

higher

becoming

at

uniform

paler yellowish

to

sides and

of the

skull

abdomen,

Java. peak

the

the

this bat

The

and

occiput

hardly from

it

side to The

to

the

latter

be

above

formed

pentagon

of each

sagittal crest. where

is

rostrum

of the

lachrymal region

the

nearly

a

mm.,

brown

the

on

of the

S. temminckii

from

55

breast.

outline, with

they

"

average

mm.,

foot

in the

in

to

50

by inter-

is low

distinctlyoverhangs

casque-like projection.

Measurements: 50-52

clear

of the

ridges

region, where

orbital

hind

i860.

skull. No.

and

about

center

typical

pentagonal

is somewhat

a

Hist., vol. 22, p. 485, 1906.

p. 88,

slightlydarker

from

paler, nearly

in the

drab

with

In

but

Nat. 29,

Rintoi, island

from

above, varying

brown

beneath

brown;

as

History,

Size smaller, forearm

"

two

female, skin

adult

An

vol.

Bengal,

J. A. Allen

1904.

I,

Description:

tinged

"

Soc.

Asiatic

Blyth, Joum.

specimen:

Type

Mus.

J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

consobrinus

Scotophilus castaneus

Rintoi, Hainan.

and

consobrinus

temminckii

ScotophUus

126.

Nodoa

from

each

One

"

In the 51.

in well-made

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

type No

skins

series the

other measures

OF

fresh 1 1

SCOTOPHILUS

forearm

in nine

measurements

adults are

ranged

available.

mm.

TEMMINCKII

CONSOBRINUS

from The

BATS

THE

and

Occurrence Rintoi

at

series of 38 at

Habits:

July

in

all

to

about

at

proved

large size

to

hairless

females,

but

others

fur is short the

and

are

The

smaller

are

that of

so

but

two

the

is

about

are

possible

on

that

just

is apparently

(1870c) this.

to

specimen without

type

from seems

the

across

Amoy, not

Specimens examined:

have

to

"

In

specimens the

it

in

the

on

mainland

the

the

border

with. S.

of 5.

of extreme of

at

the

close, color

is

southern

Comparative

Indo-China,

wroughtoni,

temminckii

the

though

a

skulls

used

undoubtedly

Museum

of French

has

The

therefore,

is

animal,

and

bat,

latter.

I have,

that

S. temmmckii

Hainan

the

probable

most

seems

and

Canton

at

it is in

Yen-

quite April

Perhaps, too, Blyth's Nycticejus{?) sivinhoei,

"trace

is the

the

is carried

cusps

two

or

cusps

less than

older-named

than

identical record

lateral

cusp

S. wroughtoni

than occur

milk

upper

two

lateral

lacking in

be

available, although

are

from

the

distinguished.

It should

Swinhoe's

presumably

be

brown

to

seems

to

and

practically equal

the

one

the

points.

relationship with

same.

really refers a

olive

trifle less delicate

skin

a

that

May,

darker

The

the in

subspecies of 5. castaneus,

a

certainly

a

of

still

were

young

two

innermost

but

wanting,

minute

by

the

form, perhaps distinct, of

a

records

no

has

as

much

a

the

bey, Tongking,

the

almost

phase, which

is

skull

Zoology

and

reduction

they

not

are

but

China,

based

premolars this

specificname.

perhaps

and

lower,

proved

latter

all present,

three

but

sought

examined

The

with

and have

to

had

They

were

appear.

crowns

and

a

was

half -grown

trifid crown,

one

is but

bright chestnut

older

long-rooted,

central

the

Java, which

to

the

has

described

of the

beginning

found

Many

teeth

the

shot

were

In

the

in

any

hanging leaves

of the

milk

The

also

Although latter

covered.

were

large number,

a

them

killed.

young.

well

of

All of those

palm.

adults.

was

canine

milk that

in

distinctlyindicated

are

cusps

and

the

the

still farther,

with

than

milk

than

In

outer.

of the

dentition

slender

divisions.

leaves

18

colony

were

to

dead

the

9, this

hundred

of them

April

eighteen

these find

a

lodged between

one

among

June

on

several

already

were

darker

permanent

incisors

most

found

failed

lected col-

collected

winter

the

he

On

porch.

also

Pope

during

secured

once

compound;

Later, and

drooping

the

under

adult

mission

females.

be

to

the

he

were

H.

Clifford that

specimens

seventeen

Although

front

hundred,

one

in

tree

beam

Mr.

writes

of the

increased

be

by

of

one

Chinese.

supporting

a

palm

refuge

the

examined,

estimated a

He

Hainan.

Nodoa,

was

1923,

prospectors' holes

tiles and

of

type

in

and

2;

occasionally brought various

The

"

255

same

been

of upper as

this.

incisors" The

sent

him

by Swinhoe,

description is unidentifiable,

preserved.

all,thirty-seven, from

Nodoa,

Hainan.

MAMMALS

THE

256

Genus Barbastella

Synotus

this

of

Bats

vol.

membrane

nearly

as

upward

open

long, the simple, but

into into

upper

is

in which

the

pm.f m.f

is: i.f c.T that

prove

known

and

they

not

appear

audital

only

extending

dargelinensis Dobson,

Barbastella

darjelingensis Thomas,

Type Hodgson

specimen: in

that

"

the

This

"

furnished

if so, it is

Description: from

Asiatic

bat

bases

A

rather hairs

basis

small to

near

so

ranges the

far

(of

one

Mediterranean

2, vol.

ser.

1855.

16, p. 103,

875, p. 85.

1911,

p.

of the

a

brief

specimen

collected

It is

Sikkim.

of

by

presumably

description,by Dobson,

Museum

bat, uniformly their

160.

from

borders

perhaps still in the Indian

of the

the

it may

China.

western

Hist., 1

described the

near

the

Chiroptera, p. 86, 1876.

Soc. London,

was

the

and

Europe

and

Nat.

Mag.

Soc. Bengal,

Asiatic Zool.

Darjeeling, India,

specimen

1876, and

Proc.

formula

darjelingensis (Hodgson)

Horsfield, Ann. Proc.

Monograph

Synotus dargelinensis Dobson,

this

in

darjelingensis Hodgson,

Barbastellus

India

eastern

Barbastella

127. Plecotus

to

zygomatic

tooth

continuous,

be

to

central

barbastellus,the genotype) covering

region, the other

supposed;

with

progressive

more

The

for

that

as

present recognized, but

at

than rather

overlap, but

half

it represents

but

it is

an

hypocone.

no

still small, the

premolars.

crowded

regarded

are

row

produced

than

Euderma,

are

tooth

of the

one

but

jaw,

without

latter

more

genus

and

of the

closely related to

area

crown

bullae

species are

Two

more

are

a

a

Myotis, is

as

is minute,

large protocone

very

Corynorhinus

the

of

34.

=

a

with

reduction

in the

instead

loss of two

in the

allies

ears

simple, although

arch

have

are

shows

cingulum

the

large premolar,

and

relatively

of each

genera,

the

muzzle

zygomata

side

premolar

upper

is

of

nostrils

formula

each

on

has

relationships of the

The

first.

or

two

canine

lower

fairlylarge

its American

and

stage

molars

upper

to

anterior

canine

the

medially; the

less-reduced

the the

case

tooth

side

each

and

brain

The

below in the

the the

cusp;

molar

second

Plecotus

B.

The

cusp.

third

of the

as

anterior

and

found

that

out

angle between

the

interior The

points

noticeable

a

full ntunber

Miller

present.

The

pad.

the

to

on

long tibia, and

the

forehead,

the

middle.

the

of

membrane

reaching the tip of

not

slightly concave in

above

premolars

the

otherwise

head

with

color

fur out

of the

of the

across

median

a

and

expansion

an

of the

reduction

behind

slender

rostrum

without

short,

distinctlyjoined

outward

and

the

portion

rather

are

general dark

extension

below

median

the

ears

but

laid forward,

when

just

line

a

along

tail ; in addition, the

the

a

to

beyond

far

by their

hairs, the

lighter yellowish tips to the dorsal interfemoral

1821.

15, p. 300,

identified

be

may

genus

Gray

Naturgescli., vol. 5, pt. i, p. 305, 1839.

f.

Blasius, Arch.

and

MONGOLIA

AND

Barbastella

Repository,

Medical

London

Gray,

Keyserling

CHINA

OF

dark

tips, which

Calcutta.

at

brown are

in

gray

above to

and

buffy

below

above

BATS

THE

whitish

and

This

is

off, not

The

is

genus.

of the

of

with

the

3

or

the

the

with

apparently

skull

Measurements:

specimen

India

from

with

foot

tragus,

19;

ear,

metric

into

(converted

claws, 8; MEASUREMENTS

length

44562

uncommon

length

12.0

western

American in the taken

second

In

is

N.

W.

by

(1892) has at

these

all from

records added

Expedition tooth the

the

of

an

1931

at

Shapai

is like

is

a

hind

noticeable

foot

9

Szechwan:

of

that

Likiang, Shapai,

in

row

row

Locality

4.6

5.2

Yunnan

a

and

Kansu.

valley

Omei

in

by

In

jaw other

of the

"

of the

species. The

following

i.

Tsaopo,

i

(M.C.Z.).

two:

the

To

the

May both

these

however, the

dark

may Dolan

1931,

sides, so

hairs

hypocones

that

seen

Brooke 21,

a

Russian

respects, on

and

province.

same

by

which

that

the

and fur

in

of

is large,44 mm.,

of the

;

lands, high(191 id,

It will be

Szechwan,

upper

the

of China.

on

Likiang

at

Szechwan,

secured

secured

the

Yunnan

north, Thomas

Kansu.

highlands

in the

Shan,

in

Yunnan,

singlespecimen

of

known,

as

In

be

to

seems

far

so

typical of this species. Its forearm

mm.

near

tooth

molars

yellowish-tipped

absence

;

Lower

specimen

southern

Eptesicus.

with

5

finger,49.

tooth

east, and at

a

in the

41 ; second

a

mm.

Upper

Yinchinwan,

at

of 1

across

Weisi

Tsaopo,

near

The

Specimens examined: Yunnan:

secured

western

premolar

coloring,

feature

from

interesting specimen

anterior

characteristic

the

the skulls

Width

and

secured

mentioned

the

of

minute

formula

are

the back, it is undoubtedly and

under in the

body,

India, this bat

Still farther

Choihsien,

that

in

as

second

a

Fergusson

explorer, Berezovski,

lacks

broadly

measurements

and

5.7

Szechwan,

single specimen

a

taken

be

mentioned

head

higher levels,

the

Expeditions

Museum

Finally, Buechner

now

is

DARJELINGENSIS

7.7

China,

by George Forrest.

records

few

width

7.5

"

Asiatic

British

width

of Yunnan,

parts

Museum

Mastoid

chiefly at

occurrence,

only the

matic

5.7

atid Habits:

Occurrence

p.

that

difference

forearm,

10;

BARBASTELLA

OP

Palatal

length

14.3

160)

so ear

the when

above.

following

units) :

ZygoBasal

Greatest

and

been

the

from

ear

The

nose.

important

(1876) gives the

Dobson

"

CRANIAL

No.

of the

less attenuate

have

little if any

very

the

of

is whitish.

slightly longer,

ear

tragus

and

teeth

membrane

characters

beyond

mm.

end

species.

two

tail,46;

2

and

truncate,

characters There

of the

,

about

posterior

the

interfemoral

the

some

barbastellus

it extends

forward

rounded

in

slightly different

About

body.

along the edge of

species, B.

European laid

of the

side

under

fur

the

below,

body

the

on

257

upper

molars

MAMMALS

THE

258

This

over

a

is about

more

The

36.

=

jaw,

is

there

short

are

half the

p.

224).

have than

The

type

than

B.

They

h.

39-42

larger, forearm Color

as

Color

in

Chinese

about

typical

44-46

VesperlUio auritus auritus

Type assumed

brown

be

slender lation corre-

Three

forms

are

may

show

that

the

at

are

most

more

China

from

recognized they

1907,

others

less distinct

are

following key:

Forms

of

Plecotus P. auritus

below

auritus

P-

drab

above,

below

auritus

Plecotus

auritus

kozlovi

P. auritus

auritus

ariel

(Linnaeus)

in

"

known

Not

to

Sci. URSS,

Acad.

Zool.

Mus.

in

be

vol.

30, p. 240,

the

existence;

1929.

type

locality

is

Sweden. "

oval

with

mm.

Bobrinski, Annuaire

Description: rather

third

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. lo, vol. i, p. 32, 1758.

auritus

Specimen: to

if any

it is doubtful

gray

is about and

bullae, in

""

128.

Plecotus

pale

upper

case,

audital

race

broccoli

darker,

mm.,

upper

molars

(Linnasus),and, although

auritus

Mongolian

and

row,

trifid.

unusually large (see Miller,

recognized by

be

may

to

smaller, forearm

Size a.

The

pm.f inner

the

metacone

brain

rounded

are

collections

further

but

supposed.

Size

a

Ct

the

molar

third

the

retaining

convex

In

are

tail, brane. mem-

crowns

The

distinct

but

the

i.l

a

base.

premolars.

small

ears,

subspecificallydistinguishable.

Key A.

hypocone;

Asia,

central

from

named

Mongolia,

and

the

the

cusp;

form

posteriorly,their

two

large

species is Plecotus

secondary

the

rather

a

external

size of the

the

been

lack

and

cusp

and

entirely in

its anterior

at

feet

and

legs toes,

incisors

lower

well-developed lachrymal ridges.

and

with

between

has

skull

a

joined

are

Barbastella, namely: small

The

second, with

of the

The

each

outer.

cingulum

side,

inner

area

crown

commissure.

small

a

in

ears

of reduction,

process

increasing in size

and

slight space

a

the

on

rostrum,

has

canine

lower

the

than

smallest,

the

anterior

The

incisors

upper

smaller

is much

tooth

have

The

is enclosed

in the

side than

each

on

The

of the

base

body,

and

advanced

is less

premolar

lower

the

from

considerably

characteristic, opening

are

prolongation.

slit-like

head

the

as

formula

tooth

The

long

as

nostrils

able consider-

a

ears,

is relativelyenormous,

The

arises

membrane

wing

the

forehead.

posterior

a

of its external

development

proportionally long tragus.

a

the

across

with

and

slender; which

the

head, with

fold of skin

upward,

m.f

i8i8.

Barbastella, for the conch

the

than

longer

in the

represents,

genus

advance

one

Geoffrey

Geoffroy, Description de I'Egypte, vol. 2, p. 112,

Plecolus

MONGOLIA

AND

Plecotus

Genus

by

CHINA

OF

Form

slender,

form, their

bases

ears

very

joined

large,about

across

the

as

long

forehead,

a

as

the

forearm,

prominent

rib

THE

inner

the

on

inner

the lobe

base.

the

at

side, parallel with Tragus

of tibia, its calcar General

tips of

smoky or

of

part

the

Wing

slaty.

hairs

the

; at

band The

brain

The

lower

everywhere

the

skull

are

is

the

case,

teeth two

and

in

above

peculiar

I have

three

"

Mongolia added

for

abruptly

the

at

end,

; foot about

toe

in

below The are

side

hairs

lobe

at

with

and

half

a

length

the

is gray

with On

number

comparison

the

the

with

the

MEASUREMENTS Head

and

there

drab

smooth

large

however,

basal

is

a

subter-

rounded ears.

reduced

The to

side. of

measiu-ements

of

a

(1929, table), as

European

OF

specimens

several

example

(1912, p. 260). EXTERNAL

side

prominent

of premolars,

published by Bobrinski those

upper

dull

proximal half

buffy tinge, the

a

the

rostrum,

narrow

bullae, correlated

external

the

tips.

its short

each

by the scattered

everywhere,

slaty.

dark

the on

of the

by the slaty bases,

large auditory

Measurements: northern

triangular pointed

a

of outer

broadly

less obvious

general normal,

and

rather

base

base

slightlytricolor effect produced minal

and

border,

above, nearly drab, slightlydarkened hairs

the

is dark

more

from

259

keeled.

not

color

the

long, tapering

base.

outer

BATS

PLECOTUS

A

URITUS

as

from

follows, and

given by Miller

THE

260

and

Occurrence have

to

a

Pacific be

Hopei,

Jacobi (1922, secured

as

long

specimen

the

the

on

boundary European

form.

for the

northwestern east

across

along the

occur

this is

of the

end

southern to

it does

as

of

a

the

records

Uriankhai,

the

of

months Shan

Jvme,

Range,

typical form

along the

of the lack

determine, because

at

Tintsa-intsa,

one;

Nan

eastern

presumption Gobi,

in the

that

July

a

four; Tzinganshan,

Range,

taken

were

secured

several

Khuakem,

Urga, five; Urga, Khingan

Radde

distinguish from added

has

he in

another

River

species

the

localities. ;

of

basis

the

on

Thence

to

specimens from

of the

part

and

mens speci-

Japanese specimens.

Mongolia

(1929)

these

The

a

Hopei,

unable

of

synonym

a

series of nine

in suitable

middle

near

raise the

name

Peiping.

was

Great

All

two.

in Kansu,

impossible

he

that

significant,so

as

Ranges

Apple

Suzukte,

one;

September.

and

the

which

to

Plecotus

race

proportions, it is

and

of northern

border

Japan

very

same

Gobi

the

Mongolia, namely:

Kansu,

border

the

the

on

the

at

recently Bobrinski

south

Nor,

July, August,

but

edge

Nanshan,

eastern

edge of

(Kirmski), of

size

species from

the

Expedition

slopes of

Mongolia,

of Dolon

it

More

northern

in

all not

the

to

it appears

Japanese

(1929) regarded quite

as

recorded

northern

east

post, Kiri

after

In

appears

Asia

northern

the

I named

Howell

B.

Weigold

863 found

1

as

A.

also

along the

ago

found

typical form,

across

Gobi.

slight differences

Wutingshan,

has

Isles

of the

its

in

likely right in believing the

very

at

2)

p.

by

west

of

will be

these

all events,

At

from

extends

basis

that

(1929) is

auritus.

British

the

and, although

same,

the

on

Bobrinski

two

the

nearly

quite possible P.

from

range

MONGOLIA

AND

long-eared bat,

The

"

passing chiefly northward

coast,

very

CHINA

OF

Habits:

wide

very

sacrimontis,

MAMMALS

may

northern

part,

specimens in localities

eastward.

Specimens examined:

None.

"

Plecotus

129. Plecotus

auritus

Acad. Plecotus

Sci. auritus

kozlovi Bobrinski, Compt.

URSS,

Academy dam,

p.

Specimen: of

Acad.

Sci. URSS,

Sci. St.

1926,

vol.

P^tersbourg,

ser.

A, p. 98; Annuaire

(new

34

2), p. 106

ser., vol.

forearm

This

June

bat

U. 11,

appears

larger,

averages

locality,including

5880, Zoological

in alcohol. No.

male

A

"

Collected

"

type

Imp.

Acad.

Sciences, Leningrad,

Description: The

Rend.

Mus.

(Melanges

eleven

S. S. R., from

to

differ

from

Tsai-

eastern

The

typical form

the

from

44.2-46.5

specimens.

Zasak,

of the

Kozlov.

by

1901,

Barun

Museum

in

mm.,

color

does

a

in

series from not

seem

different. The

Zool.

1929.

152), 1892.

Chinghai.

only.

30, p. 243, Bull.

Buechner,

Biol., vol. 13,

Type

vol.

Bobrinski

kozlovi

auritus

skull,

as

might

be

expected, is

a

little

larger

in

its measurements

to

size the be

following dimensions

the

which

Measurements:

than

trifle greater

a

The

"

according

Mongolia,

northern

from

those

than

261

BATS

THE

from

table,

reproduced.

are

tail measurements

seem

a

The

specimens.

in northern

Bobrinski's

to

little

longer and

forearm

is about

the

ears

ninth

a

longer.

(1929)

given by him

are

CRANIAL

follows:

as

OF

MEASUREMENTS

CondyleNo.

Greatest length

LENINGRAD

basal

matic

length

width

5880 (type)

18.8

17.2

5879

18.8

17.6

5306 531

5239 13932 141 86

14187

17.8

16.7

17.7

16.8

19.0

18.5

17.6

16.8

18.4 and

Occurrence

Habits:

typical subspecies longer

know

just

series Bobrinski's race,

the

from

ner

be a

color

localities

Chinghai

8.5

6.5

Chinghai

8.7

6.0

Chinghai

8.7

6.2

Chinghai

8.5

6.2

Central

8.0

6.5

Central

Gobi

8.5

6.1

Central

Gobi

Koko

of

was

the one

not

recorded

should

points Etsin

River

that at

but

author

bigger.

siurounding

region out

is about

parts, it may

the

are:

tive representa-

more

the

western

southern

by Bobrinski not

reveal Kliara

any

Khoto

that

be

slightlylarger

a

into

specimen recorded

Moming, did

as

desert

It is difficult

until

eastward

Gobi

decidedly larger

treated, but

be

series examined

this

little

the

from

forearm

The

Mongolia. a

be

to

seem

is, to regard it

conclusive,

by

of

Bat

Long-eared

Mongolia

various

Nor

of the

the

proportionally

are

best, that

Bobrinski

all but

comparison

Gobi

6.5

north

from

the

valley

9.1

of

west

specimens

is the from

Gobi. the

skulls

examined

course

Since

this.

two

be

can

the

such

extending central

and

how

9.8

9.5

from

to

Chinghai

9.5

than

the

9.2

6.2

9.0

and

Locality

teeth

8.7

Specimens of

"

cheek

case

10.2

17.2

Upper

of brain

9.3

regions of central Asia south one-ninth

Width

17.8

18.3

1

KOZLOVI

AURITUS

PLECOTUS

Zygo-

desert

part of by Buech-

Mongolia, were

may

in alcohol,

paler tint. (skin,June

The 15,

MAMMALS

THE

262

June 6, 1926, alcoholic) and

and

1909,

He

Nor.

CHINA

OF

MONGOLIA

Bogdo, Gobi

Ikhe

Altai, south

of Orok

it is of about

P. ariel,though

validity of Thomas's

the

doubts

AND

equal

size.

Specimens examined:

None.

"

Abstract

ariel Thomas,

Plecolus

1911,

Bobrinsld, Annuaire

Specimen:

Type

23,

"

hairs

An

"

of

exclusive

Soc.

London,

1929.

skull.

and

No.

8,400 feet

1.6, British

1 1.2.

altitude.

Collected

and

comment

considers

Habits:

the of

occvirrence

he

region, which

(Nepal)

and

describes to

from

as

foot with

hind

dark

the

the

owing

to

skull, small

bullae, and

large

bullae; wardi and

very

Plecotus

Asia

short

the

that

A.

B.

of canine

front

the

"of the

christiei

(1929) lists (1929)

Bobrinski

in western

Kansu

makes

in

questionable; yet the

from

from ; auritus

slightlylarger relationships

exact

Plecotus, each

the

adjacent desert of

study of additional genus

and

coloration

Howell

Kansu.

present, the

brain-case

thumbs;

zygomatic

13.2;

dark

characters

same

the

(doubtfully distinct narrow

and

31.

9.4;

the

kozlovi

await

must

43;

ear,

claw

single specimen from

the

on

that

Sining,

a.

For

former.

comment

their

length,

typical form

small

region.

of bullae,4.6.

believes

spiritfrom

claw,

breadth,

distinguish it.

differ in much

of eastern

makes

to

new

puck (Murree)

long thumbs,

hairs

with

thumb,

species in Szechwan

different

a

forms

himself

in

of the

presence

color

Thomas

rest

of the

body, 53; tail, 57;

15.5;

species is based

The

"

specimen

seems

dark

of the named

ends

interorbital

broad

and

diameter

its describer

but

a

that

paper

the

brown,"

species" (Thomas).

phalanx,

leg and

lower

9.2;

head

first

39.5;

and

Egyptian

mm.;

larger size will suffice

somewhat

the

44

5.6; greatest horizontal

of m',

size and

"broccoli

a

greatest length, 17.2 mm.; intertemporal constriction, 4; mastoid

9;

without

brain-case of the

those

Forearm,

"

Tatsienlu, Szechwan,

very

Zool.

Proc.

paler drab, the bases

surface

swollen

metacarpal,

Occurrence

from

p. 241,

basi-sinual

Skull:

same

skin

China,

Szechwan,

finger, metacarpus,

to back

30,

vol.

Sci. URSS,

Acad.

female,

Under

large,only less than

width,

191 1, p. 3;

blackish.

Measurements:

the

adult

large, with

"Skull

third

14,

large,general color dark,

Size

dull drab.

slaty. Muzzle

Bullae

February

1910.

Description: of the

London,

Soc.

Zool.

Mus.

Tatsienlu,

from

Museum,

June

Zool.

Proc.

ariel Thomas

160.

p.

areal

Plecotus

auritus

Plecotus

130.

P.

other)

material. homochrous stand

(Exirope)has

(Egypt) large brain-case large skull, rather

aside

rounder and

Kashmir) large bullas, (Ladak (Japan) large skull, rather small pale color; sacrimontis and

BATS

THE

and

long thumbs;

bullae, and

a

of P.

race

examined:

Miniopterus

of

bats

this

finger, nearly

of

the

scapula the

median

bone"

and

Molossidae.

short

the

elevation

interorbital

tooth with

side.

formula

is:

space

between

a

size,

unequal

the

twice

the

the

This

height

of

China,

two

the

types

B.

Size

Lower

side

b.

Lower

side not

the

regards

forming

the

greater of

character

found

again

brain

the in

with

case,

conspicuous

a

a

In

groove.

from

The

the

the

front

back to

in

are

but

are

The

pairs

two

of

are

of

posterior commissure

slender

and

rear

premolars

upper

posterior of

of the

anteriorly.

incisors

anterior

high,

ending just

confluent

upper

than

two

is

who

a

coracoid

both

canine.

lacks the

third

the

in the

similar and

the

nearly equal height,

in side

is

about

of

view

47-50

and

nearly

smoky

The

type

representative

Species

of

is

from

relatively

brown.

local

clear.

World

The

the little

number

variation, but Within

the

species of

of the

limits the

the

of

genus

larger forms.

Miniopterus

mm.

than

the

paler than 40

of

cases

smaller.

a a

all

Old

There

considerable in

not

Chinese

to

obviously

shade

indicates are

Europe,

obviously paler

about

to

larger and

a

Australia.

usually some

of these

parts of the

warmer

Africa

and

(Kuhl)

Size smaller, forearm

molar

upper

of the

It is made

first.

occur,

larger, forearm

a.

the

phalanx

curiously swollen, causing a prominent slight hollow, then rising again to

The

smaller

premolars

Key A.

and

short

directed

sagittalcrest

36.

=

much

forms, however,

schreibersii

a

is

slightlyconcave,

m.|

outer

last

is

by

and

large globular

basisphenoid pits are

widespread

some

is

pm.f

ct

color, which

relationshipsof is M.

small

region

in

described

palate

lower

is

genus

Mediterranean difference

considered

rather

phalanx.

(1907),

latter

which

distinct

but

The

of the

Miller

the

of

case

first

inwardly

rather

center

brain

low

a

and

second

long

very

their

by

once

developed

family, a

the

is broader;

second

the

has

in

anterior

The

Of

metastyle. but

in

at

of the

enormously

The

i.f

the

form.

pointed

by

straight

skull

is

the

length

profile,succeeded

There

area.

side to

recognized

the

lobe

part of the

in

occiput.

from

best

perhaps

1837.

Vespertilionidasby

rostrum, fore

ears,

the

The

upturned

side view

the

the

with

highly peculiar

as

be and

times

three of

subfamily

"presternum

may

genus

rounded

plush-like fur, low

part

It is

rounded

large

Bonaparte

Ital.,vol. i, pt. 20,

Minioplerus Bonaparte, Iconogr. d. Fauna

distinct

color."

has

None.

"

Genus

third

dark

and

species

present

auritus.

Specimens

The

the

finally

skull, large bullae,long thumbs,

263

mm

back the

M. back

'

M.

schreibersii

chinensis

schreibersii

parvipes

M.

pusillus

MAMMALS

THE

264

schreibersi chinensis

Type specimen: from

"

and

throat

the

European drab

of the

appearance Measurements:

and

47

Chekiang, length,

mm.

and

Occurrence

apparently in it, mentions

Habits:

females.

were

in

indicate

may

is of

have

general

Chekiang,

not

the

Specimens examined:

i

schreibersi

Miniopterus

blepotis Swinhoe,

Miniopterus

schreibersi J. A.

of

Museum

June 16,

1

916, by "

is

a

f.

uniform

Dr.

all but

two

Museum

localities

These

mainland,

whence

southern

I

record

Zoology, from

Tunglu,

follows:

male,

History, Roy

Similar dark

Mus. vol.

parvipes G. M.

Novitates,

Mus.

Soc. London,

Naturgesch.,

Adult

Natural

Description: color

"

with

river.

schreibersii

Allen, Amer.

Zool.

Allen, Bull. Amer.

specimen:

Type

that

American

most

came,

2.

Proc.

Pipistrellus blepotis Mell, Arch.

mm.

(M.C.Z.).

parvipes G. M.

Miniopterus

as

49

associated

adds

the

Comparative

of that

Three,

total

original series

the

on

The

valley. of

as

province.

limit

Tunglu,

(igoSf), in naming

he

by

length

follows:

there

was

same

in

subspecies is fotmd

the

secured

in the

Museum

Miniopterus

132.

and

European

measures

Thomas

preserved,

were

Yangtze

mouth

"

Hopei: Wanpinghsien, Chekiang: Tunglu,

way

in the

far from

the

uniform

from

male

Its forearm

whence

cave

its northward

the

to

specimen

a

specimens

Wanpinghsien,

at

A

the varies

collector,

China.

in North

series of fifteen

the

with

nearly

from

smoky-colored

Peiping, Hopei,

other

a

dark

in the

southward

it ranges

This

"

latter.

the

13.

ear,

of

Expeditions

Asiatic

foot, 14;

common

Two

the

forearm

The

in the

Wright,

T.

was

Of

My Otis pequinius.

therefore,

Compared

different

very

west

it

miles

which,

abdomen, chest.

larger.

46

to

44

J.

by

great numbers

no

that

thirty

some

very

tail,56; hind

;

is not

little

against

mm.,

measured

was

122

a

the

drab, especially

are

animal.

size this bat

anjrthing 50

are

hairs

the

smoky, without

almost

brown,

darker, lacking

much

Museum,

China.

of the of

center

8.8.7.15, British

No.

tips of

the

the

than

western

In

"

if

form, though between

but

schreibersii,they

M.

1908, p. 638.

drab

posterior part

the

considerably paler

seem

Soc. London,

uniform

a

Thomas

chinensis

Peiping, Hopei,

of

similar, at

MONGOLIA

AND

skull, female,

above,

below,

tinge of russet;

Zool.

and

west

Color

Description: under

^A skin

"

thirty miles

cave

a

Proc.

Thomas,

CHINA

schreibersii

Miniopterus

131. Miniopterus

OF

Allen

85, p. 7, August

no.

28, 1923.

1870, p. 616. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, p. 485, 1906.

88, sect. A,

skin

from

10, p.

no.

14, 1922.

skull. No.

and

Yenping,

44656, China.

Fukien,

American Collected

C. Andrews. in size and brown

with

proportions a

russet

to

M.

tinge, both

s.

chinensis, but above

and

the

below,

BATS

THE

the

lacking side with

nearly

the

than

brown"

The

tips, but

the

Measurements: smaller

in the

than

less-dried

fourth 39;

forearm

varies

from

to

8.7

and

that

larger

coloration,

47

and

of

so

that

Habits:

bats

that

Males

seem

are

from

first

phalanx,

five

48.8

that

not

43.5;

In

second

other

from

48;

average

mm.,

hold

the

the

true

of

14;

skin:

phalanx, fifth metacarpal,

place

same

hind

the

is

type

second

10.5;

foot

the

to

phalanx,

skins

"

MINIOPTERUS

This

darker

China,

with

of this genus

it is difficult to

Temminck's

brown.

is stated

this does

but

phalanx, 8.5;

OF

of northern

eastern

"snuflE darker

slightly deeper

are

above,

about

foot

the

varies

five, 9.3.

MEASUREMENTS

Occurrence

All the

9.5.

9.8, average

than

first

foot,

between

CRANIAL

below

17;

brown

appreciably

measurements

race,

following

42;

not

are

lower

usually.

metacarpal,

metacarpal, tibia,

surfaces

China

The

third

mm.;

side

upper

of the

fur

barely lighter below,

the

on

of the

cinnamon

dark

original description it

the

North

specimens.

forearm, 48 39;

In

"

is uniform

Ridgway,

lower

females,

tipping

pronounced

color

hairs

the

on

than

slightlydarker

of

of the

bases

the

usual

The

same.

"Verona

brown."

and

tint above,

drab

265

name,

know

SCHREIBERSII

form a are

of southern russet

more

similar

very

where

to

blepotis,applied

to

draw the

PARVIPES

China tone

to

is less the

in size and lines.

general

It is not

Miniopterus

pale

pelage.

of

possible im-

Java,

MAMMALS

THE

266

for the

finallybe used

may

lack

eastern

China,

I have,

therefore, given that

appears

This from

is

Province

island

of

quite

the

(1922,

in

14)

Hunan

from

who

colony

a

They

from

under

the

made

of these

of

the

entire

west

border

skins

the chin

and

throat

In

"

Futsing, 3; Yenping,

Hunan:

Yochow,

Hainan

:

Nodoa,

Nat.

56 (skins and

he

19,

one

place, hanging

the

ceiling. They

the

Later

on

tiles of the roof

it had that

previously Dr.

Andrews

has

nor

parts

warmer

Pope,

pile of large

a

without.

Yunnan,

mens speci-

anyone

of that

of

been

and else

province

is

as

far

is

that

one

the base

as

all,seventy -two, 11;

Amoy,

i

as

partially albinistic,having

of the

ears.

follows:

(M.C.Z.).

pusillus Dobson,

spiritspecimens)

.

Minloptenis pusillus

Monograph

Asiatic

Chiroptera,

p.

Dobson 162, 1876.

J.

A.

Allen, Bull. Amer.

Mus.

Hist., vol. 22, p. 485, 1906.

Type specimens: type, but

Madras,

formed

Hainan

H.

(in spirit).

i

133. Miniopterus

occtu-

under

from

specimen

December

part in

It is odd

in the

Clifford

on

between

lodged

as

Futsing

eastward.

white

Specimens examined:

that

Kwangtung.

additional

Mr.

big hole

a

in southern

Yenping

Fukien:

the

From

this bat

or

from

well

audible

schreibersi.

it may

from

which

very

found

was

M.

as

with

meet

was

of Nodoa."

Nevertheless

Burmese

Among

a

that

boulder

region also

specimens

for the most

together large

a

Mell's

include

records

the

Ftikien, they

caverns.

Canton

as

China,

otherwise

seem

Fongtjuen,

writes

"in

in

the

Musevmi.

bats

now

alcohol, from

Amoy,

young

(1929)

Nodoa,

a

skull,

at

Hainan,

Howell

S. National

U.

it

series from

from

specimen

B.

series, at

Allen,

did not

apparently.

the

A.

squeaking

A.

by J.

Heller

along

the

surface

temple just

Chinese

recorded Mr.

a

clustered

were

in

that

their

Museum

in

including

larger

says

series from

fine

well-populated colony

another a

and

pelage.

latter, though

least southeastern

at

also

with

a

American

hundreds

continuous

a

animal,

of

those

somber

single specimen

am

616)

p.

found

the

to

Pipistrellusblepotis" from

Hainan

of

I

from

otherwise

hardly diagnostic. A

this, and

mentioned.

the

boulders.

"

very

part of

warmer

are

same

in

is

species. Specimens

different

the

parvipes

s.

foot

(1870c,

of the

Yenping

collected

found

the

to

not

tint to

southward. to

MONGOLIA

continental

two

although minutely

of

record

above

from

the

and

Fukien,

Yenping,

and

which,

collections

The

smaller

over

summer,

relates

probably

M.

Swinhoe

same.

p.

russet

name

of Fukien

Hainan,

common

warm

the

is referred

Hunan,

Yochow,

the

the

common

AND

fuliginosus, are

supposedly

the

bat

the

are

but

CHINA

larger of

M.

India, representing

from

OF

lists two

which

may,

"

In

his

did

not

Islands

and

original description, Dobson

specimens, therefore,

be

one

from

regarded

the as

Nicobar the

cotypes.

Later,

designate one

in the

from same

BATS

THE

work

(Dobson, there

which

and

British

a

A

"

it differs

hairs

of

lower

side, the

is

the

none

not

the

fur

occurs

is

Occurrence

Asia,

well

as

as

of this genus schreibersii from

Indian

It should

Otherwise

may, be

H.

that

this smaller

point, and

specimen

is

at

in which

It

therefore,

have

looked

its habits

for are

at not

far

as

has in

points

the

same

large been

general the

known

to

"

Three,

from

There

males

the

do

east

a

more

mainland

differ

and

southeastern

Australia,

as

species

two

larger is

The

has

of the

A.

J.

Allen

has

Three

island, and of M. in

s.

China

southerly in extreme

Hainan.

the

regarded

essentiallyfrom

Nodoa,

shorter

M.

piisillus,originally described

series

taken

the

by

larger species which

of India

relative.

Specimens examined:

the

on

following dimensions:

of Hainan.

the

on

on

M.

latter, and island

not

and

the

below,

base.

extreme

the

Wroughton

the

took

of

smaller.

a

typified by

Rintoi,

species.

the

parts

islands

Nodoa, he

that

warmer

Madras.

with

from

the

species is evidenced

show

larger and

a

from

Pope

the

of the

at

and

tips, while

the

at

coloring.

than

skins

In

"

identical

as

less

mm.

smaller and

specimens

Clifford as

Stoliczka,

schreibersii,from

M.

specimens examined, or

size of this

Three

together,

Nicobars

apparently also

10

certain

upon

species

Mr.

Dr.

Madras

coloring, above

different

faintly darker

in size

smaller

Habits:

occur

also thirteen

by

The

style; the

the

of

Museum,

by

the

subspecies of

brown

three

females

nearly

and

is

in the

tinge

"

dark

abdomen

it in Hainan.

with

Indian

Islands

therefore,

the

contrastingly

not

of the

russet

which

replica of

uniformly

side

Measurements:

forearm,

the

Nicobar

Presumably,

smaller

differ from

to

seem

in

upper

of the

in the

only, collected skeleton.

in

specimens

Museum.

Description: which

lists

he

220),

p.

two

were

alcoholic

an

is in the

1876,

267

referred

to

it

collected

others in the

small

same

cave

parvipes, represent northward range,

subtropical.

southern those

of this

China.

of its larger

268

THE

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

Genus Kerivoula

Gray,

The

only

Kerivoula Asia

the

same

with

i, vol.

ser.

the

nearly fully in the tooth molars.

The

four

of Myotis,

less reduced

are

and

row,

smooth

ridges. Externally

the

funnel-shaped

members

ears

premolars especially, likewise

jaw

upper

hypocones

no

lacking prominent

case,

and

are

ever, teeth, how-

of this

long tragus,

well

as

upper

Myotis,

a

lambdoid

or

cate, recognizable by their deli-

are

genus

of

sagittal

large,

the

on

delicate, resembling slightlythat

and

brain

rounded

two

by the dense, fine and

as

very

formula

tooth The

38.

lower

in the

There

subequal.

skull is slender

three

The

=

is

in southeastern

subfamily by its

pm.f m.f

the

genus,

anterior

the

in China

occnir

only articulate.

i.f ci

namely:

to

distribution

distinguished

five ribs

or

size, the

known

species of wide has

in that

than

same

Gray

258, 1842.

lo, p.

two

Miller

which

that

Kerivoula

MONGOLIA

subfamily Kerivoulinae

Indies.

East

as

all of

with

of the

genus

sternum,

is the

Hist.,

itself,represented by

and

short

Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

AND

almost

woolly-appearing fvir. The

species

type

fixed

was

Sclater

by

K.

as

(Horsfield) of

hardwickii

Java. Key A.

Color

orange

B.

Color

dull smoky

and

to

picta bellissima Thomas,

gesch., vol. 88,

A,

sect.

Type specimen: Pakhoi,

southern

fur

longer.

base,

the

distal half

ears,

the

entire

and a

out

few

third

the

and

length

from

of

each

to

contrastingly black. becoming the

delicate

interfemoral Measurements:

said

to

have

but

typical form and

russet

"

The

six caudal

and

the

type

by from

hind

far

as

Bell.

but

Java,

from

Musetun,

Hayley

Dr.

feet and line

a

The

fifth

the

just

of the

interspaces

slightly larger

lower

tips. fringed with

vertebrae,

the

above

forearm, of

the

free

and

in

and

the

toes

had

but

as

minute a

the

well

short

forearm

to

narrow

a

the

fifth finger and

of the

the

as

ankle

between

wing

edge

below,

of the

side, the fur is whitish

The

specimen

legs

forward

between

fingers,and

ankle, excluding

are

f. Natur-

somewhat

as

On

at

membrane

Mell, Arch.

crinkly, pale at the extreme orange-rufous, this color extending to the entire

finger.

of forearm

1906.

6.1.13.1, British

posterior border

the

17, p. 423,

Collected

membrane,

fourth, the fourth

posterior edge

the

dense

beautiful

out

depressa

Thomas

7, vol.

skull. No.

wing membranes

millimeters

stripe

a

Hist., ser.

picta bellissima

hardwickii

1922.

China.

to

Fur

K. K.

mm

picta bellissima

and

interfemoral

the

to

on

skin

Similar

"

the

A

"

Kerivoula

of

mm

34

Nat.

Mag. 14,

Kwangtung,

Description: and

Ann.

Species

39

about

Kerivoula

10, p.

no.

about

forearm

brown,

134. Kerivoula

Chinese

the

black, forearm

wing at

entire

the

brane, mem-

base,

edge of

hairs. of

39

single specimen

mm.,

from

and

was

Hainan

7.0 in

No.

length of tooth

7; upper cranial

contrasting

at

are

and

Habits:

apparently China,

that

of the

type

only

of the

skin

Hainan.

in

species is

said

somewhat

the

As

depressa Miller,

Kerivoula

hardwickii

U.

S.

National

southern

"

brown

the

effect The

Java,

has

mentioned

a

much

84832

34.5

84833

330

type from

skulls

with

on

buffy

Third

First

phalanx

as

two

Asiatic

tions Expedi-

pectdiar coloring, this

Carin

18533/38 194, Tounghoo,

of

the

fvir is

and

the

that

as

It is instead from

are

Fourth

color tri-

specimen.

type

of

hardwickii

of K.

obviously

flattened.

dried

the

at

dark

little of the

metacarpal

Tibia

33.8

35 "

seem

pale

skins.

Fifth

metacarpal

its describer.

are

everywhere

be

to

seems

size

same

hairs

the

about

brown,

smoky

where

typical race

case.

1930.

No.

dry,

uniformly

measurements

specimens

1906.

4, p. 4,

Hills, northeast

There

the

i, no.

skull

forehead

15

by

Miller

64, May

19, p.

gray.

brain

following

recorded

second, consisting

a

Central its

depressa

Below,

of the

case

metacarpal

these

known:

Hainan.

alcohol,

the

"

of

and

Univ., Canton,

brown.

36.7

Burma,

south-

extreme

leaves, its pattern simulating

from

almost

back

globular

The

"

in

practically of

less

Forearm

The

in the

skull, though

Measurements:

No.

the

skin

vol.

Biapo, by L. Fea.

base, tipped with

at

Myotis in size.

of its presence

the

by

among

Yatsen

female

tipped

parts of

warmer

instances

hardwickii

(Ridgway), except

base, minutely

a

from

of

Fur

strongly

like

singularly considerably smaller

guessed from

only,

Biol., Sun

Adult

"

its

is

Kwangtung,

been

Kerivoula

Dept.

other

No

molar, 7.5.

foliage.

Collected

Description:

fuscous

have

One

Museum,

Burma.

mummy

southern

Biol. Soc. Washington,

Proc.

Shih, Bull.

Specimen:

carpal, meta-

length of palate in midline,

little bat, with

is

the

to two

day hanging

"

135.

Type

are

;

wings,

celluloid, secured

might

examined:

Kerivoula

case

Javanese

a

(31); foiirth

mm.

of last

coloring, but

of

but

the

mm.

beautiful

confined

tints of withered

Specimens

37.5

back

to

very

and

on

spend

to

is in each

available.

there

Pakhoi,

mounted

15

was

black-marked

style

present from

This

and

uncommon,

for at

type

present

"

body

orange

comparison

a

parenthesis of

in

those

metacarpal,

of incisor

front

rufo-niger in its

formosus

em

skull of the

from

measurements

Occurrence

in

metacarpal, 36 (30).

the

row

long, against

mm.

first measurement

(the

two

Hainan,

picta picta): third

K.

36.5 (31) ; fifth The

these

9.0 shown

size is also

greater

from

A.M.N.H.,

54940, of

specimen

It is

in

metacarpal lengths

of the from

The

fur is about

the

specimen

example.

Javanese

a

this

In

distinctly seven.

has

269

BATS

THE

Foot

7

15 "

a

trifle

larger than

"

that

of the

THE

270

CRANIAL

Occurrence best

referred the

MEASUREMENTS

OF

Habits:"

flattened extension

than of

American

specimens (in by Mr. Clifford

H.

province.

China,

long tragus, Myotis, but the

dense

then,

It may

probably

favoring

tooth

the

rather

fur and

formula

might

Specimens examined: Chunganhsien,

Gray, Ann.

Ocypetes Lesson, 1832).

The

Yenping,

3;

Nat.

Mag.

3

ium cran-

In

addition

were

secured

Shan,

for

first

of the

extreme

small

size,

mistaken

be

well

as

a as

three

relatively

ones

upper

for

with

dentition

anterior

been

Yangcha-

in the

distinctive,

are

1926 of the

has

from

Its

areas.

of the

in

Kwangsi,

it to

cause

three

to

comer

anywhere

coveries dis-

Anim.,

the

it is found

close

to

special external

no

similarly delicate teeth

the

and

pm.f m.l

there =

34.

border

features slender

indicate, however,

in that

genus

of which

occurrence

is

one

The

to as

a

less upper

Gray

258, 1842.

lo, p.

Mamm.,

30,

p.

nostrils

the

follows:

(inalcohol).

bats, while

it from

separate

Murininas,

c.T

hairs,

The

one

(1933, p. 56)

subtropical

Murina

i, vol.

ser.

R^gne

Chinese

other

suffice to

i.l

Hist.,

Tableau

Nouv.

extraordinary tubular

any

Myotis,

to

northwestern

Yao

the two

In all,six, as

"

Genus

The

parently Ap-

the

subequal.

Ftikien:

is

the

short, funnel-shaped ears particularly the characters

more

premolars of nearly equal size, and

show

skins

three

looked

at

and

since

territory was

Sanborn

the

large

from

hairs.

Expeditions.

be

lower

Murina

bases

from

by

Szechwan.

and

sooty of the

Ftikien,

one

individual.

be

may

pattern

Chinese

specimen

and

seem

Javan form.

Asiatic

a

Fiikien,

ing hardwickii, notwithstand-

K.

extensive

Chiinganhsien, in

at

(1930, p. 4)

shan, southeastern of

more

tricolor

Yenping,

Pope,

Since

by Shih

south

Javan

DEPRESSA

Chunganhsien,

color, which

into

Museum

spirit)from

recorded

from

of the

species

HARDWICKII

of the

size and

that

this

MONGOLIA

skins

quite obliterating the

of the

same

race

in

AND

KERIVOULA

slightlydarker, with

are

or

more

The

CHINA

Three

this continental

slight discrepancies

almost is

OF

and to

they thus

MAMMALS

1842

(part; preoccupied by Ocypeles Wagler,

essentially normal

the

Harpiocephalus, subtropical

China

in

Tongking.

Otherwise

distinguish them in the

curious

medium-sized

in

incisors

have

each no

be

looked

the

two

the

jaw, giving

secondary

for,

genera

skuU

The

Myotis.

species of

specialization over

premolar

subfamily,

same

may

from

further

molars

of the

in

this genus

of

distinguish the members

that

genus.

in

condition the

cusps,

formula: and

the

THE

of

outer

unusually large,and and

canine

nearly

in

square

parastyle is third

section, and

is

Temminck,

of

At

four

present

it is not

B.

less than

a.

Color

above,

b.

Color

above

Forearm

distorts

space

second On

the

premolar is between

upper

their

the

molars

are

edge

outer

regular W-pattem.

type species is Vespertilio(

that

from

recorded

the

relationships of

the

35

Chinese

to

Species

the

The

Murina)

=

southern

the

part of China,

larger species

two

but be

may

28

than

Murina

35

M.

mm

bright ferruginous,forearm

more

of

mm.

golden yellow, forearm

33

aurata

M.

mm

cyclotis

mm.

Forearm

about

38

mm.,

color

rufous

h.

Forearm

about

41

mm.,

color

similar

brown

Murina

136.

Recherches

Milne-Edwards,

aurata

fillingthe and

hypocone.

which

a.

Murina

upper

suspected.

now

Forearm

the

row

first

anterior

Java.

Key A.

The

tooth The

fairlylarge.- The species are

impossible

closer than

the

lack

reduced,

somewhat molar

upper

suillus

fully in

stands

posterior premolar.

the

271

inner.

the

pair is larger than

each

BATS

above

huttoni M.

rubella

leucogasier

Milne-Edwards

axirata servir

pour

M.

I'Hist. Nat.

a

des

Mamraif^res,

pi. 37B, fig. I

p. 250,

;

pi. 37C, fig.2, 1868-74 (1872). Harpiocephalus Murina

aurita

Type Naturelle from

Asiatic auratus Dobson, Monograph Chiroptera, p. 153, 1876. Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 57, p. 230, 1907 {lapsus).

specimen: at

Paris, having

Size

Description: "

detached

from

the

the

upper

Interfemoral Fur

surface

blackish

above,

by

scattered

base, then

short

probably in 1871,

David,

nostrils

short, broadly membrane

separated

rounded

from

the

well

long,

and

slightlyforward,

Ears

Wing

with

d'Histoire

Musetmi

Tubular

mm.

and

lobe.

the

China.

28

unnotched.

at

with

Armand

outward

enlarged

an

membrane

of forearm

Pere

Szechwan,

muzzle, directed

lip by

still at

presumably

sent

small, forearm

tips,their posterior border toes.

is

type been

principalityof Muping,

the

from

The

"

their

at

base

of the

hairs.

golden yellow

at

the

yellowish hair; below, the

extremities;

fur

is blackish

upper at

the

base, the tips grayish white. The

canine

smaller

than

subequal, first

with

and

premolar

has

in

Measurements:

by Milne-Edwards: ear,

10;

well-marked

a

which

second,

three-lobed

measured

first upper

equals canine; crowns;

lower

three

canine

premolar lower

is much

incisors

small,

hardly exceeding

the

height. The

"

total

following dimensions length,

forearm, 28; spread

specimen

cingulum;

about

29

mm.

of

62

wings,

(A.

B.

mm.;

190;

Howell,

of the

tail from

tibia, 14. 1929,

p.

type specimen anus,

The

20).

29;

hind

forearm

are

given

foot, of

a

7.0;

second

THE

272

and

Occurrence

by

in central

Muping,

from

specimen

a

mentioned

A.

by

in Szechwan.

(1929), while

Howell

Nothing

examined:

Specimens

Type specimen: 692 in

The

"

Size

"

tragus

attached

on

the

along

of tail free.

of the

the

second ;

Occurrence

from

Chinese

Youboi,

Museum

of

in

See.

vol.

Bengal,

42,

pt. 2,

island Natural all

than

the

(1876,

p.

smaller

(reduced

Habits:

fauna

tubular, diverging;

membrane

point; wing

of the

base

hairs

the

an

claws

tip

; extreme

the

hairy, especially at feet

of the

backs

thickly

toes.

with

everywhere

to

dark-brown

The

"

is the

of Hainan,

History.

bright

surface, only

the

the

for

basis

by J.

A.

June

He

writes:

21,

base

(1906,

body, 43.5

mm.;

of the

Forearm

of this

487)

p.

description

showing

a

whole

darker,

species

a

female

American torily satisfac-

agrees

and

fur, however, the

of

in the

now

specimen

"This

The

and

1904,

extending nearly

extreme

and

inclusion

the

Allen

Dobson's

Himalaya.

rufous

dimensions

following

tibia, 15.

33;

of the

height

mm.

taken

particulars with

Darjiling, in

33

only

record

units): head

forearm,

inner^ first

the the

of it. the

160) gives

than half

about

and

in front

one

metric

15;

ear,

below,

shorter

outer

jaw subequal,

mentioned

and

fine

calcanea; the

from

was

slight convexity opposite

a a

female,

India.

membrane

the

It

Calcutta.

with to

alcoholic

an

Nostrils

the

to

slender, the

claws, 7.8;

bicolor, the dorsal

foot

on

be

to

mm.

tapering

of the

of upper

specimen

nearly

cyclotisfrom

the

Asiatic

throughout. and

Dobson

"

specimen

in the

tion colora-

at

long,

projects beyond

molar

last lower

tail,38; foot with Hainan

taken

size and

in eastern

33

as

tibiae, and

long

premolars

Indian

an

Museum

of interfemoral

paler brown

Measurements:

for

Museum,

small

Dobson

somewhere

bright ferruginous,

incisors

Upper

Indian

wide

as

siuiace

hair which

; beneath

by

from

edge

outer

above

Color

canine

Field

Journ.

210;

p.

is said

side; tragus

outer

Upper

with

covered

and

is in the Its very

Chiroptera, p. 158, 1876. Hist., vol. 22, p. 487, 1906.

Nat.

small, forearm

of tail, along the

bases

1872,

Asiatic

type

nearly circular, about

root

Bengal,

Mus.

Amer.

collection

the

Description:

on

Soc.

locality,doubtless

imknown

the

Museum,

cyclotis Dobson

Murina

Monograph

cyclotisDobson,

cyclotisJ. A. Allen, Bull.

ears

is afforded

record

U. S. National

pi. 14, 1873.

Harpiocephalus

No.

Asiatic

Proc.

cyclotis Dobson,

p. 206,

Murinus

been

None.

"

137. Murina

third

a

has

originalspecimen

Chinese

in the

of its habits.

is known

and

rare

the

back

second

The

be

to

sent

Likiang Range, Yunnan,

the

B.

David

Pere

Szechwan.

MONGOLIA

species seems

small

since

AND

distinctive.

be

should

This

"

twice

but

CHINA

OF

Habits:

in China

discovered from

MAMMALS

figures of is not

very

length

of the

brownish

M. tinctly dishair

shade

;

BATS

THE

below close

.

the

hairiness

the

great

a

interfemoral

the

of

is

.

geographical separation

localities."

two

Specimens

examined:

None.

"

leucogaster Milne-Edwards

Murina

138. Murina

there

fior

of the

base

.

feet, etc., notwithstanding

and

of the

the

to

dentition, size, color,

in

agreement

membrane

yellow

brownish

lighter,more

a

273

sen'ir

Recherches

pour

Zool. See.

London,

leucogaster Milne-Edwards,

des

I'Hist. Nat.

a

Mammifdres,

pi. 37A, fig.2;

p. 252,

pi. 37C, fig.3, 1868-74. Murina

Proc.

leucogastra Thomas,

Type Specimen: d'Histoire

Naturelle

type

^A

Description: "

shorter

than

membrane

the

head, wing

hairs

Pelage long

above.

hairy

slaty

everywhere

white, shading into brown Measurements: p.

The

"

253) : total length,

forearm,

of other

one

(1898, recorded

and

mm.

Habits:

771)

from

it from

the

hulloni rubella

Type

Specimen: from

Museum, 21,

Thomas,

1896, byF.

"

way, the

above the

upper

-An

Kuatun, W.

Description: Color

"

Ann.

dark

Murina Mag.

the

the

of this

type

namely,

14;

; ear,

pality princi-

the

species,only

recorded

one

Fukien.

by

Thomas has

however,

Dobson,

adult

Hist., ser.

male,

Thomas

rubella

huttoni

Nat.

8, vol.

skin

13, p. 440,

1914.

8.8.1 1.6, British

skull. No.

and

Collected

Fvikien, China.

northwestern

September

Styan. Resembling rufous

the

sides and

Indian

rather

brown,

longer hairs glossy golden at

11

available.

None.

"

139. Murina

foot,

1868-74,

Himalayas.

northwestern

Specimens examined:

as

northwestern

Kuatun,

tip, 34; hind are

in China,

taken

been

above, abdomen

and

chest

originalspecimen from

for the

Milne-Edwards

served

have

to

seems

to

anus

measurements

Except

"

brown

(Milne-Edwards,

follows

as

tail from

;

cranial

No

that

Muping

p.

88

narrow,

interfemoral

and

chestnut

Throat,

bases.

Ears

mm.

Feet

sides.

measured

type

tibia, 17.

41 ;

Occurrence

the

41

tarsus.

fine, in color

and

their

at

gray

at

the

from

it in the

collected

who

bat, forearm

tube-nosed

membrane

Museum

(1873).

China, in October

small

the

alcohol, to

David,

Armand

Pere

by

in

presumably

sent,

was

Paris

at

district,Szechwan,

Muping

the

The

"

1898, p. 771.

than

warmer

Under

brown.

still paler down

huttoni, but

M.

the

middle

"sayal surface area

rufous.

more

of

brown" rather

but

Ridg-

paler

without

than

strong

contrasts.

Measurements:

greatest of canine

length, to

back

"

18.2

The nmi.

forearm ;

of

basi-sinual

of last molar,

6.2.

the

type

length,

measured 13.7;

upper

37.5 cheek

mm.

Skull,

teeth, front

Occurretice is known

of

Seven

and

this

of India

race

by

in

skull

20

described

The

a

h.

M.

race,

species

fuscus,

Specimens examined:

the

of this

thickened

in which

the

the

by

tail

peculiar

edge which is

tragus

short

usually

be

may

head

additional

molossid

The

both

the Old roofs

bats

the

and

by

their

musky

only

in

China,

and

conditions.

usual

These

A.

The

B.

A

palate without

conspicuous

a

notch

conspicuous

Andersen,

The

the

Ann.

Joum. Mus.

Asiatic

Soc.

Civ. Storia

wrinkle-lipped bats members

of the

front

genus

first

of

dorsal;

the

radius;

side of the

carpal; meta-

fibula

take

complete;

subtropics of

and

readily

living under

to

causing Two

of

Tadarida

genera

part

under

Molossid^

Chcerephon

Dobson

of this genus

much

by the following key:

Chaerephon 43,

in the

than

notch

ser.

phasizes em-

outer

of the

length upper

The

242)

p.

with

roofing, often

the

palate

vol.

(1907,

tropics

the

of them

of the

Bengal,

the

inner

border.

less reduced

the

wing

third, and

lacking postorbital processes.

Chinese

of

Nat., Geneva,

ulna

on

the

identified

median

the

at

inner

the

abouts there-

or

thickened

droppings. deposit southern only the extreme

in

Genera

;

the

and

be

may

Genus

ChcBrephon Dobson,

has

narrow

of the

humerus

half

ceiling and

odor

present

skull

Many

the

half

very

Miller

inner

characteristic

to

metacarpal

about

with

probably

Key

the

characters:

the

together;

between

legs, the

rest, folded

at

Worlds.

annoyance occur

mm.,

Sowerby

terminal

the

narrow.

or

shaft

fused

are

New

of houses

for

hind

than

family

slender

fused

which

from

larger than

vertebra

not

of 41

peculiar plush-lrkefur,

their

recognized by

small, squarish

very

neck

seventh vertebrae

leucogaster,

perhaps only sub-

are

decidedly angular tip, and

a

phalanx of third finger,when

Ivmibar

La

Museum,

M.

forearm

a

D.

BATS

ridge projecting from

a

much

Vespertilionidae,its first

two

wide-ranging,

short, strong

with as

following

supplementary

of

west.

J.

British

the

to

synonymy

the

and

Styan

typical

the

to

MOLOSSID^

membrane

ears

very

W.

larger with

is

be

finger is hardly longer

is extended

the

the

family

projects, the

fifth

F.

the

animal

grayer

all that

None.

"

interfemoral

of the

for

Manchuria.

MASTIFF

bats

the

to

must

from

Family

The

the

nevertheless

length;

indebted

are

Messrs.

by

huttoni

M.

specificallyrelated.

we

presented by them

and

Fukien,

whom

readily distinguished from

collected

were

MONGOLIA

tint than

rufous

more

in greatest

mm.

it is

that

AND

to

assigned (1914a) states, the latter

Dobson

Thomas

as

Thomas,

"

states

all

Kuatun,

at

1896.

but,

Habits:

bat,

CHINA

OF

its darker,

specimens

Touche

in

MAMMALS

THE

274

pt. 2, p. 3, vol.

144,

3, p. 35,

Nyctinomus

1874 1907

(as

subgenus

a

(as

a

in external

closely resemble

(Nyctinomus),

of

but

Nyctinomus).

genus).

are

ters charac-

distinguished

THE

skull, in which

the

by

in

present with

is

there

that

so

that

palate, or

wings,

genus

the

is

genus

of the

Chcerephon) johorensis Dobson,

=

species is

Trans.

Vespertilio plicatus Buchanan-Hamilton,

Mus.

Chcerephon plicatus Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat.

Mus.,

specimen:

Type

apparently

been

Descriptio7i: "

bases

A

dark

above,

tips minutely paler; they

In

are

crests

well-marked

but to

the

vertical, and is

a

49.7-50.4 The

30.

Nyctinomus the

Only

5, p. 261,

ing follow-

pi. 13, 1800.

The

Bengal.

in

about

with

the

bases

middle

has

specimen

slightlydepressed

outline

vertical of the

wrinkles.

hairs

of the

region

joined

ears

mm.,

are

at

their

General

dark

brown,

throat, chest

and

whitish.

just behind

extends

constriction. contact

50

the

level

from

comer

is

orbits.

strong upper

anterior

there

of' the

the

of the

crowns

At

side view, and

the

forward

The

medially.

in

"

forearms

The

in five

specimens

from

Hainan

mm.

measurements

CRANIAL

Length,

is

=

World

a

A

lambdoid

incisors

are

of the

orbit

range

from

knob.

bony

cranial

Old

the

is

1907.

p. 245,

conspicuous

the

sagittalridge

almost

Measurements:

is

of the

interorbital

prominent

in

but

muzzle

conspicuous convexity low

pm.f

ct

in

genotype

vol.

Puttahaut,

below,

brown;

broadly tipped

skull, the

the

London,

forearm

meditmi,

their

abdomen

m.f

sight of.

Size

rich

formula

Hist., vol. 22, p. 482, 1906. 57,

no.

from

male,

color

a

Nat.

forehead, lips with

the

across

"

lost

Soc.

Linn.

Amer.

plicatus J. A. Allen, Bull.

Nyctinomus

half-free

plicatus (Buchanan-Hamilton)

Chaerephon

140.

i.i

the

distinguish

tooth

Peninsula.

Malay

the

will

The

distribution The

fused of

China.

from

yet known

as

wrinkles

Nyctinovius.

China.

southern

reaches

end

Externally,

vertical

subtropical

the

is

as

intimately at

Nyctinomus, namely:

tropical and

of

barely

and

only,

and

Chaerephon

one

and

Tadarida

upper

incisors.

of the

palatal side,

incisors, such

foramina

small

two

lips with

tibiae,and

all except

in both

same

The

(

from

in front

notch

short

of the

the

on

premaxillaries are

two

leaving

bones,

small

very

a

tail,narrow the

Usually

genus.

surrounding

the

the

complete

are

back

extending

notch

275

bones

premaxillary

the

deep

no

BATS

MEASUREMENTS

follow: OF

CHMREPHON

PLICATUS

MAMMALS

THE

276

and

Occurrence

points along

other

the

doubt

Genus

E.

Nyctinomus

The

in that

of northern

bat

1904.

i,

found

be

at

BATS

regarded

there

Thomas

1818.

Hinton,

and

genus

Africa.

A

distinct

valid, and

as

only

are

is

species of the

type

eared

is now

Nyctinomus World

New

July

See.

Zool.

Proc.

p. 251.

genus

of the The

1923,

(1906),

Allen

A.

taken

Geoffrey

Geoffrey, Description de I'Egypte, vol. 2, p. 114,

E.

London,

J.

occurrence

Rintoi, Hainan.

WRINKLE-LIPPED

Nyctinomus

Dr.

Hainan,

the eastern

its

of China.

border

Five, from

"

of

of

species will eventually

the

southern

extreme

of

that

species in

record

only

be

to

seems

No

examined:

Specimens

The

Rintoi, island

from

examined.

I have

These

distributed

widely

a

MONGOLIA

AND

Indies.

East

of China males

adult

five

had

is

This

"

the

to

boundaries

the

within who

Habits:

India

from

tropics

CHINA

OF

instead

four

species is

closely related

Tadarida

of six lower

cBgyptiacusE.

Nyctinomus

from

incisors.

Geofiroy,

large-

a

in southern

found

China.

(Molossus)

tceniotis Trouessart, latouchei

in the

collection

Blyth, in i860.

Description: "

the

with short

type,

and the

by

with

a

rim

Soc.

Bengal,

on

The

of which

out

on

stiff

inner.

the

Above,

insignis figured),180

the

wing

nearly

tips minutely

Fukien,

Amoy,

forearm

about

their

anterior

latter

open

soft, fine and

brown,

at

the

are

to

Robert

large, broadly in

the

the

of

middle with

short

angle of

comers

of the

truncate

a

horny projections. Wings

projecting.

dense,

the

grooves

outer

was

covered

between

minute

half

meeting

sent

Consul

ears

mm.,

densely

the

It

by

is

at

with

its terminal

with

60

(1876)

Dobson

by

180.

China,

bases

vertical

is studded

membrane

clove

frosted

Calcutta, No.

projecting hairs, which Fur

Chinam").

283, 1920.

in alcohol, is listed

seven

some

ankles, tail with

fringe of

a

with

1897 (in part; "ad

5, p.

extension, which

inward

wide

9, vol.

ser.

male

from

large,

nostrils.

the

upper

the

of N.

Museum,

a

Indian

Curator,

Size

Lips ample,

mouth

from

The

"

off in front, and

forehead

pad,

Asiatic

Mamm.

Cat.

1870, p. 619. 179 (head of type

Foss., p. 145,

Hist.,

Nat.

Mag.

of the

then

Edward

hair.

London,

Chiroptera, pp.

Viv.

Mamm.

Cat.

Ann.

Thomas,

Swinhoe

rounded

Soc.

Zool.

Asiatic

Monograph

Type Specimen: as

vol. 30, p. 90, 1861;

(type listed),1876.

(part),202-203 Nyctinomus

Proc.

rueppelli Swinhoe,

cestonii Dobson,

Nyctinomus

Tadarida

Soc. Bengal,

insignisBlyth

1863.

p. 29,

Dysopes

Asiatic

insignis Blyth, Joum.

Nyctinomus

teniotis

Nyctinomus

141.

long

on

of the

Borders

the

outer

extending ventrally

feet

border, and a

short

tance dis-

sides.

hairs

whitish

grayish; below, nearly

at

the

similar

base, their brown,

the

extreme

hair

of

BATS

THE

belly with

and

chest

Measurements:

The

"

following

of

measurements

the

given by Blyth (1861): total length, Dobson's (1876) measurements 64; third finger, 114.

millimeters)

are

tail,53;

foot

to those

of the

76

and

claws,

The measured:

width,

mastoid

Doubtless

skull of

the

and

Occurrence extreme

with

sent

His

description seems

in to China was

of

one

captured

at

taken

to

the

describe

far out so

9,

of the

the north

by

within

a

a

Formosa

191 7,

by

has

1922

normal

due

by of

described

color, but

having

seen

in

a

"

None.

I

of

it

other

records

British

no

Yunnan,

others

as

prove

can

a

a

to

only

be add

not

brought

was

for eastern Museum

that

male, the

on

it

But

sea-

seems

slightlysmaller either

been

have

ever

includes

very

Thomas's

carried

been

found

Vladivostok

single specimen race,

so

size is

of its representing

doubt

any

have

distinct

again

Thomas

immaturity.

must

mus Nyctino-

(1920), by perhaps this fact led him

hardly

be

Dobson

immature

an

remarked and

Blyth.

mammals

second,

(although Ognev

eventually

as

on was

Society of

that

states

its very

and

for

storm,

Thomas

specimens, however,

Specimens examined:

its

can

China,

Hopei

by

it may

as

Asia,

species,and

southwestern

extreme

darker

specimen,

taken

South

a

It

although

that

the

to

; and

8.

uncommon

is based

collector, at Chinwangtao,

same

of the

blown

miles

In

been

or

of

only

Touche

La

channel

youth, that there

form

ship

The

be

Asiatic

China

South

teeth,

insignis by

its head

rueppelli,and

1859.

This ever

figured

latouchei, despite

range

its

to

same

the

Hopei.

the

Nyctinomus

list of

his

Dysopes

in the

Tadarida

as

thousand

range).

in

25,

northerly

most

it

probably

its

sea

and

zygomatic

Fukien.

Amoy, to

20.5.

latouchei

T.

cheek

to

seems

long overlooked, however,

presented by J. D.

of northeastern

by far

vinder

of

type

specimen

(1870c)

November

on

September

coast

the

been

of the

specimen,

alive

are

have

to

birds

and

body,

mensions. slightlygreater di-

show

at

similar

phalanx,

of its presence

Swinhoe

82.5;

and

21.2;

7.1 ; upper

bat

body, very

of

type

as

would

first record

mammals

made

Swinhoe

the

him

Robert

mention

made

mentions

by Consul

was

53 ; first

men, speci-

same

head

namely:

served

that

large free-tailed

of China.

and

are

individual

The

of

These

condylobasal length,

mm.;

This

"

tibia, 16.6.

58.2

palato-sinual length,

12;

specimens

i860,

cestonii.

is

Habits:

secured

other

in

Bengal, in 1876

as

fully adult

a

south

specimen

the

width,

mm.;

and

given by Thomas,

specimen

immature

of the

21.5;

x

of the

56.5 ; third metacarpal,

greatest length, 21.7 12.2;

in the

29.5

ear,

23 ; forearm,

; ear,

skull

10;

of T. latouchei

type

; tail,43

mm.

a

to

arm, tail,47; fore-

mm.;

head

forearm,

little different:

(reduced

type

140

are

however,

longer light tips

back.

of the

that

than

of the

that

uniformly colored,

throat

the

277

taken

differing in different. account

in in

slightly Without

of it.

lenioUs

the

of

Collected

No.

7,000

about

1922.

392,

p.

British

28"

20'

from

Museiim,

north

latitude,

at

an

Forrest.

similar"

"quite

above,

Color

in

10,

22.9.1.2,

George

by

(Thomas)

vol.

9,

ser.

skull,

China,

Yunnan,

of

that

to

of

teniotis

T.

Europe

"

darker,

(1922b)

Thomas

Measurements:

much

but

region,

Mediterranean

the

Hist.,

and

skin

feet.

Description:

Nat.

Mag.

MONGOLIA

coecata

"

valley,

Mekong

altitude

and

A

specimen:

Type

Ann.

Thomas,

ccecata

AND

teniotis

Nyctinomus

142.

Tadarida

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

278

a

the

gives

dark

brown

mummy

following

above.

of

measurements

"

the

head

type:

body,

and

mm.

;

tail,

55

forearm,

;

24.8. is

There

Habits:

and

Occurrence

89

skull,

of

length

Total

60.

the

but

single

this

for

record

race,

"

in

north, in

of

that

namely,

the

resembles,

the

than

larger

as

Specimens

in

seems

a

valid

forearm N.

present

subspecies. None.

examined: "

t.

The

insignis

of

China,

eastern

doubtful,

it

may

so

for

it is

latter

that, the

be

tion descrip-

which

form,

Eiiropean

to

seems

brief

The

common.

the measurement.

somewhat

species

The

Forrest.

20'

28"

about

valley,

Mekong

nowhere

than

color

race

the

George and

habits,

the

the

at

by

darker

to

even

distinction

regarded

its

indicates

given

in

solitary

rather

general

slightly

Yunnan,

northwestern

in

taken

specimen

type

wise other-

possibly although

present

be

CHAPTER

VI

ORDER

PRIMATES

AND

LEMURS

of the

insectivore

ancient

some

and

body

and

have

adaptation they tail is

nails; the but

in

the

slow-moving

faces

more

while

in

and

by

a

wall

The

includes

of the

clawed

digit

of

second

of

the

is without

hand

type

than

in most

of the

of

jaw they

a are

of the

space

have

taken

by

become

the

specialized in

less from for the

a

contact

like

first lower

size and

them

with in

premolars. convolutions

each

form

other,

and The

of the 279

and

and

function, brain

it in

ramen

poidea. Anthro-

the

insectivorous the

show

usually

to

reduction,

with so

the

that lemurs

lower their

the

in the

and

pressed com-

canines,

places

is less

indicating

are

and

sides, while

sharp-pointed

of the

cerebrum,

second

incisors,however,

opposite as

great toes,

of the

lachrymalfo

molars

tendency of

of the external

primitive

The

pairs

two

the

upper

marked.

jaw with the

sktill the

the

Anthropoidea,

reduction

lemvu"s, just within

the

fairlywell upper

some

Lemu-

suborder,

the

the

frontal

of the

thumbs

the

proclivous, projecting forward

teeth, in close which

In

depart

between

a

orbit

the

off from

obvious

Most

man.

in

and

Anthropoidea,

of cusps

different, those

in

orbit lemurs

an

forming

of

some

bony ring,

a

extension

widely opposable

foot

by

from peculiarities and

stump.

mere

of the

teeth

development lower

a

the

are

hind

as

balancer,

a

in

shut

completely

regarded

great apes,

of the

to

primitive W-pattem very

the

is

in part by

now

as

flattened

skull

the

it is enclosed

eye

anatomical

many

edge of the

the The

the

formed

are

In

reduced.

lemurs

an

ground-livers, and

and

arboreal

with

fingersusually

partly

limbs,

of radius

agile species,serving

in the

bone,

lemurs

toe

the

tail is much

lemurs

monkeys,

characters the

more are

typical monkeys

roidea, distinguishedby which

in the

and

of the

As

freelyrotating forearm.

which

lemxirs, the

bones.

jugal

baboons,

more

fossa

temporal

usually long

acters generalized char-

many

independence

species,the

the

of

offshoot

arboreal

an

nearly equal development

opposable thumb,

less forward,

or

the

in most

toes

an

of the

some

as

fibvda, with

of tibia and

the

are

retained

have

They

such

skeleton,

imdoubtedly

apes

group.

fingers and

ftillfive

ulna,

and

lemurs, monkeys,

The

MONKEYS

their

are

highly lower

lemurs

intelligence. The

Asia, with

southeastern southern

most

Gibbon

the and

of

one

the

the

genus,

stump-tail

large

the

to

Hands

the index

Hands

Tail

Nose

h".

Nose

b'. Tail Tail

h.

hind

than and

a

a'. Fore

and

b'. Fore

limbs

forests

foot,

body.

length of hind hind

limbs

foot

of about

wanting.

or

the

by

LORISID^

with

by

the

slender

Lorises.

apparently just

crosses

and

Yunnan

southwestern

extreme

in

Slow

The

Loris

anterior of

edge

larger than

and

limbs,

first upper the former

and

the

first lower

the outer

by

of movement,

are

;

provinces.

eastern

its relative

the

the

true

edge

well

the

mere

canine The

of the

row

inner

pair of

longer

are

by

a

upper

developed,

but

distinct molars

rather

than

upper

the the

blunt,

jaw

incisors

extends is much

lacking.

The

succeeding them,

those

space, have

incisors,

the

upper

sometimes

Slender

the

skull, in which

of the

characters

spicules and

premolars

canine.

in

border

Chinese

the

and

Loris

Geoffroy

molar

the

posterior nares

separated from

closingbehind

slow

so,

premaxillaries barely projects beyond

outer, which

the

southeastern

tropical Asia,

distinguished generically from

of the

level of the

E.

in African

in the

Nat., Paris, vol. 19, p. 162, 1812.

being distinctlyextended;

of the

on

is

its stouter, shorter

by

instead

Loris

d'Hist.

Mus.

in the

probably

Nycticebus

Genus Nycticebus E. Geoffroy, Ann.

are

genera

latter

the

Nycticebus, of which

nearly

or

found

Two

limbs.

and

Arctocebus) tailless

are

represented

Lemurs,

Slow

so-called

They

GALAGOS

AND

{Perodicticusand

Pottos

Hylobates

tailless

LEMURS

the

Lyssodes

equal length

exceeding hind;

much

Macaco

body

and

head

Rhinopithecus

rim

fleshy,upturned

a

as

length of

family comprises

part of Asia

flat nails

with

provided

and

Pithecus

produced

less than

less than

This

cone

with

toe

flat

SLOW

back

hind

second

the

stump,

a

Family

the

fined practically con-

.

exceeding head

a".

one

Primates

Chinese

of

developed,

digits normally

considerably longer

a'. Tail

and

is

Nycticebus

feet with

and

(Anthropoidea) a.

to

macaques

China.

Genera

finger reduced

small

China, while

southern

langur-like Rhinopithecus,

the

to

in

found

also

are

group

species of

two

(Lemuroidea)

claw B.

Hainan;

of southwestern

mountains

wnth

and

handsome

and

Key

A.

species only apparently occvirring on the very Of the Anthropoidea, or typical monkeys, China.

in Yunnan

is found

of

forests

the

and

Africa

to

one

of

border

present confined

at

are

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

28o

latter

paracone

the

caniniform, and

protocone

meta-

larger,

with

small

a

The

species is

type

N.

reach

to

Western

Researches

Zool.

Nycticebus lardigradus

specimen:

Type d'Histoire

from

than

more

"

having

as

white

above

band

There

is

center

of the

eyes

of

sides

median

a

describes

the

the

Mus.,

Calcutta, pt. i,

mounted

a

skin to

exposure

the

to

line

96, 1881.

p.

in

the

Museum

light

that

"there

(Elliot). It

left"

mandible, muzzle

to

vent,

Occurrence border

43;

lower

39;

in

border.

the

He

record

Canton

Kwangsi,

is

came

13.2

inches

and

Habits:

occurrence

resided

Swinhoe's

be

to

on

a

in the

for

southwestern

part,

years

615),

extremely writes

370

mm.

palatal length,

21;

series, 18; length of

(19 mm.).

there. who

of the

Province animal's

(1922, p.i i),

add

can

on

living one

a

the

Mell

the

only other

from

probable. he

be

The

in view

it

that

states

bought

come

Chinese

the

would

which

that

Museum

about

(1879)

have

the

specimen measvu"ed:

which,

statement

in Canton,

nothing

to

record. "

None.

CERCOPITHECID^

Family BABOONS

This

a

British

skin,

53;

secvired

to

limbs.

the

white.

species reaches

Bhamo,

p.

said

was

Hills,seems

Kakhyen several

east

(1870c,

in 1863, that

Specimens examined:

Old

the

of

Anderson

of

specimen he

of Swinhoe

that

for

Yunnan,

Hills

in the

Bhamo

this

Undoubtedly

"

a

of

face

reddish

extending from

inches

tail,0.75

with

side

molar

upper

area

of the

parts grayish

length,

brown

area

gray

chestnut

Anderson's ;

outer

length

30;

case,

(336 mm.)

southwestern

Market

total

mm.;

a

specimen

a

the

white

and

of western

borders

below

clear

; under

basilar

series, 15.

Kakhyen

in the

61

of brain

brieflyremarks to

seems

in the

width molar

in extreme

is found

of

follows:

as

is

reddish rufous

measurements

occipito-nasal length,

zygomatic width,

of dark

the

while

central

the

shoulders,

Ears

(1913)

from

by brown,

the

rump.

The

"

specimen

a

general color

the

body,

dorsal

head

given by Elliot

Skull:

the

is

joining

ear,

Elsewhere

Measurements:

who

Indian

from

surrounded

from

passes

the

on

the

below.

and

tinge

of

and

Anat.

Anderson,

161, 1867.

p.

original coloring

of the

Anderson

Description:

are

Milne-Edwards

"Siam."

Yunnan a

faded

so

trace

a

Mammals

specimen

Paris,

at

=36.

1879. Cat.

type

pm.l mj

Bengal.

Nat., Paris, vol. 7,

d'Hist.

103,

p.

J. Anderson,

The

"

Naturelle

much

not

Yunnan,

cinerea

var.

of

cinereus

coucang

Mus.

Ann.

Nycticebus cinereus Milne-Edwards,

is: i.l ci

formula

tropicaledge of China.

the

Nycticebus

143.

tooth

The

(Boddaert)

coiicang

species seems

One

it.

behind

hypocone

281

PRIMATES

THE

family contains World,

and

the

usually

AND

macaques, the

langurs

GTIENONS

baboons, are

and

included

guenon with

monkeys

them,

but

of their

THE

282

anatomical

habits, I have the

that

and

facial

the

Two

Monkey,

and

Tail

moderately long, exceeding

B.

Tail

a

shorter

hind

Tableau

Lac6pMe,

vol.

3, p. 490,

Desmarest,

Pithecus

Geoffroy

Rhesus

is

skull

males

first and while

the

the

are

callosities

food

of

General

Pelage nearly

=

familiar

and

the to

of pelage orange

assamensis

Yunnan,

uniform

p.

fifth

a

I'lnst. Paris,

mates, Pri-

of the

are

here

adjacent

or

recognized the

the

other

Proc. Zool.

is

genotype in

China,

one

species fotmd

Species

Macaca

of

M. M.

Macaca

assamensis

(McClelland)

Soc.

London,

p.

Asiatic

Soc.

1839,

148.

Anderson,

Anat.

64, 1879. Joum.

formula,

yellowish above

144.

The rows,

tooth

allied

an

in

parts of Burma.

Chinese

above

(Pilhex) pelops Hodgson,

transverse

occurring

as

face.

outer

The

32.

=

canines

the

The

cusp.

have

eyebrow ridges

in two

pm.f m.| Linnaeus).

Monkey,

Rhesus

the

cusps

There

monkeys

The

on

sometimes

but

downward.

These

each

posterior Ct

body,

stored.

groove

limbs, and

stout

beetling brow;

a

a

inuus

Macaca]

brown

McClelland,

with

family, is: i.f

the

face

four

and

buttocks.

temporarily

strong

has

head

short,

slit-like and

the

the

show

molar

{Simia [

Yunnan

B.

Macacus

and

species of this genus

A.

Western

de

(part). EUiot, Review

1795

with

open

on

be

may

molars

lower

Ape

462,

3, p.

length of

nostrils

heavy, giving

lower

third

vol.

monkeys,

the

The

Key

Macacus

in M^m.

Meth., Mamm.,

1820.

63,

than

long, sharp,

are

hue

Tabl.

Nouv.

95.

49,

pp.

less

very

widespread and

in western

Lacep^de

Macaca

heavy-bodied

in which

second

Barbary

Cercopithecid^ Macaca

p. 4, 1799;

i, p.

stump.

mere

characteristic

Two the

a

pouches

in the

as

Zool., 1840,

rather

are

to

territory.

1913.

pair of conspicuous

a

cheek

the

176,

tails,usually

reduced

Rhesus

the

including

Lyssodes

Encyclop^dique,

Cuvier, Mag.

Lesson, Revue

variable

vol.

Mammalogie,

and

2, p.

These

powerful in the

sacculated.

not

1801.

Macacus

vol.

des Mammif^es,

have

foot

Genus Macaca

baboons

in Chinese

occtir

having

tree-livers

are

The

rank.

relatives,

foot

hind

than

Chinese

of

agree

long and

former

the

Lyssodes,

Genera

to

habits.

stomach

the

Stimip-tailed Macaque,

A.

stump,

in

in

African

is longer, for these

member

leaf-feeding

given family

their

elongated, the canines

skull

or

baboons

in

although

partly terrestrial

Macaca

latter the Key

mere

and

macaques

their

with

subfamily

a

fairlywell developed,

is

genera, the

this

are

the

thumb

as

shortened,

former

portion of

The

males.

The

mangabeys,

the

chiefly,while

regarded

course.

usually somewhat

guenons

different, correlated

either

are

latter

the

followed

tail

the

they

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

is somewhat

structiire

so

OF

MAMMALS

Bengal, vol.

9, p.

1213,

1840.

and

Zool.

mulatta

assamensis

Researches

PRIMATES

THE

Macacus

problemalicus Gray,

Macacus

rhesus,

Pithecus

assamensis

Zool. Soc. Macaca

London,

1872,

Hinton

Type specimen: been

have

mounted, in

found

The

lacked

Honoiirable

fur

The

the

head

On

the

Rest

of

but

Monkey,

to

general

brown

with

bordering

and surface from

crown,

pale

which

the

According heavy

of build

Hinton

to

than

the

Measurements:

of head

and

body,

Cranial and

the the

and

while

are

the

much cheek

slightlymore skull

larger

;

and

CRANIAL

form

a

long

are

those

in

a

from

all around.

black-tipped.

are

in

the a

center

forward

slightridge.

575

than

for

and

mm.

as

the

two

28

to

up

are

pounds. the

summarized

massive, brain

more

length by

case

Hinton

relatively

temporal ridges strongly developed,

strong

sagittalcrest, whereas

between

the

of the

upper

OP

maximum

Rhesus.

condyles and jaw

MACACA

thickened tooth

deeply grooved

relativelyweaker. MEASUREMENTS

limbs

with

a

supraorbital ridges noticeably more

narrower

larger, teeth

to

hind

directions, that

give

and

occipitalcrest

Rhesus

above.

"cowlick"

weigh

may

authors

the

to

(1921) this species is slightlymore

differentiatingthese

fusing

Rhesus

relativelylonger canines

very

narrower;

in the

above

follows:

as

in adults

latter case

or

characters

Wroughton

shorter

Rhesus,

region.

hairs

is

the

transferred.

been

the

and

the

be

to

of

faintly yellowish brown

or

forehead

Wroughton and

male,

not

Museum

proportions

in all

of the

adult

an

the

have

to

Hills

There

hair radiates

and

The

"

olive

drab.

slope meeting the black-tipped hairs

was

onymy). syn-

examined

(1913), it is in

types

and

forehead,

or

gray

to

forearms

the

the

It

Elliot

(with

1921

who

slight yellowish tinge

a

uniform

nearly

a

Proc

Anderson,

669,

p.

by Anderson,

Garo

size

vol. 27,

Soc,

supposed

in the

probably in

Hist.

the

were

tip of tail,including

cheeks

of lower

of the

is

pi. 3, 1879.

synonymy).

London.

at

which

to

Company

uniform

a

above

p. 57,

(with

1913

is said

According

skull.

Similar

Description:

Yunnan,

209,

Nat.

Museum"

Museum,

East-India

"

2, p.

Bombay

Joum.

"Indian

type localityis Assam,

The

1870.

Western

type specimen

the

British

the

vol.

Primates,

Wroughton,

in the

and

128,

p.

fig.

p. 529,

"

Mus.,

Zool. Researches

and

of the

and

Brit.

Monkeys

Anat.

Elliot, Review

assamensis

it, to

Cat.

Anderson,

var.,

283

ASSAMENSIS

this is

never

; mandible rows.

The

anteriorly,

Of

the

the

table

same

premolars

cheek

upper

Burma,

the

on

Dr.

on

March

here

3, 4, 1917.

ochery

lived

Cercopithecus mulatta

width,

72.8;

examined:

;

not

from

V-shaped.

or

restricted

somewhat

below

Anderson below

The

total

tail,9.25 inches three

far from the

Bhamo, limestone

huge

a

the

length

(235 mm.).

specimens

Rhesus,

Nepal

and

Yunnan.

fruits.

the

on

told

of the

U-

of Yunnan

rice and

River,

secured

Burma

border,

which

it

what some-

siu-face,lacking the bright

upper

Gen.

vol.

Zoology,

erythraa Shaw,

Proc.

Soc.

Zool.

I, p. 33,

London,

u.

vierfuss.

Thiere, vol. 2, p. 195, 1780.

family 2, p. 5, 1789.

1800.

Soc. London,

Zool.

Proc.

(Zimmermann)

Menschen

Makis,

et

Yunnan.

MONKEY

Geschichte

Singes

des

River, southwestern

Namting

mulatta

Macaca

Geogr.

Nat.

Hist.

sancli-johannisSwinhoe, lasiotus Gray,

of

large colony

is based

Three, from

"

Zimmermann,

Audebert,

Naga borders

(680 mm.)

brown

a

backward

convex

Hills, Sikkim

frontier

readily be

uniform

the

Inuus

Macacus

male

tints.

Simia

p.

large

a

orbital

evenly

have

to

seems

a

RHESUS

Macacus

molar,

considerably

for

narrowed,

more

them

threw

Namting

the

It may

145.

rhesus

milk

second

occipito-basilarlength,

is

western

of it for China on

Specimens

Simla

this:

subadult

worn

be

may

are

a

The the

Wroughton

frontal

the

26.75 inches

C. Andrews

and

orange

canine; males

62.7;

the

to to

Here

was

record

resembles, by

monkey India

in boats

passing

secured

R.

by

second

erupted.

width,

is much

the

on

Irrawaddy.

first definite

The

and

of the

eastward

its presence

persons

female

a

of

higher elevations,

cliff and

Old

cranial

92;

This

"

Sunderbuns

(1879) reported

of

Habits:

and

the

from

the

at

place.

Hinton

assamensis

in M.

but

Occurrence range

milk

very

posterior border

skull the

Rhesus

in the

small

measurements

the

teeth, 42.7.

the

In

width,

zygomatic

mm.;

140.3

yet

sufficient to indicate

following are

the

a

well in

skull

female,

not

are

given by

measurements

Sikkim,

from

and

MONGOLIA

whose

adult

an

molars

still in place unusually large and

Of

larger.

last

are

is

however,

first is

the

above,

AND

specimens

Chinese

whose

sex,

CHINA

OF

available

two

in the

given of

MAMMALS

THE

284

1868,

1866, p.

p.

556.

60, pi. 6.

Sclater, Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

London,

1871,

221.

Recherches

tcheliensis Milne-Edwards,

pour

servir k I'Hist. Nat.

des

MammifSres,

p. 227,

pis. 32, 33,

1868-74 (1870). Proc.

Macacus

erythraus Swinhoe,

Macacus

sancli-johannis Swinhoe,

Macacus

lasioUs

Anderson,

Anat.

Zool. Soc.

London,

ibid.,p. 615. and

Zool.

1870, p. 226.

Mell, Arch.

Researches

f.

Western

Naturgesch., Yunnan,

vol. 88, sect. A, p.

no.

10, p. 10, 1922.

85, 1879 (synonymy;

type

skull

figured). Macacus

rhesus

p. 770.

Trouessart, Cat.

J. A. Allen, Bull.

Viv.

Mamm.

Amer.

Mus.

Nat.

Zool. Soc. London, Proc. Thomas, Foss., p. 27, 1897. Hist., vol. 22, p. 488, 1906; ibid.,vol. 26, p. 242, 1909.

1898,

THE

Macacus

lasiotis Icheliensis Trouessart,

Pithecus

littoralis

p. 201,

Elliot, Ann.

Hist.,

Pithecus

brachyurus Elliot, Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

sancti-johannis Elliot, Review

of

Pithecus

lasiotis

brevicaudus

figure)

the

hair

lower is

2,

and

longest,

of the

upper

side

The

sides

with

of

of the

hind

ashy

gray

more,

show

a

hairs.

Feet

and

wash.

ochraceous

at

the

to

the

and

brighter fulvous

basal

the half

shoulders or

this

so,

The

hairs

of ochraceous

parts

of

and

forehead

the

surface

are

limbs

the

drab

pale grayish white.

like the

base

head

shovdders.

lower

the

at

the

About

across

Lower

body length, colored

the

becoming limbs.

band

narrow

presumably

seen

preserved.

never

annulations

narrow

very

description (not his

tail less than

grayish tinge

a

and

face

black

with is tawny,

above

668, I921.

p.

1922.

menagerie,

doubtless

was

27,

II,

Pennant's

macaque

or

the

with

half

about

a

vol.

10, p.

no.

on

giving

usually

A,

Brook's

parts

mm.,

and

88,

specimen

upper

70

slight

a

Hainan.

1913.

Hist. Soc,

sect.

Mr.

general color

black.

Tail

vol.

brachyurus, preoccupied).

is based

^A medium-sized

back

sparsely clothed

in

The

showing through

gray,

name

Monkey

The

length. the

The

"

vol.

Naturgesch.,

f.

1770.

"

color

Primates,

Smith).

of H.

(not

1909

198,

2, p.

Nat.

Journ. Bombay

Wroughton,

Tawny about

Description:

over

8, vol. 4, p. 251,

of P.

and

Mell, Arch.

a

London,

body

of the

Review

1909;

cit.

specimen:

of

Hist., ser. the

Elfiot,ibid.,p. 216, pi. 23 (in place

Hinton

Type

at

1897.

p. 27,

4, p. 250,

vol.

brevicaudus

Macacus

Foss.,

8, vol.

ser.

Primates,

Elliot, loc.

mulatta

Macaca

285

1913.

Pithecus

Pithecus

Viv.

Mamm.

Cat.

Nat.

Mag.

PRIMATES

back, buffy

gray

below. skull is somewhat

The

less massive

portion relatively short. to

form

that

central

Measurements:

large male:

and

head

Milne-Edwards

A

mm.,

still younger

measured: from

total

Mr.

measured:

may

weigh

larger figure,up not

so

large

H.

as

to

the

515 total

Pope

says

when 23

mm.;

or

that

fvillgrown 24

maximxim

of

145

Zappey

prominent,

so

profile,in

frontal

is

at

specimens the

a

usually

according as

to

the

twenty

assamensis.

adtilt

of

curves

the

Nagchuka,

Chinese

pounds, and

A

125.

a

female,

back,

as

tcheliensis).

Macacus

foot,

at

are

following for

nearly

tail,imperfect,

mm.;

much

a

(type of his

pounds, is given by Hinton for M.

adults, join

in

seen

the

give For

tail, 156; hind

as

are

Chinese

of

R.

length, 810

less

semicircle.

a

foot,

by W.

in

even

as

length, following the ; hind

collected

length,

Clifford

posterior

border

(1921), however,

total

tail is 150

female

Kuatun

monkey

the

the

assamensis, the facial

not,

body, 540-560; tail,225-250.

gives

of which

ridges do

measurements

Wroughton

and

of M.

bulges upward

area

The

fresh

that

supraorbital ridges

frontal

forming nearly

No

"

Hinton

the

way.

backward,

convex

hand.

580

of the

part

characteristic

somewhat

evenly

temporal

sagittal crest, and

a

the

The

than

Szechwan,

large male

200.

of

Hainan, while

Wroughton,

an

this even

hence

MAMMALS

THE

286

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

and

Occurrence and

golden tail.

short

and

Hinton

rhesus,

name

Habits:

long

so

Asia, is antedated as

In

valid

the

also

Szechwan,

and

Society's

Gardens

extremely

short

due

fact

the

to

This

is

sent

been

have

of

H.M.S.

It had

that

the

as

about

four

captured

(1871) South

covmtry.

doubted

China

on

the

alive and

Nevertheless,

have

to

It

from

come

lived

the the

had

been

amputated

to

displeasing. very

later to the and

quite

Milne-Edwards

was

early period.

(1866)

North

by

was

shortly St.

Commander

Lena,

near

Zoological Gardens

John

Hongkong. at

London.

unquestionably correct,

throughout (1868-74 [1870])

same

had

individual, supposed

young

in this the

some

Swinhoe

taken

of

at

that

resemblance

a

was

was

they keep captive monkeys, to their own long

when

bear

found

in

distinguishing it,

little island

seems

said

seem,

first of these

it

its distinctness, Rhesus

the

its death

old, that

sent

Among

character

after

sancti-johannis a months

India,

all of which

chief

and

is

mockery

a

Inuus

"Opossum"

been

Sclater for

such

taken

of India.

from

specimens

London.

at

be

the

tail is considered

the

animal

an

on

specific

southeastern

monkey

tawny

animal.

same

the Chinese

practice among

described

to

was

this member

that

of hair, and

before

time,

some

tail, which

for it is said that braid

upon

and

the

therefore,

must,

to

comparatively

that

individuals,

Chinese

Zoological Society

the

to

for

common

a

bestowed

the

of India

of the

account

lasiotus, founded

Macacus

have

applied mainly

synonyms,

been

with shown

mulatta, which

Pennant's

its gray

recognized by

once

for this monkey

use

represent essentiallythe

to

Gray's

on

various

to

have

several

however, is

name,

addition

is at

(1921)

Wroughton

based

MULATTA

coloring,combined

Zimmermann's

by

MONGOLIA

MACACA

monkey

dorsal

in familiar

AND

OF

This

"

orange-rufous

to

CHINA

OF

in

its range named

as

a

THE

species,Macacus

new

Eastern

type

doubtedly

the

specimens

from

Later,

Hopei,

to

institution,

same

Szechwan

both

the

avowed

"P.

lasiotis," "the

not

permit

and

Fukien, the

intervening

distance

great

Kuatun,

notwithstanding

that,

I

after

nevertheless,

far

so

Rhesus

brachyurus, of

use

from

the

although The

coloring

habitats

be

are

first made He

as

by

adds

that

that

true

in the

their

to

1880, Dr.

Gardens,

hunting

colony

1886,

pair,and

Sclater

in

Zool.

long does

not

Soc.

fur appear

season.

his

1

880

in

was

1886

M.

Eastern

fits the

as

were

Excepting, then,

Chinese and

On

417).

1906,

monkey

to

has

No

years.

endure than

secured

as

by

Hopei

the

in

1900,

181)

doubt,

that

cold

Dr.

as

to

was

London

long

Proc.

Zool.

Bushell

time

the

one

that

inclined

specimens

a

of

lived

remarked,

China, but

Asiatic

sent

male

Pocock

years.

specimens

successful

ago

Zoological

in

of

case

It is

As

Bushell

Six

a

Szechwan.

Dr.

later

Museum due

heit Fahren-

suggestion

that

of North

lasiotus.

and

range,

its correctness.

twenty

the

of southern

American

colony,

at

was

valley

by man bring various

to

Sclater

after

as

himself M.

the

L.

that

Nepal, Tombs,

zero

latitude.

P.

recorded

the

Milne-Edwards same

p.

below

doubted

the

good health,

567)

p.

really thicker

the

in

general

This

localityto

China

and

Yangtze

wont

loose.

pair (see

series

a

characters,

of introduction

were

of

previous of

Eastern

Peiping from

to

leaving

the

going

himself

this

of

result

spite

{ibid.,1900,

stillalive and

the

he

the

India

the

of the

them

brought

second

a

from

north

the

turn

in

from

vicinity

emperors

pair from

a

remarks

Indeed,

tcheliensis Tombs

be

China

colony is

of

forms.

extends

thermometer

flourish

to sent

London,

to

this

often

are

seems

p.

the

valid

as

therefore,

the

Pithectis

name

really distinctive

any

ance allow-

identified

examination

an

are

species, the

year

the

account

on

others

in

same

it

gave

After

locality is far

with

captivity for twenty-eight thick

with

see

(1876), though

Bushell

London,

(Proc.

this

preserves

ones

again

in

species.

the

.

due

distinct

a

.

They

with

same

as

in

brevicandus

to

past, for the

third

pair sent

P.

Hopei,

that

Mollendorff

S. W.

and

been Elliot

fail

the

as

sure

Soc.

the

in

severe,

tame

the

had

Monkey,

presence

I feel

time

animals

Rhesus

often

times.

some

I

admits

anomalous,

winters

which

to

the

to

does

species."

same

described

Pacific, including all of South

Its

to

at at

of the

the

to

southward.

the

(1932)

range

eastward

seems

name

island, however, Pocock

also

another

the

shows, quite

Elliot

Rhesus.

this

for

of

are

hand

Indian

the

changing

later

former

this

Hainan,

on

with

Allen

they

at

variation.

occurring A.

material

as

for individual

by J.

that

supposition

agree.

littoralis,on

.

the

vm-

comparing

in

resemblance the

amined ex-

it is

heartily

can

Pithecus

between

of the

apparently

which,

Tombs,

region

200) that

2, p.

with

the

who

Elliot,

(191 3, vol.

Eastern

the

from

sent

Museum.

states

from

specimens

ground

Monkey

lasiotus, a conclusion

M.

as

named

Elliot

Paris

the

287

Rhesus

icheliensis,a

in that

Tombs, the

PRIMATES

the

its coat

at

a

to

regard

from

parable com-

the

Expeditions. introduction,

natural

the

in

(1925)

Fukien,

likely that

as

foreign ravaged

the

central

Szechwan.

and

Nagchuka,

at

monkey

occtirs

also

occur

bands

11).

p.

elsewhere,

to

Chinese

The

adds

that, according

Mr.

and

west

Here

seen.

they

although the into

will be

"monkey

all

paste," potatoes

along

the

On

which the

southern

are

he

authors

small

found

be

sold of the

was

gardens.

to

secure

entire

shown

or

Doubtless

be

the but

drug work

stomach it is well in

the

frequently

by shooting, else for

animal,

where

provinces of China,

no

numbers

said

pets,

as

in the

Hainan,

it in

doubt

no

Chinese

has

of

were

as

(Mell,

in medicine.

use

the

in

islands

It is said

also

monkey

difficult to

is made

island

in the

small

its

island

the

Pope

to

cliffs along

on

various

Gazetteer,

large troops and

alive

many

places in

some

destroyed

found

high

catch

where trees

or

is used

sp."

Thomas

by

Canton,

at

this

that

H.

"Simla

Island.

mentions

skeleton

states

Clifford

market

Chinese

about!

of Nodoa,

live in

Chinese

In

tonic. and

south

the

the

the

Animals)

by jumping

common.

to

it at

localities,this

as

Lena

ince. prov-

Mount

(800-1,000 meters) logs along the river shore

(1870c)

and

body,

be

to

forest

a

pets.

A

these

of the

most

on

same

recorded

species,

in

where

stranded to

245).

places

occur

secured

Zappey

of

at

from

Museum

p.

female to

of the

north

South

Canton

near

Swinhoe

on

1912,

are

Kiatingfu,

present

as

brought

dried

of

same.

often

digests its food

known

vines

as

(or Notes

"She-show" but

sold

they

said

specificallyNorth

the

among

Allen,

rock-haunting

a

Heights

are

split the

He

stores.

seen

immature

especially in rocky

mentioning

They be

the

of it

speaks

Lofau

on

often

are

1922,

as

Swinhoe

bay of Hongkong,

the

been

distinctly

seems

noticed.

have

(G. M.

they frequently

an

and

Szechwan,

approach.

slow-firing muzzleand places in southern

and

that

at

acquisition of

the

that

S. National

U.

southwest

commonly,

more

It

streams.

have

may

many

it

but

old

valley, in the

in the

central

thirty miles

128),

p.

in

feet altitude

10,000

Min

upper

Suifu

to

It

Fukien,

difficult to

bold

male

a

this.

populous district,

a

before

at

writes

he

and

specimens

and

mountains

the

(191 2e,

to

Maochow,

at

Giakeoho,

from

i)

p.

secured

lower

Steward

by

northwestern

the

the

littoralis).A. B.

P.

in such in

and

is found

the

probably

was

ago

accustomed

monkey

Weigold

1922,

years

abundant

so

become

mentions

Howell

score

for

briefly seen

is very

monkey

from

Shanghai, Kiangsu,

specimens

this

two

were

This Thus

(Jacobi,

Wassuland

Omei,

monkeys

in use."

then

writes,

records

Anhwei

specimens

secured

about

having

crops,

loaders

Wanhsien

that

say

guns,

he

where,

hunters

no

monkey

specimens from

wild-killed

Pope

to

locality of Elliot's

(type

extend

seems

I have

south-central

three

not

were

implies.

Chunganhsien, "Old

recorded

they

himself

he

of

MONGOLIA

in China

southward.

Kuatun

at

AND

large dark-gray

a

Shan

as

has

CHINA

Monkey

valley

but

Hwang

(1929)

Howell

OF

Rhesus

Yangtze

the

at

occurs

the

valley,

of the

part

of

range

of the

latitude

is

MAMMALS

THE

288

and

they had Rhesus

facture manu-

eaten

pulled

Monkey

precise records

THE

from

specimens A.

and

Yunnan

and

Tengyueh

Howell

B.

American

the

(1929)

the

Kwangsi,

of

kind

"a

of their Yell, have

Shrilness There

possibly

of Milne-Edwards,

said to

but

Nor, Tibet,

(now Hsikang)

be

Hainan:

China,"

definite

River,

7, p. 229,

2.

Tengyueh,

i;

and

Recherches

Lyssodes

f. hohere

distinct

vol.

and

further

the as

first

the

their

insisted

Lyssodes the

the

not

have

here

Mammiferes,

p.

Mag.

Hist., ser.

Nat.

9,

type

described

species

of

by Cuvier

known,

however,

been

described,

considered

as

the on

the

basis

by

a

apex

genus

(

status

of

latter's of

which

a

other

baculum

In

L.

line

Macaca

Lyssodes subovate

penis

on

it is short

a

203)

bone 42

the

of mm.

ventral

vertical

minal ter-

baculum.

Lyssodes) speciosus, which

drawing

made came.

by Duvaucel. Several

is

a

It is

subspecies

quite doubtful, though

Japanese Macaque

p.

speciosus was

of the =

and or

has

macaques.

1872,

work.

own

specimen is

(1921)

Pocock the

others,

equal length,

London,

median

in

is Macacus

basis

and

of short, rounded

right of the

the

The

of his

is in the

whereas

of

Soc.

the

the

whence

valid.

Zool.

specimen of

opening

bactilum,

as

that

from

the

on

placed in the

of about

penis, which,

the

in Pocock's

of the

(in part).

1868-74

244,

usually been

tail,limbs

it is strengthened

urethral

apex

des

tapering instead

and

long

slit,slightlyeccentric, to

was

Ann.

Crab-eating Macaque,

(Proc.

Pocock

by

upon

Moreover,

side, beneath

The

Pocock,

have

different

Anderson

slightlysigmoid shape, which long.

Nat.

short

very of

characters

by

glans penis is very

In

ix, 1848.

1913.

the

Monkey,

enough by

noted

in Macaca.

176,

2, p.

pointed out, is structurally very was

p.

servir 4 I'Hist.

pour

Primates,

Rhesus

especially by

This

Schulen,

Gistel

Sttimp-tailed Macaques

the

as

genus

3.

(M.C.Z.).

i

Thierreichs

of the

the

Although

seem

follows:

1921.

Milne-Edwards,

they

Szechwan

western

locality,7. Nagchuka,

Elliot, Review

same

Tengri

5.

Lyssodes Gistel, Naturgesch.

Macacus

from

6.

Genus

Pithecus

vestitus

Macacus

2.

Namfong,

5;

Namting

Szechwan:

vol.

and

(?), i.

Yunnan:

No

Tombs,

Nodoa,

"South

In all,thirty-three,as

"

Chunganhsien,

Kwangsi:

Shape,

described

in extreme

Batang

to

found

!

Dogs"

monkey,

as

.

Eastern

Fukien:

of

from

(1738) their

by

border,

Museum

Halde

Du

which

list of synonyms

the

to

eastward

occur

Specimens examined: Hopei:

added

long-haired Rhesus-like

a

by

to

great Resemblance

a

should

S. National

U.

Hair,

yellow

secured

Expeditions

along the southwest

in the

referred

with

Apes,

Asiatic

River

Namting

specimens

notes

289

Museum

Very likely this is the monkey

Ashi. in

In

lacking.

are

PRIMATES

closely related

two

are

species.

THE

290

Lyssodes

146. Macacus

thibetanus

Macacus

libetanus

OF

MAMMALS

Milne-Edwards,

AND

Rend.

Compt.

MONGOLIA

(Milne-Edwards)

speciosus thibetanus

Recherches

Milne-Edwards,

CHINA

Sci.,Paris, vol. 70, p. 341, 1870. des Mammif^res,

Acad.

servir k I'Hist. Nat.

pour

p. 244,

pis.34,

35,

1868-74. Macacus

brunneus

Anderson,

Proc.

Macacus

arcloides

Anderson,

Anat.

arcloides

tibetanus

Macacus

Naturelle from

Paris,

at

head

and

parts whitish

by

Elliot

tinged

gray,

is

adults

shows

of the

body.

A. as

brown." The

black

the

the

face."

A

face may

short

very

Paris

from

long,

from

male

below,

the

knees

and

to

to

up

Mount

under and

thighs

ankles

90

tion colora-

follows:

and

whitish

individuals

fore

the

in

and

mm.

Omei,

is much

there

locality is browner

same

as

in other

especially over

appearance,

brown

David,

The

hands,

bright red, but is

tail.

Museum,

arms,

from

shoulders

a

Armand

sides of limbs

body,

legs

be

of the

annulated

female

of

chestnut;

d'Histoire

China.

in the

sides

Museum

collector, Pere

with

type

the

face,whiskers, inner and

hair

above, smoky

the

Szechwan,

(1929, p. 34) describes

Howell

B.

"almost

about

minutely

a

196, pi. 21, 1913.

is still in

monkey

from

The

flesh-colored.

more

brown

tinged with

brown

with

Foss., p. 27, 1897. 2, p.

by

sent

was

central

parts

upper

Viv. vol.

specimen

pale brown;

nape

gray;

feet, blackish

Mamm.

Primates,

it

Muping, large

"

is described

which

1871, p. 628; ibid.,1872, p. 203, pi. 12; ibid.,1874, p. 652. Western Yunnan, p. 45, pis. I, 2, 1879 (in part).

Researches

type

A

Description: "top of

of the

The

"

to

district of

the

Zool.

Trouessart, Cat.

specimen:

Type

and

Elliot, Review

thibelanum

Pithecus

Zool. Soc. London,

part

Szechwan,

grizzling

gray

and

lacks

the

grizzling. Measurements:

in the

body

have

must to

be

from

100

gives

added

mm.

including

type

measurements

the

and

about

the

of skull

CRANIAL

female

hair.

the

800

In The

mm.

99.06

as

inadvertently!

of tail;the

end

to

as

records

its tail measurement

been

muzzle

The

(adult male)

type

Elliot

back;

Milne-Edwards

"

the

60

following but

mm.,

Palatal

MEASUREMENTS

OF

length

LYSSODES

S.

Width

width

outside

gave

the

164

mm.

Female 140

57

121

98

107

94

orbits

79

71

canines

33

33

molar

series

39

39

molar

series

50

47

Width

across

Upper Lower

600

THIBETANUS

74

Occipito-incisive length

the

.06

tail is said

the

:

length

Zygomatic

no

of the

curves

doubt

and

mm.

mm.

Male

Greatest

the

head

the

is smaller, about

by Milne-Edwards

described

of

original account

female

tail,hardly

length

mm.

following

PRIMATES

THE

Occurrence

which

species, at

the

unfortunately

fifteen

for

into

and

of

coast

southwestern

Yunnan

hill

mountain

or

of Cachar, Yimnan

from that

region

from

of

something

this

macaque

different

from

from

border

the

from

the

coastal

form.

of western

principalityof Muping,

are

supposed

have

to

In

whence

the

Except

come.

Specimens examined:

f.

(Magus)

arcioides

Naturgesch.,

vol.

sect.

A,

Macacus

arcioides

Trouessart, Cat.

Macacus

(Magus)

arcioides

Pilhecus

Mamm.

10,

I, p.

34,

Type Berlin

specimen:

Lochangho,

western

the

the

both

Berlin were

"

The

The

that

to

regarded

in the

to

by

have

it

as

extends

Szechwan,

to

Milne-Edwards

Omei

Mount

been

compare

regards

central

from

the

history of

occasion

described

tomical "Ana-

in the

recorded.

(Matschie)

Viv.

Naturf.

Freunde,

Berlin, 1912,

p.

308.

Mell, Arch.

Foss., p. 27, 1897 (in part). Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1912,

Sitzungsb. Ges.

vol. 41,

p. 41,

1928; Proc.

U.

p. 309.

S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 75,

1929.

Museum.

formed

named

1922.

pullus A. B. Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

art.

they

Sitzungsb. Ges.

10, p.

no.

Matschie,

esau

it into

mountainous

anatomy,

into

to

seem

regions

round

of this macaque

three

speciosus melli

Lyssodes

melli Matschie,

88,

others

essentially

later

Szechwan,

range

specimens the

be

None.

"

147. Macacus

the

for

but

had

northwestward

province (Howell, 1929), no

same

China

border

He

of the

who

localities the

the

over

summary

central

Omei,

Yunnan

the

a

Yunnan

on

stretching

of the

Howell,

Mount

to

brunneus,

account

gives

structure.

suitable

Cochin-China."

and

Macacus

border,

of the

but

had The

mountainous

distributed

Irawady

speciosus. His

L.

the

others

to

Hills

it "seems

Irawady,

doubtless

the

Yunnan

with

the

Zoological Researches,"

and

species and skins

being

between

the

of

four

mentioned.

in

50)

p.

in Assam

eastward

Kakhyen

that

says

(1879,

or

regions

is, occurring only in

valley

Assam,

Upper

identical

as

the

intervenes

specimens them

in

absent

Burma,

that

"

three

southward

it in the

found

and

form

those

locality, menagerie

a

somewhere

districts

of the

type in

was

Anderson

the

thence

China,

who

a

Calcutta,

from

extends

South

Anderson,

in

all from

and

definite

originallyfrom

was

typical form

made

was

Stump-tailed

the

the

Calcutta.

come

he

market,

figure

from

have

species in general

Indo-China.

of

miles

may

Calcutta

Pacific

the

animal

from

assigned

Cuvier's

dvuing the time

the

of the

range

the

whether

different be

cannot

Barrackpore, India, that

doubted

be

really very

which

come

a

is

from

Cachar,

to

It may

"

China

specimen

suggested or

Habits:

of western

Macaque

since

and

291

specimen borders

type

is

type

of

Zoological Gardens sent

to

male,

skin

Museum.

and

skull.

originally from This

Kwangtung.

of Matschie's

the

a

came

Macacus

by

arcioides Mell.

On

the

animal, esau,

the

No.

as was

death

in the

15925,

mountains

west

the

well

as

sent

from

of the

of one

ton Can-

animals,

MAMMALS

THE

292

Similar

Description: "

color

with

then

of the

gold

annulation

The

skin

naked

the

in L.

Howell,

to

of the

foot, 181; collected

tail, 55

by

to

have

of

is gray

specimens

in adults

scarlet, but

in

Evidently the

on

was

this

on

of

the

is on

base; sub-

the

was

L.

race

s.

the

second

specimen the

the

height

of

condition,

age,

and the

at

indistinct

an

five

difference

skull

has

the

that

of this genus,

the

bullae

of

follows:

but

less

are

measurements as

posterior nares

color

is

an

individual

or

the

name

esau

head

H.

Pope

and

fully adult,

not

body, 605

female

from

Chunganhsien,

at

the

A

and

given

are

tail, 66;

mm.;

hind

slightly larger male

measured

place, 507

same

is less marked

prominent. male,

a

high,

and

narrow

this character

(collector's field measurements),

Clifford adult

; an

and

(1928) 38

ear,

the

The

"

Howell

B.

hair

none

chocolate

a

general color

of limbs; below

the

is described

was

it

monkeys

thibetanus,

s.

Measurements:

by A.

In

tip.

perhaps

Yet

outside

The

of

!

characteristic

than

type

"uniformly

tendency

a

fiesh-colored.

specimen.

According as

be

but

shoulders

and

as

MONGOLIA

(Howell).

tail and

the

such

seen

in the to

On

ring,

depending

matter,

of

proposed

was

said

the

blackish

a

hairs face

was

individual nature

and

of the

thibetanus.

brown

band

AND

sheen"

golden

a

head, grayish. broad

a

comes

terminal

of

CHINA

typical form,

above, including

brown

sides

the

the

to

suggestion

the

chocolate

OF

613 56

in

mm.

for

mm.

length;

the

same

dimensions. CRANIAL

Occurrence known

from the

along

to

have

Habits:

"

mountainous

region

Mell

mountains

of Hunan. said

and the

coast

Kwangsi. the

MEASUREMENTS

of

He come

far

a

LYSSODES

as

district

that

of Lihnshan

purchased from

So

China,

(1922) writes northwest

OF

second

Kwangsi.

records

present of in

and

SPECTOSUS

the

which

He

in was

go,

of

Provinces

brought him

would

be

the

market

told

also

this

on

at

of

a

southward

Kwangtung

and

live male

from

a

the

is

macaque

Fukien

northwestern

his hunters

male

MELLI

southern

Canton red-faced

borders that rock

was

ape

THE

found

in the

Bakshan

Chichin,

Kwangsi.

Macacus

arctoides

These of

altitude, and

hard

weeks'

monkeys

of

time

pullus

form

Asiatic

There

named

research

across

southern

with

Lyssodes

or

and

The

noticed

by

from

L.

the

may

from

the

prove

China,

if indeed

harmandi

from

at

and

The

in

western north-

Pithecus

as

by Arthur this

is the

American

it

as

same

Fukien.

doubt

no

different

mountains

from

between

de

Museum

Sttunp-tailed Macaque where

in few

a

Kuatun,

in northwestern

Chungan

those

albino

that

described

however,

meters

only singly

tame

captivity

species

that

really very

the

difficult

2,000

a

Museum

southward, it is

described

in

National

of the

presence

thence

and

speciosus,

mentions

Kwangtung.

series at

small

a

S.

Lochangho.

animals

(1929), who

U.

Matschie's

them

saw

city of

are

about

at

Mell

of this

the

of

Kwangtung,

animal

an

of

type

Red-faced Mell

of the

west

Here,

rare.

little doubt,

be

to

not

Howell

B.

to

Matschie

secured

in northern

occurrence

A.

the

as

in woods.

of

northeast

mountains

together.

sent

seems

be

to

speaks

bald.

by

Expeditions

Further

served

from

than

occurred

splendid specimen

a

Sowerby.

the

was

said

rather

Chinese,

a

and

thinly peopled.

and are

faces

became

Fukien,

C.

reach,

to

these

house

that

male

a

north

(113" East, 25" North),

flesh-colored

the

was

rocky mountains,

on

with

individual

The

293

Mountains)

(North

esau

mountains

travel,

PRIMATES

quite

intergrades animal,

that

Cambodia

and

Siam. Clifford

Mr.

that are

they prefer certainly to

in eastern

H. the

Pope,

Fukien.

in

border

skins

Chunganhsien,

at

He

sections.

region between for this

name

Five

"

several

precipitous

the

Chinese

The

examined:

Specimens

secured

rugged

more

found

be

who

and

odd

'

writes

monkeys

that

Yungtai,

Futsing and

species is

three

adds

' '

'ching-p'i-hou.

skulls, all from

anhsien, Chung-

Fukien.

Family

COLOBID^

LANGUR

The the In

same

and

into

a

on

the

these

number

the

Two

genera

the

so-called

snub-nosed

long.

Some

but

head, are

habits

Nose

normal,

Nose

expanded

found

Golden

without and

as

in

Monkeys

of the

is hind

and

have

to

an

in

represent do

Monkeys

stomach

fore

species

the

appear

Colobus

the

The

this

China,

the

diet,

of the

in others

in

Africa.

enlarged by limbs

erect

are

peaked

Asia

being

subequal crest

of

is

lacking. typical langurs of genus

Rhino

the

pithecus.

genus These

Pithecus, may

be

:

Key

B.

of

of sacculations.

distinguished as follows

A.

monkeys

leaf-eatingspecies

with

tail very

the

stiff hairs

and

of

group

correlation

thrown

and

langurs

MONKEYS

to

Genera

expansions upturned

of

of

skin

Chinese

CoLOBiDiE Pithecus

Rhinopithecus

MAMMALS

THE

294

CHINA

OF

Genus

MONGOLIA

AND

Cuvier

Geoffrey and

Pithecus

LANGURS

Geofifroy and

Pithecus

Mus.

They

baboons.

long tails, small

limbs,

first and

The

absent.

posterior

additional confined

one.

with

application of but

Simla of

of Linnaeus

langurs,

Ceylonese

congeneric,

are

The

the

standing of

the

following key

coloration

General a.

and

Rump

a'. General

of

and

anal

was

said

Museum

specimen: Elliot

by at

eastern

Since

affected. China.

from

known

Pithecus

of

back.

without

a

white

white

a

band

cheek

patch

from

mouth

from

to base

of

P.

Soc.

and

Anat.

LANGUR

Zool.

vol.

vol.

The

original specimen

India,

be

Yunnan,

Western

Primates,

to

1847.

16, p. 734,

Researches

of the

It

India.

Bengal,

nemcBus

(Blyth)

barbei

obscurus

barbei

frangoisi

P.

ear. .

Pithecus

(19 13)

Calcutta.

serim, southeastern Hills, in

"

species

P. obscurus

Asiatic

Anderson,

barbei EUiot, Review

Type

langtirs,with

region contrastingly white

Presbytis barbei Blyth, Joum.

Pygathrix

versy, contro-

gray.

BARBE'S

barbei

hitherto

ear

148.

Semnopithecus

is not

Pithecus

name

forms

Species

like the

color black, with

b'. General

Rump

dark

to

silvery gray,

base

to

Chinese

to

region dark

color

mouth

b.

blackish

anal

the

two

correct

much

of two

one

on

is

and

indeterminate.

be

to

least

at

Yunnan

the

to

an

genus

The of

subject

a

is based

name

is held

identify the

will

Key A.

This

type.

in

Hainan.

on

pertain

it should

just which

but

Indies,

are

third

the The

weak.

China

The

pouches

fotu: cusps,

East

the

been

has

callosities.

Cheek

and

species

aberrant

by Thomas,

as

each

subtropical

Pithecus

name

out

have

give

to

relatively long

with

crest.

-eating

in order

ischial

a

relatives

leaf

with

adapted,

form

and

of

borders

slightly

generic

the

pointed

as

veter

both

third

a

is

is shortened

of Asia

part

the

to

molars

muzzle

The

196, pi., 1821.

their

and

macaques

naked

small

and

lower

second

species barely reaching Kwangsi,

the

slender-bodied,

are

elongated

southeastern

the

to

from

stomach

They

thumbs,

vol. 3, p.

(14, 16, pi. 4), 1825.

sacculated

is sometimes

head

of the

hair

large surface.

absorptive

additional

Berings-Strasse,

nach

essentially tree-living monkeys,

are

their

which

for

habits,

1812.

See und

p. 247

details

many

462, 1795.

3, p.

19, p. 90,

Sud

Mammif^res,

des

langurs differ in

The

vol.

Nat., Paris,

Entdeckungs-Reise

Dents

Semnopithecus F. Cuvier,

the

d'Hist.

Kotzebue's

Presbytis Eschscholtz,

vol.

Encyclop^dique,

Cuvier, Mag.

Pygathrix Geofifroy, Ann.

3, p.

48,

preserved

p.

12,

1879.

1913.

which

on

in

good

be from

was

supposed

to

but

Anderson

showed

the

that

this

species

condition

it

in

Province came

from

the

is based

Indian

of Ye, Tenasthe

Tippera

THE

PRIMATES

295

tos'

Fig.

Distribution

13.

Map.

Pithecus P.

P.frariQoisi

"

hairs

black

but

are

parts

of the

b\iff.

Most

blackish.

Lower

stirface

hairs.

across

the

the

along

the

the

head

and

silvery gray

and

and

the

and

body

hairs

few

a

show

hands

of

the

the

feet

Face

tip.

are

form

not

shoulders

crown,

and

upper

with

pale contrastingly dark, whitish. Tail

pale silvery gray. with

covered

of

crest

a

the

on

and

fringe

a

lip medially,

upper arms

upper

is

gray

the

across

the

face

back, flanks

the

on

in

the

amount

different

in

color

variation

some

drab

and on

do

crown

becomes

blackish

forehead

the

tail,faintly washed

forearm

individuals

lost this

In

color

nemcBus

short, scattered of

buffy

wash

back.

upper

one

slightlydarkened the

the

Chin of

young

though

of the

The and

nape,

Individuals

Young

has

sides

darkening slightlyat

silvery gray, black

the and

the

almost

very

on

limbs of

of the

with

gray

Across

similar.

sexes

backward.

gray

silvery

coloration

both

those

;

directed

paler buffy

A

of

adults

forehead,

P.

3.

General

Description: long

barbei

obscurus

1. 2.

taken with

youthful

March

the

and a

lambdoid

occipitaledge;

6 is

the

is

a

from

entirely fulvous, except A

hairs.

dusky coat

tail still retains skull

contrastingly

are

somewhat

uniform

dusky

fulvous

considerable

ridges

older

of

old

temporal ridges

adults.

tail which

is

animal, hardly larger, with

gray

blackish

feet,

tinge.

males meet

the

the

develop only

in

as

little

fully adult

flanges or

old

MAMMALS

THE

296 males,

but

worn

Characteristic

of the

face

front

skull

the

are

in adults, and short

broad

The

canines

sharp cutting edges.

have

nasals,

truncate

both

across

below.

and

above

the

on

MONGOLIA

AND

ridges of lyrate outline.

usually barely indicated

are

much

become

CHINA

OF

Measurements: measurements

are

is

This

"

hand,

at

rather

a

tanned

a

species, and,

small skin

is 1,410

although

mm.

flesh

no

long, of which

tail

the

is 760.

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

and

Occurrence group,

having

and

a

to

as

It

to

seems

fulvous

agree

referred

Namting

River,

Elliot's P.

the

as

same

the

Kakhyen

side

of the

be

to

which The

differ

in

at

"

be

record

for to

had

P.

some

which

I have on

and

the

Expeditions.

far away

melamera

specimens

River

certainty un-

monkey.

Yunnan,

referred

feet,

this

Asiatic not

ohscurus

is

the

over

legs uniformly sooty, that

of

Namting

used

barbei,

P.

is Bhamo,

by having

but

it

really the

specimens from

from

Homushu

the

Chinese

Pass,

seems

country.

In all,thirteen,

River, 6; Homushu

is nevertheless

Museum

the

P.

blackish

southwestern

extreme

1879, Anderson

the

of the and

body,

should

is variable, and

for the

one

Specimens examined: Namting

stage, names

BARBEI

member

there

American

present

border,

the first definite

Yunnan:

a

type locality of which

Hills.

Yunnan

from

the

by

is said

barbei, to

P.

obviously

description of

the

specimens

secvired

OBSCURUS

baby

published

closely with the

PITHECUS

generally dark-gray

in

likely that this character

seems

to

head,

of the

melamera,

in Burma,

Although

"

coat

which

therefore

border

Habits:

crestless

with

OP

Pass, 3;

as no

follows: exact

locality, probably

one

of these, 4.

PRIMATES

THE

franfoisi (Pousargues)

Pithecus

149.

LANGUR

FRANCOIS'S

Nouv.

d'Hist.

Mus.

Arch.

Paris,

Nat.

Pygathrix franfoisi Elliot, Review

specimen:

Type Paris.

It

from

came

in the

vol.

is in

The

type

the

Province

3, p. 68,

the

of

1913.

Museum

d'Histoire

Naturelle

just

the

China,

Kwangsi,

it is No.

Trouessart,

to

Trouessart,

1898.

7, p. 319,

no.

pi. 2, 1912.

4, pt. 2, p. 273,

across

of the

Ii6a

at

border

Galeries

de

Museum.

type is described

The

Description: "

the

5, vol.

ser.

Primates,

According

Tongking.

Zoologie

"

from

the

of

Nat., Paris, vol. 4,

d'Hist.

Bull. Mus.

Semnopithecus frartioisiPousargues,

297

angle of the mouth Measurements:

its measurements

as

follows:

total

black, except for

to

the

ears

;

the

length, 1,231.9

white

a

head

the

examined

who

(1913),

Elliot

"

cheeks

the

across

as

has

a

in

type

from

band

slightcrest. Paris, gives

tail,748.7; hind

mm.;

foot,

139-7Skull:

occipito-nasal length, 83; Hensel, 64; zygolength, 97 mm.; matic of brain 76; intertemporal width, 48; palatal length, 28; width

total

width,

median

60;

case,

series, 31

of

length

;

and

just

reach

southern

was

first

Habits:

to

China,

who

This

edge

specimens

or Sikiang, near ("Reiseberichte durch Kuangsi"),

long

Kuohua. He

London,

are

from

a

colored

from

the

figure of

nemccus

London,

examined:

Geoffrey, Ann.

191 1, p.

animal

is

to

and

by

southward a

the

female

Dewall

monkeys and

Manning

secure

Thomas

River

the

ever. how-

any,

(Proc. Zool.

into

from

collector.

laotum, which

is fond

published by

Trouessart

the

Soc.

Delacour

that

country;

king. Langson, TongThomas

of similar

states

tions. situa-

(1912, pi. 2)

type.

Linnseus, Mantissa

nemmus

his P.

black

between

unable

were

range

noted

to

shores

specimens secvired by

male

a

were

the

"

None.

150.

Pygathrix

and

along

11) quotes

p.

It

Lungchow,

at

flocks of small

"wu-yuen".

the

carrying

Bac-kan,

species closely allied

A

is

additional

rock-loving habits

Specimens

Simla

collectors

cliffs

great

of it.

known

Consul

(1922,

rocky

on

name

the

Mell

be

to

French

mentions

seen

Chinese native

142) records

p.

molar

subtropical species that

seems

the

on

place. who

heads,

Indo-China,

to

a

it is

taken

the

that

male

Its that

best

1928,

Expedition these

Dewall's adds

lower

series, 26;

of those

Little

Frangois,

that

white

molar

upper

is another

by M.

secured

tails and

;

China.

of

Longkiang with

11

63.

"

notice

brought

Kwangsi,

nasals,

mandible,

Occurrence the

of

length

127;

Pithecus

nemaeus

(Linnaeus)

Plantarum,

p. 521,

Mus.

Proc. Thomas, Nat., Paris, vol. 19, p. 90, 1812. of the Primates, vol. 3, p. 98, 1913. EUiot, Review

ibid., 1927,

d'Hist. p. 43.

1771.

Zool.

Soc.

MAMMALS

THE

298 Semnopithecus

B.

A.

nemceus

CHINA

OF

Zool. Soc. London,

Proc.

Meyer,

AND

MONGOLIA

J. A. Allen, Bull.

1892, p. 665.

Mus.

Amer.

Nat.

Hist., vol. 22, p. 489, 1906.

Specimen:

Type

Not

"

China, based

Cochin

"

the

chest, the

back

of head

of the

the

rump,

the

to

collar

rufous

side

of

side

outer

inner

white;

beneath,

(Elliot)

above

whiskers

and

tmder

the

legs the

and

the

elbows,

rump,

iron

gray;

ochraceous-

around

anal

across

feet, black;

broad

a

passes

the

neck

region, tail and

to

thighs

speckled with

brown

yellowish

body

band

a

hands

maroon;

bar

black

locality is

type

and

below

to

arms

throat,

of

parts

is not

head

The

and

shoulders

thighs, the

and

flanks

chest

the

the shoulders;

above

elbows

The

Monkey.

the

yellowish white;

forearms on

China

head,

the

existence.

in

Cochin

of

part

be

to

Pennant's

on

Fore

Description:

known

white

crested.

.

The

sexes

in color

alike

are

the

and

very

individuals

young

similar

are

to

their parents. Measurements: Elliot

the

that

states

the

though No

separated by

now

doubt

pattern, with

are

of the

the

members

most

height,

Pygathrix

genus

The and

would

Thomas

validity

by Pocock,

members The

of

a

though

the

former

be

seciured

rare

monkeys

to as

as

generic distinctions

makes

P.

of the a

view

In

is far

cranitmi

face

a

of

more

in

than

much

greater separate

species.

type

is denied

by

its relative

and

color

coloring,

and

is the

nemceus

nemceus

united.

south, the form

assume

which

P.

which,

been

constituting

of

of

areas,

well.

as

bones

posterior nares two

first recorded

present species was the

of

basis

Zoological, Anthropological must

animals axis of the

jacent ad-

example

pattern

young

the

the

the

Elliot

nigripes

specialsubgenus, Pygathrix.

(1892), on

Meyer

characters

tail, a

the

on

180.

species of peculiar

basal

angle with

and

have

to

the

these

Geoffroy, 1812,

a

about

two

once

very

that

causing

and

rump

greater

a

regard

of these

these

may

It is

Mekong.

in the fact

strongly inclined, making of Pithecus,

of sea,

nigripes of Saigon, farther

present

peculiaritiesand

these

of

faunae

foot

another

affording

available.

are

hind

Hainan,

in

occtirs

the

animal

tail,610;

China,

stretch

conspicuous white

its

that

morevoer,

monkey

narrow

mouth

the

occurring about

a

Hainan

the

mm.;

Cochin

between

P.

grades into

it

This

"

similarities

close

many

is 1,230

length

total

of northeastern

mainland

of

measurements

Habits:

and

Occurrence

No

"

there, for

specimens

from

Specimens examined:

no

a

and

one

male

from

received

Hainan, from

Ethnographical

before

or

since

appears

that

apparently, by A. B. island of

Museum to

have

Hainan.

"

None. .

.

by the Royal Dresden.

mentioned

It it

or

THE

Fig.

PRIMATES

299

Distribution

14.

Map.

Rhinopithecus 1.

R.

roxellancs

2.

R.

bieli

3.

Genus

Rhinopithecus Semnopithecus

For

Milne-Edwards,

the

Edwards

described

of

that the

are

limbs

and

and

longer

body. hind

than

the

less slender The

For

the

skull

than is

and

characters

peculiar upturned

Monkeys, is

pouches,

The

group.

Semnopithecus

as

limbs

forearm, in the

peculiar in

instead related

its

of

are

the

much

the

of shorter. genera,

smoothly

the

rounded

Milne-

species is

based,

in

than

the the

to

stomach

however,

proportions

in which

the

is close

genus

sacculated

was

the

fore,

The tail

China,

The

slender

the

1868-74.

233,

type

the

genus and

less to

p.

1870.

western

roxellana.

nose,

nearly equal

more

p. 341,

of which

which

prominent

limbs

the

Mammif^res,

70,

having presumably

upon

and

des

vol.

Monkeys

Rhinopithecus,

genus

him

by

k I'Hist. Nat.

Sci., Paris,

Acad.

Snub-nosed

the

Pithecus, lacking cheek

MONKEYS

servir

pour

Rend.

Compt.

remarkable

proposed

animal

Recherches

Milne-Edwards,

Milne-Edwards

Rhinopithecus SNUB-NOSED

R. brdichi

of

the

Langur humerus

trunk, too, is thick-set,

relativelyshorter. brain

case,

the

great reduc-

tion of the

broader

of the

given by

Key A.

B.

No

lightpatch

a.

Sides

of face, chest

b.

Sides

of face

A

lightpatch

the

hind

R. roxellance

Recherches

of the

discoveries

of Pere

"

shoulders,

nape,

back

or

more

the

feet, and

outer

limbs

upper

part of the

1,320 the

(1868-74, PThe

inner

and

thigh "

Nat.

des

1870.

MammiKres,

in

specimen from

233,

p.

pis.

exposure

in the

principalityof

Museum

the

light" that

to

wholly unreliable.

as

241

the

long

borders the

the anal

It

one

was

Muping,

central

this

of the head

the tail from

f.)gives a dimensions

a

table

of

was

skin

of

hind

610;

adult

parts, and

upper

type

deep,

forehead, surface and

hands

British

and

the

and

patch

a

side

outer on

the

(Elliot,191 3). specimen,

of his a

female

adult

an

700

male,

respectively

Milne-Edwards

Museum.

measurements

male

the

to

Elliot gives 1,270 and

in the

;

under

leg.

whitish the

tip whitish

extending

tints less

region

of various an

color

and

tail, grayish black,

and

; tail

top of the

The

male.

sides of neck, and

and

ears,

length

back

arms,

silveryhairs

rufous,

total

dimensions

cranial

of

the

in the

handsome

black, the rufous and

The

of which

mm.,

same

including

brownish

are

Measurements:

for

with

is similar, but

of the

was

faded

and

parts

upper

and

to

female

The

mounted

David

limbs, ochraceous

and

body

a

"so

characters

Armand

less overlain

sides of the head of

color

Coloring bright

Description: the

Sci., Paris, vol. 70, p. 341,

servir k I'Hist.

China.

Szechwan,

head,

is

type

(1913) regarded its

Elliot

(Milne-Edwards)

Acad. pour

Paris, but

at

brelichi

Primates, vol. 3, p. 102, col. pi. 3, crania, pi. X, 1913. Anat. Western and Zool. Researches Yunnan, p. 43, 1879.

of the Elliot, Review 36, 37, 1868-74. {nasalis) roxeltana Anderson, Semnopithecus

The

bieti

R.

Rend.

Compt.

Naturelle

Rhinopithecus

of

MONKEY

Milne-Edwards,

"

genus.

roxellanse

Rhinopithecus

Milne-Edwards,

Specimen:

following characters,

the

by

of China.

edge

R.

roxellance

Type

Presbytiscus,

brown

Semnopithecus roxellana

d'Histoire

as

special genus,

a

legs rufous

GOLDEN

Rhinopithecus

high country culus, Rhinopitheciis avun-

shoulders

the

151.

of the

southern

known

Species

of chest

center

between

be

Chinese

of

type extreme

the

to

teeth

shoulders.

and

white,

the

may

key

the

to

between

the

on

species in his

(1913)

Elliot

all inhabitants

China,

occur

The

aperttire.

in Pithecus.

than

later made to

Chinese

three

The

found

be

nasal

of the

species,first described

fourth

and

Tongking,

eventually

may

A

part.

western

from

from

known

species are

Three

large size

proportionally

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

in the

and

bones,

nasal

somewhat

are

OF

MAMMALS

THE

300

largestspecimen. as

given by this

PRIMATES

THE

author,

well

as

follows

MEASUREMENTS

and

Occurrence

Armand

David, in

animal of these

the

Habits:

well

pi. 31),reproduced

Golden

Kansu.

during

Williston

brought

in

furs

officials. is

deep, and,

and

it is

are

more

pine

woods

the

lower

add

that

common, at

ten

cultivated the

bare

to

and

hard

of

name

for

it

of

the

terior, ex-

Styan, 1899,

and

skull, give

a

fair idea

the

areas

on

that

adds

be

capture,

secured

males

not

its known

westward, in

thousand levels.

about

large feet

or

in the of

in summer,

Berezovski's the

eyes

notes, is

only in

by

to

come

the

adult

Ssigu,

inhabited more,

by

for

and

the

Kansu, was

rare

by the Tebbu, chiefly in the

descending

quoted

pale bluish

It

Muping.

the

ground

southern

or

(as

Manchu where

country

an

but as

valuable

most

in

hundred

skins

eleven

of

country a

of bamboo.

skull

from

range

bands so

far from

bigger trees,

ployed em-

off rheiamatism

worn

a

covers

the

it is the

live

they

as

snow

hunters

had

keep

to

formerly might to

young

most

the

shoots

Szechwan,

western

He

to

southern

of the

one

among

the

or

into

where

According

leaves

of western

forests north

and

keeping chiefly to trees,

other

going

skin

the

live in large troops times

explorer Berezovski

of two

but

Winton

in

there, for it is believed

considerably extending

there, however,

De

it does

year.

tribesmen.

though

Russian

skulls

the

Longanfu,

at

told)

was

animals

The

The

water.

thus

also

at

or

obtained

be

to

half

monkeys

local

by

account

the

plate

undoubtedly

it is

wrote,

than

while

him

to

Pere

younger

founded

he

colored

the

of Tibet

borders

the

cold, living as

to

more

these

(1926),

David

skins

Yaochi)

fruits,buds,

subsisting on

a

brief

under

1870,

figures of

with

and A

through the high mountain to

Milne-Edwards

as

David,

by

snow

the

spelling of the specificname

the

figure (in

together

ranges

of all monkeys

ground

Pere

of

animal.

the

Monkey

Thus,

resistant

of the

as

by

Europeans

female

(1868-74)

and

skeleton

colored

Elliot

by

(districtof

in

one

was

Szechwan.

work

corrected

and

of

and

male

central

later

his

of the

Winton's

peculiaritiesof The

in

but

account

De

as

an

Muping,

Rhinopithecus His

roxellancE.

Szechwan

secured of

Monkey

notice

the

to

adult

given by Milne-Edwards

was

roxellana,

genus

as

first brought

hunters

whose

specimens

new

the

are

ROXELLANM

Golden

beautiful

The

"

principality

Semnopithecus

of the

by Elliot,

Museum

RHINOPITHECUS

OF

mammals

remarkable

many

to

British

in the

skull

a

:

CRANIAL

the

of

those

as

301

in winter

Buechner

in life and

that

to

(1892), the

nose

THE

302

turns

Chinese,

skins

of it

price for of

yearly

them.

been

where

is

bright

I

Kwanhsien in

was

miles

(1929)

came

specimens

a

seen

sale in

on

have

into

and

been

that

Field

male

a

Shanghai

.

.

bright

blue

face

in colors.

valued

At

Kermit

and

high forest their

at

an

hunters

on

a

March

20,

altitude

Except for

these

few

that

notes

De

Winton

in western

fur is often

nothing

notes,

meager

These

1929.

the

specimens have

of

neighboring

Yangliupa,

at

Sowerby

twenty Roosevelt

History, Chicago. secured

155."

"12

at some

foimd

seems

their

way

museums.

Specimens examined:

and

Pousargues,

Type specimen: of the

It

type.

Atuntze,

No

"

came

parts, sides The

black,

with

is gray,

their

base

outer

of the has

with

and

a

black

at

hairs

form

side of arms,

and

is

head

in

darker

others

from

China.

It

replaced by and

the

crest,

eyebrows,

a

slight mustache. of the

he

this

selected

surface and

the

"type."

roxellance, but

the

golden of the is

replaced by

the

brow,

The

back

of longer On

the

as

of R. and

brows.

thighs, hands, feet

be

specimen,

haunches

face.

Upper

1898.

day's jotu-ney from

just behind

border the

might

a

that

of the

the

pis. 9-12,

121,

regarded

light brown

over

Milne-

text-fig.,1897.

10, p.

probably

like

back

tip,surrounding

front

(B. M.)

originaldescription, but,

Kiape, is

157,

p.

adulte"

tres

beginning and

3,

3, vol.

ser.

in the

is much

front, curving

the a

"male

the

pattern

median

hair

longer

head

black

head

Paris,

given by Elliot, that

are

"

white.

Nat.

designated

was

Yunnan,

of which

Nat., Paris, vol.

d'Hist.

the

color Description: The grayish black of the back

under

d'Hist.

Mus.

type

with

northwestern

measurements

the

Mus.

Arch.

specimens mentioned,

seven

the

Bull.

Nouv.

Szechwan

Yinhsiuwan,

bieti Milne-Edwards

Rhinopithecus

Rhinopithecus bieti Milne-Edwards, Edwards

from

One, motmted,

"

152.

as

have

a

of their

had

Museum, .

Luchingsha,

about

female

of its habits, and

recorded

of

in

of Natural

markets.

as

and

Theodore

young

a

long

town

adults, while

and

figure the former

middle

if

vicinity

that

two

British

monkeys

looks

nose

the

in

high

a

in the

was

the

to

"These

monkeys

Museum

record

he

many

obtain

...

the

"new-bom"

a

sent

inches

brothers

nine

secured and

in

eighteen

the

when

figure.

bring in

and

brought

and

their

open

of these

troop

a

wings hair

that

hunter

a

eyes;

region, near

same

Muping,

in the

are

its

skin with

another

Szechwan,

brown

Milne-Edwards's

Szechwan,

exhibition.

on

dark

and

Styan (1899)

and

were

Chengtu,

mounted

now

upon

killed

slope

to

carefully skinned

8,000 feet, and

about

writes

They

saw

of

24)

of

nearly this

north

1

in

of

city

northwest

sitting with

butterfly was

chief

p.

,

MONGOLIA

is "ssian-shim,"

monkey

the

1 1

AND

is indicated

this

Chengtufu,

to

faces

blue

for

name

CHINA

than

Fergusson (1 9

shot. one

OF

forehead

whose

Yinhsiuwan,

just

It

the

nearer

up

The

MAMMALS

almost

of the

hairs, white

the of

upper

body,

at

tered lip scat-

flanks,

tail,black, with

a

PRIMATES

THE

brownish

tinge,

shoulders

and

the

back

sides

hands

throat,

are

contrastingly white.

white

less

areas

animal

young of the

and

back,

outer

"

somewhat

blackish

the

on

side of the

drab

gives and

male,

the

from

Length

of tail

of muzzle

end

to

(fide Elliot)

Foot

MEASUREMENTS

from

Palatal

length

740

610

510

520

incisive

to

magnxmi

.

.

34 43

(fide Elliot)

traveled

in central the

to

large black He

and

Henri

the

left

seigneur Biet, made

separates

in

in the the

finallysucceeded

of the

ammunition

should

charge forests

valley in

make of

the

plates

of

the

to

easier.

mission

work

ages. in adult

A

of the

Museum

preliminary

1897, followed and

young,

this

in the

summer,

South.

Henri

Prince

forest a

Soulie,

have

of the

were

On

tween be-

country

later

who

journey, to

was

stay

when

monkey

the

of

Mon-

district, organized

hunts

assistance

the

With

slope

that

Paris

for the

P.

David, who

there, in

the

to

The

Armand

Chinese

nor

secure

apparently

Miaotze

in

of the

western

from

Mekong

procuring

R.

order

hunting the

is

is found.

seen

of the

successful. with

guns

having

them

saw

more

in

covering

of the

representing all published by Milne-Edwards beautiful

and Yunnan

26

the

specimens,

any

any

of

country

1890

48

45

Monkey

that

wrote

told him

in

Batang,

of

1871,

secure

who

78

47

indefatigable Pere

the

tails,in the

to

Bonvalot, and

88

82

species

Golden

the

to

in

Yangtze

long

monkey,

with

due

perhaps

country

conditions

where

area

fine

of this

range

Szechwan,

unable

Nor

western

winter

were

M.

The

"

the

with

monkeys

Tengri Prince

south

however,

was,

d'Orleans

in

of

of it is

knowledge while

Habits:

south

cT

Subad.

117

.

series

and

9

Ad.

120

border.

series (fide Elliot)

Occurrence

cf

Ad.

103

molar

who,

BIETI

cf

molar

first

cf

830

54

and

Subad.

680

Lower

west

9

Ad.

720

Upper

the

an

820

135

(fideElliot)

foramen

Length

of

dimensions

cf

Ad.

RHINOPITHECUS

OF

length width

very

middle

the

female.

cf

Old

Zygomatic

the

231

CRANIAL

Greatest

thighs

The

occiput, along

following

an

of tail

root

arms,

and

brownish.

or

adult

Old

Length

of the

the

limbs.

subadult

a

inside

of

is less obvious

crest

the

at

areas

Milne-Edwards

and

the with

hair

posterior part of the

and

female

longest

The

mm.

buttocks

adult

tinted

with

adult

an

the

white,

Measurements:

old male,

In

clear, but

is

the

neck, and

the

of 150

length

a

The

black.

especially deep reach

may

of the

303

of

mountain

a

Yangtze.

specimens

seven

with

account

1898 by skull

a

and

that

range These

a

fuller

efforts

of this

figure

was

description

dentition.

This

is

MAMMALS

THE

304

larger species than

a

with

similar

a

Since series

male of

bank

four

the

adult,

male,

collected

were

killed

covered to

seem

the

of conifers

a

restricted

3, p.

105,

A

"

either

of the

species outside length of with

a

with

1903,

they into

and

slopes of

western

vol.

I, p.

Elliot, Review

pi. 21.

224,

from

species of

90

the

of the

Fur

mm.

and

genus

back in

that

attaining

apparently

longest

Fur

probably

on

flanks,

the

largest living it attains

where

hairs, slaty

of the

roots

midline

larger size

a

the

hence

the

to

the

cheeks

black;

yellow, shading in the

yellow

behind

whitish

specimen) and

the

between

shoulders suffused

of the

of

side

limbs

lightgrayish, more

in front.

a

curving

very

tail.

short

Belly uniformly from

white

forearms

sides; wrists

Hind .

blackish

throughout, with root

inner

along

its color

side of the

and

the

center

tip.

A

broadly tips. Ears

black

under

curiously parted and

each

with

brownish

their

long, its hairs black

nape

shoulders

of

Front

into

type

similar;

from

Brelich.

by Henry

large monkey,

shining tips, except

with

of the

sktdl, female,

without

locality,but

unknown

an

very

other

skin

Crown patch of white, the hairs white to their roots. yellowish, its hair yellow at the base, whitening terminally, but

missing

the

Thomas

hunter's

a

Collected

contrastingly white.

on

the

to

"tchru-

large oval

tipped

with

is

type

anthropoids.

the

London,

Soc.

China.

two

about

Zool.

Museum,

Kweichow,

Description:

is

back

brelichi

Rhinopithecus

The

"

British

3.3.14.1,

gray,

monkeys be

summer

side

eastern

very

from

1913.

specimen:

Type

a

Proc.

brelichi Thomas,

Primates, vol.

than

the

a

far

country

to

in

that

supposes to

move

may

is said

The

None.

"

153.

northern

they

and

males,

thickets, these name

left third

a

Djra-gniera, high, mountainous

a

Milne-Edwards

the

not

native

The

on

sub-

river.

of the

young

rhododendron

of mountains

in winter

Specimens examined:

No.

in

a

drainage.

Mekong

Rhinopiihecus

were

range.

dividing ridge

basin, while

two

from

Here,

and

Monkey.

Snow

the

female,

sex,

forests

across

adult

Mekong.

with

very

again

from

full

and

Yunnan;

inal orig-

the

and

Atuntze,

left bank

the

male

old

very

northwestern on

in

localities

the

Their

extreme

an

have

Yangtze the

of

left bank

tchra," meaning range

near

give

to

since

monkey

day's journey from

a

Atuntze,

of undetermined

specimen

Tsikou,

in

best

this

taken

or

account.

Kiap6,

at

specimens, including

other

young

may

River,

Mekong was

be

Pousargues's

and

color, though

in

strikingly different

and

observed

have

to

captured, it

was

MONGOLIA

AND

of coloration.

seems

Milne-Edwards adult

roxellance

R.

pattern one

no

CHINA

OF

black or

gray.

deep

(hands

less suffused Tail

very

line downward,

small

yellow patch

PRIMATES

THE

Measurements:

(with

tail,970

mm.;

and

Occurrence was

extends

the

Mr.

Gin

Van

the

be

to

from

inhabits

108"

about

brightly

of it. sides

inner

730

north

in the

of the

be

could

as

known

Province

of the

dorsal

in its dark

legs, it

and

arms

it is known,

when

large

considerably

of mountains

Obviously

male,

The

of this

far

So

range

a

E., 29" N.,

is known

the

hunter, and

native

a

Rhinopithecus.

monkey

further on

examined:

Specimens

body,

specimen

known

only

genus

roxellance.

R.

to more

and

type

the

"this

shades

yellow

slight resemblance will prove

of

Range,

Nothing

and

surface

and

head

measures:

up,

Brelich

by Henry

Brelich,

of Kwei-chow."

The

"

eastward

Shan

made

as

1,040).

Habits:

range

gathered by

skin,

hairs

secured

monkey

as

The

"

305

bears

a

doubt

no

colored.

None.

"

HYLOBATID^

Family

GIBBONS

The are

gibbons, including

of Sumatra

siamang

with

associated

commonly

the

the

anthropoid

are adapted extremely long arms by "brachiation," swinging or hiirlingthemselves

the tree

forest, passing tree, in

to

of the

that

feathered

The

thimib

exceeds

its modes

of

vol.

being

14,

the

and

p.

Gibbon,

and

upward,

nasals

of the

vertex

double

curved)

to

directed from

the

the

front

and

of nasals

Hylobates Illiger,Prodromus

type

of the of

comer

in addition

to

Syst. Mamm.

the

genus

India

et

is the and

the

skull

to

p.

Homo

Malay

review

orbits; the

hair

two

occur

Nomascus

Hylobates. vertex

from

the

the

hair

has

curved

profilestrongly margins

(Joum.

of the

latter

of the

with

superspecific

typical subgenus the

long

(often

orbits.

Illiger

67, 181

1.

lar of Linnaeus, the Peninsula.

disproportionately long

the

(subgenus

by

3, p.

perhaps Miller

of which

subgenera,

upper

flight

its

with

hand

profile nearly straight

the

Hylobates Avium,

to

the

of the

the

its swift

correlated

feature

characters

margin

upper

backward

the

of Hainan

of

type

in

and

bough,

(Elliot,191 3, vol.

and

latest

Gibbon

other

bough

abode"

in four

by having

Genus

The

the

Black

limb, through to

ischial callosities.

small

species,places them the

leafy

progression

of to

rivalling

family.

distinct

a

limb

.

ciu^e,

lacking, a

are

distinguished among

directed of the

there

.

humerus,

158, 1933),

Hoolock

the

is

and

the

tail is

The

China, namely,

former

front

foot.

.

as

from

Peninsula,

Malay

peculiar method from

speed

of its

than

longer

progression, and

relationshipsof Miller)

inhabitants is

the

Mammalogy, in southern

incredible

graceful swing

a

many

forearm

149).

The

"with

the

but

apes

for their

Their

and

fore

limbs,

gibbon

The small

of the

eastern south-

striking characters, ischial

callosities,

THE

306 and

of external

lack

brain

the

case,

in such

a

Two

as

m.f

species

adjacent

from

known

Males

black

female

with

Males

B.

with

with

to

white

clitoris not

black, without

females

the

hoolock

Zool.

Proc.

Type

specimen:

from

had

lived

The

the for

specimen

an

erect

the

mat.

lower

limbs

is present the

it is

is

white may

is

feet

clear and

tinged be

with

directed

in

the

of the

adult

brow,

pale

and

Hainan

upper

with chest

pale brown,

darker, nearly

drab

and

females

adult forms

two

hitherto :

backward;

an

H.

vol.

pi. 2, 1834. ed. 2, p. 3, 1838.

London,

skin

of the

and

skull

of

Dr.

of

and M.

one

p.

and 1913.

male

that

of three

that

about

1830.

Burrough,

smoothly backward,

directed

brownish

typically a side

black,

deep chocolate

yellowish color. few

a

3,

adult

an

was

Anat.

156,

Anderson, vol.

Primates,

Philadelphia.

under

in

concolor

(Harlan)

4, p. 52,

Soc.

possession

is

or

hoolock

mat;

erect

are

with brown

white

The

hair

stiff black white.

also some on

range

body

in the

as

the

on

hairs The

rest

of the

of variation and

limbs,

Rarely

line. The

adult

surrounding

eyes;

body

in which with

on

band

white

a

and

the

forming

intense

female.

face

over

not

more

brown;

narrowly interrupted in the median

whitish

white

a

crown

male

feet; the

forming

crown

Goalpara, Assam,

still in

contrastingly pale

nearly

hands,

was

the

across

coloration

female

type

Hills, near

and

of

island

the

Hylobates

Elliot, Review

1879.

i,

p.

The

"

or

is the

reaches

by the following key

crown

hoolock

ser.,

Zool.

p. 719.

Hair

"

The

new

Mus.

1927,

possibly

Description:

fifth

no

formula

HOOLOCK

London,

time

some

is

has

peniform

be

to

Hylobates

Yunnan,

Garo

the

India, which

of the

of

of the

band; hair of

brow

Mamm.

Cat.

Soc.

little behind

H.

Phil. Soc,

Amer.

Western Zool.

Species

hair

band;

elongate as

Waterhouse,

Researches

Pocock,

came

Trans.

Harlan,

of

identified

be

THE Simia

the

tooth

are usually black The yellowish white.

or

Chinese

brow

154.

Hylobates hoolock

rows

slightly,with

molar

males

the

white

so

molars

transverse

a

the

slightly

very

elongated

a

clitoris

lower

but

Gibbon

Black

adult

territorymay

a

last

two

each

standing

Hoolock

the

China,

less whitish

Chinese

form

its large

of the

cusps

alternate

they

The

ones.

tooth

not

Cercopithecidae,

and

Key A.

outer

The or

instead

hypocone)

the

in

occur

usually pale, more

with

skull

32.

=

mainland.

rounded

of the

they do

but

and

in

edge of Yunnan,

western

MONGOLIA

smoothly

teeth

upper

two

it has

pmj

AND

arrangement

baboons,

of the

cusp

i.f Ct

:

rather

the

(protocone

level

posterior

the

and

cusps

transverse

same

in

CHINA

eyebrow ridges,well-developed canines,

and

rows,

macaques

inner

two

the

tail, are

that

way

in the

OF

prominent

tooth

convergent

as

MAMMALS

pale

the

chin,

is soiled the

body

head

and

PI.ATH

VIII

Hoolock

Gibbon

(Ilylnhates Iwolock), female,

Front

killed

view

near

of the

the

same

Burma

border,

Ytinnan.

Profile

view

PRIMATES

THE

Rarely the female

neck.

"black

be

may

307

faintly tinged with

brown"

(Pocock,

1927). the

While

in individuals,

difference

much

description gives brieflythe general coloration, there

above

of Yunnan

borders

southwestern

No.

subadult.

Male,

interrupted between

eyes

No.

Male, subadult.

;

book

(R. C.

pelage, quite

like

female

nearly white, the

rest

face

the

perhaps represents Male, brown

the

Chest

or

dark

brown;

brown.

Female, black

hairs

white,

back dark

over

body pale soiled white Measurements:

in

flesh.

the

head

and In

body, the

two

No

Elliot 520

skulls

;

of the molar

largest skulls

in

show

hind

the

and

in the

tinge; hair

the

Delacour

as

in both

tinged

black.

This

eyes.

for,

"yellow,"

Black

chest

upper

pale brown over

ish yellow-

sexes.

with

sooty

band

Eyebrow

as

coloring. Crown

and

chest

hair

of face and

p.

belly

and

with

inside

sooty of

legs

hair.

ring of white feet

tinged

nearly white

upper

pale brown;

top of head

series from

158) gives

with

a

few

nearly white;

chest

Yunnan

stiff

rest

of

similar. were

made

the

following dimensions:

has

the

complete dentition

the

tooth

foot, 150.

Yunnan has

as

feet

intermediate

an

of the 3,

254)

grayish white, much

measurements

vol.

legs; band,

blackish.

tinged with

gray,

brow

speciallymentioned

p.

a

be

may

throat, a

43090:

(1913, mm.

place, since the last The

or

"

limbs

chin, hands,

eyes;

and

arms

narrow

condition,

Cheeks

nape.

by

on

a

hairs

slightly larger.

brown;

No.

with

immature

abdomen

and

1918,

white,

Gibbon

43065:

surrounded

subadult.

the

lower

No.

cheeks

Eyes

of

Hainan

and

brown,

large adult,

soiled

nape

drab

a

and

chin, hands,

with

stiff black

few

43068:

shoulders

dark

Female, and

No.

Andrews,

B.

soiled

body

with

of the

young

above

specimen is the male

color,

retention

a

subadult,

across

before.

of the

white

nearly

reported, the

a

Y.

in

is the

on

black.

this

and

series secured

a

belly sooty brown;

cheeks

43064:

Andrews's

in Dr.

has

and

on

indicate.

Andrews,

entirely sooty

43067:

the

following notes Dr.

by

part of the throat, chest,

middle

of

the

as

series, none not

yet reached

dimensions

given

below.

line

in any

in

of them.

and

Occurrence

Habits:

material, it

available as

a

study,

further

been

bestowed continental

gave

an

of

whether

it is

time

time

to

be

observations

of his Burma

from

and

Hoolock

is also

they passed valleys

heights of about

to

faint

a

! 'whoko'

'whoko'

! and

the

rapidity with

Dr.

R.

At

which

C. Andrews

the

on

localitythey

former

the

When

"soon

piirsued they be

could

usually they chose hillsides of

the

branches

of but

below,

when

silence

in sudden

splash of leaves, tops.

drop

The .

.

.

until

and

would

Instead .

.

of all be

a

.

completely

as

of

a

it

they

away

running

though they

had

to

the

Yunnan. bean.

green

the

troop

same

them

from

was

inch

every

the

upper

of

grotmd ward for-

went

.

.

stood see

the

kill and animals

motionless or

hear

us.

splash after

branches,

vanished

them, because

We .

would

through

difficult

collecting a

large

jungle, and of the

the

the

within

in

stalk

shotgun.

the

tremor

swing

far up

western

of

to

scan

care

our

exceedingly

were

dead. as

spite

would

herd

gibbons

stone

disappear

in

there

the

of

range

vociferating

first discovered

impossible only

more

Apparently

Although had

we

not

and

heard

in

kind

a

they called,

when

the

on

warm

distance, first

succeeded

wild.

echoing through

were

But

almost

and

specimens from he

of

when

exclusively arboreal,

Pass,

feeding

they could

beyond

the calls

1917,

where

frontier

more

was

cry

Homushu

extremely

was

where

almost

April,

valley

it

Usually

tree

wailing ceased.

the

Then

dead

were

only as

a

the

The

is wonderful."

ascent secure

at

other

of sovmd,

is almost

to

found

became

where

jungle.

thorny

and

were

in

found

actually

and

River

Namting

their

make

first

middle

storm

a

each

sound.

deep

the

it became

their

their progress

that

in March

for

in

past

minutes

more

they the

was

of China,

series

few

a

Considering

mountain-side.

borders

in

river

resonant

daybreak

at

in

the

minute

every

troop rushed

distinct, till at last the whole

to

in

We,

feet.

4,000

of voices; but

murmur

called

was

the

eastern

them

sleeping-ground

sheltered

the

the

on

Hills

"passing

was

answering

reechoed

Hills,

Kakhyen

attention

my

their

from

up

the

air

.

.

were

and

hills echoed

the

on

there, too,

and

Yunnan;

common

Bhamo, .

gibbon; large troops

this

opposite banks,

the

caught

of

calls

while where

the

only

Anderson

Kakhyen

Here

forest

dense

have

that

1879, J.

in the

Yunnan.

garded re-

The

names

many

as

seen

of

Siam,

species.

believes

ago

Irawady, below

the with

hills,covered

by high loud

the

of

that

long

be

species. Pending

Pocock

gibbons

on

borders

the

on

As

out.

light

and

separate

so

but

Assam,

the

Burma

distinct as

and

it should

not

Lower

two

them,

upon

made

through the magnificent defile of with

the

in

group

or

of

lar

wholly

a

recognizes

species can

Upper

is enclosed

whether

H.

Burma

Upper the

gibbons is notoriously variable,

account

eastern

of

Gibbon

clear

seem

he

from

three

not

likely, or

MONGOLIA

recently reviewed

has

however,

of the

coloration

is the

subspecies of the

northern

most

seems

as

does

AND

CHINA

This

"

(1927)

although Pocock

but

OF

MAMMALS

THE

3o8

trackless would would

in the

air.

treenever times some-

After

THE

watch

could

we

Pass

about

during

mornings

and

to

one

found

Andrews

the

instead

of

in part

animals, such

making

many

monkeys,

1903,

vol.

of water had

which

off.

is

feet

ten

throw Y.

and

The

B.

food

unable

quite

gibbon

birds

or

swim,

to

8). to

deep, in which

been

rescued.

naturally assumed,

in

as

it struggled

No the

doubt

the

was

another

with

occasions

thick

in part

leaves

leaves, and

gibbon,

Zool.

Soc.

one

would

is not

a

favorable

have

a

tank

drowned that

for

one

unlike

London,

into

nearly upright posture

more

of man,

case

herds

Namting

witnessed to

The

helplesslyand

the

the

among

(Proc.

bright

on

several

be

eggs.

Candler

as

On

hiding

at

is said

their

and

tree

silent

unbelievable

ever

one

191

adept

most

I have

from

Andrews,

of

almost

at

tops

which

things

of the

insects,

tree

themselves

gibbons

as

the

for

Apparently

day, but

gibbons

call

to

howl are

weather.

every

the

seemed

tree

and

187-190) proved experimentally by dropping

I, pp.

it not

territory. Like

at

frequently

more

steal

to

Homushu

hoolocks

branches

visited

were

try

dead

a

the

during cloudy

where

their habits

top of

the

called

They

would

but

two,

or

bushes

occasion,

in the

through

in the

monkeys

another

hour

an

them

amazing

they could

the

On

again found,

through

most

unerring precision" (R. C.

18).

swing

of

traveled

of the

later

for

day.

deal

ourselves

sittingquietly

heard

great

a

309

conceal

were

jungle

the

seldom

in which

way

Dr.

19

they

as

of

hoolocks

and

speed,

or

of

the

across

we

cover

the

River,

sooner

regular feeding grounds,

had

seemed

the

"Instead

remainder

the

to

River, gibbons

minutes

twenty

learned

Andrews,

B.

ween

neighbors

their

they

Y.

different.

somewhat to

Sal

the

on

we

trees, and

the and

(R. C.

away"

times

several

being fooled

PRIMATES

is

keeping

afloat. Whether southern near

edge

the

gibbons

not

or

of

is still uncertain,

China,

northern

borders into

occasionally cross

Homushu

Tongking

southeastern

Specimens examined: Yunnan:

of

Hylobates

Simia

concolor

Harlan, Joum.

harlani

HylobaUs

Hylobates concolor Soc.

London,

Schlegel, Essai 1927,

p. 719

Hylobates pileatus Swinhoe, Hylobates

hainanus

London,

Type Harlan's

1905,

Acad.

la

Zool.

Ann.

vol. 2, p.

was

sur

des

3;

des

killed

doubted

so

they

Kwangsi.

locality,i.

exact

no

(Harlan)

concolor

ser.

Sci. Nat., vol.

Physion.

hardly

can

western

been be

I, vol.

13, p.

5, part

Ill,

2, p. 231,

pis. 9, 10, 1826.

1827.

Serpens, Partie G^n., p. 237,

1837.

Pocock,

Proc.

Zool.

ff.

Proc.

Thomas,

Specimen: name

BuU.

have

they

extreme

GIBBON

Sci. Philadelphia,

Nat.

Lesson, Ferrusac's

along the

namely:

concolor

BLACK

it or

River,

Pass, 3; Namting

155.

though

that

Yuiman

all,seven,

In

"

elsewhere

found

be

to

are

Soc.

Mag.

London,

Nat.

Hist.,

1870, p. 224 ser.

(in part).

6, vol. 9, p.

145,

is not

known

Pocock,

1892.

Proc.

Zool.

Soc.

169, pi. 5. "

The based

specimen

type upon

a

female

"lately" (that

to

be

is, about

in

existence.

1826) living

MAMMALS

THE

310

Philadelphia, said

in

latter

the

of that

Hylobates

the

to

to

China,

whence

concolor

is,therefore, transferred "

to

be

species,in

other

pale

"yellow,"

or

first announced

female, supposed smoky

she became or

then

At

gray

months

about

grown.

of

rest

changes, A

blackish,

when

the

on

the

so

said

tions through observa-

then

was

band are

London.

at

of age,

years

sexes

These

Pocock

by

Gardens

dusky

or

name

brow

remaining

when

old,

seven

patch of black

a

white

young

rather,

or

sexually matiire,

pale phase the color is buff,

In the

plate, of Indo-

The

of both

young

males

confirmed

Zoological

the

however,

mainland

adjacent

very

pale again

been

name

Gibbon.

The

stage.

seven

pale.

grayish buff with

buff,

ochraceous

extending

crown,

to

on

neck.

the

angle with

continuous

a

Measurements:

gives

Pocock

orbits, 67;

a

resembles There

ciu-ious the

are

kind

Human,

others

of

a

natives

the

as

well

as

was

the the

of great so

yellow with

below, individual these

to

be

distinct

unable

black

figure the

and for

depends these

peculiaritiesare

H.

nose.

available.

are

length,

78; width

width,

in

reasons

has

113

across

been

Du

Halde

in

118):

"This

by

1735

Apes, the

are

to as

Features;

are

very

procure

ugly

but and

kinds, who

Harlan,

the

' '

an

characteristic

the

penis

of

the

described

hermaphrodite, of

the

male. but

species, as

nearly

and

the

known

black,

female

a

is

scarce.

Swinhoe

well

was

yellow

unusually long clitoris,which like

Island

very

common.

it

scription "De-

his

species is

this

specimens, said

different

face.

p.

Physiognomy

whose

from

known

long

(1738, English ed.,

black

Colour, which

grey

first to

a

in

do

of the

total

male:

zygomatic

Gibbon

Black

writes

distinguished

who

specimens of

reported there He

(1870c), although himself to

The

"

was

Chine."

la

43;

the base

over

Hainan

of measurements

they

as

ridges

brow

27.

Habits:

Its existence de

breeds

skull

following

and

ventrally in

bent

are

forehead

the

shape definite

no

the

slope;

same

different

a

making

septum

the

across

measurements

molars,

upper

Occurrence Hainan.

line

length, 80; palatal length,

basal

mm.;

No

"

the

in

lying

has

by Pocock,

out

interorbital

the

raised

portions

their inner

hoolock, but

pointed

as

rather

forehead, but

the

form

not

concolor,

hoolock, with

H.

of

that

from

of H.

skull

The

do

in

blackish.

then

gray

the Black

have

about

be

to

to

becoming

by Delacour,

captive specimens

of

may

shown,

originally come.

turning black, the

soon

females

the

their lives, but

the

have

thus

adult

the

and

the

by Harlan's

genitalia,illustrated

the

entirely black, lacking the

is

male

The

Description: of the

individual

the

has

of

account

and

Borneo,

as

(1927)

Pocock

On

Borneo.

taken

been

of Hainan

gibbon

all -black

the

pertain

MONGOLIA

from

imported

island.

of

features

anatomical

the

AND

localityhas

the type

statement,

assigned that

been

have

to

CHINA

OF

men, speci-

tudinally grooved longi-

He

it is

now

has

been

believed known more

the that

fully

PRIMATES

THE

described at

gives

this

gibbon

them

in

in

This

been

in

(1927)

by likely

that

this

or

specimens

have

several

spent

Dr.

Zoological that

of

etc.,

while

number

been in

years

F.

Welch

D.

hoolock

and

that

of

Specimens

border.

said

to

of

the

in

occur

received

region,

the

(191

1),

H.

that

lar,

Hoolock

he

times.

examined:

None. "

and

to

whence

the

Indeed,

Swinhoe

the

mountains

patches Pocock

of in

occur

It

scribed de-

quite

seems

southern

extreme

Tongking

specimens

(1870c,

p.

of

west

came

615)

records but

Canton, did

nor

museums,

species

the

it.

no

who

Mell,

it.

report who

found

European

by

concluded

Gardens, H.

localities

the

Chinese is

be

has

Tongking cheek

while

female

Pithecus

portions

leucogenys.

animal, the

really

hearing

to

white

H.

name,

seen

morning.

early

of

its

have

adjacent

the

Gibbon

by

Hainan

is

in

this

reports

the

distribution

its

Black

its

the

eventually

for

gibbon

black

a

as

the

to

of

in

also

distinguished whence

henrici

H.

will

form

but The

males,

subspecies

a

Yunnan,

close

very

that

as

Pousargues

Kwangsi are

it

regards

black

in

parallel

on

(1923)

Smith

time

some

to

seem

(Wuchih)

Hainan,

species,

separate

a

otherwise

A.

Malcolm

for

accompanying

plate

Europeans

Mountain

mainland.

opposite

the

as

only

lived

that

excellent Few

interesting

an

occurs

the

but

haunts,

female

a

An

coloring.

the

not

of

basis

London.

Five-finger

offers

on

described

even

natural

species

Tongking

of

about

which

nemceus,

a

its

forest

the

in

idea

good

a

the

on

Gardens

Zoological

paper

of

(1905)

Pocock

by

the

311

studied the that

living of

form the

represents

cry

by

this also "hah

specimens

in

is

gibbon differs, hoo

a

hah

the

London

than

slenderer "hoo

hoo,"

hoo

hoo,"

repeated

VII

CHAPTER

CARNIVORA

ORDER

CARNIVORES

This

although family

in

or

the

of

transverse

of

last

the

much

reduced

dylar

foramen

in

former hind

the

usually tibia

leg the

the

radius

The

with

of

and

while

fibula

and

fingers of

ulna of

a

again

are

forearm

the

certain

always

is

lifting

the

separate,

in

as

cats

the in

while the

off

claw

the

separate,

rotation,

of

usually

entepicon-

the

always

are

amount

anterior

the

specialization,

of

retractile,

toes

in

narrowing

a

foot

retain

many

matter

a

as

are

ment develop-

together

by

and

hand

the

feature,

canines

act

to

especially

of

each

is the

about

brought

digit of

primitive

a

molar

enlargement

first

the

power

and

the

and

humerus,

the

phalanx

ground.

the

As

absent.

or

last

the

have

side

is

the

a

on

number

outer;

lower

first

form

teeth

these in

are

others

specialization

peculiarity

A

This

food.

the

up to

the

and

Insectivora,

the

Unlike

cusps.

cut

side

the

than

teeth

arboreal, the

three

typically

are

sharp-cusped.

teeth

premolar

instead

but

Some,

maxillary

others lacks

as

characteristic

teeth

the

bear

the

modified

Insectivora.

of

order

in

as

highly

the

cats,

the

smaller

ones

cheek

to

from

teeth

these

median

and

with

cursorial,

are

Insectivora,

the

often

number

the

as

Some

canines

the

upper

fashion

shearing

of

the

enlarged,

usually

in

seen

the

jaw,

each

others,

Structurally

habits.

between

row

of

side

teeth

incisor

the

their

full

vegetation,

are

or

group

flesh-eating,

typically

are

on

They

the

nearly in

function.

and

number

Panda.

marsupial

while

subsist

degree

Giant

retain

wolves,

in

less

or

the

primitive

the

aquatic

again

of

mammals,

in

reduced

greater

a

case

and

dogs

placental

of

a

the

with

compared as

to

many

habits

whose

mammals

comprises

group

the

arboreal

mammals. Six bear-like

They

may

animals

Key A.

Form a.

stout, Tail

more

slightly

the

are

identified

be

families

different

seven

or

to

five than wider

the

the

Families

well-developed half than

the

long

the

primitive,

most

by

Carnivora

of

body

Chinese

of

on

length

(Panda,

and

each ;

size

key

China, the

most

which

of

the

specialized.

:

Carnivora

Mongolian

foot. not

Raccoons, 312

in

perhaps

cats

brief

following

toes

occur

large etc.)

;

molars

|,

the

upper

only Procyonidae

CARNIVORES

THE

Tail very

b.

short; last

with

molar

upper

313

its least width

about

half the greatest

length. a'. Muzzle

short, the distance

greatest zygomatic b'. Muzzle

longer, width

zygomatic B.

slender, hind

Form

Limbs

a.

its

four

compressed,

-j-.

well-defined

Camivora.

inner

retain

hind

the

condition;

sole is

above

equal below

and these

upper

in the

first molar

This

family

and

is

and

various

is

There

longitudinally.

the

at

represented

in

are

for

here

of

a

the once

Pocock

more

America

and

the

by

the

(1921a)

has and

the

disadvantage

American

genera,

of

from

at

the

and

become

to

parts of America,

warmer

of the

parts,

temperate

such

areas,

coatis

the

as

(Bassariscus)

It

should

be

related

a

region

Himalayan

in

genus

of eastern

perhaps represents a survivor of forest-livingspecies. widely spread group China.

the the

obscuring

and

upper

transversely

cacomistles

there

from

occurs

advocated

family, Ailuridas, distinct

the

.

and

numerous

cusps

exceed

not

in

cusps. the

Raccoon

aberrant

do

which

the

and

short

premolar

upper

tropical

more

the

of western

has

last

day is typical of

Ailurus, which

highlands

the

and

plump

usual

walking

in

that

so

equal diameter

of similar

development

{Polos),

of

nearly unmodified

a

molars,

four

the

specialized of the

least

is rather

The

length.

tendency

genera

Felidae

in

foot

body

The

is, therefore, especially interesting that World,

the

each

on

roughly

in

sial camas-

KIN

among

side, have are

present North

arboreal

(Nasua), kinkajous

a

THEIR

toes

its

each

; lower

cusps

completely plantigrade,

teeth

a

PROCYONID^

ground.

on

cusp

distinct

posteriorheel (Cats)

AND

one-half

to

well-defined

relatives

are

the

to

lower

cusps;

and

Canidae

or

cusp

all five

feet

applied

tail at least

series, and

their

and

They

to

than

narrower

tubercular inner

small

a

without vestigial,

the upper

raccoons

Old

lobe

equal height,forming

Foxes)

RACCOONS

India

the inner

of about

blade-like, with

Family

the

the outer

Viverrids

with

upper

blade-like, without

like the

with

camassial

of lower

the

f (or f),

b'. Molars

two

than

Mustelidas

transverse,

upper

cusps

lobe wider

the inner

Otters)

posterior heel (Dogs, Wolves,

the

more

half the

only.

toes

with

transverse,

upper

edge;

camassial

entire

than

longer.

a'. Molars

The

Ailuropodidae orbit

tip to the

triangle(Civets,Mungooses)

a

Limbs

b.

the

half

disproportionallylong.

| (or {), the

the outer

less than

Ursidas

edge (Weasels, Martens, b'. Molars

from

foot usually with

^, the

orbit

the

(Bears)

short, body

a'. Molars

tip to

(Giant Panda)

distance

the

its

from

width

the

It

relegation of the

American

the, evident same

time

to

genus

Procyonidae,

but

affinitybetween necessitates

the

a

separate

this the

course

Asiatic

erection

of

a

MAMMALS

THE

314

OF

separate subfamily for each to

accord

nearly

as

American

of the

being

the

Ailunis

F. Cuvier

as

coiu-se,

Genus

in

order

differences

and

Procyonidae,

of

the

conservative

more

and

perhaps

PANDA

THE

chief

The

(1915)

head

nonprehensile

and

haired;

penis

os

"Skull orbital

;

semiretractile

long), not

high,

present [absent only

ciu-ved

well

hypocone the

and

narrow.

and nimierous

with

one

inner

the ;

pm

Each

tooth

minute

1

hypocone; deciduous

and

highly arched, grooved .

.

aUsphenoid

.

audital .

.

bullae

.

meatus

ascending

a

very

long and

high, wide,

ramus

more

pm^

six-cusped,

inner

than

one

the

forming

cusp

permanent

cingulum

pm=

with

protocone

and

cusp;

than

more

cusplets on

accessory

shelf

outer

on

one-

premolars all long

lower

ntunerous

inner

strongly developed

cingulum, grooved

at

with

;

with

usually

molars

;

lower

molars

side out-

with

cusplets."

formula

Chinese

in section

premolar

and

post-

large."

very

ovate

upper

entirely

distinct

last molar

auditory

external

prominent supplementary

Upper the

side, the

almost

without

family] ;

of the

by HoUister

pointed; tail long

feet

the

zygomata

.

short, greatly rounded;

protocone

with tooth

text, 1825.

anteriorly. Palate

genera

condyles

accessory

The

.

well

Canine

surfaces.

on

rounded

other

on

weak.

developed

half

in

backward;

"Incisors inner

of

soles

;

bilobed

.

Mandible

tube.

narrow

mm.

and

forth

set

are

genus

developed. extending only little beyond plane of

small, inflated

3 pp.

xxviii, 55, 1841.

i, pp.

large, erect, and

ears

(23

sagittalcrest

processes;

medially, and canal

roundish,

claws

small

short,

pi. and

vol. 3, pt. 50,

Mammif^res,

des

of this

diagnostic characters

follows:

as

Nat.

Hilfsb. Naturg., vol.

u.

Zool., Index, p. 9, 1846.

Agassiz, Nomenclator

L.

Mlurus

Hand-

Gloger, Gemeinn.

Arclalurus

Cuvier, Hist.

and

F. Cuvier, in Geoffroy

Ailurus

and

of

genera

illuminating,is here followed.

more

and

MONGOLIA

AND

possible equal consideraition

as

Hollister's

likenesses.

CHINA

is : i.l ct

pm.f m.f

38.

=

But

a

singlespecies is known,

race.

fulgens styani Thomas

Ailurus

156.

STYAN'S Ailurus

fulgens styani Thomas,

Ailurus

reftdgens Milne-Edwards,

Ann.

Mag.

7, vol.

Hist., ser.

Nat.

Recherches

PANDA

servir

pour

^ I'Hist.

10, p. 251, Nat.

1902.

des Mammif^es,

pp.

380, 387, 1868-74

(lapsus calami). Ailurus

fulgens Jacobi, Abh.

Ailurus

styani Thomas,

u.

Type Specimen: British

Museum,

June, 1897, by

Ber.

Mag.

Ann.

"

Mus. Nat.

The

Styan.

u.

ser.

is

an

type

collected F. W.

f. Tier-

Hist.,

at

Volkerk., Dresden, 9, vol.

old

10, p.

vol. 16,

male, skin

Yangliupa,

no.

i, p. 3, 1922.

.396, 1922.

and

northwestern

skull, No. Szechwan,

2.6. 10.41,

China,

THE

Description: "

less

quarters

patch,

and

dark

red

of

size

entire

dorsal

the

the lower

over

and

larger size

and

elevated, the

the

deepest from buffy rings

In

a over

hind

back

each

raccoon,

legs proportionally

shorter.

of the

the

Fig.

The

The

tip.

eye,

body

middle

tail.

and

black

like

a

the

to

315

somewhat

form

surface

crown

short

CARNIVORES

cheeks

tail has

muzzle,

Ailurus A .

rusty

about

lips,a

fulgetis styani

Map.

A

fulvous

back,

immediately

Distribution

15.

a

of the

but

small

deep

eyenut, chest-

less

faintlyindicated

submental behind

hind

becoming

and

nine

to

the

spot, the

a

spot

eye-spot,

THE

3i6 the inner tuft

MAMMALS

side and

the outer

longer hairs

of

is

There

surface

mentioned

specimens

as

Szechwan,

described as

so

back

main

The

mm.

outline

against

37

(1922b,

p.

Chinese

the

fore

back

another

and

hind

in Yunnan

;

from

Washin,

ened, heavily black-

are

region, with

posterior

end

above

since

the

of the

rest

as

a

112;

width,

zygomatic

combined

it has

been

northern one

skull

far

Thomas

paper,

in

Yunnan,

regard the

to

as

to

differences

the

showed

skin, head

are hardly "representative form"

and

the

body,

following 610

ments measure-

tail, 405;

mm.;

in the

part in the

flesh

He

secured

mentions a

skin

15;

of

31;

near

side

Shan, also

from

two

this

but

it

skins

gnathion,

posterior palate,

angular

55;

process,

No

teeth, 37.

other

available. in China

Szechwan

Mau,

was

held

in

only the in

northwestern

in the

at

in

westward

the type from

province (Jacobi, 1922),

Wa

of

of

cheek

upper

eastern to

breadth

lower

is found

Panda

mountains

same

at

to

are

In addition

of Burma. taken

The

"

length, 98; palate from

width,

process

specimens

higher parts

the

basal

mm.;

incisors,

upper

Habits:

of the

purchase. Zappey

of

and

highlands, from borders

so

goes

be

may

available

obtained

obviously the

and

interorbital

88;

of Chinese

Occurrence

115

of coronoid

jaw, top breadth

measurements

the

skin

type

greatest length,

lower

even

better-developed

later

a

The

teriorly, parallel-sidedana

specimens

in

type

form.

distinctions

since

depth

60.

ear,

Skull:

Himalayan

he

is

one

by its describer:

recorded

as

These

but

the

in the

type of coloring.

same

The

"

the

with

typical

especially

that was

and

generic

the

Himalayan

and

species. Nevertheless,

other, with

the

the

specimens that

so

profile,so forehead

ear.

aged,

so

other

given,

of the

Measurements:

quite

two

distinct

in

the

larger size and

swollen

the

under from

f. styani

the

more

of the

none

was

characters

Panda

A.

spreading,

more

of age,

mentioned

been

in

is

above and

separating species, and

saw

conspicuous

a

the

shoulders

said to be the

are

stouter

those

to

in

and

measurement

from

case

their

the

confirm

13.3;

on

convexity of

the

same

of the species 396) mentions

author

54;

rufous

forehead, obvious

to

for the

zygomata

matter

a

palate

brain

at

region

swollen

more

of the

partly

foot,

ears,

belt in this

distinguishing

Himalayan

the

ledge

that

the

from

the

the

with

ears

of the

(1929), the

blackish

characters

The

much

very

measured

wide

(1922b),

Howell

B.

of the

depth

peculiaritiesof the skull have

description. A.f.fulgens of

46

in the

A.

white, the

ears

deep ferruginous.

a

the

deep

almost

an

MONGOLIA

black.

by Thomas

by

form

to

AND

base; backs

outer

variation

some

CHINA

edges of the

their

at

the under

legs,and

OF

Min

upper

and too

Weigold high

from

a

Yunnan

Szechwan,

valley

of the

(1923,

p.

72)

him

to

price for Wassu

brought general region, in the Chinchiang the

western

region.

valley, but

CARNIVORES

THE

skull

the

Expeditions

Asiatic Mell

and

Talifu

at

(1922) in

same

the

skins

Canton

that

it is

have

doubtless

much

in

1869

and

Bartlett

(1870)

and

(1870).

for

open

their

they sit the

that

up

month,

"wonderfully climb

animal

emit

and

straight out He

grass."

or

of

and

others. raccoons.

bear,

nearly

found

and

that to

been

they

be

young

J.

similar

Every irritated cry; are

liked

fond

very

too.

sugar

chiefly vegetarian

broad

in

bear-like; same

sudden

barred

bushy

in

in

them

is

the

did

eyes

long delay

in the

paws

make

H. brief

Lonnberg

Their

7.

movement

their

the

of

(1869) found

Anderson

with

by W.

and

similar

a

keeper

18, p. 903) writes

July

on

following, and

habits London

the

by

subject

(1919),

Europe,

the

demise,

the

1908, vol.

Soc,

when

They

so.

the

China.

of

whose

in

its habits

on

have

strike

and

nearly

a

that, although believed short

by

state, in

alive

its subsequent

two

6

like

quarters

like the

to

August

noticed

been

their hind

on

bear,

carried and

has

actions

a

birth

gave

Henri in

than

form,

was

of remarks

Hist.

wild

a

(1922), Sokolowsky

Bombay

westward,

Burma

Himalayan

animals

after

Nat.

from

Prince

to

zoological gardens

the

captive specimens

that

nearly

the

of the

anatomy

in

habits

reached

subject

Trouessart

by

this respect

as

on

captive animal

not

the

the

(Joum.

Wall

same.

Other

communications

of the

One

and

two

saw

thence

According

Talifu

extends

range

and

Yunnan

in

used

are

from

came

skins, Mell

the

Yunnan

of

represent

so

formed

doubt

fur market

these

separate).

of

2

p.

frequently

the

Gardens

borders

tails

fifty trade

No

known

of India, and

way

the

high country.

the

be

to

and

central

near

the

on

seems

Captive specimens

(1907).

of

commoner

little

chiefly by

Flower

to

(Pousargues, 1896a,

Very

a

Among

in the

of

most

Museum

Likiang, Yunnan,

furs

that

little valued,

American

in

commoner

believed

dusters.

south

forests

evergreen

Himalayas

of

He

be

to or

Szechwan

d'0rl6ans,

are

one

The

skins

trade

of the

conspicuously white-marked.

were

the

it is

province.

seemed

of

number

a

that

brushes

as

northeastern in

secured

writes

The

Weisi. and

Allen, 1912).

unfortunately lost (G. M.

was

317

way

rush

of

tail

is ...

of milk, bamboo-leaves,

Sokolowsky diet,

indicated

as

of their

pointed

well

by

out

the

lack molars, as as by crushing surfaces cusps action, they nevertheless well-developed camassial appreciate an occasional

bird

or

given

mouse

them.

examined:

Specimens

"

all,eight, lacking skulls, namely:

In

Likiang, 6.

Yunnan: Szechwan:

Chinchiang valley,

i

(M.C.Z.); Ketsung,

Family

The

the

relationshipsof the

discussion.

It

was

first

i

(A.N.S.P.).

AILUROPODID^

THE

GIANT

Giant

Panda

supposed, by

PANDA

have

been

the

subject of considerable

its discoverer, David,

to

be

a

new

bear,

THE

3i8

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA "

standing in

though

in its

appearance in

in

and

Ursidae,

(1929)-, however,

Pocock

it should

respects

between

the

from

the

of

margin binds

approximately

has

its inner

wide

the

fourth

of the

none

three

last lower

is

it is in most

single

and

fore foot ing, pads lack-

In

the

skull

muzzle

coming

are

off about

of the

low

the

lacking. Giant

the in

itself.

quite by

carnivores,

is

canal

that

;

last molar

cusps,

further

out

the

cusps

This

tooth

is characterized

but

third

is much

by

like it ; the

fused

not

a

feet

with

the

bears. and

genus

their

stands

the

of the

short

edge

premolar tricuspid, its inner root

cusps,

long

with

points

of the while

feet

; the hind

short.

arches

hind

the

as

animal

character

inner

two

premolar

posterior as The

sectorial

and

outer

tail very

groove

the

; metatarsal

point; the alisphenoid

Pocock

this

in

bears;

are necting con-

posteriorly as in the bears

more

molars

upper

premolar,

upper

;

far

the

tufts

vertical

a

plantar pad

zygomatic

of as

that

all its allies.

differs from

Panda of the

of the

instead

broad

of

presence

the

narrow

been

externally:

usual

proximal toe-pads ;

has seems

are,

high sagittal crest, and

posterior to

remarkably

the

some

well-developed philtrum

a

the

fore

the

forward

extends

far

though

in he

genus

the

nostrils, unlike

to

and

roots

molar

second

ending

of

In

anterior

fossa

and

writers.

characters,

this course,

peculiar lengthwise expansion

a

the

level of the

instead

with

up

to

powerful zygomata,

and

mesopterygoid

has

equal in length

In

disposition of the

the

to

together

toes

external

the

to

genus

family, intermediate

in bears,

lip;

upper

lip nearly

the

border

striking features, the

the

extinct

subsequent

of the

distinguishing features as

the

to

the

most

panda.

this

vibrissse

posterior plantar pad wide

the the

small

important

facial

the

are

on

and

nose-pad with

of skin

web

the

by

distinct

a

granular-skinned rhinarium

the

the

as

referred

feline

a

less carnivorous

as

resemblance

a

consideration

Osgood, and

The

poorly developed

present;

at

H.

satisfactory.

most

a

stand

bears

W.

Dr.

supported by

"

better

followed

careful

even

its teeth

regarded

(Ailurus),

Panda

relation, with

definitely

been

have

after

the

nearer

suggested

Lydekker

they

as

He

and

bears,

and

this

believes

the

of

those

Flower

Arctotherium.

position

intermediate

somewhat

a

wide, strong zygomata.

than

type

its

recognized

Milne-Edwards

but

species of this family constitute

its

only known

representative. Genus

Ailuropoda Milne-Edwards, Ursus

David,

Pandardos

Ailuropus

Nouv.

Gervais,

Arch. Nouv.

Milne-Edwards,

Edwards,

Rceherches

The

characters

mainly given under

Ann. Mus. Arch. in

des

pour

Sci. Nat., Zool.,

d'Hist. Mus.

David,

Ailuropoda

Nat.

Paris,

d'Hist. Nouv.

Nat.

Milne-Edwards

5,

Paris,

Arch.

Mus.

servir k I'Hist. Nat.

5, vol.

ser.

vol.

des

13,

Bull., p.

vol.

6,

d'Hist.

p.

discussion

of the

i

10,

p.,

Mammif^res,

1870.

1869 (not of Linnsus).

161, footnote, and

Nat.

distinguishing this remarkable the

art.

13,

Paris,

vol.

p. 321,

7,

explanation Bull., p.

92,

of

pis.,1870.

1871.

Milne-

1868-74.

and

family affinities.

aberrant The

genus

are

general bear-

THE

like form Of

to

striking coloration

and

its various

the

characters

many

habits

suiting the (1929a),

the

exterior, differs

formula

i.f

pm.4

c.T

with

the

the

molar

A

name

melanoleucus

Ailuropoda

as

Nouv.

David,

the

by Pere

sent

and

moderate

is very

pattern

are

fore

down,

are

The

and

the

to

the

plates. first lower

been The

Measurements:

the

as

of

the

The

seen by Milnepreliminary notice

once

in

a

a

small

by

and

type

color

the black

black

leg from

and

and

essentially and

ears

limbs the

eye,

about

the

The

black

knee

of the

illustrated fossa in

measiired

fore

dorsally. arches,

generally shortened

mesopterygoid of difference

white

yellowish white, sometimes

narrower

well

were

rounded

powerful, spreading zygomatic

are

specimen

a

spot encircling each hind

head

belt,

they

(1921a), not

eye-mark,

the

alisphenoid canal, of the

In

ably presum-

in 1869.

bear, stout, with

(Jacobi, 1922). its

are

Paris, whither

Pocock

dark

and

black

and

(cotypes)

skulls at

rounded

body

a

and

short.

a

reddish

strikingpoints "

a

out

spine

skvdl, with

extent

are

of

in which

the

even

of

he

principality of Muping

pointed

already described

forward

molar

lack

natiire

(David)

Naturelle,

tail is very

to

of the

sagittalcrest, have

from

back, forming

characters

namely:

comparison

Nat.

throughout,

rest or

in

as

tooth

many-cusped

at

was

which

to

melanoleucus

d'Hist.

Panda,

ears

brownish

The

premolar,

by

changed it to Ailuropus.

is like that

shoulder

black,

legs extends

of the

The

leg

with

washed

strong

that

mal's ani-

well

skull, as

plates.

and

the

illustrated

premolars

length

originalskins

The

ears.

found.

entire

form

striking,but,

from

different also

David, The

"

and

first lower

anterior

the

type,

d'Histoire

Armand

the

form

the

fications, modi-

Paris, vol. 5, Bull., p. 13, 1869. Ann. des Sci. Nat., ZooL, ser. 5, vol. 13, art. 10, i p., 1870. in David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 7, Bull., p. 92, servir a I'Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes, pour p. 321, pis. 50-56, 1868-74.

two

Museum

Description: head

The

"

teeth

(Ursus), it

later he

Mus.

Redierches

Type specimens: still in

Arch.

Milne-Edwards,

Milne-Edwards,

1871.

the

and

Ailuropoda

Milne-Edwards,

melanoleucus

the

and

adaptive

been

Milne-Edwards's

lacking

bear

a

wholly distinct

a

of

Pocock,

to

cusps

shoots, which has

bears,

strikingfeatures.

are

iluropoda,but

melanoleucus

Ailuropus

in

camassial,

a

first described of

in

shown

low

doubt

no

once.

in

partiallyarboreal

many

are

foot-pads

characters

the

it at

As

according

with

their

bamboo

large size of

157. Vrsus

with

of the

of bears

The of

the

natvu^e

general

that

lack

be

to

may

feet is due,

correlated

molars

beautifully

are

from

Although

gave

the

and

first lower

Edwards

be

handle

to

The

m.|=40.

bears,

of the

jaws

diet.

particular of

highly adaptive.

hind

and

identify

to

serve

indicating powerful jaw muscles,

zygomata

Pocock

latter,and

will

doubt

no

fore

319

fur

the

broad-crowned

similarly,the

;

wide

of the

shortening

of are

nearly equal length of the the

CARNIVORES

and

the

comparison some

ance, appear-

by Milne-Edwards's

1,500

length of

with mm.

the in

the

bears. total

height

1922,

p.

Of

be

to

of

as

follow

of these

female

adult

an

that

skins

by

1,800

was

Possibly these

mm.

preparation.

the

only

337)

P-

others

essential

The

paper.

not

largest 1,610

next

given (1868-74,

which

to

Jacobi's (1922)

in

has

addition

in

1,720

stretch

The

(Jacobi,

Expedition

of the

mm.,

back.

doubtless

figures are

was

may

of the

ciirves

Weigold

the

type, Milne-Edwards in

MONGOLIA

These

mm.

back

brought

from

of two

those

660

as

largest male

list of measurements,

detailed seem

given

of the

skull

the

is

that

discounted

be

to

are

while

length,

in

base

of the

3), that

AND

CHINA

of tail,following the

to

skins

of the

for

maximum,

mm.

shoulder

the

at

muzzle

the

length from

OF

MAMMALS

THE

320

a

published

measurements

:

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

OF

MELANOLEUCUS

AILUROPODA

J.

M

S

"

Oca

a

e

-

^

5

-^B

^

%

^

W

CJ

i

a Cu

^

-

I

J u -

Z

+

9

o

PARIS

290.0

128

207

PARIS

265.0

132

185

DRESDEN

A

DRESDEN

B

29678

MC2

ANSP

237

290.0

275

285

290.0

243

260

of the the

by

and

and

by the and

large to

a

Berezovski is it found

60

88.0

133.0

The

Giant

roots

1869, nothing it among

from

northern

reports in the

that

Tan

more

the

specimens

it is unknown

Shan, Kansu,

to

but

the

Szechwan,

western

that

between

province

into

back

by

detail

it inhabits

the

plants.

adult

an

in much

described

down

elusive

most

lower

only

country,

covery Following its dis-

species until 1892,

brought Coming

Szechwan.

are

other

of the

heard

and

central

exclusively to

confined

his informants,

to

and

of the

one

known

Muping,

procuring for him

in

coming

never

first made

was

of

boundary

skulls

and

of bamboo was

central

successful

skins

be be

to

in the

According

mountains,

to

It appears

forming

it

116

high mountains

continued

has

were

since

Panda,

in the

globe.

(1868-74).

chiefly on

reported

Berezovski

203

hunters

inaccessible

subsists

139.0

135

specimen, whose

younger

132.5

91.7

high mountains

of the

93.8

60

of mountains

David's

IIO

"

238

David,

of the

Milne-Edwards most

"

Armand

Pere

mammals

range

Kansu.

in ner

the

206

131

Habits:

and

forests

bamboo

north

115

6I

211

through its discovery

Europeans

Szechwan,

256

278.5

Occurrence to

146.0 70

288.0

BM

9.7.21.3

135.0

"

"

the

into its habitat

Buech-

when

Russian from

explorer the

north,

people along the Ssigu River,

is first met

with

in the

mountain

nor

range

CARNIVORES

THE

forming the and

northern from at

native

from

who

hunters, to

10,000

declare

take

a

tree.

that

it does

The

Chinese

the

eventually

one

Tring Museum,

The

British

Styan's native

F. W.

Styan, 1899).

and

later

a

flat skin it in

from

sent

Pocock affinities bel

hunters The

Szechwan,

his

years

given

the

N.

of

(1910,

Heude

p.

It

male,

a

Szechwan

J.

W.

on

(1894b,

who

16.

Distribution

Ailuropoda A

melanoleucus

to

by

but

had

chased pur-

"lately"

published

"cstnjiu /,;.'/.\;''-V.-::"'."/

Map.

one

mentions

it in western

^

Fig.

captured

that

specimens

= ""."".""' '"."".sv-:''

G

Po-

Museum.

who

243)

p.

obtained

and

mounted,

are

Brooke,

these

or

(De Winton

987) mentions was

may

"hua-

another

Irkutsk

(1914) had

also

by Bishop Pinchon,

the

The

by dogs it

and

specimens

two

widow

Bardenfieth

Pere

bamboo.

Museum at

here

thickets

by Berezovski

specimen,

Fergusson.

studies.

earlier. him

from

be

to

its

skin

bamboo

pursued

northwestern

Museum's

Lydekker

and

by W.

(1929a) based some

British

British

second

a

the is the

secured

said

were

Yangliupa,

at

received

Szechwan

exemple"

secured

if

makes

beautiful

a

to

food

that

thus

"pei-hsiung" (White Bear)

the

to

others

the

and

specimens

its way

also

was

several

found

its chief

for it is

name

secured

keeps preferably

that

hibernate

not

Of

while

Museum

expedition it

and

which

Szechwan,

that

feet,

12,000

and

The

state

hsiung" (Speckled Bear). tanin,

Kansu

hmit.

western

natives to

between

boundary

321

on

its "un

Szech-

wan.

Perhaps

the

whose

letter

Sowerby

to

received

had

Tung

oak

He

tree.

in

Stevens,

1929,

saw

ago.

E.

To

this day

H.

Wilson

Zappey

in

were

central

solitary and

they

long periods, with

are

often

the

natives, Wilson

met

in hollow

months

seven

range

northwards

Tachienlu,

and

It is

Fu.

Lungan

"vicinity of

the

from

extends

to

that

within

the

zones.

Fir

forms

slender from and to

and above

rival end

to

Dr.

bamboo

so

grow The

September, eating.

mainly

10

some

and shrubs.

of

excellent

writes

Bamboo grow

the

on

In

"for

a

.

to

12

of

the

to

jungles

are

large belts

thickly together

according Giant

shoots to

and

shows

Panda

to

in

species,

good

natives

taste

in

feature,

all

Silver

open

culms

impatient

spring are

6,000

encompassed

The

out

beyond

The

area

and

are

starve

continue

which

altitude

plants to

as

is the

vicinity of

characteristic

a

timbered

These

that

between

plants.

or

which

the

to

these

from

forests

jungles

the

Throughout

feet tall.

same

six

the

further

says

Bamboo

shoots

sparsely

the

general

the

statement

absolutely impenetrable thickets.

young

The

.

west-

information

eastwards

of the

Bamboo

and

Tatsienlu, It is in

to

caves," Wilson

thence

young .

Wilson

...

else

boundaries.

forming well-marked forests,

Sungpan,

nothing

it eats above

and

are

hibernates

westwards

shan

essentiallya denizen

feet, feeding

11,000

declare

According

others.

Wa

in

examples

occasionally

When of

the

large heaps of its dung which

and

hollows,

trees, rocky

in

years

forest, "frequenting

the

"pei hsiung"

the

He

in China,

rugs

animal.

the

a

fine

skins

southwest

Herbert

thousand as

high price.

a

from

testimony reported by

the

to

contrary

that

used

than

cub.

included

four

The

Szechwan.

jungle."

Bamboo

states

be

to

through the

tracks

in the

more

signs" of

is evident

as

was

than

and

"evident

saw

beaten

makes

for

at

vicinity of Wawushan

the

Szechwan,

havmts

Chengtu, city and command

that

animal

hundred

that

with

183) speaks of seeing several

2, p.

Europeans in

sale

for

this

sometimes

said

are

(1913, vol.

the possession of offered

skins

the

times

Szechwan,

Liangchow,

of Yii, from

tribute

ancient

in

high

a

other

states

pair

an

of

one

none

adult

of

upper

Edgar himself forks

about

been

(1929)

Edgar

family consisting

a

have

1903

19 16, half-way

in the

than

nearer

covild

communication,

later

a

(Edgar, 1930) that

adds

for

In

Panda.

Giant

the

no

animal

the

the

on

Kinsha,

great ball, asleep

a

approached

and

In

far from

Edgar, in

Edgar

in Takiu,

Muping.

not

J. H.

was

19246).

seen

of

country

up

that

believes

Panda

country

in

in life

(Sowerby,

Giant

a

MONGOLIA

animal

the

see

quotes

in wild

unarmed

was

to

classic

curled

animal

Sowerby

yards.

report

of

Derze,

and

white

large

a

saw

latter

the

opposite

Batang

between

the

AND

CHINA

Eiiropean

first

credible

a

River,

OF

MAMMALS

THE

322

are

of shade

undergrowth from

June

within

and

up

white

confining his diet

this excellent

Hugo

(1923)

vegetable!" this animal Weigold, who hunted

that

in the

thickets, which

Sifan often

region are

he

in central

followed

compacted

it in the

Szechwan same

by the winter's

in 1916,

impenetrable snows,

so

that

THE

trails followed

the and

half

a

Black

the

as

as

find

they

a

man's

fresh

inch

an

me

that

to

follow

a

shot

down

thickets, the

pursuit he

as

opening. native

the

long sight of

a

The

only living specimen but

behind

it

listed

later

was

Giant

the

and

of the

fore

Min

part

Mountains,

with

skull, slightly injvired at

mountains

strongly tinged with Apparently Roosevelt,

and

the was

a

second

Field

Roosevelt

given

an

Min

with

brothers

of

skull

hunting,

in

a

specimens

from

the

tains moun-

male

only,

pelage, from

skin white

from

skin

a

winter

immature had

Wassu

the

adult

thick

the

success

male,

skull; (d)

female

secure

adtdt

(c) an

;

of

several

an

small

in by

his lack

male

of the

last

dense

a

adult

these

specimen

to

Kermit,

the

local

also,

of

in

of

the

of the

was

at

northwest

a

of

A

by

of

track

animal.

form

now

Chicago.

at

back

a

in the

one

This

specimen

splendid

brief

Osgood

Theodore

in

group

of this

account

(1931),

the

and

(1929) describing their journey,

book

and

the

the

shot

In

experience.

habits

the secured

miles

and

is Col.

specimen

upon

illustration

their

the

came

hunters,

History

photographic

interesting picture

hundred

Both

in the

much

opposite side

(a)

an

tip

adult

finallyovertook

have

(1930) tells

two

the

an

hunter

Natural

a

Roosevelt

some

valley.

from

which

the

(b)

;

complete

and

up

waving

secured

occiput; (f) an

the

his brother and

obtained

Museum

and

(e)

first white

it up,

published with

skull

In

suckling brought

a

follows:

as

one,

reddish.

the

who,

followed

of the

Min;

near

of the

east

3)

hunters,

of

Weigold

p.

the

and

appearance

Notwithstanding

purchased, with

the

mountains

was

then

of

Panda,

valley, skin

from

the

on

told

trail,and

trails

killed.

by Jacobi (1922,

skin

game

seen

the

fibers,

is overtaken

exertion. was

signs

Weigold

arduous

tunnel-like

fleeing animal

a

animal

most

a

strenuous

the

Dr.

fresh

a

similar

accompanied

chase

through

and

they

Wassu

snow,

and

closed

Mountains, east

to

come

personally seeing are

person,

the

on

the

occasions

found

calling for

had

hunters,

which

several

on

dogs

until

natives

it hibernates,

saw

exclusively

clusively ex-

larger

of bamboo

conversation,

set

halt,

a

the

of the

that

himself

be

to

also

testimony

one

well,

as

seems

but

believe he

is

In

is to

hunting

roughest country

the a

had

athletic

an

nearest

bushes

in

possible,without He

of

the

and

snow,

crushed.

fast

obtained.

over

composition

large mammals shoots

not

of these

height from

Its food

young

do

in

vary

Pigs.

contradicts

the

on

long, thoroughly

as

other

local hunters

method

though

and

He

native

the as

the

droppings The

early January.

often

for

by

the

only

finger.

and

Wild

and

not

them

used

are

Takin

sprouts,

Wilson,

quoted by

since in

bamboo

thick

as

They

meters.

Leopard,

Bear, the

ones

five

to

323

-like through

tunnel

run

CARNIVORES

recounts

place

in

Ningyuan

the

a

briefer their

Lolo

account,

successful

country,

(not far distant

Kermit

hunt,

near

in

Yehli,

from

Tat-

sienlu). All these

accounts

agree

in

limiting the

distribution

of the

species to

the

MAMMALS

THE

324

central

parts of Szechwan,

of evidence

is

admirably

interesting of larger

and

parts

to

in

the

foregoing

has

been

that

so

account

H.

of

corresponding

bears.

expedition,

In

has

C.

W.

G.

soft parts

which

Small

he

History,

better

[Since specimen

that

shows

of the

known.

of this

they

from

gathered

as

semble re-

than

Sages'

of the

member

of its habits

account

Dean

(Ailurus) rather

Panda

(1937), a

Sheldon

Shanghai. Mrs.

portions

be

the

three

River, Szechwan.

the

on

of the

brief

a

Min

(1936), in

Raven

addition,

on

but

should

anatomy the

and

of Natural

skeleton

of

exhibition

an

at

Mr.

by

are

most

secured

form

Museum and

paper

a

structiu-es

published

the

long

of Tsochow

written,

was

skin

in most

Expedition

led

teeth and

rarest

public museum

new

American

the

of the

to

the

throughout

represented

Dolan

expedition

balance

The

broad, flattened one

now

in the

an

only

ere

west

area

and

Philadelphia,

at

for the

not

preserve

an

1934,

specimen

published by the

lives

apparently

Brooke

specimen of

part

well,

as

hunted

those

a

fine

a

it

It is altogether

Sciences

mounted

latter

able

were

They

is

Jr.,shot

Sage, soft

of Natural

there

forest.

powerful jaws

crushing.

Quite recently, the

in the

Again,

its

MONGOLIA

in the bamboo

larger carnivores, although

Academy

group,

and

the

musevims.

for the

for

adapted

AND

but

hibernating;

which

shoots

CHINA

altitudes

high

at

its

against

bamboo

on

year

OF

his

hunting experiences.] examined:

Specimens Musetim, and

and

in

mounted

one

the

particularlyexamined of

Chengtu,

Natural

of

to

one

and

and

River)

British I

Szechvan, and

Hotzegou,

skull in the

a

in the

specimens in the

all from

from

skull

(M.C.Z.),

mounted

two

(Min

skull

Tring Museum,

skin

a

Szechwan

Sciences

In addition

"

mounted

two

Museiun, have

more

from

another of the

museum

Field

west

of

Academy

Philadelphia. Family

URSID^

BEARS

With is

a

very

free

as

rather

tail,the

digits on

are

in the

foot.

each

rather

short

those

of the

their

This

molar

family in the

(Melursus)

and

and

the

no

little

family,

the

and

presence

the

skeleton,

flat

of five

plantigrade, the

are

bones

posterior ones, in

crowns

specializationof

the

group

hind

forearm of

power

are

the

which

strongly and

fore of the

is considerable

there

the

stocky form,

the

modified cusps

last upper

are

premolar

teeth.

typical South

bear

externally by

leg, and

nearly

is

sectorial

of

hind

the

the

teeth, especiallythe

There

is rather

Andes

feet

In

lower

broad

as

hind

stout.

The

cutting edges.

first lower

The

and

forearm.

crushing by

without

Bear

from

lengthened muzzle,

both

member

Panda

characterized

short

rotation

and

Giant

of the one,

limbs

for

elimination

fairly homogeneous

clawed

are

the

of the

Palaearctic

America,

and

Malayan

Bear

one

region, with or

two

others

(Helarctos) in

the

an as

aberrant the

Sun

tropics

of

CARNIVORES

THE

Asia.

southern to

from

the

been

of

obvious

an

it

that

in small

races

reached

the

generic

B.

a.

Size

b.

Size smaller, upper

and

larger, upper

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.,

The

Europe

and

the

lower

haired,

premolars

length

the

marking

in that

the same

the

posterior

metaconid, between

subgroups

The

cones,

there not

is

is still in

two a

the

the

somewhat

are

smaller

a

higher jaw,

and

the

the

cusp

While

genus, the

more

division

unsatisfactory

state

on

molar

a

in the

as

differs

practically

are

the

less of

outer

with

sxirface grooves

first

between or

the

on

being distinctlyoblique

latter

teeth

The

instead

entoconid

present

inner

median

whose

molars.

but

single

a

the

on

indentation

an

and

pad thickly

one

long nasals,

Euarctos,

lower

hypoconid of

secondary

cusps.

are

the

arctos),

large species,

palmar

first upper

genus

Bears

represented by

and

by

decided

cusps

in the

found

these

a

so

In

incised.

Ursus

behind

palmar,

in the

as

Bear, These

of the

front

plane instead

transverse

Moreover,

depression into

two

posterior heel

Brown

Bears.

sometimes

without

molar

deeply

area

the

and

the

termination.

more

Grizzly

from

Brown

Eiuropean

relativelylong, with

across

upper a

rounded

Euarctos. and

last off

is

width

the

restricted, includes

carpal

the

outer,

muzzle

The

wrinkles

with

Linnaeus

BEARS

and

Brown

the

Euarctos Helarctos

Ursus

(type species, the

on

well.

large, the

in the

first

the

across

f

nowadays

carpal pads separate

exceeds

broadly or

width

the

to

1758.

i, p. 47,

as

black,

or

eminence

as

lo, vol.

American

brown the

ed.

Asia

and

North

rounded

side

first

the

across

premolars ^

lower

and

Ursus,

genus

of

are

:

Ursid^

width

the

servative con-

These

Mongolia.

following key

Mongolian

equal

about

BROWN

side

species

a

of bears

Ursus

Genus

either

and

and

is

molars.

upper

Ursus

of China

exceeding

nasals

but

forms,

different

the

local

very

general agreement

a

four

from

known

readily,

and

into

up

described

the

only

limits

Chinese

of

shortened, the length of nasals

Muzzle

and

far

as

ters charac-

size largest

molars,

upper

may

length of the

lengthened, the

Muzzle

be

Genera

the

to

long before

be

growth.

recognize

to

travel

can

they break

that

specimens

distinguishable by

that

specificlimits of

and

which

genera Key

A.

it will

adopted, occurring within the

as

three

represent

believe

to

is here

treatment

recognized

are

not

and

these

be

animals

are

doubt

No

areas.

to

as

Bears

unreasonable

to

in

peculiaritiesin

exaggerate

to

life would

in

that

nature.

seems

perhaps

individual

according

characters,

being noticeable

often

tendency

recent

a

species, animals

distinct

so

region,

same

has

There

due

skull

the

differences

these

and

in

variable

rather

are

individual,

and

sex,

age,

They

325

genus

entoconid

occupying

the

large

account

the

bears of

the

lack

of proper

to

and

Chinese

Mongolian

whether

will have

await

to

A.

Last

upper

molar

B.

Last

upper

molar

white

a

to

about

least but

Chinese

37

about

Ursus

vol.

collaris

16,

collaris

Ursus

{Mylarctos) pruinosus Lonnberg,

Ursus

leuconyx A. B. Howell,

Ursus

arctos

Lydekker,

Sowerby,

"

sides

and

brown.

in front

A

broad

of

the

branch

also

cutting

off

a

Ursus

lasiotus

arctos

Gray

pruinosus Blyth

Proc.

Lonnberg,

Zool.

Soc. London,

skull, the

greater

than

that

molars, which

of

the

length

last of the

teeth

are

flanks nasals

form

to

or

of

frontal

of the

upper

As

a

half

the

consequence

tipped

posterior Teeth

in

is more

length

of

of the

outer

above

than

half

length of the

great

neck;

yellowish. extending back

their

mesial

length

large, especially

very

palate

sides.

The

specimen. the the

a

hind

and

is well

Thecingvilum

group.

the

upward

the

Fore

ends

suture.

mm.

eye;

brown;

shoulders, nearly

hair.

with

maxillary,"

and

blackish

aroimd

of the

the

inner

both

collar

part

U. arctos

the

is continued

and

yellow-tipped less

follows:

as

below

hairs

the

long shaggy fur, blackish

a

upper

more

(1897) and

of the

chest,

long, their

teeth

type specimen

species from

this

around

with

the

the

is 41

the

Lonnberg

area

equally large, the combined than

1929.

of

bear

a

across

blackish

on

molar

last three

of

clothed

processes

molars

u.

Calcutta.

side,

are

those

f. Tier-

Soc., vol. 35, p. 807, 1932.

rich buff, bases

black,

exceed

Ber. Mus.

u.

p. 91.

i, p. 22,

brown

across

patch of

upper

1923,

art.

given by

Ears

mesial

considerably greater group).

is

a

of the

upper

Hist.

dark

each

on

Abh.

1920.

London,

at

extends

frontal

the

the

Nat.

rather

band

and

Soc.

Mus., vol. 75,

rufous.

oval

Weigold,

1897, p. 421.

description

backward

large

beyond

in

gray,

white

Back

the

Zool.

with

shoulders,

black.

arctos

Ursus

of

pruinosus Blyth

Museimi

of head

extends

"much

U.

that

with

black,

to

I, p. 224,

Kansu,

cinnamon

more

lower

Species

localityis Lhasa, Tibet, and

type

careful

pale yellowish

forehead

The

The

southwestern

Shan,

vol.

Proc.

Indian

A

Description:

length

brown

Soc. London,

Zool.

U. S. Nat.

Proc.

"

in the

presumably

Proc.

Pocock, Journ. Bombay

pruinosus

marked

questions

1923.

Journ. Mammalogy,

Type specimen:

the

Mongolian

Ursus

2, p. 71,

no.

arctos

In

a

the

recognizable

are are

of

adequate material.

Coll. Przewalski, p. 9, 1887.

Severtzov, Cat. Zool.

Ursus

limbs

type within

Ursus

Ursus

occiput

areas

the

85.

p.

lagomyiarius

Min

races

represented,

regard

to

narrow

occur

collar

Volkerk., Dresden,

snout

local

extent

species are

color

mm.,

by

Ursus

Blj^th,Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 22, p. 589, 1858.

pruinosus 1923,

what

to

of

species

two

and

158. Ursus

91) proposed

long, color black

mm.

40

p.

digitalpads united

the

study with

the

MONGOLIA

plantar pads respectively, as

distinct

two

fiorther

Key

usually

At

areas,

than

more

and

palmar

Mylarctos.

subgenus

new

the

AND

lately (1923b,

has

material, Lonnberg

skin

of hairless

is

CHINA

OF

large-toothed U. pruinosus, with

the

or

MAMMALS

THE

326

greatest The

last four

(less in

size of the

bined com-

breadth.

mastoid

(pm4-m3)

males

teeth,

of the and

the

THE

resulting length of

view

is obscured

from

arctos

it is

group

Shan

Min

from

1,020;

height in

are

and

Tibet

from

Museum

from

in

from

younger

of

measurements

Fenwick

by George

girth behind

915;

one

the

U.

height

following

concern

well

as

lished pub-

are

metric

to ;

shot

units) :

shoulder,

at

shoulder, 810; length of

and

paper,

Kansu,

mm.

male

a

Owen,

converted

The

pounds.

MEASUREMENTS

is

length 83.2 in

and

specimens

molar

skull

in the

others

ear,

ments measure-

adult

an

two

as

skull

from

British

Kansu.

combined

specimens

last lower

the

profile,whereas

straight line, 1,550

a

weight, 24212 Lonnberg's

CRANIAL

The

in

quarters,

total

part

much

a

external

Kansu,

western

tip of tail

hind

at

approximate

113;

in

process

(1913, p. 295) (the English inches to

nose

of

posterior part

coronoid

following

Range,

by Wallace

length

327

visible.

The

"

the

row,

the

by

wholly

Measurements:

in the

tooth

the

CARNIVORES

a

the

with

male

of pm*,

and

m'

second.

OF

URSUS

m^

is 79

The

PRUINOSUS

in the

mm.

first

of

the

two

temporal ridges just meeting;

the

first of

Lonnberg's

British second

Musexim is

advdt

an

female. Occurrence

(m^), which,

molar that

of the

sort

of

U.

shows

behind

in

Lonnberg has

the

On

name

the

in

from Game

of

well, much

that

it is

a

of

as

in

recent

probably

paper, a

race

mark

bears

of

to

white

extended

U.

Bears.

of

in

that

some on

the

mentioned in

Wallace's

(facing part I have

way

p.

182) down

followed The

pruinosus.

the

upper

show

crescent

subgeneric rank,

discussion

Pocock

to

seems

and

large

long, exceeding

mm.

China"

Grizzly

some

the

reproduced

Western

pale

species worthy in the

the

specimens,

and

the

40

usually

photograph

big-toothed

mentioned

as

in

the

dorsally

Central with

is about it

The

character, as

distinguished by

pattern,

Lonnberg's

Kansu.

thought hand,

its color

extension

an

referring these

even

decides

In

case

"Big

Mylarctos other

as

is

bear

by Lbnnberg,

type.

same

shoulder

the

author

on

the

This

"

shown

as

the

(1929)

(1913)

also

Habits:

collar

was

Howell

book

arctos

whitish This

chest.

by

and

latter

and

proposed generic characters.

tion (1932a) after carefiil considera-

of U. arctos.

MAMMALS

THE

328

this bear

Hitherto

addition

the

to

is

myiaritis,what of

natives

reported

Tatsienlu

in

occur

about

and

much

after

It is much

region, a

long-haired, silvery bear

rodents,

just

its presence

to

Grizzly

our

north

the

or

white

and

heads

from

claws

Specimens examined:

west

of the

Ann.

Ursus

3, vol.

Ursus

piscatorSclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

Ursus

torquatus

macneilli

Type

Specimen:

alive

to

10.

93.9.

China,

and

a

moderate

covered

which is

form

longer

and

a

Nor small

upon

are

of bears

skins

this

was

Koko

for

at

hand

p.

748)

(1905,

with

has

silvery

Mongolia. Shan,

(B.M.).

Kansu

western

Gray

lasiotus BLACK

GRIZZLY 2k)ol. Soc. London,

Proc.

Lonnberg,

1867.

20, p. 301,

on

which

tuft

filling up is

there

the

is brownish. skull is

a

from

609,

p.

species

in London,

description preserved

are

been

have

to

the

figs. 186, 187, B.

text

1920.

this

Gardens

His

skull

was

1909,

I, p. 220,

said

come

interior

large, with

and

and

large

like the

and

nose,

tuft

has

Bear,

European

externally

is black

The

London,

in

projecting beyond of

long

hair

Japanese Bear, long and

on

but

rather

the

the

with

ear

throat

it lacks

any

Museum, "Northern

(Sclater).

this bear

belongs

rounded differs

but

especially internally

external

covmtry"

that

was

1867, where the

from

head

ears,"

prominent

on

British

the

"broad

a

about

received of that

founded

was

is based

originaldescription.Gray writes

broad

Its color nose

to

the

as

group

latter

behind, the

records

of

succeeded it

feed

and

that

southwest he

in the

with out

Noack

three

further

Probably

met

dig

definite

vol.

Gray. and

animal

In his

"

same

of

skin

The

stated

was

Description: the

Mammalogy,

specimen

The

"

The

1.

Joum.

attention

only.

appearance

to

of

1867, p. 818.

Zool. Soc.

Zoological Society's

the the

it attracted

Proc.

Lydekker,

Sowerby,

macneilli

Selenarctos

No.

138)

p.

Min

BEAR;

Bear

p. 91.

1923,

sent

a

Peiping.

Gobi, but

arctos

BLACK

Hist., ser.

Nat.

Mag.

given

name,

more

(meaning

says

cub, which

said to

the

from

Two

"

Weigold

in northwestern

Kobdo,

LARGE lasiotus Gray,

to

Horse

or

Tibetans

days' travel

No

does.

lago-

collar, as

some

to

was

Bear

159.

Ursus

was

the

plateau. Ursus

only occasionally killed with

possess.

1908,

that

venturing

brieflydescribed, without

hsiung" of

and

transporting alive

under

white

of the

part

Tibetan

the

the

"ma

region, he

where

(see Matschie,

Filchner

as

people

western

mentions, with

"dry-mu"

Miniak

the

Batang, in

trouble

species that

into

the

feared

these

flint-locks

to

only the

westward

the

or

MONGOLIA

from

steppe country,

China,

western

old-fashioned

it is

it extends

the

Grandmother).

Devil's the

known

Kansu specimens, Weigold animal apparently the same

especially a species of the

AND

CHINA

be

to

seems

highlands, whence

Chinese In

OF

long

in

soft

above

having hairs,

cavity; the fur also projecting forward. white

tapering rostnmi,

and

chest

mark;

long nasals

CARNIVORES

THE

median

whose The

teeth, though than

smaller

of the

larger

cusp

Measurements:

of the

(1923b)

Lonnberg

CRANIAL

Nomenclature:

While

from

bears,

eastern

done

to

been

see

named

time

to

than

on

this large black

this

is to

bear

long SpelcBUS Brookes.

ground

name

for what

given M.

of the

is

apparently

good

a

weigh

600

Lydekker from

the

was

pounds.

at

be

inches

16

be

I

(1909b)

Ursus

mountains

of

would

the

considered has

applied

tion posi-

I have

the

and

since

from

other been

forms

have

"new"

described

the

it is

that

Sowerby

are.

is still in the

type has

the

its

urged

and

specimens has

Lonnberg

case.

name

Mongolia.

these

to

real characters

but

given by

Mongolia.

instead

but

distinct even

those

China

comparable

the

shown

that

Kamchatkan

paler generic distinctness,

on

high forehead, assigning the Melanarctos (1901) erected new genus

skull

of the

with

of these

one

to

Kirin,

torquatus

Szechwan,

to

the

The

same

macneilli,

a

on

animal the of

as

specific

was

basis

regarded by him

has

name

large specimen,

very

species the

it the

Sowerby

Heude's

bears, under

long (404 mm.). refer

Manchuria.

from

type

same

locality in northern

a

sion posses-

in the

assigning Gray's

inadequately

so

what

or

Heude

of

with

and

hardly

narrow

bear

been

unidentifiable,

as

Sowerby

description

cavifrons, shot

sktill of which

a

are

LASIOTUS

in western

represented,

is meknt

should

bears, U. piscator, while the

is

added

in

correct

have

Pocock,

northern

ARCTOS

occurs

names

race

lasiotus

U.

Museum,

one

animal

difficult to tell what

British

various

slight basis,

very

(1920a) regards

that

bear

have

from

URSUS

is doubtless

little critical work

very

if more

an

male

I.

R.

and

bear,

adult OF

Lonnberg

larger black

time

this

MEASUREMENTS

"

U. lasiotiis to the

of

skull of

of Mr.

kindness

the

skull

type

for the

and

molar

first lower

in the

latter

of cusps.

Through

"

the

with

agree

side of the

inner

first molars.

the

thibetanus, nevertheless

Euarctos

and

outside

width

the

of

those

pruinosus,

the

on

posterior pair

measurements

than

of Ursus

those extra

of the

exceeds

length considerably

329

estimated

bear a

skin

named and

part of Tibet.

the to

by skull The

skull

of

figures and

mi

with

shown

as

the

the

teeth

of

the

upper

thibetanus

by

basal

handled

I have

[Since

hair."

however, a

and

Occurrence

Habits:

from

This

"

much

Szechwan.

Gray's specimen,

China,

well

may

U.

as

present-day

Szechwan.

Sowerby

has

Manchuria,

while

the

north

relates

even a

bear

of

only this

an

regards

he

what

of the

Specimens examined:

"

a

Gray,

vol.

Washington, p. 384, Ursus

Zool.

Proc.

1918 (as

a

10, p.

Soc.

was

in the

in northern

a

attack

a

and

recent

more

"Horse

it is fiercer

the

at

man

partly which

Bear"

in

tion disposi-

sight. He

devotired

by

really be

may

forests.

Manchiirian

Euarctos

of Tatsienlu,

animal

that

killed

scribed de-

southward

this

(B. M., the type), from

One

London,

hunter

to

northern

specimen

is

says to

prone

wider

China

the

records

Lonnberg

Perhaps

Sowerby

Genus Euarctos

Gobi,

ago the

nearly

same

"Spelceus cavifrons," but

as

species occurring

same

what

in which

instance

the

is doubtless

He,

one.] a

in

westward

the

to

had

of North

and

Hopei;

represent

may

bear, and

black

smaller

the

than

in

of the

ently independ-

correct

once

part

"

miipinensis,

the

sixty-five years

distance

tradition.

and

literature

of Chinese

wooded

of the about

my

thibetanus

doubt

no

any

notice

softness

possibly

bear

black

MongoUa."

"Northern

from

specimen

to

my

some

range,

but

of

of U. arctos.

race

a

group,

especially

(1932a) has

is

the

misled

that

under and

of

was

he

from

come

of E.

own,

t. mactieilli

hunted

Lydekker although

length

greater

somewhere

from

come

Lydekker

by

of the

bounds

have

since

have

the

across

lasiotus

U.

of

size heel

male

large

a

differs

coat,

large

rounded

muzzle

the

nose,

synonym

a

larger

taken

probably

now,

brown

U. lasiotus

that

over

than

range

of doubt

written, Pocock

was

different

being

No

the

by

"

note

mactieilli is

Ursus

somewhat

conclusion

many

conclusion,

same

that

states

good

broad

the

valley

The

row.

immature

winter that

U. torquatus

foregoing

the

reached

is in

"which

of

a

the

an

inner

the

The

while

slender,

of the of

instead

pelt with

black

in

narrowness

that was

cusp

thibetanus, the

the

and

show

long

transverse

same

skulls.

wrong

and

extra

is still widely open.

skin

specimens

Himalayan and

Euarctos

to

suture

the

that

mentions

in the

with

similarityin the

close

the

cusps

specimen

this

type,

the

in which

all go

molar,

the

the

to

is

type,

unequivocally

compared

as

refer

skulls

the

designating

letters

the

notes

Euarctos

posterior molar,

first upper E.

have

posterior

two

of

of the

two

teeth

the

in that

comparative

the

and

transposed

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

unfortunate,

description is somewhat are

OF

MAMMALS

THE

330

"North

China."

Gray

(as subgenus

1864, p. 692 of Ursus).

65, 1896 (as subgenus

of

Pocock,

Ursus). Ann.

Mag.

Merriam, Nat.

Proc.

Hist.,

ser.

Biol.

Soc.

9, vol.

i,

genus).

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. I, p. 47, 1758 (in part). de I'Emp. Chin., vol. 5, pt. I, p. 2, 1901. I'Hist. Nat. concern. Heude, M^m.

Selenarclos Tremarclos Arcticonus

Pocock, Pocock,

There

has

Proc. Ann.

Soc. London,

Zool.

Mag.

been

Nat.

much

Hist., ser.

1914,

p. 932

(in part).

8, vol. 20, p. 129,

confusion

in

1917.

regard

to

the

characters

and

species

CARNIVORES

THE

Bear

of the

Black

first to

subdivide

the

Black

American

the

characterizing

the

moderate,

not

much

tubercular

moderately

pointing

of the

form

step

or

and

on

in which

side, lacks is

and

of

abruptly

narrowed

Pere

Heude for

the

Selenarctos,

Sowerby

he

the and

I

latter

lips and

is

time

receded

the

Bears

the

this

Euarctos

position

5, where

He as

less and

states

in

with

those

fifth

skin

having

of the

thibetanus

connecting not

the

hold,

for

fingershaired.

group

palmar the The

pad

usual

in the

of

with

absolute

years

and

the

the

that

area

behind

pad and of thinner

rhinarium,

of the

feet

separate hind

of the

in the from

foot Black

American

ness supposed naked-

digitalpads in both

identity of

Arcticonus

area

of the

that

the

condition

Three

except

an

plantar pad

find

of the

palmar

while

small

specimens and

hair

characters

smaller,

are

be

the

means

carpal pad

carefullycompared E.

with

essential

ears

the

deep hairy indentation

I have

digits does

the

Bear

genus

to

with

overgrown

has the

said

are

carpal pad by

Arcticonus, though

the

of all the

the

Euarctos

Ursus. the

in

included

and

Spectacled in

erected

is continuous

area

with

that

specialized in

marked.

the bases

naked

thibetanus.

point of view

the

genera,

the

group

and

of which

pads is

palmar

the

five

and

"species."

Ursus

from

subject into

bears

Black

placed from

the

posed pro-

generic title

the

additional

two

is

1901,

and

Ursus,

genus

lacks

(m^) In

cusp.

thibetanus,

named

(pm^) molar

outer

the

Black

limiting ridge,

upper

type of this genus,

the

as

U.

i. e.,

its inner

on

premolar

second

dividing to

in the

cusps

"inner

last

(5) the

related

same

Asiatic

and

digital and

ears are

of the and

the

itself is confluent

palmar,

more

Bear

of

(metaconid

nearly opposite,"

upper

the

flat space

(2) the posterior

cusps;

no

the

Grizzly bears,"

accessory

last

(i)

open,

"very oblique"

any

and

(1914), approaching

Andes,

hairless skin.

the

Bears the

and

behind

thibetanus, the chief characters

Ursus

former

matter

characters, divided

American

between

the

the

at

the

bears, by

namely:

and

"are

tooth

lacks

cusp; side

up

Tremarctos,

genus

digits

(4)

outer

Black he

Pocock

later, however, for

on

took

Brown

posterior face, has

(1920a) formally designated

external

South

its

on

accessory

the

which

this

American

broad,

smaller

Upper Merriam

posterior cusps

the

more

of

teeth,

is "a

and

Grizzlies

smaller";

Asiatic

of

Meanwhile, of the

sulcus

much

again

of

the

there

in

or

premolar (pm4)

posterior

a

one

in the

in

middle

present

never

plane,

median

all trace

the

entoconid)

and

uniformly

in which

(mO

occupied by

last lower

any

differences

claws

short.

characters

preliminary synopsis

between is

transverse

same

Bears; (3) the

the

is

(hypoconid

cusps

his

molar side

which

this notch

in the

in

These

the

briefly

Front

feet

Hind

ones.

behind."

for

americanus,

uniform.

short,

hind

erected

1864

Ursus

the

apparently

was

in

and

type

"Fur

narrowed

long,

Gray

subgenera,

the

important

inner

entoconid),

than

longer

first lower the

into

follows:

as

group

more

America.

and

subgenus Euarctos,

elaborated the

out

Asia

Ursus

genus

Bears

(1896) further

of

groups

331

the

bears tooth

of

the

is to

first have

structure

in the

two

with

compared

as

the

pads

in the

Bear,

may

thibetanus

E.

that

indicate and

a

of the

result

from

differs

brought

equal

to

the

groups,

median

the

width

the

end

the

Grizzly

Bear

of the

nasals

front

outside

the

and

Grizzly

Bears

Brown

distance, indicating a relativelylonger may

and

strike

always

not

Since of tooth

in

North

has

different

tracing

of the

It

group,

be

may

that

the

genus

to

as

of

in

difference

a

that

size

in

character series

the

as

of

fact

much

that

considerable

a

the

of other

the

exceeds

characters

tooth the

width

as

the

across

well

as

as

and

well

the

confusion

black

bears

Euarctos

by the fact of

front

of

are

Asia

of

amount

home

them

separate

include

should

to

To

Euarctos.

of northern

elements

Euarctos

is likewise

but

course

any

these, although superficiallylike the

but

Ursus,

doubt

Asia

that

that

see

ment develop-

greater

relationships that

obvious

faunal

the

in the

cannot

detail

important

every

characters

on

very

clear

No

thibetanus.

length

this

than

difference

congeneric with

as

rely

obscure

recognized easily by

nasal

whereas

molars,

far

from

is about

short-snouted

except

group

is to

genera

is,therefore,

the

molars.

distance

greater

easily,so

groups

species, I

Asiatic

derivation

the

from

typical

This

ages.

appearance,

thibetanus

well

as

species,E.

resulted

in the

the

of

bears

America.

Asiatic

of external

palmar pad

specificallyonly, value

two

comparing

termination

of the

account

This

is well

first upper

rostrum,

narrower on

and

show.

may

and

in

place them

eye,

the

the

and

first upper

is, therefore, perfect resemblance

structure

the

and

of different

separate

examined

there

of the

regard

to

serve

I have

skulls

unaided

in bears

zygomatic width

will, however,

the

of

bones

length is much

nasal

the

the

to

muzzle.

thibetanus, the

of the

end

is in part

heretofore,

nasal

sides E.

the

American,

shortened

posterior median

their

to

width

the

emphasized

outer

velopment of de-

possibly

or

ground-living habits.

more

of the

Asiatic

condition

species,tending

resembles

is in the

been

the the

and

with Bear

length

across

Black

American

anterior

the

in

with

Black

palmar Black

elements,

two

Asiatic

and

American

primitive;

of these

support

apparently

not

by measuring

distance

the

and

has

which

out

of

Asiatic

in the

the

only

development

carpal

advanced

more

of the

weight

area

the

Brown

the

character,

In

larger

a

point in which

Another

this

greater of

development

size and

of the

more

confluence

the

larger size of the pad, through

a

species is

leaves

of the

state

separateness

is in

former

the

Bears

Grizzly

confluence

their

American

the

that

MONGOLIA

advanced

The

and

group

and

more

pads for specificcharacters.

of the

AND

Brown

the

and

of size differences

matter

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

332

the

first

molars.

upper

It is still China.

Of

distinctive,

a

question

those and

how

described, so

far

grounds for recognizing

as more

recognizable

many the

the

characters

specimens than

the

two

given I have races

of this

races

for seen

here

most

go,

do

not

there

described.

bear

to

seem are

in

occur

no

be

good

CARNIVORES

THE

Euarctos

160.

Ursus

thibetanus

Vrsus

tibdanus

London,

Selenarctos

Zool.

M^m.

Heude, vol.

pi. and

vol. 3, pt. 41,

2

text,

pp.

London,

G.

macneiUi

I'Hist. Nat.

concern.

I, p. 219,

MiSm.

leuconyx Heude,

thibetanus

Soc.

pi. 141D,

Zool.

Proc.

Lydekker,

1841.

p. 610.

Mammalogy,

Selenarctos

Foss., vol. 4, p. 325, 1823. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammiffires,

1870, p. 621. in Schreber, Saugthiere, SuppL, vol. 2, p. 144,

1909,

mufnnensis

Joum.

Ursus

Proc.

Wagner,

lorquatus

Soc.

Cuvier, Ossemens

BEAR

BLACK

Cuvier, in Geoffroy and

Swinhoe,

1824. Urstis

G. F.

(G. Cuvier)

thibetanus

thibetanus TIBETAN

333

I'Hist. Nat.

concern.

M.

de

I'Emp.

Sowerby,

Chin., vol. 5, pt. I, p. 2, 1901.

1920.

Allen, Mem.

Mus.

Chin., vol. 5, pt. I, p.

I'Emp.

de

Comp.

Zool., vol. 40, p. 239,

1901.

2,

macneilli

(not Ursus

1912

Lydekker). Tremarctos

thibetanus

Pocock,

Arcticonus

thibetanus

Pocock,

Selenarctos

thibetanus

Sowerby,

Ursus

clarki

Sowerby,

ibid.,p. 226

thibetanus

wulsini

Selenarctos

thibetanus

mupinensis

Selenarctos

thibetanus

of

account

in

it

the

was

of the

then

of

the

palmar, feet

there

broadly about

the

covers

far

chin;

The

skull

across

the

differs

fore

the

a

of the

that

the

the

on

sides

to

part

of the the

21,

Pocock,

1929.

Cuvier the

time

is

the

digits. tan;

of the

latter

inner

the

a

Color

hair

on

a

the

outlying

an

specimen

as

such.

on body, forming the with broadly united

the

of the

chest, and

of whitish

as

The

than

of

prominent

Thibet,"

before.

regarded

by hairy

side

of the

41

du

year

type

who

Duvaucel

by

iij livraison

no

longer

carpal pad

later

the

quoted Helarctos

Duvaucel,

title "Ours

Georges that

at

small

by

and

the

on

areas

;

in the

plantar pad lip and

upper

white

crescentic

variable

feet at

muzzle mark

of

of white

amount

the

hind which

front

edge of

shining black.

by

developed

canine

dull

Himalayan

bears

of

the

tuft

F.

under

shoulders

on

eyes,

Elsewhere

outer

from

line from

the

dividers

slightly more

the

as

on

Asiatic

with

feet

reentrant

sometimes

pad.

taken

fore

sole behind

back

main

of other

the

hairy

no

extent

the

the

In

I, p.

the

Cuviers

is,therefore,

There and

between

Nepal,

brother

Nepal,

as

of neck

in

1824,

digitalpads separated from is

as

variable at

ruff.

taken

art.

75,

is based

the

to

figured by

was

May,

country.

Hair

"

sort

be

Tibetan

size

by Wallich

date

1928.

p. 115,

41,

vol.

thibetanus

intermediate

published by his

was

Description: a

This

bear

bearing

type localitymay

portion

found

vol.

Mus.,

1932.

Bear, transmitted

first

Sylhet.

name

of

Sloth

S. Nat.

U.

Ursus

name

Bear

the

"Mammiferes" but

The

"

Black

and

that

Soc, vol. 36, p. 121, Pocock, ibid.,p. iii.

thibetanus

a

malayanus

himself

Hist.

specimen:

Type

states

Nat.

Bombay

Soc. Washington,

Proc.

1917.

1920.

leuconyx Heude).

Biol.

Howell,

B.

I, p. 2i8,

Selenarctos

on

p. 932.

8, vol. 20, p. 129,

vol.

Howell, Proc.

A.

1914,

Hist., ser.

Mammalogy,

(based

B.

A.

Soc. London, Nat.

Mag.

Joum.

Selenarctos

Joum.

Zool.

Proc. Ann.

Black

median

last upper

heavier molar

is

readily distinguished from

rostrum,

line is

first upper

American with

Bear

shortened

that

the

practically the

molars,

Black

so

Bear

as

at

their

front

in

that

the

paroccipital processes. is

length

same

projected backward,

the

end.

that

of nasals

The

width skull

occipital part If the

it cuts

alveolar

the

upper

is

THE

334

of the

edge in the

MAMMALS

species it

falls below

the

CHINA

AND

middle

the

of the

these

MONGOLIA

of the

latter

of the

been

fossa

glenoid

peculiaritiesof the

The

process. have

bears

whereas

paroccipital process,

middle

the

through

passes

level

distinguishing

structure

and

glenoid cavity

American

usually

OF

mentioned

under

and

tooth

generic

characters. Measurements:

available

cranial

The

the

flesh measurements known

bears

dimensions

bear

and

to

records

or

of this

be

from

are

described

the west

to

No

"

Chinese

for

weight

at

are

present

species. in the

specimens

well

5. /. "wulsini,'" as

as

of

American from

as

Museiun

senting repre-

from

others

ties locali-

south. MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

OF

EUARCTOS

THIBETANVS

Width

'

Front

of canine

to

back

Nomenclature:

The

"

following Blanford, the

E.

name

loosely

used

is inadmissible, and include

with

Pere

brief

four

Asia, and

believed

character

Hopei

secured

Pocock, Heude from

that

them

One to

is

by

however, named

northern

them,

the

the

article

of these be so

bear

R.

C.

Shensi. well

admits

by

it

that

claws on

on

of these

the under

and

believed

teeth

of the

subspecies.

a a

skull and

feet

were

side of the

A

Szech-

and

spot,

a

localityin

placed

of

paws

the

digits,instead

upon

it.

"species"

second

the fore white

meager

chin one

be

can

criminate dis-

in eastern

Muping,

from

1901,

could

very

white

usual

five skins

the

The

In

he

but

from

later

China.

Cuvier.

F.

by

the

the

given, Tibet

was

India

little reliance

as

in Tibet,

occur

replaced by

mupinensis,

that

leuconyx, based The

as

shown

(as

Andrews)

tentatively

figures of lack

for this bear,

thibetanus, occurring

E.

to

the

of

to

name

of China,

Selenarctos

distinguished by

Dr.

was

related

the

omitted

bears

with

was

variable

Selenarctos

as

the

on

names

new

this

be

should

the time

at

used

known

not

was

and

bordering parts

"h," but

species of black

gave

descriptions. wan,

a

it

inappropriate,

was

to

in

since

that

argued

originalspellingis Heude,

torquatus is sometimes

Ursus

name

who

thibetanus

This, however,

one. was

of last molar.

a

hair

bear rounding sur-

of blackish

CARNIVORES

THE

brown

that

whatever

doubt

leave

no

there

is in these

most

likely that

bears

the

in

individual

the

since

Ursus, and

for

Severtzov

1928, A.

In

Howell,

of

Bear

arctos

thibetanus

find

to

in certain

even

Until not

reliable

in

of Heude

a

the

one

chest

on

and

or

After

however,

chin,

or

do

not

sedentary species. pointed out, it

species in China. the

or

Moreover,

probably

more are

include

much

so

vary

(1932a) tentatively to

as

Hopei.

markings.

nature

the

Selen-

convexity of skull,

or

area

clarki. that

named

of bears

by

1873

Sowerby

form,

white

typical

Ursus

Tombs,

height

smaller

than

of

of white

with

geographic

more

(1920a,

in

use

name

skulls

in

or

do

subspecific sense

a

the

considerable

a

usual,

to

descriptions,I am,

amount

often

as

question its

new

Eastern and

Asia, Pocock

of

bears

The

readily as of

recognize

to

of the

review

ussuricus

as

races

the

broader"

over

differences

advisable

seem

travel

that

an

from

criteria.

as

geographical

more

recent

used

feet is also inconstant,

into

divide

in

suggestion

distinction, for

of

the

undescribed

material

"somewhat

as

be

mammals

are

available

reliable marks

cannot

the

on

bears

prove

the

on

be

to

specimen

a

of the

characters,

these

that

widsini

comparison

careful unable

would

Hopei

Black

skull

the

proposed

acting perhaps

than

albinistic

since

toes, it is

Nevertheless, Sowerby

referred

species, he

Altai

of the

8)

4,

and

type,

base

more

paws.

work,

the

leuconyx is preoccupied through

Ursus

large

a

B.

was

pi. 2, figs.3,

1901,

thibetanus

E.

about

question

of its fore

accounts saving 225), in reviewing Pere Heude's

the

to

hair

less white

or

more

given (Heude,

teeth

they pertain

for the

which p.

figuresof

The

usual.

as

335

uses

his

In the

bear

black

does

name

of North

China. and

Occurrence the

over

the

perhaps southern

No

forests,

region

a

the

from

Dr.

bears

ere

whence as

the

long

Shensi, came

he

the

but

be

supposed

and

he

northern in

the

Hopei

of Kansu

borders

in

has

of

a

the

forests

of

p.

named

Selenarctos but

to

Tsingling Range.

The

area,

this

recorded out

The

same

west

that

forests

the

the or

Hopei locality

Paochi)

of Sianfu, at

specimen

from

species from

leuconyx (Paoki the

of

(whence

of the

years

215) has pointed

(1920a,

securing

Korea

Tombs

of

Tungling

indistinguishable

in recent

has

this wide

the

Wulsin.

Eastern

the

In

subspecies.

the

F.

and

to

destruction

by

R.

tends ex-

south

over

confirmed Dr.

Bear

Tibet.

and smaller

and

specimens

Heude

Shensi,

by

of Manchuria

rapid destruction Grounds

the

later and

in parts

exterminated.

specimen

Taipai Shan,

Shansi

occupation

presence

Zoology

the

Sowerby in

human

in 1920

common

Imperial Hunting

may

northern

is

With

Black

and

nearly uninterrupted

was

C. Andrews

R.

Comparative

examples). old

Its

by Sowerby by

Himalayan

it is represented

that

its range

restricted.

the

to

west

time, through

closely allied animal of

and

times

there

of China

country

is evidence

present

reported

was

Chinese

not

former

it is much

Museum

in the

of

basin

there

at the

specimens or

Yangtze

in

but

area,

rough

the

from

Speaking broadly,

"

wooded

China,

doubt

Habits:

the

is still in

is

foot the

THE

336 Sikawei

Museum

in November,

This

bear

in

rare

in the

vicinity, and It

Chekiang. over

may

remains

go

and

skull the

of

about

Tibet,

former

found

are

altitude,

he

in

female

;a

saw

into

go

takes

winter

bom,

are

young

forest

bear

as

place

after

with

American

Black

China

as

Hopei:

Eastern

Tombs,

Shensi:

base

Taipai Shan,

of

i, skull

Szechwan;

in Wassu-

valley

little

in western

or

winter,

to

seems

(Wallace,

the

months

the of

method

first fall of snow,

three

were

of

be

191 3,

China, and

mother

the on

old.

follows:

Mekong

4. i.

Lunganfu, valley,

i

i

(B.M.);loc.?

melli Matschie,

(B.M.).

i

(B.M.).

Euarctos

thibetanus

HAINAN

in Mell, Arch.

f.

BLACK

Naturgesch.,

vol.

melli

(Matschie)

BEAR

88,

sect.

A,

no.

pi. 2, fig.3. Ursus

vicinity of

native

report

in

meters

3,400

Others the

that

says

(M.C.Z.).

161.

Selenarctos

a

two

ders bor-

:

Hupeh:

Siam:

Nine,

"

by

the

Bear,

cub

He .

second

very

hibernation;

after

September

emerging in spring being accompanied

native

to

British

is the present

in the

in

The

hibernate, but

from

coming

in

the

to

it

skin

the

on

Kwanhsien.

Batang,

near

the

in the

to

1,300

spitz-dog ; a

a

ward southsouth

records

latter

high

so

Samando.

near

According

quarters

Specimens examined:

size of

valley above

is said

the

quite

in

people distinguish two

doubt

not

from

and far

that

writes

the

(1870c,

geographic grounds"

forests, from

Tatsienlu, again thick

of its habits.

195), mating

Min

21)

(probably pruinosus)

the

in the

This

dogs.

definitely known they

in

No

mountain

one

young

near

and

Yangtze,

hunting is with

a

p.

be

presence

How

specimen

a

(1923)

Szechwan,

Ursus

true

is

there

Weigold

of timber, but

September

by missionaries

upper

p.

limit

upper

where

a

(1929,

Hupeh, must

come

Kansu,

referring it "on

smaller.

in the

in

Swinhoe

of Tibet.

Howell

B.

in western

larger and

thibetanus.

E.

Bears

but

of southern

specimen

a

skull

a

Zoology.

China,

borders

Suifu, Szechwan,

everywhere,

the

to

Sungpan,

seen

A.

but

species of

a

secured

Zappey

forests the

to

valley, Siam.

a

quite typical of

Comparative

mountain

Batang,

Bear,

secxared

00,

westward

shown,

from

Mekong

of Black

species,the

land

a

from

of

they

be

to

cub

also

parts of North

Chef

at

the

and

R.

supposed subspecies mupinensis, and

Museum

kinds

in

occurs

of

settled

Sowerby

Szechwan

Andrews

Shantung, supposed to have (1920a, p. 215) is authority for its

specimen

a

C.

MONGOLIA

female, but

Museum

thickly

more

AND

south, for W.

the

in the

now

621) procured

that

to

is

that

R.

subadult

a

to

occurs

1907-8,

very p.

also

1921,

CHINA

Dr.

Shanghai.

at

here

OF

MAMMALS

tibetanus Swinhoe,

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

1870,

p. 231

(in part).

lo, p. 34, 1922.

Mell, ibid., p. 16,

CARNIVORES

THE

thibetanus

Selenarctos

Specimen:

Type

the

given by been

it

killed at

was

the

the The

total

length

Bear

Black

skull of

those

and

old

shorter-haired

of

that

with the

length,

1

14; last upper

Occurrence

winter

that

killed

on

the

Hainan

their the white

bear the

their

bladder

torpid that

one

Five-finger in March,

during grew A

his

very

on

eating

and

later

does formed

Mountains

He

1915.

residence

little,and

photograph

representative

shows of

this

now

As

adds

Its

the

long

tooth

bears

and

not

the

of

of

type

of

Hainan,

it when

acquired

in Canton, to

it

be

was

nearly

for

stunted,

it tethered

by

northern

group

a

chain. on

as

Hainan,

from

sucking

migration

its

heart

of

is

there

winter

In

of the it

as

said

result is very but

he

specimen

came

years. a

been

poisoned

their

to

corded re-

the

...

was

It

have

to

seasonal

months

three

tooth

paragraphs

fine.

says

and

as

few

a

"About

that

nine

matic zygo-

length

231)

p.

with

shot

natives

body.

(1922)

Mell

adult

97; lower

said

skin

supposed

of this race,

an

(1870a,

be

to

is extremely

which

eat."

(Wuchih)

the

of

jugal, 13.

quotes

of the

the

April, is

given herewith:

row,

bear

said

and

beliefs

parts

taste

black

are

mountains,

curious

of

sumably pre-

in

of first molars, 59.5;

1870, Swinhoe

shaggy

a

than

palatal length, 128;

upper

as

ago

children,

seemed

71.5;

and

race,

that

as are

243;

front

across

width,

small

as

measurements

length,

133;

is

but

group,

smaller

distinct

a

China skin

the

skin, taken

The

chest.

South

much

so

that

skull obliterated,

of the is

the

on

examined

it suggests

that

Hopei.

that

of the

of

skull

by 16.5 ; vertical width

29 "

sutures

Black

fact

the

the

regarded

and

from

basal

different

like jade, the

fat lies

tribes

to

male,

a

mark

have

This

Bear.

of the

width,

He

Gazetteer

paws,

gall

wild

was

and

old,

Himalayan

the

horseshoe

Black

in Hainan

shown

was

Pope. China

mm.;

Habits:

white

worn

thibetanus.

E.

260

island.

the

by

arrows

he

the

no

and

skins

of

race

I have

Hainan

molar,

and

months

It

was

said to have

critical details, beyond

mm.

western

of nasals, 58.5; least interorbital row,

specimen

was

nine

was

months.

of Hainan,

H.

C.

176; mastoid

width,

it

eight

usual

much

teeth

the

typical

when

smaller

a

900

is characteristic

the

condylobasal

was

and

than

skull

female

skin

Mr.

by

northern

is the

with

with

male

identical

The

apparently

there

of the

in Fukien from

is

identical

as

an

secured

and

years

original diagnosis gives

is black,

color

acquired it

and

of Hainan,

given

locality is

No

the

account,

is

type

collection.

Mell's

Mell's

to

of the

number

Museum.

This

"

the

R.

(Wuchih)

Mell

Berlin

Description: Bear, but

according

of three

age

in the

presumably

in

original number

1915.

360, p. 3, 1929.

no.

description the

Five-finger Mountains

in March,

born

Novitates,

Mus.

brief

the

describer, but,

in the

taken

Allen, Amer.

In

"

the

probably

1549,

as

M.

melli G.

337

to

old

a

been

have and

During

had,

from

cub

born

it

kept this

the

alive,

time

it

captivity. interesting to find a

perhaps it is in

of

line

with

the

THE

338 there

presence

A

very

of

fong, Hainan,

On

in

occur

have

would

black secured

have

with

northern

has

with

that

from

the

the

country

west

of

been

told

basis

critically, so

similarityobtaining that

probable

is

Fukien

fine adult

Province

male

further

China.

smaller

he

freshly killed

a

I

Indeed, in

specimen, which, than

spite of

the

more

specimen actually killed

adult

identity of the island

the

these

which

in

animal

conjectural merely, though, judging

in island

mainland

and

identity

such

that

report

The

be

plentiful.

very

of

Touche

in

Nam-

near

agree a

southeastern

of this

that

mainland

be

cannot

obliterated, is yet much No

neighboring

species,it is very

parts

the

on

of

Pope

species is still to

Logdsong,

Chunganhsien

at

wilder

H.

the

missionaries

by La

of mammal.

type

of Foochow.

streets

fur is less thick.

examined

of the

the

the

sutures

the

Clifford that

Bears

and

not

subspecies

and

been

close

he

Pope

all cranial

males,

Hainan

will

be

individuals

of other

in the

confirmed

of

case

bear. Mr.

sends

Pope

Kuatun,

range

corn

and

has

in the

Two

kinds

hsiung'

the

Kuatun

The

who

to

seem

Chinese

who

Mr. be

proves

to

be

probably

or

account

from

appeared. it should

constant,

Specimens examined: Chunganhsien,

Hainan:

Namfong,

i

"

Two,

i.

(cub).

the

the

as

E.

at

doubtedly un-

able avail-

for he

same

t. melli

along with

as

by

the

excellent bear

suggests as

definite

tinction dis-

Some

the

others."

Loi

hunters,

unable

was

'kou

by the latter

is meant

in

the

find

to

any

island.

if the

and

no

and

literature.

through

brought

in the

is

there

mentioned

them,

follows:

Almost

no

pig bear,

or

badger

was

China be

erroneously gives the type localityof

Fukien:

come

is doubtful

of western

that

hsiung' Chinese

them

He

be

night

over

patches. to

prepared, Pocock's

was

set

that

patches of

damaging

corn

down

obtain

to

declare

hunters

arrows

seems

most

is often

successfullyhunted has

'chu

in Hainan

ones

of

about

rare

specimen universally called 'hsiung'in China.

insist that

bear

man

there

is

the of

and

means

no

native

around

but

bear

minds

however,

only

above

bears

really distinct

The

Pope secured the

had

[Since the World

names

'jinhsiung'

specimen

the

have

hunters,

The

term.

In

The

bows

or

constructed

Yenping

proof.

bear.

dog

or

guns

generally mentioned,

are

and

of the

fences around

occur

killed.

by

are

frequently guilty

are

by

"Bears

note:

often

not

killed

often

of definite

way

are

They

bamboo

bears

by

following

its bear.

most

are

openings

the

though they

even

each

Old

H. in

the

recognized

Black

northern

a

by Mr.

Chinese

the

through

its presence

its age,

the

had

taken

C.

Mr.

by

confirms

MONGOLIA

proving conclusively

mountainous

discredited

being

bear

AND

secured

was

that

states

the

CHINA

adjacent mainland.

the

(1922, p. 16)

Mell bears

cub

bear

well, thus

as

there.

OF

{Mogera hainana), also

mole

a

black

young

found

MAMMALS

that

formosanus Kwangtung,

review

of South if the

of the China

small

of Formosa.

China.]

is size He

CARNIVORES

THE

Genus

Hist., ser.

8, vol.

129,

p. u.

of the

and

the

on

two

extremely

subequal

cusps

jugal slender; backward

extended

cuts

less

its lateral

(Pocock, The

than

the

place

nearly

the

in

downward;

width.

greatest

but

old

ridge

Last

animals;

shorter,

ear

the

wide parocline

narrower

to

supratragus to

if

tory edge of audi-

upper

the

its

upper

arch

alveolar

extending

concealing

and

lower

with

square,

upper

part, its height from Rhinarium

in the

Zygomatic

present

parison) com-

larger first

inner.

two

posterior heel.

Bears,

for

compressed

narrow

the

of the

the

lip,

upper

in side

septum

the

view

7). size, shortened

small

canines,

profile,enormous are

as

in upper

upper

that

the

taken

a

than

in Black

portions projecting beyond 191

has

part of glenoid cavity and

upper

simpler, less expanded

summit

higher

produced

Carpal pad wide,

meatus.

and

and

small

with

between

molar

sagittal crest

distinct

a

loss

upper

contracted

a

large, blunt,

cipital process

much

and

slightlylonger, with the

First

border.

the

closelyapplied against

space

powerful, with

and

stout

postero-extemal

outer

Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

(in the specimen available

similar

A

of

one

continuous

fills the

pm'

\

of

loss

its socket

of bone

is lost, and

pm^^

the

the first is

with

wall

a

and that

so

canine,

of the

still larger pm

the

Canines

molar

but

small

and

their

Pocock,

is characteristic, resulting in

in this bear

row,

second,

separated by

not

; the

premolar

of Ursus).

xxviii, 53, 1841.

pp.

snout

tooth

upper

postero-internal base

jaw.

Naturgesch.,

Hilfsbuch

premolars, apparently canine

pi. 7, 1825 (as subgenus

2, p. 221,

1917.

great shortening of the

The

Horsfield

Helarctos

(in part).

of authors

contraction

a

20,

Gloger, Hand-

Hdarctus Ursus

vol.

Horsfield, Zool. Journ.,

Helardos

339

pointed

single species inhabits

is

formula

well

as

genus, It

Pocock.

by

out

peculiar

also

in

m.f

=

38)

arium rhin-

of the

characters

its

frontal

convex

(i.ic.t pm.f

the

as

Asia, perhaps

southeastern

steeply

zygomata, tooth

reduced

the

well-marked

of this

distinctive

broad

snout,

and

tropical habitat.

A

barely reaching southern

Yunnan.

malayanus

Helarctos

162.

wardi

(Lydekker)

BRUANG

Ursus

malayanus

Helarctos

wardi

malayanus

specimen:

Type

skull described was was

received

given.

is No.

Proc.

Lydekker,

Pocock,

and

Zool. Soc. London,

Journ. Bombay

"

The

type

figured by from

Presumably

6.12.16.1, British

Hist.

Nat.

is him

text

p. 997,

.36,p.

132,

fig.,1907.

1932.

by Lydekker

in the

mentioned.

Ward,

it

from

Museum.

1906, vol.

specificallystated

Rowland came

for

Soc,

place

above

Ltd., of London, southwestern

but

Yunnan

no or

to

The

be

the

men speci-

preciselocality Szechwan.

It

MAMMALS

THE

340

The

Description: "

said of

its much

patch

is

which

nose,

the

at

however,

the

of

of the

Measurements:

255.8 mastoid

width,

perhaps

rests account

be

of the said

was

color.

is

the

of the

race

be

and

possibilitythat

a

The

skin

wholly black, except

grayish white,

is

Bruang

animal.

Malayan

to

is

There

as

the

the

for

usual

skin

was,

first of

of the

measurements

width

outside

skull

type

palatal length,

220.5;

molars, 71.8;

the

or

been

Later

the

skull

the

sole

thinks

skull

the

greatest length,

are:

zygomatic

127;

cheek

upper

width,

201;

teeth, 85.3; lower

may

an

error,

and

mounted

not

the

skin

second

number

If these the

It

same

origin!

as

H.

Mr.

as

to

More

a

from

Szechwan,

were

also

must

in

occurs

include

Tongking

the

earlier

yet

to

suppose

in

the

but quite justifiable,

be

skulls of

synonymy lack

H.

tion. recognisuitable Yunnan

southern

confirm

still be

sary neces-

whose

annamiticus,

shown. in

in

reviewing question

Helarctos

of additional

the

came

whole from

malayanus, facts, the

a

case

matter,

China,

which

course

may

sees

and

for the

very

places seems

present

information.

Specimens examined:

"

he its

supposed, in

it would

Heude,

of

specimens

more

malayanus,

given by

(1932a),

the

in the

to

H.

to

skull

the

mention

to

worthy

the

Lydekker seemed

Nevertheless,

Yunnan

of

Should

me.

typical

name

south

same

second

malayanus,

Lydekker

as

southern

just

J. Coolidge, Jr., tells from

the

at

is not

firm.

This

this

even

omitting

name,

specimen

wardi, but, since

m.

animal!

same

new

subspecies

recently, Pocock

wardi

of

the

Very likely the

recognition have

reason

more

distinction

area

from

typical H.

skin

eastern

same

Bergen torquatus" instead, implying that

really be from

of this bear

consider

to

of the

the

by

610).

p.

and

longer hair,

description

specimens

two

of the

original

by the British

Museum

(1909b,

those

his

the skin of this

subspecies U.

new

in

fauna

localityin

some

Norway,

British

Szechwan

the

"Ursus

the

certainly

distinction

m.

skull

distributional

places.

little

may

exact

or

claims

the

at as

the

for the to

border,

Bergen Museum,

states

possibly applicable

then

that

and

Chinese

received

was

of China

differentiatingtrait lies in the be

Bruang

a

the

Lydekker

from

the

quite

species in

Ltd., of London,

(1907) of

are

of this

grounds.

of

received

now

him

gives

a

to

was

type

characters

skull

provinces sent

Lydekker

made

was

1905

and

second

insecure

Ward,

northwestern

mounted

a

skull

about

Rowland

region, which

inclusion

The

"

somewhat

upon

from

Tibet

await

of this

Lydekker's two skulls. quite indistinguishablefrom that of the typical form.

Habits:

that

says

Museum

H.

that

source

specimen

The

;

and

Occurrence

the

than

cream

length,

171

MONGOLIA

teeth, 99.

cheek

had

a

to

"

basal

mm.;

hair

same

same

skull is said

The

AND

ferruginous, the chin, which

throat

not

CHINA

distinguishing character

longer

from

specimen

a

the

be

to

OF

One, the type, said

to

be from

Szechwan

(B. M.).

THE

CARNIVORES

CANID^

Family WOLVES,

Canidae

The

is

comprise

for

adapted

running with

digitigrade feet,

foramen

entepicondylar only, and well

heavily

haired

last upper

premolar of

enlargement molars

upper

their

and

for

cusps

the

and main

the

rounded

bullas

is usually

crushing,

and

present

the

the

complete

set

general

as

side

the

to

The

of the

the

length

canines

; the

for

are

of

the

blade.

provided

teeth

is

with

and

with

cular tuberheter-

of the

skull, the

bears,

and

is of

appendix

The

decidedly

the

the the

shearing by

structure

intestine,

limb,

teeth, consisting of

are

of

body-

loss of the

of moderate

muzzle

form

contrasted

alisphenoid canal.

an

attached

usually

compressed

the

the

adapted

are

molars

features

and

long

a

lower

In

functions.

slenderness

sectorial

molar,

third

that

so

conspicuous

are

form,

and

cusp

the

and

first lower

second

fitted for various

odont,

blunt,

has

the

of

claws,

tail is

The skull

in which

genera,

and

non-retractile

The

bushy.

or

Hghtness

but

hvmierus.

rather

developed, though

its

strong

in the

FOXES

of carnivorous

through

rather

AND

DOGS,

number

a

341

rather

more

teristic charac-

less

or

there

closely

coiled. Five

of

genera

Canidae

including wolf, fox, raccoon by

following key

the

Key

A.

Lower

molars,

to

of

Chinese

Genera

the

Size large, skull

Size smaller, skull

200

over

long,

mm.

less than

200

width

and

Mongolian These

dog.

Chinese be

may

Mongolian

and

area,

distinguished

Canid^

Larger, skull length exceeding 125 Smaller,

less

length

shorter, the distance

molars,

the

width

2, form

blunt

Cants

foramen

to

tip of

incisors

molars.

h".

skull

rather

antorbital

from

across

than

from

Vulpes

mm

125

Cynalopex

mm

antorbital

foramen

to

tip of incisors

molars

across

Nyctereutes

dog-like, color red

Genus

Cuon

Canis

Linnaeus

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. lo, vol. i, p. 38, 1758.

Miller domestic the

even

number

has

shown

dogs, two

general

the

form

typical Canis

the

that

the

American

latter groups

of teeth

through In

teeth

a".

equaling

Cams

red

mm.

slender, the distance

exceeding

h'. Muzzle

Lower

wild

3.

b.

much

B.

and

the

:

a.

a'. Muzzle

dog

in

found

are

the

they

teeth tend

to

Canis

are

less of

third

closely

be

may

prairie wolves

characteristic loss of the

genus

and

akin

than

upper

are

much

be

rather

alike

the

the

World

two

wolves

members

plump

of the

in appearance,

and

jackals, but

former.

The

full

of representation

only, giving: i.f cl pm.t m.f

in the

full and

to

Old

is just short

placental mammals molar

limited

the

genus, rather

=42. but

in

than

a

compressed

and

slender

transverse

by

small

antero-internal

point

of the

second

The

hardly the

skull, the

The

genotype

forehead

the other

without

several

hand,

I have

chanco

Gray,

have

names

Canis

Zool. Soc. London,

Proc.

Calcutta

Jardine's Naturalist's chanco

Canis

lupus

Canis

lupus Buechner,

side.

inner

in

crown

area

five

feet have

posterior pair.

portion contains

In

sinuses.

the

as

of

lupus

the

across

bestowed

been

being well made

is far from

northern

northern

upon

the

as

same

Mivart,

race.

1847 (not Canis

Smith,

laniger Hamilton

1840).

of Canidae, p. 8, pi. 3, 1890.

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

Imp.

At

nature.

WOLF

vol. 10, p. 134,

Monograph

Acad.

wolves

Gray

lupus chanco

Hist., vol. 7, p. 474,

Library, Mammals,

Bull.

European;

Eastern

Far

as

1863, p. 94.

Nat.

Joum.

Europe of Asia

part

vol.

34

(new ser., vol. 2), p.

102

Biol.,

(Melanges

148), 1892.

vol. 13, p.

d.

filchneriMatschie, Wiss. Ergebn.

Lupus

the

of a purely individual regard for variation and referred the Chinese Mongolian wolves to one

laniger Hodgson,

var.

this

Ca^iis

wolf

Manchurian

THE

Canis

The

cusp.

digits on

typical quite

change

163.

Lupus

on

much

very

present

central

of wolves

forms

the

that

the

regards

Sowerby

well.

be

important

without

extends

recognizable

of it may

Indeed,

out.

equal size

of

large

as

molars

upper

the

a

the

familiaris,the dog.

is C.

number

The

a

four

but

and

The

hypocone

has

with

blade

metacone

half

with

rapidly decreasing series,the third

low

a

is separated

premolar

upper

and

and

nearly in

are

compressed,

are

of the tooth.

distinctlyelevated, and

is

last

paracone

form

with

peg

anterior

the

jaws

large,compressed

a

center

outer

molars

rounded

a

digits on

clawed

above

of both

smaller, scarcely

is much lower

three

than

more

the outermost

general

of the

just back

molar

upper

first.

the

incisors

well-developed protocone

the

with

low,

The

on

is in

but

cusp

cusp

The

conical; the

and

short

tubercular, showing clearly the

are

but

as

main

coyotes.

premolars

The

rather

but

trenchant

blades

MONGOLIA

chisel-shaped,and

space.

a

AND

CHINA

American

in the

as

somewhat

row,

canine

the

from

OF

MAMMALS

THE

342

Exped.

Filchner

nach

China

u.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol. 10, pt. I, p. 157,

1908. Lupus

karanorensis

Lupus

tschiliensis Matschie,

Matschie,

ibid.,p. 159. ibid.,p. 160.

Canis

lupus tschiliensis Thomas,

Canis

chihliensis

Canis

lupus laniger G. M.

Proc.

Palseontol.

Zdansky,

Allen, Amer.

Zool.

Soc. London,

Sinica, Mus.

ser.

1909,

p.

967.

C, vol. 2, fasc. i, p. 13, 1924

Novitates,

no.

360, p. 4, 1929

(fossil).

(not Canis

Smith,

laniger Hamilton

1840).

Type specimen: skull

in

Hodnell.

the The

pL3, 1890).

"

British skin

The Musetim

is

type specimen from

of

Gray's Canis

"Chinese

figured in color by Mivart

Tatary,"

chanco shot

("Monograph

is

a

skin

by Lieut. of the

W.

and P.

Canidae,"

CARNIVORES

THE

"

Canis

chanco

black

and

about to

reason

that

suppose

from

of these

as

with

white, buff

buff

pale buff with

which

arm,

upper

the

along with

black,

scattering basally, tipped with

a

the

at

with

edge of

black.

slight buffy

base, Hind

legs pale Tail

is

tail is white

the

black

Other the

line

above

backs

of

of the

dark

white

flanks

is

pale

concentrate

the

edge of

longer guard hairs

the

caudal

the

third,

are

conspicuously tipped white

and

gland,

at

buff that

white, except

with

with

mixed

clear ochraceous

then

belly pure

and

the

perhaps

ears

the

almost

narrow

but

winter-killed

a

buff

and

guard

darker,

forearm

the

ochraceous

pale

of

stripe coarsely mixed

a

rufous, feet nearly

over

basal

have

may

stripe; neck, body rings

is

buff, abundantly

ochraceous

a

longer the

tip;

far

as

the

as

latter

tail with

hairs

the

on

;

the

fore

A

clearly marked. is very

prominent;

reduced

The

darker;

legs pale buff without tint

skin

pale.

forehead

whitish;

ochraceous

back,

rufous, and

ochraceous

specimen,

grizzled with rufous

contrastingly ochraceous

ears

narrow,

back

the

on

buff.

Urga, Mongolia,

muzzle

the

on

a

while

ochraceous

sides of limbs

specimens

black

from

clear

for the

Inner

tip. faintlytinged with

the

ill-defined

whitish, and

ringed by

broadly

black-tipped hairs, which below,

buff, paling

leg ochraceous

The

nape

similarly

form

buff,

ochraceous

then

tint.

to

shoulder

blackish-tipped hairs

forearm.

the

inside;

grayish white, the sides and belly clear pale ochraceous The are black-tipped hairs. woolly hairs of the back

and

of

smoky black

inner

upper

ochraceous,

concentrated

become

grayish

ochraceous

bright

pale buff,

the

to

eyes

of

slight sprinkling

a

Its

ochraceous,

the

white

and

side of fore

outer

them.

or

of

clear

ears

is One

level of eye,

below

bases

black, sides of neck

cross-bar;

foot;

the

on

of

their

light

There

gray.

chestnut

level

the

cheeks

backs

about

paler

with

pale gray

a

buff

pale

a

ochraceous;

black;

pale

from

from

brighter coloring.

of

extreme

; muzzle

and with

pale

to

and

American

the

is represented among

the

dull white

of

having

black

tints of color

in

name

back

short

collections

the

form

one

with

grayish

of C. I. chanco,

forehead

gray

washed

in

the

which

on

pale fulvous, the

variation

entire

rufous,

ochraceous

ochraceous

to

with

slightly mixed

very

to

is

represents

gray;

occiput, grizzled black,

as

head

type

than

Kweihw'acheng

slightly mixed

Mivart

wide

show

more

lipis narrowly edged

upper

by

skins

for the

figured

Tatary,

The

Seven

Expeditions

Asiatic

Museum

intermixed.

forehead.

the

on

ochraceous, no

hairs

gray

hairs

gray

based, is described

was

Chinese

from

specimen

The

Description:

343

trace to

buff,

belly white,

the

whitish. The

eastern

description of wolf

measurements

fairlywell,

the but

Etu-opean Wolf the

given for Swedish

Measurements:

"

No

latter

does

as

not

given by Miller quite equal

(1912) fits the

in size of skull

wolves.

measurements

of fresh

specimens

are

available.

the

MAMMALS

THE

344

Nomenclature: of

Hodgson, This

Smith

Gray's Canis Mivart

chanco,

to

seem

the

In

on

based any

on

skin

a

they

of

that

available

are

northwestern

the coast

distinctive, so

way

from

adequate material, that there Occurrence

Habits:

and

North

China

Asiatic

Expeditions

as

seventy

miles

another

at

regulated In

far

of

in any

by

area

in the

Hopei it still occurs.

the

Western

wolf

bit and

Ltcpus

writes

become that

district and

was

are

in

as

(north

from

In

scarce.

wolves

along

a

the

the

bank

(1923)

the

The

range

of the

of that

these

two

in

leading

toward

Yangtze)

as

wolves

Nanking, Sanchieh

well

In as

old

the type

made

hares

occur,

(i926d)

provinces the to

of In

Shanhaikwan.

Yangtze

at a

the

locality,but

Kwangsi. as

food.

dogs found

two

at

as

is

Peiping

provinces, Sowerby

and

in the

about

Matschie

of the

well

supply it with

his

where

and

hundred

one

its abundance

rare

that

that

some

Kwangtung,

to

province

northern but

Musevim

American

doubt

it is

and

Mongolia

over

point

a

that

skull which

coast

all

No

from

I908d) noticed

less common,

Fukien,

35

some

dogs.

study of

the

Urga, Mongolia,

at

that

km.

theless Never-

upon

The

at

him

to

as

karanorensis,

synonyms.

prove,

available

says

reported

boulder

(Thomas,

Anderson

still numerous,

Pukow

away

tschiliensis

Shantung, have

pups drove

again

of game

amount

native

A

under

and

Shansi.

northern

Weigold

Tombs.

litter of wolf

Kalgan,

and

I have

follows:

in China.

valley.

Loh,

at

specimen by

type

Lupus tschiliensis, in given do not seem

as

probably

Yangtze

specimens

Kweihwacheng,

all

of wolves

races

first available

the

Lupus

;

characters

eventually

occur

the

as

secured

northwest

Wolves

"

south

local

are

Probably

wolves

and

Kansu;

regarded these

it should

case

Chinese

Siningfu

at

The

Hopei.

I have

in

bought

before

specimens examined,

to

names

gave

skin

paper.

years

Indians.

figure of the

Mongolian

trade

skull

skull from

a

a

seven

of

that

previous (1929)

a

Tatary, is

and

be

to

seems

Puget Sound

Chinese

description

distinguishable from

it

laniger,given

of the of

is to

in

used

Canis

enough with

on

and

I had

by

1908, Matschie

CHANCO

wolf

eastern

name

Wolf

the

well

Lupus filchneri,based based

Golden

or

LUPUS

applicable

woolly dog

since

agree

it here.

used

a

MONGOLIA

CANIS

name

invalidated

to

this, and

after

the

first

lanigerof Tibet,

is,however,

by Hamilton

name

Europe,

Lupus

name

the

AND

OF

that

Assuming

"

northern

CHINA

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

that

OF

are

Chinkiang the

district, they

north are

of also

CARNIVORES

THE

He

common.

paler in color

are

singly

hunt

they

numbers. Fukien should

be

Yenanfu,

Shensi,

country.

by

writes more

wolves

be

may

obtained

gray,

the

wolves way

Tsetsen

half

dtu-ing the the

a

night.

markets

North

Shensi

of native

mile

and

the

on

design."

China:

One

Natives

Shansi:

natives

border,

sometimes In

"

hundred

Sowerby,

Ordos

Specimens examined: Mongolia:

to

"The

and

Kweihwacheng,

i;

Genus Nyclereutes Temminck, Cants

of

the the

sloping, and third

is

Raccoon-dog

a

differingnoticeably

in which exceeds

definite

to

of the

the

a

den

wolf, though effective

but

the

Mongolia

from

the

along

summit

return

come

clumsy

them

in

gin trap

trail.

:

northwest

of Kalgan,

i

;

Loh,

2;

Urga,

i.

locality,2. Temminck

Nyctereutes

Hoeven's

der

viz.

a

of them where

Tijdschr. Natuur.

Physiol., vol. 5, p. 285, 1838-39.

Geschied.

authors, in part.

The thus

in Van

ambush

miles

no

use

along place, Dr.

two

the

on

skins

all

canyon

not

usually poison

they

all,seven,

seventy

did

but

many

and

a

and

old

his party

and then

former

of

stayed

them

at

end

upper

meanwhile

he

the

he

there.

and

found,

was

pups

the

at

At

of them

most

near

now

by

mostly

wolves,

Mongolia,

Khan.

wolf

howled

According

in

China

largest pelt

two

killed

single ones

saw

Sannoin

wolf

old

away

work

expected

doubt

no

The

of

of

China," be

into western

coming

been

at

grasslands, where

the

sent

Skins

had

that

ground

and

by

might

as

black-tipped.

length.

they

to

Tientsin.

at

total

and

The

encamped.

was

back

Ichang

in the

China,

report

Matschie

Western

variabilityin color, though

litter of three

a

den

but

pelts are

Andrews's

Dr.

Wang

that

of the

out

mountain

to

of

fairlycommon,

writes

dug

on

at

in

"Naturalist

in

herders

goat

is attested

Sungpanting,

the

in

him

to

course

from

Andrews

party

and

their

hair

inches

70

brought

were

During

were

of their

numbers

the

his

the

specimen

a

and

sheep

Kansu

border, especially in

Tibetan

remarked

with

measured

mangy,

the

rare

the

secured

larger

occurs

and

taken,

who

by

in central

Tatsienlu, Monkongting,

pale

found

in

Wilson

very

Large

Wilson

feared

Usually in

wolf

the

been

golia Mon-

larger.

as

that

Anderson,

southern

only rarely

but

have

to

seem

well

as

statement

in northwestern

the

on

south,

in threes

P.

M.

it is much

H.

are

had.

Tibet.

were

E.

farther

specimens

no

occurrence

numerous

of

from

sometimes

and

Shansi

of northern

Sowerby's

that

says

Its

Buechner.

that

from

those

pairs,

Kwangtung,

and

way

or

those

definitelyconfirmed.

that

game

than

in

that

Notwithstanding and

are

(i923g)

says

345

of the

distance width there nasals.

from

small from the

across

the

is

sharp

a

The

animal

fox-lrke the

foxes.

true

antorbital molars. and

lambdoid

foramen

The sudden and

with

short

Its skull to

the

profileof depression

sagittalcrests

the at are

short

legs and has

a

short

tip equals instead forehead about

tail,

muzzle, of

is fiat and the

prominent

proximal in adult

MAMMALS

THE

346

OF

skulls, the latter, however, and

suture

In

interpterygoid

fossa.

occur

may

presence

from

be

may

have

the

merely

in addition

cingulum

in its dark

which

do the

The

cusp.

various

single species, yet

characters

Tiere

Nyctereutes procyonides Jacobi, Abh. Nyctereutes procyonoides stegmanni

specimen:

Type

from

China,

became

of the

Reeves What

Thomas

name.

and

"

to

the

face

of

buff, in

and

as

a

feet blackish The

The

general

nasals

portion the

back

are

of the

prominent,

is not

that

Reeves

1904.

nach

China

is but

There

for

named,

Tibet

u.

on

that

so

be

front

a

of

none

vol. 10, pt. I,

1903-05,

as

with

low

line behind

the

buff

warm

to

chocolate

characters

forehead, and

narrow,

maxillaries.

of the

interpterygoid fossa

to

crest

and

skull

have

depression

extend

as

far

not

tail.

bushy

of his

Color

predominating

hairs

line from

patch

on

flanks, sides

prominent,

quite

reach

already

in front

back

of muzzle

the

as

rather

the side

each to

the

over crown

of the and

ear,

of neck

a

and

the

slightpinkish tinge;

a

been

of the the

of the

with

in

view.

of

the

side

ascending

Lambdoid

branches

palatal aspect,

level

mentioned, orbit

level

square.

its anterior In

postorbital processes. does

of the

most

brown.

of the

but

basis

locality.

type

buff, giving

by John Zoology."

during

point midway

a

1929.

sent

is the

plate

short

The

ear.

ochraceous

Sides low

to

eye

I, p. 7, 1922.

no.

I, p. 23,

of Indian

ill-defined

an

16,

art.

Canton

the

black-tipped

forming the

75,

specimen

a

at

taken

animals,

below

of and

vol.

the

stationed

was

area

Mus.,

"Illustrations

Gray's

black, the

dorsal

S. Nat.

known,

fox-like

and

narrow

median

edge

in

vol.

Volkerk., Dresden,

u.

U.

founded

vicinitymay

Small, gray,

". TierProc.

Howell,

species was

that

brown

muzzle,

B.

figured

narrower

chiefly a

are

p. 22,

Filchner

Exped.

tail; a conspicuous blackish-brown

just in

continued

short

a

of the

tip

from

tail

d.

animal

states

Description: the back

tinctive dis-

is further

dog

RACCOON-DOG

Ber. Mus.

u.

A.

The

"

stay in China, hence

mixture

been

others

Zool., vol. 2, pi. I, 1834.

Ostasiens, Neudamm,

Ergebn.

Wiss.

have

three

180, 1908.

175,

pp.

Matschie,

single supplementary

a

the

Raccoon-dog.

name

forms

is

in both

procyonoides procyonoides (Gray)

THE

Nyctereutes sinensis Brass, Nutzbare

of this

pattern

and

marked.

very

procyonoides Gray, Illustrations of Indian

Nyctereutes stegmanni

the

cusp,

which

premolars

while

no

incisor

upper

has

premolar

cingulum

color

geographic

seem

Nyctereutes

164.

Cams

the

to

patches, whence

eye

fourth

lower

with in

specimens,

outer

second

reach

not

weak,

in two

The

first and

and

postorbital do

m.2-^=42,

pm.t

is recorded

the

fronto-parietal

of the

edge small

are

c.t

the

at

posterior end

indicate.

and

The

their

i.i

molar

upper

back

teeth

is:

second,

slightlyspaced.

posterior cusp

The

this would

the

the

at

rows

formula third

a

than

often

more

slightlyseparated jaws

of

MONGOLIA

ridge, forking

side to

each

on

tooth

striking peculiarities. The the occasional

AND

median

the

palatal aspect,

level of the

the

continuing

thence

process.

low

a

CHINA

crests

extending

the

last molars.

front

to

of the

CARNIVORES

THE

premolars simple,

Anterior in the

margin.

is

with

a

of the cone,

which tooth

the

third

second

on

molar,

and

much

a

there may

was

not

Measurements:

body, 505

of the

molar

upper

mm.;

third

have

"

An

tail, 170; CRANIAL

single low

a

latter left

in

than

molar

on

the

fully fixed adult hind

a

small

Thomas

protocone.

one

crown

but has

as

posterior

lobe; the

and

lower

partly

visible

specimen examined,

there

about

area

evident recorded

right side above,

so

one-fourth

paracone a

that

and

similar the

that metacase

loss

in

of this

yet.

from

Wanhsien,

foot,

112;

MEASUREMENTS

protoconid

In

but

cusps, the

on

cusp

antero-internal

the

profile.

side, with

accessory

accessory

well-developed

provided with

become

jaw without

upper

lower

the

worn a

has

with

metaconid

the

shoulder

and

fourth

the

carnassial

Upper

carnassial behind

jaw

lower

in the

347

ear, OF

Szechwan, 50. NYCTEREUTES

measured:

head

and

MAMMALS

THE

348

Nomenclature:

nearly

transverse

set

named

as

rather I do

not

China

can

in

N.

the

from

and

him

it

9 14

to

the

result

edge of

of the

animal

and

in

north

Suifu,

by

northwestern

in color

has

that of

Matschie

yet been

not

they

mediate inter-

are

China,

southern

has

given

the

name

individuals

among

albinistic

even

subdivision

fur

on

Dr.

R.

bounds

to

Brass,

from

the

up

melanotic

and

into

of this

local

races

on

had

(i923g, and

p.

C. Andrews,

Tungling region

the

to

and

range.

have

in the

U.

skull

from

Lingcheng

Mr.

Clifford

a

an

the

Large farther

Fukien,

kiang, Cheit in

and

A.

B.

from

Museum

River, Shansi,

locality,perhaps

H.

as

rence occur-

obtained

Wanhsien,

interestingfor the

came

bordering

from

National

even

trapped

Expeditions S.

until

Peiping.

been

near

Hupeh,

that

it is less

that

of

are

common

flats

east

as

dealer

perhaps

any,

of less

specimens

Asiatic

of Szechwan

is

seen

be

willow-grown

addition

Hunan,

individuals

not

ticularly par-

well

fur

states

1922,

47) writes

that

a

as

first named

in

valley

to

seems

as

provinces

wild

and

part,

experience

three

he

It

skins

skin

eastern

Yangtze

Museum

two

the

his

through Tientsin,

The

of

then

grassy

In

in parts of China,

Mell, writing in

in the

borders

the

the

markets,

American

the

in

Kiangsi,

floods.

it is found

animal

common

since

of the

recorded

has

a

Sowerby

province.

that

back

be

animal

the

which

that

so

ftir.

Canton that

Manchuria.

valley

(1929) in

brought the

or

Kiangsu,

Yangtze

Howell

in

disastrous

that

Amur

and

the

higher

exported for

are

it may

southern

by Jacobi (1922).

slightlydifferent

range

those

used

than

forest

larger rivers, and ntimbers

that

China.

northern

is

from

city, but

frequent

in

This

"

in the

common

of the

specimens from

other

or

are

one

According

It is much

was

had,

to

Kiangsu, and

those

than

Anhwei.

or

Habits:

conclusion

the

to

furred

Matschie

between

wide

very

in Fukien.

south

farther

than

is diffictilt.

Chekiang,

in

material

general locality,with

same

alone

Occurrence

better

a

ground vidual indi-

previously reached

wholly yellowish specimens,

skin characters

led

is

There

the

on

same

however,

specimens, but the

Chinkiang,

very

the

are,

Yangtze

characters

other

or

ussuriensis.

often

or

size

of

lack

and

Matschie at

a

differences, which

China

North

p. procyonoides, and

N.

species

of

the

in

in 1904,

Brass,

valley, but

from

abundant

more

conclusion

a

from

those

because

ascertained

typical

subdivided,

not

or

in which

way

any be

color

but

slight space

a

procyonoides, though

specimen

a

With

specific.

than

see

Whether

1

from

by

Fox,

incisors

upper

roughened.

more

Yangtze

of N.

certain

slightly larger size and

Alopex, the Arctic

to

separated

is

case

synonym

a

stegmanni

A^.

naming

time

brain

Nyctereutes of the

this

properly considered

incisors

outer

The

the

MONGOLIA

elongate, the four anterior

two

others.

sinensis

N.

less

the

row,

posterior to the

AND

CHINA

Nyctereutes is nearly allied

"

tail is shorter, muzzle

the

of

OF

Pope, who

near

secured

THE

specimens

digging

settled

thickly

Little

(1922) and

plain.

The

of

dead

May

Chekiang: Fukien

:

Hunan:

Tunglu,

of the

1 1 ;

Yochow,

i

No

Foochow,

locality,i

Type specimen:

A

"

but

China,

in four

of buffy.

The

the

zygomatic

from

those

table

under third

a

a

specimen

The

"

Ann.

Yenping,

Mag.

type is

in the

of the

the

throat

at

he

water,

near

found

fish

in the

to

litter of

a

530).

p.

Garrod

seven

(1878)

follows:

was

two

female, No.

a

China, by George very

be

may are

similar of in

described

tone

of

west north-

southeastern the

to

specimens as

the

Forrest.

that

to

buffy

some

23.4.1.20,

feet, on

a

paler

in the

black

tions por-

slight

very

type, but

brownish. said

to

this must

but

of

657, 1923.

10,000-12,000

instead

feet

9, vol. 11, p.

ser.

skull

about

gray

Thomas

orestes

skulls

differ in the have

been

from

the

nearly parallelcondition

somewhat same

area

abnormal,

and

of an

indistinguishable

are

typical race. "

The

molar

upper

on

the

Habits:

Thomas

"

mentions

two

also

right side, a condition from

typical race

and

of these

measurements

procyonoides.

of the

Occurrence

birth

1877,

as

and

race,

and are

type

arches,

of the

thickets

(skull).

Hist.,

skin

slightly paler

aberration, since

N.

i

Nat.

a

forest

examined

Measurements:

had

Thomas,

The

skins

skull

individual

;

longer hairs, though there

other

species. Mell

i.

differingchiefly in

of the suffusion

i

Likiang Range, Yunnan,

Description:

this

anatomy.

Nyctereutes procyonoides

shot

of the

flank

(ground dog).

readily by captive animals.

gave

London,

in

a

.

orestes

Museum,

is taken

visceral

of

fish, for

on

kou"

ceeding suc-

3; Suifu, i.

165.

British

habits

He

crossed

stream

i.

Wanhsien,

Nyctereutesprocyonoides

Soc.

"t'u

as

it lives

Gardens

a

(skull).

Chinkiang,

exact

that

least

In all,twenty-two,

"

Lingcheng River,

Szechwan:

the

where

i.

Futsing,

Kiangsu; Shansi:

of

at

Zoological

Specimens examined:

given

there.

common

thicket

a

this food

Zool.

it is not

was

statement

and

account

some

name

extent

1877 (Proc.

in

recorded

some

London

2,

published

to

specimen,

in the

on

been

349

that

hole

a

native

Sowerby's

it feeds

a

from

have

to

that

animal

young

two

corroborates

stomach

has

out

seems

adds

An

Futsing, Fukien, writes

near

in

CARNIVORES

This

skulls that

are

the

given in the type

specimen

previously mentioned

in

F\ikien. is

a

very

slightly characterized

form,

if

MAMMALS

THE

350

it may

indeed

eventually

not

of

animal

lowland

entitled

far known

thus

be

to

I have,

and

from

only

Specimens examined:

A.

Four,

"

with

two

Lehrbuch

typical foxes

The

skull

of the

the

are

notch

antorbital

region.

their

above,

and

slender

The

interpterygoid fossa extends upper

form

and

slender, their tips reaching

the

latter

is closed.

in Canis, but

than

Red

The

of

Foxes

Europe, Asia,

have

named

been

purely

The

are

over

difficult to evaluate.

differences

other

The

(

SOUTH

Vulpes

hoole

Swinhoe,

Vulpes lineiventer

Proc.

Swinhoe,

Zool. Soc. London,

ibid.,p. 632.

quite across a

the

across

sinuses

of the

plane of

the

flattened, slightly excavated the

ridges.

temporal

canines

are

of the

border

very

jaw and

narrow

characters

there

is

the

long when chant tren-

true

of

likelyto of color

regions

temperate

of local

great ntmiber that

there

this

sort

be and

found

races

is much are

more

a

certain

humidity,

or

of climate.

Vulpes) vulpes Linnaeus

CHINA

lower

the

same.

aridity, richness

and

Vulpes vulpes

the

upper

ventral

is the

that

so

by closelyallied subspecies in Mongolia

166.

the

it is nevertheless

area,

=

to

and

from

to the level of the last molars.

Although

widespread factors

type speciesis Canis

is

characters

width

the

slightly more

are

formula

color,

and

;

of the

teeth

general, however,

paleness with

row

level

America.

in

in

race

fairlylarge

chief

distance

the

with

at least

distribution

this vast

In

between

tooth

low

are

forward

of wide

variation

individual

correlation

the

North

and

with

The

little inflation

very

continuous

corner

premolar

of the

Likiang, Yunnan.

than

slopes gently

and

the

visionally pro-

skin

a

Yunnan.

which

more

shows

slightlycurved

a

in

muzzle,

processes

posterior

The

incisors

recorded range

"brush."

a

tip is considerably

postorbital

The

of western

as

1816.

forming

is flattened

forehead, which

of the nasal

The

form

FOXES

profileof the skull

dorsal

The

molars.

tail

the

has

by the somewhat

a

the

the

Oken

3, pt. 2, p. 1033,

furred

long

to

vol.

having

slenderly built, graceful animals,

are

long, thickly

and

ears,

Naturgesch.,

d.

(1929)

skulls, from

Vulpes RED

in

agree

Likiang plain.

Likiang region

the

Likiang obtained

therefore, regarded Howell

B.

the

Genus

Vulpes Oken,

from

Expeditions, however,

Museum

S. National

U.

skins

four

recognition.

to

MONGOLIA

altogether indistinguishablefrom

be

to

The

east.

Asiatic

AND

CHINA

prove

buffy general tone,

less

grayer,

the

the

Museum

American

OF

China.

hoole RED

1870, p. 631.

Swinhoe FOX

of

Europe, represented

THE

Bull. Acad.

Vulpes alopex Buechner,

CARNIVORES

Sci.

Imp.

St.

351

vol.

P^tersbourg,

(new

34

2), p.

vol.

ser.,

(Melanges

102

Biol., vol. 13, p. 148), 1892. Wiss.

Matschie,

Vulpes aurantioluteus

Ergebn.

Filchner

Exped.

d.

nach

China

Tibet

u.

vol.

1903-05,

10, pt.

i

p. 168, 1908.

Vulpes Jerrilatus eckloni Jacobi, Abh.

A.

Vulpes vulpes aurantioluteus

specimen:

Type of his No.

from

the

it is

names,

duller

feet

white

below, chestnut

front

broad In

bases

or

to

bright

belly, which

is

in which

specimen from

fore

and

fulvous

1

,003

mm.

I, p. 6, 1922.

no.

1929.

well

as

former,

Fiikien, China,

and

locality. They

the

sent repre-

is first in his list of

hoole

V.

that

as

The

Musetim.

rather

rvifous

in

results

an

is

whole

that

along

pinkish

are one

entire

the

the

surface,

rule

Color the

bright och-

are

extend with

skin

wearing

the

collar.

fur.

this

of Swinhoe's

with

the

on

slaty

paler

fore

same

;

whole

the

seen

in

mens speci-

It

and

the

line of the

color

lineiventer.

the

white

narrow

a

common.

V.

dark

of the

is

be

may

the

Occasionally variation

the

well

shoulders.

where

away

the

is less

but

the

in that

up

on

be

stripe on

but

the

Usually

bordering

opposite

may black

rufous,

suffused

clear

ill-defined

muzzle

by

blackish, type

but

with

altogether; the

under

The

and

black. a

flanks

The

gray

fulvous

upper

As

leg and

sides

darkened

tail is much

are

to

European

especially predominate

blackish the

buff.

is

less

stripe

bordered

grayish

formed

tones

sides of the

the

of the

belly

with

belly

tail.

narrow,

in

the with

mixed

more

red

median

which on

indistinct

runs

white

usually the

the

area

and

through,

are

pinkish tinge.

again wanting

and

resembles

confined

narrow

on

usually

throat

show

body

is

much

long hairs tipped with

(Likiang) is slightlymelanistic,

than

from

a

entire front

the

the

hind

back

a

was

A

skin

feet

are

is deeper

usual.

Measurements:

female

a

blackish

leg

cover

of this sort

Yunnan

black

i, p. 24,

same

sipce

the

decided

gray-tipped hairs

ochraceous

side of the

under

the

more

the

with

indistinct, or

hairs hairs

to

A

very

of the

the

of clear

even

more

with

specimens

tips of

or

haunches.

of the

art.

Amoy,

thighs

chestnut

the

buffy white,

is confined

enough

dark

is

gray

frosted

developed,

16,

Vulpes hoole

near

while

less black,

tail has

becoming

sides of the

75,

British

the

from

especially the

and

side

to

boundaries,

the

the

area

raceous,

in

species,and

same

vol.

Swinhoe's

distance

great

no

have

usually

lower

the

Mus.,

general color, this fox

sides

the

chestnut;

while

of

vol.

1923.

S. Nat.

preserved

of the

In

"

species,but fore

2, p. 44,

U.

plains country

the

Volkerk., Dresden,

u.

given precedence.

Description:

the

vol.

type skin

both

hills at

f. Tier-

Mus.

Proc.

Howell,

are

variations

color

Ber.

u.

Manchuria,

The

is from

62.12.24.6,

latter

B.

"

lineiventer

V.

in

Naturalist

Vulpes hull Sowerby,

"

Few

Maitaichao, ; tail,387

; hind

of fresh

measurements

Shansi,

in the

measured

foot, 150

; ear,

94.

specimens flesh

as

are

follows:

available. total

A

length.

the

From

CRANIAL

MEASUREMENTS

above

measurements,

(Futsing) average

Fukien

it

found

becomes

but

China,

Swinhoe

general

of this

South

does

Canton,

from

Pope secured

a

here

common

he

that

states

foxes

they

their

Futsing,

in northern

villages. just

down

at

night

with

by stationing men the

foxes

Red

Fox

Allen

with

dogs back

toward

be

common,

to

seems

(1909a) recorded

mentions

a

skin

Matschie

border.

aurantioluteus,

but

secured

(1908) it does

(1929)

refers

Howell

from

Suifu, Szechwan,

Ichang

at

and

(1923) mentions

made not

a

be

a

second

seeing

a

from Red

a

they

of the

the

the

Fox

in the

Shan

Min at

U.

Wa

driving

China, Dr.

the

J.

A.

Jacobi (1922) the

on

basis

sufficientlydistinct skin

come

tained easily ob-

were

eastern

Batang

Tatsienlu

merous nu-

grassy

foxes

the

Yumonko. at

the

villages and

from

H. are

mountains

low

generally distributed.

from

it,however,

to

Inland

another

and

to

appear

and

the

well.

as

that

base

Specimens

above

down.

run

fields in

through

of food.

Taipai Shan,

skin

hills and

the

distance out-

Clifford

Mr.

writes

rice is grown,

though from

there.

at

to

Mell, writing

absent.

and

located

hills.

easily

as

Hongkong

of

or

grassy

in ravines the

specimen

a

A. B.

Weigold

less

island

Swinhoe

pursued they

readily

more

hills and

search

guns

agility

Fukien,

where

greater part of

the

When

near

commonly

in

prowl around

to

females.

Amoy.

fewer

open

the

irrigated plains

the

above

villagesare

These

the

over

the

portions.

are

presence

among

Futsinghsien, boldly roaming

hills

be

to

seem

in the

over

such

the

on

mention

plains and

the

with

series from

males

southern

near

plains they

the

seen

area

not

in the

rock

to

on

has

series at

on

rock

but

greyhound,

a

is found

Fox

granitichills

bare

from

by springing

escape

the

about

common

the

HOOLE

larger than

finallyabsent

and

rare

VULPES

that

seen

millimeters Red

MONGOLIA

VULPES

it is

The

"

AND

CHINA

OF

few

a

Habits:

and

Occurrence

of

OF

MAMMALS

THE

352

western

of his

for

recognition.

S. National

Museum

of southern

Shan,

Vulpes

Szechwan,

Kansu. and

THE

(191 id)

'Thomas

skins

Fox

It so

a

from

definite

Little Red

It

Fox.

in such

secured

places

Futsing

at

January

on

Tunglu,

Hunan:

Yochow,

No

Tientsin

Wanhsien,

specimen

the

to

proximity

taining ob-

of

habits

to

the in

even

man,

Futsing, possibly finding life Two

areas.

small

very

were

pups

follows:

type); Foochow,

(B.M.

i

2

(B.M.).

Yenchingkou,

i.

i.

locality,i.

Vulpes tschiliensis Matschie,

Vulpes vulpes

Wiss.

tschiliensis RED

CHINA

Ergebn.

d.

Exped.

Matschie

FOX

Filchner

nach

China

Tibet

u.

vol. 10, pt. i,

1903-05,

169, 1908.

p.

Vulpes vulpes tschiliensis Jacobi, Abh.

Specimen:

Type

in which

Museum, that

the

ears

described be

may

to

none,

compared

ground

the

V.

race

The

V.

usual,

so

skull

16,

The

the that

seems

the

the

by

describer from

locality, Matschie

become

faded

differences be

to

Berlin

came

peculiarity of

have color

in

specimen

same

the

i, p. 6, 1922.

no.

5660,

emphasized

may the

vol.

are

the

type

through

admittedly

larger, and

on

that

recognized.

Similar size

records

hoole, the

v.

a

in

color

characters

slightlylarger as skin

from

description of Matschie,

is not

Sweden

"

hoole, but

Jacobi (1922) the

with

is here

Description:

Vulpes

from

specimen

the

or

skin. No.

of black.

skin as

Volkerk., Dresden,

of difference

instead

second

ears

u.

mounted

a

point

black

one,

f. Tier-

light. Nevertheless, although

expostire as

A

individual

an

is

brown

China.

having

as

essential

the

Mus.

type

dark

are

Ber.

u.

The

"

the

Peiping, Hopei,

ears

speaks

handsome

as

came,

of

1926.

5,

NORTH

to

and

less-settled

Amoy,

i;

167.

was

record

close

Mell

i.

Likiang,

definite

the

be

on

markets.

aiirantioluteus

locality.

skin.

in

in the

i.

Futsing, 16; Yuki,

Yunnan:

V.

native

thrives

southern

sold

are

many

In all,twenty-five, as

"

Fukien:

Szechwan:

a

to

Sihohsien,

clear."

apparently

was

about

as

in the

Specimens examined: Chekiang:

and

apparently

than

and

of Matschie's

type

seems

near

"not

as

fur

tell its exact

to

Likiang

information

long cultivated,

country

for

the

possible

secured

regards

Talifu, Yunnan,

mentioned

previously Chinese

in

he

that

be

353

specimen

a

demand

source

not

skin

a

easier

are

it may

that

in much

such

from

was

recorded

relationshipof which

the

Kansu,

has

CARNIVORES

shown

Peiping

but

whether

as

to

by

fox

the the

South

China,

greater size of the

corresponding this

of

in

implies brown

all

skull.

particulars

ears

or

black

clear. skull

and

however,

of Chinese

the seem

teeth to

are

foxes a

is

slightlysmaller

trifle less in size.

equal those

of

Europe.

The

than

large

in

typical

skulls

of V.

V.

vulpes of

v.

sis, tschilien-

Measurements: available

not

Comparative

"

Habits:

and

justifiedin separating it

Red

specificrank.

than

Peiping

with

agree

details

beyond

except

in

thickly

settled

of the and

race,

the

The at

and

Si Ho;

European refers

to

(1906),

the

in

that

show

Shansi

referred Fox

from

place

that

the

Shensi

and

1892, from to

V.

it is

Taiyuenfu,

recording

a

skin

v.

China

Tabool,

on on

tentatively referred

very

obvious,

to

especially

Kansu

southern

Ssigu, Kansu).

to

Szechwan

the

China,

northern

across

(Thomas, All

is in turn

so

Thomas

two

from

p. 688,

others

similar

typical form, while and

through

I9iie, and

these

barely distinguishable. Indeed,

from

the

shy, for

near

very

the

"condylobasal length"

are

always

tschiliensis,which

Shansi,

so

unknown.

extends to

to

(igoSe) quotes

of foxes

in the

shown

not

are

range

with

above

return."

did not

and

are

gives no

it extends

far

evidently

were

of North

specimen

the

persists about

still

how

family

a

plateau: "they the

from

from but

brown

Thomas

but

numbers,

differences

of the

Buechner, be

Red

three

Anderson

indicate

noticed

who

ably prob-

ness Peiping speaks again for the clever-

as

little to

in any

occurs

species

so

originaldescription,

the

chestnut

or

seems

had

C. Andrews

Roy

with

the

That

region

others, the foxes

age

records

probably

a

are

subspecific

he

that

Peiping specimen,

a

brown

slightlygreater size,as

of

although sex

reddish

found

Mongolian

least southern

from

I have

P.

and

when

by Dr.

corresponds

fourth.

basal

if it

or

basis

measurement

this

strong

day they forsook

one

the

a

Fox

was

of

doubtless

skulls

of two

secured

it

that

well-cleared

of M.

edge of the On

the

Fox.

north,

seeing us

tail

the

and

Red

observation the

third

a

statement

about

ring

west

the

having

black

a

of

China

Matschie

that

form, though

Jacobi (1922) has also recorded

region.

same

those

China,

dimensions

The

North

vicinity of Peiping

of the

Fox

of South

distinct

a

of the

skull.

that

as

MONGOLIA

AND

measurements

The

"

consistentlylarger of skull than rather

CHINA

of the

for those

except

Occurrence

OF

MAMMALS

THE

354

to

are

the

(igoSf) Hilzheimer

Pingshiang, in the

CARNIVORES

THE

Strassburg Museum, latter.

Cabrera

smaller

and

so

dentition

skins

it

is

Hopei:

Eastern

Shensi:

Fengsiang,

Kansu:

north

Shansi:

Maitaichao,

Ten,

"

Tombs,

of Sihohsien,

Nevertheless,

if not

follows

as

Type

Ognev

a

impossible in the

little

very

to

are

separate

series.

same

(B.M.).

i

The

"

Karagan

(Erxleben)

Vulpes vulpes ?karagan FOX

RED

566, 1777.

p.

Mammalium

name

of the

Imp. Ross.,

have

to

seems

and

others

139,

p.

been

than

's

Pallas

on

on

have

to

seem

1914.

based

rather

Kirghiz steppes,

Mivart

points out,

differences

2.

Satunin, Conspectus

specimen:

is

the

:

karagan Erxleben, Syst. Regni Animalis, Mammalia,

of the

almost

Fox

(B.M.).

i

DESERT

Vulpes vulpes karagan

China

of the

those

(B.M.)-

3

168.

Cams

South

the

placed together

Peiping,

i;

plus

2,

difficult when

European

examined:

Specimens

that

out

from

hardly different

are

slightly weaker.

that

from

skulls

the

(1922) pointed

the

inconsequential

Chinese

that

says

355

tion descrip-

specimen.

any

confused

this

As

with

the

Corsac. This

Description: "

with

rusty

without

the

on

black

is

back,

neck

and

The

dark

marking.

defined, but instead

The

"

similarity,

apparent

referred

the

(1926)

review

his recent collected

by

Transbaikalia

V.

V.

hear

that

appear

ochroxantha

Yakutsk,

do

not

Occurrence

Mongolia.

to

and

to

of

It is unfortunate

be

and the

Tian

be

Habits:

of the

foxes

very

"

fox

The

to

Shan,

with

be

or

hardly

KARAGAN

least he

V.

same

v.

the so

steppes

forms

of

them

that

jakutensis

of visionally pro-

Ognev,

mentions

regards

the

account

on

race.

Empire,

from

in

Siberia,

descriptions,I have

this

additional and

yellow

straw

may

Mongolia, yet

Russian

at

nose

is western

from

another

same,

paws

a

yellow,

usual.

from

Gobi

Fox, of straw

VULPES

judged

the

contrary.

the to

be

can

Kiakhta

the

from seem

as

Foxes

of the

Kozlov

data

ample

more

Red

as

VULPES

long distance

a

Red

side of the

the

on

locality of this

far

so

the

black

OF

type

Kirghiz steppes, obviously the

spot Ears

MEASUREMENTS

Nomenclature:

of the

shoulders,

rusty yellow.

CRANIAL

form

pallid,desert

a

a

in

skin

southern

pending he

from

names,

south

of

different.

This

is

that

the

a

pallid desert-livingfox few

specimens

taken

are

of

the

either

Gobi so

young

of

THE

356 in such

or

The

condition

a

feet and

in the foxes Dr.

region shot

C.

about

writes

He that

edge.

extends

range

evidently

MONGOLIA

characters

well

not

are

be much

to

seem

Specimens examined: Nor,

"bad

ascertainable. in color

paler

so

many the

In all,four,

(adult skin

i

some

ducks

other

mammals

in

rare

ravines,

dry country

than

and in

general Nor

Tsagan

the of

to

the

at

tall grass the

by

Gobi,

the

Siberia.

western

follows:

as

and

not

are

land"

stalking

was

through

"

foxes

these

in

like

doubt,

westward

Mongolia: Tsagan

that

two

saw

No

the

to

the

advilts,however,

Andrews

two

water's

that

wear

AND

CHINA

China.

Loh.

of

OF

of

of the

noses

of South

R.

one

the

MAMMALS

skull); Tsetsen

Wang,

(immature); Loh,

2

i

(skull). Genus

Cynalopex Hamilton Zool.

Canis

Soc.

Radde,

Vulpes Ognev,

The

im

Ann.

Mus.

Suden

{Otocyon)

and

the

broader

posteriorly distance

from the

exceeding Foxes.

In the

to their

the

incisors

by

a

its

Red

the

in

temporal back

to

lateral cusps

slightspace

from

the

the

the

the

space

adult

elongate

others

and

uniting foramen

in the

than

;

the

Red outer

posterior

somewhat

set

tively rela-

is slender, the

muzzle

practicallyabsent

are

with

species are

edge of antorbital

it is less

molars, but

the

but

in

ridges

lyrate form;

incisor

it is slender

interorbital

large, the

as

Asiatic

small

Big-eared Foxes

build

(Vulpes),

Foxes

bullae

the

except

general

.

Vulpes, but,

other

line.

In

giving

Chaon, not

Proc.

Thomas,

1839.

off from

certain

and

of Africa In

and

forward

middle

across

upper

incisor is separated

short

concave,

of

width

Corsac

foxes

in the

as

ears

extending front

the

(Fennecus)

less

and

but

vol. 9, p. 222,

sharply marked

very

smaller

Fennec

smaller, with

not

includes

proportionately long

all much

Library, Mammals,

Hungarici,

all the

as

Smith

Ost-Sibirien, vol. i, p. 67, pi. 3, figs.2-7, 1862 (in part). Budapest, vol. 23, p. 203, 1926 (in part).

von

Nat.

Cynalopex is

well

as

Hamilton

p. 105.

(loc.cit.)says,

species tail

Jardine's Naturalist's

1929,

Reisen

genus

Thomas

a

Smith,

London,

Cjmalopex

a

the

subgenus

give

any

Cynalopex, Hamilton

name

of

Canis.

Thomas,

in

Smith

proposed it

regarding

diagnostic characters, but

named

it

as

of

a

section

of

generic rank, did

genotype

as

as

Canis

corsac

Linnaeus. A

central

single species occurs and

western

in the

Gobi

Cynalopex CORSAC

corsac

the

steppe country

of

Asia.

169.

Canis

into

westward

(Linnreus)

corsac

FOX

Linnasus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, vol. 3, appendix, p. 223, p. 222, pis. 16-18, 1839.

vol. 9, Library, Mammals, Ognev, Ann. Mus. Vulpes corsac

Nat.

Hungarici, Budapest,

vol.

1768.

23,

Hamilton

p. 203,

1926.

Smith, Jardine's Naturalist's

THE

Cynalopex

Proc.

Thomas,

corsac

specimen:

Type

Soc.

and

Ural

Description:" Radde dull smoke

brown

brownish mark

on

side of the

like the

back

instead

clothed

with

long white

inner

of black

the

middle

Measurements:

total

of the

of the

mm.

as

the

in this area, skin the

Gobi.

region

slopes he

At

middle

and

Kentai

that

it is

holes.

marmot set

a

In

animals, however, the

death, often

to

be

burrow be

chiefly small

and

skull

by day, of snow,

be

may

out out

so

than

shy

"

Two

Murun,

Again,

and

so

and

only, Inner

are

the a

in

after

picked-up

to

it emerges.

snared.

from

Mongolia.

snare

such

burrows,

Their

starve

to

days, they will

nine

or

Old

they retire again

actually

cases

week

sleeping

large

in disused

when

some

west

in

often

them

a

Tarei

parts of its range

track

the

a

skull in

and

east

in winter,

fox

secure

it in the

the

on

food

is said

to

be

(Ochotona).

mouse-hares skull

a

east

procuring only

time

the

and

out,

in

northern

perceiving

on

far

as

that

spends hunters

occurs

found

rarer

the

region.

Ural

it is difficult to

Radde

south

catches

that

come

by hunger,

Shara

the

spring.

next

examined:

from

In

but

which

species of microtines

Specimens skin

Apple

seen

rather

dug

forced

valley, becoming Mountains.

its mouth,

at

snare

Onon

times

and

and

Murun,

Desert,

the

partly migratory, moving

It is seldom

numbers.

into

and

Mongolia

Shara

at

edge of

the

to

Evidently, however, Expeditions succeeded

individual

young

30.5.

CORSAC

westward

in

spot

a

measurements:

shoulders,

at

CYNALOPEX

common

Asiatic

northeastern

of the

says

and

a

the

80; height

ear,

by

tip.

following

the

their

part of

Basal

is marked

gland

ears

side well

rusty,

are

white.

white

no

Dinnick

from

Hopei.

Central

the

skull of

and

Nor

part

for

of

is

there

Dark

of

inner

limbs

belly

and

more

or

Backs

their

Foxes,

Transbaikalia

it is

that

says

northwestern

gray

OF

southern

reddish

to

interspersed.

are

of the

caudal

; the

tail,and

quotes

Red

sides

throat,

MEASUREMENTS

from

(1876)

MoUendorff

in the

tail,250-350;

;

CRANIAL

country

half

pale tips

fairly

is

brown

pale rusty

slightlymore

be

outer

muzzle,

the

as

coat

only faintly indicated.

as

The

hairs.

from

varying

with

winter

in

coloration

may

or

black

being

locality is taken

type

(Ognev, 1926).

back

that

absent

Ognev

"

length, 750-950

semidesert

color

terminal

back,

the

near

over

snout

of

side

the

surface,

tail like the

the

Slightly longer hairs

gray. the

at

The

the

that

hairs

105.

p.

Irtish"

the

ground

a

1929,

357

existence.

says

tips of the

the

constant,

London,

in

None

"

the

between

"steppes

Zool.

CARNIVORES

the

Gobi,

and

a

juvenile

THE

358

MAMMALS

CHINA

OF

Genus

Cuon

WILD

Cuon

Hodgson,

Cyan

Agassiz, Nomenclator

The

Red

third

and of the

and

the

front

heel

that

of the

posterior lower There

(

The

is

Cuon

tail is

small

uncertainty The

they

Wild

leptuTus Heude,

with

tooth

a

and

front,

damilans

may

China

of

Cuon

Biol,, Sun

Not

"

of the

"

slightly blackened

de

and

the

over

skins,

alike, of

The

tails

terminal feet

of

are

the are

the

a

a

with

recognizes For

the

I have

present, The

genus

in India,

two

is

genotype

Yatsen

vol.

Univ., Canton,

some

in

be

to

small a

75, art.

16,

i, p. 7, 1922.

no.

1929.

i, p. 24,

8, p. i, 1930.

no.

The

existence.

type

locality is

China.

wolf;

rufous,

bright rusty

color

tip; belly, throat

black

1922.

10, p. 22, vol.

is

specimens there

and

lip

of upper

edge

slight suffusion

a

tail

the

of reddish

belly.

two

from

Yunnan

western

deep rufous, paling

specimens colored

portions ochraceous

species of this

Chin., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 102, footnote, 1892.

I'Emp.

Mus,,

known

of

usually white, though in

in two

large

size with

India.

Nepal,

Yangtze, Kiangsi,

Size

Description:

U. S. Nat.

Proc.

Dept.

specimen:

south

Four

cusp.

as

loc. cit.

Heude,

piclus Shih, Bull.

extending

about

equal

single species.

a

primcEvus A. B. Howell,

Poyang,

premolars

cingulum

javanicus leptunxs Heude

I'Hist. Nat.

concern.

of

as

of

Cuon

Type

in Canis,

than

area

of

number

authority, Wroughton, grade into each other.

Dogs

M6m.

the

to

as

latest

aS. dukhunensis Mall, Arch. f. Naturgesch., vol. 88, sect. A, no. f. Tier- u. Volkerk., Dresden, Ber. Mus. u. alpinus Jacobi, Abh.

Lycaon

crown

of the

loss

upper

the

to

of about

Cuon

Canis

third

a

hardly equals

area

in addition

continuous

the

relativelyshorter

second

base

in

crown

is

foramen

forming

through

and

in which

muzzle,

antorbital

the teeth

molar, whose

the

molar

of

modified

are

The

at

a

of the

170.

Anurocyon

by

first molar.

Cuon) priniCEvusHodgson

=

;

shortened

incisor

the

molars second

molar

some

that the

regarded Canis

lower

edge

outer

hardly elevated.

in Asia.

admits

by their

molar.

is

occurring but

to

molars

of the

metacone

Chin., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 102, footnote, 1892.

de I'Emp.

posterior cusp

posterior upper

as

DOGS

characterized

the

the

of the

small

a

RED

of incisors

across

while

forehead

each

The

well

great reduction

that

have

from

row;

Hodgson

1846.

I'Hist. Nat.

are

width

the

transverse

Zool., p. 113, concern.

Dogs

distance

less than

MONGOLIA

Hist., vol. I, p. 152, 1838.

M6m.

Heude,

Anurocyon

the

Nat.

Ann.

AND

like of

the

and the

in

back,

longer

rufous.

the

The

on

and

the

others

except

hairs upper

suffused

they tend

with are

to

Fukien,

is white

belly, which

that

which

from

two

a

lip is narrowly white

by black in

center

rufous.

ochraceous

darkened form

tically prac-

are

in the

the

tip.

black The

three, but

in

CARNIVORES

THE

the

fourth, the

reddish,

which

is

throat

only

Measurements:

skulls

little marked

a

flesh

Nomenclature: Asia

valid Tibet

No

"

with

size, long

hair

while

Red

the

the

with

Red

of

the

tachial

bristles

Fukien

U. like

Wild

of

is

and

the

material

considered

Indian its

by

in

mm.

large

length; of

and

fur,

under

in

the

as

1936, has

available of

races

name

reviewed British

the

at

singlespecies,for

a

for

Dog of

adult

darker

than

Altai

darker

tail, the

and

red, the

however, At

the

northern

very

time on

is thicker, and the

enter

no

same

C.j.fumosus, based pelage

may

Red

Dog

China

(1929,

Tsiojiakeo

and

he

single

a

the

mus-

western north-

in

24)

in that

These

specimen

a

also

that

of

was

course

a

that

fiery may

in the

very

Weigold

Szechwan,

alpinus, of

skins

China

in southwestern

occur

province that

northern

representing Cuo7i

white-chinned.

to

mentions

mentions

Sungpan,

southern

across

ranges

seems

p.

Jacobi (1922)

young

specimens

young

Wild

in western

from

of India.

lip.

upper

race,

new

races

Howell

B.

white

Mongolia.] The

"

and

A.

Museiim

skins

the a

Other

Habits:

basin, for which,

Yangtze

yellower

a

and

Yunnan,

well,

the

black.

of China

S. National the

be

Szechwan"

color

are

to as

of

given beyond

"western

Occurrence

Szechwan

China;

the

under

no

distinct

as

and

in

is Cuon

are

the

borders

from

71-178

really

is found

reach

to

of

The javanicus Desmarest ; type locality,Java. he leaves still in doubt, but inclines to occurring in China

characters

from

all may

that

name

races

in which

skin

1

coat,

written, Pocock,

was

basis

the

recognize C. j. lepturus describes

of

Dogs are

fur

long

known

about

shorter

Red

forms

many

Himalaya region 1831), characterized

long, he regarded

mm.

accoimt

on

shows

oldest

of

definite

fur,

Wild

with

is not

skull

and

India, with

158

but

the

(of Sykes,

eastern

about

Dogs

He

Museum.

number

dimensions

The

the

how

pallid form

of

Dog

woolly under

Dog

[Since the foregoing Wild

which

belly rufous.

(S. Miiller, 1839).

otrutilans

the

A

alpinus,

Red

studied

determine

to

named.

dukhunensis

size, skull

smaller

the

dark

are

CUON

have

to

seems

Siberia, Cuon

Cuon

as

lips, too,

available.

are

OF

material

and

distinguished

peninsula

yet

sufficient

southern

and

Blanford

and

white,

MEASUREMENTS

one

described

of those

with

measurements

CRANIAL

eastern

the

animal,

below.

given

are

unusually dark-red

an

No

"

359

red

have

red chased purwere

with been

in from

sent

of

skin

the

vol. 2, p.

after

kill out

brazen,

allowing

they slowly

moved

off.

occasion

Mr.

together and before and

one

on

very

Asiatic

skin

second

he

and

one

the

Probably result of

some

American

(1929)

is

uncommon

He

The

was

Dog shot

at

badly

place

it could

be

English

name,

Hunting

dogs.

usually htmt

in

Few

packs

Many

Dog,

stories

species of game of

a

few

led

to

ten

are seem

told

On

Dog

broken occasion

one

village (Tsogokwahn).

a

village,it is being

a

when

and

presently shot.

was

Head,"

"Dragon's Yuyuen,

Wild

a

Another as

it

was

attacking

while

the

wounded the

a

animal

capture

of

this animal,

intending of the African apply the name of the

immune

individuals.

and

skins

Wild

and

rocky

doubtless to

the

that

already They (1930a) has recorded him

same

two

refuge of

at

a

was

the

still in Fukien,

among

the

Shan, Kwangtung,

Yangtze.

Anurocyon

says

had

Shih

of the

"Dragon's Head."

killed

were

rescued.

pictus at Yao

Lycaon

more

(1922)

dialect

Kiangsi,

northern

obtaining plenty of mountainous

is

expectantly,

local

paler flanks

in

into

types

it Anurocyon

naming

found

are

muntjac's trail

the

peacefully grazing.

buffalo

before

wild

Two

on

with

one

representatives of

there Mell

two

long, thin tail,to

named

he

are

seeks

waited

in the

with

the mouth

Kwangtung,

muntjac

a

in the

numbers

Poyang,

near

bounding

came

they

along

Elaphodus.

an

so

called

species inadvertently. these

the

of

recognized

succeeded

where

killed at

muntjac

a

bounding the

part male

large

a

animal,

some

came

water

tame

whose

northern

some

genus,

new

from

Dogs

Expeditions

in

similar

animal

Wild

of China,

and

Shafun,

at

a

Museum

he

one

a

forms

both

that

south

villagerssay that when

pursuing

two

had

a

had

he

Yenping,

extreme

early morning

pvirsued by Red

no

notes

near

in the

mountains. in the

from

In the

country.

erected

of the

doubt

Asiatic

Musevmi

skulls

without

condition

accident, for

that

red

uniformly

(Great Lake),

Taihu

from

short-tailed

species. Sowerby the

he

skull

a

larger than

American

the

in

devoured

is rather

occurs

lepturus,and

Cuon

tail for which

of the latter

still

Dog

a

neighbourhood,

River.

in 1892, said

specimen of the former

A

clamitans.

writing

Yangtze:

name

new

thicker

shorter

a

and

the

gave

Red

the

Heude, of the

right bank

which

Dogs.

four

or

yards of them

100

partly

and

animal

This

Namting

the

on

China,

Pere

parts.

the

on

purchased

was

southeastern

In wilder

Wild

common

are

hamlet

three

in this

pig attacked

a

1908, when

of the

were

within

(1913,

Szechwan

in

mile

a

There

approach

pigs

saw

within

that

Wilson

afternoon,

In Yunnan, decidedly lanky in appearance." in procuring a skin and Expeditions succeeded

and

Fox

Zappey

One

shan.

to

me

Wild

of these

by three

minutes

few

of Wa

foot

H.

adds

parts of western

beasts

of these

ten

or

the

at

E.

well.

as

haunt

animals.

all game

eight

saw

situated

Tatienchih,

of

I

pheasants,

Batang

(1923)

Weigold

west.

dogs (Tsai Gho)

"Wild

drive

or

in

bought

was

189) writes:

quickly

and

female

a

and

localityto the south

some

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

360

from

ferocity and

daring of

their attacks.

In India

the

young

They are

said

CARNIVORES

THE

to

be

from

born

in the

two

six in

to

of the

early part Utter.

a

January

year,

Httle

Very

361

March,

to

be

to

seems

and

in number

vary

of their

recorded

habits

in China. Wild

Dogs in

though

most

they

says

exterminated.

now

known

then

were

to

northeastern

MoUendorfi,

in northern

occiu:

China,

Hopei, Kalgan,

Suanhwafu. examined:

Specimens Fukien:

Yenping,

Yunnan:

Shafun,

Szechwan:

2, skins

River,

locality,

Weasel

MUSTELID^

long-bodied,

are

northern

Some

climate, of

their

a

number and

and

abounding

members,

bodies.

Others, still,as

the

location

of which

is

entepicondylar

foramen

the

five

digits are

the

claws In

clawed

tooth

rows,

above

and

usually

skull the and

of

latter

(1921b)

external

family,

in

present

in the

which

obvious

adaptive

is based

nine

whose

In also

addition

partly

eventually

be

the

the

on

is no

teeth of

it to

than seems

reach

bone

in China

are

and use

molar in

of the that

is the

this

of in the

is

by

Pocock;

Mongolia;

in

portant im-

baculum

afforded

of Miller.

and

molars

two

longer

or

by

the

tooth.

found

a

and

otters

beyond

account

been

made

is

of the

characters

are

hiunerus;

upper

that

edge

Thomas

Pocock

recognized fewer

genera,

found

and work

by

well

The

lobe

Ursidse,

odor,

in the

(usually)

of

has

They

swimming.

summary

It

digging, -muscled

fish.

of the

feet, but

is i.

outer

generic

emphasized of feet

constitute these

and

male, useful

been

occurrence

to

family.

end

a

exceptions, the

backward

loss

excellent

an

few

for

inner the

at

part

the

for

heavy

powerful musky

a

hind

formula

broad

a

secant

and

With

webbed

the

by

molar

Canidae

characters

key, which

following Pocock,

the

of the

have

the

of

are

and

usually produced

latelygiven

in

as

penis

structure

genera

has

the

feet

reduced

are

characters

which,

the

is

fore

to

hemisphere.

modified

distal

inner

cally typi-

adapted

northern

become

region.

the

both

form, with

than

anal

at

on

and

that

so

characteristic

antero-posterior axis Pocock

present

the

gland having

in the

usually

mammals,

in

partly aquatic, pursuing

are

is retained

below,

one

have

species,which

strong-clawed limbs,

of scent

bony palate

the

of carnivorous well-furred

badgers,

otters,

relativelyweak,

are

the

the sort

some

OTTERS

particularly

of stout,

development with

the

as

the

provided

BADGERS,

short-limbed

through

are

WEASELS,

includes

family

(skin only).

i

(M.C.Z.).

skull

i

MARTENS,

The

skulls, namely:

two

only.

Namting

i;

exact

no

Five, including but

"

Family

will

least, in parts of

at

regions probably

eastern

writing in 1876, and

found, formerly

were

this

other

following It includes and

these,

five subfamilies.

probable the

forest

that and

Gulo, mountain

the

wolverene,

country|of

THE

362

Mongolia,

northern

said to have

one,

long

a.

to

in the

of

lack

wider

than

it

he

saw

a

also in the

occurs

evidence,

definite

more

once

skin

of

forests

I have

not

with

divided

not

Color

2.

by

a

and

yellow above,

Charronia

lip

upper

with

distinct

a

Martes

groove

Color

brown

(mi)

without

(summer);

above

Color

above,

ground;

brown,

spotted

of

process

auditory bulla.

separated from

pterygoid widely

camassial

lower

hamular

metaconid;

white

(Weasels, Stoats)

Mustelinae

f premolars

h'. With

(Martens)

lip

upper

groove

above,

brown

vertical

2.

ground-living.

or

Martinae

black

varied

Color

1.

"

climbing

for

and

below, the pads small

^ premolars

a'. With

I.

curved

and

short

upper

antero-intemal

single small

a

lobe ; feet non-fossorial, furred claws

lobe;

Mustelid^e

with

Y-shaped

somewhat

antero-intemal

an

Mongolian

and

long.

camassial

Upper

Chinese

of

(pm*)

and

portion

outer

Genera

the

camassial

of upper

Crown

molar

that

"Urga district," and

the

from

Nevertheless,

Key

a

(i923g) mentions

it here.

included

A.

for

Sowerby

CHINA

MONGOLIA

OF

come

of Manchuria.

AND

MAMMALS

on

Mustela

yellowish-

a

,

camassial

lower

hamular

metaconid;

with

process

distinct

a

with

in contact

the Vormela

bulla b.

a'. B.

of upper molar

upper

broad, bicuspid, inner lobe; feet

a

below, the claws

in outline, obviously triangxilar

camassial

wide.

longer than

short, less than a'. Nose-pad

auditory

half the

toes

Melinae

lip by

upper

swollen,

tail

webbed;

not

length

body

separated from bullae

a

hairy

projecting; upper

auditory upper

b.

Feet

continuing

area;

Meles

rhombic

natatorial, the

strong, a'. Toes

more

with

than

lip as

upper

a

naked

toes

half the

well

Arctonyx

in outline

webbed, body

developed

claws

small;

tail Lutrinae

length claws,

premolars

(Otters)

four Lutra

above h'. Toes

area;

flattened, only slightlyprojecting;

bullae

molar

to

(Badgers)

molar

nearly rectangular in outline h'. Nose-pad

with

minute

(Ferret-badgers)

Helictis

fossorial, heavily clawed,

a'. Feet

Helictidinae

slender

long and

trifid

of baculum

Tip

Crown the

with

camassial

Upper

fossorial, naked

claws, premolars three above

Micraonyx

Genus Charronia

Proc.

Gray, 9, vol.

ser.

Muslela

Proc.

This

is

and

a

it does

characters but

martens,

shown

as

highly

characteristic.

upward

in its distal

a

lower

that

is the

the

base

of

the

bone

is

and

in

in all the

fourth

anterior

obliquely

each

that

the

molars,

is reduced

one

to

a

inner

however, and

two

with

i.f

slightlyahead

of the

rounded

cusp,

low

times

wide

and

as

m.i

as

=38. the The

distinct.

as

The whose

inner upper

dumbbell-

slight constriction

a

of

second

blade

long, somewhat

sides, with

outer

the

middle, while

but

the

number

(of which pm.T

that

number

lengthwise

outer

an

c.t

vertical

a so

in

reduced

are

also

are

by

unreduced

below

is:

formula

tooth

one-half

the

at

of

the

the

tion, posi-

vertical

obvious,

so

of

side

Charronia

There

is divided

is not

right

left, in

nearly

a

gradually branches,

short

processes.

shares

genus

above

to

is

baculum

the

on

the

to

nose-pad

division

this

is trenchant,

and

arises

short

naked

this

situated

and

one

rounded

the

four

Martes,

jaw;

premolar

is about

lips,for

consist

and so

into

divides

With

is sharp

portion

shaped,

that forward

most

typical

more

the

in two

ends

In

bends

it

Martes

tip that

the

of

structure

upper

an

in Charronia

but

in

family,

cusp

molar

the

greatly

from

typical

body, long

black.

and

the

26, 30, 1928.

2, pp.

no.

long heavy

a

yellow

tip curls abruptly upward

tip

in

four

upper

in

expanded

curves

its

at

extreme

small),

is very

main

and

differ

(1918)

whereas an

with of

coloration

Ethnogr., Moscow,

et

martens,

otherwise

third, with

and

Martes,

premolars,

the

Pocock

For,

less mobile.

lips are

Hist.,

Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

others.

Sci. Nat., Anthrop.

des

not

by

lower

slight differences groove

Pocock,

others.

nearly straight,and

long,

the

and

largest of striking

of the

one

cylindrical tail, external

Zool., Amis

Sect.

and

1898, p. 771;

1908, p. 967, 1909;

M^m.

Ognev,

Soc. London,

Zool.

ibid.,for

Thomas,

Lamprogak

of Maries).

(subgenus

I, p. 308, 1918.

Thomas,

Maries

Gray

Charronia

1865, p. 108

Soc. London,

Zool.

363

CARNIVORES

THE

in the

middle. has

Ognev

for Charronia,

Charonia, however, but

a

a

the

on

render

to

seem

various

to

type

species of

the

as

171.

a

in the

authors

have

is

latter

flavigula Boddaert,

Muslela

flavigula kualunensis

Bonhote,

the

sought

the

Ann.

Mag.

There

to

erect

subspecies.

MARTEN

vol. Nat.

I, p.

88, 1785.

Hist.,

ser.

substitute

earlier

"one-letter

flavigula flavigula (Boddaert)

Animalium,

a

is

7, vol.

7, p.

348, 1901.

name

rule,"

apparently

consideration, although

under

area

to

as

well.

Charronia

Elenchus

preoccupied by

unnecessary.

course

YELLOW-THROATED

Mustela

Lamprogale

name

strict adherence

A such

form

genus

generic

the

mollusks.

single well-defined

time

that

ground

of

genus

would

time

the

lately proposed

This

from

is the

THE

364 Maries

MAMMALS

flavigula borealis Thomas,

Mus. Mustela

Comp.

9, vol.

ser.

Zool. 1912

10, p. 395,

flavigula kualunensis Proc.

Howell,

U.

Charronia

melli

yuenshanensis

Type specimen: the

animal

of

vol.

Bull.

Biol., Sun

known

in

of

the

thick.

above

chin

rump;

In

hue

of the

extend

clearer

throat

A

March

with

as

shoulder

has

from

darker

In and

with

the

the

Fukien, with

of

Although the

average

16,

(part).

i, p. 4, 1922

no.

vol.

22,

pp.

17, 35,

164,

p.

no.

B-

A.

1922.

1922.

9, p. 3, 1930.

is

supposed

and

area

"

an

but

An

old male few

an

be based

to

trunk,

legs

with

cat, but

muzzle

cylindrical the

to

outer

tail brownish

and

and

black In

gray.

patch The

on

summer

the

than

the

to

making

crown,

ochraceous hairs

the

in

intense from 40.

yellow,

are

females

in

April

shovdders

dark

ring of

the

longer

hairs

of the

than

brown.

of

belly

In

mer sum-

tion China, the colora-

dorsal

the

winter, since is less

dark

A

border and

summer

bases.

black

western

ftir above

the

over

with

a

usually

area

the shoulders.

at

middle

the

intense

more

broken

or

nape or

hairs

generally

this tint is confined but

pale the

Fukien,

brown

to

a

drab.

or

belly is golden

ochraceous. Fukien

measvu-ed:

Sowerby Shensi

southwestern

measurements

golden gold-tipped hairs may

stripe,which, especially in

has

ear,

The

posterior dark

pale, the

of

is shown. of

very

female

foot, 90;

slightlylarger

as

area

Szechwan

yellow

from

an

gold-tipped

by

from

sides

the

the

feet, hind

bright golden

head

adult

hind

from

variation

from

under

clear

long

as

head

median

areas

one

smoky

full-grown house

patch.

the

tail, 375;

mm.;

10,

no.

name

a

nape

the

from

the

and

less of the

shoulder

as

fore

portion; belly, too, unusually bright specimen taken

dimensions

on

One

brown,

Measurements: 477

is

yellow

terminal

an

A,

sect.

The

big

dark

indicated

reduced.

is darker,

small

the

on

Szechwan

lightlytinged with skins

88,

intensity,and

dividing

stripe

hairs

Nat.

Mag.

body below.

ill-defined

an

skin from

Tsingling skin

vol.

yellow, belly brownish

practicallycontinuous

median

a

Ann.

Thomas,

shoiolders, passing into brown

the

in

vary

and

area

be

Allen, Mem.

1910.

fig.,1918.

Univ., Canton,

specimens, considerable

may

forward

pelage, may

vol.

winter:

throat

on

medially

median

extends

and

of

forward

p. 310,

i, p. 309,

tail about

the

on

white,

ears

above

series

a

M.

1929.

Yatsen

forearms,

nape,

golden

to

slightlydarker

Color

the

ears,

body

35,

exist.

to

and

base

(part). G.

1909

Volkerk., Dresden,

u.

1, p. 25,

Naturgesch.,

f.

legs proportionally shorter;

black;

967,

p.

Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., Madrid,

art.

the

very

vol.

9, vol.

f. Tier-

large species, as

^A

"

the

1908,

Nepal.

Description: not

for

MONGOLIA

Radde).

Anzeiger,

Real

75,

Dept.

Not

"

of

Hist., ser.

Bol.

Mali, Arch.

Shih,

London,

(not

Ber. Mus.

u.

Mus.,

in

Matschie,

Soc.

AND

1922.

Cabrera,

S. Nat.

Charronia

Nat.

Mag.

CHINA

Zool.

Hilzheimer,

flavigula borealis Jacobi, Abh.

Charronia

on

Proc. p. 238,

Ann.

flavigula Pocock,

Hist., Mustela

40,

szetchuensis

flavigula

Charronia

vol.

Zool.,

OF

gives as

577,

available, adult and

have

440,

males

heavier

and

head the

body,

corresponding 103, are

skulls.

49.

probably

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

365

CARNIVORES

THE

OF

FLAVIGULA

FLAVIGULA

CHARRONIA

4-1

"a

ti

""

c

"a

"S

""3

4.*

S3

X

5"

o

Z

38331

56.0

47-5

950

100.7

450

340

^

34.0

40.0

cf

Fukien

43148

99.0

91.7

48.0

55-5

44-5

31-8

32.8

38.7

cf

Yunnan

57046

99-5

90.5

45-5

58.7

46.0

36.8

324

390

cT

Shensi

47-3

36.0

36.3

cf

Shensi

9.1.

1.

16

51.8

102.0

IIO.I

BM

43147

91-5

845

42.7

48.5

430

30.3

30.8

35-7

9

Yunnan

43149

94.2

87.8

44-4

550

43-2

32.0

32.2

37.2

9

Yunnan

59317

89.2

82.0

40.6

52.2

39-7

29.0

291

34-5

9

Fukien

84445

92.4

86.2

42.5

53-5

42.0

293

302

35.1

9

Fukien

91 -3

50.4

65.0

48.2

340

34.8

40.0

9

Fukien

527

41-5

30.0

32.2

36.4

9?

Szechwan

35-9

9

Fukien

cT

Fukien

84447 84894 98.11.

1.

7

(type

BM

BM

Nomenclature:-

color

of

This

however,

shown

where

the

of

29.0

303

99.6

92.4

46.7

63.0

46.0

33.1

32.9

be

considerable

description is from

from

Yunnan.

on

in

Sungpanting the

flavigula szetchiiensis,on

paler,

the

"borealis" are

is correct other

{

=

dark

C.f. aterrima

probably in

brown

all

regarding

specimens

from

ground almost

darker,

Pallas), the

individual this

native

a

as

a

synonym are

are

that

the

black,

chief

as

of not

and

typical

no

C.

separable.

6, and

basis

as

those

for

Shih's

Hunan.

Hilzheimer of the

brown

contrasted The

his

winter

Shan, by

doubt

two

;

parts same

Yuen

pale

least

at

tunensis flavigula kua-

the

of Amurland.

race

of

lower

quite

from

since

has

May

on

described

to

strikingly darker

Mustela

the

least

Thomas

darker

skin was

seasonal,

or

Szechwan

with and

also form

underparts"

based

his Ftikien

the

of

race

at

naming

the

to

based

pelage

now

are

bought

led

available

but rather

The

which,

races,

typical

the

the

from

skins

southeastward

northwestern

stimmer

even

named,

was

in

supposed

several

extends

Bonhote

in

usual

"darker

skin

nature,

of

range

Thus

taken

region

The

and

seasonal

undoubtedly

forms.

of the

same

native

the

has

yuenshanensis,

Another

a

naming

the

all, indistinguishable.

skins

that

the

of

as

to

in

of variation

amount

quite indistinguishable from

specimen

a

skins

Charronia

well

a

C. f. indochinensis

race

supposed on

to

seems

Thence

summer

additional

since

42.1

this is, after

that

Mustela

513

led

be

Himalayas.

coloring

is

91.7

41.6

as

has to

appear

eastern

Siam,

450

84.7

There

"

individual

an

area.

same

87.3

CJ. kuatunensis)

of

2.6.10.27

96.0

with color

as

head C.

f.

ences differ-

Jacobi (1922)

/. flavigula,especially Likewise, Matschie's

MAMMALS

THE

366 C.

nielli

from

whether should

be

North

in

A

China. from

material

Amur

the

differ

pelts

a

third

It

seems

Yunnan

sufficient North

but

series

and

has

shown

and

the

This

its

as

in

the

To

Habits:

deep ravines.

Dr.

Roy

the

China,

Zoology,

J.

F.

from

of Yunnan,

at

has

Fukien

recorded

at

it from of

extreme

in Hainan.

the as

Hunan,

the

and

southern

by

vol.

is too

border,

eastern

La

Mell

China

portion

Touche

for

regards

it

in

as

of

the not

Kwangtung.

a

Mountains,

Wassu

In

of

China,

common

tive Comparapoplar,

the

Likiang, series.

extreme

of

forests

British

by

fairly plentiful.

throughout

back

as

to

well

secured

Museum

and

of

it inhabits

was

province.

it ranges

of

cleared

says

that

dense

an

records

well

be

the

is

mountains

the

it inhabits

Birrma

i,

most

over

frorn

for

between

definite

Sowerby

in

specimen

from

Marten

no

it must

f. borealis

f. aterrima

"Zoographia", vol.

in the

where

1934)

6, p. 24,

distributed

common

Southward

opposite as

ever, how-

1862.

country

Expeditions brought

well

a

of

present,

species

I have

Szechwan

where

River,

Namting

the

Taipai Shaft, Shensi,

a

firs.

Asiatic

Expeditions,

mountains occur

Museum in

Asiatic

as

the

that

Martens

Yellow-throated

Wanhsien

Tebbuland,

of this

Gobi.

it is

Mustela

secured

and

tion recogni-

suggests

Charronia

in Pallas's

Shansi,

of

parts

near

Rock

Na

spruces

secured

from

mountains

maple, linden, American

specimen

called

fairly well

perhaps,

however,

under

;

bright.

for the

For

horealis,of

of the

and

specimens

and

south

In

be

general the

of Shensi

Andrews.

Jacobi records western

A

from

found

Hydrobiol.,

et

published

country,

southwest,

country

the

Taukwan,

China

Shensi Fiikien

is very

Yellow-throated

specimens

on

In

"

the

churian Man-

two

from

do

Howell

forms.

two

should

first

Hopei, where,

the

loess

C.

Amurland

was

typical from

that

another

be

can

the

(Folia Zool.

based

and

in

race.

mountainous

in

it.

of

was

central

occiurence

attract

form

and

and

one

skin

Szechwan

although

that

long antedating Radde's

of wooded

southern

of

as

A

his

seen

with

area

they

as

from

from

fourth

China,

show

Heptner

Rivers,

Occurrence animal

all

much

as

characters

in

latter

25) finds

p.

different

separable into

are

name

Amur

color

form

Siberia,

animals

decided.

(1929,

a

question

a

pale in tint, is possibly tending

greatly

might

skulls

paper,

181 1, thus

71,

p.

whether

regarded that

(Pallas). Uth

dull, while

China

recent

a

is very

from

the

be

can

fully

is not

typical

of

West

I have In

the

other

each

Shansi

doubtful

very

of any

this

Howell

B.

from

is

(i923g) regards

different

and

It

northeastern

Sowerby

is rather

A.

from

from

; one

from

before

form.

different.

Amurland,

of skins

comparison

MONGOLIA

not

fauna.

race,

Shensi, which

northern

individuals

that

is needed

Tsingling Range, toward

of

as

careful

AND

in

typical

Chinese

the

specimen

CHINA

apparently

C. f. aterrima,

included

Manchurian

is

Kwangtung

not

or

OF

forests

whence

Others

by

the

were

Central Shih

Museum. in the

It is not

the

wooded

known

to

(1922,

Mell the at

of

edge bees

in and

going

A

also

had

Fungwahn,

food.

as

it

Dog,

Barking

for

for

little recorded

Specimens

its

of

but

yellow

writer

A

vol.

24,

p.

589) down

running

of diet there

food

call

Chinese

color.

of its

special animal

its

a

in Manchuria

the

speaks predaceous habits

at

evidently

are

Shensi

another

and

village wood

a

Society (1916,

History

nectar,

its

had

they

bees

it is known

and to

on

snapping

were

these

that

so

Shansi

in

in

shot

were

the

tree

that

states

reference

Evidently

liking for sweets,

fied modi-

are

be

to

seems

China.

examined:

all,nineteen,

In

"

Chunganhsien,

Fukien:

in

Natural

Deer.

high

a

its stomach,

although

Bombay

in

15

(i923g)

Sowerby

its fondness

of the a

in

(Yellow Marten),

mentioned

by

October

they

as

contained

their stomachs

;

bees

honey

of the

Journal

fawns

hive

a

early morning

in

woods

shot

Honey

or

"hwangyao"

has

male

Indeed,

"mi-kou"

in the

of

out

already caught.

favorite

in the

that

tells of two

17), writing of Kwangtung,

p.

opening

an

367

CARNIVORES

THE

Futsing, i ; Yenping,

4;

follows:

as

; Kuatun,

i

2,

including type

of kuatunensis

(B.M.).

Hupeh:

(M.C.Z.).

i

Shensi:

Taipai Shan,

Kansu:

Na

Szechwan: Yunnan

Wanhsien, :

Yenanfu,

i;

Tebbuland,

Likiang,

i ; no

locality,i. River,

; Namting

i

(B.M.).

i

(M.C.Z.).

i

border, 4.

Burma

Pinel

Martes

Genus

MARTENS Martes

Pinel, Actes

The

of

developed

that

paler of

and

head

and

almost

chest.

in that

Charronia,

extraordinary sigmoid

its

tip,

sparingly along

the

and

Marten.

the

Stone

information

is

Color half

B.

brown; as

Color of head

long

border

of

bifid.

Mongolia Pine

brown

prevailingly rich

Probably and

baculum,

Charronia

the

also

species

two

northern

Marten

from

sixth, without

in its terminal

in

observed

the

are are

and

head

slender, sharp

rather

characteristicallydifferent

gradually upturned

Possibly

body

and

and

with

Chinese

the

neck

head

slate brown and

to

fore

as

is

baculum

curvatiu-e

northern

colors

length of

the

well-

with

China,

occurs,

but

the

and occur

Sable

positive

lacking. Key

A.

The

being fo\rr-parted,is

of

claws

The

bushy.

The

it is

the

instead

half

fairly long tails, about

have

short-limbed

are

fur-

valuable

martens,

true

They

hemisphere.

full and

are

and

sables

the

adapted for tree-climbing.

curved,

with

contains

northern

ears

which

body, and

the

Paris, vol. i, p. 55, 1792.

Nat.

Martes

genus

bearers

d'Hist.

Soc.

throat

and

Mongolian

colored

like the

Species

body;

Martes

tail Martes

body

lightunder

of

fur ; tail two-

thirds

zibellina

sajanensis

the length M.

foina

MAMMALS

THE

368

CHINA

OF

Martes

172.

zibellina

Martes

zibellina Thomas,

specimen:

Type

part of the

sktill than

most

The

The

from

total

though

seems

Mongolia.

a

A

sable

farther

(1912a,

Thomas

from

fur-hunter's in

occurs

392)

p.

differing

not

diagnostic character. The

meastirements.

of

this

form,

mountain that

slightly differentiated

Carruthers

does

36.2-37.4

case,

of northwestern

forests

brought back

in northwestern

Mountains

but

brain

not

extend

to

seem

two

golia. Mon-

much

None.

"

173.

Martes

foina

STONE

foina Erxleben,

as

Syst. Regni

specimen:

Type taken

dusky,

the main

breadth

Tapsa

Manchuria,

light yellowish color.

a

south.

Specimens examined:

Mustela

the

records

in the

hut

general color of

color.

external

probably

occurs

markedly

a

(males), 74 (females); zygomatic

mm.

in

has

The

it is

salmon

no

(female);

It is

"

of

fur

be

to

gives

length, 83.2-84

be, that

to

River, northern

animal

specimens

some

describer

Habits:

and

this

it is brilliant

supposed

(males), 43.6 (female).

Occurrence

skulls

is

47.5-50.2

(males), 33.5

of the

Museum

Orsyba

the

under

the

brown,

skull

The

"

measure:

it

Zoological

district.

Krasnoyarsk

in tint; in

of the

shortness

width,

1912.

9705,

that

states

sides; in others

the

Measurements: skulls

6, p. 278, 1925.

skull, No.

the

is dark

type

patch varies

throat

vol.

8, vol. 9, p. 392,

ser.

Siberia.

from

that

common

markedly

and

describer

The

"

the

skin

Sajan Mountains,

Description: shorter

A

"

Hist.,

Sciences, Leningrad, U.S.S.R., from

of

Academy

Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

SABLE

Mammalogy,

sajanensisOgnev, Joum.

Martes

MONGOLIA

sajanensis Ognev

zibellina SAIANSK

AND

MARTEN

Animalis, Mammalia,

known

Not

"

to

(Erxleben)

foina

p.

458,

in

be

1777.

existence.

The

type

locality is

Germany.

Description: "

slaty cast,

a

similar

Somewhat

light under

fur and

relativelylonger tail,about

a

to

white

two-thirds

the

the

fur

patch, varying

throat the

but

Sable,

head

and

usually has buffy.

to

body, also

serves

to

a

The tinguish dis-

it. Measurements: Miller and

"

(1912) gives

body, 453

mm.;

No the

measurements

of

specimens

Chinese

following for Eixropean specimens:

tail, 260; hind

foot, 85;

ear,

34.

Skull:

are

adult

available.

male, head

male, condyle-

THE

basal

length, 84

tooth

row,

30;

mm.;

zygomatic

mandibular

tooth

Occurrence

and

It

Mongolia.

the

along

"through

Northern

Jacobi (1922) Expedition the

on

lower

much

not

and

from

of

a

How the

beyond

he

far

the

China"

detect

similar

difference

no

half -grown,

white

chin

extends

is not

of northern

to

from

them.

the

Weigold

small

a

clear, but and

Shansi,

I923g,

of skins

by

reduced

of

country

between

obtained

was

and

country

(Sowerby,

large consignments

can

country

rocky in

and

West

seen

its range

south

broken

has

skin,

which

maxillary

39;

species in China and

Gobi,

into

and

summer

in

forests

the

and

Mvikden,

Sungpan

jaw.

that

states

width,

of this

evergreen

border

Chihli, Shansi,

mentions

in

is recorded

in

occurs

mastoid

52;

35.

Little

"

369

width,

row,

northern

Sowerby

Shansi

northern

Habits:

probably

Mongolia

vol. 2, p. 66).

CARNIVORES

mark

probably

northern

Szech-

wan.

It is not from

that

clear

of

whether

examined:

"

Linnjeus, Syst. Nat.,

The

members

the

and

in The

lower

in that

in

upper

orbit

tip of

to

foramina. boreal time

its

time

Of

genus

the

M.

by

skull

the

stoats

be

is the

the

been

the

proposed; mastoid

angular of rather of the

weasels

eastern

fur

open for

polecats

steppe a

the the

without

region,

kozlovi

or

and

Ognev.

types

Mongolia, tail-tufts

are

partly aquatic

sometimes

true

life and

the

have

are a

the

the

antorbital

which

of

are

which

from but

the

Mustela

European

of

more

a

Stoat,

separate

tail-tiift;

Kolonokus

has

heavily built,

Putorius, modified

rather

in

black

a

subgenus

and

subgenus

minks

last

given,

placed

lack

tail, and

larger

the from

typical subgenus

tail -tuft, the

black ferrets

to

been

(of which

weasels,

of

more

constituting subgenera.

as

the

of

the

across

most

have

these

black

short

distance

represented,

names

regard

edge

the

species,

are

tiger weasels

inner

distance

and

constitute

country.

of

the

tooth, therefore,

that

so

the

number

very

the

against

is less than

dwarf

the

associated.

were

in

legs,

less premolar

one

formerly they

shortened,

to

body, short

is, with

entirely lost, and

shearing

The

slender

a

that

34,

=

subgeneric

or

with

erminea, type), and by subgenus, characterized for

subspecificallydifferent

f.

specialized than

distinct

in China

having

which

more

a

to

seems

species occurring

is represented

for

generic

usage

m.T

is much

Several

various

conservative

is

contains

distribution. to

blade

in

with

is

snout

in the

muzzle

The

M.

as

1758.

pm.^

metacone

The

is

Linnaeus

agree

(mO

tooth

sharp

premolar.

genus

martens,

the

same

Mustela

i, p. 45,

i.f cl

the

camassial

(Vormela), knife-like

formula: than

jaw

lo, vol.

this

of

tooth

each

ed.

the

Marten

None.

Genus Mustela

Stone

Possibly it is

Europe.

Specimens

the eastern

broad,

with

characteristic

in the

character

flattened

brain

THE

370

case;

the

they constitute in the

occur

MAMMALS

area

here

OF

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

is not

subgenus Lutreola, which, however,

known

to

considered.

Fig.

17.

Distribution

Map.

Mustela

A.

Color a.

b.

1.

M.

sibirica fontanierii

2.

M.

^ibirica davidiana

of tinder

Tip

Key

to

side

not

Chinese

of tail usually not

a'. Color

paler fulvous

b'. Color

darker

Tip

of tail

and

3.

sharply

and

Mongolian

contrasted

with

Species that

sibirica

M.

of

mouptnensis

Mustela

of back.

darker. sibirica

M. M.

richer, ochraceous-orange

darker, smoky

brown

M.

fontanierii

sibirica davidiana

sibirica

moupinensis

CARNIVORES

THE. B.

of tail not

Tip

a.

a'. Tail

Paler, lower

b".

Darker,

h".

to

the

to

with

their

least

the

twice

hind

pygmcsa

M.russelliana

erminea

M.

eversmamii

and

which

sibirica

Recherches

as

that

resemble

servir

he

species

followed

of

in modification

without

are

at

placing

the

black

in habits.

(Milne-Edwards)

fontanierii

pour

later

which

two

lacking

are

tails

long

after

closely allied, and

usually

weasels

tiarata

has

Ognev

likely the

thus

mongolica

Kolonokus

name

group,

Very

the

they

and

same

sense.

These

aquatic habits,

fontanieriiMilne-Edwards,

M.

subgeneric

group,

the

than

Lutreola.

Mustela

in

considered

be

natural

typical stoats,

the

sibirica

series

generic

a

to

as

white

gave

Mustela

more

seems

for

rixosa

foot

in winter

altaica

are

group,

coat

M.

altaica kathiah

foot

back

the

in

races

mink

the

altaica altaica

foot.

equaling hind

summer,

with

name

174. Putorius

hind

longer than

tail about

zoologistSatunin of

the

separation

in the

tip seen

in

of the

those

use

in the

M. M.

black.

like back

various

of the

below,

tail about

weasels

(1931) placed proceeds

foot.

dark

toes

times

three

Russian

the

1

191

hind

of back.

whitish

toes

yellow,

black, contrasting

eastern

them

than

below,

brown

h'. Feet

that

length

Yellow

a'. Feet

In

side

lower

tip conspicuously

Tail

longer than

pinkish,

small, white

Very in

side

less

much

a".

times

least three

at

from

black.

a".

b'. Tail

b.

contrastingly different

side

of under

Color

371

4 I'Hist.

Nat.

des

Mammiferes,

pi. 61, fig.I,

p. 205,

1868-74. Proc.

sibirica Swinhoe,

Mustela

147,

p.

Matschie,

slegmanni

Lutreola

sibirica

Mustela

sibirica

Mustela

sibirica sibirica

G.

fontanieri A.

Peiping, by figured in

It is

the

of

238, 624 (in part).

pp.

Filchner

London,

Amer. U.

Proc. race

sent

Novitates,

S. Nat.

varying

the

to

u.

Tibet

vol.

1903-05,

10, pt.

I,

two-fifths

the

In

of

intense

nose-pad, of

center

extent.

China,

the

Ridgway

although

a

full

is

length

of

head

forehead the

and

paling

short

cinnamon.

light coloration,

is

limbs, the tail

muzzle

often

are

ill-defined

is very

below,

The

Yellow darker

and

pale, about

buff

markedly

a

pale brown,

There

color

Color

body.

neck, sometimes

cinnamon

there.

still in Paris.

and

and

basis

Paris,

at

stationed

chin, white.

to

the

on

Natiu-elle

constd

and

long body

orange

species

presumably

pelage, the body

above,

color, about of

as

I, p. 26, 1929.

honorary

and

throat

winter

fresh

in

the

art.

d'Histoire

and

weasel-like, with

about

p. 3, 1929.

75,

Museiom

French

the

by Milne-Edwards,

Form

in the

cinnamon

slightly more of eastern

China

358,

no.

vol.

Mus.,

described

was

Fontanier,

around

lip

marks

pinkish

nach

191 1, p. 688.

Mus.

pale fulvous, slightlypaler below;

upper

white

This

"

color

and

bushy

Allen,

skull,

"

uniform

1870,

Exped.

d.

150.

Howell,

M.

Description: rather

London,

Zool. Soc.

M.

B.

skin, without

a

ibid.,p.

Proc.

Thomas,

specimen:

Type from

Soc.

Ergebn.

1908.

Lutreola

of

Zool.

Wiss.

Arctogale fontanieri Matschie,

the

tail

Weasel than

two

THE

372

winter

skins

assumed

to

(type locality,near that

specimens It

animals.

distinct, His

is

the

obviously

description applies well of the

Siberia). Radde

(1862)

region

the

specimen

to

given

as

larger

are

that

the

figured

one

in

female

a

MONGOLIA

near

River,

Amur

AND

typical sibirica, from

certain, therefore,

seems

and

represent

Yenessei

the

from

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

named

pale winter

nearly identical

are

also

darker

mentions Baikal

China

is

quite

Milne-Edwards.

by

pelage, while

with

Baikal

than

of eastern

race

and

and

Lake

those

of

a

sions dimen-

the

female

from

Shansi.

No.

45353

darker,

does

as

intergradation M.

s.

the

same

No.

32265

this

localities do

Siberia

up

also in

and

the

and

have

not

representing typical China

a

than

the

well-defined

M.

darker race

the

tip of

between

the

As

"

the

dark

to

the

Altai, except

races,

that

sibirica, with race

tail

of

North

of still darker

condition Other

indistinctly

thus

certain

a

and

of

that

specimens

from

tip.

species this

a

eastern

the

Fengsiangfu, Shensi, showing

region, southward

of the

has

typical decidedly dark-tipped tail.

the

readily into geographic

in winter

from

character

Habits:

the Amur

highlands

Shansi,

Kweihwacheng,

moupinensis with

Occurrence

into

from

of

the

is

weasel

latitude in the

of

Gobi.

northern

cold

paler coloring China,

M.

coloring

widely distributed

s.

and

and

Amoy It

and

westward to break

seems

part

of

longer,

the

range

thicker

fontanierii. In a

from

contrasting

fur

western

dark

tail-

THE

tip is represented by M. the

conditions,

North

China,

with

A.

Howell).

to

B.

marshes,

Shensi, south

he

A

vermin.

They

specimen

members

lang"

specimens a

five miles

various from

single form, south

of

basin

Yangtze

Matschie

from

sent

colored

the

and

Chimo,

In

"

of the

one

"huang

shu

but

represent

occurs

about as

forty-

far

the

as

race.

P.

to

four

skins

summer

they

fontanierii,the tail chin

the

on

all,eighteen, as

walls.

stating that, although of

small.

was

of individual

inseparable from

are

to

Shensi,

probably

matters

are

is

the

Expeditions secured

as

stegmanni

marking

these

of rats

inside

seem

far

southeastern

figure

s

white

that

M.

s.

was

There

variation

and

fontanierii.

follows:

i.

Shansi:

Kweihwacheng,

5;

Shensi:

forty-five miles

south

Taipai Shan,

2

(skulls);Taiyuanfu,

of Fengsiangfu,

4;

2.

district,i (B.M.)

Shangchow

;

Singanfu,

(B.M.).

I

Kiangsu: Shanghai,

(B.M.)-

2

Mustek

175. Putorius

the

Lutreola

name

the

specimens

Specimens examined: Shantung:

it

Tsingtao, Shantung,

however,

Shantung

with

Milne-Edwards'

back,

doubt,

no

the

of

vicinity

like the

be

that

gave

strikingly with

agreed

can

intergrading

(1908)

that as

to

China,

abundance

name

Asiatic

Clark

North

rats

native

China

Southward

Fengsiangfu.

before

the

The

westward

Shantung,

the

pursuing

Museum

in North

localities

Chimo,

the

on

in

towns,

Liutsun, fifteen

at over

Fengsiangfu, Shensi, by

at

American

all

thrive

to

seem

Expeditions.

The

Wolf.

Rat

from

boldly

into houses,

ing accord-

"in

expedition with

common

of

that

manchurica

temple yard

a

as

they

Asiatic

his

davidiana.

s.

from

everywhere,

occur

of

them

sibirica

climatic

warmer

is different

{M.

On

drain

a

regards

chasing chickens

Central

Yellow

or

they

where

come

killed

was

of the

face

to

brighter, M.

form

forest."

in

two

is still

grayer that

in the

and

towns

a

adds

trapped

Hsianfu,

of

China

and

He

in response

Manchurian

the

fur

longer

especially in large and

that

dry plains, and

on

western

miles

writes

373

while

moupinensis,

s.

of southeastern

race

(i923g)

Sowerby

CARNIVORES

davidianus

1871.

Milne-Edwards,

in

sibirica Nouv.

David,

Recherches

Milne-Edwards,

davidiana Arch. servir

pour

(Milne-Edwards)

Mus.

d'Higt.

k I'Hist.

Nat.

Paris,

vol.

7,

des MammiKres,

Nat.

Bull., p.

p. 343,

92,

note, foot-

pi. 59, fig. 1;

pi. 60, fig.2; 1868-74. Mustela

sibirica

Putorius

sibiricus

Lutreola

davidiana

Lutreola

melli

Mustela

sibirica

Type a

female

Armand

Swinhoe, noctis

J.

Zool. Soc. London,

Proc.

Barrett-Hamilton,

A.

Allen,

Matschie,

in

Mell,

specimen:

specimen

M.

The

"

with

It is

Amer.

Arch.

(sic) G.

davidana

David.

Bull.

f.

1870, pp.

238, 624

Ann.

Mag.

Nat.

Mus.

Nat.

Hist., vol. 26,

Naturgesch.,

Allen,

Amer.

type

of

skull,

sent

presumably

vol.

Mus.

Hist., ser.

88,

sect.

Novitates,

(in part). 7, vol.

p.

A, no.

Milne-Edwards's from

430,

13, p. 390,

10,

no.

p. 35,

1922.

358, p. 4, 1929.

Putorius

Kiangsi, southern

still in the

1904.

1909.

Museum

davidianus

China,

d'Histoire

by

was

Pere

Naturelle

at

Paris.

Description: "

The

Yellow

Weasel

of

southeastern

China

is much

more

the is

tint

same

as

having

slightly darker,

the

slightly paler than

and

narrow

The

skull

is

the

chin,

from

size

as

in

describing

The

Amoy.

more

frontal

Measurements:

"

the

with

compared

apparently

swollen

sinuses, The

a

an

forehead infection

available

the

to

on

that

from race

skull was

often

measurements

the

far

the

varying the

nose-

extends

as

China

North

the

quite

based the

it

a

with to

the

that the

race,

chiefly animal

same

of

unaware

skull

perhaps due

of

as

only

throat.

representing

found

is

A

and

davidianus,

P.

back

side

of

side

the

tail of

the

back

same.

area,

of

his female was

lower as

at

interramal

of

area

The

lip

upper

line

median

evidently compared

in size and

filariaein the

or

central

tinged with

entire

the

,

the

pelage,

muzzle

and

feet

of the

edge

Milne-Edwards

Amoy!

difference from

in

differences

fore

distinguishable

not

although Milne-Edwards, on

the

the

brown.

forehead

The

less broken

or

more

reddish

of

fontanierii)almost

s.

winter

fresh

pelage

summer

wash

brown,

lips and

lower

the

a

back.

includes

of white

amount

pad,

blackish

dark

are

eyes

In

back.

the

(M.

China

in

(1912)

Ridgway

of

orange"

"ochraceous

MONGOLIA

AND

of northern

that

than

in its coloration

intense

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

374

of

sexual a

presence

male of

in weasels.

specimens in

the

flesh

are:

CARNIVORES

THE

Nomenclature:

with

Kiangsi, "

skull, evidently

a

of

boring province his

is a

plate

the

obviously

this

But

Canton

less,

or

tail of

Barrett-Hamilton

by

Fukien,

central

in

nielli,based

Lutreola

on

region, is really different, its chief

its describer,

more

theless, Never-

uniform

and

Sanyuen,

Matschie's

neigh-

in the

sibirica.

typical M.

or

from

specimen,

Amoy,

described

race

that

seem

to

varies

member

The

the

according

diagnostic character, tail.

in

from

bright coloring

the

"Sanyentze" it

does

nor

"Tsahpei,"

from

specimen

from

female

his

of him

sent

represent

to

well

China.

noctis

same,

male,

a

taken

shows

southeastern

sibiricus

Piitorius

as

and

Fukien,

colored

subspecies of

the

of

this

hesitation, described

some

cranium

the

species, comparing

distinct

a

as

after

Milne-Edwards,

"

375

be

may

as

possession of

the

being

by

seen

longer

a

of

table

the

measurements.

Occurrence in

towns, Swinhoe said

and

it also

prey

Canton,

birds

upon

Pope, however, hunting and

Andrews

The up

the

Yangtze

quite

Howell

There

are

the

M.

of

Specimens

of

examined:

"

Futsing,

Hupeh:

Ichang, 4 (M.C.Z.);

J.

2

well

as

A.

the

and

the

edge at

lands, high-

of the

least

to

Canton

apparently does it provinces neighboring.

nor

(1909a,

from

the

it from

the

Zoology

reported

has

Hunan.

Yochow,

from

from

Museum

National

p.

430)

perhaps

meeting place subspecies

western

westward

Shanghai

Comparative

Allen

much

1916.

eastern

Shensi, which

all,twenty,

7; Foochow,

M.

s.

recorded

marks with

a

nearly the

race

moupinensis.

follows:

as

(B.M.).

Ching River,

i;

Changyang,

i

(B.M.).

i.

Kiangsu: Soochow, 176. moupinensis

In

and

S.

(1930b)

Shih

and Dr.

U.

of

in southern

China

North

as

Museum

of its range,

Fukien:

Putorius

in the

Hunan.

boundary

Kiangsi: Hokou,

mainland

Taipingfu, Anhwei,

"Si-Taipa-Shiang"

fontanierii of

the

in the

specimens

Ichang, Hupeh,

border

Hainan,

H.

Heller

secured.

in

of

China

reach of

border

recorded

the

and

about

with

for

1925,

it is

CHfford

Mr.

and

latitude

southeastern

of not

in

seen

was

(1922)

rollingcountry

series there

the

about

country It does

typical specimens

northwestern s.

low

one

small

a

Ichang Gorges

southern

has

Kiangsu;

southwestern from

the

the

to

neighborhood male

the

to

Province.

(1929)

Shanghai,

valley

over

Kwangsi

extend

secured

is extensive, from

range

thence and

nevertheless-

houses.

the

Mell

to

bushes.

Futsing

about

uncommon

flat

with

covered

of

walls

the

according

it in the

found

about

species

common

a

in

even

while

surrounding plains',only

the

on

Dr.

it

found

He

sparsely

and

rats

snakes,

eats

times.

at

it is rocky

where

pursuing

kills and

is

this

elsewhere,

As

"

China,

southeastern says

to

Habits:

i;

Nanking,

Mustela

Milne-Edwards,

fig.2; pi. 60, fig.4; 1868-74

2

(Univ. Mich.);

sibirica Recherches

(1872).

i

(Univ. Mich.).

moupinensis (Milne-Edwards) pour

servir

d

I'Hist.

Nat.

des

Mammiftres,

p.

347,

pi. 59,

MAMMALS

THE

376

Allen, Bull.

Lutreola

moupinensis J.

Lutreola

major Hilzheimer, Zool.

A.

tafeliHilzheimer,

Lutreola

sibirica moupinensis

Type specimen: Pere

Nat.

Hist., vol. 26, p. 430,

Anzeiger, vol. 35, p. 310,

1909.

1910.

Nat.

Mag.

Hist.,

10, p. 395,

sent

was

it in

obtained

who

9, vol.

ser.

original specimen

The

"

David,

Arniand

Ann.

Thomas,

to

1922.

the

mountains

the

Paris

Musevim'

Muping,

of

west-

Szechwan.

central

This

Description: "

differs from dark

Mus.

Amer.

MONGOLIA

AND

loc. cil.

Lutreola

by

CHINA

OF

the

tail-tip.

others

of the

brown

mask

and

body

of the

eyes.

In

dorsal

surface

of the

this color ftilvous

color

present or

in winter,

in

race,

extending back

the

over

mostly

the facial mask

mid-dorsal

in

which

M.

s.

it forms

a

general

The

slightlypaler below, and

confined

to

the

muzzle

darker,

and

the

in front

entire

the

darker, blackish

area,

It

contrasting

a

long.

more

pelage the general color is much and

highlands.

and

indistinctly seen

half-inch

a

and

body browner,

brown,

passing into

a

more

sides.

skull and

The

indistinct

summer

tint at the

area

tail is fulvous

face

the

on

in the

developed

Chinese

western

is sometimes

character

blackish

the

in its darker

previously treated

is better

terminal

color

subspecies of

a

latter

The

fontanierii,but well-defined

is

teeth

essentiallyas in the other

are

races,

the

female

being

slightlysmaller. A

skeleton

directly with caudal

vertebrae.

in this genus,

the

same

pairs of ribs, of which

fourteen

sternum; The

with

Measurements:

about

has

the

the

"

there

tip of end The

the

are

six lumbar,

baculum

upward

bent

is hooked

as

in the

in

or

sacral, and a

articulate

eleven

twenty-two

characteristic

manner

sharply.

following collectors'

size variations

ten

three

other

measurements

races.

seem

to

show

THE

Nomenclature: the

to

Lutreola

trade

skins

that,

in both,

for L. a

in the

tail the

Occurrence

and

if Thomas's

really different, for

Hilzheimer

foot

points the

seem

Mekong

a

of

Taipai

to

mark

in

the

from

Imaw

taken

Shan

of the

from

as

Dr.

A.

J.

These

Shensi.

of the

from

but

race,

in

Yunnan,

27" 30' north,

Likiang Range,

dark

to

the

at

an

as

show

Szechwan) (Wa

28

type, that

Likiang Range

and

possibly there

pelage September

winter

in

pelage

February

had

was

all events,

At

of capture.

summer

and

Shan)

but

those

Museum

National

U.S.

summer

examined

Tachiao,

the

in the

skins

of purchase

date

on

eastern

by Thomas,

the

the

I have

taken

limits

B.

Yumonko,

from

and

of Szechwan

and

well

as

by A.

and

province.

specimens

two

recorded

been

there

part of the

race

borders

from

from

at

Museum

feet.

are

the

Museum

forest

the

Sungpan,

near

pared com-

originally

was

(in

it has

been

spruce

Kansu

tafeli)from

recorded

and

as

in

Shan,

is

Burma,

have

it should

be

It may

northern

Bum,

southern

the

from

(Weigold, 1923) and

hill country.

Szechwan

of this

the

respectively October

specimen

states

probably

was

highlands

Tibet the

Lieuhoa

from

northern

among

December

and

He

contrasting blackish

subhemachalana

southeastern

been

that

M.

from

L.

as

on

11,000-14,000

recording

of

of distinction

point

the

later admits,

northern

the

the

feet,

collections

(Wa

17

A

Shan

about it has

to

in

on

the

basis

the

major

Chinese

eastern

S. National

U.

identified

mentions

October

skins

two

430)

valley, 7,000

mistake

and

p.

of from

Howell from

in the

with

in

seen

From

major and

skins

that

doubt

no

synonyms.

main

of L.

type

frontier

with

I have

one

Lutreola

southwestward

altitude

into

than

Yangtze valley of

(1909a,

the

at

(as

in the

Allen

over

himself

rather

Zoology).

mentions

Suifu

race

western

hamptoni,

Thomas

only

is

are

(the

the

darker

Burmese

M.

as

by

corresponding

color

There

brown

that

perfectly typical specimen

Comparative

Howell

blackish

dark

Hilzheimer

Szechwan,

westward

the

to

this weasel

feet, is the

10,000 of

northern

This

"

of Szechwan

questioned

A

tafeliproposed

with

pelage.

Habits:

probably

done.

China.

description shows

southward

with

in western

tail-tipis found

borders

eastern

race,

is dark

tip

377

well-marked

L.

paler winter

blackish-brown

to

a

Sungpan,

at

the

and tafeli),

male

and

major

bought

is

habitat

moister

cooler,

names

This

"

CARNIVORES

1

the

of

a

(M.C.Z.); Merge,

i

the

remains

of

case

(Wanhsien)

7

20

.

Microtus

in its stomach.

Specimens examined: Szechwan:

Wanhsien,

Tatsienlu, Yunnan: Kansu:

i

6; Wa

all,twenty,

Shan,

(M.C.Z.)

2

(A.N.S.P.); Wenchwan,

Likiang Range, Lieuhoa

In

"

Shan,

2

i

(B.M.);

10,000

feet,

12,000 i

as

follows:

; Tachiao,

(A.N.S.P.); no

i

exact

feet, i; 7,800 feet,

(M.C.Z.).

locaHty, i

2

(M.C.Z.)

(A.N.S.P.);

(A.N.S.P.). ;

TaHfu,

I.

MAMMALS

THE

378

CHINA

OF

Mustek

177.

AND

altaica

ALPINE

MONGOLIA

altaica

Pallas

WEASEL

altaica Pallas, Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, vol. I, p. 98, 1 811; vol. i, p. 98, 1831 ed. vol. 6, p. 212, 1823. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes, Moscow, alpina Gebler, M^m.

Mustela Mustela Putorius

Thomas,

astuta

Mamm.

Cat.

alfnnus Trouessart,

Mustela

Viv.

Kolonocus

alpinus Satunin, Conspectus

Kolonocus

alpinus alpinus Ognev,

Foss., p. 277,

Hist., ser.

Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

8, vol.

Mammalium

Mammals

Imp. Eastern

of

1897.

10,

p. 400,

1912.

Ross., p. 126, 1914. Europe and Northern

Asia, vol.

(in

728, 1931

2, p.

Russian).

Type specimen:

"

Mountains, this

weasel,

Pallas's

work

is at

winter

with

the

clear

white.

the

axilla, the

the

throat

paler tawny

in the

and with

white, The

to

on

mid-dorsal

the toes

with

of the hind

feet.

of the

longer white of the

feet

the side of the The

the

upper

white,

the

parts of the

limbs

hairs. same

of the

color

the

svmimer,

behind

side

along

all around,

lip,chin

upper

and

the

remainder is

pale

The

specimen, side of the toes

of the

may

or

orange

but

is

be

but

slightly

on

the

this may

to are

than

that

of M.

sibirica,but

rather

are

mouth.

the

backs

white,

as

upper

buff

what some-

feet

varies

extensive

on

elbow, while extend

foot to the heel.

skull is smaller

head fore-

throat

the

more

to

is much the

the

ochraceous

nearly or

of

side from

under

usually

white

sides

of

feet

of white

wrists

at

the

upper

of the fore

amount

yellow,

on

angle

and

hairs

coat

back, this color extending wrists

varying

body

straw

slightlydarker

very

mouth.

a

longer all-white defined

clearly In

feet, to

ankle, pale

with

small

a

the

under

side of the The

angle of

entire

below.

each

.

hind

the

Cheeks

with

of the

above,

on

inner

tips only

cream

the

on

biiff

throat

mixed

The

than inner

opposite sides

and

paling

area,

the

and

ears

buff, slightly

cream

mid-dorsal

legs to

and

tawny

spot

fore feet, involving the

in the hind

tip

and

inside

and

are

the

to

nose

backs

of hind

area.

dark

little browner

and

anus

clear

the

tail

nearly uniform

the

at

uniform

usual

also the toes

mixed

the

a

feet, but

throat

even

the

legs are

of the are

ochraceous

of

female

a

being contrastingly

clearer

yellow rather

Tail

size of

the

surface

just behind the

throat,

of

area

body.

nearly

a

for

printing of

1811

tail to

and

chest and

the

at

and

of the

and

wrist,

humerus

entire

and

half

Throat,

side of the

forehead

ochraceous

the

to

of the

half

lip, chin

tawny

slightlydeeper in tint

darker,

the

is about

from

parts

upper

the

on

Upper

of

mark

under

Altai

the

line of demarcation.

basal

terminal

and

feet all around

amount,

of

altaica

of this weasel

entire and

pale brown

body

male

sharp

a

back

tawny-ochraceous. Fore

from

was

alpina, usually employed

M.

by

and

distinguished by its lower

once

entire

darkened

dash-like

antedated

pelage, the

including

of the

Mustela

name,

adult

The

back, with

than, the

the

sides

probably in Moscow

quoted above.

sibirica,but

In

be

to

"

paler

is

type

Gebler's

proves

Description: M.

The

"

Siberia.

similar.

along

THE

Measurements:

include, however, virtual

topotype,

Males

those

of

well

as

adult

those

as

CRANIAL

Occurrence

Habits:

and

the

Altai

parts of Kansu,

OP

northward,

for

Thomas

in 1909

recorded

it from

Two

specimens

from in

are

pale for

the season,

Kansu,

Shan,

1 1

third

Three

,000

from

the

obviously

skulls lack does that

are

of not

not

region Range

others

a

August,

Altai

in

in the

the

from

in body

various

Gobi,

mountains.

in northwestern

common

the

darker

second

in

Range 9,000 than

to

Na

males, to

bring

collecting areas,

the

above

out

one

this

J.

Kansu,

in

secured 1925,

and

Shan,

southern

Richthofen

may

the

traced

are

The the

contrast.

specimens

Min

September, and

sea.

the

in

Range,

from

one

infer

three

early

unfortunately

although perhaps reaching F. Rock

All

rather

specimens the

or

and

able indistinguish-

in

These

but

Gobi,

Manchuria.

seem

Lietihoa

Tebbuland

feet

Taiyuanfu.

the

River.

coat,

October.

12,000

the

the from

Shansi

Transbaikalia,

assumed

siunmer

from

of

Kainda be

tainous moun-

central

of western

Zoology

the

parts

the

of

border

Mountains

in November

and

northwest

in

eastern

from

western

as

perhaps

may

sufficiently comparable in

it

the

China

miles

region, on

second

a

whose

Kansu,

species of

a

Comparative

of

in

from

a

Kansu.

ALTAICA

southern

Khingan

which

are

Richthofen

ranging

is

(? late) "August," from

altitude,

following is thus

from

Museum

two

western

least

at

found

the

pelage,

smaller

specimens occur

Radde

the

is dated

feet, in

high country, are

one

into

along the

Museum in

taken

winter

feet

10,000

feet.

9,000

a

third

a

the

in the

which

ALTAICA

it, seventy

taken

the

to

passes

MUSTELA

far

as

Sowerby (i923g) still farther Possibly it extends has

Altai

the

The

Alpine Weasel

eastward

The

males.

region, ranging

where

available.

British

females,

both

The

"

from

in the

of two

than

are

are

female

MEASUREMENTS

and

379

measurements

an

given above,

are

of Tibet

flesh

slightly larger

are

dimensions

Few

"

CARNIVORES

that

females

available From

it thence

the

this weasel

edge of

western

from

from

the

hofen Richt-

southeast-

Shansi,

western

no

secured

was

Expedition,

described

the

on

in

bought it

that

descending

the

near

should

lake, Tarei

the

of

will be

is said to do.

country

in the

as

low

is

altaica,but

from

Zoology

quite

a

is

altaica.

this

weasel. the

in

No

Mongolia.

of

from

winter, it

doubt

it

Probably

form

southern

higher altitudes, but

by itself

the

of

northwest skin

a

also

a

skin

sides

in the

differing from

yellower

Shansi, and

Taiyuanfu,

skull, perhaps of native

without

the

along

brown

closely matched Apparently

way.

same.

Mongolia,

of

into

at the

only

rctogale

feet.

Musetrai,

Kansu,

a.

alpine heights, as

not

by Sowerby

yellower

western

same

8,500

as

habits

the

them

found

sectu-ed

It is

preparation.

in the

Rock

M.

true

times

is the

boimdary

the border

of the

mouse-hares

the

S. National

U.

of

's A

to

latter

at

zone,

Nor,

that

him

The

distinctlybrighter

be

to

than

across

recorded

F.

specimen

The now

J.

extend

to

be

to

seems

lives in part upon

in forest

It is said

ashitus,

alpinus raddei, type

northeastern

the

across

tint in summer,

brown

eventually

found

Little

Nor, just

alpine

of

race

applied by

Koko

western

Kolonocus

Ognev's

Transbaikalia.

darker

a

Mountains, of

made

a

weasel

Probably Hilzheimer

mountains.

the

on

Tsaidam

also be

in southeastern and

zone

the

from

tsaidamensis Mention

tree

be

by Berezovski. of the

undergrowth

the

Dolan

his P.

it is this

doubt

No

Ssigu, Kansu,

at

species of

a

was

to

fur market

the

from

Mongolia.

Brooke

it may

that

subhemachalanus,

Putorius

by

intended

or

the

by

relationship to

its close

Muping.

from

in

wan, saturate more highlands of Szechapparently should be called M. a.

345) suggests

p.

overlooks

page,

same

(1892)

Buechner

race,

China

Szechwan,

which

(1868-74,

fontanierii,but

his Putorius

said

darker

been

also it has

Except for Sowerby's record

in the

southward,

the

the

into

Milne-Edwards

kathiah.

skins

To

1931.

it merges

Choni, where

it in North

found

northwestern

Sungpan,

MONGOLIA

near

Ekvall.

have

to

seems

one

near

AND

Kansu

B.

by the missionary Robert

found

CHINA

OF

of southern

into the mountains

ward

One

MAMMALS

THE

380

than

the

average

of

Museum other

Kansu

tint

is, therefore,

the

specimens

of M.

Comparative specimens individual

an

peculiarity. Anderson

notes

Kansu,

Taochow,

after

shortly

localitywas

on

it

that

the

label

was

seen

growing

among

Specimens examined:

"

In

Shansi: Szechwan:

seventy

of

Sungpan,

Shan,

Range,

of

north-northwest i

near

it killed, and

being used

pheasant's head

Sining, i (U.S.N.M.);

miles

pheasant, which

secured

bait.

as

was

The

all,fifteen,as follows:

Choni, 3 (M.C.Z.); Lieuhoa Shan, I (M.C.Z.); Richthofen west

a

he

crops.

Kansu:

miles

of

one

chasing

trapped, the

itself

of

(A.N.S.P.);

no

between 2

Taochow

(M.C.Z.);

southeast

Na

and

of Taochow,

Taiyuanfu,

i

Titoa,

Tebbuland, 2

(U.S.N. M.)-

locality,i (A.N.S.P.).

i 2

(M.C.Z.);

Min

(M.C.Z.); forty

(B.M.)-

CARNIVORES

THE

Mustek

178.

38

kathiah

altaica

Mustela

(Pulorius) kathiah aslutus

Hodgson,

Milne-Edwards,

Milne-Edwards,

1871.

Joum.

in

Recherches

Asiatic

pour

servir

Bengal, vol. 4, p. 702, 1835. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 7, Bull., p. 92, footnote,

Soc.

Arch.

Nouv.

David,

Hodgson

WEASEL

YELLOW-BELLIED

Putorius

1

Mus.

4 I'Hist.

des Mammifferes,

Nat.

p. 345,

pi. 61, fig.2; pi. 60,

fig.3, 1868-74. Pulorius

auriventer

Putorius

dorsalis

Ictis kathiah

Jacobi, Abh.

u.

Matschie,

in

Arctogale melli

Weigold,

kathiah

Mustela

Trouessart, Bull.

alpinus

Kolonocus

Abh.

lacking

lip narrowly

throat

and

A,

sect.

16,

and

I, p. 6, 1922.

no.

10,

no.

17, 35,

pp.

vol.

Volkerk., Dresden,

u.

described

entire the

16,

1922. 1923.

2, p. 73,

no.

(in Russian).

Asia, vol. 2, p. 735, 1931

Northern

species from

this

proportions length

the

of

with

and in M.

white,

the

of the

white,

his type

Nepal, and

hind

hind

the

toes

Color

part the

feet with

the

altaica.

a.

chin

inner

sides

and

toes

white; of

the

without

sides of the

pelage similar but

winter

The

tail all

of the

ankles, ochraceous,

the

a

summer,

the

M.

race,

including

same.

in

including

northern

tail

altaica, the

a.

body.

anterior

legs to Fore

M.

above

of the the

body,

altaica.

a.

and

brown,

svirface of the

under

typical

to

head

chocolate

nearly

wrists

sometimes

in

bordered

pinkish tinge seen

wrist

88,

slight yellowish tinge

the

Upper

the

vol.

Europe

Eastern

Hodgson

"

brown,

dark

fore legs to

f. Tier-

Mus.

vol.

Volkerk., Dresden,

u.

Naturgesch.,

f.

Mammals

half

than

slightly more

f. Tier-

Ber.

u.

Similar

"

around,

Nat., Paris, vol. I, p. 235, 1895.

d'Hist.

Museum.

Description: uniform

Mus.

Ognev,

astutus

British

Ber.

Mell, Arch.

specimen:

Type is in the

Mus.

Trouessart, ibid.,p. 236.

slightlypaler. Measurements:

body, 260,

270

"

skull

males

tail, 136,

mm.;

differs

from

that

170;

is also

fossa

instead

ridge.

of

a

hind

of M.

foot,

measured, 20,

erminea

of the

U-shape.

In

the

sktill of

an

adult

and

.

in the

palate.

slightly different, narrowing

respectively,head

"

KATHIAH

ALTAICA

MUSTELA

OF

parallel-sidedpost-dental portion goid

Fukien

from

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

The

Two

much

forward male

of the

shape

The

there

and

narrower

almost

is

a

in very

more

interpterya

low

V-shape, sagittal

MAMMALS

THE

382

Nomenclature: torius

M.

kathiah,

M.

altaica.

a. so

not

the

nor

one

from

typical of

more

seems

in

variation weasels

this be

to

seem

Arctogale nielli of

Matschie's

of

synonym

markings

M. the

on

dorsalis, apparently twenty

years

parallelsin

and

representative

a

M.

Asia

it lives

as

animal

of

at

afternoon

a.

takes

he

or

of

this

slight

a

and

Nepalese

have

regarded as

a

white

no

to

sent repre-

Tatsienlu,

ent sufficientlydiffer-

which

race,

the

be

from

Biet

thinks

was

Hodgson

specimens

M.

by

is

character

shows

he

named

P.

thing, described

same

at

and

altitudes the

feet

on

to

edge

but

Mell

part

a

the

meters.

village.

4,500

South

Matschie's

available

One Shih

it

saw

(1930)

has

these

a.

specimens,

altitude, where

alpine

upon

secured

Expedition in

Yunnan.

northern

China

in

in the

killed

with a

eastern south-

the

melli will

A. from

woods

mountainous

that

prove

occvirs

he

M.

representing the

it preys

name

thin

in

of

race

Jacobi (1922, p. 6)

specimens

that

that

absence

as

Asiatic

eventually

Kwangtung

apparent

meters

Likiang Range

that

eastern

secured

rhododendron;

(1922) writes of

who

to

across

the

typical

the

Szechwan,

It may

the

the

races

south

country into

west

be

its

closely related.

as

Szechwan.

Museum

extend

Kwangtung.

of

to

between

3,800

with

and

China.

Weigold,

American

seems

of 700-850

and

seems

northern

at

zone

is reallyseparable, and

northern

China,

place

Batang.

9,000

weasel

Transbaikalian

and

in northern

covered

are

Altai

Sungpan,

from

identical. the

on

species

P. astutus

the

somewhere

subspecific sense,

seem

region rock

a

likewise

sent

altaica in northeastern

The

species

Fukien

to

country,

this

Kwangtung,

Fukien

skins,

southeastern

dwarf-tree

slopes

the

Fukien

third

a

in the

single specimen

Eastward

others

from

type

Fukien

chief difference

The

of M.

mouse-hares.

and

it in

in

kathiah

a.

boulder-strewn mice

upper

may

sibirica, regarded by Ognev from

specimens from

two

latter, as well says

typical surface

Yunnan

feet, I

the

on

distribution

The

"

intergradation

doubt

records

Yunnan

white

from

separate

a

of M.

Himalayas.

the

No

to

that eastern

over

altaica and

a

Habits:

way

a

range

edge of

the

that

winter

realizingthat

not

subtropical conditions

to

be

to

and

as

before.

Occurrence

of

of

rank

given the

be

to

there

China,

kathiah),but

=

(Hsikang), presiuned

Szechwan

Both

(

auriventer

Putorius

doubt

(1895) considered

Trouessart

feet.

No

reason

series

A

their

on

specimens, though partly whitish feet. This

southeastern

kathiah.

a.

that

same

Nepalese had

the

white

Pu-

is the

specimens from

altaica.

a.

Szechwan, between

are

two

usually without

least

at

in

that

For

matter.

Muping,

feet

Milne-Edwards's

that

intermediate

an

is it in

M.

true

MONGOLIA

doubt

no

its fore

India

western

AND

of

plate, but

apparently

case,

mentions

most

that

his

in

figures them

and

at

or

mentions

He

be

to

seems

high mountains

the

from

astutus

Hodgson's

There

"

CHINA

OF

and

mountainous much

chicken

also recorded

apply

Yunnan

the

loose in mid-

animal

THE

from

the

Yaoshan

mountains

of

of

area

CARNIVORES

Kwangtung,

383

and

found

Pope

it

in

common

the

Futsing.

Specimens

examined:

In

"

addition

to

series in the

a

British

Museum

from

Nepal, fifteen,as follows: Fukien:

Futsing,

Yunnan:

Hupeh: No

Yenping,

5;

Likiang, 9,000

5.

feet, i; Milati,

definite

Mustela

rixosa

(Arctogale)pygmaus

Mustela

nivalis

Mustela

rix(o)sa pygmcea

Type

Specimen:

2,

Description:

equaling Color below

the

to

the

metacarpals

toes

white.

small

The

toes

of

even

to

on

is

no

the

with

is

in

spots

to

only;

the

white.

the

of

the

side

feet, the

as

the

entire

hind

foot,

narrowly edged

very

there

be

may

In

winter

in the

amount

chest.

leg

metatarsals

of the

edge

Ears

fore

the

dorsal fore

Occasionally

spot.

center

the

to

passing

tail, a light

foot

inner

the

anus,

entire

the

of the

line

a

of

on

soles

on

surface

hind back

the

as

lip back

upper

far

rictal

the

The

of the

is brown, skull

is

long, narrow

a

are:

greatest

field

length, male,

total

skull

The

24, female, of

length,

a

28.0

subadult mm.;

20;

that

short

very

and

white

replica of

case,

inner

ankle

the

separating

"

foot, male, The

side of the

minute

brain

Measurements:

of the

white

the

some,

white

of individual

slight amount

a

foot; in

all around

Urga,

brown

the

feet, as

surface

tail about

of the

length

including

of the

chin

the

Sea, Siberia,

the

a

few

entire

is white.

There

hind

from dorsal

the

upper

side

well

as

of Okhotsk

coast

weasel,

on

outer

wrist,

body

to

ear,

fore

18322, American

exceeding it.

extends

the

i, 1927.

skull. No.

west

and

the

176, 1903.

19, p. 1923.

Buxton.

not

the

5, p.

and

of

their

There

skin

70,

2, p.

no.

of the

the

irregular brown

pelage

a

on

side of the hind

with

on

and

or

Soc,

posterior part

color

wrist

sole.

the

base

This

by

G.

Hist., vol.

vol.

Gichiga,

N.

foot, but

the

the

to

eye

Hist.

female,

from

Nat.

Manchuria,

small, short-tailed

hind

from

brown.

nearly

under

^A very

"

Mus.

Amer.

Nat.

adult

History,

of the

above,

chocolate

the

An

"

WEASEL

in

Chosen

Collected

1900.

that

Naturalist

Mori, Joum.

of Natural

October

and

J. A. Allen, Bull.

Sowerby,

pygmaus

(J. A. Allen)

pygmaea

PYGMY

Museum

(B.M.).

1

locality,2.

179.

Pulorius

Mengtsz,

near

Chingfengling, i (B.M.).

variation side of the

top of the

of the of the

rostrum,

mm.,

ear,

basal

from

of the

of

two

141

near

;

the

some

ankle

toes.

Weasel, with

European

male, 16, female,

female

toes

side

delicate

and

female,

leg is continuous

; in

common

measurements

157

upper

hind

of white

teeth.

specimens

tail,male,

20,

from

female,

near

17;

10.

Urga,

Mongolia,

measures:

length, 26.0; palatal length, 10.8; zygomatic

MAMMALS

THE

384 width,

tooth

8.2; lower

white

in

summer

The

nivalis of

the

southward

description of

the

this weasel

the

ten

the

of

into

extends

forms, this weasel

row,

lives

from

the

North

in

Sea.

rixosa

range

details As

namiyei, M.

doubt,

which

in their

it ptirsues

Ktiroda

thus

the

a

with

species,

a

rixosa,

with

as

to

specimens is

essential

American

No

feet

fifteen

recorded

of the

Okhotsk

Mustela

the

mice

largely on

hind

brown.

One

agree

the brown

and

Japanese archipelago, whence

Hondo

relationship

lacks

distances

at

the

on

distinguished

once

of fore

extended

three

the

to

feet

Mongolia.

Gichiga,

is at

toes

weasel

Urga

The

from

the

hind

of the

is Osier, Saskatchewan.

locality of which

tooth

upper

pattern, which

has

of this

northern

specimen from

a

close

very

soles

mammae.

type

weasel

its color

by

northeast

into

apparently

lately named

has

and

with

female

molars, 8.6;

small

addition

specimens

westward

and

subadult

pelage, with north

forty-five miles

MONGOLIA

across

very

Europe in

of three

capture

This

"

nivalis, and

of M.

rictal spot

Habits:

and

the larger M.

from

AND

8.6.

row,

Occurrence

13. i; width

width,

mastoid

13.0;

CHINA

OF

nizing recog-

the

type

American and

burrows

runways.

(i923g, vol.

Sowerby him

in central

Manchuria,

regard it

there

As

I have

quite across

not

as

Imienpo, and

at

in the

uncommon

elsewhere

Siberia

northern

to

russelliana Thomas, p.

specimen: from

Museum,

Proc.

uniform

surface

kathiah.

dark

No

rictal

running from inner

hunters

its range

extends

westward

Urga, Mongolia.

near

russelliana

Thomas WEASEL

PYGMY

Soc. London,

February

14, ign,

p. 4; Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

describes

aspect

upper ;

palms

of

dark

darker

spot

11,2.1.86, British

skull, No.

and

(Hsikang),

Szechwan

Thomas

pinkish buff, turning A

specimen by

(Norway).

BEDFORD'S Zool.

a

Chinese

China.

Collected

July

i,

Anderson.

extremely small, colors

Upper

Weasel

female, adult, skin

A

"

P.

"

M.

Abstract

Tatsienlu,

by Malcolm Description:

Size

OF

the

that

168.

Type

1910,

DUKE

of

capture

forests.

Europe

Mustela

the

remarks

Pygmy

Three, from

"

180.

1911,

the

shown,

Specimens examined:

Mustela

71) has recorded

2, p.

is present.

lip to and

rather

brown,

white

ankle.

soles

and

upper

markings

into

the

on

face

type

Arms

of

surfaces

less rich or

the

sharply contrasted. more

drabby surface

a

than

very

in

beautifvd

lips.

sharply marked,

externally, and Tail

follows.

as

chin, inter-ramia, and

demarcation

densely hairy.

and

Under

ears.

brown

pelage,

summer

lower

anteriorly on Line

in

proportionally

buffy shorter

on

the

than

THE

in

kathiah, slender,

M.

CARNIVORES

385

tufted, uniformly

not

brown,

tip

the

noticeably

not

darker. The

skull is

distinguished by its

Measurements:

Cranial

length, of

has

closely under

usual.

as

the

other

Possibly it is allied and

type

Tatsienlu, a

to

and

proportions

The

and

about

a

within

stoliczkana

other

them, it

erminea

examined:

in the

is also

but

an

all taken

at

think

it

tail is much the

remaining

from

rictal

spot

those

that

distinct.

doubt

no

Yarkand,

Nothing to

small

a

it is

July

i,

animal

others with

that

show the

the and

1910,

evident

seems

Four, including the type,

"

British

of rather

locality,

same

since

the

Anderson

type,

secured

that, though

perhaps globular, inflated

more

mongolica Ognev,

from

Tatsienlu, Szechwan

Museum.

Mustela

erminea

mongolica

M^m.

Ognev

STOAT

Sect. Zool., Amis

des

Sci. Nat., Anthrop.

et

Ethnogr., Moscow,

no.

2,

I8, 29, 1928.

Type specimen: the

and

of the

MONGOLIAN

pp.

the

white,

which

specimens contained

inclined

but

British

the

five

of youth.

181.

Mustela

be

pygmcea,

were

still immature,

are

to

paler.

30

skulls

canine

Hsikang).

quite different

of

specimens

adult

Specimens (Hsikang),

but

days, June

two

would

throat

are

species, from

only among single family, for the

cases

traits

small

appearance,

full-grown, they

brain

orange

these

of

facts of capture

btiff; there

Mustela

three

female, is the

part of

All

bare

rixosa the

11

(now

the

series have

interorbital

; front

captured

19 10,

sight one

M.

condylobasal

15.2;

collectingfor

Szechwan

first

Weasel,

all the

contrastingly pale

brown

characterize

similar

and

Anderson,

it,beyond At

Pygmy

proportion,

parts

present,

the

to

P.

central

about

breadth,

species.

of the

male).

a

Expedition in

in

original account.

allied

in

of Bedford's

published

(3.1 in

of allied forms.

follows:

as

palatal length,

14; 2.9

that

account

given

zygomatic

Malcolm

"

size from

Thomas's

are

27.2;

case,

Tatsienlu,

at

been

in Thomas's

Habits:

type

edge,

outer

on

Duke

weasel

further

longer

and

the

length,

from

are

the

of brain

molar, 8; p"

on

this

basal

mm.;

Occurrence

of

of

6.2; breadth

Museum

following

measurements

29.3

breadth, back

The

"

small

very

Academy

of

"

A

male, skin and

Sciences,

Description: "

The

Leningrad,

color

of the

skull. No. from

summer

Dunde

9934,

Zoological

Saikhan,

Museum

Mongolian

pelage is described

as

very

of Altai.

pale

386

yellow with

a

rusty

tint; tail-tipblack; lower

is said

skull

The raised

Measurements:

the

from

quite

be

cannot

in

transbaikalica, from

e.

Mustela

tiarata Hollister, Proc. larvala

Sowerby,

Mustela

larvata

tiarata G. M.

Specimen:

Type National

Mustela

throat, chest, and well

The

long

alveoli

bital

specimens the

jaw

crown

of

one

from

his

1913. 174,

p.

1912.

skull, No.

and

S.

U.

155160,

fifty miles

and

Collected

be

of

east

July

24,

dark

brown;

by

1909,

chest-patch

under

fur,

of the

tail, them,

between

patch,

abdominal

pelage paler

Winter

instead

sides of face white

as

white

area

the

with

belly bxiff.

on

of brown,

wash.

yellowish

weasel, developing

width

the

legs and

a

jaws

across

the

a

low

closed

are

short

Muzzle

Terminal

hairs.

neck,

third

short

with

fulvous

a

the

forehead

and

sagittalridge with

extend

square;

its width

the

postorbital

jaw

socket

is

just ventral

so

processes.

turned

at

age.

to

the In

forward

the

antorsome

that

disarticulated. "

The

by Hollister Asiatic

and

face

the

well

as

when

the

the

postglenoid portion of

cannot

recorded

Museimi

by

perhaps,

nor,

hundred

altitude.

light

connecting

canines.

equals

Measurements: as

skin

legs, also the hind

heavy for

lower

foramina

the

of tail

with

canines

upper

of the

described

358, p. 2, 1929.

no.

male,

feet

Sides

and

white

skull is

The

26, p. 20,

Sh6n-kan,

Novitates,

Mus.

5,500

brown.

forehead

nearly

nape

vol.

Through

Chiuningchow,

fore

line

blackish

body, with the

median

a

as

to

race,

being well

as

race

occur

Hollister

tiarata

by long black-tipped

the the as

Sowerby,

two-thirds

basal

darkened

back

black

eversmanni

large weasel, with

A

"

and

typical

to

Sowerby.

Description: back,

Altai

The

specimen

a

seems

it

of it

Siberia.

immatiu"e

An

China,

Kansu,

de Carle

Arthur

and

Allen, Amer.

"

speaks

Sowerby

the

of

to

seem

record

named

has

species, it

a

not

None.

from

Museum,

Lanchow,

from

Biol. Soc. Washington,

in Clark

As

does

available

only who

Ognev,

Manchuria.

central

"

182.

Mustela

The

above. and

Bargusin,

examined:

Specimens

noted

as

different

very

tail-tip.

"extremely zygomatic arches."

the

ermine

the

that

of

is that

Amurland,

to

hunters

the

to

Ognev

Altai,

Siberia

across

known

M.

area

Mongolian

the

erminea.

in the

typical race

China.

North

and

considered

here

in M.

as

black

the

setting of

It is strange

"

Mongolia

far into

penetrate

body

available.

Habits:

and

Occurrence

for

except

broad

a

MONGOLIA

side of

of the

that

capsule and

Not

"

white

pure

differ from

to

brain

swelled

and

within

OF

AND

MAMMALS

pelage is doubtless

winter

The

CHINA

THE

following table and

those

Expeditions.

of three

gives

the

measurements

specimens collected

of the

type

by the American

Nomenclature: or

polecats,

a

group

Black-footed

Weasel

Asiatic

animal.

the

weasels the

by its

chest

nearly

and

of the

Tibet,

from with

is

the

area,

of

its

entire

to

the

regarded

it

as

same

that

relative

the

specimens

In

skins

in four

to

a

instead

of

third

part

this

a

southern

mask

of

tinuous con-

last

is

character is different I have

tail length.

of the

a

tail black

the

portion

terminal

half

of

Polecat of

being separated by

examined,

or

sharply cutting

facial

only

black

the

M.

in

angular distinctly tri-

larvata

blackish

terminal

project

Masked

the

having

forehead,

having

one-quarter

species

race

a

Ognev

Eastern

and

from from

of

Mongolia

(1931)

has

Northern

Shansi, while M.

eversmanni,

M.

larvata; but

so

Asia."

A.

be

B.

that that

Altai

M.

michnoi,

so

far

as

Howell

these

on

(1929)

it is doubtless

a

is, as be

may

work

is

weasel

the

as

it in his

treated

admitting it may

Little

distinct, while

facial mask

northwestern

from

Europe

the

with

the

from

lineiventer

Hollister 's M.

descriptions,and

different

in

of

in which

that the

arches,

to

typical

more

pattern

processes

Hollister, this

close

very

color

slightlyless

the

by

closely similar the

from

only subspecificallydistinct.

suggested, probably

lineiventer

a

of the

in

mastoid

zygomatic

bullae, and

species by

length.

from

by Kastschenko

M.

of the

back

brown and

extent

Apparently of this

the

distinct

dark

instead

varying

tail,different

it differs mainly

white

in each,

distinguished

bushy

prominent

the

undoubtedly

distinct

variable

more

black, at

is

subgenus

form,

a

which

representative, the

plains, a species rather

only

Putorius,

subgenus

American

western

auditory premolar teeth.

China

western

its

of the

of the

of the

as

member

a

as

stouter

Described

is

includes

The

right angle

a

large weasel

which

legs are

outline crowns

This

"

387

CARNIVORES

THE

paler

race

described

Hollister

judged

from

"Mammals has

of

recorded

only subspecifically

lighter-coloredexamples

were

in winter

to be

M.

691-723,

pp.

lineiventer

and

Occurrence

of

western

of

the

into

Gobi

the

type

east

of

and

Howell from

likelysimilar colonies,

from

two

plains

The

trapped.

northwestern Dolan

still retains

usual

warm

abundant to

be

the

in

of of

collection

captured

was or

Szechwan,

Expedition

the

is very

is

June,

some

of the

than

usual.

southern

has

fury

was

of the

said of

winter

long

to

have

coat, black

the

of the

of

species.

be

must

young

another

mammae,

abdomen. at

in

Sungpan, and

is

now

It

Philadelphia.

at

of the

fur

the

over

region nearly

of the lower

of the

when

showed

locally taken

for this

hairs

doubt.

plateau, by the Brooke

been

some

Dr.

without

market

the

Sciences

shed

and

beasts

number

Tibetan

Natural

distal two-thirds for

in

secured

apparently the

record

The

marmot

Wang,

marmots

these

as

very

are

situations.

Tsetsen

at

distinctly five pairs of

border

paler

while The

of

skin

a

Academy

and

buffy wash, most

It

1931. the

after the

posterior portion

the

near

were

other

lineiventer,"

frequent

to

in similar

trapped

the

ground squirrels. One

upon

were

Asiatic

ferret

of this

seems

twenty

place, in Shansi.

series of

type

S.

U.

the and

Wutsai,

from

burrow

strong."

shows

the

at

interesting specimen

An

in

odor

together

they

incarnation

specimen

one

pairs, all close

think

an

musky

fairlylarge, for six

"I

or

marmot

a

of Urga

southeast

such

in

taken

was

animals

in

Urga in the Gobi,

of that

habits

The

species,for its

these

upon

(one the

well

very race.

same

American

our

of them:

seen

never

"match

this

preying

specimens

writes

I have

of

those

doubtless

the

Andrews

with

Shansi

from

to

fiftymiles

Museum

of

south east

addition

hundred

one

south

ranges

and

American

forty-three miles

skins

place) that

and

most

over

In

specimens

The

eversmanni

occurs

hundred

one

place eighty miles

a

describes

Szechwan.

province.

same

he

and

marmots,

Sining

of

places

replaces M.

records

side, he

Hopei.]

northern

probably

from

(1929)

west

Maitaichao, other

It

in

Hollister's

addition

Polecat

for

animals

miles

at

In

northwestern

HoUister

ten

two

to

Gobi

of the

and

and

he

that

side by

occur

may

former

Chihfeng,

is suitable

immature

others

identical

be

may

appear

polecats, which

World

p. michnoi.

Mongolia.

and

in the

and

races

large Masked

country

from

unknown

an

but

seen

Notwithstanding

of the

from

This

"

Tibet

of Lanchow

mentions

eversmanni

race

Kansu,

secured

P.

and

of P.

pale

a

Kansu,

Paotow

genus,

synonym

other

two

Museum

south

from

have

(Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

Old

the

Putorius.

geographic

the

central

Expeditions and

in

where

Lanchow,

National miles

a

Habits:

Siberia

Shansi,

a

as

as

p. admiratus,

P.

reviewed

valid

putorius

P.

forms

all the

Mustela new,

specimens I

Shansi

the

written, Pocock

was

pis.) has

2

both

Europe

includes

as

account

constituting

as

eastern

MONGOLIA

tiarata.

e.

regards

AND

CHINA

all events,

At

pelage.

[Since the present 1936,

OF

MAMMALS

THE

388

back

tail is black.

rump,

lacks

seem

This

the

more seems

CARNIVORES

THE

Thomas larvatus

(1912a) michnoi

northwestern

recorded

male

two

from

Kastschenko,

Mongolia, the

concerns

has

polecats,

the

identification

an

389 under

Putorius

name

plateau, Achit

Kunderlun in

the

which

Pocock

Nor, far

so

concurs,

as

subspecies.

Specimens examined: Mongolia:

eighty

In

"

miles

all,eight, as

southeast

of

follows:

3; Tsetsen

Urga,

Wang,

i.

east

of

China: Shansi

Paotow,

:

miles

northwest

Szechwan:

forty-three miles

Maitaichao,

i ;

of

Sungpan,

Taiyuanfu,

I.

Vormela TIGER

W.

Blasius, Bericht

Western

Europe,

Musteld), which

in the

blackish

however, rank.

The

ctirved and

of

the

i.f

c.T

anterior

long,

the

lower

angle

an

for

lobe

of the

summit

in Mustela

to

enhance

the

Tiger Weasels

Gobi, The

and

where

the

is

of the

to

be

Hungary V.

183.

main

negans

Type National

Yulinfu,

Miller,

Proc.

specimen: Museum,

S. Nat.

U.

"

A

from

Shensi, China.

skin the

Mus.,

is

without Ordos

p.

little

very

is heavy

skull

the

processes

to

jaw

a

inner. so

small been

country,

and

usually un-

molar

upper

the

proceeded as

namely:

upper

has

In far

point

as on

eliminated

tooth.

Russian

the

represented Vormela

by

a

from

occur

steppes

into

the

paler subspecies.

peregusna

(Gueldenstadt).

Miller

negans

TIGER

38,

that

in steppe

peregusna

vol.

present

across

=

not

surface

Mustela,

of

anterior

has

generic

upper

larger, the

conid

a

pointed out,

hamular

in

as

end

of the

sarmatica

EASTERN Vormela

cusp,

dwellers

and

triangular audital

the

canines

carnassial

eastward

Vormela

same

the

metaconid

peregusna

Mustela

with

carnassial

cutting action

Russian

species

type

the

with

Mustela,

its outer

distinct

a

seem

eastern

Mamm.

Putorius

it to

and

The

digging.

is the

upper

long,

are

in contact

are

with

row

is still

side

Roumania

the

specializationof

there

in

of the

pattern

for

use

has

entitle

to

claws

stouter,

are

of

tooth

inner

The

color

than

Miller

As

seems

The

one.

formula

teeth

the

the

to

the

jaw

in Mustela, the

the

Miller,

build, general proportions

characters

points

tooth

inner

1884 (subgenus).

polecats (subgenus

side.

mottled

and

internal

but

m.i,

13, p. 9,

the

under

proportion

The

pterygoids.

at

in

shorter

pm.f

set

broken

with

feet, indicating their

fore

the

somewhat

vol.

its heavier

of

highly specialized

a

Bemberg,

and

combination

peculiar

bullae,whose

in

feet, facial mask,

be

on

in

associated

was

it resembles

its curious

to

seems

Gesellsch.

Blasius

W.

WEASELS

(genus).

1912

this genus

Formerly of

d. Naturf.

428,

p.

hundred

i ; one

(A.N.S.P.).

i

Genus

Vormela

Paotow,

WEASEL

385, pi.

17,

1910.

skull, adult

Desert,

about

male. one

No.

hundred

155001, miles

U. north

S. of

This

Description: "

of

reduction

greater

from

extends as

of

and

ears

of

the

legs and

blackish

brown

of the

skull

Central

Asiatic

with

upper

lobe

of the

the

type

340

mm.

this

of

it, 9.6; to

is not

the

throat; between

to

white

back

of

to

join

the

black

chin

and

both back

Nape

and

hairs

of

root

mostly

tail

yellowish

dark

chest, belly,

Throat,

in

whitish

Tail

a

ring passing

limbs

fore feet.

and

long

general then

having buffy bases, The

from

Mongolia

a

tail is

tip of the

whitish.

the

from

different

a

from

skull

its root

above

rostrum

by

secured

and

the

Russia, the

inner

outer.

skin

as

made

measiu-ed

up,

approximately,

P'angkiang, Mongolia, though broken,

from

canine

row,

of

15.5;

canine,

of upper

length

tooth

upper

very

one

tail,210.

;

posterior rim

but

depth of as

type

weasel

of rostrum,

width

21;

of

thence

forehead

the

includes

part

third

missing,

The

following dimensions:

gnathion

the

was

wide

as

"

body,

skull

above

ear

the

ventrally, black.

terminal

than

longer

carnassial

Measurements:

A

tail

eyelid, and

covers

second

forearms

on

dog

facial mask

brown

of

of the

Upper

of

of

coach

the

which

rest

the

Expeditions

canine

and

the

the

amount

of

black

the

join

a

larger

quite complete ventrally.

not

two-thirds,

and

upper

corner

ring

a

that

a

still

all around.

brown

The

basal

the

ring of

head

but

brown.

base

the

to

patch from

ears

dark

feet, and

for

appearance

broad

a

blackish

into

passing

brown, hind

the

outer

white

first dark

with

mottled

buffy,

is thus

very

dark

triangular shape the

from

nearly clear buffy white,

shoulders

recalling

to

in the

leaving

area,

A

backward of

patch

below

and

eyes

dorsal

of pattern

form

European

the

rhinarium

of the and

back

the

lips separated by

differs from the

MONGOLIA

AND

"English" type.

edge

There

CHINA

peculiarity

a

upper

extends

throat.

the

on

darker-brown

but

similar

brown

line downward

narrow

a

the

the

race

of the

rabbit

domestic

a

desert

the

yellowish background, or

OF

MAMMALS

THE

390

10.5

molar,

to

lower

tooth

gnathion, 15; premolar,

to

fourth

outside

has

skeleton

The

23.5.

row,

orbit

18;

glenoid fossa, 35.6; width

of rostrum

depth

mm.;

shows

eleven

pairs of ribs. Occurrence

and

description were miles

north

Mongolia. species

"

to

which

be

who

The

at

it climbs

all

Expeditions

common

freely. Its

this habit, since

"

"hou"

One,

Ordos

a

in

native

two

frequents name

basis

about

1922,

at

skins, spots

"ma-nai-hou"

of Miller's

one

hundred

be the skeleton

to

seems

April,

first

the and

the

as

Desert,

record

only other back

served

that

in the

brought

not

Specimens examined:

skins

two

Asiatic

Central

Sowerby,

indicate

may

the

seems

trees, in

The

"

by natives

Yulinfu, Shensi.

of

by

sectired

Habits:

obtained

P'angkiang,

says

that there

where he

are

suggests

signifiesmonkey.

skeleton, from

the

P'angkiang, Mongolia.

THE

CARNIVORES

Genus

391

Helictis

Gray

FERRET-BADGERS Helictis Gray,

Proc.

The

slender

and

snout,

a

It is

an

facial

of white

amount

similar,

very

of

of the

nature

of

as

For

allied.

China,

India,

the

Indian

and

the

instead has

of

likely

other

the

nearly straight. from

described

very

will

be

found

to

in

which

forming with

Siamese

and

the

curved

small.

It is

additional the

obviously

approximation

is about

there

back

group,

the

bowed

outward

ends.

The

makes

it

Yunnan,

might

the

ridges are

seem

over

but

out

the

heavy,

much

brain

case,

the

likely that it is

possible that

ago

the

a

a

in

specimen

though An

is that

proper

their

behind In

are

Helictis

point

these

Helictis

the

and

moschata

parallelor slightly at

their

of these

mutually moschata

is referable

of closest

processes,

of

either

appearance

ranges

is trifid

difference,

present,

occasionally converging

recorded

tip

typical Helictis.

that

apart, and

general

of them

nearly medial, ctirving

so

slightly.

the

p. tonquinia in

Helictis

more

orbit

many

penis bone, one

the

of H.

that

within

between or

prong

with

so

taken

triangle. This

three

processes,

as

been

moschata

third

a

tonquinia,

Yunnan

baculum

and

geographic

(1879) long

in

of the

wider

size and

their

Thomas

thickened,

H.

is

there

of the

diameter

convex

species that

baculum

prongs

contrasted

ridges diverge

less

the

heavier

are

border

distinction

of the

Melogale,

disproportionately

have

further

a

set

prong

supraorbital

similarityin

Anderson

so.

the

the

close

specimens

for in

Zoology,

in

border

these

regard

genus

its external

race

the

tative quanti-

obviously closely the

of this

for

of the to

are

premolar

with

Chinese

appear,

as

better

ternally ex-

Thomas

genera

view

second

prongs

ventral

in

erects

no

the

terminal

three

species

character

in

temporal ridges from

nearly

the

characters.

Thomas

the

pointed

in

whereas

Comparative

strongly inward

from

be

often

foreshoulders.

{Melogale) personata

across

peculiarity of Melogale

prominent

a

hitherto

subgenus crest,

of

it may

smaller

Helictis

has

is less sharp than

Museum

is

occur

but

slightlythickened

however,

but

is bifid terminally, with

Melogale a

Borneo,

less

or

and

Asia, though

eastern

recognizes

carnassial

There

territory. Thomas

Indian

lower

upper

of

more

ears,

and

nape

weasels,

cartilaginous

above, and

cranial

the

per sonata,

Tongking,

tropical species do,

Chinese

the

first,and

and

North

the

of the

species

only, for

Helictis

the

than

gray

cheeks,

in their

described,

value

distinguished by its heavy teeth, larger than

midline

group

characters

subgeneric

on

several

the

brownish

a

forehead,

different

very

are

built

claws, greatly developed

in the

the

lately reviewed

ferret-badgers

divisions

that

heavily

more

fore

markings

interesting fact has

somewhat

are

bodies, strong

white

varying

(1922a)

1831, pt. i, p. 94.

characteristicallycolored

are

hoary, with with

Soc. London,

Ferret-badgers

less

with

Zool.

to

two

species

exclusive from

the

posterior

or

western

species

that

I

MAMMALS

THE

392

four

discriminated

since

has

Thomas

fourth

The

the lobe. border

end

its outer

middle is

molar

upper

portion with is: i.i c.T

a

rim

sharp-edged m.i

pm.T

and

outer

an

inner

an

species of Ferret-badgers

Two

in the

given

general

to

length of skull averaging

Greatest

smaller, hind

foot

45

Helictis moschata

Helictis

Gray,

skin

Description: "

as

below

belly the

of the

with

pale

eyes

small.

in

round

The

type

inside

is white

chocolate

is

a

to

the

basally.

Helictis

parts H.

moschata

moschata

parts H.

ferreo-grisea

m.

H.

moschata

taxilla sorella

Gray

i, p. 94.

and

China, about

and

hairs

ear,

white A

behind

roots, but the

line are

British

in the

207a,

body,

median

legs.

On

and

Yangtze valley.

in males, under

of the

of the

of the

the

chiefly a subtropical

in males, under

outer

Musetmi,

;

the

white,

of the

the

dorsal

sides of the and

both

mouth. angle elsewhere ventrally, the there

is

the areas

middle

and

rictal spot is present

of the

the

of

one-half

white

these

and

surface

face below

lips,chin, throat,

large, elongate

occiput

limbs

sides of the

paler on

sent

1830.

spot occupying about

squarish white

in the

cheeks

the

though

distinguished by

paler

Kwangtvmg,

of the

yellowish

the

of the

of

1831, pt.

bases

the

in front

area

and

white

throat

the

an

Species

mm.

Canton,

there

the head

On

to

skull. No.

color

brown,

between

continuous

of the

are

General

feet, chocolate

well

formula

FERRET-BADGER

and

Type Specimen: A by John Reeves, Esq., from

as

terior an-

meta-

China, which be

is

group

moschata

Zool. Soc. London,

Proc.

"

eye,

the

basin-like

tooth,

hardly paler

COMMON

space

but

outer

and

tooth

rictal spot present

no

mm.,

184.

body.

small

very

of

rictal spot present.

80

hairs

of dorsal

usually whiter, bases

the

a

may

China

mm.

hairs

of dorsal

buffy, bases

usually more

are

The

Chinese

the

foot 60-65 mm., a brown length of skull averaging 77

Greatest

Size

(m 1)has

The

distinct

appearance

Size larger, hind

b.

the

somewhat

a

in southeastern

into southeastern

Key

a.

is

cusp,

occur

key following.

extending

tropicalone,

in

similar

externally rather characters

of

definite cusps.

erect rest

slightangle, with

a

(protoconid,paraconid,

molar

lower

the

moschata.

species is H.

the

are

large

strong

a

by

camassial

lower

of the

outline, with

in

is set at

consists

heel

showing

last

with formed

platform

The

cusps

the

not

The

38.

=

cross-section, with

the

There

development wide

parallelogram

a

inner.

equal size, while

of about

wide

a

the

is very

the entire tooth

three

the

trigon well developed, conid)

nearly

of the

little forward

a

lobe

of

inner, and

the

equaling

about

peculiar in

internal

whose

in the

standing nearly

is

Helictis

characters,

premolar,

upper

cusp,

B.

millsi,type locality,Assam.

H.

as

MONGOLIA

AND

inguinal mammae. In its tooth

A.

CHINA

OF

a

second

The

white

hair hairs

prominently

THE

contrasted

white

squarish spot,

backward the

dull

back,

as

a

all

much

extensive, producing

the

between

pale spot prominent

typical

(see under

m.

a

the

fresh

figures it

badger,

ferret.

parts over

Museum

This

of from

tip

longer hairs

skin

a

but

of the

extent

tail is like

with

terminally

pale

are

very

tail.

the

to

skull

have

white

from

markings

Hainan

are

from

been

already

about

in which

the

of

the

in

but

available,

are

that

mentioned.

The

striking.

very

measurements

that

seems

do

is

"

apparently

Canton

not

the

provinces

males, although

exceed

females

appearance

China.

not

an

them

species

uncommon

the

general

the

to

north

but

Mell

was

little

very

larger

strikingway. their

named, certain

long

resemblance

length,

more

in

subtropical

following

original specimen

by John Reeves, Esq.,

a

body

than

a

well

are

giving

China, grading into The

in any

Ferret-badgers

long tails,slightlyless

southern South

The

thickset

their

while

of extreme most

Habits: and

cartilaginous snout a

haired,

The

.

and

Occurrence

to

of

hardly differs

race

shoulders. the

less interruptedly

or

lacking.

of their measurements,

some

whitish

more

ferreo-grisea)

these

From in

H.

No

"

the

to

228) mentions

p.

continued

inconspicuous

are

longitudinal temporal ridges

Measurements: size the

eyes

line

less in the

or

was

characters

chief

The

more

(1870a,

Swinhoe

head.

the

varies

pattern

a

be

well

around,

proximal portion

393

may

white

at

The

the

which

median

chocolate

tips, which more

CARNIVORES

the

which

race

sent

to

the

(1922, p. 17)

recall

occiu-s

British

says

that

far

so

Museum

American

recorded

"Nasua

narica"

longer

Little that

says

hole

June

on

two

in the

kill

usual

the

by choking,

Specimens examined: Hainan:

Nodoa,

Yunnan:

I

14;

vol.

i, p.

Proc.

Swinhoe,

moschata

ferreo-grisea G.

a

later

paper

the

Hupeh,

Hankow,

the

southern but

H.

M.

grown, and

second

a

in

female,

One

specimen

little animals

these

although

taken

of existence

and

difficult

follows:

as

Likiang).

at

In

ferreo-griseaHilzheimer

vol.

29, p.

298,

1905;

type

a

p.

Abh.

u.

Ber. Mus.

f. Natur-

Heimatk.,

u.

623 (in part).

Novitates,

is

a

no.

358,

Yatsen

Univ., Canton,

male

skin

without

a

p. 7, 1929. 9, p. 2, 1930.

no.

without of

mention

Probably it was

This

a

skin

barely distinguishable

and the

clearer tone

white of the

full chocolate-brown

in the

was

from

purchased in the

a

than

areas

grayer,

coloration

skull

in

near

market.

closely similar

race,

white

pelage is

Magdeburg

locality,but

it

that

states

trade

in the

skull

definite

averaging slightly larger, the

but

general same

is

1870,

Mus.

Amer.

(Hilzheimer, 1906)

pelage longer

presents the

seems

(1922)

Mell was

Kwangtung.

that

tenacious

very

London,

Soc.

described

moschata,

race.

C. Andrews

its tail

in China.

Wutsung,

at

notes

moschata

Allen,

The

China. "

winter

to

4.

Anzeiger,

author

Description: typical

"

Germany,

Museum,

referable

Roy and

as

of it

remarks

method.

(sic)Shih, Bull. Dept. Biol., Sun

Specimen:

Type

Zool.

Zool.

moschata

Helictis

lavarta

Kwangsi,

he

176, 1906.

Helictis

}Mustela

habits

Fungwahn,

are

Chinese

Helictis

Hilzheimer, ferreo-griseus

Magdeburg,

the

(B.M.), the type.

i

185. Helictis

Dr.

skull,

or

the

on

tree

a

at

Pope

(hunter's skin bought

Kwangtung:

of

May

Namfong,

by

the

Probably

Probably

secured

ferreo-

m.

followed

area,

sucklings, one-third

Twenty,

"

Shan

of Fukien." skin

also

collecting for the

I have

consideration, for

that

has

H.

moschata.

m.

in

everywhere

race,

while

these

Yao

market

seen.

life,they

in

H.

the

that

geographical grounds

on

series

the

Swinhoe

following

measurements

stomach.

stupid

somewhat

seem

from

two

foot

in late

young,

bones

had

taken

typical

from

with

the

at

as

in to

occurs

part.

and

5)

published

been

female

a

rocks

among

also with

6

fine

a

single hunter's

a

have

to

seems

p.

the

Hainan,

quite Hkely

brought it

northern

species under

specimens

other

in the

than

(1930,

it is without

Likiang, Yunnan;

at

to

also, is

typical form

the

of

it is

so

in general it

more

secured

divergent

it is "somewhat

that

there,

Shanghai, although

regarding

really the

MONGOLIA

who

one

the

island

Shih

by is

taken

that

says

even

Pope

in

(1906)

animal

some

AND

localityis perhaps

the

on

Allen

A.

J.

late

H.

Clifford

grisea. Mr.

from

in

and

latter

the

from

been

commoner

Amoy

it from

animal

the

is

but

Kwangtung,

CHINA

since

Mell

Nevertheless

outside.

recorded

not

animal

the

purchased

from

OF

it has

knows

he

as

Reeves

a

MAMMALS

THE

394

little in the

to

larger, more

especiallyin winter, with

the

white

facial

THE

and

occipitalmarks,

the

shoulders.

tint of the of the

Males

Usually

above

are

average

a

Measurements: the

collector

area

"

and

and

very

little

The

following

Habits:

several

from

Apparently follows

the

National

1929). in the

same

larger

The

"

the

as

stripe of variable

a

under this

than

parts

is not

length

is without

invariable,

in cranial

females

measurements

the the

and

to

buffy bases

dimensions. in the

taken

were

fairly

in the

it is not

Yangtze

Museum

Probably,

into has

taken

field

by

specimen

institution, recorded

Chunganhsien

from

by Howell,

Yochow

and

Shanghai should

and

in

Hunan,

represent

at

and

although the

whence

Kiating (A. the

as

highlands.

China,

Szechwan,

well

; as

Szechwan

of western of

a

localities in Fukien,

several

the

covers

American

The

at

of

Suifu

China

at

Yangtze;

part at

central

distributed.

border

high country

east-central

specimens

too, the

and

of the

eastern

in the the

specimens

mountains,

the

on

found

well

and

mouth

the

near

Wanhsien

of

Ferret-badger

common

Expeditions secured

Chekiang,

in

of

animals, though

namely: Futsing, Yenping Tunglu

white

continued

paler.

seems

Asiatic

Museum

the

often

395

:

Occurrence wide

latter

southern

more

hairs

the

CARNIVORES

B.

U.

it S.

Howell,

one

from

Yochow,

the

more

northern

THE

396 The

race.

F.

R.

MAMMALS

of

Museum

Wulsin

range

much

skin

without

OP

CHINA

Comparative Yangtze

of the

skull

in

the

MONGOLIA

Zoology has It would

Ningpo, Chekiang.

at

north

AND

American

that

seem

in eastern

basin

specimen

a

the

China, labeled

Museum,

was there, but brought probably not actually taken habits of this animal to the as Very little information

small

number

Futsing,

Chekiang: Hunan:

Ningpo,

Yochow,

Szechwan:

No

seems

the

of the

south.

be

lished. pub-

apparently

the

under

some

the to

typical

race,

weasels.

4.

2.

3.

5.

Maitaichao,

definite

5; Chunganhsien,

(M.C.Z.); Tunglu,

i

Wanhsien,

Shansi:

mentioned

cases

Maitaichao,

in from

with

the

Twenty-six.

"

Yenping,

4;

two

large litters produced by

Specimens examined: Fukien:

in

two

the

to

four, is in keeping

mammae,

of young,

in contrast

and

of

number

not

probably

from

as

Shansi,

The

species does

that

so

by Dr.

secured

(probably

i

native

not

there).

locality,i. "

186.

Helictis

taxilla sorella

Type Museum

G.

M.

of Natural

1926, by

21,

"

much

smaller,

feet somewhat

FERRET-BADGER

the

and

The

H.

the

hairs

moschata, differ in that

squarish (in one the

cheeks

having with the

a

an

dark

area

corner

eye

tactile hairs

these

vibrissae

mouth

much

spot,

a

H.

skull, No. China.

moschata

in external

hairs half.

above

and

moschata

the

predominating

on

the

hair

;

smaller,

in mark

the and

of many

fore

ence differ-

to

be

crown

and

in this

basal

those

as

of

a

at

H.

line);

broad

whitish

instead

of the

of eye,

spot behind

species.

perhaps with

half,

linear than

more

species,but

weasels.

sides; tail

is whitish

back

posterior comer finallythe brown

latter

correlation

to

gray

lacking

this spot in the

characteristic

of the

spot tends

from

is

of the

obvious

on

nose-pad

below

An

recalling in pattern

interorbital

backward

appearance,

claws

hoary

The

though from

the

rictal spot.

becoming

grizzled chocolate

are

in H.

dark

ruary Feb-

Collected

Expeditions.

shorter.

American

85030,

Asiatic

pads

above,

distal

white

arises from

are

and

of the

absence

it extends

spot extending

small

pigmented

the

of clear white of the

skin

metatarsal

markings, the

Allen

Futsing, Fukien,

chocolate

the

specimen

behind

the

brown

on

M.

358, p. 8, 1929.

no.

Pope, Central

in the

head

G.

slightlylarger in proportion,

ears

long-haired, the white

male,

general resembling

pattern lies

white-tipped

base.

Novitates,

History, from

Color, pale chocolate narrow

Mus.

adult

curved,

more

in color

LESSER

Clifford In

Description: but

An

"

tajcilla sorella

Amer.

Allen,

Specimen:

Helictis

A

cluster

in H. the

Ventral

of

t. sorella

loss

of

surface

the

of

THE

the

the

body, including

dull white. The

Inside

portion, and wide

is

skull

apart

tooth

rows

in H.

taxilla

of the

lower

a

nearly

very

Measurements:

respectively:head

In

dried

the

in the

and

CRANIAL

320

without

MEASUREMENTS

OF

There sexes

does

far

so

as

taxilla in the

not

seem

these

few

British

kingese

smaller

on

and

the

last

the

points

two

terrestrial

specimens

sent

presence

of

indicate

of

a

be

of the

race

in the

than

Tong-

with

the

latter,to judge

rictal

spot, the

species

two

so

claws

similar

in

difference

a

for

modifications

that

moschata

its

metatarsal

points of

obvious

are

that but

animal,

shorter

much

fore

in

H.

to

with

confused

slightly curved

suspects

one

from

first to

general aspect, living in

habits,

it may

and

be

tree-climbing instead

to

Tongking

about

of the

the

this smaller

discover the

to

Ftikien, China,

miles nature

the

length, 74

in combination

skull

resemblance

external

an

lack

the

and

case

the

was

in northern thousand

of Helictis

type basal

mm.,

two

21.5. smaller

a

slightlylarger

even

the

the

that

of

a

the more

existence.

Thomas

a

rostrum,

apparently

inspection easily cheeks,

region,

same

are

close

so

weaker

In

difference. the

bears

casual

size, gray

pads,

is

to

40.

mm.

Lower

in size between

of 77.7

length

orbit

each, 45

measurements.

species

might

This

"

teeth, which

the

Thomas's The

it

a

34;

taxilla,distinguishable by its smaller

H.

large size of from

width,

topotype

a

foot, 40,

SORELLA

comparison,

For

skull

in

Upper

to

difference

show.

has

Habits:

and

obvious

any

specimens

Museum

(in a second, 69) ; mastoid Occurrence

be

to

150;

measures

Orbit

Width

hind

of

width.

that

and

type

their

width

the

it exceeds

TAXILLA

HELICTIS

Mas-

than

for

portion

equals

; tail, 140,

claw

the

slightly longer

of the

mm.

well, but

as

rostral

moschata

measurements

foot

and

molars

upper

rostral

the

temporal ridges are

is smaller

slender

larger H.

330,

legs to the ankles,

The

case.

skull

the

the

Zygo-

whitish.

moschata,

body,

skin, however,

rims

and

long

a

collector's

The

"

in H.

as

between

whereas

postpalatal tube,

are

long

as

the

brain

entire

The

hind

and

moschala, especiallyin

of H.

less inflated

distance

The

wrists

that

taxilla,requiring thus

accommodation. the

than

and

397

their outer

and

ears

nearly parallel.

are

the

legs to

slender

more

has and

fore

CARNIVORES

British

extends

Nothing

northeast.

its habits.

species in other

the

No

doubt

places

type

was

further

ferret-badger,among The

Museum. known

of

capture

distribution

observed,

however,

investigations will

in southeastern

China,

of

of the

and

mens specispecies

of

a

tinctive dis-

disclose prove

its

THE

398

MAMMALS

intergradation with American a

the

Museum.

certain

all from

are

and

Specimens examined: Fukien:

northwestern

of

typical race

of wild

amount

CHINA

OF

MONGOLIA

The

Tongking.

northern

in

Fukien,

partiallyforested Four,

"

AND

four

an

specimens in the

where

area

is still

there

country.

follows:

as

part, 2; Futsing,

Genus

2.

Meles

Brisson

BADGER

Brisson, Regn. Anim.

Meles

Badgers has

size

as

have and

a

fore

limbs, and

further

nearly led

Pocock

other

of

last upper

than

the a

the

posterior

internal.

while

of

protoconule,

a

low

of

the

its rim

formed

the

upper

tube, hamular

prominent

by

two

not

the

and

inflated

low

the

deep

groove

while

external and

and

the

its

nearly circular

extend

audital

the as

inner

three in

last molars level thin

of the

vertical

are

narrow

a

external postero-

lengthwise

runs

medially In

the

bullae,all quite in

nearly

contrast

as

lower

and

basin-shaped,

The

second

The

palate is

and

as

to

lower tinued con-

nearly parallel-

jaw articulation, beyond rods

the

by

protoconid shearing

long

view.

the

than

prominent, the

ridge.

cusps.

crown as

is shorter

constituted

and

cusps molar

upper

is extended

is

nearly

a

outline, with

in

hypocone,

posterior heel

and

level of the

The

edge

central

sentative repre-

prominent

but

metacone,

border

in the

still smaller

ridge, apparently

from

closely

Arctonyx, the

latter, forming

the

internal

broader

tooth

low

a

two

external

elongated, its paraconid

quite reaching

processes

has

good

of difference more

in

as

teeth.

closely approximated

carnassial,

smaller from

a

A

while

is much

by

is much back

tooth.

tooth,

shelf separated

against

sided

the

Meles,

unworn

the

behind

as

ledge, giving the

paracone

stands

and

that

off, so

the

points

nearly rectangular

cusps,

cone

the

molar

view

crown

outer

protocone,

center

jaw, the first

molar

in

of

that he places them so the (Taxidea) is made

In

The

Arctonyx,

genus,

genera

postero-internal border, and in

short,

digging.

with

Other

in Meles

ledge

triangle,obvious

two

smaller

comer

in the

Mamm.,

nose-pad

next

World

Badger,

This

rounded

corner

The

third

a

view.

of the

tooth,

Old

internal

broad

a

the

Badger.

two

for

compared

as

American

has

of the

apex

broad

the

American

the

crown

middle

inner

large

outer,

Meth.

Mustelidae, with claws

external

an

Badger subfamily, Taxideinae.

pm\

in

skulls

American

regard

the

and

this and

Both

elongate

to to

while

premolar,

the

on

and

separate

a

triangular outline

is

burrowing.

(1921b)

subfamily Melinse,

at

in

aid

triangular skull of the

allied to each

cusp

Storr, Prodromus

or

of the

long, nearly straight

cartilaginous termination

strong

a

relatively narrow

have

distrib.,Quadr., ed. 2, p. 13, 1762;

large, stoutly built members

are

well-muscled nose

in Classis IX

1780.

p. 34,

far the

back

which as

conditions

the

in

THE

The

Arctonyx.

dental

CARNIVORES

formula

is

399

the

usually

both

in

same

namely:

genera,

i.f c.TpmJm.^=34.

Only

of

most

over

species of Meles

one

China.

eastern

only subspecific, between

Its

does

nor

the

is represented

the

animals

Meles

meles

leptorynchus Milne-Edwards,

Meles

leplorhynchus Milne-Edwards,

Ann.

dcs

seems

ences differ-

tangible

any

China.

South

Milne-Edwards

leptorynchus BADGER

Sci. Nat., Zool.,

Recherches

Badger

European

indicate

hand

at

and

CHINESE Meles

the

it extends

Asia, and

eastern

relationship to

material

of North

187.

in

scrvir

pour

5, vol.

ser.

I'Hist.

k

1867.

8, p. 374,

Nat.

des

Mammiftres,

p.

190,

Mus.

Nat.

pi. 25;

pi. 26, figs.3, 4; pi. 27, figs.3, 4; pi. 28, figs.3, 4, 1868-74. Meles chinensis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, p. 207. Amoy. leucurus

Meles

vol.

Meles

Trouessart, Cat.

26, p. 430,

hanensis

Mamm.

Viv.

J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

Foss., p. 188, 1904.

Hist.,

1909.

Wiss.

Matschie,

Ergebn.

Exped. Filchner

d.

China

nach

Tibet

u.

vol.

1903-05,

138,

10, pt. i, p.

1908. Meles

siningensis Matschie,

Meles

tsingtauensis Matschie,

Meles

meles

leptorynchus G.

Meles

meles

leucurus

Osgood,

The

"les

specimens of the

Field

No

"

This

(white

blackish-brown and

usually to

ears

for the

tip.

of the whitish

mouth

farther,

even

brown

on

stripe from to

stripe from the

side.

The

eye,

the

merging

lower

feet, forearms,

Compared facial

at

the

and

with

stripes shorter,

lower the and

of the

European the

the

a

of the

along

chin

pale tips

of

ear,

the

to

the

side

mixed root

short

a

absent,

a

angle

median

of the

off

a

of the

color

basal

the

and

level

of the

the

eyes

blackish-

face, of the

tail,as

to

clude in-

dorsal well

as

blackish-brown.

uniform

Badger,

to

the

the

and

become

to

longer

their

stripe from

whitish

base

with

head

the

ring

rings tend

stripes separate

two

back

runs

legs, are

blackish-brown

a

is

between

hairs, having

running back

These

from

area

mixed

same

tail

the

Arctonyx

coarse

is

there

beyond

from

in

blackish

muzzle

back

body

by

head

and

that

muzzle

side of the

tion collec-

the

Arctonyx by its

tail of the

mid-dorsal

rather

the

body

the to

The

long,

occiput.

the

still in

are

stumpy

whereas

back,

tip of the

the

Fontanier.

M.

by

sent

distinguished from

its short

succeeded

of the

side

as

several

received

Museum

presumably

once

white.

with

On

each

1932.

by Milne-Edwards

Hopei, China,

and

and

the

as

greater part

pallid tint.

a

18, p. 262,

Paris

the

,

sides

the

at

latter)

grayish white,

a

At

vol.

is mentioned

that

Pekin,"

ser.,

Naturelle.

tail-tipis clothed

the

producing

de

358, p. 9, 1929.

no.

Hist., zool.

states

badger is

in the

white

and

three-fourths white

he

d'Histoire

"

Nat.

single specimen

environs

Museum

throat

Novitates,

Mus. Mus.

therefore, cotypes,

are,

Description: black

the

Allen, Amer. Publ.

type of this badger, but

specimens from

or

ibid.,p. 142.

M.

Specimens:

Type the

loc. cit.

the

the

Chinese

dorsal

hairs

race are

white

has

the

less

extensive,

THE

400

and on

is

muzzle

eleven

smaller, with of the

the

sagittalridge

not

seen

audital

The

row.

the

nasal

is not

bones

fuse

Measurements:

Hopei,

; hind

From

female

A

"

male, the

with

space

the

indication

no

is in

it often

it

inflated

being slightly

that

in the

In

also.

surrounding bones,

for in

animal, in the

stand

might

skulls

first small

the

European

the

where

in

race

old

skulls, even

that

so

tooth

the

aries bound-

fully mature,

not

collector

follows

as

from

the

Eastern

head

and

body,

:

Tombs, 450

mm.

;

40.

; ear,

it is not

measurements

"

in

Milne-Edwards,

designation leptorynchus

but

in

later

,

the

of

slightly

thus

are

eyes, one

evident

that

males

larger than

are

specimens.

Nomenclature:

form

in

and

Moreover,

developed. is

slightly more

are

by

foot, 95

these

markings

these

stripe

the

out.

measured

was

tail,130

well

small

a

intimately

be made

cannot

;

typical European

there

as

even

bullae

heavily brown,

even

nose-pad

so

examined,

there

white

slightlypast the level of

or

or

of the

that

Badger premolar, pmi-, is ever present all those

to

median

The

animal.

eastern

Chinese

the

to

white.

pure

brown

smoky

differs from

skull

of

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

broad

and

quite

in the

obscured The

clear

is darkened

skins

more

usually

it becomes

which

beyond

OF

buffy instead

tinged with

are

the

MAMMALS

leptorhynchus. He two

as

very

characters. chinensis

closely related,

Shortly afterward, to

a

specimen

sent

so

in

that

the

1868,

by Consul

badger, spelled the specific

publications

it with

compared

this

naming the

European

chief

J.

it

E.

Swinhoe

is

Badger

differences

Gray to

the

usually given

gave

and

lay in the

British

the

regarded small

name

Museum

skuU Meles from

CARNIVORES

THE

This, however,

Amoy.

chus, apparently with in

Matschie, markets

Meles

hanensis,

southeastern Kansu.

hair

They on

white

dirty

in

are,

however,

may

also be

the

have

may

other, without

seems

to

across

Shansi

and

the

Szechwan

Habits:

the

the

on

Chinese

hair

who

Amur

regarded

the

Mongolian American

Museum

B.

Howell

Tientsin

from the

A.

of

Comparative

shuiko, Taiyuanfu,

Kansu,

recorded

Farther

Wanhsien,

near

again,

by

A.

south,

eastern

China

west-central

from

and

on

several

the

the

the

leucurus

northwestern

Yulinfu,

Asiatic

Central which

edge of in

the

the

the

U.

westward,

the

to

others

and

most

western

Expeditions nearly

it

farther

Museum

the

while to were

secured limit

same

a

of

Tao

River, ties. locali-

specimen

distribution

Osgood's the

Pa-

province.

the

of the

in the

from

Wulsin

R.

seum Mu-

edge of

southern

Shansi

F.

Eastern

National

S.

the

from

highlands,

American

in

Peiping,

the

of the

marks

carries

specimen

the

to

near

from

part

one

holds

by Schrenck,

Shensi; another

(1929), is from

Howell

shorter

addition

from

Dr.

by

had

far this character

Museum a

of South

those

In

this found

I have

Amoy

Pingtinghsien,

the

eastern

Hongkong. Over

and

amiirensis

From

in

from

of

from

localitynear

from

southward,

extreme

to

animal.

specimens

Hopei.

Badger westward

Hopei

from

M.

Paris

secured

Szechwan,

specimens

near

Museum

m.

thence

latitude

how

secured

latter

and

skins

name

were

one

B.

the

Zoology

Szechwan,

Tatsienlu,

same

European

from

uniform,

certain

the

records

specimen

a

Yirgo

(1909) mentions

Thomas

M.

the

animals

European

to

northwestern has

Museum

Berlin

the

one,

These

from

skin

a

in

The

into Amurland.

that

Expeditions

Tabool,

plateau,

hairs.

China,

China

given

of the

of

the

as

remarkably

it is not

but

(1929)

and

south

mentioned

been

Asiatic

of western

North

leptorynchus sent

Museum

and

has

be

the

subspecies

a

the

name

Kansu,

northeastward

to

ago

Peiping,

eastern

far

as

seem

long

of M.

American

Tombs,

as

to

to

China

eastern

parts

coast

separate

Badger

it

originalseries the

to

from

those

The

true.

to

it extends

Milne-Edwards

than

of

Shensi

east

area,

satisfactoryway

was

on

the

representative

most

over

northern

territoryits characters

China.

This

"

higher, mountainous

and

Outside vast no

and

(1932) suggests

black-ringed

variation.

Stein that

had

leptorynchus.

m.

distributed

be

avoiding

M.

replace

Occurrence

Osgood

and

Siningfu, in white

tsingtaiicnsis,based

these,

Hinganfu,

near

tail

rings

in fur

first of

from

one

source.

same

The

was

that

individual

Stegmann

von

purchased

of the

basal

of

Meles

by

sent

06).

tip

dark

matters

skins

siningensis,

the

the

the

mountains

the

leptoryn-

from

skulls

alike, except

much

black-brown;

of Matschie's

A. 33. to

be

to

evidently merely said

No.

second, Meles

of M.

synonym

Expedition.

from

come

a

as

separate

Filchner

have

other

Tsingtao, Shantung, (type.

the

the

said the

new

to

while

were

back,

species three

by

said

was

Shensi,

the

as

China

eastern

regarded

for he, too, received

reason,

named

1908,

of

Milne-Edwards

401

(1932)

in

record

Eastward,

west.

seciured

at

at

Yochow,

THE

402

and

Hunan, it ranges

into

(A.M.N.H.),

from

brought into the

According in

Amoy,

near

in fourteen

Canton

hillycountry.

desirable

a

Chinese

spread

wear

nicely dressed

the

lower

the

British

Museum,

lacks on

the

that

left side

i

Chekiang: Tunglu, Shansi:

Pashuiko,

Shensi:

Yulinfu,

Hunan:

Yochow,

Fukien:

Foochow,

exact

i

2; i

the

but

seen

one

the

hide

by of the

first lower a

in

thick

p.

make

to

demand

among

into

Made

rugs,

Manchurian

from

skull

a

tooth

In

(19 14,

they

48) the the use

all

hunters

their belts at the

premolar

the

the

Sowerby

back, in which

seat."

dry

a

visits the

summer

potatoes,

too

"The

carts.

in

district

Tinggan whence

China,

is nevertheless

in

the

is

missing

both

on

left side.

Among

premolar

the

the

third,

(No. 85048,

Foochow

on

first upper

in

sides, and

skulls in

several

right side, and

other an-

premolar is absent

Twenty-four,

"

in

follows:

.

(B.M.). (Univ. Mich.).

Taiyuanfu,

2;

Yenping, i;

Pingtinghsien, i; Yirgo,

i;

(allM.C.Z.).

I

Amoy,

2;

Sungpan,

(B.M.).

4

(A.N.S.P.).

i

.

Geoffroy and

badgers of this of black

pale instead

as

i

3.

locality,i

instead

inland

absent

had

Still

Hongkong,

(B.M.).

Wanhsien,

Arctonyx F. Cuvier,

The

stiff and

or

Arctonyx

Genus

white

of

i.

Kiangsu: Nanking,

Szechwan:

622).

p.

specimen preserved in

a

sweet

North

upper

left side.

Tombs,

Tsinan,

Shantung:

Yenping

only.

Eastern

:

In

is shown

lacks

one

of the

he

torpid, but

the

eating

form

to

second

Specimens examined: Hopei

No

kangs

corresponding

the

and

probably

species in

it lies

its skin

ready

the

is

there

also

badger skins hanging from

in which

jaw,

but

damp -resistingqualities.

brick

interesting anomaly

A.M.N.H.),

winter

is too

animal,

always

are

Yangtze, whence

Foochow

at

residence

mentions

Pig."

hair

of its

their

on

position they An

fur

account

on

it to

taken

common

a

and

"Sweet-potato the

is

In

of

that, although

He

this

Swinhoe,

fields, uprooting

badger

of the

Hongkong.

Chinese notes

years'

Market. at

sweet-potato name

been

neighboring mainland,

for

Museum to

mouth

of

the

on

the

Hall

City

the

near

MONGOLIA

vicinity (Swinhoe, 1870c, Amoy the island (1922) writes that it occurs on

Canton,

about

AND

it has

where

the

Mell

and

Kwangtung,

CHINA

Chekiang,

Fukien,

in

and

south,

OF

Tunglu,

at

one

south

farther

MAMMALS

Cuvier, Hist.

genus

throat,

of dark-colored

are

the

Nat.

des

F. Cuvier Mammifferes,

vol. 3,

pt. 51, pi. and

readily distinguished from somewhat

claws.

longer There

is

an

and area

more

2

Meles

pp.

text, 1825.

by their

tapering tail,and

of naked

skin between

THE

the

in

differs

the

and

long

two

and

In

elongated.

of

rim

bony palate

side,

horseshoe

twice

of the

length

upper

is nearly

molar and

rim. the

cusps

A

upper

and

long

distinctlybehind

the

tooth

the

metaconid

some

lower

or

of

the

margin

may

be

impossible

animals.

The

The

southern

the

to

genotype

China, however,

the

with

apparently various

it is

names

rim

formed

on

jaw, while

of

or

is

time

Cuvier, from

the

of which

in

later,

sides of upper Meles.

a

of

variation

the

form

lies

mentioned

forward

same

and

heel

The

extended at

line

five cusps,

in

tooth,

metaconid

both

as

seen

first molar in

view.

as

while

external postero-

the

the

The

jaws,

one

eventually

and

side

jaw

by

The

those

to

is considerable

in both

becomes

collaris F.

lower

formula

dental

inner

in side

visible

present

line

of

the

on

similar

premolar.

premolar

the

position the

There

one.

the

and

a

The

edge, the

protoconid nearly

upper

is thus

.

Badger

the

of

median

Hog-nosed

and

above,

lobe.

posterior

seem

on

In

two

short

a

from

antero-extemal

which

long

ridge-like cusp.

similar

lengthwise

by

seen

a

crowns,

The

separated

rounded the

at

the in

are

posterior edge. are

being

from

canines

upper

narrow a

of

glenoid cavity

Bhutan

China,

with

narrower.

first

is A

a

of

posterior

arranged

are

in

which

lengthened

The

the more

of the viewed

as

and

and

form

stand

and

disarticulate the

latter

less inflated,

level

incisors

roots

paraconid

cusps

between

India

is

the

to

pair.

elements

ledge

minute

the

toward

move

a

Otherwise

jaws.

the

swollen

rostrum

pterygoids,

concave

somewhat

it is absent, in others

hind

ridges

and

antero-intemal

of the

skulls

both

are

in

basin-shaped,

is the

the

distinctlytriangular as

to

protoconid

the

development

for in

low,

outer

is somewhat

the

are

with

narrow,

shearing against

the

is

extended

bounding

much

compressed

two

of Meles, passes

molar

its internal

but

each

ridge, the

low

very

of

upper

second

diamond-shaped,

metacone

lower

other

two

In the

slightly beaded

a

have

postero-internal edge

paracone

of the with

The

skull rather

and

high

larger, are

somewhat

with

posteriormost premolar

The

upper

jaw,

pair

crowns

premolars

bullae

backward

prolonged the

outer

is

Meles

much

processes

laterally.

laterally compressed,

space.

is

the

shape,

the

anterior

in

inflated

but

in

in Ardonyx.

audital

The

flattened, diverging posteriorly instead

is

of

haired.

thickly

particulars. Although

downward

hamular

and

glenoid cavity

the

ventral

and

are

The

of the

broad

is

region

foramen

the

aspect

level

in Meles

interorbital

antorbital

ventral

contrast

parallel.

the

403

important

many

the

sloping strongly

the

reaching

further

in

both,

which

Up

upper

genera in

is wider,

forehead

not

the

narrow

depressed

but

its

and

nose-pad

CARNIVORES

or

With so

the

high

age

that

it

temporal

crest

mountains

in

old

of northeastern

Hindustan. India

northeastern

without

important have

that

represented by

a

been

distinct

extends

change bestowed

subspecies.

its range

of upon

characters, it.

In

across

withstanding not-

North

MAMMALS

THE

404

Cuvier, Hist. Nat.

Geofifroy and

collaris F. Cuvier.in

BADGER

SAND

BADGER;

HOG-NOSED

Arctonyx

MONGOLIA

AND

collaris collaris F. Cuvier

Arctonyx

88.

1

CHINA

OF

pi. and

vol. 3, pt. 51,

Mammiferes,

des

2

pp.

text,

200,

202,

1825. Recherches

Milne-Edwards,

(Arctonyx) obscurus

Meles

h. I'Hist. Nat.

servir

pour

Mammiferes,

des

pp.

1868-74.

Abh.

albogularis Hilzheimer, kucolcemus

Arctonyx

leucolctmus

Arctonyx

obscurus

Arctonyx

leucoleemus

Arctonyx

collaris collaris G.

obscurus

and

reproduced

the

tail very for

menagerie

said to

below

Throat,

is white

back

by

succeeded

with

Anhwei. 1929.

i, p. 29,

1929.

10,

him

sent

this

Alfred

M.

by

perhaps

was

been

of

result

a

his

made

Duvaucel,

in captivity,

wear

figure were

in

pair

a

a

ing divid-

mountains

in the

captured

badger

figureshows

The

des Mammiferes."

base

with

a

or

a

white blackish

middle

of

back,

or

side of each

largely

grizzled with

the

the be

may the

from

same

often

or

gray,

shoulders

and

nape

band

this black

neck. of

fur

The

black.

belly

cheek

of the

whitish

specimens

specimens

some

the

the

that

yellowish tip, so

forehead

of the

along with

A

claws.

pale

midline

portion, or

terminal

the

the

along

stripe passes and

feet black

on

In

back

with

badger,

neck, merging

of the

tail white;

a

short-limbed

white

shorter

yellowish tinge.

a

drawing

nose-pad

sides

the

be

localitymay

the

from

second

at

art.

1922.

species represented by

Duvaucel

large, rather

A

and

ears

395,

Hindustan.

to

eye

358, p.

(lapsus).

48, 1914

10, p.

Mus., vol. 75,

and

have

p.

183, 1906.

I, p.

Tsingling Mts.

688.

China,

no.

vol.

Magdeburg,

p.

9, vol.

ser.

Novitates,

hair, which

with

1911,

North

S. Nat.

Naturelle

Barrackpore,

a

U.

colored

a

which

stripe runs neck;

in

Hist.,

Nat.

genus

from

"

the

on

Heimatk.,

u.

London,

Feather

Mus.

new

"Histoire

animals

Description: the

and

Mag.

Allen, Amer.

The

clad

thinly

from

Bhutan

white

M.

"

in the

the at

Fur

Howell, Proc.

B.

A.

Soc.

Zool.

Ann.

Thomas,

f. Natur-

Mus.

Proc.

Sowerby,

arestes

incultus

by F. Cuvier

based

were

orestes

Specimen:

Type

Ber.

u.

Thomas,

Arctonyx

to

1912,

134-

PMeles

Zool. Soc. London,

Proc.

Thomas,

ibid.,p. 338, pi. 58, fig.2; pi. 62.

Milne-Edwards,

obscurus

Arctonyx

nearly

are

white. skull

The a a

have

characters

spicularfirst premolar present. subadult, and No. 22.9.1.36 (B.M.) from

minute

sides in the

both

teeth

these One

from

and

on

by

an

median

mm.

in

jaw.

but

in two

upper.

first

the

The out

No.

the

57373

tooth

palate of three

has

premolar be

may

the

on

only right

left side

bounded this is

skulls

Fukien,

present

not

the

on

frequently

from

this tooth

have

Likiang

has

Museum

lower

arch,

length

"

fresh

No of head

Thomas

(1922b) gives

700

;

mm.

jaw

(A.M.N.H.)

41475

at

on

both

side.

above

its posterior

prolonged

as

a

cleft.

Measurements:

650

in the

upper

British

in the

even

not

in the

in the

sides

both

but

jaw

but

present,

Ichang

rim narrow

lower

No.

is

There

mentioned.

been

already

tail,170; hind

for

and the

measurements

body; type

foot, 89.

are

tail about

of his A.

0.

at

150;

hand, but foot

incultus:

with

head

a

skin

claw and

is about about

body,

95.

about

THE

CRANIAL

CARNIVORES

MEASUREMENTS

OF

405

ARCTONYX

COLLARIS

COLLARIS

3 o.

"B a

O o

E J3 W

" C

"*^

a

ti

-^

cs

o

Si

o

a. a

a

41475

1550

138-3

104-5

57373

151.0

134-0

lOI.O

75-5

74-3

430

51-7

60.0

75-5

42.0

50.0

58-2

Fukien

56.0

cf

Fukien

55-8

cf

Fukien

46.4

54-4

cf

Fukien

38.6

43-7

51.0

cf

Anhwei

144.0

130.0

98.0

78.0

76.0

43-3

47-5

84391

1394

125.8

88.0

89.1

81.5

44-0

49.0

85025

138.6

125.0

89.0

87.0

80.0

43-6

1333

1

90.4

89-5

72.4

71.2

of A.

(type

BM

incultus)

16.2

2.6.10.33

BM

130.7

II8.5

83-4

23.4.1.26

BM

126.2

II2.5

78.5

139-5

1275

90.0

136.5

123.2

88.5

60190 89.3.1.

1

BM

22.9.1.36 1

BM

1.9.8.43 BM

1 1.

6.

1.

6

Orestes)

that

from

the

nape

and

Thomas's

Ad.

46.6

Im.

60.0

37.2

39.5

69.1

37.3

42.0

131. 7

121.6

86.1

71.0

70.3

40.7

44.5

Hupeh

cf

Yunnan

Im.cf 9

Fukien

9

Hupeh

9

Yunnan

9

Szechwan

9

Shensi

'

precise relationships of

require

and

a

careful

more

the

important

change

include

may

with the

all

of

in that of

1922,

degree series

respect,

from of

described

as

The

but

the

is

back

named

variation

from

with

palate

in

is

a

are

matter two

old

its thin

are

usually

regarded A.

from and

of individual

the

more

for

of it

collaris.

Anhwei,

the

is doubtless

to

the

Milne-

synonym

of male

found

basis

the

a

coat

the

skins black

Shensi.

and

by

ochraceous-

or as

synonym

an

however,

hardly

individuals

a

incultus

to

for

ochraceous,

China,

western

albogularis,

race

color,

head-markings,

individuals,

type

China

in

served

type

collaris

A.

southern

across

Hog-

ever, clear, how-

seems

Tsingling Mountains,

character,

examined,

described

white-tipped

latter

darker

typical

of the

older

the

obscurus

first

of inflation of skulls

A.

A.

the

from

palate.

the

with

out.

stripes tinged

the

the

the

examined

who

it differed the

orestes

is

identical

of

It

having white

facial

hairs

one

quite

51.6 Ad.

various

Himalayas

individual

those

the

the

working

eastern

is considerable

obsciirus

animal

a

The

those

to

Anderson,

the

in this

54-5

68.9

leucolcemus

A.

young

for when

53-2

47.0

70.3

light-colored specimen A.

collaris.

while

47-4

37-1

78.9

region

back,

Edwards's

stating

41.6

64.7

81.0

There

same

A

inflation

77.0

75-8

12.6

shoulders,

tipped.

a

83.5

16.8

large species of

occurs

Thomas,

47.0

1

without

of Fukien.

as

51-9

40.3

1

"

the

coast

nape,

44-2

122.4

still

Badgers

Cuvier,

37-9

36.0

131-8

Nomenclature: nosed

67-5 63.0

(type

BM

oi A.l.

Fukien

"

d'

84390

2.6.10.25

^_

c?^ 81.6

greater

seasonal, variation,

be

quite alike

inflated.

It

MAMMALS

THE

4o6 does

not

with

a

that

seem

second

in North

Occurrence

and

A.

race,

skins

several

that

it from

well

as

range

has

that

of

the mouth

the

specimens

to

from

habits

the

of this

Tunglu, Chinteh,

Anhwei:

Hupeh: Fukien

:

Chungan,

Ichang,

Futsing,

i

i ;

Meks

leucolcemus

Milne-Edwards,

Meles

(Arctonyx)

leucolcemus

Arctonyx

pi. 26, figs. I,

leucolcemus

Biol., vol.

13, p.

typical

to

and

others to

A.

c.

from

recorded

be

as

follows:

Yenping,

collaris

des.

Buechner,

27,

Bull.

figs. I, Acad.

BADGER

HOG-NOSED

Sci. Nat., Zool., Recherches

2;

(Milne-Edwards)

leucolaemus

CHINA

Ann.

pi.

orestes.

(B.M.).

2

Milne-Edwards,

2;

3.

(B.M.).

NORTH

24;

referable

are

Very little seems

(B.M.), type of

i

Arctonyi

189.

pi.

movm-

Chinese

the

(B.M.).

2

(skinsonly);

4

Weichow,

Szechwan:

at

oiincultus.

(B.M.), tjpe ;

3 ;

Likiang,

Yunnan:

of

range

by

Tunglu, Chekiang,

collections.

Twenty,

"

Tsingling Mountains,

Shensi:

Pope

trapped

was

i. i

(M.C.Z.)

i

a

from

from

H.

species.

Specimens examined: Chekiang:

skin

Museum

American

Fukien,

Kuatun,

also

be

to

seem

as

in the

Fukien,

by

and

inciiUus

o.

wooded

British

Probably though not uncommon. from (1929) as A. leucolcemus

Howell

B.

A.

in the

Clifford

Mr.

is said

animal

The

difficult to sectire,

and

of the

foot

the

of ^.

Futsing, Fukien,

at

Other

Comparative

of

specimens type

recorded

S. National

U.

Museum

Hangchow.

of

at

the

his

compared west

bank

earth

an

recorded

Chekiang,

collar is,

150

whence

mentions

northern

also

western

The

1929).

Lingshih monastery.

burrower

deep

a

Ningpo,

as

a

surrounding

tains be

in

hole

he km.

has

Szechwan.

Shan

Thomas

'specimens obtained

of the

one

and

which

Ichang, with

Si Ho, Wa

Tsingling

the

Expeditions secured

(1922b, 1923)

Weichow,

the

into

coastal

the

to

and

grades

Asiatic

Thomas

and

China

basin,

Yangtze

the

1879 by Anderson.

as

ago

it doubtless

Howell,

B.

(Tsingte), Anhwei,

Chinteh writes

to

one

China,

from

reported

was

southern

Museum

Shan

Hupeh,

from

from

Museum

to

and

Omei

are

the

boundary

from

as

long

as

across

American

specimens (A.

has

Zoology

this

The

localities in Szechwan Museum

eastward

Likiang, Yunnan,

at

distinguished in South

Badger

Yunnan

northward

along

leucolcemus.

c.

Hog-nosed

western

extends

and

Somewhere

Range.

The

"

extreme

province of Fukien,

be

can

China.

apparently

it

Thence

singlerace

a

Habits:

region of

Tengyueh

than

more

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OF

pi. 28, figs. I,

5, vol.

ser.

2,

1868-74

1867.

8, p. 374,

servir ^ I'Hist.

pour

Nat.

des

Mammifdres,

p.

195,

(1871).

Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg, vol.

34

(new

ser.,

vol.

2), p.

103

(Melanges

149), 1892.

Arctonyx

leucolcemus

milne-edwardsii

Arctonyx

leucolcemus

leucolcemus

Arctonyx

collaris leucolcemus

Type specimen:

G.

"

A. M.

The

Lonnberg, B.

Howell,

Allen,

Ann. Proc.

Amer.

specimen

Mus.

on

Mag. U.

S.

Hist.,

Nat. Nat.

Mus.,

Novitates,

which

no.

ser.

vol.

358,

9, vol.

p.

II,

art.

75,

II,

Milne-Edwards

pp.

i, p.

322-326, 29,

1923.

1929.

1929.

based

his account

THE

of this

badger

sent

was

the

to

CARNIVORES

Paris

Museum

vicinity of Peiping, Hopei, China, This

Description: "

northern

by its slightly smaller white

collar

back

extends

race,

the

hairs

of

complete

specimens brown,

behind

immediately

tail for

the

to

on

the

terminal

white

although the

the

half.

nape.

greater

part

the

in

having

does

eye

the

white

The

dark-tipped

its length in

of difference reach

not

the

dark

of

the

coloring with

typical

the

tipping

to

shoulders

the

across

diminishing

extend

back

hairs of the

toward

amount

in ."4. c. leucolcBtnus in

it does

lip, but

the

three-fifths,then

basal

is that

the

by hav'ng

white

no

or

for the

distinguished

and

compared

little

white-tipped hairs of

point

As

is

Badger

mm.)

125

tail.

are

are

white

Another

stripe below

the

these

there

about

of

agree

instead

Hog-nosed

the

from

institution.

still in that

presumably

usually, too,

nape;

part

hand

but

back,

is

of the

race

the

basal

at

and

David

Armand

Pere

by

(skull length

across

the

to

on

the

blackish

size

407

the

typical

A.

coUaris. The

skull,

southern

and

race,

the

typical race, that

races

is

marked

so

first

examined

jaw,

however, present, a

usually

the

name

absent

describes

from

in

southern

character,

Measurements:

Lonnberg tail,140.

of

"

no

Few

(1923a) gives

in the

palate

shows

to

from

There

can

present,

in

and

is

in skulls

absence

no

sides

noted

of the

(1868-74, in which the

chieflyfor this be

be or

both

on

Shensi

recently

which,

latter.

following table:

Milne-Edwards

more

As

the

pmi

usually present

.

variable

and

not

may

presence

in the

pm'

upper.

has

Kansu,

I. milne-edwardsii.

A

of

is

the

(1923a)

Its

age.

figures a specimen

and

Lonnberg

and

specimen

this tooth

that

or

may

is shown

Presence

but

a

the

of

characteristic

premolar with

fallingout

I have

It is obvious

prolongation of

posterior, tubular

minute

deciduous,

apparently of both

the

than

specimens, is considerably smaller

aged

little inflation, which

very the

in

even

both

p.

lower

340),

pairs are

peculiarityin

same

he

reason,

doubt, however,

that

has

given

this is

a

systematic importance. measurements

for his

specimen

of from

fresh Kansu:

specimens head

and

are

body,

available. 680

mm.

;

MAMMALS

OF

CHINA

MEASUREMENTS

OF

ARCTONYX

THE

408 CRANIAL

MONGOLIA

AND

Habits:

and

Occurrence

This

"

distinguished by its smaller It is

apparently

which

its range

a

not

neighborhood, secured

specimens

three

this

westward southern

Kansu, Potanin

from

it.

sent

No

to

Howell

In

Paris this

doubt

northern

part

race

of the

Specimens Hopei:

Tombs,

Here

to

10,000

9,000

miles few

Ssigu district,

the

it

found

was

feet

Peiping, in

of

of

records

by

in burrows,

of this

specimens

east

in

taken

badger S.

U.

the

hog-badger

the

David

Pere

secured

Milne-Edwards with

the

specimen

a

regarded

typical

form

it

which

he

.4. obscurus.

as

somewhere

along

the

basin.

Yangtze "

limit.

recorded

very

from

badger

into

province being perhaps largely unsuited

former

intergrades

examined:

Eastern

be

to

where

Museum,

has

eighty

Shensi, however,

southern

the

from

seem

Shensi, the

and

of from

(1929)

and

There

Museum.

Shansi

altitudes

at

B.

this

its northwestern

the

To

Shensi

and

is

female

This

unopened.

Shansi

at

which

Peiping,

found.

still

in

brought

of milne-edwardsii,

Lonnberg's type

nearly

Shan, in Kansu,

National

to

A.

across

range

of

I have eyes

its

or

Expeditions

female

a

southern

lip.

therefore, practically

are,

that

Peiping

Asiatic

northeast

their

with

in 1892 recorded

Berezovski

and

Min

from

be

must

boulders.

under

to came

Buechner

which

animal

lower

China, beyond

from

was

recorded

miles

hundred

this

young,

seems

whence

Shan.

for

type

and

nape,

the

to

of northern

Musetmi

apparently

white

with

extend

not

which

Tungling,

one

small

badger

Kansu,

Min

the

The

American

the

from

record

foiu-

had

30

extend.

to

than

more

northerly

most

April

on

race,

and

Hopei,

Jehol (Chengteh), the

does

is

Badger

back

characteristic

addition, Jacobi (1922) has

In

topotypes.

which

mark,

seem

in

Hog-nosed

darker

well-marked

does

of the

form

Lower

Upper

Width

size, uniformly

white

suborbital

shorter

the

by

LEUCOLMMUS

COLLARIS

Zygo-

The

following:

3.

Genus

Brunnich

Lutra OTTERS

Lutra

Brunnich,

The

highly the

ears

Zoologiae Fundamenta,

otters

modified low

and

long, muscular,

are

for

1772.

of

large members

aquatic

rounded, and

p. 34,

life.

the

neck

The

the head

thick,

weasel is broad

the

family and

that

become

have

somewhat

flattened,

body relativelyslender,

flexible,tapering slightlytoward

the

end.

The

the

limbs

tail are

THE

rather

The

short, and claws

are

fur

and

under shed

the

the

short a

and

At

length,

the

by

the

fur,

sides

of the

conspicuous

skull is characterized with

fore

brain

disappear, that

sutures

obliterated remains

the

on

distant

are

form

incisors

size of

the

separating

only

in

which

slightlylonger than

upper

the

nasal

with

lower.

Of

point. blade-like

outer

conical

portion

with

rectangular flat

valley from

the

first molar

and

second

a

the

corners,

In

inner.

two

is large and

two

hidden

lower, m.i

=

in

view

slopes The

36. The

and

side

and

represented

inward

the

Upper

border

is

Europe

two

clawless

The

to

of the nose-pad

and

The

the

the

heel

the

last

paraconid of

at

the

formula

its

sharpan

molar

upper

three

the

first

the

nearly

protoconid of

tooth

apart.

twice

by

a

is

wide

premolars with upper and

;

pressed com-

molar. pre-

partly

tooth

is much

is: i.f

c.t

pm.^

(Linnaeus). closely related A

subspecies.

second

constitute

Chinese

a

Species

tridentate, with

three

to

that

of

eastern

Asia, into China,

northern

across

otters

the

The

of the

larger, with

The

but

are

cusps as

side

separated

and

sharp

side.

lutra

little modification

Key

A.

inner

the

of

large

be

suture

larger, with

is much

cusps

outer

protoconid.

is Lutra

by probably

China.

as

the

on

otter

with

nearly

behind

genotype

common

extends

is

metaconid

jaw

to

width

canine

are

there

its paraconid

narrowed,

cutting edges, shearing against The

of the

ledge.

outer

lower

the

their

premolars,

upper

side

inner

last

all

nearly vertical,

are

fourth

the

wide, rounded,

rather and

basal

each

on

premolars

upper

region,

and

processes

least

tooth

four

the

of The

of the

one

hamular

at

canines

the

mammals.

intimately

side,

that

postpalatal prolongation

the

by

inner

the

while

crowns,

and

rounded the

third

being

outer

The

small, closelyappressed against

pointed, compressed

bullae

the

fuse

ventral

aspect, the

auditory

middle

skull

and

very

large oval,

a

fine

a

stiff and

interorbital

narrow

bones

tube,

are

aquatic

and

the

on

short

is very

The

snout,

with

dense,

polished hairs

vibrissae

of the

subequal.

are

strong

processes,

the

and and

of the

for swimming.

webbed

are

is short

some

bones

row,

feet

the

blunt

ventral

a

the

transverse

a

others

In

from

of

while

surface,

forms

passage

pterygoids

age

dorsal

fur

than

the

diu-ing growth.

open nasal

of the

The

With

case.

The latter

muzzle,

slightly projecting postorbital

flattened

hind

short,

very

409

and

weak.

over

the

less

both

rather

coarser

water.

medium

fingersof

CARNIVORES

species

separate

of

occurs

where in

Asia, it is western south-

genus.

Lutra

nearly equal pointed

projections.

B.

a.

Teeth

b.

Teeth

Upper orbital

smaller, upper

larger, upper

border isthmus

of the

cheek cheek

nose-pad

inflated

teeth teeth

about about

straight

34

38

across;

L. lutra chinensis

mm

L. lutra nair

mm

size rather

smaller; postL. tarayensis

MAMMALS

THE

410

CHINA

OF

Lutra

190.

chinensis

Hist.,

Nat.

Gray, Mag.

CHINESE

2, vol.

ser.

MONGOLIA

chinensis

lutra

EASTERN

Lutra

AND

Gray

OTTER

Swinhoe,

580, 1837.

i, p.

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

1870,

p. 624. tLutra

nair

Bull.

vulgaris Buechner,

Lutra

sinensis

Lutra

lutra

J. A. Allen, Bull.

Lutra

lutra

chinensis

to

G. M.

British

nose-pad

above, including

belly

are

The or

the

The

and

with

the

tail,is

the

a

pale brown

Otter

is smaller

Eastern

Chinese

Indian

race,

with

apparently

between

the

orbits

smaller is very

being conspicuously inflated

available, but in total

a

length,

Nomenclature:

name

"

to

the

There

seems

The

and

otters

in L.

but

tail is about OP

to

paler of the

no

than Lutra

and

dorsal

outline

of

the

two

body

European portion of the

shorter

under

of the

that

shorter

and blunt

the

fur.

European

tooth

rows.

practicallyparallelpostorbital processes,

tarayensis.

fresh

specimens

nearly full

from

grown,

China is about

are

950

300.

LUTRA

be

than

narrow,

of

skin, immature,

of which

smaller it.

as

measurements

MEASUREMENTS

is somewhat

applies

No

tanned

CRANIAL

China

the

in the

than

of the

teeth

by

the

middle

and

the

of the

"

paler

longer hairs of the throat

the

skull

Measurements:

mm.

came

general color

brown,

light chocolate

partly concealing

of

China

from

point separated by

The

wings.

lateral

gray,

region

median

sided, except for the slightprojection caused instead

1892.

from

sent

was

probably

hence

well-developed claws, and

pale

frontal

chinensis

Lutra

Reeves,

2), p. 103,

of L. lutra).

358, p. 12, 1929.

no.

Gray's

nearly W-shaped,

lips and

The

with

otter

depressions from

otter.

of

by John

An

"

V-like

type

Novitates,

vol.

ser.,

of Canton.

Description: the

The

"

Museum

neighborhood

of

Mus.

Allen, Amer.

specimen:

(new

vol. 34

Foss., p. 283, 1897 (as synonym Nat. Hist., vol. 26, p. 430, 1909.

Viv.

Mus.

Amer.

1861, p. 390.

Sci.,St. P^tersbourg,

Imp.

Acad.

Trouessart, Cat. Mamm.

Type the

Soc. London,

Sclater, Proc. Zool.

Lutra

LUTRA

doubt that

CHINENSIS

that of

the

Europe,

lutra group

are

otter

and

of that

eastern

Gray's

distinguished by

THE

having

the

eastern

orbits

in the

as

with

otters

further

are

edge of the nose-pad

upper

straight across

considerable

distinguished by

Hodgson

believed

ranging

into

the

Bombay

Nat.

Hist.

reduced, latter

L. Intra group, Thomas

has

and

less waterless

form,

all

areas,

as

yet No

records

for

in small

present

from

specimen

is said

pointed in

one

(1892)

records

in the

Choihsien

was

Without races.

China

for the in

a

in the

otters.

the

in

H.

Pope,

"Golden

From

made

who

that

note

River" fish

1923,

when

on

western

that

the

He

had

skin

a

the

of such

also

collectingfish

a

some

six miles

largest stream), his rocks

remains

and seen

declared in

one

native

they

species the

over

on

specimen

were

place, and

(1923)

Szechwan.

Hainan,

of mammals

procured

Expedition

the all

from

It

Buechner

Weigold

determine is found

otter

splendid collection

(Hainan's

lying

the number

a

according in extreme to

(1924)

Shanghai.

sparingly. to

possible

not

well.

as

in

Museum

American

half -eaten

inland

and

Batang,

at

but,

recorded

Sowerby

Berezovski

the

by

and

Kansu,

missionary

a

(1908)

far from

not

latter

Matschie,"

and

S.

female

a

has

is

U.

The

province.

rather

China

group.

in the

(1909a)

hanensis

hardly

it doubtless

skull

a

Matschie

secured

one

young western

are

Chekiang,

Kiangsu,

typical

northern

the

Allen

Lutra

the

across

of

same

case.

of western

it is specimens, however, Swinhoe (1870c, p. 624) wrote

manuscript

him

a

of

by

seen

sea-coasts

Clifford

of

skin

the

Ningpo,

1924,

27,

streams

region

reported

not

A.

J.

the

"probably

from

January

the

in

Taipai Shan,

Museum

mountain

and

board sea-

Otter

comparison

mentions

or

more

of the

with

Hopei, though

in

(1929)

Howell

Sianfu, Shensi,

later, this may

seen

one

the

Otter.

Common

variation

geographic

China

be

for

the

coasts

of the

northward

specimens

of the

B.

A.

from

rocky

race

the

to

or

available

study

represent

Berlin

in the

occurs

to

one

vicinityof the larger

important change, quite

for northern

Yumonko,

out

the

reported

one

that

numbers.

specimen

The of

European

the

the

the

Chinese

China

without

extend

from

is

India

absent

are

frequent

They

northern

hand

Museum

National

obviously

chiefly. The

careful

a

at

are

sparingly in

but

Gobi.

It is true, however, sufficient

of

be

may

characters.

the

to

nair

these

that

subspecies of

a

occur

China,

fish

to

seems

Otters

the

on

merely

(Joum.

Wroughton

shown

key

a

the

Yunnan.

"

over

intergrades in

which

Asia.

as

it from

two

species in Nepal,

but

has

Lidra

that

the

species the region between the

seven

region, gives

and

clearly

out

Habits:

also, living doubtless

indicated,

that

out

than

1919)

26, p. 349,

being

nearly parallel-sidedin

fewer

no

of

(1879) reviewed

frontal

the

latter, and

were

it is doubtless

and

pointed

and

Himalayan

vol.

pointed

lakes

and

streams

Soc,

recorded

Occurrence

the

trident, instead

a

Anderson

characters,

in

and

had

also

cleft into

care,

skull

there

Indian

Anderson

as

author

411

species L. tarayensis.

being laterally swollen

former.

CARNIVORES

Mr.

and

island

that

He

there.

from

adds

Namfong,

hunter

showed

left there the

or

South

abundance

by

MAMMALS

THE

412

of skins

oflfered for sale at

island.

The

this otter from

ranges,

Canton,

mentions

At

all events

certain.

night

In

west

female

and

caught,

was

three-quarters of

taken

led

cries

from

taken

August

speaks

he

one

drive

would

from

the

among A

as

with

in

Gorges,

fish under otters

large

a

seem

Its

young

over

a

a

In

species have

(1870c)

miles

make

was

tioned men-

up

comparison

and

was

three

some

Swinhoe

thousand

tractable

young

whimpering

observers

net.

cast

more

hovir

still closed

of this

one

light moonan

Fungwahn, eyes

a

China

one

net

a

in tall grass,

Various

on

altogether

seen

rocks

very

net

(1922) writing

place.

same

the

on

eastern

Mell

catching fish in China.

in

Ichang

family,

of the

members

journey

otters

in

race

at

one

young

a

stream.

in the

saw

20

stream

(J. A. Allen, 1909).

of trained

use

south

caught

was

mountain

hollow

a

a

5 in Hainan

Yangtze, that other

in

of

brink

the

meters

of

an

its discovery

to

the

hour's

common

racket-shaped

a

far

of this

that

another

May

on

are

subtropics.

individual

swift

broad,

a

use

how

the

otter

there, although the species is not an

city, and

that

near

of there.

records

MONGOLIA

that

often clear

reaches

seeing otters he

judged

he

It is not

it doubtless

but

AND

them

catching

six feet long.

about

handle

CHINA

Namfong,

in

Chinese

OF

the with

intelligent

pets. from Foochow, specimen, apparently a female, in the British Museum, the label, weighed noted in a fishing net July 10, 1890, and as on taken A was

and

ten

pounds.

half

a

Specimens examined:

(M.C.Z.).

Central

China:

Fukien:

Yenping,

i

Nodoa,

Hainan:

Six, as follows:

"

(sldn);Yuld,

i

(skull);Foochow,

i

nair lutra

OTTER

nair

Type specimen: it

sent

was

was

it in four

the

to

from

removed

Mag.

Ann.

Thomas,

The

"

Paris

Nat.

type

The

"

in its coloration

brown

dorsal

Indian the

surfaces, whitish

chiefly white.

It

seems

to

mainly in its larger teeth, with

the

and

396,

1922.

The

race

of the

lips and

race,

common

with

throat

a

and

the available

type

of this

specimen

figuresshowing

Researches."

otter apparently is closely slightgrizzlingof the umber

with

the

longer belly hairs

specimens of

possibly in larger dimensions of the figxures

skull

for the excellent

(1879, pi. 1 1) "Yunnan

Chinese

India,whence

Pondicherry, Madras,

available

made

differ from

excellent

1823.

10, p.

Leschenault.

by

Museum

to

from

came

aspects, in J. Anderson's

Description:

9, vol.

Hist., ser.

the skin and

similar

Compared

Sci. Nat., vol. 27, p. 247,

des

Cuvier, Dictionnaire

F.

(B.M.).

F. Cuvier

lutra nair

Lutra

fflMALAYAN

Lutra

i

i.

191.

Lutra

(B.M.); Amoy,

i

L.

of skull

skull in Anderson's

I. chinensis and

body.

plate, the

THE

teeth

of otters

from

Measurements: head body, as: following dimensions 116

teeth,

molar,

and

Occurrence

it difficult to

China,

but

him

by

sent

the

range

a

skull

be

of

the

that

of L.

are

Swinhoe

I have,

far

as

or

he could

be

not

certain

did

two

think

that

not

skins

a

female

ago

1861,

as

and

Amoy

posed sup-

indicate

careful in

that

it may

figures

regarding

later

individuals.

eastern

the

on

southern

Thomas

though nair

L.

and

considerably smaller

Anderson's

race,

with

at

of western

borders

prove

son Ander-

into Burma,

extended

smaller was species, of which larger L. tarayensis. Since no skvills

Yunnan,

probably to

were

the

be had,

identity of his specimens.

of the

Joum.

Indian

study

nair

long

as

China

are

from

for

definitelyextends

the

None.

"

192. tarayensis Hodgson,

animals

judged

two

discussion, the

Specimens examined:

Lutra

upper

latitude, Yunnan,

otter

an

eastern

identical

of native

numbers

representing apparently race

the

lutra

north

provisionally followed

even

he

from

these

be

can

representing

intermediate

secured

nevertheless

as

of western

Sclater, of

capture

of

available

identification

China.

specimens

therefore,

as

This

the

teeth

(1879, p. 211), although

under

71;

38; lower

(10.5, 10, in

14.3

Lutra

as

valley, 28"

Mekong

on

nair, but

I. nair,

specimens they

greatest

edge, 18.5;

otters

those

identified

has

into western

race

from

specimens of

Museum.

especially the

type.

Yunnan

p.

British

the

Lutra

and

those

than

The

width,

teeth,

outer

on

skull:

type

cheek

upper m'

definitelyto 396)

in the

Forrest

Indian

letter

it to the

38; and

(400 mm.).

zygomatic

51;

longest diagonal,

few

names

(1922b, to

of the

published

molars,

The

"

assign

Thomas

by George

and

the

palatal length,

molar,

upper

Habits:

render

secured

figure of

specimen

I. chinensis).

of L.

skulls

less.

row

mounted

a

inches

tail, 15.75

length of pm*

edge, 7.6;

outer

of

measurements

his

105;

outside

combined

42;

from

length,

63; width

width,

mastoid cheek

basal

mm.;

the

(685 mm.);

taken

are

individually smaller, the tooth

are

gives

inches

27

413

is uninflated.

area

Anderson

"

and

length,

China

eastern

interorbital

In both, the

CARNIVORES

tarayensis Hodgson

Lutra

Asiatic

Soc. Bengal,

vol. 8, p. 319,

1839; Ann.

Nat.

Hist., ser.

i, vol.

5, p.

28,

1840. Lutra

monticola

Anderson,

Matschie,

"iLutra hanensis

Anat. Wiss.

and

d.

Western

Researches

Zool.

Ergebn.

Filchner

Exped.

Yunnan,

nach

China

p. u.

207,

Tibet

pi. 12, figs. 1-3, 1879. 1903-05,

vol.

10, pt. i, p.

150,

1908.

Type now

who

the

specimen:

Hodgson's of

original specimen for

looked without

of which

"

were

in

it, wrote names, not

and

types his

his

1879 that

along with

stated,"

so

that

were

Lutra

it

to

the

tarayensis

specimens

them was

sent

a

not

British

were

Museum

be, but

must

where

Anderson,

"unfortunately

series of Otter

skuUs

the

ingly seem-

species possible to recognize the types.

The

This

Description: "

of

naked

the

with

silvery hoary neck

of the

MONGOLIA

(as originallyspelt)

of his L. monticolus

as

on

sides of the

edge of

and

head,

on

is

the

only

the

on

nair,"

hoary, the

and

under

surface

color

same

W.

a

L.

whitish,

tail is of the

The

of

somewhat

lips are

throat, and

the

chest, is marked."

the

on

chin

"The

border

upper

than

umber-brown

surface

under

the

line, instead

transverse

rufous

"more

as

I. nair, with

L.

straight

a

grizzling;the

to

brown. the

and

color

the

than

larger otter

a

forming

tendency

any

washed

well

is

nose-pad

describes

Anderson

without

AND

Nepal.

from

were

CHINA

tarayensis as well

of his L.

type

OF

MAMMALS

THE

414

the

as

all around.

back

points

Anderson

which

is almost

instead

case,

the

and

shorter

larger as compared

the

same

from

^Anderson

"

tip

the

(590 mm.);

inches

23.25

tooth

nasals, 14; upper in

skull

A

the

trum, ros-

brain

proportionally

has

noticeably

a

width

the

is

of

slightly

which

swollen.

female

a

is The

to

tooth

vertebrae,

tail is apparently

given (under

are

to

magnum

width,

tip

orbit

74;

to

L.

of premaxillaries, of

end

50.8.

row,

Chindwin,

from

Museimi

The

species

foramen

millimeters:

48; lower

row,

British

the

mounted'

as

sacral

group.

of this

skull

female,

a

of the

(450 mm.).

inches

in the L. Intra

than

of

end

the

palatal length, 55.5; zygomatic

10.5;

1

that

as

Museum

the skeleton

that

states

follows, reduced

as

of

seen

the

I. nair.

and

distance,

tail, 17.75

the

of

measurements

monticola)

L.

frontal," well

itself is

in the British

premaxillaries to

of the

proportionally longer The

plane

rostrum

"the

are,

depressed profileof

same

with

skull

heavy.

Measurements: measured:

of this otter

interorbital

the

as

large and

are

downward.

of the

of the

parallel-sided postorbital region,

and

narrow,

about teeth

teeth

fine adult

of

The

being

a

features

of the

continuation

a

deflected

skull of

The

long,

of

distinctive

nearly straight instead

the

view, and

the

post-orbital contraction

swelling of the

considerable in dorsal

that

out

Burma,

measures

as

follows: ZygoBasal

Greatest No. BM

length

length

126.5

106.0

Occurrence

along

with

Probably

L. the

I obtained

seems

to

width

width

79.5

66.8

"

There

be

the

skulls."

be the present

The

Lower

cheek

cheek

teeth

teeth

Locality

43.7

51.6

Burma

39.3

be "In

states:

two,

this otter

nothing is

may

belonging

larger of the

that

almost

skins

Anderson skins

Upper

across

molars

China, but

nose-pad.

Width

little doubt

usually confused, but perfect Otter

no

can

in southwestern

are

numerous,

vmfortunately

length

Habits:

I. nair two

matic

60.8

shape of

characteristic

but

and

Mastoid

Palatal

to

two

which

species,the smaller, L. /. nair.

known

identified Western

The

Yunnan,

species,

calls L. very

of it.

by the

distinct he

occurs

cola, monti-

different

CARNIVORES

THE

skull, with

straight dorsal

large teeth, is excellently

and

1-3). There the

on

same

former

the

described

its tail

it

was

identity of the

skin

bought by

one-half

the

quite

that

so

Proc.

of the

Ao7iyx, but

exclusively upon details

many

(total length tapering

slender

to

side; pads

a

of hands

greatly thickened; usually absent; than

relatively large. with M.

East

one

less

cinerea Indies.

the

would

is not

not

A.

he

chief

becomes

but

than

usually placed in that

the

a

the

large

new

nearly the

bare

members

is based

name

differingin for

Micraonyx the

are:

of the

and

broad

dental

formula

premolars occurs

than in

in

is usually: i.l cl in

Lutra.

southern

The

proportion, m.i

pm.f

type

India, China,

ventral and

(pm')

premolar

is short

the

and and

=

the

size

areas,

skull

general

so

rapidly

the

naked

first upper

small

but

base,

at

genus sub-

or

genus

especially on

whole

weak;

the

animal

genus

tail broad

the

very

6, 7, 1924.

the

latter

diagnostic points

large, covering

present,

smaller

are

capensis,

560 mm.),

feet

East

erected

The

figs.5C-C',

text

Lesson).

showed

tip, which

(lUiger),which

as

cate indi-

it does

postorbital processes

pair

tail

a

always the vicinity

is correct,

definitelydeveloped,

of

is still

to

seem

but

The

trade

a

nose-pad

small

In

in Lutra.

from

Shensi,

describes

pi. 9, fig. i,

p. 94,

of

were

Allen

A.

that

claws

Yunnan.

chinensis, having

in China

47,

of the

about

and

(1896a,

from

J. A. Allen

(not

recently

cinerea.

adults

Pousargues skull

posed suption addi-

species in Shensi.

vol.

p. 229

African

of structure

of

Hist.,

1870,

J.

South

species, M.

eastern

In

hanensis

identification

Micraonyx

otters

late

the the

hills.

if correct,

which, skins

of the

Nat.

until

and

Lutra,

genus

Mus.

London,

clawless

so-called

The

Soc.

in the

He

None.

"

Amer.

Zool.

and

southern

I.

Matschie

but

if this

even

the presence

Bull.

J. A. Allen,

Swinhoe,

as

used.

be

body,

Lutra

L.

for which,

best and

skin without

Hinganfu,

at

same

body,

and

Genus Micraonyx

the

head

lived

as

animal,

may

by Anderson, a

Matschie

by

origin of trade

The

Specimens examined:

Aonyx

length of

figs.

12,

tarayensis,described

same

page,

monticolus

L.

straight across,

border

necessarily establish

on

Expedition

of head

length

the

for Yunnan

described

probably

place of sale,

the

while

Filchner

tarayensis.

L.

the

record

otter

the

is

its upper

having of

It

two-thirds

L.

really the

monlicola, doubtfully,

L.

to

The

coming

first

portion,

plate (1879, pi.

Hodgson's

is

monticolus,

animal

definite

2) has referred

unsettled.

being

as

rather

L.

name,

lowland

a

the

to

his

as

page

in Anderson's that

interorbital

inflated

rostrum,

shown

little doubt

be

to

seems

therefore,

p.

profile, short

415

more

the

34,

so

teeth and

so

only species is south

to

the

OF

MAMMALS

THE

4i6

193.

CHINA

OTTER

SMALL-CLAWED

Hist., vol. 22, p. 480, 1906. (Hydrogale) swinhoei Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

Lutra

Proc.

leplonyx Horsfield, in Swinhoe,

Aonyx

Zool.

Proc.

Lutra

swinhoei

Swinhoe,

Lutra

(Aonyx)

leptonyx Anderson,

Type specimen:

Allen, Bull.

Amer.

"

markings

whitish

the

claws,

Zool.

and

1870, p. 229.

1870, p. 625.

Mus.

Western

Researches

Yunnan,

1879.

p. 213,

Hist., vol. 47, p. 93, 1924.

Nat.

is, the

is in

general similar

parts

upper

of

fore

throat."

its upper

without

paler, becoming

The

greatly developed

with

straight

border

of

otters

brown

somewhat

parts

and

feet, combined

hind

and

with

nose-pad

chin

cheeks,

of the

that

to

uniformly "dark

are

white-tipped hairs; imder

or

soles

the and

Anat.

sides of neck,

the

on

on

London,

coloration

that

Lutra,

genus

Soc.

Unknown.

"

The

Description:

pads

J. A.

1815.

p. 99,

1867, p. 182.

Soc. London,

Zool.

J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer.

cinerea

Micraonyx

head

1811,

Nat.

Mus.

the

Wiss., Berlin, for

Akad.

Preuss.

Kon.

Illiger,Abh.

cinerea

Lutra

(Illiger)

cinerea

Micraonyx

MONGOLIA

AND

the

reduced

much

will suffice to

across,

distinguish it externally. distinctive

The

size, the

short

very

brain

in the

premolar

Measurements:

for

to

II

The

the

13

total

a

flesh

measurements

Hist., vol. 47,

Nat.

Mus.

Asia

of brain

47.5

case,

of

for six East

skull dimensions

average

breadth

usually

one

length

1924) gives

94,

p.

of about

560

at

are

mm.

;

weight

pounds.

condylobasal length, 89.2 width

deep postorbital

large teeth, with

with

specimens

southeastern

specimens from

about

Chinese

(Bull. Amer.

J. A. Allen

hand.

No

very

its small

are

in Lutra.

than

jaw

already mentioned,

postorbital processes,

anteriorly,and

case

upper "

skull, as

prominent

rostrum,

constriction, broad less

of the

characters

an

upper

;

interorbital

width,

The

18.

molars

distance

the

slightlyexceeds

molar

skulls he

gives as follows:

61.7; mastoid

width,

zygomatic

mm.;

Indian

width,

are

so

between

53.9;

large that the

tooth

rows.

In

the

26.8; the

p^-mS

by

skull

cheek

sparingly to

who

came

aU

and over

the very

few

sent

one

to

as

from

Habits:

a

new

"

southern

Pacific

are

described it

premolar, p^ upper teeth (c-mj), 37.6;

(c-mO

teeth

cheek

upper

p2-m2,

32.2

measure

by 13.8; the

12.8

upper

first molar,

27;

mm.;

molar, 13.4

8.8

by 8.0;

molar, 4.9 by 6.3.

Occurrence

there

large

Lower

12.2.

second

described, the

coast

The

E.

Gray

in

at

species,Lutra

Formosa,

but

from

China,

in

the

for it. the

The

British

is

otter

and

first Museum

apparently distributed

borders

western

Province

Fukien

definite records

J.

small-clawed

of Yunnan

Hainan.

Nevertheless

to be that

seems

about

1867.

{Hydrogale) swinhoei, by Gray, reality,

as

Swinhoe

later

ward east-

(1870c,

who p.

of Swinhoe This

was

supposed 625)

men-

CARNIVORES

THE

from

tioned, it

was

immature

animal,

that

Swinhoe

(1870a,

these

and

and

in

known

is

Burma.

of Micraonyx

otter."

Asiatic

seashore

see

them, the

Chinese

the

poison.

he procured

are

vol.

Soc, far

or

for

the

otters

for them

of

the

the

Old

the

tropics

and

World,

"

at

more

house

cat,

the

and

weasel-like

the

that

he of

eastward

than

found

Bhamo,

the average

small-clawed

otters

smaller

of 5

usually of

rostnmi,

supra-orbital

6

or

of

they all water

take as

a

with

place

one's

water's

the

met

best

to

movements

times Some-

edge.

jtmgle in

the

to

rule

on

is too

a

shallow

VIVERRID^

the or

AND

less take

claws.

the

processes,

confined

the

of

place

The

orbit

marked

which

in

the

the

parts

warmer

Mustelidas

boreal

bigger

somewhat

are

feet, with

rounded

is much

foot. skull off

the

to

good-sized rat, of long

a

first toe each

on

hairy.

than

legs, small

The

full five

sole the

time

larger species

The

hardly larger

the

MUNGOOSES

present

form, short

less retractile

rest

noise

the

be

may

this is the

Branch

None.

subtropics.

and

are

"they

streams;

being distvu-bed, for the

are

build,

narrowed

believe it is there

and

refuge."

Viverridae

the

with

from

(Journ. Malayan

nosing about

in families

on

CIVETS

or

of this otter

in Hainan

colored

the

in its

wounds

to

records

the

of the

Banks that

drowns

water

Family

The

E.

side

small

easily observed

be

Specimens examined:

there

bones

gibbon,

213)

p.

hills to

records

61, 1931) says

9, p.

roar

may

find

to

in Borneo,

upriver in

sharp clumsy gallop

and

the

brighter

seemed

definite

no

occturence

solitary,sometimes

more

in the

the

natives

The

of

specimens

applied

and

(1879,

Anderson

that and

otter

common

Malacca

longer

toes

China.

the

and

adds

the

Ytmnan,

these, there

Writing of their Roy.

from

between

cinerea.

than

in southern

by

the

that

He

in Hainan,

first toe

relatively long

an

it made

the differences

pointless claws,

the

different

was

absorb

to

and

throat.

in western

skins

Two

Other

white

a

between

"Mountain

as

A onyx,

it

minute

the

otters,

trading station

noted

was

mentions

if left alone

but

a

and

It

Swinhoe

captivity.

At

skins

three

in

that

in order cross

a

of this genus

otters

other

grotmd

are

arrows

this

chicken.

young

than

of

lack

caverns

poisoned that

of

believed

longer tail and

a

in

time

some

in Fukien.

Amoy

near

sharp jarring notes

to

229) procured

p.

He

foot.

found

vent

of

fully webbed

more

hind

it gave

skins

the

Gawkang,

alive for

was

like those

sounds

louder

and

hungry

when

island

the

417

by

The

shorter

pads

is usually a

subfamily

rather

constriction

than

feet

the are

a

slender

curved

than

of the

of in

and

others, naked,

elongate, with just behind

Viverrinae, containing

the the

civets

paradoxures,

and

upward

the

meeting

portion by

The

upper

principal the

the

blade

of the

forms

paraconid high

the

tooth

and

paradoxures,

and

parts of southern

They

Key A.

The

Head

a.

more

or

less black

by

to

the

lower

molar

pointed

of civets

genera in the

occur

warmer

following key.

(or buff). Viverra

in length

mm.

130

white.

and

black

; supraorbitalprocesses

markings

white

with

Viverricula

in length

mm.

cusp

VivERRiOiE

white

and

Four

known

Chinese

of

of black

alternatingrings of

tail without

The

130

over

smaller, skull less than

Size

b.

Genera

the

to

are

three

posterior part of

the

cusps.

identified

be

may

cross-bands

alternate

large, skull

Size

a.

B.

tail with

of mungooses

genus

one

China.

bordering

three

with

heel

low

a

the

shearing against

for

protoconid, while

the

by

aspect

outer

with

camassials.

as

prominent

a

bluntly

type

first

The

The

posterior

a

and

axis, with

compressed

metaconid

the

modified

obsolete.

and

and

broad,

a

quite

or

ring.

carnivorous

transverse

a

hypocone

camassial,

upper

in

partly hidden

the

but

and

protoconid

has

usually elongate

are

evident,

cones

in

by

rear

molar

first lower

the

anterior

of the

are

orbital

bony

an

in the

subfamily Her-

longer, nearly a

into

teeth

The

triangular paroccipital process. the fourth premolar and upper molars

to

bounded

and

oblique furrow,

an

form

externally

in the

while much

are

jugal

of the

process

elongate, divided

is

bulla

audital

they

mungooses,

MONGOLIA

AND

obvious,

but

short

are

the

pestinae, containing

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

41 8

very-

short. a'.

with

Body

h'. Body

median

to five well-marked

three

Paradoxurus

region

longitudinal stripes;interorbital

without

stripes;interorbital

black

constricted

region of skull much

ously conspicu-

not

Pagutna

constricted without

Head

b.

quite meeting

black

well

; supraorbitalprocesses

areas

to form

the jugal processes

Genus

bony

a

developed, nearly

ring about

or

Herpestes

the orbit ....

Linnaeus

Viverra CIVET

Viverra

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. i, p. 43, 1758.

been

oriental white set

animal.

easily recognized by

It is

feet and

by

transverse

extends

zygomatic

down

arches,

postorbital

of

areas

the blunt

constriction.

middle but The

a

A

white. of the

audital

the

across

prominent

crest

The

are

that

the

processes,

latter

of the

name

full black-andlower

throat,

longer

erectile

the of

skull is elongate, with

postorbital bullae

differ in certain

generic

band

back.

prominent

as

its large size, with black

broad

to

species,so

African

similar

Civettictis,leaving Viverra

as

shown

lately been

has

East

rather

the

ringed tail,blackish

off

hairs

separated

the

and

from

characters

structural has

of India

Civet

The

and

relatively small,

a

strong marked

the

total

CARNIVORES

THE

portion

chamber

meatal

the level oflf.

in side view small

second

and

ridge. sial tooth.

The

jaw

side, but

each

in the

from and

molars

the

metastyle,

three

last

cusp

about

cusps,

the

the

prominent, with heel inner

with

and

The an

extra

one

in

set

its

the

to

which,

a

edges,

The

back.

first, with

molars

two

or

above

or

which

on

molar

a

each

few

a

are

the

on

is

molar

with

in

like low, basin-

one

=40,

such

than

slightly

well-marked

but

of low

pm.i m.f

below,

by

the

minute

two

first lower

lower

second

pairs

two

jaw, a

larger

posterior,and

one

lower

(pa) with

triangle,succeeded

arated sep-

parastyle

(p 2) with

is much

of the

cusps

lower

transversely

with

the

second

the

however,

is,therefore, usually: i.l Ct

formula

In

terior pos-

tip, widely

paracone), which, developed.

anterior

at

cusps

the

inner

a

camas-

in the

elongated

the

a

usual

and

upper

are

forming

the

cusps

one,

edges

close

of

heel

the

tooth

low

rim

outer

less than

They

posterior edge,

three

blade-like

three

only

but

The

teeth.

in the

in the

as

equal size, the first of them

its

on

up

(P4) with

last

other

two

the

of about

are

be two

(apparently be

to

half-way

cusp

to

and

cutting edge,

with

cusp

large protocone

cone

appear

premolars

and

the

outer

premolar is sectorial, with

upper

occasionally three.

are

is

in each

premolar

first

the

;

canine

the

row;

convex

antero-intemal

normally

seem

with

jaw,

upper

fourth

prominent

a

side, well marked

each

on

side

to

anterior

premolars larger, subequal, triangular

median

high

a

cusp, is

There

side

upper

The

compressed.

antero-extemal

on

from

third

and

posterior

the

slightlyproduced beyond

is

lobe

evenly

an

from

separated

palate

jaw,

upper

is

small

a

This

canines.

upper

and

The in

ends

in the

form,

the

keel,

a

groove.

which

slightlycompressed

very

is small, the

jaw

oblique

an

of

tips

lacking

maxillary,

incisors

and

between

rounded,

by

of the

The

long

distance

the

is evenly

paroccipital process,

posterior portion, including the

length of their inflated equaling

419

cusps.

occasionally

notes

given

are

beyond. various

Although China,

eastern

A

pattern. a

single

Indian

form

these

all to

seem

large series, such occurs

animal,

the

over

which

viverra," recorded is this

specific names

is the

from

species,for the

be that

as

based

upon

Shih

by

ashtoni

Swinhoe,

Viverra

zibetha

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.,

p. Viverra

I, 1929

Proc.

Zool.

Viverra

Soc. London, 10, vol.

for study, shows

zibetha

nearly

(1930,

p.

5) to

ashtoni

identical

Possibly

genus.

definitelyknown

is not

ed.

the

civets

upon

from

slight peculiaritiesof color

parts of China,

as

the

but

with

the

"beautiful

pardicolor,

Prionodon

occvir

that

in China.

Swinhoe

CIVET

CHINESE Viverra

bestowed

available

species of

type

194.

been

now

southern

Kwangsi

latter

have

1864, I, p. 44,

p. 379,

1758.

fig. G.

M.

Allen, Amer.

Mus.

No\'itates, no.

359,

(in part).

sp. aflf. undulata

Hilzheimer,

Abh.

u.

Ber.

Mus.

f. Natur-

u.

Heimatk.,

Madgeburg,

vol.

i, p.

175,

1906.

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

420

AND

filchneriMatschie, Wiss. Ergebn. d. Exped. Filchner

Viverra

MONGOLIA

China

nach

Tibet

u.

vol.

1903-05,

10, pt. i, p. 192,

1908.

filchneriJacobi,

zibetha

Viverra

the

Type

specimen:

Min

River,

(1933)

writes

"

of the

body

marked

by

marks

in

longer erectile hairs

black on

ring

wider

the

first

the

and

then

separated white

becomes

having

which hairs.

ones,

of ochraceous first and In

may

hairs.

be

basal

black

all these In

one

pattern

gradation from

the

narrow

blackish

throat

behind much

of blackish

area

of the

part

ventral

The

neath long white-tipped guard hairs, bea

ish scattering of longer brown-

black

a

white

stripe extends

portion

ochraceous

the

each

on

succeeding side

rings alternating

white sometimes

incomplete mid-dorsal

showing line

black

ring

transverse to

a

of the

with

small

five

amount

connecting the

rings.

from

on

same

gray, the

well-marked

is

there

the

due

flanks

a

considerable

locality,the to

may

a

mixture be

;

throat,

of it, and

in front

patch

first

stripe

ring, the second

tapering, with

more

and

the

white

a

posterior borders.

basally, with and

and

lower

the

blackish

and

of the latter

an

characters

skins

to

five

are

two

or

replaced by clear The

its upper

to

by

neck

wider

with

originating from

anterior

wide

a

middle

the

laterally,or

second

variation.

off

back

Chin

bands,

intervening

an

of the

part

tail,becoming

brown.

narrow

mid-dorsal

the

Following this

the

by

lower

the

on

white a

of ill-defined

ending abruptly

directly back

pale brownish

is black, with

line.

first

tail is full, bushy

across

back,

forming

cutting

which

and

blackish-brown

lengthwise stripes,three

the

of the

root

transverse

wavy

number

a

in at

the

to

is whitish, due

fur is

the

ring, which black

body

show

sides

tail,the

posterior half, and

the

pronounced

more

themselves

feet chocolate

first

passes

as

blackish

and

gray

indistinct

less

haunches

transverse

the

Pocock

specimens of

other

of the

the root

to

or

show

lower

stripe bounding

The

its base,

from

transverse,

of the

middle

ring

black

a

surface

ear,

back

tail ; it is bordered

hind

interrupted by

third

the

on

and

Fore

extends

of the

base

1933.

Suykaou,

preserved.

grizzled

a

buffy toward

The

arrange

the

36, p. 427,

from

came

is not

i, p. 7, 1922-

no.

vol.

Soc,

although

stripe commences

three

below

and

the

at

side.

each

brown,

at

line and

mid-dorsal

in the

to

black

A

number.

ashtoni

of

more

ends

belly.

tend

that

markings

four

lower

of the

sides

less with

or

Hist.

Nat.

Museum,

cheeks,

irregiilarand

five

about

the

on

dark

of

more

of blackish, whose

bands

or

washed

and

muzzle

the

ground color from

Viverra

consists

color

usual

Bombay

16,

there.

preserved

The

Description:

Journ.

British

in the

it is not

that

1929.

apparently

but

vol.

Volkerk., Dresden,

u.

i, p. 30,

of

type

China,

Fukien,

f. Tier-

art.

Pocock,

Swinhoe's

"

collectingare

Swinhoe's

Mus.

Ber.

u.

Mus., vol. 75,

Howell, loc. cit.

B.

A.

zibetha ashloni

Viverra

Abh.

U. S. Nat.

Proc.

A. B. Howell,

range

of

buffy ground of

purely individual color

white-tipped and

extremely indistinct,

stripes to inobvious

of the

spots and

blotches

body

blackish

with or

every

indis-

PLATIC

IX

r^:

A

live

Civet

zibelha

( Vivena

Head

of

a

Civet

ashtoni).

{Vivena

Yunnan.

zihctba

Note

ashloni).

the

dorsal

Mucheng,

erest

Yunnan

of erect

hair

CARNIVORES

THE

tinct

cross-stripesthat become tail is

the

on

there

but fewer

be

separated by

stripe across median

hairs in the

buffy

tint

on

In

stripe.

in

while

black

Usually only the

dark

color

body

or

or

beyond

even

of

pair

find

to

ochraceous

as

indicated

even

third

black

one

Fukien,

black

ring

black

tail-rings

median

centers

black

rusty

are

hairs

scattered

as

tinue con-

may

well-developed

a

the

these

median

black-tipped

two

or

ring is

of the

scattered

separated by

centers

the

on

a

basal

the

exceptionally bright skin from

are

basal

specimens having

In

ring.

together and

occasionally this few

no

were

close

extension

an

ring, but

intervening white third,

by

rings

black,

one

there

Fukien very

ones

of

terminal

the

from

one

number

The

rump.

six black,

and

rings.

sides, it is usual

a

one

in color and

the

the

on

last three

line of the white

the

with

provided

the white

the

second

the

to

six white

of each,

narrow

very

dorsally with

connected

black

five

only

eight of each,

than

well defined

usually twelve,

may

421

of that

hue. In

the

skull

is

there

supraorbital processes constriction

of the

and

26

are

in

an

17.1

of the

is

a

No.

cusps

similar

inner

an

size of the is at

much

a

than

more

to

about

overlie

third but extra

molar beside molars

second 45

crown

on

the are

one.

molar. to

the

45

about

one-fourth

has in On

diameter,

in

No.

crown

agglutinated

of

m^.

side in the molar

smallest.

and In

and

is further in each

third

to

the

case

outer

specimen,

an

ternal ex-

alveolus molar

the

its long axis there

right side of

growth

shape

so

peculiar side.

male.

if

having

not

In

as

partly

as

in

situated

old

of on

one-quarter

the

of

the

nearly

is

the

that

condition out

crown

minute

third

a

so

On

row.

grown

but

crowded the

about

abnormal

jaw,

lower

and

similarly,

tooth

specimen

The

has

the

on

its

area,

two

palate is

57052

diameter,

an

crown

area

against

abuts

with

unworn,

is tinned

line of the

It

its

left side of the

the

mm.

row,

degrees.

as

third

the

with

and

or

well

crown

molar

third

upper

tooth

about

molar, showing were

second the

border

the

as

show

Szechwan,

Wanhsien,

line out-

teeth

the

jaw,

lower

limits, in the

narrow

of

In

spine.

and

well-developed

a

mm.

4.5

tooth

each

3

Its

degrees

the

and

some

larger third one

has

in upper

within from

skulls

in the

evenly arched,

be

may

median

short

a

molar

probably in cleaning.

lost

tooth,

third

outer

of m^,

root

and

a

which

distances

these

less variation

or

temporal

the

sagittalcrest,

more

palate,

angle of

an

right-hand side,

the

is

on

in outline, about

circular

the

simply

57054 the

at

posterior outer

a

adult

Three

backward

is

ness narrow-

postorbital constriction

the

and

mm.

in which

skull

a

well-developed

of variation

amount

right side, situated turned

develop

to

follows:

as

of

again with

or

molars.

molars,

border

posterior

considerable

of the

is 32.5

with

in

the

across

increasing

this, an

with

that

so

respectively. There

tendency

a

them,

skull

older

mm.

bracket-shaped, there

age,

behind

distance

of the

narrowness

correlated

and

the first distance

ridges just meet, 25.2, whereas

increasing

an

with

size No.

a

behind these

58379,

THE

422

with

well-worn

diameter that there

is

molars, the

on

has

evidently

is

there

small

a

right side, where

cleaning; partly filled alveolus

been

CHINA

OF

lost in

been a

MAMMALS

and

shed

Measurements:

"

the

The

AND

MONGOLIA

circular

alveolus

evidently there the

on

left side

where

the

was

in

third

the

about third

a

1.5

in

mm.

molar

upper

corresponding position,

molar

stood,

once

but

it had

cavity nearly closed.

following dimensions

taken

were

from

fresh

the

specimens in the field.

60094

1

130.0

It will be show

very

smaller

than

from

seen

little

little smaller,

18.3

these

disparity

but

the

62.8

63.3

figures that,

in size. is

amount

39.8

40.5

The

on

50.0

the

skulls

of

negligible.

average,

the

A

males

females

skull

from

Hainan

9

57.1

and

average

Hainan

females a

very seems

usual.

Nomenclature: it becomes

"

With

evident

a

magnificent series of

that

there

over

is considerable

tion, fiftyskins for examinavariation

in

the

details

THE

of this

of the color pattern named

from

Civet

a

from

it differed

ring, instead (1929) regards he

specimen

his

or

ashtoni

shorter-haired, based The

characters

cross-bands white

and

stripe,the

the

in

Wroughton, Little

but

Indian

Mus.,

19,

these It

diversity.

Occurrence

of the the

record

I have

as

a were

two

sent

skins

latter

Burma,

later

occur,

added

characterized seem

that

by

the

half

in

and

native

the

skin

On

obtained

by

and

a

long

near

borders

such

distance.

Museum's

of

it

occiu^s

To

the

Shensi,

forty miles

north

specimens To

the one

is not

from

also

include

vidual indi-

much

to

however,

island. over

but

southward,

the

northerly

most

Museum

in the

Asiatic

neighborhood

it may

Hanchungfu; to

the

z,

its

of

as

occur

(191 id) having

Thomas

was

V.

uncommon

westward,

easy

(Rec.

definition

that

not

color

race,

is smaller,

is

Chinese

since

have

American

southward, of which

collections

however,

in

coast,

of

former

the

ground

basin

Shensi, by

southeastern

Ichang, Hupeh,

yellowish ; the American

and

races:

pruinosa from

subject

skull

the

certain

a

gray

animal

the

black

Indian

z.

sharper

Yangtze

China.

to

supposed

apparently

the

Islands.

Hinganfu,

origin of

exact

from

Chusan

obtained

also at

from

China,

skull

southern

extreme

the

and

is

from

of western

skin

a

Civet

The

"

of

narrower

the

throat-band,

that

another

Hainan

the

V.

Kloss

unimportant

characters is

Habits:

and

and

synonym.

with

supposed

its clear

by

race

filchneri, of wavy

subject

concluded

variations

176, 1920)

Chingkiang, Kiangsu,

at

obtained but

are

is of

Shanghai, the

He

is

sufficient series shows.

a

two

a

six

dark

are

of

to

River,

these

pt. 4, p.

high country

Expeditions far

and southern

avoids

of

examination

possible by the smaller size of the only available

indicated

most

the

Both

peninsular Siam,

All

markings.

middle

all of which

Burma.

and

of the

single locality. Robinson

a

vol.

sigillata,from

as

River,

distinguished

from

as

Chindwin

Upper

yellow tinge.

a

specimens

the

black connected

single

Civet

V.

presence

ring is

subspecific names

gave

Tenasserim

untenable without

variation,

the

dark

the

:

of five broader

basal

the

the

Shensi, is

species are

Howell

Indian

Matschie's

race.

Fukien,

B.

originaldescription

the

southeastern

of this

fur, characters

under

191 5,

picta from

z.

only

that

says

tail-tip, a broadening

black

of individual

a

six instead

haunches,

smoke-gray

amount

V.

the

as

from

that

Swinhoe's

tail-

dark

A.

admits

but

either

valid

Hinganfu,

at

distinctive

as

of which tail-rings,

dorsal

the

regards

so

claimed

on

it

series

constant.

the

on

third

the

to

that

out

cross-bands

present

zibetha

V.

with

1864, Swinhoe

ashtoni, pointing

not

(1933), however,

skins purchased

trade

on

and

very

agree

figure. Pocock

the are

of

well

In

obvious

no

In

characters

subspecies

a

not

Viverra

having

first.

the

these

as

does

had

purely individual.

stripe continued

dorsal

with

that

in

race

black

ending

of

it is clear

however,

423

River, Fukien,

Min

the

is

species,that

typical

with

and

haunches,

the

the

CARNIVORES

Filchner

trace, and

corded re-

skins

trade

tion, Expedi-

often

they

Jacobi (1922) mentions grayer,

the

other

specimens from

more

eastern

MAMMALS

THE

424

OP

Fig.

CHINA

AND

Distribution

i8.

MONGOLIA

Map.

Viverra V. tibelha ashtoni

Szechwan,

as

in the

others

from U.

Wanhsien

S. National

province.

Avoiding

southward

into

Likiang Hunan

and

(Yochow).

in the

less

it skins

states

less

seems

while

in

it is found

likes

a

of two a

(1930) states

third that

parts.

numerous.

of the habits amount

of

secured

in

the

snakes,

have

It is found

also

(1870a, a

fruit

also.

Kwangtung

insects, remains

flesh is "delicious."

Mell

It is

(1922)

of

a

Canton,

to

though

specimen

contained

from

in the

common

commoner

ever, where, how-

227) procured

p.

female

ranges

(Fonghsien) and

Hainan,

on

same

seen

Shanghai

near

Kwangtimg,

over

been

it is

that

wrote

from

of the civet in China.

that were

all

(1906) mentions

certain he

630)

China

Swinhoe

J. A. Allen

and

Little is recorded

stomachs

p.

in the Civet

the

Hupeh

from

are

(1929) mentions

Yachowfu,

skins

whence

Others

(1870c,

popiilous northern

there

but

that

and

highlands, however,

River.

Swinhoe

A. B. Howell

and Wachin

Yunnan,

hills of southeastern

(1922)

Mell

from

Szechwan

Namting

the

Tsomalin,

Museum

the

southwestern

bamboo-covered and

and

fiat

two

secured

there.

ous, chieflycarnivornotes

snakes

IJulus, and

that

the

and

crabs,

fruit.

Shih

CARNIVORES

THE

Specimens examined: Kiangsu: Fnkien

25

8.

i.

Namfong,

Hainan:

i.

; Yenping,

Fonghsien,

Hupeh:

Fifty-five,as follows:

"

Chingkiang, Futsing,

:

425

i. .

,

Wanhsien,

Szechwan: Yunnan

Likiang,

:

Tsomalin,

12;

River, 4.

Namting

2 ;

i.

Genus

Viverricula

THE

Viverricula

This

(Viverra),

the

rank.

The

Viverra

of the

skull, and

chamber

The

enlarged.

molar

to

the

specimens

contained

malaccensis, and

Viverra

former

The

is

the

fidl

very

species,

specificrank

doubt

no

mens speci-

important

seem

single eastern

be

second

is not

genus

with

that

a

localities,he would

latter.

No

type

of

synonym

therefore, be

may,

posterior

the

as

in normal

as

the

a

a

teeth,

project well

originally proposed

Geoffroy, which

rape.

well

as

accorded

the

and

laterally compressed

intermediate

As

the

pattern,

in their cusps,

is but

accorded

skull

characters

1898,

relationship of

indica

color

number

however,

from

formally designated.

Viverra

two,

in

can,

command,

subordinate

the

been

have

There

genus

series of

to

seems

rank.

representative. There

admitted

have

=40.

Civet

Formerly

present

bullae, that

While

latter, its general

revised

at

in

same

m.f

pm.i

Ct

the

its coordinate who

and

their anterior

the

are

Chinese

the

better

establish

Bonhote,

although to

from

have

at

of the

audital

relativelysharper

are

teeth

i.f

Viverra, namely:

strikingly different enough

teeth The

reduced.

more

of

enlarged

and

beyond the paroccipitalprocesses

narrowed

Chinese

East.

size and

details

many

the

more

the

writers, it is

most

in

are

much

of

tropical parts

by

and

crest,

the

larger relative, the

differs in its smaller

group

dorsal

its

and

outstanding of which

most

form

of

CIVET

1838.

152,

with

subtropical

erectile

an

LESSER

I, p.

occurs

subgenus

a

ftallgeneric of

civet the

over

as

Hist., vol.

Nat.

smaller

included

lack

Ann.

Hodgson,

Hodgson

species

the

genus

Viverricula

taken

as

the

genotype. 195.

Viverricula

RASSE

THE Viverra

malaccensis

Viverricula

malaccensis

Type specimen:

Description: "

the

tail about

color

of the

Linnaeus's

Gmelin,

malaccensis

Not

"

A

G.

Syst. Nat., M.

Allen,

known

a

the

LESSER

ed.

13, vol.

Mus.

exist.

of and

head

(Gmelin)

CIVET

1788.

i, pt. i, p. 92,

Novitates,

The

civet, about

length

grizzled gray

malaccensis

OR

Amer.

to

medium-sized

two-thirds

body is

malaccensis

and

no.

359,

p. 3, 1929.

type localityis Malacca. as

large

a

The

body.

blackish, with

as

a

dark

small

house

cat,

general ground blackish

stripe

THE

426

five

from

the

at

nine

dark

skins

from

having The

cast.

skull

is in

length

of the

proportion. latter

two

is

genus

trenchant, and

rounded

are

white

or

are

miniature

a

with

crown

the

but as

in the

in

are

below

teeth in

the

inner

No

upper

the

measurements

not

in

more

base taken

are

and

higher in

higher

first molar

is

differs

MEASUREMENTS

OP

VIVERRICULA

form

entire in the

and

more

larger in

in

the

portion pro-

outline

sharply triangular,lacking of the

protocone

in the

flesh

by

in

Viverra.

the

collector

available. CRANIAL

in Their

the

and

MALACCENSIS

MALACCENSIS

in

Viverra

whereas

general

somewhat

the

to

processes.

posterior cusp

a

to

postorbital

much

Viverra,

in

side

equal

than

these

in number

whose

portion

cingulum bounding "

but

than

twenty

differs

The

inflated

six to

exception

from

paroccipital processes,

lower

agree

the

bulla

occiput

more

Viverricula

The

the

Of

but

shorter.

that

crescentic from

compressed audital

the

at

body,

Viverra,

of much

the

premolar

last lower

of the

more

much

so

with

and

ear,

back,

small

a

Tail

of

that

above

considerably

The

color

sagittal crest

the

cusps

having

shelf -like

Measurements:

of

instead

row

and

buffy-tinted rings.

is much

depth

a

compressed.

more

form

of the

of the

area

Feet

brown.

in the

gray

distinctly inflated,

is

middle

with

bullae

relativelylarger.

genera,

of the

they

chamber

anterior bulla

audital

The

the

dark

project conspicuously

they

that

and

is greater,

posterior base

sides.

the

on

MONGOLIA

the

eye,

tooth

maxillary

from

of the

general

relativelyhigher,

and

AND

stripes on

one

general Its

of details.

constriction

the

corner

all but

butfy

neck

dark

rings alternating

a

number

of the

lines of spots

anterior

Hainan,

CHINA

OF

narrow

into

broken

mark

side

eight

to

side

the

extending along become

MAMMALS

the

are

CARNIVORES

THE

Malacca,

writing valid.

The

typical form,

of China the

China, censis

Chinese

friends

be

sounds, the

of the

cat-like

a

three

it is very

of

with

the

by

South malac-

true

growl,

wild,

When

corner.

it made and

by

reared

though

weeks,

immediately

it

room,

a

noise,

distinct

three

peculiar chuckle,

a

Its food

succession.

in

given

several

alarmed

cat-like

plaintive

a

in

being

one

after

even

and, according

Nodoa,

young

If loosed

bite.

of his observations

bananas

was

and

fruit.

other

Specimens examined: Hainan:

Namfong,

Twenty-

"

Nodoa,

2;

196.

Viverra

Proc.

pallida Gray,

Zool.

Viverricula

pallida Bonhote,

20.

Viverricula

Viverricula

hanensis

p.

Soc.

Ann.

Matschie,

LESSER

1832,

Nat.

pallida(Gray)

malaccensis

London,

Mag.

Wiss.

namely:

two,

CHINESE

p.

Hist.,

CIVET

63; Illustrations

ser.

7, vol.

I, p.

Exped.

Filchner

nach

Ergebn.

d.

Allen,

Amer.

of

Indian

Zool.,

vol.

pi. 6, 1834.

2,

1898.

121,

China

u.

Tibet

vol.

1903-05,

10, pt. i,

196, 1908. malaccensis

Viverricula

Reeves,

by John

specimen

under

earlier

the

name

in

the

M.

pallida G.

specimen:

Type

The

taken

most

series,writes

A

trees.

very not

darkest

sometimes

sounds

border

specimens

same.

lished pub-

general

southern

Over

all about

common

climb

not

did

and

shelter

sought the

same.

the

intergrading

the Hainan

secured

remained

Mission

handled

as

doubtless

who

does

hunter,

the

at

it could

to

Tne

boundary.

Pope,

there, that

its habits

on

his

to

H.

Clifford

the

seems

those

with

Peninsula

the

that

one

measurements

lately identified

has

Indo-China

occurs,

Chinese

the

along

Mr.

race

finding

considered

Malay

Thomas in

expeditions following

the

it is here

that

entire

and

Hainan,

and

Delacour

in skull

agrees

so

in

is

Civet

Wroughton,

named,

been

entirely failed

Indian

Lesser

the

have

subspecies

he

the

includes

locality of

type

has

Hainan

series from

probably

range

that

191 8, states

for the

The

"

several

although

and, in

Habits:

and

Occurrence

427

"

The

from

figured by

was

Viverra

of this

type

probably

Mus.

J. E.

Novitates, race

the

by description, so

sent

was

p.

3,

the

that

the

basis

of

of the

Museum

of Indian

name

two

it

London, is

China.

Zoology"

appeared

name

Zoological Society

British

Kwangtung,

in his "Illustrations

Gray

1929.

the

to

vicinity of Canton,

the

pallida, and, although

Proceedings of

359,

no.

years

was

accompanied un-

really Gray's

plate. Similar

Description: "

in coloration usual a

is

more

a

the

typical

longer-haired in winter

color

ground

pale base,

pattern

and

to

of

the

subterminal obscirre

hair

winter

coat,

is ochraceous

ring of in

race

ochraceous

when

the

but

slightlylarger, more

with

less obvious

buff, individual and

a

black

pelage is fuller.

rufous

stripes. hairs

tip. The

The

having

The under

color

fur

MAMMALS

428

THE

is

in color.

pale smoky

as

occasionally too, the

as

ground

few

Head

No.

of

number

rarely

rings

as

following

MONGOLIA

the

on

varies

tail,which

within nine

as

many

instead

be gray

The

"

field and

six to

as

color may

Measurements: in the

The

AND

systematic importance,

of

character

a

CHINA

OF

used

limits, from

narrow

or

been

has

In

ten.

rare

cases,

of ochraceous.

measurements

taken

were

by

the

lectors col-

: Tail

body

Hind

foot

Ear

Sex

Locality

42

Yunnan

100

40

Szechwan

105

43

Szechwan

43128

530

58373

556

312

58377

570

320

84433

550

305

96

43

Fulden

84351

480

295

90

40

Szechwan

58374

525

325

94

40

9

Szechwan

84348

460

250

83

40

9

Szechwan

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

OF

Condylo-

Zygo-

basal

No.

43128

97

350

Basal

VIVERRICULA Mas-

Palatal

matic

toid

MALACCENSIS

Width across

Upper

PALLIDA

Lower

Length

cheek

cheek

of

length

length

length

width

width

molars

teeth

teeth

bulla

93-6

89.0

46.0

44.0

30.2

27-5

35-5

40.2

22.8

Yunnan

96.0

Sex

Locality

92.0

48.7

44.0

31.0

28.0

38.0

42.5

21.5

Szechwan

59319

1 00.0

95-4

52.5

471

32.3

30.3

40.2

44-5

22.1

Fukien

60125

1035

98.5

52.5

47.0

31.0

31.0

40-5

44.8

22.0

Fulden

60136

102.3

97-5

55-6

46.7

32.0

29,8

41.0

45-2

22.0

Fukien

60180

100.5

97.0

53-4

515

32.0

30.3

39-5

42.5

21.0

Fukien

97-5

53-8

30.0

28.3

390

46.0

22.0

Fukien

390

42.6

21.0

Fukien

415

45-5

22.3

Fukien Fukien

58373

84422

101.3

84431

lOI.O

84430

105.0

100.3

84421

105.0

lOI.O

Average

100.8

97.0

96.3

43125

45-5

540

50.0

31.2

28.8

54-5

50-5

330

31.0

54-5

48.0

316

293

40.5

45-7

22.3

97-5

52.5

47-4

314

295

394

43-9

21.9

92.0

49.0

45-5

31-8

34-8

390

21.9

9

Yunnan

9

Fukien

45506

95-4

91-5

49.2

46.0

31.0

29.8

37-5

40.6

22.3

45507

96.0

92.0

49.0

44.8

31.0

29.0

37-3

40.4

21.8

9

Fukien

45515

99-3

95-2

53-3

49.6

32.0

31.0

38.7

430

22.1

9

Fukien

60135

lOI.O

963

524

47.0

32.0

30.2

39-6

43-3

21.0

9

Fukien

59321

102.5

98.2

54-3

48.7

33-8

293

38.8

43-5

22.5

9

Fukien

84347

100.5

96.4

52.2

47-5

323

29.7

38.7

43-7

22.5

9

Szechwan

84427

102.3

98.0

52.2

48.8

31.6

293

390

43-2

21.0

9

Fukien

58374

95-2

91.0

47.0

44-5

31.2

28.3

36.0

40.0

22.0

9

Szechwan

94-5 94.5

509 50.9

46.9 46.9

31.8 31.8

295 29.5

37-8 37.8

41.8 41.8

21.9

Average

lOI.I loi.i

Nomenclature: race,

animal.

This

Matschie's

Kreyenberg the

"

is

perhaps

differingin larger size and in the

shoulders, while

the

market

tail has

more

slightly more

Viverricula fur

little

hanensis at

Hankow,

eight

dark

than

buffy

was

and

a

based

on

is said

rings, of

a

barely recognizable from

color a

skin

to lack

width

the

not

southern

obtained

cross-bands less than

by on

that

CARNIVORES

THE

of the

light ones.

seems

at

no

and

Occurrence is almost

of the

base

Szechwan

I have

record

is of

Museum

also

secured

The series

from

next

mother

Pope,

Masked

other

dogs.

He

did

to

the

not

It

is

teeth, and

province.

these

still retain

the

through.

The

upper

jaw

skull

full milk

has

In been

i

Chekiang: Tunglu,

i

"

Futsing, 41; Yenping,

with

Hupeh:

Ichang,

me

a a

with

of the

mountains

open

more

brushes

by

the

it

of

condylobasal length

fairly serviceable so

that

of from

sign of the permanent

alveolus

the

as

in each

follows:

3.

River,

2;

Yuankiang,

i;

Cat,

According

natives.

consists

relatively long time,

sides,

by western north-

Pen

or

individuals

88-92 teeth

set are forward, long and bowed molar (No. 84431), the small second

both

H.

thickets

the

"pens."

10.

Namting

in

"pi mao" or

the

species

this

from

making

no

with

frequently driven

dentition

for

civet

Clifford

that

(M.C.Z.).

i;

Province.

Mr.

early July.

call

favor

Hunan

nurslings

two

writes

good

a

commonest

i.

Likiang,

of

Yochow,

(M.C.Z.).

Yochow,

Yunnan:

in

province.

same

Yunnan

it is the

Chinese

In all,sixty-three,

Hunan:

Wanhsien,

Howell

B.

acctmiulation

(Univ. Mich.).

Fukien:

i

A.

and

over.

Nanking,

Szechwan:

base

tions Expedi-

of this

lost from

Specimens examined: Kiangsu:

The

having

skull

aged

an

is

Weigold

Asiatic

the

from

from

Wright.

the

during his stay in Kuatun,

milk

dentition

canines

upper

sickle-shaped.

the

retained

are

of nearly full size, with

less closed

regarded

in

T.

by J.

River,

says

northerly

Zoology,

whence

in

reaching

west most

Central

Kwangtung,

and

the

tail is utilized

is also

secured

the

in Fukien,

along

The

others

and

taken

were

success

or

interesting that that

that

it, however,

hair of the

Shih, the fiesh

Siudsau,

such

fields

see

in

region,

vicinity of Futsing

the

of the

comer

because

with

in the

cover

At

in the

Suifu

Namting

the

Canton

him

to

collected in

the

Civet.

brought

were

who

is abundant or

of

and

large Civet, Viverra

and

Szechwan,

from

in

the

The

in eastern

of this animal

range

Ichang, Hupeh,

Fukien,

Yenping,

Viverricula

race,

Comparative

Yangtze,

Museum

Likiang, Yunnanfu,

the

to

of the

expeditions resulted

and

(1922), writing

Mell

of

(Jacobi, 1922).

well

one

Yunnan.

Museum

Wanhsien,

of these

of

that

southward,

central

from

S. National

U.

Futsing

Province,

the

mouth

as

from

several

field work

in

and

specimen

a

one

in the

one

the

has

Expedition obtained records

highlands

near

with basin

Yangtze

specimen

a

Tunglu, Chekiang, The

the

the

interesting that

co-extensive

exactly

than

more

there

China.

South It is

"

purely individual, and

are

that

supposing

over

Habits:

zibetha, extending from the

for

reason

pallida,occurs

malaccensis

China

differences, however,

These

present

429

Yunnanfu,

i.

case

mm.,

coming almost of the more

or

THE

430

MAMMALS

OF

Genus

CHINA

Paradoxurus THE

Paradoxurus

F. Cuvier, in

Geoffroy and

AND

MONGOLIA

F. Cuvier

PALM

CIVETS

Cuvier, Hist. Nat.

des

Mammiftres,

vol. 2, pt. 24,

pi. and

5 pp.

text,

1821.

Quite

in

contrast

in

arboreal

markedly

their

longer in proportion, slightly coiled of the with The of

The level

the

of

bullae

are

much

teeth, in keeping doubtless

premolars

third

The instead the

of

but

the

has so

cone,

low

are

inner

and

bluntly

and

heel, and

lingual

molar,

a

Viverricida, much

cusps

The

Palm

the

southern

one

in Hainan,

or

a

smaller

low

is not

molar

outline, with low

inner

second

fourth

anterior

premolar and in

a

very

outline,

outer

edge.

basin-like

broad,

a

of the

those

first

relatively larger than

premolar,

with

and

typus

of

cusps

inner

extreme

has

is Paradoxurus

of

All its cusps

small

very

is

buttress,

smaller, but

arrangement

molar

ricida. Viver-

well-developed hypo-

the

at

in

internal

is much

small,

lower

posterior

The

triangular

a

two

cone

in their

striking

the

fourth

they

in

low, blunt

of India.

strictlytropical in their distribution, extending

Malayan

southeastern and

cusps

the

pointed, with

genotype

more

are

the

The

of

bluntly rounded,

molar

second

The

size of the

In

ridge.

a

structure;

premolar, though

tooth.

the

Civets

and

a

having

below

against which

nearly parallel to the labial.

closely resemble

resembling it.

India

over

oval and

last

larger

about

in

that

extend

hermaphroditus than

cusp,

of

The

somewhat

that

much

differs

is

P.

larger

first upper

rounded.

jaw, the

cusps

the

the

area.

occipital

narrow

not

frugivorous habits.

blade-like

border

metacone)

lower

the

in

instead

part broad

the

broadly rounded, In

more

the

The

one.

that

(paracone

with

soles

resembles

way

do

median of

and

palms

high

processes

prominent condition

are

capable of being

intervening hairy

an

little inflated, and

a

are

tails

practicallycontinuous

general

a

Cats,"

their

The

and

by in

skull

large antero-intemal

a

antero-external

climbing.

rounded

compressed

which

larger, lacking the

premolar

upper

more

jaw has

upper

small

a

The

very

actually smaller

are

in

triangvilarparoccipital

more

"Toddy

or

with

being separated

in cats.

basioccipital has

the

is the

contrast

of

as

broad,

the

Civets

strictlyprehensile, are

not

is somewhat

but

audital

closely abut;

Palm

accordance

pads slightlyroughened

instead

retractile

are

Viverricida,

a

crest.

though

their naked

toe-pads,

claws

and

habits, in

providing efficient aid

and

feet have the

Civets, the

the

to

region borders that

has

to

East

the

Indies,

of China.

Two

apparently

been

and

species once

barely occur,

secured

a

reach

larger

in southeastern

China. Key A.

Size

larger, skull length

B.

Size

smaller, skull

to

Species

than

100

mm

less than

100

mm

more

length

Chinese

of

Paradoxurus P.

hermaphroditus P.

minor

laotum exitus

CARNIVORES

THE

197.

Paradoxurus

hermaphroditus THE

Paradoxurus

Paradoxurus

hermaphroditus

Specimen:

Type Siam,

is

buff

tail.

head

and

into

the

above

black

are

back

forehead the

eyes;

line continuous

Handlingar,

vol.

Stockholm,

mixed

head with

The

paler chief

uninflated rounded

57,

There

the females

"

seen

are

mainland

the

eye

is

is mixed

ears,

with

like

colored

back. the

upper

to

indistinct The

black, merging

are

feet

specimens

a

without

buff

sides and

the these

areas

white

blackish

are

with

back,

and

with

and

The

Belly grayish

most

in

haunches.

gray,

the

chest

from

short, lengthwise mark

a

is also white.

ears

in

the

on

the

pale

a

shoulders

arranged

spots

The

stripesrunning

stripe from

black

cross-rows

eyes

to

but

black

narrow

upper

1914.

varying from

body

including

its base

throat

of

lack

of

No

to

be

"

The

skull

have

already

are

very

this

mentioned.

been

high posterior sagittal crest,

a

are

median

spots. crown

much

species

and

The

the

blunt,

are

able. avail-

striking.

most

flesh measurements

slightlythe

of the

the

teeth

general, however,

is

and

of the

that

of the molar

Nomenclature: the

terminally, entire

in

Below

of the

and

15,

Sweden.

Stockholm,

blackish

and

the

base

neck

Hai,

Chieng

skull, from

median

of

between

characters

Measurements: In

1909.

hairs.

bullae, the cusps

and

pair of a

occiput

shining black,

are

Hist., vol. 26, p. 240,

at

the a

back.

with

the

specimen,

one

of

flanks,

the

outer

tail black

Nat.

Riks-museum

number

a

the to

Mus.

male, skin

color

tint of the

the

the

of the

to

Vet.-Akad.

Gyldenstolpe's expedition, August in the

along

grayer

the

brown,

these lines

throat

white;

adult

tail parallel to

the

to

Below

lengthwise

An

"

Amer.

nearly golden, with

to

occiput

Allen, Bull.

Ground

"

grayish

J. A.

presumably

Description:

In

CrVET

Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Svensk.

by Count

collected

specimen

of

PALM

Gyldenstolpe

laotum

2, p. 26, 1917.

no.

the

laotum

hermaphroditus

431

of

is about

little difference

Chinese the

size

specimens of

in size between

a

house

the

cat.

sexes,

though

smaller.

typical southern

P.

hermaphroditus is considered

portion

of

the

Malay

as

Peninsula.

restricted Farther

MAMMALS

THE

432

in

north,

Siam,

southern

described.

More

Burma,

be referred, were

it not

h. laotum, from

his

description

that

color

and

a

races

is known first

to

(1909)

dozen

be

record

they would

kept alive for but

manner

and

tip

seemed was

They

were

makes

no

two

or

fed mention

weeks.

At

very

docile.

and

of this

Namfong,

as

"

exitus Schwarz,

of

Canton,

Ann.

Ten,

The

"

Descriptio7i: "

Nat.

by Bonhote five

all

one

over

long delicate

whose

object.

new

every

in

1

870

is

type

an

China.

ser.

Schwarz

CIVET

PALM

Hist.,

exitus

minor

8, vol. 7, p. 636, 191

old

1.

only, from

female, skeleton

It

is in

Zoological

the

Fumui,

Museum

at

17.

The

characters

external

of this

assumption that it is merely a northern Peninsula, be true, the coloring is doubtless back

nose,

toward

vmfriendly

most

Curiously, Swinhoe

fruit.

if my

the

a

were

7.

Kwangtung,

Berlin, originalnumber

"kittens"

young

foUows:

as

ParadoxTirus

Mag.

by the himters,

enjoyed climbing

They

living in

dispositions

Their

spit in

to

species of Hainan.

a

3; Nodoa,

Type specimen:

Two

hunters

woods,

heavy

first they would

other

obtaining nearly

long baskets

in.

the

was

November

native

the

well.

as

carefully extended

LESSER

east

ground

anything put

and

198.

Paradoxurus

jimgle and

impressions mostly through the

Specimens examined: Hainan:

of

in

by

Civet

this Pahn

Wuchih,

Mount

said

was

in alive in

brought

three

bananas

on

supposed

J. A. Allen

succeeded

Pope

the

upon

motion

constant

on

seize

receive

visionally pro-

recalled

variation,

the

that

Dr.

from

it

larger patches

became

soon

to

in

or

H.

Here

for when

savage,

spit

be

must

in which

whence

grown,

Chfford

occasionally found

rather

seemed

Hainan,

of

Nodoa.

in the

and

trees,

Mr.

and

Since

same.

individual

show

only part of China

island

1923,

Namfong

at

the

earlier,

Civet, I have

much

to

month

a

are

Palm

might

material

it,a female, half

in

subject

are

The

"

two

near

should

believed.

present

Habits:

fairly common

the

at

about

animal, although it

Hainan

adequate

is the

Later,

18, 1905. a

with

and

to

apply

these

Hainan

from animal

Chinese

described,

that

the

to

in this group

than

occiu*

well

hirmanicus

P.

been

Miller, has

raviis

the

probably had

shown

and

for the

name

review

Occurrence

to

h.

P.

race,

described

which

Gyldenstolpe

Siam, to

his

fewer

are

a

upper

characters

final

form

that

seems

used

sHghtly paler

a

MONGOLIA

AND

recently, Wroughton

Sagaing, Upper P.

CHINA

OF

(1903a,

longitudinal

p.

9), viz., "color

black

race

species of P.

much

as

above,

stripes,of which

the

minor in

but

unknown,

are

of

that

Jalor, Malay

animal,

as

pale fulvous, showing two

outer

ones

tend

scribed deon

to

CARNIVORES

THE

break

into

up

stripe,which

black

Across

ears.

while

a

few

are

of

and

eye,

under

parts

black

spots.

terminal

the

The 191 1, p.

dull

a

636), is said

sharply

between

.

characterized

length,

with

cochinensis, but

are

very

remainder

show with

to

of the

few

irregular exception of

a

the

reallyfounded

(Schwarz,

becoming

in front, and

lacerum

foramen

grizzled

a

narrower

intertemporal constriction, which

short, roimded

.

the

to

dirty white."

a

exitus is

the

it

throat

The

by the "brain-case

into

passing

and

in

as

of

are

broad

one

slightly anterior

flanks

the

its

the

and

chin.

the

on

throughout

Bullee .

canal

spots

of

part

below,

crescent

which

tips, giving

under

description of P.

off.

set

reduced

paracone

be

gradually

carotic

white

inches

the

to

and

form

to

slightlyanterior

head,

white

brownish-grey, while

ionr

or

have

limbs,

is black

which

anteriorly

of the

crown

hairs

small

a

tail

on

the

the

irregular white

three

anteriorly, and is not

is

The

skull,

from

muzzle,

the

There

brown.

the

arises

stripes converge

forehead

the

appearance, dark

These

spots.

433

poster ius

much

shorter

strongly inflated

.

.

Pifp^] with

.

better

and

metacone

the

developed postero-intemal ledge." Measurements:

the

following

width,

zygomatic

The

"

sktill and

type

basilar

measurements:

width

55;

of brain

33.6; intertemporal constriction, 7.5

;

its greatest

oblique diameter,

Nomenclature: P. exitus

to

seem

by Bonhote, the latter event Occurrence of

east

and

The

Canton, for the

the genus

should

occurrence

Habits:

in

"

be

a

No

for the

that

the

as

I have

sparingly along

extreme

of

it.

Civet, from the

specimens

the

minor animal In

given it above.

constituted

further

Chinese race

of

skull

type

skull of P.

northeastern

local

Kwangtimg,

are

Fumui,

first record but

known,

southern

of its

borders.

None.

"

Proc.

Zool. Soc. London,

Masked

Civets

1830,

Paguma MASKED

THE

Gray,

43;

width,

length of pm*,

35;

for the

description of this Palm

Genus

Paguma

given

will stand

of China.

expected

Specimens examined:

most

name

southeastern

mainland

those

little doubt

very

the

teeth,

given by Schwarz

at

proving true,

mastoid

34;

9.

seems

species, or

show

to

palatilar length,

mm.;

cheek

upper

closelywith

very

there

same

12.5;

specimen is said

squamosal,

at

case

measurements

coincide that

so

the

represents

The

"

only known

length, 84

p. 95,

Gray CIVETS

published Aug.

5,

1831; Zoological Miscellany, no.

I, p. 17,

1831.

The the

Palm

appears

Civets,

with

faintly in the

a

represent loss of the

young.

The

a

specialized condition

slightlymore

striped pattern skull

has

a

on

the

back, although

shorter, broader

rostrum,

than this and

THE

434

MAMMALS

OF

Fig.

CHINA

AND

Distribution

19.

MONGOLIA

Map.

Paguma

is

there

the

P.

larvala larvala

P.

larvala

maintains

the

are

in mimber

same

The

broad,

bluntly rounded,

and

extemal

with

projects,the

of which

internal

than

cusp

in the

trait

these

in

but

latter

jaws

two

has

with

being

shows

all

genus. a

animals.

a

hainana

but are

being

flat and The

Frequently

tendency

to

upper

be

and

and molar

wanting, perhaps

canines

the

also

are

The

modified

for

its cusps

are

antero-

central

cusp

of trenchant has

but

three

bluntly rounded,

first lower

rounded, second

the

border

equaling the

view

first molar

upper

The

the

and

shelf -like, instead

similarly blunt. low

more

crown,

cusp

low,

and

are

side

subequal,

are

very

The

but

In

instead

anterior

barely projecting.

lower, shorter

larger.

Paradoxurus.

but

orbits to the

of the

antero-intemal

the

much

outer

lower,

even

of both

in

as

the

five cusps,

larvala

postorbital processes,

center

in Paradoxurus,

as

posterior heel

sharp edge

a

of

the

the

postorbital processes

carnassial

upper

instead

one

cusps,

usual

from the

crushing.

alone

behind

its width

parietal bones, with

teeth

P.

3.

inlrudens

deep constriction

no

forehead of

1. 2.

the of

molar

tooth the

slightly more

the

is broader

upper

another

has

the

jaw

or

progressive modified,

CARNIVORES

THE

side, with

occurs

genus

of

larger islands

the

from

geographical

is

races

199.

across

and

mainland

Natur-

Heimatk.,

u.

Wiss.

1

closely related.

all

Kingdom

by Cuvier,

vol.

Swinhoe,

Proc.

pL, 1827.

2, p. 281, Zool.

Soc.

London,

1870,

Abh.

Ber.

630.

p.

191 1, p. 688. Mamm.

Cat.

vol.

Magdeburg,

Matschie,

reeved

London,

Soc.

Trouessart,

larvatus

Paradoxurus

Paguma

Zool.

Proc.

Thomas,

Soc. London,

Zool.

Proc.

Gray,

larvata

two

Smith)

831, p. 95.

Smith, in Griffith, Animal

Hamilton

larvatus

Gido

Paguma

genotype

by apparently

Hainan,

(Hamilton

the

CIVET

MASKED

THE

in

one

leirvata

larvata

Paguma

species is China

southern

into

south

and

Formosa,

to

Chinese

The in

represented

the

on

China

Indies.

East

the and

longest known,

and

Nepal

face.

of the inner

center

side to

from

evidently compressed

more

in the

faint rib-like column

a

The

side view,

in

wider

being longer, and

435

Ergebn.

I, p.

Viv.

Foss.,

177,

1906. nach

Filchner

d. Exped.

Hilzheimer,

1897.

330,

p.

China

Tibet

u.

u.

vol.

1903-05,

Mus.

f.

196,

10, pt. i, p.

1908. Paguma

larvata

rivalis Thomas,

Paguma

larvata

reevesi

Paguma

larvata

larvata

M.

specimen:

Type in the

G.

Leiden

The

ser. u.

9, vol.

8, p. 618,

1921.

VoUcerk., Dresden,

Novitates,

359,

no.

may

be

regarded

size

of

a

vol.

16,

no.

i, p.

8,

1922.

p. 4, 1929.

originallygiven

was

name

which

Museum,

Hist.,

Mus.

Amer.

Allen,

"

Mus.

Ber.

u.

". Tier-

Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

Jacobi, Abh.

to

actual

the

as

mounted

a

specimen Locality

type.

unknown.

"

There

are

a

A

of the

and

below

nineteen

from

reduced

so

opposite

the

hairs black in

one

in

a

are

so

tip

extreme

of the

ochraceous,

by Jacobi

from

specimen from

or

two are

the

the

black

Upper

faint the

bright

of

tail is entirely gray

tip entirely.

Szechwan,

and

by

the A.

A

or

specimen same

B.

from

length

the

gray

Howell.

The

back

the

At

the

body

Hainan. of that

in two

and

pale

is Recorded

is mentioned

black

The

member; others

tinged with

of this type

variation

The

belly.

tips of

ochraceous

a

pale

altogether.

wanting

third, while

last

and

In

back

entire

tinge of

in skins

half

about the

as

or

variation.

the

ochraceous

the

in which

only

Kiating, Szechwan, "Wahsin,"

base

half

terminal

sides

the

on

gray

very

as

has

skin

average

clear

comprises

it includes

Szechwan,

lacking from

for

the

to

half -collar.

ochraceous;

the

white-tipped

extending

of individual

range

specimens

they

that

tail usually

skin, however, third

the

either

be

one

wide

a

nearly

other to

are

intensified

is

into

as

eye,

to

back

brown.

there

In

is smoky.

grayish

to

of

line

narrow

a

the

neck

extending

nearly complete

a

tail

Fukien,

buff, fading

as

limbs.

shorter and

Head

sometimes

above

forming

of the

the feet blackish

neck

or

another

and

it, often

civets,

fur

becomes

below

tail.

the

on

with

but

cat

forehead,

the

on

house

rings

or

occiput

the

to

other

ochraceous under

body

blaze

proximal portion

in of

series

on

mark

the tail and As

white

white

ear

and

parts

a

distance

varying

hairs.

the

stripes on

no

black;

shoulders

the

About

Description:

tip may

in

a

be

THE

436

MAMMALS

rather

well defined,

of the

dorsal

of the

markings

hairs

white

frontal

the

least two

of the Fukien

nearly

well

the

to

developed found

vibrissae throat

in P.

mixed

mm.

;

blaze

is continued

back

details

In

I. intrudens.

No.

An

"

gnathion

Nomenclature:

actual

who

skins

female

foot, 80;

China.

Palatal

matic

length

length

length

width

width

larvatus

was

a

specimen, should

Smith's

Soc. of new

a

it had

London,

specimen genus,

sent

Paguma,

figure of the animal which,

Szechwan,

The

chin

it is

the

dition con-

mustachial

is black, the

though

in

from and

as

obtained

p. 95;

so

1832,

the

p.

be

to

respects

Lower

cheek

cheek

molars

teeth

teeth

and

body,

as

we

Leiden

is not

recorded, but

(1841, vol. Meanwhile

South

Temminck,

2, p. 329, pi. 65, figured the skull,

Gray

the

sketch

it from

know

now

redescribed

(Proc. Zool.

species on

the

basis

by Reeves, referringit first to

Paradoxurus.

is

the

poorly executed

a

in

crude,

Locality

reidentified, is, therefore, the

larvatus, and

London.

in

by Temminck,

Mammalogie"

67) had

Sex

published by Hamilton

Paradoxurus

("Illustrationsof Indian many

Upper

across

figure is

animal

vicinity of Canton

then

Width

first

labeled

ever

colored

de

flesh: head

PAGVMA

toid

subject, however,

the

been

1831,

it

of the

representation

origin of

The

Gulo

name

specimen,

fair

OF Mas-

Basal

Hamilton

type.

that

in at

47.

ear,

basal

"Monographies the animal figs.1,2), described stated

but

white-tipped

approaching

in the

measured

MEASUREMENTS

later, in his

who

head-

Usually,

ears,

less of the

or

black.

are

te Zygo-

it from

took

a

all

the

eastern

more

white

line of

narrow

from

While, usually,

adult

The

"

This

gives

between a

example

one

Occiput Condyle-

but

as

the

portion

grayish.

tail,370; hind

Museum.

any

back

length

subterminal

specimens.

two

scapular region, thus

the

as

in

be traced

may

in the

variation, while

in

CRANIAL

Smith,

of black

much

to

MONGOLIA

striperunning nearly the whole

amount

white, in occasional

are

AND

same

series,it

far

Measurements: 440

The

shoulders.

as

CHINA

dark

a

subject

the

hardly

are

be

tail.

is also

however,

hairs

it may

or

side of the

longer

OF

Later

Zoology," again

a

he

published

vol.

fair

2,

a

a

colored

pi. 11, 1833-34),

representation.

For

CARNIVORES

THE

of

nearly three-quarters

have

must

animal

reevesi.

civet

does

specimens from civet

would in

Thomas

China,

that

so

(1921)

later paper

Ichang

on

from

I. larvata, and

than

specimen of the

H.

To

Pope

Wanhsien

on

under

Shensi, in

the

climbing habits, the

legs of

with Walter with

tables

legs.

Granger

has

places eight

days

from

nine

days,

dogs

or

and

cats,

first their

(1922) found A

so

color

was

large

their that was

growth in

three

seemed months

on

young

on

region adult

only from

on

southeastern

yet available. civet its

up

each

side

and

he

means

very

in

that

at

in the

Their

of their

perhaps in

that

Zoological

opened

parents,

tail, rocky

or

young

parents

up Dr.

bent

Wutsung

comparison

as

pet, together

London

eyes

their

pushing

woods

high

21,

a

well

night.

of the

nursing

June

they equaled

as

in

actively

as

of the

kept

by

two

bom

among

entered

commonest

most

about

recorded

has

doors

Szechwan.

quite different from

by Mr.

found

climb

that

rapid

a

mouth

the

at

record

forest, bush, with

him

three in

one

it in

to

genera

the

male

a

active

holding

female

brought

the

is the

and

foot

on

of

its method

pair captured

a

records

was

notes

some

of

range

(1870c) mentions

one

but

a

coast.

I. rivalis,although

P.

would

that

one

by putting

(1911a) records

Pocock

province. Gardens

showing

old

tame

of

the

Howell

northwesterly

most

slept by day

Kwangtung. ten

or

a

published

Mell

closely applied. in

It

688)

Swinhoe

Mell.

to

chairs

and

p.

from

extensive

was

from B.

province, from

generally distributed,

tells of

and

photograph

a

district,the

it is

hind

the

(191 le,

and

A.

and

same

doubtfully separate Thomas

according

Kwangtvmg,

in the

a

vicinity of Futsing, Fukien.

several

secured

in

splendid series includes

in the

of Szechwan,

South

of the

resembles

more

commoner,

seems

follow

synonym

a

northerly record,

most

occvirrence

Granger

Suifu

Shangchow China

southern

the

palm

a

to

from

that

more

a

do

as

Thomas

is also

has

Museum's

it

border

and

I. yunalis.

P.

Civet

For-

examination

an

name

in this respect

as

frequent

Walter

and

Wahsin

this

the

rivalis,a pale skin

from

indistinguishable from

and

southward

of

that

American

The

the be

no

Masked

The

"

Civet,

eastern

"qtiitepale"

them

China,

Chekiang,

Dr.

the

from

others

In

To to

westward.

the

Palm

Tunglu,

Yangtze.

Clifford

can

men speci-

Chinese

best

imported

I.

doubt,

For-

well

as

I. larvata.

Paguma

1908

the

in 1827

that

seems

was

of P.

race,

be

animal

Habits:

the

from

there

that

It

Formosa.

synonym

distinct

a

western

Viverricula.

and

Viverra

as

but

a

west-central

the and

Occurrence northward

named

Yangtze,

the

series of skins P.

reevesi becomes

P.

shown

figure nearly

original specimen

the

the

has

in

type

renamed

it is unlikely

that

from

London

that

therefore

Smith's

and

Yangtze

reached

assuming

He

Hamilton

the

that, therefore,

and

(1909a), however,

Thomas

lower

the

have

nearly resembled

figure more

Formosa.

resemble

not

crude

Matschie

until

stood,

name

Swinhoe,

by

from

come

Pagiima

mosan

taivana

named

race,

mosan

Smith's

Hamilton

that

concluded

the

century

a

437

with in

grayer

in

about that

of

size.

At

and

less

yellow, with of

MAMMALS

OF

pair of ill-defined

dark

THE

438 a

pattern

a

cereals, and

no

of

fruit, that

On

meat.

the

former

occasion, it

of the

account

on

was

white

Specimens examined: Chekiang:

Civet

Tunglu,

Locality unknown,

In

"

5;

i

larvata

intrudens

Paguma

larvata

yunalis Thomas,

Paguma

Wroughton,

Type Specimen:

Burma,

collection

British

"

brighter,deeper

whitish

stripe

It is from

P.

considered

I. intrudens, but

44

.

5

Sec,

vol.

19,

p.

793,

1910.

8, p. 617, 1921.

skull from

Yimnan

Sima,

border,

Myitkyina,

near

No.

9.7.20.6 in the

female.

adult

larvata

but

slightly larger, the

the white

mark

and

facial

the

the

on

forehead

markings,

back

extended

including the

of

to

on

a

the

Thomas

be

and

length, width

seems

to

than

to

seems

occiput

measures:

42.2;

specimens

slightlylarger

skull at hand

basal

fresh

the

bear

typical form

this character.

out

gnathion, 118.5

to

of

mm.;

palatal length, 58; zygomatic

112.5;

molars, 38.7;

across

available.

are

upper

cheek

teeth,

.

There

"

yunalis, based

Wroughton

7.2;

width, ,

Wroughton

9, vol.

and

measurements

Yunnan, 11

teeth

Nomenclature: larvata

Kwang-

clearlydefined.

only adult

Yuankiang,

cheek

in

locality,i.

exact

no

Hist.

ser.

the

shoulders,

No

The

width, 66; mastoid

skin

larvata

is supposed

however,

a

of ochraceous,

condylobasal length, 40 ; lower

states

CIVET

Nat.

Hist.,

an

P.

to

the

to

"

China.

eastern

is

Museum,

half-collar,more

race,

Nat.

far from

not

tone

Measurements: This

type

MASKED

Bombay

Mag.

Similar

Description:

i;

intnidens

larvata

Joum.

Ann.

The

"

in northeastern

broad

"Gem-faced

that

.

Paguma

a

the

a

locality,i.

WESTERN

as

leopard into

a

all,twenty -five,as follows:

exact

no

200.

a

(1930)

cooked

i.

Wanhsien,

of the

by

wild

a

stomachs.

preferred

(Mell, 1922). by the Chinese

Shih

in

contained

in their

leaves

traces

fniits and

eat

examined

pursued

is called

facial mark.

he

his pet civet

was

stick

Futsing, 8; Yenping, 7; Chunganhsien,

Szechwan:

had

that

a

indistinct

and

"m6n-tsien-kiu."

it is called

Fulden:

that

one

others

wrote

this civet

back

large part of the diet

a

of

two

hand,

the

captivity they will

stomach

killed with

Swinhoe,

to

In

constitute

Masked

a

MONGOLIA

stripes on

while

other

AND

body.

the

oranges,

the

village,where

Cat,"

that

notes

second

one

According tung

of the

(1870c), on

Swinhoe

native

a

sides

doubt

(1922)

Mell

state.

the

on

CHINA

be

skin

from

few

available

in 1921

the

gave

no

doubt

that

Thomas's

Paguma

Likiang Range, is indistinguishable. Yunnan the

name

specimens P.

the

same

I. yunalis to

as

two

his

skins

CARNIVORES

THE

from

Yenyuanhsien,

description), about the

locality, on a

ground

American

Museum

however,

shows

that of

difference

as

well

the

of

purely individual

as

southern

Yunnan

River, in

Tengyueh.

southern

Szechwan.

larvata

hainana

larvata

J.

Paradoxurus

(Paguma)

British

Bull.

River,

matters

through

Expeditions

secured

yunalis

came

feet

the

name

series of

a

Namting

Yenyuanhsien,

from

10,500

western

the

specimens from

Ann.

Mag.

Amer.

Mus.

Nat. A.

2;

hainana

MASKED

Nat.

J.

Tengyueh,

Likiang

the

on

Yuankiang,

i.

Thomas

CIVET

Hist.,

ser.

Hist.,

vol.

8, vol. 22,

p.

Allen, ibid., vol. 26,

No.

male.

3, p. 377,

April

240,

p.

1909.

authors).

of

1906 (not

479,

17,

1909.

Hainan,

of

island

(Wuchih),

of the

collection

in the

99.9.2.1,

Five-finger Mountains

from

Museiim,

south

is found

race

it under

from

larvata

^An immature

"

I.

P.

i;

Paguma

hainanus

larvatus

specimen:

Type

doubtless

namely:

Nine,

"

Thomas, Allen,

A.

this

that

Howell.

HAINAN

Paguma

well

and

so

recorded

has

other

and

specimens

B.

201.

Paguma

the

River,

large

characterized and

Asiatic

of

type

Likiang, 5; Namting

Yunnan:

by

Namting

specimen, are

type

tint, with

secured

the

back

Burma, Thomas

in Yunnan,

A.

poorly

Museum

Two

Specimens examined:

rather

whence

The

by

recorded

are

in Thomas's

tint of the

northeastern

to

American

and

Range

This

"

Likiang,

at

skins

and

is usually

mark

as

ochraceous

Tongking,

The

skins

hunters'

Habits:

central

to

in the

ochraceous

Likiang

suborbital

streak"

of

of

original

the

Wroughton's

east

their

series

The from

Expeditions

Szechwan

P. I. intrudens.

brighter

were

mark.

vague

in

in

given

as

variation.

and

Occurrence from

they

white

the

"mere

a

fifty miles

and

white

Asiatic

instead

defined

that

suborbital

small

very

hundred

two

(not Yunnan

Szechwan

southern

439

China. In

size and

general coloration

of the

Description: "

the

tinged with

The

probably skull

37.5;

of

race

Allen

rufous

an

adult

cheek

"

I. hainana,

independently

from

female

zygomatic

51;

a a

curious

paper

described

of the

that

mainland of

instead

race, or

gray

but gray

mainland

58; interorbital

size is,

The

available.

are

race.

occipito-nasal length,

measured:

width,

teeth, c-m^

By in

of adults

measurements

different

not

upper

Nomenclature: P.

No

"

palatal length, width,

yellowish

body

like the

appearance

bufif.

Measurements:

however,

general

width,

197

mm.;

mastoid

20.5;

36. coincidence,

published

about

it, using the

same

Thomas the

tenth

named of

April,

subspecific term

island

the and

in

a

J.

A.

paper

THE

440 dated

April 17,

MAMMALS

OF

former

The

1909.

CHINA

AND

MONGOLIA

is,therefore, the authority for the

author

name.

Occurrence Swinhoe

and

from

is that

of

Cheteriang.

A.

Allen

In

his

The

1923

Mr.

Civet

at

island

the

J.

hainanus.

Habits:

Nodoa

Chinese

but

when

(1906,

later

H.

and

This

be foimd

from

Nodoa,

2;

such

confined

the

three

Soc. London,

Masked

the

be

common.

said

to

make

cellent ex-

of Hainan, will

typical race. skulls.

are

All

immature.

are

Herpestes Illiger MUNGOOSES

Herpestes in Errata, p. 302) Illiger,Prodromus

to

In

available, they

are

I.

P.

border.

island

the

to

his

5.

THE

Calogale Gray, Proc. Zool.

are

from

to

seem

pets

mainland

Seven, of which

"

Genus

Herpertes (sic,corrected

be

to

of

type

southern

not

there

female

specimens of

it does

to

occurrence a

the

the

young

and

adjacent

the

this

near

similar, grading into

very

Namfong,

made

several

this animal,

of its

known

not

was

briefly mentions

he

mountains

is believed

race

Civet

first record

who

(1909) the

Masked

where, however,

tame

examined:

Specimens

The

collected

Namfong,

specimens

Hainan:

in

the

479),

p.

paper

Pope

frequently

ratters.

doubtless

of Hainan.

locality is

Clifford

The

Apparently

"

J. A.

1864, p. 560.

Syst. Mamm.

Allen, Bull. Amer.

Mus.

at

Nat.

Avium,

181

p. 135,

1.

Hist., vol. 47, p. 160,

1924.

The

recognized

slender

and

as

weasel-like

by

the

broad,

ears

of

the

more

skulls

low

postorbital form

is

the

characterized

ring

They

rounded

among

which

processes,

bony

a

and

typical civets.

are

Pocock

about

ears

They

are

are

of the The

group.

fourth

than

the

external

The

main

cusp

outer

sectorial

by

the

eye.

quite

or

The

length,

one

of and

the

the

premolar

corresponding, tooth

by

larger

they

long,

tapering, narrower

of trees. muzzle

meet

a

and

short to

carnivorous

the

and

provided with

antero-intemal a

slightly in front provided

the

with

the

jugal

audital

inconspicuous.

and

the

well-developed of

process

has

is

and

the

posterior portion of

is situated

posterior heel

to

their

stituting con-

ground-living in habits, though

short, blunt

type, corresponding

upper

contrast

larger branches

nearly

the

in

as

that

urged

even

characterized

are

roundly inflated, the paroccipital processes

teeth

has

bodies, fairly long tails, coarse-haired

occasionally ascending The

family.

usually regarded

now

group,

Viverridae, but

separate

a

and

well-defined

a

of the

subfamily

a

be

form

mungooses

lobe

much

well-developed of the

a

habits

middle

cutting edge.

to

bulla The of the

larger cusp.

of the The

CARNIVORES

THE

molars

are

separated by

The

the

Only

mungoose

sometimes be

both

from

the

sub

known

to

place in

occur

The

Herpestes.

of the

to

Size

smaller, skull length about

B.

Size

larger, skull

65

about

length

202.

95

A.

Allen,

white

no

mm.,

white

a

mm.,

Zool.

Herpestes griseus J.

A.

Allen,

Bull.

Herpestes ruhrifronsG.

M.

Type specimen: although hence

No.

No

"

in the

Mus.

( =Her-

H.

stripe

shoulder

ruhrifrons H.

stripe

shoulder

una

(J. A. Allen)

Hist., vol. 26, p. 240,

Nat.

Hist.,

Novitates,

vol.

22,

359,

no.

1909.

p. 479,

1906 (not of authors).

p. 9, 1929.

it is stated

list of measurements

27596, American

present

Herpestes

specimen is designated

type

for the

may

been

1870, p. 228.

Mus.

Amer.

have

these

MUNGOOSE Nat.

London,

Amer.

Allen,

Mus.

Amer. Soc.

weasels.

of the

large Viverra

is the

of

ruhrifrons

Herpestes

Bull.

Proc.

Swinhoe,

sp.,

they

genera,

of

is characteristic

although

and,

Species

RUFOUS-FACED

ruhrifrons J.

the

at

region.

Chinese

the

A.

Mungos

is

protocone

metacone

extent

great

a

genotype

Mediterranean

Key

to

China,

representing distinct

as

under

pestes)ichneumon

the

tropics,taking

regarded retained

Herpestes

and

paracone

developed in Africa, and

is best

group

species are

two

isthmus

narrow

the

that

so

jaw.

tropics and

the

anteroposteriorly

narrowed

long

a

edge of

outer

much

very

44i

tion, original descrip-

the

that

the

type

is

male,

a

Wuchih,

Moimt

History, from

of Natiural

Musetim

in

Hainan. General

Description: "

color

feet, a grizzled olive-brown, is

to

seen

and

pale

two

or

consist

tip.

is due of the

face

similar Tail

to

and

but

like

The the

the

of

minute

somewhat back

above,

tinge ochraceous,

with

of

hind

darker

longest, their tips pale than

ticking

fore and

the

alternating

gray

fur hardly

under

sides.

the

terminally, overlain

buffy

is

ochraceous

back.

Middle

very

few

annulated

slaty

through,

so

of

the

that

blackish

base

hairs, having

long guard

equal rings

with

parted the

at

black

and

sides

The

are

clear

bright ferruginous, the forehead

mixed

with

in

in the

annulated,

form,

the

distal half

area

hairs.

of the Chin

hairs of the

throat,

black-tipped of

the

slightlymor.e

hairs. third

middle

tail,giving chest,

a

ing general color-

brown.

gray

buffy

distichous

the

by

the

except

fur when

The

and

feet

and

shows

limbs

body, tail, and

fur of shorter, finer hair which

rufous

rings

neck,

barely lighter on

under

an

ochraceous

three

blackish

of

of the

and

it

a

belly

rufous.

lower yeldull Tail

442

THE

MAMMALS

slightly more

rusty

in ventral

CHINA

OF

the

aspect,

AND

MONGOLIA

terminal

third

becoming

distinctly

mfous. Measurements:

hind

240;

without

and

body,

head

gave: a

foot

male

and

a

315,

OF

MEASUREMENTS

it is

measurements

As

"

,

foot, 58, 58;

220;

mm.

;

H.

Pope, for

11,

19,

ear,

to

tail,

RUBRIFRONS

HERPESTES

females

that

seen

in

mentioned

be

an

it may

made,

insular

race,

obtained

his

little smaller

a

average

original description, the

Dr.

collected

common

about

country,

running

alive

were

toward

Twice

he

one,

about did went

not

was

Namfong,

unable

Allen's few

and

he

being bitten

for the

its back

of the

of the

be

can

group

them

saw

by day would

and

emitting

a

to

be

what

"I

to

bite the

the

could

snake's

not

head

upper

took see

but

especial care that

rather

in either it seemed

they

were

rolling,bushy brought

in

threatening

spitting sound. and

fore part seemed

specimens

that

mungoose

It

Pope, and

other

sudden or

a

series

good H.

Those

hissing

did.

snake

face, but

make

a

A

in open,

another.

to

of

occurrence

Clifford

on eight Pope writes

fight staged between

in the

body.

of which

Peninsula,

the

Mr.

by Mr.

disposition,and

seemed

pes Her-

Mungoose,

specimens.

secure

of bushes

glaring fiercely a

to

however,

earlier.

twice

clump

one

mentioned

1870

description based

years

fearless in

tactics

in

and

a

Javan

of

author

species.

but

A.

the

of the

Malay adequate review

an

Swinhoe

"

closely

reach

until

but

repeatedly, regardless of

concern

fangs

from

observed

mungoose's

head

Nodoa,

fierce and

jumps

J.

representatives

distinct

Habits:

Nodoa

with

island

the

a

Hainan, at

agree

as

and

on

mungoose

from

its

stand

Occurrence

these

and

"javanicus"

this may

The

"

species recognizes its close relationship with

tes

was

tail,

mm.;

600

Clifford

Mr.

by

available

were

about

males. Nomenclature:

this

300

measured

Two,

60.

specimens

skin, total length

female, respectively.

these

From

well-made

a

claws,

CRANIAL

than

of fresh

measurements

for

gives

who

J. A. Allen,

No

"

of the

snake's

have

to

that

cobra.

a

the

fight not

little

snake's

the to

goose mun-

think

THE

of

doing

until

so

strikes

snake

and

the

snake's

the

advantage,

and

neck

the

north

the

where

its

of

vicious

its group

been

from

be

to

Kwangtung,

Hodgson,

urva

cancrivora

examined:

Nine

"

Herpestes Urva

urva

hanensis

Asiatic

Joum.

Proc.

Zool.

Anderson,

Anat.

and

Wiss.

snake's

head

Shan,

the

inside

record

only

mountain

a

It

identified

was

old

an

of

in

this

mortar,

species or

Hainan,

Herpestes

Soc.

vol.

China,

namely,

Namfong,

Nodoa,

i ;

8.

(Hodgson)

urva

283, 1836.

5, p.

1870,

Researches

d.

Ergebn.

albifer,from

H.

to

MXJNGOOSE

London,

Zool.

changed

Callosciurus.

from

Soc. Bengal,

Swinhoe,

Matschie,

get

it holds

again

the

city limits. captured

was

constitutes

CRAB-EATING

Urva

it begins to

China.

203.

Ctdo

the

animal

The

squirrel skin, probably

Specimens

the

as

fearlesslymeets

and

now

Gunjam

on

yet within

Herpestes leucuriis,later

a

It

When

increases, while

obtained

he

sleeping, and

Hilzheimer's

bite.

shake, ending by crunching

skin

continental

locked.

for

bite

bites

mungoose

teeth."

long a

The

often

are

gives

its hold

species by Matschie.

it had

proved

on

a

records

Canton,

and

443

finished.

pairs of jaws

two

head

give

about

was

length

to

(1922) of

of this

as

the

between

Mell

snake

onslaught

long enough

on

the

CARNIVORES

Western

Filchner

Exped.

630.

p.

Yunnan,

1879.

191,

p.

China

nach

Tibet

u.

vol.

1903-05,

10, pt. i, p.

190,

1908. Mungos

J.

urva

Allen, Bull.

A.

cancrivora

Herpestes Herpestes

hanensis

sinensis

urva

Nat.

Mus.

Amer.

A.

B. Howell, Zeitschr.

Bechthold,

Hist.,

Proc. f.

U.

vol.

26, p. 242,

S. Nat.

Mus.,

Saugetierk.,

vol.

1909.

vol.

art.

75,

11, p.

I, p. 31,

March

152,

13,

1929.

Lungtao

1936.

Shan,

Kwangtung.

Type specimen:

This

Description: "

of

uniform

a

A not

conspicuous

white

throat

fur is almost skull

notably

in the

of the

shaped

the

to

anterior instead

is

rusty

of

the seen

less

egg-shaped

as

whitish

elongate

latter

seen

from

mouth to

sinensis in lack

species,so below.

rubrifrons, ;

of H. the

that

in

dusky

terminally. the

shoulder,

the

is

siderable con-

of

extent

brown

or

that

feet

There

gray.

of white

than

to

limits, in

buffy tint, so u.

H.

whitish

ochraceous

narrow

amount

(the H.

than

or

or

of the

corner

bullae, which

audital in the

buffy

within the

buff y

and to

throat

intensity of the

proportionally

portion

and

in color

in others

shape of

the

longer hairs,

in the

whitish,

The

from

Chin

variation

feet, and

whitish

becoming

defined.

tipping

and

considerably larger species

a

stripe runs

individual the

is

back,

white

sharply

very

specified.

coarsely grizzled pelage of black

tail like the

brown;

Not

"

on

chin,

the under

some

Bechthold).

rubrifrons,and pronounced they

are

differs

inflation

almost

pear-

MAMMALS

THE

444

Measurements:

body,

and

head

female

adult

An

"

550

will

It

be

Nomenclature: its cranial

as

Howell

B.

A.

basis

skins

of four

typical form

in

of all white,

the

the

brown,

tail 250

instead

of 275

noted,

already

regarded

as

very

to

the synonymy

in

a

G.

has

priority.

urva

was

the

of H.

Although

his

name

hanensis which

head

300

In

mm.

shows

that

there

tail measurement

China,

A.

although specimens from

urva,

for

Hodgson

proposed

published for the

same

B.

supposed differed from

the

a

animal,

with

mixed

is much

white

brown,

individual trade

animal

used

China, as

in the

a

siderable con-

variation,

skins

the

of the

and

details of color, the

has

eastern

instead

instead

tone

gray

of didl

from

cancrivora

but the

various

Howell

as

be

on

with

taken

it to

seems

South

Chinese

instead

the

There

the

brown

thorough

more

will regard

urva.

much

gray

dark

a

who

to

he

in not

subgeneric distinction, when

Assam to

distinct it does

as

be

cannot

significant. I have, therefore, relegated this supposed

subspecific sense

hanensis.

"

is very

those

Urva

side ochraceous

under

examined and

will be

Hankow,

of the

fur

under

light reddish

series

the

brownish

having the chin

practically little

mungooses,

than

doubt, however,

Urva

at

is

there

eastern

more

there

under

name

purchased

the

mm.

accorded No

rank

other

species,extending from

in 1908 gave

Matschie

that

the

species is made,

single well-defined

a

be

advocated.

generic

worthy of separate but

it should

Lower

Upper

Crab-eating Mungoose

from

proximately: ap-

105.

females.

and

the

measured

URVA

Width

measurements

males

characters

has

Asiatic

of the

study

these

Although

"

color

and

present that

at

seem

from

seen

in size between

difference

foot,

HERPESTES

OF Mas-

Zygo-

hind

tail,220;

mm.;

Fukien,

Yenping,

from

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

OF

species hanensis

name

Herpestes cancrivora

specificname preceding

year

in

1837,

and

so

THE

Occurrence

and

Yangtze

the

on

To

Kiangsu. Matschie's

eastern

of

type

great

Kiangsi, It is

writes of

that

me

mountainous to

be

it is also

fond.

The

sometimes

for it may

he

it is in has

J.

A.

(1872) writes

Nanning it not

found

the

Allen

Hitherto

her

island

of Hainan

(1909,

242)

Specimens Fukien:

Futsing,

Hainan:

Nodoa,

No

locality, i

15;

"

does

not an

Nodoa,

at

have

to

female

Hainan, with

met

and

seem

old

Thirty-seven,

Pope

sections

it is

in

the

supposed cat', and

ness, nearsighted-

animals.

Several,

(1930, p. 5) be

to

south

good

a

"ratter."

at

Wampu.

have

been

known

from

Mount

Mr.

by

that

says

parts of Kwang-

him

brought

was

recorded

to

seem

examined:

Kiangsu: Chinkiang,

exact

p.

secured

were

collectors

no

young

Shih

north

H.

following close behind by crabs, near Ningpo,

it is said

and

in both

two

wild

most

near

Chvmg-

rice fields

its apparent

a

lections col-

from

signifies'loach

to

of streams.

banks

uncommon

with

mao',

Hills

Clifford

of which

it is attracted

that

from Museum

one

terraced

in circles,one

about

for sale in cages,

Others

1909.

dash

come

Paris

Museum's

as

the

Chinkiang,

mountainous

loaches

than

readily

more

it in

in

presence Dr.

prone

female

A

to

the

the

cat' in reference

along

seen

tung.

'blind

general found

(1922)

Mell

are

Mr.

in the

'ni ch'iu

name,

approached

Swinhoe

another."

province.

of

it,although

Ftikien

the

well

among

the

American as

it is said to find

native

the

streams

seen

in

from

for

Yenping,

the

near

commonly

called

be

alarmed,

and

is also

and

of

common

regions, where

very

when

it

Fukien,

Futsing

comer

found

he

"It

Futsing.

from

northwest

specimen one

have

not

may

a

recorded

in

common

number

a

the

Hankow

is for

records

mon com-

mouth

record

certain

no

the

as

be

to

seems

north

northern

most

mentions

(1870c)

Mungoose far

as

I have

from

(1879)

apparently

include in

hanensis

Swinhoe

and

the

however,

Anderson

from

anhsien,

Urva

extending

where

coast,

445

Crab-eating

China,

the westward,

distance.

Amoy.

The

"

of South

parts

over

Habits:

CARNIVORES

Its

until

Wuchih,

Clifford

H.

in

Pope.

it in Yunnan. follows:

as

i.

Chunganhsien,

Yenping,

i;

13.

6. .

Family

FELID^

CATS

The and

cat

family includes has

structure

in

example, habits

are

down;

the

becoming present,

the

dog

group.

usually of the

whereas,

the

in such

of prey

along fur

The

the

entepicondylar

and

and

the

specializationof habit

dense

to

instead

is stalked

prey

those of

foramen as

the

in

the

dogs,

seen, coarse;

rather

retractile,preventing

are

species

the

quite opposite

is fine

cheetah,

nmning

in which

lines

skulking type,

claws, in all but blunted;

beasts

progressed

humerus it is lost.

than

them

for the run

from

is usually The

skull

in

conforms

similar

a

way,

the

Felidae

although

the

incisors

premolars

but

are

the

in the

undergone

upper

premolar is specialized as first lower

reduced their

edges

sharp

typical

ears

of the

in

in the

and

the

usually

two

According

prominent

so

paraconid

upper

small

oval

the

and

is

molar

The

last

the

blade

Canidas,

is

protoconid with practically func-

a

with

set

crown,

the

its

long axis

row.

long tails,imtufted

rather

tails and

short

lynxes have

lynxes

loss

the

closely allied

are

and

ears,

high hind

premolars, through

upper

(1917), the

Pocock

to

tooth

and

side.

in

for,

below,

in the lower,

two

each

on

The

number,

and

jaw and

upper

blunt.

tooth, shearing against

the

The

six above

below

one

heel,

blade.

the

have

cats

premolars; and

reduction

the

single root,

a

that

to

transverse

upper

form

to

tooth, with

The

considerable

sectorial

a

in which

molar,

and

practically nothing, leaving

to

tionless

one

pointed muzzle,

a

it is short

two

above

the

of the

dogs it is long, with

typically in Camivora,

sometimes

or

but

MONGOLIA

cats

quarry,

while

are

AND

in

as

are,

three

molars

CHINA

for whereas

have

in

teeth

OF

toward

reaching

if for

as

MAMMALS

THE

446

usually three the

the

to

tufted

quarters,

of

small small

pm*.

typical

cats.

comprise

Cats house this

cat to leopard, aggregation into genera

degrees of of

Felis,

of

a

result has

or

the

on

distinct

in his paper

into

five genera

in his review the

cats

or

of

the

larynx in

relied

each The

close

which

up

the

latter A.

of the

Pocock

generic rank, for the

Lonnberg Ognev

the

lion, tiger,leopard

(1925) two

years

by Severtzov,

(1919), divided

family

the

the

of the

condition

the

largely on

subfamilies

(i)

are:

suspensorium

skull; (2)

of the

the

typical

is ossified,

the

elastic tendon

conferring great mobility (3) a special subfamily,

the Felina2 cheetah, which, although agreeing with larynx, differs in the lack of folds of skin to protect the

recognizing

has

taken

was

species

as

representative

larger species, suspensoriimi is imperfectly ossified, "its inferior to

subdivides

then

while

the

(19 17), recently, Pocock and thoroughly into the matter

species, in which base

forms

More

more

These

all the

type

Allen

subfamilies, based

the

regard

varying

largely quantitative.

are

course

subgenera.

larger or shorter

a

upon

to

with

made,

the

subdivide

to

attempts been

well-marked

by J.

bones.

proportions, from

larynx" (includes leopards, tigers,lions); and

structtire

claws.

and

make

Felinas, mostly smaller

Acinonychinae, for

thera

three

hyoid

the

portion consisting of

in the

to

have

hand

one

classification,went

into

group

Pantherinae,

the

on

twenty-seven

of the

holding the

upon

differences

the

and

Various

subgenera

of 1858, reviewed and

suspensoriiun

and

subgenus.

or

lion.

tiger, and

been

other

genus

who

divided

since

success,

ultimate

The

species of varying size

many

the

since later

his but and

added added

subfamily Felinas two

genera

jaguar,

the the

of

and

subgenus genus

into

thirteen

groups

Pantherinae, namely,

Uncia

for the

Poliailurus

EremcBlurus

snow

for for

a

Felis new

of Pan-

leopard. pallida, species,

CARNIVORES

THE

E.

thinobius, from

recognized, of the be

to

as

characters

almost

over

type

Chinese

the

Mongolian

and

show. in

more

hyoid

ossified, holding the larynx close to the base

of the

of

size; suspensorium

relativelylong,

Tail

abruptly contracted a'. Smaller, the

about

distance

diameter or

a".

1.

size of

the

orbit

from

white

cat;

muzzle

less than

back

the

across

nasals

foramen; and a'. Backs

Jugal

of the

inward

Upper

Subgenus Felis chaus

as

a

like the

ears

Subgenus

third

back

in color .

a

to

meet

two; jugal ending anteriorly upward tapering point, continued

narrow

the

frontal

in advance

of the lachrymal

Subgenus

General

white

bieti

.

color

grayish buff, with

mark

body

the

across

pattern

Trichcelurus

little trace Felis tnanul

of cross-banding A

Poliailurus Felis

.

foramen

h".

affinis

and

foramen

premolars

in

a.

Felis

branch; nasal

narrow

in its middle

of

mal lachry-

reddish

ears

profile concave a'. Backs

the

distally

outward of

ear.

slightly upward

turned

reaching lachrymal

bending

long

long, nearly

Jugal ending anteriorly below

b.

short, the

three.

premolars

Upper

house

a

usually rather

back,

gnathion

to

Felinse

of the jugal.

those

mark

to

length of the hind

postorbitalprocesses

of the eye;

a.

2.

the

half-way

about

quite meeting No

least twice

at

usually penicillate;nasals

not

ears

size

than

Subfamily

foot;

be

can

habitat,

and

skull a.

seems

Felid^

the

medium

to

varied

have

to

seems

course

individuals

that

size of its prey

given edge knowl-

closely related

so

modifications

differences

the

our

differentiation.

structural

to

the

with

for

cats, Pocock

have

Until

conservative

groups,

that

authors

others.

to

intermediate

apparent

of Russian

species

Other

the

of these

that

cats,

any

Felis.

subgeneric

most

review

smaller

thorough,

to

established,

much

small

apparatus

genera

more

in accordance

pattern

of

the

are

become

once

acquired

Cats

is

of

only of

and

groups

whole

a

Key

A.

the

give subgeneric standing

color

have

of the

some

bridging

Having and

to

group

general

found

of

most

his

In

region.

constituting subgenera

as

generic rank

in

Transcaspian

(1930) considers

Ognev

to

the

447

back

of the

of stripes and

ear;

a

manul

plex com-

blotches; nasals Subgenus

depressed, sloping evenly downward a.

Ground

color

brighter buffy

b.

Ground

color

averaging paler

Felis

Prionailurus

hengalensishengalensis

Felis

hengalensischinensis

THE

448 b'. Larger,

OF

distance

the

of the

ears

lacking

a".

Body

white

a

postorbital

;

jugal

canines

process

backs

process;

markings, rarely

of longitudinal stripes and

pattern

MONGOLIA

of

cross-mark,

usually without

lower

AND

gnathion greater

to

eye

closely approaching the

not

CHINA

orbit

from

long diameter

the

than

MAMMALS

with

a

of spots;

rows

speciallyelongate

not

Subgenus Profelis Felis temminckii

a

b".

marked

Body

with

consisting of

blotches,

enclosed

color

by

of lower

pale ground

complete; edges, often inthat

jaw large, so

the

is nearly vertical

chin

the

of

blackish

narrow

canine

profileof

sections

Subgenus Neofelis

relativelyshort,

Tail

with

twice

less than

long pencil ; upper

foot

; ears

not

abruptly contracted

a

the

length of hind

premolars

in their

middle

; nasals

two

Genus

length

Lynx lynx

a

of large size; suspensorium of the

Cats

B.

Rostrum

a.

the

shortened,

not

consistingof

a'. Pattern on

color

deeper ochraceous,

2.

Ground

color

paler, coat

consisting of

richer, coat

2.

Ground

color

slightly paler, coat

this

territory,and

killed

annually

inside

the

tracked

he

Tibetan

all the

at

the

cranial

should

a

downward.

that

the

as

a

in

have

men

Tibet

and

fur

of- China. the

leopard

characters

stand

peculiar to

sort

of the

he

the

on

Pantherinas,

genus,

with

barren

be

must

Leopard

true

but

a

this

would

marbled

characterized the

profileof

Felis

tigrisamurensis

Mr.

been

on

tells

peak

close

the

country

species, and by the type skull

China,

Dolan,

Pocock

very

has

believes of

A

of these

Szechwan,

species, for choose.

into

none

Brooke

in

taken

haunts.

border

mountain

the

mountainous

ever

probably western

Felis

Leopard,

its native the

over

but

of extreme

of this beautiful

separate

brought

Nevertheless,

snow

surmised

it in

shot

tigrisamoyensis

barren

apparently

markets,

highlands in the

and

steppes

tigris

Felis

Snow

the

added

specimens have

into

way

borders into

fontanierii

rufous-

longer

eventually be

white

killed

border, which

not

No few

their

find

expedition

recent

list will

Asia.

Chinese

they

a

shorter

species characteristic

a

of central

are

F. p. on

pardus

pardus fusca

Felis

color

country

number

Felis

ground

to

Panthera

Subgenus

.

.

black

shorter.

coat

stripes

Ground

uncia,

to

longer

transverse

1.

Probably

Pantherinas

Felis

Ground

ochraceous

whence

rings of

spots and

1.

h'. Pattern

(Undo)

rounded

orbit of the eye

ground

ochraceous

an

from

the diameter

Lynx

isabellina

long

Subfamily distance

gnathion considerably exceeding

that

hyoid apparatus

chieflycartilaginous

and

nebtdosa

Felis

a

b.

tristis

squarish

large, somewhat

to

is his me

the was

studied that

it

suspensorium

steeply sloping

CARNIVORES

THE

Genus

Felis Linnasus, Chaus

List

The

type

Felis

Cat,

Mamm.

lo, vol.

Brit.

of the

a

the

ancestry

European

Wild

Cat,

F. chaus

the

of

Pocock

ears

never

pupil

longitude

and

showing

the

up

the

edge

eye), the nasals

the

and

small

end and

out

; the

Felis

the

orbit

gnathion

branch

is

normally

and

a

the that

prove

and

the

less than

nearly

on

penciled

vertically contracting

in

anteriorly they

minute

eastern

an

sometimes

by

premaxillary

of the

forms,

Mongolia. typical Felis, the

of

contracted

libyca,

borders

be

eventually

is characterized

the

to

and

Tienshan,

of China

the

back,

(i) of small

to

seems

of has

of the

the western

eastern

characters

their

on

as

of blood

shorter-tailed to

parts

Cat

Pocock

silvestris

the

large, pointed

suddenly

are

F.

It may

postorbital processes

there

extend

western

depression, while

a

(2)

to

Lukchum,

skull

of the

in

Domestic

Wild

consists

kozlovi what

external

spot The

ascending

jugal, and

the

as

the

the

amount

group as

and

Greenwich.

feet.

tapered posteriorly,the from

seems

rhinarium,

which

in

proximally

race

reach

white

body,

Eurasia,

from to

certain

a

typical

the

Europe, from

from

Possibly, however,

with

as

one

among

reduced

rather

long

well, is the

as

descended

as

The

described

east

subgenus

libyca.

mixed,

western

found

head,

(distance from of

and

enumerates

broad

short,

as

(1905)

will be

also

of the

silvestris.

F.

silvestris of

F.

90th degree this type

be

its allies,of which Satunin

of

race

Felis

tail about

the

and

of China.

of may

chiefly in Africa

found

Felis and

form

suggested,

species with

1843.

p. 44,

genus

Linnaeus

1758.

I, p. 41,

Mus.,

Felis

Linn., usually regarded

catus

Africa,

northern

ed.

Syst. Nat.,

Gray,

Linnaeus

Felis

Subgenus

449

is

short

rostrum

the long diameter

their

posterior half,

everted,

are

opening

slightlynarrowed those

meet

anterior

and

corresponding

premolar

in the

upper

jaw. Apparently

only

one

species of the typical subgenus Felis

204.

chaus

INDIAN Felis

affinisGray,

Felis chaus

affinisDe

Winton,

Type specimen: from

Description: "

of darker

side of the of the

where

"

Ann.

Mag.

The

name

A

cat

the

buffy-tipped

hairs

latter also

slightly more the

Nat.

CAT

JUNGLE vol.

I,

Hist.,

pi. 3, 1830 (date

ser.

is based

7, vol. on

on

plate, 1829).

2, p. 291,

1898.

Gray's plate of

slightlylarger than

markings from

body

Zool.,

aflBinis Gray

an

Indian

specimen

India.

Gangootra,

its lack

of Indian

Illustrations

in China.

occurs

in the

occiput with

the

hairs

basal

over

become

the

Cat, distinguished by stripes. The entire dorsal

or

half

ringed with

others

abundant

buffy-tipped

way to

House

the

of spots

of the

buffy

median

pale rusty.

tail is and

area

On

a

uniform

tipped of the

ture mix-

with

black,

lower

back,

the muzzle,

forehead

cheeks

and

the

pale rusty,

and

the

throat,

and

the

whitish ears

of the bar

are

skull

orbit

is

a

e

to

is well

105

mastoid lower

chaus

chaus

fox-red

Asiatic the a

of the

body,

the

half,

blackish

tip

black

pinched-in of

of the

nose,

maxillary.

the

of the

mal lachry-

frontal, is peculiar,

in the

posterior edge,

(distance

rostrum

house the

camassial.

There

cats.

notch The

extending small

Darjeeling, India,

615

the

upper

tail, 230;

mm.;

outside

camassials,

40;

cheek

upper

the

measure:

skull:

greatest

width,

length, 86; palatal length, 38; zygomatic

be

no

teeth,

It is said

Specimens

into that

in India

examined:

"

Persia, by its rather skull is

the

in

the

China.

native

skin

locally killed, indicates

this

One

a

from

69; 32.6;

on

with

that

part

Burma

the

lighter, of India, Museum

American

the

border

range

interbreeds

only,

a

skin

from

with

the

Namting

domestic

River,

at

extends

Yunnan. cat

Felis

longer tail,bright

greater

The

reviewed

typical

slightlynarrower,

throughout

occurs

obtained

southwestern

(1898), who

readily distinguished

of its presence

if

Winton

De

to

and

while it

Although records

River, which,

is

region

Expeditions, however,

distance

Cat

Jungle

Caucasus

teeth. to

According

"

lighterbuild,

and

Namting

short

-rings of

outside

passing

of the

skiill from

and

and

Habits:

Indian

the

ears,

seem

skin

width

42;

and

less-crowded there

its

short

process

is less than

at

transverse

its basal

with

orbit),the

prolongation

middle

lining Backs

eye.

white on

buffy,

hairs

a

teeth, 36.1.

cheek

group,

palate

of

branch

nasals

of the

head

basal

mm.;

Occurrence the

of the

A

"

width,

the

tips of

the

of

so.

ascending

the

meet

to

back

foiu- half

or

and

trace

a

long

to

of the

like the

diameter

slender

a

and

bengalensis the

broad

is

the

anterior

tail is

Chin

inguinal region nearly

trace

three the

across

fore feet

developed.

approximately,

length,

Tail

joints.

There

eye,

without

or

long

and

level

the

Measurements:

skin

F.

jugal, with

of the

nearly

of

that

ascending

and

premolar

mm.

processes

of the

version

last 25

less than

deep emargination

forward first

with

gnathion

structure

the

of each

forearms,

tibial

the

spot is present

stripe with

dorsal

in the

shares

to

foramen and

ochraceous.

tip distally;underneath,

long postorbital The

pale

of cats.

groups

indistinct

an

all around

extending The

other

certain

in

blackish

from

legs, and

form uni-

extends

the

belly,

side of the

almost

areas

and

comer

dark

these

brighter perhaps,

fore

the

with

small

leaving

chest

inner

and

MONGOLIA

trifle

ferruginous, their tips blackish,

developing a

A

whitish.

ears

seen

and

stripe at

short

a

of the

inner

the

AND

absent,

tint,

same

middle

slightly tinted

last

the

CHINA

are

between

chest

the

throat,

white,

hairs

feet, ankles

hind

wrists, the

upper

OF

black-tipped

the

lower

and

the

MAMMALS

THE

450

form. Yunnan.

Poliailurus

This

f.

subgenus

(=bieti),

the

published

a

a

Arkiv

Lonnberg,

for

from

point

the

anterior

lie with

to

and

but

is formed

and

the

second

Chaus.

Although

these

likely that

geographical remain

uncertain, At

markings.

but

races,

for

cats

until

bieti

Mus.

d'Hist. Bull.

pallida Buechner,

Felis

South

Tatung

Range,

pallida

De

Felis

chaus

Felis

chuiuchta

Felis

Felis

des

orbit

small

terior an-

small

a

but

Acad.

Sci. St.

Imp.

the

the

tone

species is

one

seems

tinct dis-

to

studied, this

be

can

it

than

must

of their

and

pattern

here

recognized.

Milne-Edwards

bieti

DESERT

P(ires

vol.

series in

slightly

to

China, rather

variants

species is

given

been

of western

parts

much

PALE

Sci.

have

CAT

Appliques,

et

vol.

30,

(new

ser.,

670, October

p.

Pou-

1892.

15,

1898.

4, p. 357,

P^tersbourg, vol.

Nat.

Mag.

Ann. Mus.

Zool.

Hist., ser.

Acad.

35

7, vol.

vol.

3), p.

November,

433,

1892.

1898.

2, p. 291,

Sci., Petrograd,

for

1916,

vol.

Nouv.

21,

et

Faites

Divers,

Gobi. Abh.

u.

Ber. Mus.

f. Tier-

u.

Volkerk., Dresden,

specimens:

No

"

types

specified in

are

that

explained

specimens vicinity of Tongolo

the the

two

basis

of

d'Histoire

Description: "

the

About

and

the

at

back

Tatsienlu,

Both

name.

Natxixelle

brought

were

are

the but

specificlocality given by Milne-Edwards,

formed

level

the

to

vol.

16,

no.

Near

I, p. 9, 1922.

Szechwan.

Type

from

broad

Kansu.

pallida subpallida Jacobi,

Museum

G^n.

Annuaire

Southern

Sungpan,

any

profile

the

the

likely that

seems

sufficient

a

very

vary

Nat., Paris,

Winton,

Birula,

i, 1917.

p.

Rev.

Milne-Edwards, Bull.

in

the

has

premolar

individual

to

therefore, only

present,

THE

sargues,

much

the

of the

rim

the

maxillary; (6)

names

different

pertain

205.

Felis

orbit

of the

that

upper

peculiarities,it

these

the

to

differently-coloredspecimens from more

(i)

are:

large auditory meatus;

so

the

its

study,

nasals, which

rim

lower

by

erecting

for

distally;(3)

with

inward

Lonnberg

cusp.

related

than

subgenus of the

pallida

important points

The

upward

the

bending

1925,

Felis chaus.

convex

when

only skins

with

the

Felis

cat,

peculiarities,and

its

large bullae,

very

frontal

Notwithstanding closest

until

unknown

jugal,forming

is present

premolar distinct

of the

to

pecviliardesert

the

Previously,

third

the

foramen,

lachrymal that

2, p. 2, 1925.

no.

(2) the peculiar shape

;

(4)

end

Lonnberg

characterizing

as

middle

region;

(5) the anterior

451

figures showing

supposed

case

the

for

animal.

the

l8A,

remained

Lonnberg

in

concave

interorbital

vol.

proposed

been

by

out

of the

Poliailunis

Zool., Stockholm,

was

globular brain

are

Subgenus

description with

relationshipshad

more

CARNIVORES

of which

skull

special subgenus

brought

THE

original account, Pousargues

by

Szechwan,

therefore

(1898a)

Henri

Prince

China,

cotypes,

nor

and

is

later

d' Orleans and are

these

in the

Paris.

size of

a

house

cat, with

a

nearly uniform

colora-

practically lacking

tion head

and

and

body,

half

nearly slaty

tips or

four

on

the

three

band

indistinct

reddish-brown

the

area

brownish

marked

below

lip,and the

downwards Lower

the

to

with

or

description is

above

slight variations

(1917a) rufous

The

bullae,

in both

anterior

end

jaws,

"

species, for,

skull, nearly

all the

the

curves

the

rest

showing through. dark

indistinct

three

like the

there

back.

apparently

are

fur, tending

under such

the

on

occipitalregion,

a

described

that

as

cross-bands

to

with

body, verse trans-

a

with

a

maxillary

forms

in

the

of

presence

the

small

a

distinct

no

flesh

anterior anterior

but

their at

small

by

inflated

case,

in

downward

jugal bending which

brain

concavity

detail

in

described

been

middle level

the

rim

of the is

premolar cusp

at

the

camassial.

There with

the

that

cheek,

light-gray area.

a

colored

large globular

nasals,

of the

while

throat.

skvill have

dentition,

and

of the upper

Measurements: this

so

the

short

termination

relatively weak

present

the

especially the

peculiar

lachrymal canal,

orbit, the

for

the

anterior

third, the

of

of the

faint

upper

mouth,

the

fur

some

specimens,

some

of the

part, separated by whitish

them

in that

or

the lower

characters

be

indistinctly

edge of the

across

(1892b), but

Buechner

color,

chiituchta, show

across

emphasizes

who

Lonnberg, audital

of the

band

general

area

longitudinal stripes on

five indistinct broad

from

also

between

long;

mm.

yellowish brown;

terminal

may

coloration; Felis

as

the

20

two

are

under

yellowish-brown

there

ground

rufescent

slightly more and

in the

with

uniformly pale

a

the

angle

cross-

in color, without

is included

them

washed

rings in the

portion, with

basal

Birula

the

tail-tipblack;

the

rings in the

the

be

although

head,

about

near

of

may

brownish

ear

cheeks

begins

soft,

ish black-

the

there

back

of hairs the

slightlybehind

throat

blackish

four

of each

fur

as

area,

of the

like the

Across

stripe;between

parts white, with

rings, and

by

lower

upper

are

are

grayish portion

broad

a

side

eyelid, and, running

lower

the

haunches

is

there

pencil

and

latter

Under

to this

the

base

of which

lower

white, the

chin

three

The

the

join the

ears

short

a

continuing

eye,

from

lips and

of the under Tail

stripes,the

starts

upper

of the

is brownish.

muzzle

the

and

the

at

sides

of

side

The

has

with

the

black.

paler tone

a

outer

forearm.

back,

and

cross-band about

On

cross-bands,

backs

the

area;

white

the

the

dark

like the

colored

general

On

of the

side

inner

brownish.

the

grayish portion occupying

a

with

tipped

of

thickly

gray,

hairs; the

guard by

side

upper

yellowish

are

followed and

The

pattern.

limbs

extensive, giving

more

shorter.

become

MONGOLIA

dark-brownish

hair,

with

tipped

is

of the or

the

AND

spot

or

blackish,

of

length

longer hairs

the

in

the

its base,

at

side

blackish

base, then

the

at

CHINA

stripe

any

outer

with

irregularly ticked yellowish

OF

MAMMALS

THE

452

apparently

are

the

exception

previously

known

of

measurements

Lonnberg's

specimens

appear

specimen to

have

available of skin been

and

trade

CARNIVORES

THE

skins, of which

the

These

only.

published

and

Head

(1922)

JACOBI

(1917a)

BIRULA

(1908)

MATSCHiE

For

the

width,

skull

the

orbit

51.2;

southern

of the

following

Gobi,

length, 97

mm.;

the

Buechner's

F.

far

so

described in

based

was

Nor

bieti

gave

the

from

miles

of the

coloring

differences than

are

north

stripes

individual

Occurrence that two

brought

central

as

and

its back

Szechwan,

a

it

seems

hundred

than

general coloring, as specimens =

Placum)

Jacobi (1922)

1908.

back

brought

by the

about

two

his distinction

clearer, and

likely

which

on

(

locum

Szechwan,

seen

be

it is

that

except

"ad

skins

those

to

occipital stripes

in

of

that

and four

Felis chutiichta,

as

bieti, basing

general

the that

these

on

tone

slight

cats, rather

in other

therefore, for

I am,

The

year.

than

the two

more

to

1892, while

same

same,

of

trade

F.

ing describ-

paper 15,

(1917a) the

Kozlov

seemed

variations, similar

the

present

garding re-

synonym.

Habits:

pelt

of

pallida,

of Felis

the

more

Mongolia,

two

the

greatest

different suflficiently

The

by

case,

skull, from

Szechwan,

northwestern

locality

haunches

subspecific in value.

or

this also

type the

Nevertheless,

darker.

geographic

on

of

that

tone.

in

of brain

width

name

in

indication

pallida subpallida to Sungpan,

the

not

expected

lished pub-

zygomatic

mm.;

Milne-Edwards's

district

collected

were

94

70.1.

vmder

apparently

rusty

has

Lonnberg

female

localities not

of southern

"

chuhichta, measured:

of November

Range,

a

Gobi

and

hundred

of

to

vary

A

width,

that

Tatsienlu

be

(with hair)

published October

date

are

60

41;

22.

F.

gone

was

more

from

the

bieti,

out

with

the

Goizso," Felis

usually

It would

and

Expedition

fact that

Birula's

"

length,

molars,

across

"

Kansu,

The cat described by Birula description indicates, much

Weigold the

Shan,

inclusive,

of

Tatung

They

coloring

came

name

Min

condylobasal

is the

in the

the

as

in Provincia

from

publication

bengalensis, might

F.

345

357) points

Buechner.

by

230

820

Felis

apart.

in

350

has

cat

as

F.

Kansu,

rusty

more

it

This

raciallydistinct.

even

is also,

840 600

length, 89; zygomatic

the

fifty miles

and

350

specimen

bears

pallida is

830

2"]; pm^-m'

(1898a, p.

locality of

type

67

type

animal

same

58

321

width, 47; width

"

Pousargues

325

775

basal

Nomenclature:

but

Ear

685

female

gnathion,

to

mate approxi-

as

Tail

body

measurements:

mastoid

74.5;

regarded

be

must

measurements

are:

(1892b)

BUECHNER

453

seems

by Prince

"

This

is

often Henri

later the types

to

a

rather reach

d'Orleans of the

standing species, notwith-

uncommon

the from

species,seem

of

centers

Tongolo to

fur and

be the

trade.

Tatsienlu, most

The in

southerly

available.

record

the

all along to

MAMMALS

THE

454

the

bridge

specimen

the

(1925).

Min

to

more

Academy

the

localities

skin

from

Buechner's

type

locality,secured

likely that

Birula's

recorded

a

Goizso, is really barren

country be

may

the

of the

extreme

writes

that

sectored

one,

in the

the

country

cat,

and

On

with

returned

in the

of

low

place, but

same

Specimens examined:

Trichcelurus

Satunin, Annuaire Severtzov, Rev.

These

desert

intermediate share

the

they

have

shallow

in certain

general in

offered

by Pocock, of the

to

their

in

a

the

the

snow

specimens

other

was

he

chased pur-

of 3,000

meters,

dog fought the

the

following day, the

the

shot,

snap

in

early evening chased

altitude

an

On

;

and

cat

escaped.

Sci. St. 10, p.

Satunin P^tersbourg,

pupil of

rounded

the

body, eye,

while

the the

the

steep slope of the profilefrom of the

jugal bone

tip of

the

end

chamber,

is

forward

frontal;

slightly in

equaling the

the

skull,

inner.

of

The

the

as

first

listed middle

of the

lachrymal

than

long, the

palate wider

advance

latter

loss of the

about

in front

they

the

premaxillae,

narrower

of striking pecviliarities

genus,

former

with

The

more

separate the

edge of the palate, and

1905.

1844).

a

With

Lynx.

of tail to

vol. 9, p. 495,

1904,

forming

as

Felis and

for

(not of Brandt,

386, 1858

suborbital

forward

outer

July

(1923)

Weigold

of the

Apparently

only

2, vol.

proportions

join the anterior large

Imp.

ser.

between

ways

its width,

large bullae, whose

at

regarded by Pocock

are

orbit, the prolongation

foramen

and

the

premolar. are:

Zool.,

the

common

in

borderlands

found

One

Deer

jaw.

Trichselunis

Zool. Acad. de

size and

notching of small

upper

Mus.

cats

he

and

None.

"

Mag.

et

tracks

where

in its

Subgenus

Otocolobus

even

It

steppes.

the

Tibet.

it

of rather

of Tatsienlu

from

came

from

thickets.

bites

two

Chinese

fur markets

whose

for Musk

Sungpan,

with

is covered

western

inhabitant

an

occasion, his foxhound

another east

and

its habits, but

of

of Wassuland.

set

snare

a

or

species

mountains

wooded

mountains

found

this

it is

likely they

more

of China

edge

that

in the

sectired

specimens

probably

was

store.

a

of coloration

of

Finally Mongolia, in

of southern

is known

Nothing

205)

p.

south

it is

Expedition.

Gobi

the

obtained

far

not

skull

that

(1908,

Szechwan,

the

secured

the

since

has

Matschie

Filchner

the

Szechwan,

Sjolander

Leningrad,

western

edge of the Tibetan

caught in

was

in

its type

if the

in the

January

by

animal.

western

it

are

D.

description of

given.

not

westward

letter, mentioned

a

of Sciences,

thence

northern

whence

in

sparingly

occurs

and

Sungpan,

Lonnberg's

Birula,

extreme

locally obtained;

were

of

chutuchta,- from

same

the

on

doubted

Sungpan

was

Felis

probable from

seems

in

Kweito,

Kansu,

Kansu,

that

of the but

skins,

adds

apparently

and

skins from

basis

the

author

MONGOLIA

animal

southwestern

formed

that

Zoological Museum six

the

Jacobi's two Shan,

latter

The

AND

of Szechwan

borders

distance.

gap

CHINA

Passing northward,

western

unknown

an

OF

the

glenoid ridge,

ascending

process

THE

jugal nearly

of the

The

the

is Felis manul

subgenus

206.

manul

Felis

manul

PALLAS'S

Felis manul

Pallas, Reise

durch

Recherches

pour

Edwards, Trichcelurus p.

Felis

(not

1905

satunini

manul

Otocolobus

Specimen:

Type

that

back

some

this cat

is foimd "

differs

remarkably

low

the

head

slightlymixed dark

brownish

with

a

and

few

with bands

black

as

white

broad

a

The

blackish

rings, those

pelage is similar

summer

this pelage has while is

from

buffy

the

the

so

middle the

hairs

bases

the

tipped hairs tail has

three

half that A

whitish

chin

chest

a

tips

scattered

the

black

from

complete frosting

the

rings

narrow

apart

or

about

less, and

Sungpan of

The

area.

retains

white-tipped

an a

hairs

two

thick seen

tip.

pale-tipped,

region, the to

back.

On

hair

are

a

sides, the

the

tips largely disappear, the

on

sides

belly.

The

throat

and

of the

with

brown,

inches

few

a

ochraceous

apart,

then

white-

buff. two

more

The at

tip.

woolly coat, in

black

a

hairs

darker

the

feet

all-black

less obsolete

or

the

whitish

but

hind

and

specimen apparently in

black

the

blackish

eye, the

across

buffy brown minutely tipped with black.

and

white,

are

above

gray

line above

mid-dorsal

clear

nearly

conspicuously

over

and

pale buff,

of the

forming

of

most

becoming

gray

longer

throat

upper

become

are

A

tail in the

base,

pale

more

and

set

less obsolete

corner

blackish

several

brown,

is

or

head

species ears,

passing back

full.

and

this

body

more

back;

conspicuous

the

becomes

several

narrow

with

back,

with

ringed

entire

the

thence

and

by

more

the

at

and

and

distance

kitten

rounded

sprinkled freely throughout

are

is clearer

of the

short

;

that

Mongolia.

extremely

rufous

brought

states

the

edged

of

root

narrowly

and

tint

upper

to

nape

posteriorly,then buffy

the

Pallas

it is of the

of this cat

there.

Cat,

coat

but

Museum

Wild

blackish

dark

pale ochraceous

to

All-black

head

vol. 9,

1904,

1917.

European

less thick

but

skin

a

stripebordering inner

like the

130,

p.

the

eyelid

end

21,

the

at

and

part of the

white

the

for

original account,

the

Tatary

winter

lower

streak,

near

Milne-

692, 1776.

p.

1868-74 (1872).

P6tersbourg,

vol.

1916,

possibly

of

in In

lower

tail is colored

below.

The

the

for

preserved

are

tinged with

short

a

bordering

another

cheeks

spots;

Sci. St.

Imp.

in

that

of

cats

the

across

pi. 31C,

1907.

p. 334,

deserts

size

and

appendix,

3, 225,

p.

Sci.,Petrograd,

so

apart.

black

vol.

is still in existence

the

most

wide

and

Acad.

is mentioned

the

from

Reichs,

Zool.

India,

of

Acad.

journey

About

Description:

Pallas

Mammiferes,

specimens

throughout

Pallas.

nudum).

Leningrad,

his

from

Mus.

Zool.

type

at

Russ.

des

nomen

Animals Mus.

No

"

Nat.

Annuaire

of Pallas's

Pallas

by

on

Game

of Sciences

Academy

k I'Hist.

Satunin,

Lydekker,

ing form-

CAT

d.

Provinzen

tigrismongolica,

Birula, Annuaire

manul

known

Felis

versch. servir

mongolicus

manul

501,

thus

eye.

species of the

type

455

quite joins the postorbital process,

sometimes

or

ring about

bony

a

CARNIVORES

the

adult.

and

qmte The

lacks

crown,

the how-

THE

456

nearly black

ever,

is

body

has

nine

gives

length

length

92.7

85.8

has

half, the posterior

outside

diameter

width

molars

for

MANUL

of orbit

Upper

Lower

premolars

premolars

and

and

molar

28.6

18.2

22.0

cf

25.8

18.3

20.5

9

detail He

the

paper

above

skull, well

the

with

of

that

concludes

particulars

illustrated Felis

that

the

photographs, representing the

silvestris

peculiaritiesof the

giving it generic distinction, a conclusion

by

width

of the

cusps

in his

figiires. He

with

of the

regard

shows

The

"

of cats

is invalidated

Brandt

for

shall

a

stand

as

pointed

satunini does

to

Mongolian

from

race,

at

the

in

and

m.

usage

who,

If the

the

this

for same

therefore, right fixed

Satunin's

latter, then

by in

placing re-

whether

to

as

group

name

was,

new

it

race,

by Felis tigrismongolica,

review

the

new

of this

apparently well of the

stripes,

been

therefore, proposed

west

occur

not

in his

body

of the

use

invalidated

conclusion

a

As

"

Kansu,

near

desert.

a

and

Gobi, while

species, the

the

it is supposed

nigripectus.

"Mongolie,"

edge of

to

Habits:

Tibet, where F.

previous

individuals

distinct.

Otocolobus

name

has

well illustrated

are

transverse

is not

details

F.

name

in

group

founded. his T.

m.

m.

191 7,

Satunin

mongolicus

race.

Dauuria,

southern

killed

of the

Birula, however,

typical race

the

Occurrence found

Severtzov's

or a subgenus. mongolicus, becomes

by Lydekker,

out

of the

mongolicus

m.

genus

place. regard it as valid,

not

the

a

manul

constant,

rostnim, the

exists in different

that

sqtiirrels. Satunin

ground

in its

supposed was

group

of

account

on

of

T.

race

use

to

prove

Manul

accepted

short

be

distinctness

and

also

the

relatively very premolar, together with

variation

the

by Trichcelurus, although

Trichcelurus as

also

number

skull, small

if these

Satunin's

that

Nomenclature:

it

anterior

camassials,

the

to

concludes

and

of the

of the

has

taken,

are

with

sufficient to warrant

great

Sex

43.0

Pocock.

loss

molar

39.8

are

The

pair:

adult

an

Birula

74.1

of

Felis.

available.

66.2

whose

it in

typical subgenus

large bullae, and

black

spaced

seven

MANUL

FELIS

Zygomatic

account

compared

OF

dimensions

Greatest

(1917), from excellent

has

posterior half of the

are

Width

84.5

and

tail

measurements

MEASUREMENTS

Basal

Greatest

an

the

its dorsal

across

The

following cranial

the

CRANIAL

Birula

while

bands

haunches.

fresh-made

No

"

(191 7), however,

given

MONGOLIA

tip.

Measurements:

No.

black

the

across

black

a

AND

tinge of brown,

a

transverse

stripes continuing rings, and

with

narrow

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

the

It

The

to

westward

to

to

be represented

specimen

Great

seems

Gobi

is

Manul

Wall,

figured by hence

be found

a

desert-living cat,

Dzungaria, by

the

and

Milne-Edwards in northern

perhaps throughout the

south

ent slightlydiffer-

desert

was

Hopei country.

CARNIVORES

THE

(1925)

Lonnberg

has

Eriksson

missionary

from

(1917), in his

Birula

from

specimens while

third

a

While

western

secured

two,

day from

came

Zoological Gardens, give

to

raise

without of

were

animal

and

suggests

always

being

conspicuous

so

usual

Specimens examined: Szechwan

(A.

N.

Mus.

The

Hist.,

in

the

stripe white

mark

The

sides

with

some

ten

house

spots,

the

black

the

The

vmiting The

the

facial that

type

are

this

cat

an

beyond

the

at

such

to

seem

allowing it small

as

it would

as

London that

ears

adaptation

It is said

day

rocks,

if its

be

chiefly on

prey

ears

small

of

west

Sungpan,

Manningou,

at

Severtzov

2, vol.

ser.

10,

387,

pp.

characterized

by

somewhat

traceable of

the

A.

Allen, Bull. Amer.

conspicuously striped and

a

with

the

white

everted

is very

The

markings the

tend

ear-marking The

jugal

form

a

short

The

but

complete ring

of

rows

skull

long

that

coalesce

continue is

tail

the

from

transverse

line, and

postorbital process to

though al-

border.

and

differs

is absent.

third

white

inner

the

to

form

mid-dorsal

nape,

conspicuous broad

a

thus

to

A

of spots,

rows

to

shoulders,

tail.

is

pattern

in their terminal

profile.

the

over

there

lengthwise

joined in

forehead

extending quite

rings.

body

from

of the

root

and

eye, not

ear,

blackish

of the

premolar

J.

1858.

390,

broken

the

to

the

marked

the

not

are

with

first

upper

of

are

fewer

tip, while of

really

Prionailurus

Zool.,

tail-ringsare

nasals

curve

often

de

are

cat, in which

black

a

in that

of

low, wide-apart

very

skins, one

border

back

body or

tn.

1919.

pair is

the

of the

Expedition

Trichcelurus

jerboas.

becoming

inner

the on

of the

p. 340,

number,

median

marks

Dolan

of

Gobi.

along the

steppes

type

consisting of longitudinal stripes

pattern, four

usually

Mag.

et

41,

of this group

cats

spotted

form

Rev.

vol.

of the

P.).

S.

Severtzov, Nat.

desert

figures

monastery,

edge

Brooke

inequalities of surface

Subgenus Prionailurus

the

its quarry

to

Two

"

the the

specimen

look,

-spermophiles, gerbils and

"

northern

Satunin's

pointed type.

and

erect

that

low

very

reaches

live

a

angry

above

the

on

and

Labran

the

while

MongoHa,

mentions

the

near

well, for

as

of

by

Mongolia.

figured

an

from

Sungpan.

has

its head

the

rodents

of

west

Kjachta,

(1907)

the

of Szechwan

interior

characters,

second

a

secured

specimens

the

of the

vicinity of Urga

the

border one

Pocock

in

Osso

account

and

three

on

lacking, it probably

are

extreme

mongolicus

from

came

notes

Hallong

extended

Sining, Kansu,

records

to

published

457

differs,

the and

about

to

ward down-

slender, the

eye.

frequently missing.

species is Felis pardochrous Hodgson

(

=

F.

bengalensis) and, ,

though all one,

are

a

number

referable not

at

all

of nominal to

but

one,

species related with

sharply marked

possibly two off, occurs

to or

it have three

in eastern

been

named,

probably

subspecies,of which and

northern

China.

only

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

458

207.

Felis

Felis bengalensis Kerr, Animal

TIGER

Kerr

CAT

of Linnaeus, vol.

Kingdom

Mamm.,

i,

Bull. Mus.

pardochrous Pousargues,

var.

MONGOLIA

bengalensis

bengalensis THE

Felis bengalensis

AND

d'Hist.

151,

p.

1792.

Nat., Paris, vol. 2, p. 180

(p. 2

of

separate),

1896.

Specimen:

Type the

is "based

name

The

has

name

apply

to

any

the

stripe is

over

but

the

root

longitudinal

five

brown

four

spots or

a

of the

to

they

with

of at

serve

tend

a once

to

or

forming a conspicuous whitish to

be

across

not

black

into

; the

two

wise large length-

or

or

more

be

spot may number

of the

of blackishin about

themselves

the

about

by

all black,

a

broken

more

shoulders,

marked

are

arrange

the

interrupted nearly continuous pair

of the has

from

becomes

body

part

belly

markings

ten

line, and

presence

will

The

a

may

anterior

the

to

up

stripe

stripesrun forehead

and

as

of the

lower

corresponding imperfect blackish-

neck

likewise

pair

sides

The

of rounded

rows

the

crown

traceable

are

grotmd, which

mid-dorsal

the

ear,

inner

elongate spots, which

of

white

of

the

them; the

black

narrow

the

passing back

conspicuous white

posteriorly,breaking the

tail.

tail is buffy

in the

connected

house

on

The

in addition

there

of the

five transverse

abdomen.

back

from

four

on

other

but

midline

one

posterior part black.

color, the

latter

broad

short ;

with

not

term."

the

commencing

eye,

between

four

or

a

the

throat

since

general ground

a

stripes,one

area

upper

eye

the

median

by ferruginous, or

surrounded

less

the

along

eyes

just

Calcutta.

it; and

discarding

below

that

certainly does

with

black

three

are

follows:

white

a

throat;

shoulders;

rows

narrow

other

the

edge of

narrow

the

shoulders,

stripes to

lower

stripesbecome

of these

of

chest

and

upper

rings of blackish, tip,characters

spot in the

which,

middle

distinguish the species from

the

not

of the common

cat.

In

the

yellowish, tinging and

fifth

two

the

across

reason

as

bears

most

for

in

ship

a

that

species

no

is

enclosing there

upper

of the a

blotches

In

and

comer

the

eye,

and

the

on

inner

at

jaw

side, and

other

sometimes

are

less continuous

or

more

the

see

(1917) writes

board

on

species and

pattern

there

of each

side of the

upper

outer

essential

The

collar-marks

borders

I

1917.

Pocock

swam

the

to

fits the

cat.

of ochraceous,

stripe of the brown

it goes,

as

that

tradition

by

8, vol. 20, p. 339,

ser.

in existence.

specimen

a

fixed

posterior comer

along

with

not

...

above

the

the

Probably

far

"

at

Nat.

domesticated

Description: color

"

Hist.,

Mag.

upon

been

description, so

the

Ann.

bengalensis Pocock,

Prionailurus

the

extreme

series examined with

a

ground

good

deal

color,

specimens,

the

incompletely bordered

but

from

Yunnan,

of

ferruginous

the

the

on

the

broadly edging

body with

spots

may

black, while

ground

be at

color

shoulder

spots

and

is

bright buff

region, other

not

or

only

markings.

chiefly bright rusty, narrowly the

opposite end

of the

series

CARNIVORES

THE

skins

are

show

which

almost,

ends

and

of the

latter

profile,the continue

upward

without of

end

the

convex

outward

and

Measurements:

Under the

skull

only

between

the

differs from

color, instead

according to

referred

to

F. b.

Probably

of the

the

two

one

Twelve,

"

Mag.

Acad.

the

a

I

latter.

from

eastern

have,

Baluchistan Szechwan

the

as

more

which,

typical race,

southern

in

Likiang

at

having

from

somewhere

chinensis

are

mens. speci-

Yunnan

China.

southwestern

Gray

CAT

TIGER

2, vol.

ser.

in the

yellow

as

in

i, p. 577,

1837.

Petropol., for 1781, pt. i, p. 281, 1784. des Mammifferes, servir a I'Hist. Nat. pour

Sci. Imp.

Recherches

Milne-Edwards,

microtis

Hist.,

Nat.

IFelis pardella Pallas, Acta Felis

size

locality,2.

bengalensis

Felis

CHINESE

Gray,

of in

namely:

exact

no

India

is nearly

intergrade

Likiang, 6; Weisi, 4;

chinensis

hand.

at

are

difference

China

usual

specimens

Two

races

208.

Felis

turning

measurements

little

eastern

in

found

one

chinensis, though

Specimens examined: Yunnan:

the

cat.

single skull, secured

a

tone

grayer

Tenasserim.

and

but

series from

a

is the

Wroughton,

Burma

Upper

cranial

very

of

house race

that

so

instead

typical

is

termination

nasals,

and

of

there

narrowing,

the

common

the

abuts

lachrymal canal;

the

in the the

enclose

abrupt

skull

provisionally as representing

them

therefore, regarded to

doubt

series of skins, with

A

"

Weisi, Yvmnan,

buify ground

do

included

are

of

level

to

which

jugal

subspecies.

two

Occurrence: and

of their

part of the

measurements

No

examined.

the

maxillary

frontals

of the

they

subspecies following

the

the

point

the

fore

of the

tips as

fresh

No

"

of

posterior extension;

curve

their

at

of

the

at

postorbital processes,

narrow

process

process

below

jugal just

outline

long

pointed

nasals

downward

even

are

the

narrower

a

the

markings

the

that

so

ground. the

ascending

of the

portion

bluntly,

anterior

in

and

strikingfeatures

nearly vertical

middle

the

ochraceous-bufiE

an

rarely quite, join

or

orbit; the

against

on

skull, the

the

ferruginous is nearly suppressed,

the

all-black

as

In

the

in which

459

p. 221,

pi. 31A; pi. 31B,

figs,i-ib, 1868-74.

Felis

ibid.,p. 223.

Milne-Edwards,

Felis decolorata

scripta Milne-Edwards,

Felis euptilura Elliot, Proc.

ibid.,p. 341, Soc.

Zool.

pi. 57; pi. 58, figs.l-lc. 1871, p. 760, pi. 76; Monograph

Felidas,pi. 26 and

London,

text, 1883

(in part). macrolis

Felis

ricketti Bonhote,

Felis ingrami Felis

p. 201, Felis

Bonhote,

anastasice

Prionailurus

FeUdae, pi. 26 and

Elliot, Monograph

Felis

Ann.

Mag.

Hist.,

Nat.

text, 1883 7, vol.

ser.

(lapsus calami

II, p. 374,

for

F.

microtis).

1903.

ibid.,p. 474.

Satunin, Annuaire scriptus Matschie,

Acad.

Zool.

Mus.

Wiss.

Ergebn.

d.

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

Imp.

Filchner

Exped.

China

nach

for u.

vol. 9, p.

1904, Tibet

1903-05,

528, 1905.

vol.

10, pt. I,

1908.

(Prionailurus) scriptus Mell, Arch.

Felis euptilura microtis Jacobi, Abh.

u.

f. Ber.

Naturgesch., Mus.

vol.

f. Tier-

u.

88,

sect.

A,

no.

10, p. 20,

Volkerk., Dresden,

vol.

1922.

16,

no.

i, p.

8, 1922.

Prionailurus

Jacobi, Abh.

Felis {Prionailurus) chinensis

Specimen:

Type

No.

Museum, R.

120a,

a

applies equally in the

color animal

or

less

are

larger in males

differences there

it would

seem,

Wanhsien,

hind

foot,

of

18A,

16,

i, p. 9, 1922.

no.

2, p.

no.

Canton,

may

12,

1925.

British

Kwangtung)

be

CRANIAL

to

enlarged

in their such

to

the

are

those

and

Indian The

of the

ground, back-

blotches,

to

coloring there

extremes

spots

typical

background.

as

to

seem

or

may

figured

in

much

lack

the

instead.

markings are Apparently slightlyinferior in size. Possibly, seen

in

number

a

of spotted

cats,

large-spotted individuals, independent

of

field measurements

Szechwan,

ear,

be

the

buffy, while

particiilartint

may

black

the

factors.

The

114;

similar

small-spotted

of other

in the

microtis, in which

females, which

may

be

with

of

under

usually the ground

in its

stripes,while

broken

ferruginous

or

were

(those of the male 115,

given that

ochraceous

spots, which

mixed

F.

tinge

any

variation

of the

form

in

Measurements:"

follows

wide

to

to

than

without

often

details

plate

too, the

as

vol.

is still in the

from

subspecies, except

least, a decided

at

reddish

in which

from

vol.

"China"

from

165, 1922.

p.

4, p. 4, 1930.

no.

(probably

sent

22,

Zool., Stockholm,

f.

specimen skull

Chinese

ferruginous

Milne-Edwards's and

the

to

less confluent

more

black

Arkiv

vol.

Volkerk., Dresden,

u.

description of the color pattern

is subject in the

and or

type and

often

pattern

more

The

f. Tier-

Univ., Canton,

Yatsen

skin

latter is grayer,

is, more

color

Esp. Hist. Nat., Madrid,

Ber. Mus.

Lonnberg,

Biol., Sun

The

"

be

"

Soc.

MONGOLIA

AND

Reeves.

Description: race

u.

anaslasice

Shih, Bull. Dept.

Felis sinensis

by J.

Bol. Real

Cabrera,

chinensis

Felis bengalensis chinensis

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

460

recorded

first) : head

an

by the collector and

body,

445,

MEASUREMENTS

OF

FELIS

(Dr. Walter

485

45, 50. BENGALENSIS

and

male

adult

mm.

;

a

female

Granger)

tail,230,

255

;

THE

CARNIVORES

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

OF

461 (Cont'd)

BENGALENSIS

FELIS

Median

length of nas^s

\

is 17-5 17.0 17.0 18.0

16.7 18.5

17.8 17.8 173 18.0

18.5 150

Hainan

The mainland. be

The

but

this

of adult

difference form

to

a

(Fukien), the ring Fukien),

from

absence

of the

variation. the

by

It

the

showed

partly

are

than

those

from

the

seem

to

the

nasals

of males

larger than

those

of adult

that

latter

the

jugal

The

small

absent tooth

alveolus.

on

in

Thus

sides; while the

or

both

twenty-two

a

is almost

female. No. 84395

In

the

presence

certain

a

some

as

cases,

examined,

the

No.

first premolar

missing

on

both

sides

57375

first premolar

missing

on

both

sides ; old,

58371

first

premolar

missing

on

left side; alveolus

59958

first premolar

missing

on

right side

59957

first premolar

missing

on

both

sides

59959

first premolar

missing

on

both

sides

60055

first premolar

missing

on

both

sides

60093

first premolar

missing

on

both

sides

84395

first premolar

missing

on

both

sides; not

84396

first premolar

missing

on

left side; no

84399

first premolar

missing

on

both

no

trace

of alveoli

filled in

old,

trace

no

trace

of alveoli

of alveolus

sides; alveoli partly filled in

(also or

amount

fiftyper

missing:

57341

84397

second.

in about in

fusion

the

by

No.

is also

skulls

shows

seen

contact

old

only.

sides

evidently deciduous Of

the

females,

temporal ridges

I have

that

an

in

left side

premolar, there one

too,

females

frequently

and

process,

on

is

males,

the

complete orbital ring formed

postorbital point.

complete on ring is complete

filled

this tooth

a

old

of the

none

both

be

In

great.

is

may

little

a

is often

the

first upper

specimens. the

very

There

long is

so

males

is not

postorbital with

complete,

slightlysmaller

very

in the

sagittalcrest, but

development.

of the

average

longer.

skulls

the

unite

may

It is also noticeable

trifle

a

skulls

cent

of of

attested

following

462

MAMMALS

THE

The

camassial

large upper

CHINA

OF

often

has

poorly developed, occasionally almost in

lacking

skull

a

Nomenclature: Indian

the

to

examined

he

Obviously

"

F.

from

trinomial

Pallas,

a

unwise

seems

Chinese of

of

to

identifiable.

F.

of Natural

into

of mainland

characters

to

their

warrant

characters to

of the

found

and

Elliot

its

indeed,

supposed;

of the

ears

as

eiiptiluraand animal

figures,an Felis

scripta

essential

Milne-Edwards's

F.

of

a

ingrami

without

skull

all events

good, sis.

and

of F.

The

F.

an

broad

northern

spots

nor

a

can

of the

and

condition

markings.

Foochow,

on

Fukien,

was

after

perhaps

specimen

can

believed

and his

between

which

again

he

Milne-Edwards's

young

be

on

a

skin

animal,

asstimed

clearly to

perusal of Bonhote's

that

is based a

the

but

color

careful

former

mm.,

skin

native

of

a

from

sent

body, 830 a

type

It is,however, was

graph "Mono-

Felis

skin

a

specimens,

The was

of the

in his

difference

any

type

latter

its describer

as

(head and

I see,

said

microtis

of the

type

yellowish ground

really different.

and

Felis

coloring. Apparently

Kweichow,

if the

ricketti,from

chinensis,

are

based

microtis, the

with

same,

examination

ricketti

short-tailed

F.

b.

phase the

really quite

from

with

reddish

be found definable

Milne-Edwards's

says,

detect

to

in

markings and

unable

the

eventually

clearly

the

specimen

the

than color

of this type,

of smaller

former

shown

as

may

F. macrotis

of which

evidently

was

no

cat

Elliot

measurements

will

Milne-Edwards's

his F. microtis, the

the

present

euptiliiraa

name

factorily satis-

me

skulls,

China

examined

eum Mus-

little smaller

characters

length, instead

as

to

insignificantand

other

upon

details

or

American

seem

very

North

at

He

same.

of normal

Elliot

descriptions and

the F.

is

the

large, but

stretched.

unduly

but

Felis

as

Undoubtedly,

same

indeed

are

pelage, and

not

a

are

of

considered

and

as

average

cats

of color

Hainan

it

certainly

bestowed

of the

does

races.

inadvertently spells the

Peiping by Fontanier, tail, 320)

two

also

However,

is not

that

variations

on

should

China,

time

to

name

1784, it would

name

collections

table,

described

were

he

a

species. sub-

pardella of

subspecies.

a

similar

the

use

Felis

from

cat

time

differences

the

winter

Siberia,

Felidas."

is the

decolor ata

F.

but

vicinity of Peiping that

the

subspecific separation,

from

come

from

Probably the

same.

appear.

have

becoming

in the

adjoined

slightlythicker

have

to

prove

more

it is

marked

first to

that

from

dating

case,

been

the

spotted

a

by introducing

than

animals,

the

are

on

then

been

elsewhere, however,

in the

measurements

those

based

examined

and

very

that

is very

poorly

a

suggested

type, all apparently based

History

divisable

has

in which

have

material

The

mentions

of China

than

more

have

to

seems

usage

names

of this

markings.

by the

long

upset

lobe

or

cusp

Lonnberg

Tiger Cat

indeed,

chinensis,

Various

cats

obsolete.

common

bengalensis,the latter

F.

antedate

Cabrera,

long overlooked,

name

antero-intemal

hengalensis,indeed, hardly

form.

instead

used

be

the

MONGOLIA

Kansu.

the

Jacobi (1922), however, in

AND

to

at

be

F. b. chinen-

differ from

F. b.

chinensis

larger size

in its

probably male,

was

large,

but

those

of

the

of

males

that

variations,

that,

p.

so

37), may

be

Chin-wang other

the

litter,one

same

light (buff-yellow

was

F.

Siberian, typical

to

be

chinensis, that

distinct

a

It

synonym.

to

and

bengalensis

F.

from doubt

but

ready

to

and

Kansu

the

Habits:

and

Asia, going

with

It is found

throughout

thrive

that

very

in Fukien

thickets,

and

Shanghai

has

(1870c, British

both

edge (as

one

F.

and killed

and

that

in the

occurs

Dr.

R.

by dogs

C.

from

one

forests

Andrews

in the

Cat, is much

the

from

from

China

Deserts. a

no

seems

the

haunting

have

coop,

Shanghai

and

Tombs,

in

it. 1924.

He

others

and

Pei

the

tions men-

from

Ho,

Peiping

from

common

a on

trapped

a

(191 le)

Thomas

of

cat

difference

any

less

south

obtained district

night for wild

however,

Sowerby,

writes

prized by

of

specimen

Eastern

appears

in reference

at

detect mouth

it becomes

chicken

region.

commonest

to

the

eastern

Pope

Hainan,

Canton,

thirty miles at

H.

compound

as

another

raiding

was

microtis)

and

on

unable

was

Gobi

and

that

areas,

forest-dwelling species.

a

northern

Amur

flesh

common

it

in

the

to

Money

Its

Mission

another

In

or

Reeves

by

considers

he

Ordos

it

the

it is

sent

microtis.

mao"

found

about

where

Canton

of the

It

Shensi.

Sowerby

mentions

He

Museum

Shensi,

Yenanfu,

recorded

southern

is

himself

Clifford

Mr.

cash.

Milne-Edwards

from

species, F.

ch'ien

629) regarded

p.

China,

South

skin

southern at

"chin

as

Fukien.

and a

thickly

Hopei, notwithstanding

male

for

men speci-

a

there

widespread

really desert

the

spots, like Chinese

Swinhoe

skins in the

the

figured

author

India

from

districts.

settled

article of diet.

an

in

except

occasionally coming

and

in Formosa

different

that

as

is very

appreciable change

it is known

as

chickens.

between

chinensis,

b.

Tiger Cat

The

"

China,

its many

to

natives

little

in rather

even

doubtless

the

F.

similar

be

anastasice, and

a

concede.

Occurrence

to

both

are

with

be Kam

available

were

has

(1925)

one

prove to

from

to

F.

on

likewise

is admitted

the

the

hkely

very

seems

of these

F.

viously ob-

and

but

represent may

at

were

specimens coming

Lonnberg

agrees

a

commenting

in

anastasice

and

native

which

and

names

specimens

no

apparently

two

adds,

Szechwan,

recently, however, which

that

a

scripta,but

F.

He

series of five

northwestern

More

comparison.

from

described

was

Tung

Felis

(i923g,

Sowerby

"from

Ling specimen,

my

two

sufficient

a

only individual

are

bought

quite

are

not

of

euptilura, however,

F.

Satunin's

subspecies.

(Tibet), Kansu,

he

probably "the

euptilura and form."

The

sandy)."

or

had

border,

like

dark

was

width

zygomatic

statement

Sino-Manchurian

the

to

the

unquestionably

is

mm.,

specimens

which

stated, but

is not

sex

apparently

buff-colored

kittens

105

the

and

matter,

of two

that

given,

as

Bonhote the

and

clinch

to

close

Tao,

of the

b. chinensis.

the gray

cited,

length

skull

The

ground color.

gray

palatal lengths

and F.

series to prove

the

and

basal

and

463

CARNIVORES

THE

Fengsiangfu,

Hopei,

whence

former

The The

also

westward

limits

altitudinal

and

thickets.

from

and

explorers

have

the

in alive

the

market

kitten,

the

yet taken

as

was

friendly

very

a

after

died

brought

was

fotmd

under

He

old.

already noted,

Manchurian

him

Nodoa,

at

March

(26-28).

a

A

The

"

about.

a

untamable,

were

for sale

referred

are

two

Sowerby, Sino-

the

near

for

Hainan,

Pope

in very

this race,

in all

Mr.

to

were

weeks

two

slow, for

very

by

only

They

about

is indicated

obtained

it

of three

One

in December.

date

breeding

be

to

that

one

The

litters.

him

often

Unfortunately

seems

small

offered

(Kam).

little

trouble.

small

captivity

following

had

bowel

judged

still very

kittens

and

Logong, Kwangtung. were

kittens

earlier

much

small

three

and

in

were

litter of two

examined:

Specimens

24

indicate at

29

growth

May

on

had

border.

where,

May

wild

Pope

people

developed to

jimgle

their

that

mentions

followed

seem

on

in bush

boulder

a

sucklings brought as

(1922)

Mell

to

different, for

be

Tibet

occasionally brought

always

seems

of

Russian

the

thickets, and

it is

in winter

but

having

in China

found

it haunts

and

PrincipaUty

the

of eastern

borders that

that

says

might

case

weeks,

two

of young

records

the

Canton,

at

continually

and

about

from

written, except

(1922)

animal

from

(Ssigu), while

Kansu

western

skins

back

been Mell

henyards.

to

and

forests

with

coextensive

it is recorded

synonyms,

brought

MONGOLIA

perhaps

are

range

southern

little has

its habits

raids

of the

AND

CHINA

OF

various

Under

Muping, Of

MAMMALS

THE

464

late

fifty-

six:

including the type

"China,"

4,

Kiangsu:

Chinkiang, Ningpo,

Chekiang: Hopei:

Eastern

Hunan:

Yochow,

Hupeh:

Changyanghsien,

Kweichow:

Futsing,

Szechwan:

North

7;

Suifu,

Hainan:

Nodoa, China,

Shanghai,

Tombs,

i.

(M.C.Z.)

i i

Chunganhsien, (M.C.Z.)

i

15;

vol.

20,

;

Chrysailurus Catopuma

This Cat

Wanhsien,

above

5;

Foochow,

i

(B.M.), type of F. ricketti.

3.

i; Mount

Namfong,

Wuchih,

(B.M.).

2

et

de Zool.,

Mag.

ser.

Severtzov

Profelis

2, vol.

386, 1858.

10, p.

Pocock,

Ann.

Nat.

Mag.

Hist., ser.

8,

1917.

Severtzov,

Rev.

Mag.

et

Ann.

Mag.

subgenus

Nat.

de

Hist.,

includes

(Felis aiirata) of

marked

Yenping,

2;

(B.M.).

i

ingrami.

Zool.,

2, vol.

ser.

10, p.

389, 1858.

Severtzov, ibid.,p. 387.

Pyrofelis Gray,

a

of F.

i.

Rev.

p. 340,

Shanyang,

;

(B.M.), type

Subgenus ProfelisSevertzov,

(B.M.).

i

5.

Vingin Shan,

Fukien:

;

(B.M.).

i

Peiping, i;

(B.M.).

(B.M.)

+1

i,

dimorphism have

the

the

ser.

4, vol.

western

part

African

animal

The as

two

type;

of

Asia

of eastern

Cat

Temminck's

in pattern.

1874.

14, p. 354,

Africa. first

the

names

two

Both

and

latter

in

agree

given were

the

in the

Golden

showing

synonymy

based

on

the

CARNIVORES

THE

Asiatic

gives preference

and to

the

of

type

gnathion orbital

the

pterygoid bone; proximal instead

in

end

of

Only

than

the

the

given

in the

occurs

to

not

be

the

tristis Milne-Edwards,

everted

pit

at

having

were

a

of the

it

is

China,

and,

at

was

time

one

although if

more

that

supposed

American

the

frequently

doubtful

seems

their

off, taper

premolar

and

of

maxillary,

rounded

bluntly upper

to

median

processes

races,

It

the

not

and

close

post-

form,

Indo-Malaysia

country.

subgenus

this

but

puma,

case.

Felis

209. Felis

latter

relatively short

to

of depressed

ascending

supposed

top

orbit

from

distance

the

the

on

side

first small

in

various

to

relationships of this

appears

The

turn.

color

the

in

direction

in

group,

in addition

are,

flange along

though

The in

species occurs

one

been

one

bone.

vertical

posterior

a

have

names

frontal

the

single

a

given

orbit; the

of Prionailurus

those

being nearly

slightly with lacking.

nasals, which

broad

the lateral

well-developed

tips, differ from

the

of

long diameter

the

characters

of skull, in which

larger size

the

processes;

The

name.

but

representing

as

long cylindricaltail,differing

the

coloring:

exceeds

first

the

to

sides; the

ventral

and

at

(1917) regards these

Pocock

cat.

465

Recherches

tristis Milne-Edwards

temminckii

des

k I'Hist. Nat.

servir

pour

MammifSres,

223,

p.

pi. 31D,

1868-74

(1872). moormensis

Pousargues,

Felis

moormensis

nigrescens Pousargues,

Felis

dominicanorum

Felis

semenovi

Felis

temminckii

Felis

L.

P.

mitchelli

(Catopuma)

Mus.

Lydekker,

Matschie,

melli

loc. cit. Zool.

Sclater, Proc.

Satunin, Annuaire

(Neofelis) melli Matschie,

in

Zool. Proc.

bainsei

Sowerby,

China

temminckii

bainesi

Sowerby,

loc. cit.

temminckii

badiodorsalis

Felis

temmincki

Type with

A.

dominicorum

B.

B.

A.

specimen:

interior

of China.

Description:

at

somewhat

comparable

same

subgenus,

F.

less darkened

I.

vol.

88,

for

A,

sect.

Arts, vol. 2, p. 352, Washington,

Soc.

vol.

1904,

1905.

9, p. 524,

(not Felis

36, 1922

10, p.

no.

1924

vol.

by

but

aurata.

the

proximal portions

the

individual

longer

or

of the hairs

Mus., vol. 75,

39,

(lapsus calami).

143,

p.

(new

1926

for

name

art.

it it

and

was

this cat

that

The

more

usual

neck

and

to

shows

exhibited

rather

are

having

a

have

type back

are

locality

exact

in

procured

coloring

the

relative, of the is that

in

which

bright ferruginous,

the

abruptly

pale-gray

phase

Museum

extraordinary dichroma-

an

of

the

to

The

been

by its African

black-tipped hairs; limbs

1929.

sent

still is.

presumably said

I, p. 33,

skull, representing the

without

skin

a

to

occiput,

black

and

S. Nat.

Peiping by Fontanier,

in

Paris, where

tism,

of

is

type

U.

its coloration

In

"

or

pi.

2,

p.

P^tersbourg,

1908, p. 433.

Naturgesch.,

Biol.

Howell, Proc.

is unknown,

came

area

London,

Sci. and

Proc.

Howell,

The

"

Naturelle

it

central

1898,

Sci. St.

melli).

whence

the

Imp.

f.

Joum.

striped pattern, bought

d'Histoire

London,

Soc.

Mell, Arch.

temminckii

{Catopuma)

Soc.

Acad.

ibid.,p. 35).

Felis

Felis

(?not of Gray).

Zool.

Felis Felis

Nat., Paris, vol. 2, p. 180, 1896 (?not of Hodgson).

d'Hist.

Bull. Mus.

Felis

basal

sides

of the

neck,

more

body

paler, nearly cinnamon, three-fourths,

then

a

THE

466

ring of blackish

narrow

with a

black;

hairs

short

blackish of the

of the

part

side

each

by

a

of

eye;

middle

of the

and

eye a

rusty;

chest

and

series.

back

indistinct

an

upper

chest

with

surface

of

by cinnamon

of the

tail like the

becoming

and

less chestnut,

then

Occasional

all

the back

over

and

sides, gradually blackish,

in the

vary

it

such

nigrescens by Hodgson. a

The Uniform

second

is

This

condition

condition

spots,

transverse

side

dorsal

tip

are

part,

about

dark

a

for the

70

named

still further

be

may

brown

original

that

possibly

result, to which

lower

the

terminal

served

that

bordered

coloring through

instead

Felidas," and

has

the

of coloration, instead

type

tone,

resembles

handsome

a

pattern

usually been

regarded

having

the

patch behind pattern

in the

usual

the back each

black

ears

with

each

ear,

in the

one

type,

but

a

less

as

bengalensis,so

representing

Hodgson

with

a

the

secured

the

gave

by Pope in Kuatun

clearlymarked

side, of elongate blotches

species. the on

there

are

two

the

pair and

spots, each

to

has

them, with

In

back,

the

head

lines then an

much

most

cases

in

type a

and

nape

almost

phase have

monochrome

narrow

external

an

very

in this

bright ferruginous

same

in addition

animals

separate

area

of

stripes that

and

that

grizzled central

a

having the body

nevertheless, with

agrees,

with

of

of spots

pattern

of Felis

apparently, this phase

on

type

area

gray

on

the

of

upper Backs

niger.

name

The

animal

an

the

Felis moormensis

nearly black

this

the

blackish

black

a

the

blackish

a

bar

dozen

a

in

darkening

center

clear

a

tip white;

finallywith

region, but

accentuated

and

its

the

white.

definite half

below

below

spots, which

tail to

from

mid-dorsal

was apparently ; of plate in the "Monograph

of Elliot's

and

mm.;

and

along

blackish

in about

side of the

under

20

this is

middle;

larger,more

arranged

individuals

long. being less clear reddish

mm.

body

and

back

become

white

short

above

series of spots

transverse

a

only

centimeter

; below

ear

irregular rusty

small

hair,

Inguinal region

with

arises a

in the

area

gray

throat

edge

above

tip of the muzzle

the

outer

is the

longer grayish-buft"stripe

a

the level of the

lips at

narrow

vertically for about

about

stripe or double

a

phase

give

grayish,

are

conspicuous

a

of which

one

commences

to

the

and

Lower

ventral

surrounded

passes

broken

bases.

outer

stripe

throat

upper

their

about

line, the

white

narrower

black, with

ears

with

broad

a

stripe,with lip; chin and of

black

narrow

very

the

is

there

tipped to

then

the

this

occiput ; this stripe is bordered

the

to

on

feet

stripe marks in

often

contribute

portion,

head

running eye, with nearly continuous

is

and

hind

and

basal

of each

each

passing

fore

The

pattern:

these

among

blackish

paws.

definite

corner

point of

upper

on

showing

inner

of cinnamon,

pale

a

short

hind

and

MONGOLIA

one

The

having

tip; a

gray

fore

body

the

stripe at

a

of both

AND

by

body.

the

them

covering

ring, sole

succeeded

of

sides

and

CHINA

white-tipped hairs

of

the

to

OF

brown,

number

a

effect

pale

the

the

MAMMALS

clear

gray

shoulders.

markings of black

about

ochraceous

as

down

four

rows

center

THE

incompletely ringed by side.

A

in addition

black

the

to

tip, has

of individual

specimen

It would

dichromatism

interestingto

be

In

males,

the

outline, the

others

anterior

upper

Measurements:

Milne-Edwards

by the

hide

that

served

had

striped phase, body,

731

tail,485;

Nomenclature:

was

Java,

is not

moormensis

F.

measured

hind

the

to

is different this

prove

title,but

if the

not

to

animal

determined. the

1831,

name

which

It is assumed

form.

Nepalese the

first

races

case,

of China

of

other

Hodgson's

like the The

striped phase

form

to

may

progress.

sagittal

a

make

sides it is

skin

a

F.

In

The

in two

one,

both

on

but

sides.

given

as

doubt

no

native-cured

two

the

measured,

C. H.

five skulls

t. tristis

tail, 400,

mm.;

crest

large lyrate

in but

lacking

of

male A

490.

and

hides

female in

female

as

follows:

the

Chinese

Pope

head

the and

67.

for

name

Typical

that

The

Hodgson,

be

ear,

subspecific

proper

it is assumed

Nepalese

still,since

Mr.

by

ginous ferru-

evolutionary

tail,560,

mm.;

foot, 174;

easily

and

of

940

amount

more

trislis.

posteriorly.

two

type

F. semenovi

1050,

subspecificallydifferent.

applied If

The

"

Cat

from least

body,

Fukien,

from

mm.;

Temminck's

and

on

840

the

ridges

both

preparation.

of his

types

as

respectively, head

the

body,

in

unite

except

other

of

and

stretched

Satunin

in the

dimensions

are:

been

while

head

seen,

is present

premolar

The

"

but

Felis

a

smaller

apparently

his

lost in

these

crest

a

the

certaiii

a

tail, with

it.

skull

the

skulls form

not

type

have

young

of

ridges

right side only,

the

on

do

of

altogether clear,

if the

to

browner,

yet altogether

not

know

and

the

The

below, in

as

specimens being

some

duller

length

subject

also

seems

as

not

female

both

probably

and

small

is

temporal in

adult, but

others

its

posterior

belly.

white

and

the

at

of the

above

along

tone,

Milne-Edwards

primitive pattern

a

bars

general

described,

one

of this

represent

when

the

the

side

each

on

ferruginous

black

striped phase

in

figured by

meaning

fifteen

This

variation

in

as

coloring

about

species mentioned.

of

467

margin, usually wider

spots is present

usual

also

blackish

broken

a

of blackish

row

CARNIVORES

continental

applied with that

to

Gray's

species name

is really different, the

continental F.

Chinese

the

are

would

was

representative a

earliest

scribed deis at

animal

nigrescens, 1863, representative

frequently be

of

race

temminckii

F.

the name

darker.

subspecific applicable

it

to

MAMMALS

THE

468

the

color, which

fur

the

the

market

in 1908,

Lydekker,

moormensis.

F.

only,

from

different

show

Nepal specimens

and

parts,

well

as

however,

of

streak, instead

dorsal

rufous

as

in China

occur

may

well, for the

as

plate of his Felis dominicanoriim, nevertheless, China

is

added

1922,

in

nothing

This

however,

name,

Leopard, In

A.

so

spite of

variants

the

constitute

a

Cat far north

of Szechwan

good

it

names,

the

than

at

Peiping, Sungpan

that

so

as

Habits:

present

northern

and

that

that

served

Satunin

As

"

as

of

the

low

Weisi

from

t. mitchelli

F.

in

supposed

Clouded

the

it does

dark

not

be

found

as

chrome mono-

possible

seem

the

lighter

and

well

as

with

range,

new

t. badiodorsalis.

Felis

possibility

eventually

in forested

this cat

are

of as

F. F.

Chinese

to

to

areas

apparently It

tristis,and semenovi,

of Temminck's

race

China

of southeastern

country

striped phase.

type

described

in

F. t. dominicanorum.

westward

of the the

western

variation.

already indicated, the

Skins

too,

of individual a

will

eastern

Matschie,

skins

China,

present wide

animals

from

known

Fukien,

Yunnan.

this

name,

of

Tengyueh,

that in

The

Apparently,

two

name

case

phase,

by Sclater's

Cat

from

to

range

for the

southeastern

or

recognizable subspecies, and

the

in

race

one

be the

to

seems

throughout

species occur

is at

given

paper

under-

latter

variant.

matters

Sikkim

spotted

This

from

differed

light-

that

variety.

melli

Felis

as

is characterized

narrow

adds and

China.

-brown

they

same

this

proposed in its place the

deal, especially those

at

same

a

Temminck's

skin

a

undoubtedly

are

in the

had

southern

Occurrence

as

all these

more

more

on

dark

that

out

striped individuals,

recognize

that

that

he

Howell

B.

of the and

to

pointing

of color

details

this

than

difficultyby naming

Yunnan,

western

minor

the

to

less

of

be

western

bainesi, based

Felis temminckii is

of

that

with

phase.

if the

available

from

really separable

Sowerby's Yunnan,

to

prove

may

be

subspecifically

was

pale

skin

tanned

a

specimen represented

to

seems

of

comparison

had,

He

with

reddish-brown

dark

wholly

a

suspected

mitchelli; it

brown.

and

one

representing Hodgson's

phase,

rtifous phase

have

to

he

golden tawny,

are

in

have

to

seems

make

Sikkim,

specimen

being mahogany

bright

a

also

it Felis temminckii

named

based

semejioin,

He

first to

monochrome

the

ground

phase, purchased

seems

and

the

of the

phases represented

the

Nepal

parts, which

by lighter upper

name

two

been

that

representing

Felis

monochrome

(1896a)

from

those

concluded

in tone

gray

Szechwan.

have

to

latter, and

the

the

northwestern

seems

He

Szechwan,

from

in

Pousargues

with

skins

Chinese

western

propose

striped phase of

the

1872,

the

recognize that the

definitelyto

species, although

same

this.

to

striped, one

the

MONGOLIA

Milne-Edwards,

1905

Sungpan,

at

first

the

been

in

one

AND

represented is rather

as

in

Satunin

led

skins,

two

on

type skin

The

cat.

same

tristis of

Felis

be

to

seems

CHINA

OF

was

one

of two one

was

the

highlands about

traded

of these, others

a

bought

purchased

striped, one

un-

THE

striped. said

3)

p.

from

be

to

(1922)

Mell

records

the

sent

record

is that

its

He

from

come

Nepal

east

that

states

"Tibet," Yunnan

(where

Peronne

said, they

also

a

has

forme

skin

the

were

and

less common,

and

until

specimens

beautiful

and

springs along paths generally

the

over

call it

Chinese

its bones

and

Chinese

who

(1926)

in

native

Leopard,"

medicine

an

brought

or

to

"shih

tically prac-

are

the

vicinity of

with

bamboo

must

range The

hu"

(Rock

Cat), market

near-by

at

this, called

Longanfu,

at

five

Futsing.

evidently

him

La

it lived

in

of

shops

animal, in

the

species

the

and

represents

in

traps

heard

not

was

Leopard)

described

has

steel-toothed

set

It

(Yellow

price

common

forest; hence

the

mountains.

pao"

good

"Yellow

hunters

which

one

cat

1897,

than

fewer

no

only

in

where

London,

cat

Sclater's

Rickett

Fukien,

these,

it is the

that

through

"huang

Williston

towns.

Of

cut

a

secured

dominicanorum.

higher

bring

Pope

this

province

by

at

ders. shoul-

the

Fukien.

in that

"la two

of which

one

China,

from

be

records

between

eastern

received

Museum to

appears

red

In

Likiang,

Paris

(1896a)

Gardens

northwestern

by

with

Kuatun

was

H.

Clifford

writes

is trapped

it

At

Yunnan,

specimens coming at

northwestern

The that

from

one

altitude.

1867

western south-

peninsula.

from

Atuntze,

from

Chunganhsien,

F.

He

phase.

patterned

at

of

topotypes

Kuatun

year.

Indo-China

Pousargues

Zoological

Mr.

in

the

as

its distribution

that

them.

markings.

whom

to the

it from

notes

writes

whole

blackish

obtained of

monks,

following

the

facial

was

2)

p.

d' Orleans

other

of the

most

them

by

sent

the

usual

doubt

be

may

meters

China

Henri

brown, the

some

saw

Hodgson.

by

there

from

3,170

northerly

most

indistinguishable

often

he

from

Prince

imiform

at

and

region of

Peronne

months),

Fontanier

by

is

Yunnan,

The

in the

the

over

Gaston

from

(1896a,

by Berezovski

(1905, p. 72)

south

by

sent two

common

by

Dominican

some

Touche

(1930b,

Yvmnanfu,

Pousargues

d' Orleans

skin,

Tongking

of Felis dominicanorum

type

the

and

mentioned

showed

to be

seems

a

Shih

from one

back

body

by.

and

Szechwan.

secured

trade

a

Menegaux

stayed

sent

brought Both

by

he

m^lanique"

skins had

mentions

Henri

in

bought

type

Likiang,

Tatsienlu,

were

near

skin

a

and

and

specimen

a

Szechwan

to

former

the

Tali

from

of

of Hunan.

469

by Prince

back

if this

though

border

is from

region between

by Buechner,

having

of

one

by the missionaries

Ssigu, Kansu, to

mentions

brought

one

others

CARNIVORES

by

western

Szechwan. It would

of pattern 1

4

and

ratio of the

be

interesting to

whether

they

the

know

bear

a

significanceof

Mendelian

relation

Pope series is suggestive of something of

Specimens examined:

"

Five,

from

Chunganhsien,

the to

the

Fukien.

alternative each sort.

other.

types The

MAMMALS

THE

470

CHINA

OF

Neofelis

Subgenus NeofelisGray,

This

relatively

tail, the

ringed

rhinarium

in Panther

China

He

leopard in

of

Fukien

to

and

closely approximate

the

the

orbit

the

remarkable is

low

In

size

the

resembles

skull

;

nasals

the

symphysis

the

is

triangular and

nearly

Pocock

pointed, and

of

the

pared com-

a

small do

the

not

lower

mandible

the

;

the

is

canines

also that

are

the

pital occi-

partition in the

bony

The

as

which

; and

states

forest-livingspecies.

in other

broad

are

includes

skull,

jugal bone;

vertical

feet

the

he

that

processes

of the

processes

relativelygreat length.

as

features

that

of the

areas

long, darkthat

states

larger felines

salient

the

eastern

Characteristic

rather

the

(19 17)

of the

those forth

corresponding

remarkably

bulla

black,

by

the

consisting of large

body,

Pocock

distinctly thickened

for their

area

off

Hainan.

and

the

widely separated postorbital

anteriorly that

elevated

audital

is

of

ears.

leopard.

a

short

edge of

short

brieflysets

also

those

Gray

Leopard, ranging from

marked

scarcely differ from

a.

with

so

in

buft'y-gray background

the

and

Clouded

the

and

Borneo,

to

MONGOLIA

1867, p. 265.

beautifully patterned markings

the

of

London,

includes

subgenus

Himalayas are

Soc.

Zool.

Proc.

AND

formula

tooth

is

in

as

typical Felis. The

valid,

species is Felis nebulosa,

type

doubtless

are

considered

best

which

other

described

if

forms,

subspecies.

as

Felis

210.

of

Griffith

nebulosa

CLOUDED

LEOPARD

Griffith, Descrip. Vertebr., p. 37, 1821. Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 228. Felis {Neofelis)melli Matschie, in Mell, Arch. f. Naturgesch., vol. 88, Felis nebulosa

Felts

macrocelis

specimen:

Type to

longer

have

come

The

"

the

hairs

nimiber On

this

eye

is

ring

is

stripe

of Griffith's

specimen

type

from

A,

10, p. 35, 1922.

no.

nebulosa

Felis

It is

general ground color of the dorsal

surfaces

is

mixed

with

Canton,

Kwangtung,

lieved be-

was

China.

probably

no

in existence.

Description: buff,

The

"

sect.

brownish of similar

ground

forward

prolonged above

the

backward side from

40

along the

as

the

white

nearly transverse,

a

side

but

the

of

buffy,

the

throat.

usual

upper

it.

below

one

the

across

angle of

neck,

darken

to

the

at

and

the

effect

pattern.

anterior

separating

Anteriorly

the

this

stripes of opposite

a

a

buffy

sides

do

not

this whitish

the

below

stripeexpands

The

comer;

black gray

slightly.

short

Posteriorly

second

cient suffi-

a

cat

cheek, while

jaw,

grayish

a

the

marking, separating

dark

stripe the

two

except

similar

the

behind

of the

with

less of the

or

short

black

a

mm.

tipped

more

black

as

from

eye

eye-ring continues about

shows

ringed with

narrowly

base

black-tipped hairs

but

head

the

the

at

black

it, commencing

stripe runs

of the and

quite

dorsal

becomes meet

in

CARNIVORES

THE

skin

the

described.

parallel rows The

of small

muzzle

occiput

and

back

and

runs

to

between the

and

widest, black

upper

midline

of each

base

more

form,

of

their

Tail

there

with

are

the

back

the

chest

sides of the

with

and

be

near

for

four

sisting species, con-

in

transverse

developed ringed

brownish

rings

spots

spots of the

areas.

the

or

same

to

blotches the

on

tailnating alter-

chin

from

body

on

side.

median

blackish

Otherwise

it. to

the

black,

inner

limbs.

peculiaritiesof the skxill

The

the

and

body

these

two

of the

side

scattered

the

anterior

of blackish-brown

rows

smaller

belly, and

on

blackish

lower

The

of

less

or

the

on

the

the

narrow

more

These

inside

distance

indistinct

in

best

imperfect

buffy, with

base

of

border

scattered

dots

varying

a

rings. about

less

or

sides

of three.

black

from

one

second

the

side, outlined

rows

narrow

more

the

fifteen

about

region is white

across

area

grayish-white

with

into

the

blackish

small

traceable of

consists

pattern

few

a

on

side

each

on

series of elongate

traced

The

head

of the

one

a

mark

stripes

back

definitely two be

pattern

each

with

black,

black

double

a

tail.

also

shoulder,

even

of the

blotches

it may

its mid-dorsal

stripes of

anal

blotches

as

and

pair begins,

become

may

less subdivided

posterior side, and

Usually

again

characteristic

the

have

back

black.

forehead

starts

third fore

the

at

the

half

pair

the

lip is

the

the

on

foxir

or

upper

are

Six

low

second

ear;

rump

basal with

or

smaller

or

the

tail, and

six transverse more

the

down

of the

marked

are

about

of

the

the

to

on

;

ears

three

are

but

up.

starts

pairs end

three

base

half-way

neck

less continued across

of the

pair

base

the

All

the

posterior blotch patches

and

or

out

haunches

of the

which

stripes,to

broken

base

ear.

blotches,

black

the

the

the

innermost

of the

unmarked,

are

backs

about

area

the

neck:

eyes

The

black.

vibrissas

mustachial

posterior half

the the

between

pale-gray

of the

of the

base

spots, and

with

spotted

are

the

space

slightly marked the

At

471

mentioned

been

have

the

among

subgeneric

characters. Measurements:

Nomenclature: that

in

pattern

for

accoTont

the name

dark

the

of

Common Golden

by

Lienping,

mentioned

by

animal,

shape

its describer

whose

Leopard.

a

is

in

recalhng mint

type

to

killed

suppose

name,

the

The

race.

relative Felis

Mint

breadth

macrocelis,

Leopard,

leaves, in distinction

like cash, have

earned

locaUty of Felis macrocelis

that

three-hours'

a

different and

fewness

Chinese

variation

individual

a

China,

Canton,

as

reason

really

using Horsfield's

spots, shaped The

no

specimen

is the

it is called

of its blotches,

Leopard, Cash

says

on

Canton,

near

is

fixed the

account

there

cats,

tail-rings. Swinhoe,

Chinese of the

that, taking into shown,

be

locality may

type

(Neofelis) nielli,based

northwest

chief difference the

so

markings

Felis

Matschie's

journey

of

available.

Griffith's

"

neighborhood,

or

of

None

"

on

from

for it the is Sumatra.

THE

472 This

MAMMALS

OF

published in 1825, four

name,

regarded

as

with

synonymous

(in the "Animal Occurrence

not

and

it alive, but

encounter

A.

and

B.

it

and

Kweichow

by

(1922) writes to

have

been

journey

he

certainty

Kwangtimg farther

evidence

and

China

far north

as

from

appeared

Fukien:

Yenping,

Hainan:

Namfong,

to

southwestern Two

"

Lehrbuch

Pocock of

the

which this

he

the as

Naturgesch.,

the

distinct

Snow

is still to

those

who

they had

later

hours'

bought

region.

same

sparingly throughout

hitherto

of it

record

no

seems

country.

Oken 1816.

larger cats, in which

the

two

(1858), basing

Leopard subgenera

be

are

leopard,

snow

not

and

only the

of the

very

attained,

Tigris. J.

doubt

lions, tigers,leopards, etc., wish

to

emphasize

these

and

Puma,

Panthera

restricted

no

the

leopards, jaguars,

A.

less

sound

jaguars

of the

above

placing

the

group

scheme a

genus

on

Allen to

It is evident the as

by its peculiar,

classification

leopards

closely related. and

for

American

genus

lion, and

suspensorium

the

characterized

his

the

the

smaller species, in In subfamily, Pantherinae.

Panthera

genera:

for the

for the

genus

species-group, as for

but

in Panthera

jaguar, species that in usage

he

the

occurs

ossified, from

profile. Severtzov also

that

skulls, namely:

vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 1052,

separate

Uncia

tiger as separate a

from

and

said

were

freshly killed, three

but

Panthera

is

includes

tigers,and

characters, included list but

Canton

believed

fur Mell

one

imperfectly portion is bony, to form a separate

group

abrupt

d.

hyoid apparatus

lions and

obtained.

i.

(1917) would

that

important

an

at

from

i.

Subgenus Oken,

among

he

it

without

Hainan.

others

but

parts of the

skins

(1870a) leopard.

Kachek,

locally

was

come

Fukien,

sent

Lienping,

at

that

Yenping,

at

one

common

from

fur market

seen

indicate as

it

the

had

the

Sanchouenfu,

that

Kwangsi,

and

west,

seems

Specimens examined:

Panthera

in

purchased

skin

it at

secured

no

skin

a

Missionary Weller's home native-prepared skin said to have

a

southeastern have

skins

even

Present

to

who

course

skins,

with

hunter's

(1914) mention

concerning the

Expeditions apparently did

motintains

a

sub-

are

latter island, Swinhoe

the

of

west

in Canton

is of

from

come

records

missionary

a

that

obtained

also

known

native-made On

two

Grififith himself

1827 by

be

to

seems

two

in the

occur

Kollman

There

center.

to

(1929)

Howell

Trouessart

said

was

likely the

164).

Asiatic

Hainan.

nebulosa, is usually-

F.

as

ago

5, p.

Central

secured

Namfong,

at

one

that

wrote

The

than very

long

as

vol.

little

Very

in China.

Leopard

Fukien,

Habits:

"

MONGOLIA

later

latter, but

made

by Cuvier,"

Kingdom

AND

years

the

specificallydistinct, a suggestion

Clouded

CHINA

of

regarded

Leo

leopard

and

the

that

uniformity

designating

will be

differences.

lion and

the

On

each

outcome

the

other

CARNIVORES

THE

hand,

these

characters

and

thus

is remarkable,

kind

that

type

of

the

of the of the

eye

length

of the

forms,

of

are

broad

and

tip, where includes

the

The

is

precedence

a

tacitlygiven

reeiesii

Leopardus

perniger Hodgson,

Felis

its

use

nielas

var.

pardus sinensis

Felis

pardus

Felis

pardus variegata G.

fchinensis

Leopardus pardalis Felis

sinensis

pardus perniger

Type

Mell,

M.

Arch.

based

Bengal. de

His

name

to

appears

Description: "

blotches rounded

In

is still further

spots

on

Mus.

in turn who

a

the

the

almost

equal

genus,

Tigris, of the

the

cranial

Oken

by

18 16,

terized charac-

for

time,

present

Meyer

1794.

nudum).

Thibet, ed.

and

Novitates, Nat.

2, p.

3,

1863.

5, p.

no.

180, 1896.

p. 6, 1904. u.

Heimatk.,

vol.

Magdeburg,

be

to

taken

was

animal

first

given

leopard,

fragmented,

bright

no. 360, p. 12, 1929. Soc, vol. 34, p. 307,

Hist.

the

saw

be

394,

f. Natur-

melanistic

a

Pocock,

by

183, 1906.

I, p.

Comp.

known

on

account

la Metherie,

Mus.

proximal

proportion at

ducing pro-

nasals

Zool., vol. 40, p. 235, 1912. f. Naturgesch., vol. 88, sect. A, pt. 10, p. 18, 1922.

Bombay

Not

"

Bcr. Mus.

their

with

year,

A.

(?nomen

1843

Nepal

the

LEOPARD

OR

Ostasiens, Neudamm,

u.

Allen, Amer.

Specimen: were

The

G.

pardus fusca Pocock, Joum.

Panthera

by

Abh.

Allen, Mem.

F. A.

i, p.

44,

nasals,

mammal.

fusca

vol.

p.

same

1870, p. 628. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, vol. 2,

Mus.

Tiere

Hilzheimcr, M.

Mamm.

London,

Nutzbare

Brass,

Cat.

the

in

the

used

would,

separate

a

short-nosed

of

as

teriorly, pos-

away

the

toward

her a,

Pant

total

the

large cats,

gradually

for the

1793,

Mus.,

Bull.

Pousargues,

Felis

other

of insects, but

PANTHER for

Brit.

Soc.

in

genus

pardus

Felis

Gray,

Zool.

and

a

length

long diameter

the

in

as

tigers

the

one-fourth

middle

however,

used a

with

exceeding

the

and

leopards

maxillary tapers

upon

Panther

was

to

Mamm. in

Proc.

pardus Swinhoe,

Felis pardus

List

Gray,

a

evolved

habits,

equals

slight differences

INDIAN

Leopardus

different

vertically upward

for

Zool. Annalen,

Meyer,

tigers,yet

each

about

constituting

as

Hiibner

211.

Felis fusca F. A. A.

It

differences

of the

slightly and

and

Panther

by

branch

tigers; some,

pattern

name

far

slight depression.

a

latter

the

and

leopard

genera sub-

of

find and

include

to

gnathion indeed

and

in

very

and

leopards

its color

by bones.

in

term

it encroaches

whereas

only

end

propriety, regard

of

use

relationship.

relativelylong compared

to

carried

latter

taper

the

orbit

ascending

being

the

they

is

being less,

pinching-in,

a

it is to

lions, leopards,

that

using

a,

muzzle

from

The

of in

that

so

Panther

skull.

instead

difficult

of

the

by

close

rather

specializedcoat-coloring and

distance

instead

how

out, skulls

species,the

skull, the

the

imply

the

emphasized

lines.

subgenus

Chinese

among

its

contrasted

along highly In

has

time

points

distinguish

animal

well

equally

same

Pocock

as

will

the

at

be

may

473

the so

in existence.

example from in to

a

of

Meyer's

notice

ochraceous-buff

in the

leopard

common

that

of the

the

of

markings

Leopard

animal Tower

of

consist On

scription defrom

published of

London.

India.

eastern

cat-pattern

ground.

and

name

Indian

the

captivity the

1930.

the

stripes of

and

numerous

head,

these

spots

small

are

the

cheeks

and

is

there

a

continuous form

of

alone

trace

of the

and

may

black

white. like

the

and

below, the

become

of

on

a

the

areas

between

double

broad

pointed

proportions in the

curved

belly,

have

spots

white,

rings with

as

on

of

the

on

rows

are

ochraceous

area

spots tend

white

regular

limbs

spots, while

the

the

across

less

and

body

sides

rounded

varying

dorsal

black

contain

outer

but

of

median

and

nearly

a

take

the

numerous

narrow

the

on

this may

or

transverse

surfaces the

buff

spots

blotches

or

elongate

are

as

also

under has

well

black

slightly

a

ochraceous

posterior side, less often

center,

series

of

like the

much

greater

terminally

to

form

more

and

between,

areas

of

length

that

the

is in its

others, the skull

tiger'sor lion's,and

relative so

and

of the

nasal

differs from which

rostrum,

bones

are

of the

that

is much

and

smaller

less

abruptly by the ascending

narrowed

not

general shape

the

when

with the jaw a leopard's skull rests portion of the cranium upon and

that

the in

whereas Pocock

only

outline

the

of the lower

tiger it is

has

tips, in

contrast

Zappey,

tail, 850; Females

surface, of the

somewhat

in

not

every

is

These

hold

hinder

it does

not,

nearly straight,

more

below. case

tiger

the

true.

distinctions, The

nasals

of extent tips ascending processes slightlytapering and truncate produced backward,

are

to

flat surface, the

a

in

mandible from

concave

do

on

but

the

their

more

of the

nearly vertical

position in

of

many

the

cats.

Measurements: R.

place is laid

the

in backward

premaxillary, which the

in

border

however,

shown,

slightlyexceed

smaller

W.

on

dots,

line form

the

Laterally

solid

half

body

median

the

the

ochraceous

to

cats.

black of

eye,

of

The

the distance from orbit to gnathion exceeds maxillary, and of the eye of being less. In general it is true that instead long diameter

the

at

and

the

row

by Pocock

out

downward,

branch

the

or

other

of the

arrange

sides

the

on

minute

the

the

to

tip.

As

as

thus

few

On

broken

limbs

transverse

can

line, paling

dozen

a

its basal

with

less distinct black

flanks

half

a

ochraceous-buff

elsewhere

spots;

back,

clear

lines

of many

with

on

tendency

the

to

head.

blotches.

the

sides

long tail

The

distinct

neck

inner

the

at

again

about

and

larger, and

a

On

inner

the

scattered

MONGOLIA

a

rarely

or

median

the

have

are

head

be complete,

dot.

There

and

AND

with

of the

rest

become

legs, the markings

belly,

cats

pale line

elongate black

may

black

shapes.

or

is clear,

the

spots

rings,that

central

of the

than

of

row

anterior,

the

a

nose

black

of the

back

deeper along

The

CHINA

less rounded

or

the

tint

tint becomes sides.

more

down

whitish

more

OF

longitudinal lines, corresponding

of the

middle

and

and

in

themselves

a

MAMMALS

THE

474

hind are

"

A

measured

fine in

adult

flesh

the

foot, 260; height

smaller.

male

at

the

leopard shot as

follows:

in

total

Hupeh

by the

length, 2,080

shovdder, 610; height

at

the

late mm.;

hip, 605.

THE

Notnenclattcre: China

southern

this attempt

but

for many in

of

based

the

to

Bengal.

is

this

this is

shows, the

subspecificallydifferent by a

Chinese

leopard

consideration,

of southern

China

India.

E.

Dr.

"there

be

can

Indian a

as

the

a

be

doubt

no

North

the seen

Malay

Chinese

the of

of

leopard

In

but

gave

the

same

as

specimens

is- also

different

I used

sinensis

the

worthy leopard

of

eastern

writes

enough

a

regarded

name

that

me

entirely different

are

Pocock 2

is

leopard

leopard skins,

many

animal

the

the

used

is hardly

name

is

of this is

animal the

of

that

as

191

basis

the

This

fusca

adequate

1863

race.

the

Tower

Nepal, but,

1904,

but

the

without in

races

which Felis

Provisionally, therefore,

considered

that

form

p. melas.

furbearers,

for

show,

recognized

Leopard, F.

Linnaeus,

geographical

Hodgson

Brass, in

on

has

is the

basis

points involved,

menagerie

of.

a

Chinese

Pocock.

who

Schwarz,

this

for

unidentifiable.

may

first to

leopard from

earlier

treatise

being

The

ones.

in

Three

part of China, but

melanistic

a

is also

in the

certain

be

to

applicable

not

the

southern

p. variegata for the

F.

name

Javanese leopard,

of

the

difficult

probably

was

group

Museum,

of

pardus

is reached,

time

the

British

of the

lowlands

likely that

seems

across

one

Felis

of

leopard

the

insufficient is the

some

Egypt.

Indian

at

to

as

of the

and

locality of

type

Pocock

as

Leopardus perniger for

name

to

It

eastward

comparisons

as

be,

specimen

a

imperfect

raised

of the

for

name

lately reviewed

has

great collections

Africa, probably

form to

on

from

London, found

the

seems

name

Meyer,

been

North

as

before

earliest

The

have

correct

Pocock

how

used.

475

the

in the

revealed

only

that

regarded

now

intervene

material

names

doubts

of

question

easily settled.

has

of the of

spite

is

is not

of available

basis

the

on

The

"

CARNIVORES

from to

the

deserve

name." and

Occurrence China

where

leopards in head

are

Omei

Mount

of

vegetation and

concealment

Habits:

scarce

shelter. north

rocky

Ichang Gorge

forest

E.

H.

of into

southward

brush-clad

Leopards

"

and

was

cover

not

are

Wilson

but

Yunnan.

They

purchased

so

away

that

in western

The

from

of

are are

specimen some

general secured

who

offer

to

as

from

to

the

by Zappey had

no

Szechwan,

occurrence

plentiful also

natives

southern

over

cleared

(1913) writes

Maochow,

country.

fairly common

still

are

ward eastat

caught

the

it in

a

MAMMALS

THE

476 bamboo-noose that

relates

River, in

writes

in Fukien, is bold

At

daylight. maintained

it

that

of the

(1927)

Market

China,

leopard in South were

richer

much

a

their a

with

yellow

by Professor appearing from

larger black

the

familiarity Kellogg's

on

campus

Hongkong

skins

it

broad

hunters

the

(1870c)

that

in

C. R.

female

mens speci-

avoided

The

the

where

the

but

species.

believed

and

several

province,

Swinhoe

were

girdles by

mother

London.

and

villages

near

country

commoner

1905,

Zoological Society of

the

the

In

lower

and

Min

hundred

a

Yunnan,

Futsinghsien

of the

illustrated

with

cubs

grown

is the

is well

University.

Christian

to

with

of two

account

Cat

China

goats

further

upper

than

more

in

part

the

collected

common

in the

uncommon

Temminck's

in southern

leopard

of Fukien

not

was

higher levels, where

cows

northwestern

of

and

Pope, who and

Wilson

valley with

for robes

used

H.

leopard is

the

in the

Kuatun,

the

Kweichow

be

to

Clifford

attacking

often

daring,

and

Suifu

that

me

men

used.

are

laden

from

came

Mr.

tribesfolk.

three

met

from

Sungpan

to

other

and

Sifan

MONGOLIA

descending

while

they said

These

AND

usually log traps

he

Szechwan,

western

taken

being

occasion

one

on

skins.

leopard

though

trap,

CHINA

OF

was

from

the

spots than

sented pre-

familiar

was

Canton

those

from

India.

Relatively little is written China.

number

The

mentioned

Ftikien, January

26,

of but

taken

one,

they

province, however, in

came

three first

when

with

rifles and

killed

by near

a

Peninsula. two

leopard not

was

at

before

men

and

of the

was

woman

one

and

his The the

Thursday

on

later

and

leopard

night.

at

hiint

a

known

by

one

days A

away.

bold

very

that

length stirrounded two

had

Wednesday,

few

in

the

same

organized dispatched had

been

(1925c) speaks Sowerby man-eating leopard a be rarely that they regularly take Chekiang, but it must

flesh.

parts

Hodgson black

villagea few miles

A

a

freshly killed

his bed on

in

years

parts

off

Friday, notwithstanding it, it escaped.

animal.

Huchow,

in

a

carried

and

to were kept night, the second

of

he

saw

village,a

adult

Yenping,

several

and

He

tied

for

kept

although

axes,

the

of his house

Tuesday

for

there

latter

the

killed at

mountainous

occasional. the

leopard in

fetuses

two

female

a

the with

were

resided

who

of

recorded

in

northern

At

window

Two

uncommon

everywhere

morning

the

are

more

Lihnshan.

pig from

diet of hiiman

uncommon

a

was

villagers,and

wounded

a

off

the

slept. They on

watch

a

were

they

in

were

open

3 in the

carried

by the

and

he

taken

was

about

at

animal

to

while

dogs,

night

the

through

dog

third

River

Jannfah

at

that

says

Lofau;

has

found

(1922),

Mell

habits

small.

Gyldenstolpe

1920.

at

intimate

the

probably

fetuses

Two

Kwangtung,

southern

ones

Count

and

above,

killed in Siam.

female

about is

of young

of

of

Black

secured

leopard

or

melanistic

southwestern

skins

examples at

China, in

Tengyueh,

individuals and

are apparently not especially in the Malay

Nepal, Anderson western

Yunnan,

tained (1879) also oband

Mell

(1922)

THE

that

states

he

saw

Specimens Fukien

large dark

very

examined:

In

"

skins

Hupeh:

from

with

Jannfah region,in Kwangtung.

the

follows:

skulls, and

skull without

a

skin) ; Yenping,

(one

2

skull).

Changyanghsien,

Szechwan:

Wanhsien,

Ichang,

i;

Tatsienlu,

i;

(M.C.Z.).

i

without

(M.C.Z.,

2,

skulls); no

locality,i.

exact

locality,2.

exact

212.

Felis

pardus fontanierii NORTH

Felis fontanierii Milne-Edwards,

Leopardus

477

all,fifteen,as

Futsinji;, 5 (four skins, two

:

without

No

CARNIVORES

japonensis

Ann.

Proc.

Gray,

LEOPARD

Sci. Nat., Zool.,

des

Zool.

CHINA

Soc.

London,

Milne-Edwards

1862,

5, vol.

ser.

8, p. 375,

262, pi.

p.

1867.

(not Felis

33

rijaponensis

catus

Boddaert,

1785). Leopardus Felis

chinensis

Gray,

vol.

ibid., 1867,

Bull.

pardus Buechner,

Acad.

264, fig. (not

p.

Felis

pardus

var.

Felis

pardus

var.

Felis

pardus

grayi Trouessart, ibid., p. 268,

chinensis

pardus japonensis pardus

skin

a

the

said

not

from

d.

(new

Foss.,

1837).

ser.,

2), p.

vol.

(Melanges

100

Biol.,

1897.

p. 354,

chinensis,

for

name

Filchner

Exped.

in

nach

of

not

China

Gray).

Tibet

u.

vol.

1903-05,

10,

pt. I,

of

It

"

is different

from

longer

a

ochraceous

is not

in

40

that

winter

size.

mm.

of

an

in

half

that

from

near

Peiping

Measurements:

and

from

length. as

"

Japan,

Few

the

him

is

the

to

that of

parts

of

the the

pelage, however, South

the

Ichang

in

describes

measurements

China

February the

the

paler,

indicate

not

the

hair

leopard having

tint of the

the

China

definition

northern with

has the

ground

animal

less

instead any

of a

come

based

Museum.

North

buff

pelt, a tawny

do figiu-es

of but

country,

was

British

and

leopard

have

chinensis

leopard

somewhat the

author the

must

in the

skin

trade

a

the

question

Peiping

d'Histoire

was

figured by in

of

Museum

Since, however, skin

fontanierii

neighborhood

Peiping, China,

averages

nearly "orange

1930.

Felis

Gray's Leopardus of

winter

Jacobi

the

Museimi.

Available

near

It

Japan.

color

length, whereas

adult

back

the

p. 320,

Apparently, however,

easy.

skins.

34,

Leopardus japonensis

southern

in the

In

in

by

sent

China.

pelage

of southern

tone

of

west

vol.

of Milne-Edwards's

generally agreed

background

difference least

North

of the

that

differences

such

in

state

is

and

from

mountains

the

Description:

richer

wild

a

Soc,

sktill obtained

British

the

Hist.

10.

specimen

type

exported

mainland

skull from

a

pi.

Gray's type

been

Nat.

Bombay 323,

Fontanier,

is still in

occur

the

ibid.,p.

M.

Paris.

at

have

to

does

fur,

Viv.

1904

Ergebn.

The

"

consul,

French

presumably

at

Mamm.

accompanying

and

Nattirelle

has

Gray, (new

34

loc. cit.

Pocock, Joum.

bedfordi Pocock,

Specimen:

Type

of

vol.

198, 1908.

Panthera

on

Wiss.

Matschie,

Panthera

by

Cat.

Trouessart,

fonlanieri Trouessart,

hanensis

p.

was

chinensis

146), 1892.

13, p.

Panthera

Felis

Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

Imp.

intense of

the

significant the

much

back

is

shorter

long hair of the color

in skins

buff." of

North

China

leopards,

taken

in

MAMMALS

THE

478

and

head

animal

body,

that

1,170

seven

ordinary,

the

flesh measiirements

and

according

skull

The

sktills,that

Indian

"the

muzzle

(1874) has published

a

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

southeastern

details

OF

as: an

of

out

323) gives

p.

Shensi,

head

as:

sUghtly larger than

averages

deep, but is

so

comparative

few

considered

(1930,

(1879) believed, from is not

skin China

(790 mm.).

(1930)

Pocock

to

Anderson

is not

Pocock

from in.

in North

that

rnm.)

male.

female

tail,31

length of the type

says

2,135

adult

an

old

an

and

specimens,

Indian

of

(1,095 mm.);

in.

43M

body,

implying

doubtless

Sowerby

(about

feet

MONGOLIA

the

notes

tail, 750.

mm.;

measures

the

AND

Milne-Edwards

available.

flesh, are

the

CHINA

OF

elongated."

of Chinese

NORTH

CHINA

comparison

a

more

in

with Busk

leopard skulls also.

LEOPARDS

Source 60106

(type)

chinensis

bedfordi (type) Nomenclakire:

orientalis, 1857, for the

Felis

China,

North

that

ensis, assuming from

came

North

the

as

since

for the

in

1785;

of

Gray, 1867, is

Felis as

chinensis

the

as

same

not

the

to

generic

s

full genus,

a

for

this

reason

with

the

basis

proposed

generic

an

name

exact

Felis, whereas

still further

A

skins

of two

from

and

complication

new

race,

colovired."

bedfordi,on

The

the

ground

first three, however,

that are

F.

some a

who

in combination in

that

Hupeh,

"paler

winter

coat

and or

on

earlier

in combination

term

case,

Felis

later,

for the

correct

from

name

substitute, based

proper

one

are

the

used

thirty years

p. fontanierii),erects

they in

by Boddaert,

Leopardus chinensis

however,

the

enters

the

as

for F. fontanierii,

previously given

as

very

Peiping.

Felis

uses

Trouessart,

is the

Shensi,

purchased in Peiping (the type localityof P. p.

had

japonensis is

southeastern

one

name,

unnecessary,

equivalent,

color

will, therefore,

of Felis catus

race

pardus grayi

was

in

fontanierii from

leopards, perceived this Felis

fontanieriiis

Panthera.

next

the

a

small, spotted Tiger Cat.

in his

F. p.

the

for

He

Japan, really

agrees

abandoned

used

into

pardus japonin

combination

be

to

available, for Gray himself

for the

term

of Felis

If, however,

will have

"Catalogus" proposed animal. This China Gray's North

and

specimen

Pocock's

race.

it extends

skin, bought

this

China

Schlegel's

Amurland.

Panthera

as

North

revived

into

north

Hopei

trade

plate

previously been

japonensis had and

colored

subspecificname

the

generic term,

Gray's

of

has

believes

and

and

Manchuria,

especially since

name

proper

Leopard

leopard from

type

China,

Panthera

accepts

stand

the

Milne-Edwards'

closely with one

China

North

distinguishes the

Korean

probably

meaning

of the

nomenclatiire

(1930), in his review,

Pocock

involved.

leopard is much

If

unfortunately the

Most

"

much

with

Pocock, and

a

for

these

less

nearly

on

fourth a

richly

so,

the

THE

The

skin

from

pattern,

usual

as

skins, it

I have

not

examined

February, I

to

male

at

as

with

the former.

ever

show

of

account

its

the

hanensis, in

region

can

between

the

more

animal

Peiping, from

name

given

southeastern

hair

study of

its

Matschie

by

based

though

Shensi

best

the

of

leopards

have

be

to

of the

leopard

purchased

on

forms,

associated

it will

to

to

leopard

China

be

recognizable form,

a

1908

coloring,

likely that

sufficient series

a

early

light coloring

the

to

in

rich

South

pelage,

immature).

killed

more

and

leopard

really based

is

and

regard

China

paler

is

Hupeh,

seems

the sidering Con-

of

tone

but

owed

to

long.

mm.

January.

of which

it

province

exact

Shensi,

in

general

(20 mm.)

winter

in

taken

one

that

25

animal, with

young

Ichang,

North

is

about

founded,

well

reasonable the

and

a

be

same

more

Shensi a

from

the

seems

of

pattern

subspecies, so

longer

Should

that

P.

it

back

and

its short

from

intergrade

on

same

mentions

an

of

China

Certainly

but,

called

race

specimen

account

on

Pocock

most

male

South

the

immaturity.

fine

a

the

clearly defined,

(disregarding those

which,

the

this

of

is that

race

in the

shown

that

seem

less

479

fur

the

this

to

immatures,

variation

skins

assigned

referred

in

wide

does

winter

8) having

Hupeh

the

on

November

(labeled

type

CARNIVORES

skins,

from

Hinganfu. Occurrence

present the

it

and

found

mentions

one

markings

and

to

southwestern

in

China.

as

by

ground

color

wild

Tsingling Range and

Matschie

Panthera

avoids

the

desert

and

northern

Shansi

A.

B. Howell

in southern and

As in a as

than

its habits,

to

saying

of

that

as

ridges where

it usually has

twenty wild

to

to

over

skins

North

by day, and

is recorded

from

two

from

from

a

wide

trodden

district, in out

a

a

the

Panther

from

a

Paoli, It

from

parently ap-

much

(Shansi) by

in

that

common

country,

with

fur

even

Peiping.

of lairs in which

number

(as

everjrwhere

(i923g) brieflysummarizes a

Chekiang, along

Taiyuanfu

Sungpan,

tail, seems

where

Hinganfu.

Choissjan

near

skin

as

is absent

thus

(1892), it is

Buechner

in

district, another

and

it

China,

records

in

(1922)

haired

westward

Pocock

obtained

loess

and

specimen

thirty miles

pigs have

whence

Shangchow

melanistic

a

1925c),

Peiping

Jacobi

thickly

of

parts in

of

west

for

be

to

appears

Elsewhere,

race.

hide

to

secured

Sowerby

great traveler, ranging much

but

December

a

the

this

most

over

hanensis)

Berezovski

that

for

with

is at

leopard

and

day,

Expedition,

Shensi,

cotmtry

the

the

to

Fontanier's

cover

from

Shensi,

records

mountains

(Sowerby,

(1929). According Kansu.

Jacobi (1922)

thicker

female

(as

of

generally

Provinces

old

in

described

into southeastern

pardus bedfordi)an

the

as

with

that

part of Manchuria,

Weigold

as

country

Anhwei

and

the

writes

(i923g)

In

found,

numbers,

is sufficient

Kiangsi,

be

secured

in small

occur

there

North

is still to

apparently

Sowerby

"

in only the

there

same

Habits:

his

single animal

night.

Often

regular paths.

believed

yoimg

and

by day

it follows

The

experience

own

it hides

the are

to

is

cover

tops

of

usually

in ntimber

two

the

with

as

animals,

dogs

with

guns,

leopard As

with

prevent

breaking

local

the

of individuals

Specimens examined: Shensi:

One

"

213.

Felis

amoyensis f.

Allen,

Amer.

Mus.

Panlhera

tigrisstyani Pocock,

Joum.

M.

the

basis

of

immediate

degree

of the

dorsal

surfaces

nose.

The

half-way this

This

ear. narrow

over

while

eye,

stripe ending

the

on

eye.

from

the

or

angle of and

upward are

present

cheeks

are

the

the

another

the

bars.

The

or

eyes,

ground

chin, throat, belly and transverse

branch.

inner backs

color

on

sides of the of the

is

ears

a

are

of

are

about

the

head

transverse

that

line from

and passes

dividing into

the

face

and

the

sides

of

the tinuously con-

just behind a

irregular spots

a

ner cor-

black

short

narrower,

with

an

anterior a

band

with

of

forehead,

its crossbar

black

white

black

back

the

black

small

but

at

much

then

eye,

sides

limbs

and

Of

behind

narrow

back,

the

eyelid is

the

backward

bar.

Other

the

of the

of the

anteriormost

the

stem

extends

the

curving under

extending

is present

vertical

a

the

and

lower

the

in

color feet

the

stripes marking

mark

There

tigersthat

of

variation

on

by

zigzag

a

broadest, those

downward

between like the

upper

mouth,

is crossed

black

with

clear

temple

black

throat.

but

eyelid is similarly marked,

upper

each

area

short

nearly continuous

around

the

is the

a

that

races

follows:

as

posterior comer

in

cheek

stripes,the anteriormost third

the

all the

individual

usually

the

small

from

Museiun,

come

general ground

The

T-shaped, with A

in

great

somewhat

whitish

have

Strassburg

cotypes.

with

transverse

formed

China,

Hupeh, to

the

coloring

on

pi. G, 1929.

p. 531,

believed

are

area

33,

Hankow,

in

are

of

and

whitish

a

vol.

were

tawny,

white,

by

five

or

elongate spot

second

conditions.

18, 1922.

10, p.

markings.

are

particular stripe rather of the

to

TIGER

Soc,

same,

of the

markings

joins

the

to

four

some

it

the

ochraceous

an

bordered

that

except

act

majority

a

Hilzheimer

from

All

general type

complexity head

narrowly

where

28, p. 598, 1905.

no.

Hist.

specimens

is much

is

A,

sent

mentioned.

described

vol.

and

name,

The

"

been

trapping

would

360, p. 13, 1929.

no.

skulls

These

not

Description: have

of

way

hunt

:

CHINA

sect.

Nat.

Bombay

Hilzheimer's

are

88,

Novitates,

Five

"

region.

their nvmibers

vol.

Naturgesch.,

Type specimens:

SOUTH

Anzeiger,

Zool.

Hilzheimer,

Arch.

Tigris tigrisMell, tigrisG.

natives

mobility except

of climatic

tigrisamoyensis

THE

Felis

no

game mestic off do-

carry

The

have

races,

extremes

only, viz.

but

and

skull.

i

Felis tigrisvar.

well-marked

deer

village to

its very

mammals,

similar

to

mountain

poisoned bait,

use

into

up

subjected

are

small

on

being especially sought.

often

and

MONGOLIA

It feeds

some

upon

wide-ranging

other

AND

animal.

elsewhere

as

CHINA

southern

the

frequently descends

birds, and

it.

OF

MAMMALS

THE

480

or

muzzle. the

lines The

muzzle,

scattered

whitish

short

the

blackish transverse

CARNIVORES

THE

half-way

mark

haunches

and Thus

broad

Fukien,

skins

while

the

skin

shows

broken

over

the

is somewhat

stripes the

body,

enclosing

markings

transverse

rings, usually

show

whose

appeared

coat

The

by their size, the exceeding

the

size,

greater

species also, when

but

(i) in side view from

processes,

in

point

Indian

in

these

not

hold

good

in the

Measurements:

snout

fovmd

doubt

no

the

South

it is

a

a

considerably

China

large Indian

Tiger

as

base

number

of

only

distinctly

330

skins

skinning

smaller

measure

and

than 10

HilzIndia:

a

processes;

skulls

carnassial is

tiger is said

lacking have

to

from

seen

half

above.

variation

and

do

study.

male

weighed

to

of

which

as

case

nearly

upper

tiger killed

inches;

pounds.

Pocock

shipped from pegging

the

at

tail, 30

9 feet 9 inches, in total in

stretched

the

animal

that

the

(3) the

rear;

portion

to

a

furrier's

of

Tiger that will

tells

able

forehead,

postorbital

the

over

individual

of tail, 64 inches; It

inches.

largest measured

the

that

was

examined

who

to

40

been

(1870c)

Swinhoe

"

inches; girth of chest,

530),

I have

of the

is

Chinese

to

proportion,

that

aft in

the

(4)

Indian

the

subject

seem

series that

from

measured

from

tapering anterior

more

a

cusp

lower

always

from

and

animal;

in the

premolar in

points, however,

small

Indian

the

in

Tiger, according

fore

seen

leopards

concave

flatter

is not

highest point as

the

is in front

skull

of

usually distinguish

characters

declines

the

accessory

and

cingulum

narrower

All

in

(5) the last lower

Chinese;

the

truncate

more

than

antero-extemal

small

of

outline

the

tip. Rarely

those

The

China

skull

so

or

tiger" of Fukien,

by

this

that

South of

and

will

skulls

The

dozen

a

usually longer

are

foim

to

(Caldwell, 1924).

maxillaries.

shown

The

specimens

slightly smaller

average

P-

has

number

a

too, the

less

part.

black

"blue

color

forehead,

of lion

(1929)

occipitaltriangle is

the

that

of

highest point

the

which

circle, whereas

a

bones,

nasals

Pocock

bluish

of the

extent

broader

a

of

shape

short

famous

A

specimen

tending

usually be distinguished from

nasal

backward

of the

third

anterior

upper

in

bright

stripes,much ; the

and

tail in the

into rufous

continuous.

narrow

the

tions Expedi-

broken

a

and

broken

ending

case

almost

elevation

The

(1905), differs

in the

dark

very

enclosing

incomplete

on

the

to

Asiatic

stripes much

very or

open

and

in the

as

greater

and

with

alike.

exactly

are

clear, wide,

stripes more

on

two

Museum

body

short

but

large series is examined.

a

heimer

a

a

jaw.

the

the

neck, body, shoulders,

any

borders

are

be

to

centers,

tigers may

of

the

wide

hips

center

melanism,

skulls

profile of

with

tawny

individuals

with

continued

are

with

American

by

tending

tawny

a

hardly

the

opposite extreme, but

the

that

rnale, has

the

on

intermediate,

blotches

has

adult

an

one,

second

(2)

obtained

lozenge-shaped blotches,

center,

stripesacross

individually, so

vary three

among

in

details of the

The

up.

481

feet in total

He

out.

ear,

5.5

(1929,

Shanghai,

length,

Indian.

Axnoy,

and

that

regards

Nevertheless,

length.

MAMMALS

THE

482

CRANIAL

OF

CHINA

MEASUREMENTS

OF

AND

FELIS

MONGOLIA

TIGRIS

AMOYENSIS -a

r

J2

^

8

'S

E

i3

45519

318

259

145

210

125

45520

273

225

127

190

no

Nomenclature:

individual

pick

It

"

variation

out

those

among

Dr.

has

handled

is

very

South

Pocock,

China

animal

Hankow

writes

skins and

variable,

at

sometimes centers,

sometimes

the

Panthera

name

"North

China,"

valley, for 30". This

most

of

because

the

has

well

as

looped,

of the

extent

type

to

a

said

This

name

to

have

exact

skulls

on

are

the

of

and

from

call the

tigers,

with

by

Styan

the in

Yangtze

of latitude

Hilzheimer's

region, to

pared com-

gave

south

and

so

Hankow

from

shipped

will,therefore, have

the

to

he

of the

Hankow

darker

belly as

tiger

done

sisted con-

on

nape

collected

skins

so-called

Indian

equivalent of the

clusion. con-

softer, though

latitude

been

stripes.

same

the

the

on

this

skull

with

pattern which

the

in the

somewhere

an

wider

at

longer

white

who

Plains

compared

as

than

To

seen

finds

and

Indian

and

smaller

as

China

Fleming,

or diamond-shaped complete from the

variable."

was

H.

of the

large number

the

sion impres-

repeatedly

James

the

a

the

South

Indo-China,

Mr.

somewhat

a

The

based

Tigers.

he

and

they averaged

practically

dealers

that

China

that

of

hardly possible

Nevertheless,

both,

me

satisfactorily

account

on

be used

instead

styani.

Occurrence of prey,

fur

will

deeper color, independently arrived

Styan 's collecting seems

amoyensis, the

Shanghai, Amoy t.

area

thus

with

sometimes

and

probably from

is

series.

a

tigrisstyani, selecting as but

that

of India, for

also variable

was

interrupted.

name

tigris var.

named

Fukien

characters

inspected

stripes mostly

coloured

9

its fuller coat,

tigers,has

unlooped

leg, sometimes with

of P.

of

31

1

Tiger narrow-striped beast

and

striped, with

tint

"The

98.5

Tigers, while

that, having

fully

more

coat.

90.5

South

furrier's,he found

a

Fukien

88

positively that

states

of the

Fulden

9

writes

from

Indian

with

cf

32

in

good

short-haired,

in his review He

darker,

skins,

many

washed-out,

35

99.0

that

Schwarz

brought slightlydifferent from

them

16.0

91.0

acquainted

Berlin

to

97.0

76

relatively trivial details, it is

well

Ernst

living animals

and

in

95

find

to

from

will hold

that

Tiger is distinct.

Felis

98

China

obvious

one

any

prevails

fore

105

is difficult

tiger of South

the

separate

the

X

128

47863

a

^

a

M

to

^

-S

in many

and

Habits:

"

Tigers

parts of southern

are

China.

relatively common, E.

H.

Wilson

for

a

large beast

(1913, vol.

2, p.

178)

writes

in

that

frequently yang

Patung

in western

southward

and

little trace of

west

they

of

tigers is

In had

been

(1870c)

so

to

a

hole

in

the

recently

southern as

the

of the

kill them

tipped the

Tigers

still met

the

on

in the

natives

and

Chekiang, at

that

though later at

that

so

time.

note

two

Hangchow, tiger killed

in

this

the

miles

twelve

others, both

in the

Yangtze

a

capture

youngish animals, Tombs

and

quoted forest

close in the

about

of

one

same

1912.

Sowerby-

region shortly

one

in

unknown at

Mokanshan

exceedingly

be

Shansi,

in

tells of

in

a

Shansi,

southern 1933,

rare,

and

the

Lingying monastery, note

have

to

tigers killing

however,

in January, to

are

publicly

and

1925,

in western of

animal.

the

almost

report of

a

tracks

of Chiehchow

correspondent

Eastern

now

are

wounded

said

told

1930,

bamboo

ten

the

was

at

Chinese

northward

the

Mountain

valley, tigers must

definite

the

north

in

Kekwan

probability to

(191 8) has reported seeing

(1933a) reports

while

lent

to

February,

Writing Tigers

regions, as

Rivers, the

shooting

report

northern

in the

mountain

but

another

in the

Shanghai.

to

capture of

North

Sowerby

tiger shot

nine-foot

brought

Pehfang, of

a

was

Anking, while

of

In

occasional

only

but

tiger that

a

while

supposed

was

tiger, licking

first of

killed the

district of Chekiang.

Tinte

(1930b) reports before

streets

Anhwei

in

that

Smith

385 povmds,

until it suffocates

in Fukien,

locks match-

L.

W.

that

now

East

traps,

the

swells

in fair niimbers

children,

three

away

displayed

with

which

its tongue,

(1925c) writes

Sowerby

carried

on

are

and

in

that

Amoy

to

(Chi Ping, 1927).

rough

North

crossbows is said

It

tigers

Amoy,

near

Dr.

Island,

distant

in the the

Swinhoe

killed by

was

that

thickly settled,

and

between

poison.

poison

Amoy

that

commoner

are

using large bamboo with

writes

is largely cleared

watershed

it

eastern south-

In

across

swam

weighed

that

on

hills

be

men speci-

wandering

bare

One where

miles

five

still to

said

before.

years

in this section

was

was

a

the

on

house,

a

killed

(1922)

Mell

In the

place, gets few.

It

mainland

province they by

are

into

roof.

that

very

Yenpayi,

at

fairlyplentiful.

be

natives.

chased

male

the

country

Tanhashan.

arrows

an

Kwangtung,

visitors, part

old

from

appeared

nineties, killingone

late

1925

as

come

was

few

a

still to

instances

are

told

was

that

says

they

Indian

the

mountains

the

Djinshan, he

seem

several

some

in the

Min,

tigers

1858

in

island, and

them

have

in

and

In

in mid- winter

bait

a

in

as

upper

China,

that

through hunted

over

well

and

statement,

in Szechwan.

as

the

on

killed

killinglivestock, an

Wilson's

valley

Chienchang

they grade into

doubtless

rare

very

wilderness

jungle-clad

in the

however,

where

found

however,

southern

wrote

city, on

be

the

are

regions of Changtigers are

westward, "in

skins

their

and

in the

gorges

the

common,

more

Yunnan,

Wassuland

and

To

found

are

occasionally found

are

to

few

a

precipitous

haunts.

(1923) corroborates

Wanhsien,

found.

part,

rocky

though

through

Weigold

race.

are

shan";

The favorite

Szechwan, Wa

around

in.

brought

and

in the western

Hupeh,

483

CARNIVORES

THE

a

ing shootnear

"black"

THE

484 A have

H.

the

follow

only

rifle and

mentions in

plain

On

another

the

animal

into

distant. the

upon

a

within

two

men

time,

a

A

bush.

lunch.

he

three at

in

men

"landed

drag

him

any

along

boy's skull, "to

the

but

strength, Caldwell where

pen up

of

carcass

proved

to

The

pig,

small

a

be

food

a

which attacked

hog dressing a

male

of the

deer,

as

dragged hundred

two a

little

tiger consists

muntjacs,

and

even

a

of the

and away

found for

than

of various

porcupines

to

to

This

game and

case

charged

lad

a

that

in the

hundred

body.

tremendous into

above heifer

the

half was

a

a

bodily

feet

twelve

animal

away,

the

animal's

be

help.

attention

no

distance

from

to

walking

teeth

devour

than

more

four

one

attempt

no

short

carrying

out

pounds. more

a

fail

blow

a

fixing its

tiger leaped

leaped

rope, to

father, callingfor

field

the

third

made

attempting

where

measured

and

in

by In

boy, paying

the

illustrative

As

case

was

weighing

by

off without

kept, killed it

was

frantic

the

eating a

seems

Yenping,

near

tiger released

related. a

animal

boldly

away

tiger which

a

tiger,which

a

silently

led

bush."

striking the

Again, by

working

man

and

yards

charged

being

roused

saw

hundred

courage

nearest

This

cover.

seized

the

recounts

heifer

tiger

same

to

him, making are

of two below."

terrace

was

the

down.

observer

yards

ten cow

victim,

terrace,

grassy

him, followed

seeing

embankment

an

The

a

off into

or

her

vanished

animal

not

goat his

securing

neck

its escape,

instances

such

Many

off with

killed

and

a

victims

his father,

good

father,

attacked

on

and

the

on

three

made

making

fuel

skull

the

trail with

a

After

the

even

after

sat a

finally

intended

her

five and

same

terrace

she

peering occasionally

than

the

Caldwell

grassy

this

even

adepts

are

brought

goat,

a

a

toward

blind,

a

Tigers

skill.

When

shot

more

owner

attack

kill,bounding

lifeless

of

will

They

on

trap, it turned

a

it, although its

gathering

crushing

once,

work

at

later, however,

"Often

the

abandons

thirty yards

suspecting

days

Tigers

killing it instantly. and

as

few

killed

and

cow

midday

if

of

interesting

beings,

lure.

a

forward

tiger from

a

were

as

accurate

an

the

human

hours

three out

of

accuracy

follows.

child.

to

have

must

one

of

that

Indeed,

the

surprising

rapidly

when

watching

to

for

in

Fukien,

a

with

staked

nnoved

striking distance,

where

After

into

she

occasion, while

carry

cover

did,

some

attack off

sportsmen haunts

Tiger." he

as

of

boldly

tigresslay

a

few

chosen

faith

resume

and

bleating goat

a

attack,

advance

valley

a

the

within

to

quarry

where

watching

them

absolute

Yenping,

times

slight

their

"Blue

book,

but

brief

seize

to

of

use

in

still-hunt

A

at

yet

dwellings

make

make

to

it.

his

hunting tigers near

instance

an

view

decided

a

and

stalking

animals

in

daring,

use

cowardly,

native

the

entering

in

out

instinct

by

at

patience

MONGOLIA

hunting tigers,but

of the

their lairs and and

AND

about

embodied

has

ability to

points brought are

into

infinite

CHINA

written

been

(1924)

animals

the

one's

has

OF

painstaking study

Caldwell

R.

not

deal

good made

MAMMALS

high.

mile

the

shot

and

pounds.

animals, -especiallywild

pangolins.

Favorite

lairs

frequently raided

show

attributed. a

killed

for

Caldwell where

case

by

attempt

no

ripped

was

had

made

and

where

the

as

feet from

smaller the

The

together, which killed

was

China

proved

the

young

in

December saw

litter

a

mountains

in

consisting

five

four,

case

one

of young

nimiber

Of

toll taken

reported

less

no

He

weeks.

watched, in

fangs paws

the

the

upon

Examination

of

broken."

was

sized

a

of

are

the

kept

calf

a

her

dyke

upon

in

quick flinching

landing

it upon

and

strode

away

its back "with

than

in

the

all the

21,

In

killed

a

has

her

he The

the

spring.

cow's

back,

planned and

as

attack as

dignity

Caldwell

within

he

and

the

upon

the

whereupon

of its kind."

mediumin about

a

believed,

it

neck

tiger as

from

cow.

head.

the

stood

finally sprang Caldwell

a

fore

the

the

watched

tiger struck,

the

water,

calf

its

fastening

that

case

cow

few

a

personally

of

wrenching

where

the

large animals

below,

in each

calf.

It

usual

is the

that

and

sudden

between

movement

mud

side

proven

and

body

a

recorded

have

two

tigers

by

cows

upon the

a

belief that

the

out

Soc, killed,

neighborhood,

one

been

Hist. female

leopards, while

with

as

case,

limestone

the

Nat.

in he

1062, 1063, 1912).

pp.

food,

bear

by

cows

a

in

although

that

found

of two another

journal

same

five

in South

that

that

tigress of

jugvilarvein, and, by placing

the

for

the

by

a

old

race,

same

from

buffalo

water

along

fortnight

interesting case

an

the

to

eight of the

of them

one

litter in

the

attacks

neck

of killed

tame

landing squarely

of

region

the

reach

ruse

in

excessive.

to

for

believes

a

a

company

a

tiger, notes

favorite

a

Several

however,

a

of

idea

finding

while

(ibid.,vol.

tiger "attacks

the

and

water

the

anything

instances

latter manoeuvered

above,

dogs

number

He

Indian

parent

chest, breaks

tigerstalking a

six inches

six for

seen

in

neck

bark,

the

height

once

young,

(1922)

a

writers

other

behind.

that

proved

quented trails fre-

claw

some

(Journ. Bombay

sixty people having

never

from

attacked

are

her

about

of the

lives is often

than

had

a

upon

instances

Forsyth

the

animals,

came

Mell and

young

W.

with

of human

at

give

to

region (Kwangtung),

another

seen

domestic

winter,

of two

fetuses, and in

up

to

of

sack

the

the

along

reports

he

with

male.

1),writing

191

Caldwell

adult

an

in

Pingloh.

148,

1

p.

contained

hunter

occasion

young

a

bom

Tsingyuan

the

near

vol. 20,

been

be

to

the

large.

another

on

are

for by

is not

have

may

found reached

signs, sometimes

Such

do.

are

the

animals.

and

kittens,

trees

and

croaking of

although

man,

tions men-

attacked

was

the

by

the

tigershave

the

looked

are

of young

number

four

with

ground, size of the

and

presence

will

cats

attracted

away

Frequently

torn.

by tigers, showing just

drag

to

night

is

value

of diet, and

articles

one

sometimes

are

medicinal

which

to

the

frogs

been

apparently

was

of

sack

a

and

about,

frogs among

even

carrying

man

animals

these

pangolin scales,

the

includes

a

tiger that

a

frogs, for frogs

Chinese

the

by

of

remains

the

485

CARNIVORES

THE

The skidded

the

terrace as

more

latter, it off,

picked itself

up

THE

486 In

China

southern

followed

into

the

hunters

arming

in front

as

the

the

animal

obtain

of this

hunters

form

of

method

used

poles

into which

upon

modem

the

cage,

but

who

centuries

vigor, to

for

the

"medicine"

Lanning which

the

within

three

shaft.

arrow

his

killed

fell victims to

the

1897 II on

to

west

of

tigresswas

a

inches the

in

for he

says

prey

the

teeth

be

an

fore quarters. breaks

the

from

Then

neck, and

Specimens i) ; one

ox

thus

are

or

by

few

the

fore

man

by

few

a

the

take

sometimes

of

aided

says

bay

only

delta,

twenty

people

killed

from on

by

a

close

In

7 feet

measured

a

an

New-

at

Canton

reported

the

in

manner

of

that

one

of In

days before.

of

throat hold

deacon Arch-

with

yard

a

1895 tigers were account

rush

the

Valley,"

tiger was

corroborates

sudden

killed

caused

to

distant, that In

from

of Taichow."

less than a

as

neighborhood

the

In the

1894

a

hours'

paws

Yangtze

brought leaped into

Lanning's

a

had

first

no

demand

feet, 2 inches.

mountains

pounds.

it is seized

quick wrench,

the

examined:

India.

deer

engaged, a

a

205

is made a

killed

had

strength and

tiger was

a

that

visited

cover,

Chinese,

tiger in China,

8

the

inevitably

in great

the

its

time, with

the

to

of

fired upon.

independently

prey,

attack

in

into

present

danger

are

been

In

bamboo

arrows

tigers must

Chekiang,

was

Another

of stout

January, 1875,

year.

Nanking.

near

tigers kill their "the

that

weighed

of

tiger that when

certain

a

Kuliang,

at

Shan,

consumer.

the It

in suitable

in

and

a

dropped

Foochow

which

of

common

shot

length

Talung

the

it

man-eaters

gate

is amongst

note

the

of

the

tigers had

memory

a

At

flesh

Gun

account

(1928).

embodiment

have

to

and

tiger slips

An

shoots

and

In

Hangchow.

had

be

Boat

"home

near

Lanning to

to

said

was

"With

its chief

tigers seem

bones

virtues

often

tiger,in attacking, springs

source

the

as

abstracted.

chwang, seizinga pig, which where

a

charge

a

may

the

cage

a

hunter

interesting account

Its length

tiger was

a

The

the

been

outside

Smith

larger communities,

blood,

an

are

within

Ningpo, though 1880,

a

L.

prepare

city gate of Ningpo,

in Wade's

times

to

lure.

them

various

notes

men.

Moule, that

their

of the

W.

held

are

of

case

spearmen.

exciting experience.

regarded

imparting

following

of two

as

the

hills,the

These

in

occasions, when

Dr.

of which

of

(191 1) gives

five miles

death

a

rocky

pikes. that

so

face

hunter

kid

shelter

that

extent

for

than

region by being

the

stationed

such

given by

the

have

passages,

at

spread long periods they have

weapons

Amoy

among

hunter

shot

a

been

length, surely an and

the

is for the

the

barren

abound

white

A

retires with

from

in the

rather

Chinese

MONGOLIA

long three-pronged

for

has

AND

that

into

entrances

hunting

decrease, for

with

chance

he

belly at arm's

fissures

impale itself.

by

CHINA

hunted

advance

of the

one

this

and

themselves

momentary

a

OF

tigers are

caves

will

from

out

MAMMALS

Caldwell,

few

yards.

below. each

spring

side to

If

Whilst

one

of the

side,

operation of killingis over." "

Three,

from

Fukien,

China

(Futsing,

2;

Yenping,

CARNIVORES

THE

Felis

214. THE Felis

tigrisvar.

amurensis

Panthera

tigrisamurensis

exhibited

the

at

the

Joum.

No

"

t. amurensis

F.

one

bank

of the

Ussuri

River

Description: Swinhoe,

the

33,

in the

although

it is

(in part).

1923

vol.

p. 527,

brief and

implied of

Zoological Society 527) speaks

p.

time

same

1929.

when

skin

type

a

Pocock's

to

this

Indian

an

characters, doubt,

of

summary of

northeastemmost

size has

become

shown.

than

the

of average

Vladivostok

the

Indian

found

male

from

upper

mongolica

(1929)

to

pointed

the

this

tiger of

really is

range

across

in out

and

larger

a

(1929)

Pocock

skull

he

of

tigress sent

head

as:

is smaller

had

a

and

body,

larger,that is

to

doubt

no

(1874)

gave

than

say,

a

occur.

it may

unless

following for

millimeters): greatest width,

zygomatic

305;

the

from

inches;

74

do

tangible differences,

no

Busk

about

sometimes

a

a

length,

nasals,

225;

that

extreme

the and the

more

Habits: wooded

called

the

Mongolian

for

the

Manchurian

subspecific sense latter

the

Dode's

form.

the

from

Occurrence to

No

Manchuria

it, as

feet, "no

show

Fitzinger applies

recognizable

a

tail.

for

(converted into

Although

"

used

longipilisof

T.

is

has

important

filled-out

basis

available

side

by

117

carnassial, length, 36.

Nomenclature: name

in

impression of

Gardens

little smaller.

Manchuria

coated.

the

measurements

of nine

to

seems

tiger is

the

side

from

comes

Dode,

thicker

that

so

only

the

Zoological

condylobasal length,

mm.;

by 56;

a

average

west

tigers.

gives

length

well

tigress." Nevertheless, large individuals

to

skull

345

total

a

the

Indian

Pocock

skull, likewise,

The

be

or

the

of

of

races

for, mounted

with

coated,

little real

very that

says

London

the

to

tail,34 inches, North

he North

"

posed pro-

if there

as

notes

essentiallysimilar

that

general, with

Measurements:

is

tiger skin every specimen, in thick coat,

Indeed,

that

animal

thicker

markedly

winter

a

Manchurian

almost

however, is

striking character,

most

Tiger, the

though

Amurland

has

last is the

the

Probably

was

he

locality as

type

distinguished by being paler colored, less richly striped, and with

tion descrip-

specimen

a

London

of

fixing the

informal

that

in Manchuria.

Temminck,

and

2, p. 29,

Hist. Soc,

Nat.

(1929,

According

"

1871, p. 480. vol.

is mentioned

the

Pocock

and

in existence, at

were

London,

by Dode, of

TIGER

Manchuria,

Bombay

type

meeting

name,

Soc.

in

Dode

tigrisamurensis

MANCHURIAN

Zool.

Naturalist

Pocock,

Type specimen: of

Proc.

Dode,

Felis tigrislongipilis Sowerby,

487

the

to

"

nudum,

nomen

tiger west

of

be

to

and

that

the

Gobi, if again first to

the shown

how

the

Pocock

race,

and

the

is thus

It remains

be

term

that

given

different

tigers.

Probably parts

a

amurensis

name

northeast. western

is

Tiger,

this

of northern

race

of

the

China,

tiger and

formerly intergraded with used

MAMMALS

THE

488

subspecies

the

limits

exact

F.

amoyensis

t.

only be

can

nearly extinct in this (i923g,

says

the

2,

mentions

He

Wei

with

is fovmd

has

he

says

in

that

its abvmdance

in any

of the

has

forests

the

it

trails of which

this

smaller

cats,

None

"

as

to

from

of

tail, the

narrow,

encroach

by

their

that

ears

are

of the

as

of

or

lynxes

seem

to

be

Gobi,

tiger

Pocock

Hunters

subsistence

Manchuria,

agree

is wild

pig,

the

the

(M.C.Z.).

one

Felinse, coordinate here, these

as

latter

form

a

cats,

in

such

to

extent

an

fore, and

the

males

well

of

lynx

usually

in

that

usual

as

greater

some

absence

marked

balancing have

of the

a

similar

cause

are

group

as

reach

the

the

by

of

power

upper

shown, most

of

sudden

a

much and

a

narrowing

but

hind

compensate

longer tail; the rviff at

on

the

sides

the

rather

premolar in

of the

does

heavy

turns

in the

points, as

small

assemblage rostrum,

well-marked

a

rank

maxillary, which

probably in quick

of these

conditions

are

accord

shortened

characterized

are

that

regarded

groups

combination

the

to

as

to

with

better-marked

first

bengalensis,intermediate

F.

if the

indeed

and

of for

1792.

subfamily

smaller

for the

It is true

tails of caracals,

have

country

doubtftil

Mongolia.

consistent, therefore,

than

weight

penciled, and throat.

p. 41,

where,

Externally they

higher

are

the

the

nasal

the

size and

of the

premolar, upper of the tapering ascending branch

posteriorhalf.

quarters,

were

to

Kerr

Mamm.,

i,

loss of the

upon

extremely

China; from

Lynx

case

more

subgenera

the

backwardly

of its

in the

Nevertheless

lynxes. most

shortened

not

In

"groups." subgenera, it might be

than

east."

said

(1917) has shown, closely related to the other classificasuspensorivmi for the larynx, and in his tion

bony

a

other

the

in the extreme

imsuitable

tiger'smain

the

of

parts

Pocock

as

are,

given generic rank

are

of the

rather

country

Sowerby

wilder

Shansi, "undoubtedly

northern be

it is

and Imperial Hunting throughout the forested

and

specimen from

Manchuria,

of Linnaeus, vol.

having

in the

Its

time

persistentlyfollows.

Kingdom

lynxes

The

basin.

present

tigers that

It is

open

Genus Kerr, Animal

of

of

must

areas.

authentic

an

Specimens examined:

Lynx

Yangtze

the

at

Tombs,

Peking,

skins

district but

desert

more

of

for

the

"it still occurs

of

seen

of open

seen

never

of

Ussuri, into Primorsk

and

he

long-haired type,"

true

them,

Amur,

that

Hopei

North

and

Kweihwacheng

the

from

come

the

northward

(the Eastern

Ch'ang

the

further

MONGOLIA

at, however,

in

that

North-east

the

to

the

to

AND

though still fairlyplentifulin Manchuria.

31)

p.

of Manchuria,

areas

the

vol.

CHINA

guessed

area,

Ling and

Tung

Grovmds)

OF

longer

such

cats

whole

subdivisions

the

of the

typical cats.

more

A northern

single race Mongolia.

seems

to

borders

of western

China

and

CARNIVORES

THE

Felis isabellina

Blyth, Journ.

Lynx

Ja.coh\, Abh.

Type

specimen:

collection

inner

the

legs

the

fore limbs

flanks

with

with

the

three

its terminal

ear,

the

on

pencil,

spot

a

sides

of the

spots;

I, p.

no.

10,

1922.

still

presumably

white

and

tip

the

margin; half

upper

the

on

of the to

upper

brown;

cheek,

spots

sides border

posterior

reddish

lower

the

a

blackish

belly ; outer

the

of

Urga, Mongolia,

near

few

broad

a

near

stripes

on

from

with

spot

indistinct

16,

"Tibet,"

below

reddish

black

small

a

four

or

and

from

specimen

a

white

indistinct

eyelid, interrupted by cheeks

large lynx;

vol.

Calcutta.

at

above,

181, 1913.

2, p.

skin"

Musevim

a

vol.

Volkerk., Dresden,

u.

imperfect

is

(Blyth)

i6, p. 1178, 1847.

China,

f. Tier-

reddish

side of the

and

Mus.

Indian

This

"

vol.

in Western

"An

"

general frosted

a

Ber.

u.

of the

Description: is

Naturalist

isabellina

in the

Soc. Bengal,

Asiatic

Felis lynx isabellina Wilson,

lynx isabellina

Lynx

215.

489

of

of

tail,

the

black. Measurements: are

Occurrence

and

determine.

to

region

fifteen

secured

Sowerby Chinese

Prince

E.

H.

Henri

ready

sale

very

thick

the

and

Sungpan, these

that

Mongolia

and are

and

Specimens Urga.

writes

the

In

also

a

different

mentions

journey

are

brought Tibet

they

the

from

He

they

interior the

the

are

without

point

a

Batang

into

from held

of Tibet.

Gobi.

to

and the

five

for

a

It is

the

sale

to

back

Ytinnan, western

north

pelt to

this

of for

Sungpan,

west

on

to

brought

one

from

skull,

the

refers

in

a

about

westward

describes

sell for

American

brought

the

to

records

The

he

mentions

(1896a)

that

in from

and

the of the

124)

bordering

To

of his

of

Sungpan

race

taken

Chinese.

wealthy

all brought

of

they

is

here

Mongolia.

parts

p.

skin

which

about

borders

Hopei.

skins, which

seen

are

course

that

soft.

(1898,

beautiful

a

is difficvilt

from

southern

Park,

belt,

having

Pousargues in the

the

Urga, Mongolia,

lynxes

neighboring

(1923)

are

back

northern

many

marts.

among

Weigold

each.

sions dimen-

skull

any

lynx in China

Rhoads

evergreen

of

of

area

(19 13)

from

of boreal

d'Orleans

Wilson

Szechwan,

gray,

nor

numbers

following

brought

speaks

good

a

fur

Chinese

by

the

also

forest

borders,

various

find

the

of

small

Imperial Hunting

northeast

limit

(i923g)

from

the

of the

in

Mongolia.

Expeditions

miles

southern

race,

exterior

status

northward

northern in

captured

exact

is present

Tombs,

into

Asiatic

Museum

The

"

apparently

Eastern

forest

advilt

the

of the

measurements

Habits:

It

of the

evergreen

fine

No

"

available.

as

seven

and dark

taels

high price

at

quite possible

reddish-gray lynxes

of

northern

Hopei. examined:

"

One

from

Mongolia,

fifteen

miles

northeast

of

CHAPTER

VIII

ORDER

PINNIPEDIA

SEA-LIONS

SEALS,

for

The

seals

an

offshoot

has

adaptation

of for

tend

to

haul

out

The

than and

flipper-like, In

land.

stiffer

the no

the

former

odd coasts.

feet

museums,

teeth

are

but

about

with for

only

the

is

a

and

the

is

on

only

lost,

hind

feet

are

longer

no

two

while

still

quite

for

groups,

limbs,

Otariidae is

about

caterpillar-like.

the

anterior

this

feet, though

animal

along

under

lost

in

the

retain the

a

cidae; Pho-

peg-like.

apparently for 490

coat

in

The

definitely

matter

the

the

body

enlarged

but

of

ambles

land

swimming

skull, more

there

are

it is still

of

the

and

nothing

its

of

A the

tive primi-

more

hind

the

ear, on

Phocidae.

ways

animal

fur

that

propulsion.

in

simpler

so

many

and

the

external

no

delight

including

that

pelt consisting

a

ears,

hunch

to

method

process

almost Not

is

the

chiefly

retain

under

forward,

obliged to

soft

there

turned

relation

that

the

however,

is in

when

also

seals, comprising the

is

ways,

external

forward

by

however,

adapted

but

eared

constituting

family

a

well

followed

crowns,

water,

the

groups,

still

small

very

is

as

both

are

sun.

certain

in

members

turned

the

process

Cetacea,

which,

teeth,

the

the the

incisors,

cuspate in

hair-seals,

the

its

have

supra-orbital

is

main

two

Otariidae

for

but

hind

also, their

western

into

themselves

row

considerable

It

divided

being

of

a

the

use

Chinese

in

remaining,

fours

have

may

latter

bask

be

hairs

long

all

on

This

to

The

capable

longer

walks

sandy

shores

Phocidae,

the

row

time

and

of

compressed

intermediate

still

can

with

limbs

molar

and

premolar

their

Otariidae,

ftir; they

over

of

of

Phocidae,

the

transverse

the

among

hind

and

much

Odobenidae.

walruses,

show

shape,

somewhat

family,

fore

it has

sent repre-

specialized

sea-life, though

that

the

walruses,

become

have

other

or

extent

retained,

spend

or

be

may

family

the third

fur

rocky

on

order

fish the

to

series

a

Seals

fish.

catching

for

still

similar

of

become

to

is still

and

of

carried

teeth

canine

specialized

a

the

and

developed,

been

fiir-seals, and

members

whose

pursuit

the

and not

sea-lions,

the

Camivora

the

covering

hairy

the

of life

aquatic

an

relatives,

their

and

about

known no

the

specimens

investigation

to

learn

seals

of

available what

the in

species

THE

and

present

are

when.

Sowerby,

and

the

late

the

hair-seals

Dr.

A.

more

gave

no

records.

seals

at

in

says

(i923g,

I

statement 2,

richardii.

is

of

the

hair-seals.

and

the

body is

this

accomplished

in

the

mainly is

coat

by

hair

Gray,

Proc.

Biol. Soc. Washington,

London,

of the

species

for

prove

the

on

of

Chinese

Naturalist

"The

form

desired

he

report

erroneous occur

at

which

Kurile

the

of the

Pacific

specimens,

that

or

opportunity.

any

SEA-LIONS

the

along

in the

fore

the

are

short

are

foot

forward,

which

the

row

propulsion

and

permanently

tvuned

under

and

pelage

of

that

ward. backa

longer

striking sheen.

a

Gray

(not invalidated

359

p.

hind

long fore limbs

dense

Callorhinus

1859,

line from

the

turn

limbs

which short

a

different

a

ability to

possesses

Zool.

an

some

preserved

AND

with

Proc.

of the

OTARIID^

limbs

which

Soc.

be

hair-seals hind

on

be

to

evolved

Genus Callorhinus

on

largely placed

fur,

true

a

fur of stronger

over

is

power

whereas

The

still retain

They

swimming

along,

family

most

review

coasts,

seals

1902,

representing

authority of which

the

It is much

have

that

Chinese

and

likely to

seals should

available

find is in his book,

can

80),

p.

hair-seal

FUR-SEALS

seals

of the

sea-lions

Family

The

obvious

was

In

subject.

preliminary

a

(1870c)

by Swinhoe

the

on

material

the

those

both

vol.

least skulls, of Chinese

print

(i925d), commenting

The

Seal, Phoca

in

published It

than

that

only definite

is included.

Harbor

forms.

new

waters

Sowerby

Manchuria"

Fur-seal

at

the

Pacific, and

few

northern

Shanghai, but

brief references

brought together

North

a

few

a

491

apparently nothing

Allen

species,describing

coasts,

is

of the

frequent

for

Except

there

J.

PINNIPEDES

Callirhinus

by

Blanchard,

1850, in

Coleoptera). Callotaria

Palmer,

This

genus

fur-seals

of the

portion

of the

shorter

nasals.

small

waist

form

a

from

that

The

molars

tooth

includes

more

of the are

formula:

convex,

sides

of

with

contact

sea-lions. reduced

i.f Ct

(Linnaeus) of Bering

to

pm.i

Type

Jordan

specimen:

"

southern

of the

nasal

then

teeth

broadens

two

above

and The

one

type

in

and

narrowed out

the

simple with

are

the

having

narrowed,

point distinguishing

a

cheek

=36.

in

oceans

and

premaxillary is

opening,

The

m.f

It differs from

Pacific.

lengthened

nasal,

Callorhinus

curilensis

KCTRILE

curilensis

North

the

facial

having to

a

dorsally

to

skull

readily

conical

points.

below, giving following ur sinus species is Callorhinus the

Island.

216.

Callorhinus

156, July 27, 1892.

of the

branch

the the

7, p.

of the

less

ascending

The

the

vol.

fur-seals

Arctocephalus

genus

skull

at

wide

the

and

No

Clark, Fur-seals

type

Jordan

and

Clark

FUR-SEAL and

Fur-seal

specimen

Islands

of North

is mentioned

by

Pacific, pt. 3, p. 3, 1899.

the

authors

of this

THE

492

species,who seal of the

MAMMALS

merely

Pacific "

blackish

color

instead

Measurements:

of the No

"

Occurrence season

the

west,

of the

east

Japan

in former

times

that

that

Here,

distinct

at

under

comparative

any

urements meas-

from

the

herd

that

in

early

autumn

of the

catch

doubt

occasional

No

base

to

individuals

they

It must

Shanghai."

which

upon

that

states

the seas

when

taken

was

to

on

the

to

allowed.

(North Shantung) evidence

breeds

least, the bulk

and

breeding

for their

Island, considerably farther

south, for Sowerby

the

to

slender

Specimens examined:

same

the

animal.

concentrate

migrate southwestward

coasts.

this is rather

have

nor

the

differs in that

eastern

more

Robben

on

pelagic sealing was

"off Chefoo

occur

and

remain

to to

considerably farther

stray to

and

fur-seals

The

"

Islands,

supposed

are

Islands,

apparently much

species,but

available,

proposed for the fxir-

type locality. is

Fur-seal

is

name

published, apparently.

Habits:

Kurile

the

on

Pribilof

and

the

tint of the

are

MONGOLIA

is the

Alaskan

rusty

skulls

of this seal been

Island

Island

the

as

that

way

Robben

;

AND

CHINA

casual

a

Kurile

The

Description: fur is whitish

in

say

western

in its dark

OF

are

said

admitted

be

positive record.

a

None.

"

Family

PHOCID^

HAIR-SEALS

The have at

obvious

characters

already been

least

one

separating the Of

enumerated.

occurs

as

far south

as

Genus Phoca

Phoca

several

of

mentioned

hair-seals, probably

of

genera

seals

China.

Linnasus

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. lo, vol. i, p. 37, 1758.

Externally, the fingers of the they decrease

and

a

each

side, and c.T

the

The

coast

as

The

The and

type

The

space.

molars

to

molars

in

one

first

species of

first to fifth.

large orbits which

case,

lower both

premolar

are

the

is the

and with

a

tooth

below the

and

reduced

are

is

upward, to

two

on

formula

of

single-rooted;

crowns

more

Harbor

common

or

is somewhat

forward

jaws, giving above

subequal,

skull

The

look

incisors

two-rooted, genus

either

are

Seal

or

less

(Phoca

Linnaeus). genus

abundantly least

the

premolars

tricuspid. vitulina

brain

m.T=34.

pm.T

other

broad

interorbital

narrow

in this genus

hand

slightlyin length from

very

flattened, with

i.f

the

northern

families

two

Phoca

is the most

represented in the

far south

of China

as

at

a

the

latitude

widely distributed boreal of

seas,

of the

Virginia,so corresponding latitude seems

that

family, and, though

in the

extends

its very

North

occurrence

probable.

Atlantic on

the

eastern

at

PINNIPEDES

THE

IBalicyon

richardii stelleri

in

Columbia,

the

difference

is

so

teeth,

The

1864, 1870,

type

was

in

mottled

the

tips

in

which in

are

of

and

the

along the

that

of

It

at

the

them and

expect

coasts, about

stelleri," had

is

seals

rather eared

not

to

find

Specimens

seals. them

This

the

examined:

mouths

None. "

on

it

are

of

by

some

and

habit,

they

Apparently about

the four

to

in

would

not

rivers.

the

molars pre-

sharp

the

fact

commonly

that

that

these

seen,

hairPacific

"the

at

Shanghai Ruggeds"

pilots

the

were

but

on

heading

the

pilots called

the

southward

under

European islands

is

eastern

extend

633),

p.

likely

seem

this

that

occurs

it

(1870c, told

makes

sea-lions,

than

The

with

34,

=

three

from

known

that

been

basking

Yangtze.

the

nasals.

the.

m.T

pm.T

with

species

the

probable

had

seals

seen

c.\

definitely

Swinhoe

he

with

tooth.

not

is

far.

as

that

says

often of

mouth

it

i.f

orly, posteri-

prolonged

more

are

obvious

chief

The

contact

provided

each

since

but

coasts,

side

they

Harbor

Atlantic

the

to

coloration.

premaxillae

are:

genus,

axis

the

Califomian

western

"?Otaria

similar

extensive

and

Habits:

Chinese

the

is

light

the

more

compressed along

and

"

the

British

Island,

Vancouver

from

Seal

dark

skull,

molars

Occurrence of

633.

skull

a

Harbor

Pacific

The

arranged

seal

fig.

28,

p. p.

"

their

and

London, London,

Museum.

characteristic

as

cusps

Soc.

British

general

that

Soc.

Zool.

"

the

Description: in

Zool.

Proc.

Specimen:

Type

Seal

Proc.

Gray,

Swinhoe,

SEAL

HARBOR

PACnfIC

lOtaria

(Gray)

?richardii

Phoca

217.

493

called

hair-seals

one

wovild

CHAPTER

IX

ORDER

CETACEA

WHALES,

The

which

early

Camivora,

from

the

latter

In

crowns.

layer

the

of

of

fat

form

has

head

and

limbs be

of

bones,

valves modified

both

new

of

for

which

lungs,

the

sieving

the

whose

is the

and

rendered fine

a

toothed or

or

and

their

baleen

hanging

whalebone the

food

in

whales,

matted from

from

mass

the

of

and

which

frayed

water.

494

the

it

as

may

those roof the

body

is

and

grouped

teeth

whalebone

the

been

fibers

two

propelled

with

lungs

a

compression its in

moisture sions, divi-

two

ranks

comprising

mouth,

have

The with

with

provided of

pelvic

mammals,

other

their

as

vanished

tip

cools

be

fore

abdomen.

under

out

the

stiff

vestigial

like

refresh

driven

their so

its

at

air

and

whales

the

the

motion

visible

Odontoceti,

or

of

breathe

breath

living

have

provided

down

vapory

are

limbs and

Their of

;

which

species,

outer

heat.

submersed

masses

is

intervals,

at

The

few

able consider-

summit

the

be

can

thick

a

of

hind

peg-like,

though

to

paddles

their

must

momentarily

spray.

species

plates

and

up

when

and

Cetaceans

along.

water

simple

crown

developed

shifted

wholly

serrate

strictly

coat,

or

order

sorts,

compressed be

non-conductor

a

a

two

cuspidate

have

muscle

enlarged

the

they

in

of

to

hairy

elongate

femur

a

tend

have

while

for

with

their

out

thin

structure

teeth

of

as

nostrils

posterior

surface

to

;

place

the

the

Mystacoceti

degeneration

of

"spout"

into

whalebone

for

rise

by

some

balancers,

The

they

supply.

condenses

the

speedily

all

shutting

enormously

flukes

or

and

its

into as

in

deep

has

for

vestige

a

buried

lobes

the

except

in

their

and

become use

practically

take

to

developed

tail, however,

smoothly

lost

some

this

teeth

traces

Egypt,

Creodonts of

had

teeth

of

derivation

bodily

order

the

few

a

the

posterior

discovered

be

fish-like

except

lateral

in

though

blubber

little

the

descendants,

have

or

of

double-rooted

it may

of

those

the

to

of

deposits

resemble

unequivocally

perfection

Eocene

the

structure

members

modern

become

have

entirely

for

and

Cetaceans traces

the

earlier

single-rooted,

found.

to

The

and

point

to

in

Cetacea

number

through

incisors

peg-like

primitive

in seems

life.

aquatic

and

of

discovery teeth

having

PORPOISES

DOLPHINS,

lost serves

through instead

of

CETACEANS

THE

Popular terminology for members

of this group

the

the

largest species

short

and

beaks

"dolphins."

times

the

the

are

Of

the

whales,

by (2)

flourished

are

tissue

on

of the

throat,

varjring size

A.

Teeth

Teeth

a.

in the

present

in both

a'. Rostrum broad

the

a

Sperm

Mystacoceti,

or

eventually be

must

the

of

as

to

yet probably

head B.

functional

Large

Families

Teeth

absent;

depending

two

from

the

teeth

with

tapering, teeth

with

narrow,

Family Physeteridas

ranks

plates

of whalebone

Mystacoceti,

Suborder

palate

Balasnopteridse

ODONTOCETI WHALES

RIVER

relict

Dolphins New

distribution.

Tertiary formations

Iniidae

jaw only;

INIID^

Family

in the

Odontoceti.

Family Delphinidae in lower

teeth

TOOTHED

Rivers

muscular

Family

SUBORDER

River

short

tional. jaws func-

lower

Family

The

by

Cetacea

Chinese

of

terminally

truncate

These

projecting cartilaginous "fin"

a

peg-likeroots b.

include

occur.

characterized

roots

or

known

The

Suborder

long and

short

Physeteridae,

back.

and

upper

diverse

very

Whale.

to

great

living

of the

the

found

(i)

occur:

plaitsof extensile

furrow-like

presence

(3)

and

or

Pacific

in the

of

group

jaws

compressed

b'. Rostrum

Tertiary times;

that

by

Key

of

two

shore.

families

most

well

not

be

the

upon

three

are

loosely

in the

widespread

are

stranded

descendants

lengthwise

lower

the

on

to

family Balaenopteridas,

of many and

found

be

Delphinidae, comprising

whales,

the

are

least

at

Odontocetes,

the

several

of

presence the

middle

whalebone

Whales

the

baleen,

of

three

or

Finback

the

largest of

the

species of Chinese two

in

a

modem

coasts

single species lately discovered

the

the

dolphins,

Chinese

genera or

narrow

often

found

Odontoceti,

or

lake, Tungting;

represented by but

for many

snouts

are

eventually

heads

rounded

"dolphin" the

doubtless

by fishermen

Iniidae, known

and

that

in

brought

primitive

forms

will

enumerated,

toothed

freshwater

porpoises

number

here

of

longer,

in general

but

much,

with

types

with

and

cetaceans

varies

smaller

those

"porpoise"

seals, the

the

that

seldom

while

"porpoises,"

are

but

ascertained, three

"whales,"

are

Nevertheless,

Like

applied.

and

495

World

are

and

at

DOLPHINS

known

present

from

Their

fossil

in both

North

Tungting remains and

are

South

from Lake

the

Amazon

in China,

known

America,

from

a

and

interesting

most

middle

implying

a

Orinoco

and

former

late

wide

THE

496

distribution, southern

is

there

all separate,

are

beak, with

narrow

least

for

the

The

rather

upper

characteristic

single

The

long

bent

are

from

half their

furrowed, A

dorsal

the

to

tooth

Type Specimen: S. National

in

Description:

processes

covered dis-

was

follows:

axis not

mandibles third

a

their

side

ously conspicu-

joined

for

of the distance

about

beyond

slightlyridged

crowns

side

to

and

or

distally.

expanded

the

usual

consists

narrow

and

CHI"

1918.

9, p. 2,

no.

of

the

vertebrae

in

skull, slightly broken

of

an

adult

No.

male.

Lake, Htinan, China;

the

218293,

collected

ary Febru-

Hoy.

dolphin shape, with

forehead,

placed far back

Coll., vol. 68,

Tungting

M.

Miller "PEI

DOLPHIN;

cervical

from

vexillifer

Lipotes

Externally this dolphin,

"

as

a

shown

base

long

a

pedvmcle is apparently rather pale blue-gray above, white below. complete specimen, it is blind,

or

at

gently

low triangular dorsal fin, The nearly straight sides.

and

deep.

According least

snout,

a

and

short

by the published figures,

long beak-like

very

pectoral limb, and

having

caudal

to

nearly

so,

In

color

Pycraft, for the

the

eye

skin

is

examined

who

a

is very

small

meters.

He

degenerate. Measurements:

gives basal

(1918) as

basicranial

beak,

number,

from

RIVER

type

the

Museum,

18, 191 6, by Charles

and

very

a

their base.

at

long squamosal

by Miller

the

of the

130

Misc.

The

"

pterygoid region, and

much

or

their roots

and

expanded

long

a

fused,

fin present.

Lipotes vexillifer Miller, Smithsonian

rounded

into are

1918.

9, p. 2,

upward,

compressed

roots

218.

has

the

brae verte-

length, forming

side and

sktdl and

dolphins,

true

cervical

The

maxillary,

the

to

continuing nearly

row

CHINESE

U.

of their

part

side to

no.

axis

condyle; teeth about their

the

form.

Lipotes Miller

slender, bowed

length, the

the

toward

Coll., vol. 68,

angle

an

from

The

is characterized

1918, and

Misc.

and

at

bodily

confined

Genus

Beak

skeleton

Lipotes, representing this family in China,

as

Lipotes Miller, Smithsonian

family in

of the

also.

genus,

recently

so

MONGOLIA

jaws are produced jaw; the lower mandibles

posterior part of the

square

rather

trait.

greater

teeth

peculiar in being compressed

are

are

; the

in

in each

teeth

many

of the

resemblance

primitive

a

closely appressed,

long symphysis

AND

interest. details

outward

an

CHINA

discovery of Lipotes, a living genus

the

differs in many

family

which

at

that

so

OF

China, is of remarkable

The to

MAMMALS

the

"

Miller

following dimensions length, 510; tip of beak

states

that

of the to

nares,

the

type 390;

length is about

skull:

2.5

condylobasal length, 514

breadth

of beak

between

mm.

;

maxillary

THE

notches, 96; breadth

of beak

CETACEANS

middle,

at

proximally, 62; occipitaldepth, 471

;

length

Occurrence the

of

and

Habits:

large Tungting

adjacent parts

Lake,

of the

225

All

seen

when

the

scarcely

the

than

more

appear

times

in

water

rises to

feeding that the

of

waters

often

in

a

the

lake

in the

late

Ganges

contained "often

he

Dolphin.

"subdued

bellow."

Hoy

adds

that

have

been

there

both

without

American

the

of the

of his work,

photographs,

63975) been

a

^"iid

local

the

long

The

some

New

of

long time;

An

the

Conquest

Specimens examined:

"

were

Hall

Musetun's

the

Family DOLPHINS

This

family contains

most

of

(Amer.

skeleton

preserved, of

Ocean

Asia,"

of Central

One,

with

and

Life

p. 475,

Mus. a

are

fish."

for

to

the

at

jaw,

lower

for the

secured

Timgting, dorsal

the

Pope's narrative In

addition

Nat.

Hist.

life-sized model

(see Pope, C. H.,

to

No. has

in Andrews,

1932).

type.

DELPHINID^ AND

PORPOISES

the

modem

a

value.

species that

showing Mr.

case

vent

gave

Pope,

of this series of reports.

the

soft parts

the

H.

photograph,

in connection

I, plate CX, sketches,

was

are

tion condi-

medicinal

merely

up

dolphins

of this

one

Clifford

Mr.

excellent

published

is

other

specimens,

these

of

say

specimen

type

search

skulls

two

complete, the

to

streams

in the

their

blubber

the

the

They

as

the

shot

at

or

their way

make

that

when

and

are

History by

fishermen. was

up

they

natives

The

water,

in

is

summer

mountain

of the

and

mud

winter,

practically blind

and

had

there

four,

or

"In

The

stomach

the

self him-

times

such

breeding grounds."

catfish

consider

is

level.

the

pounds,

In

three

for fish in muddy

Museum

one

of

individuals.

beak

that

297

addition

of Natural

of

are

working

Chinese

color

At

the

he

for

easily seen,

rising the dolphins

slender

in

brief paragraph

its mouth.

left for them.

in

only

years' residence

more

their

285.

row,

published by Hoy

note

around

are

eel-like

an

Shanghai

in Volume and

is

states

water

dolphin,

prepared for "The

these

Hoy

In

the

dible, man-

and

is the

dolphins disappear.

the

lake

weighed

data.

Yangtze,

the

up

of its habits

its winter

that

quarts

the

Museimi

through aspect

in

or

probing about

collected

miles

twelve

above

the

apparently

shallow

taken

and

channel

full, and

rivers, and

two

lake

ten

as

many

with

been

usually in little companies

then

are

in

seen

as

river

spring when

about

one

main

dolphin has

in several

low, they

are

height of 48 feet

associated

are

The

the

of

small, clear

the

lake

the

numbers,

schools

fish-feeders, and

of

in the

species except

80; length of

x

tooth

that

says

of intermaxillaries

; lower

and

paper,

no

278

row,

is known

that

supplied by Hoy in Miller's He (1923) a few years later. never

this

six hundred

some

river.

fossa,

tooth

; upper

Hitherto

"

greatest breadth

37;

temporal

114;

symphysis,

497

species of small

cetaceans.

THE

498 There the

dolphin

term

short

very

are

in

numerous

from

recorded

fin,but

in

in those

with

the

less

or

fused

case,

of the

process

Of from

the

in

is

former

in the

key, I have

A.

Beak a.

whitish;

symphysis b.

Color

of the

rather

is

jaws

peg-likewithout

vertebrae

The

skull

are

has

and

squared,

dorsal

usually short, even

and

neck

they

Genera

the

as

globular

a

the

more

zygomatic

two

definitelyknown Dolphin

Ocean

common

the

latter in all seas,

young

especially In

fur-seals.

the

lowing fol-

for convenience.

genera Chinese

of

be

to

{Orcinus orca),cosmopolitan species,

largely on

prey

Key

to

five appear

waters,

warmer

these

Delphinid^e

fin present.

tapering, teeth

of mandible

of

such

Killer Whale

included

beak

instead

They

yet definitely

as

are

well-developed

a

The

dolphins.

family, only

long, a well-developed dorsal Color

have

restricted.

relatively short.

the

Pacific, where

few

a

usually simple

are

certainly occur,

especiallyin

North

teeth

may

only

foreheads

rounded

be

which

to

snouts,

abruptly

typical subfamily.

of this

genera others

{Delphiniisdelphis) and the

genera

posteriorly

squamosal

but

of the

river

the

rotmded

many

China,

the

in the

seen

together well

but

lacking; the symphysis

long beaks, while roots

with

Ocean,

Most

beak-like

porpoise

term

Pacific

the

MONGOLIA

longer

those

the

waters.

this is

expanded

brain

which

speciesin

Chinese

some

applies, and to

AND

with

those

types:

better

beaks,

CHINA

OF

in general two

are

and

MAMMALS

about

32

long, pterygoid bones

dark, symphysis of mandible

each

on

not

side

touching

in each

jaw; Sotalia

in the midline. .

in contact

short, pterygoid bones

in

midline.

a'. Body

with

teeth

b'. Body each B

Beak a.

No

side in each

jaw

fin

a'. Teeth

four

above, white

prominent

with

fin; teeth

jaws,

Color

all

b".

Black

color

behind

the

The form

Seals

and

they

have

a

25

on

compressed

color

crowns;

black, size Neomeris

to

lower

jaw

in

adult, less than

in all ; color

ten

Grampus about

ten

in each.

black, body slender, pectoral fin long and interrupted by

high

dorsal

Whales

a

pale mark

above

Globicephala

narrow

eye,

and

another

fin,belly white, pectoral fin broadly oval

Brit. Mus.,

of this genus

members

about

below

in both

Cat.

larger, teeth

conical.

; teeth

usually confined

a".

Gray,

Delphinus below;

Tursiops

Genus Solatia

sides, smaller,

stripeson

jaw

feet

grayish, paler b'. Teeth

indistinct

and

of each

lacking.

or

projecting dorsal

Dorsal

side

dark

small, about h.

saddle-mark

each

on

uniformly

short

very

.

dark

a

46-50

dolphin-like

are

Sotalia p. 393,

Orcinus .

.

Gray

1866.

still very

appearance,

imperfectly with

long,

known.

narrow

In

beak,

external

slightly

THE

rising forehead,

and

color

is usually

skull

differs

jaws,

and

behind on

as

in

and

of

are

the

case

mouth.

The

or

least

at

in the

dolphins

teeth

dorsal

fin.

The

species, speckled.

one

rather

long symphysis

which

bones

do

close

not

peg-like, and

smooth,

are

falcate

triangular or

in

gray,

other

The

of each

Dolphins

of

less

or

499

widely separated pterygoid

palate.

side

each

^lobe,

that

in the

the

large,more

a

pale, white

from

CETACEANS

The of the

together

number

to

up

35

jaw.

this genus

frequent

shore

some

extent

of

the

Amazonian

in the

waters

fluviatile,coming

to

into

species, ascending is the

following species

only

parts

mouths

of rivers,

long distance

a

known

one

of the

warmer

the

to

from in

occur

or

the

Chinese

waters.

Sotalia

219.

CfflNESE

Delphinus

chinensis

Delphinus

sinensis

Sotalia

sinensis

Osbeck, F.

Voyage

Cuvier,

Flower,

Proc.

Type Specimen: and

traveler,

"snow-white "at

be

and the be

coastal doubt

no

with

The

The

was

skeleton

is

it is described

caudals, related The

or

and

genera

skull, with

Measurements: 20.7

of the

"

the

anchor

at

that

out

of the

in

found

and

from

detail

saw

ship;

the

that

he

common

the

is

there

an

dolphin

common

white

same

dolphins there

specimens,

in

can

same.

is said

be

to

"of

the

classic

of

bodies

a

milky white,

jaw

and

dorsals, the

rostrum, the

by ten

vertebras

is at

once

the

total

length

relatively small

liunbars,

twenty-two

longer

are

noticeable

than

for

widely separated pterygoid

gives the principal cranial

inches; length of rostrum,

(1870),

Flower

The

in

short.

processes narrow

of

paper

beautifully figured.

and

It is characterized

The

long

Flower

the

from

the

secured

species was

River,

about

eyes."

transverse

lower

1771.

missionary

Canton

it not

these

have

cervicals, twelve all.

2, p. 27,

informally given might

so were

resemble

live animal

only

seven

name

these

have

Osbeck's

vol.

Swedish

different

nothing

The

unidentifiable,

mounted.

the

in

China,

some

as

the

lying

seemed

comers

known

fifty-one in

long symphysis

length,

black

in

of vertebrae,

number

color

4.5 inches

7 feet

given by

was

colour."

later

that

and

by J. R. Forster,

tr.

1836.

p. 513.

while

considered

and

fins

pinkish

where

they

white

whatever

"

1883,

name

who

of southern

Description:

Indies, p. 213,

{Delphinus chinensis)" tumbling

Since

waters

DOLPHIN

East

Cdtac6s,

The

description pointing white.

are

None.

the

disregarded

essential

des

Osbeck,

in

species, except well

Soc. London,

distance

a

and

Zool.

Dolphins

that

adds

China

Nat.

"

Peter

to

WHITE

Hist.

(Osbeck)

chinensis

12.8

inches;

dimensions

greatest

as

breadth

:

the

bones.

greatest at

post-

MAMMALS

THE

500

orbital

8.8; breadth

processes,

and

Occurrence

Habits:

but

China,

southern

written

paragraph

of rostrum

in the

rence

part

greater

by

year.

River

Canton

smaller

taken

was

sent

that

up

the

Yangtze

article

an

A

the

on

the

recognize the

by Dorsal

beak,

fin the

a

small, conical total

and

and

length

by

has

the

sea)

we

652):

p.

noticed

a

This

in this

species.

on

record

on

of them

most

surface that

from

below each

the side

feet when

the

Malabar

Flipper to

posterior nares,

adult.

midline 47-50

as

fulvous

forward

about

synonymous

on

the

band black. base

by and of the each

clined in-

possibly valid.

saddle-shaped

is characterized

of the

be

current.

(1889), however,

coast

dark

is white.

doubtedly un-

Although

area.

to

appear

delphis. True

extends

skull

numbering seven

flowing Japanese

northward is

is

Dolphin,

especiallyis to be looked

and

conspicuous

a

The

nvunerous,

is about

himdred

seven

was possibly Ping (1927b) has lately

indistinctlyoutlined

an

ring

contact one

species in the

(1870c,

typical Ocean seas,

longirostrisof the

falcate.

grooves

seen

adds the

Chi

tongue

a

Amoy,

1758.

specimen

ventral

pterygoids in

long wide

in

described,

black

narrow

high

this

in colour."

anatomist,

of

Later, writing from

were

from

and

through

seaward

seen

He

miles

of the

I, p. 77,

and

below

posteriorly. The

gray

(mo

in Chinese

Dolphin

common

bordered

back,

they

the-

them,

specimen to

occiu*-

throughout

capture

a

has

Hankow.

as

Dolphin, Delphinus D.

fotmd

seldom

he

notes

species of daily

a

be

to

of the

in letters

Delphinus Linnaeus

occurrence

been

common

is

Surgeons.

that

containing the

actual

no

species have to

and

Chinese

lo, vol.

waters

yet, however,

In color

The

frequent

warmer

the

of

believes

anatomy

Delphinus,

genus

of

with

this

large island

a

print consists

his further

of

None.

"

Delphinus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. The

he

Ichang

to

on

of it in

and

appear

College

far

as

Genus

several

tooth

estuaries

and

coasts

finally secured

River

Foochow

that

he

says

the

652)

p.

Quemoy,

Swinhoe

Specimens examined:

As

inches; lower

11.2

row,

knowledge

they

Royal

Dolphin, Lipotes.

River

in

tooth

apparently different form, also white

and

contributed

for

base, 4.7; length of mandible,

at

Chinese, however,

at

the

to

port, and

that

"Above

The

and

fiftymiles

and

where

effort

Flower,

to

entire

our

Amoy,

some

skeleton

the

Hongkong

the

of

This

fisherman. and

MONGOLIA

species of the

a

(1870c, Briefly, he tells us

of

the

is

Swinhoe

harbor

with

only

was

This

"

almost

quoted by Flower.

two

AND

inches.

II

row,

the

CHINA

inches; length of symphysis, 5.5; upper

18

it

OF

area

over

becoming Eye of the

the

rounded sur-

beak.

slender

long especiallyby the palate.

side of each

Teeth

jaw.

THE

CETACEANS

Genus

Tursiops Gervais

BOTTLE-NOSED

Tursiops Gervais, Hist. Nat.

This

Mammiffires,

includes

genus of

des

several

they

are

with

prominent beak,

gray

above, shading into white in the

occur

of the

one

from

social

are

(Montagu),

for

of

in

a3070,

localityis

be

United

Museum

unknown

skull

beak,

254;

measiu-ed

was

of

breadth

intermaxillaries be

to

are

beak

base

at

Nat. Meomeris

Zool.

Hist.,

ser.

Gray,

List Osteol.

Neophocana

1922;

The

low

by is

by

rostral

minute have

to

beak

the

upper

21

a

small

on

and

doubted

that

waters.

One

Seas,"

T.

skull,

a

the

precise with

tmncatus,

is

body

panying accom-

truncatus

The

spotted.

; length of

mm.

breadth

109;

for this genus

records

These

across

in Chinese

Gray

"Terror,"

vol.

Mamm.,

i,

p. 30,

Thomas,

1846.

Mag.

Ann.

p.

306,

the

vol.

Washington,

Nat.

Mag.

Hist., ser.

g, vol. 9,

dorsal

fin,its

1899.

13, p. 23,

of this genus

feature

projecting ridge.

is the

lip.

The

eyes

but

skull is bent

slightlyin

teeth

side of each

vary

most

spade-shaped

jaw.

of those crowns,

at

number

The

in the

a

only

known

developed. in

as

of the

downward

of

forehead

the

well

are

hump-like projection

lack

size of the

The

projecting snout,

or

The

but

Ann.

Thomas,

1866.

1925.

each

pointed teeth, somewhat

T.

but

length, 436

widely separated pterygoids

the

portion of axis.

basicranial

a

no

is

the latter, there

15

Soc.

external

characterized

about

p. 655,

taken

vertically from

The

Biol.

Proc.

Neomeris

Specimens Brit. Mus.,

ibid., vol. 16,

there

of the

summer

16, p. 655, 1925.

obvious

place being is small;

"Erebus"

Voy. H.M.S. 9, vol.

Palmer,

be

Paris, than

mon com-

Sea.

"China

at

maxillary notches,

Definite

diet.

expected.

Gray,

676,

p.

from

total

early

Chinese

It is smaller surface

fish

a

frequently

hardly in

Naturelle

of

Genus Neomeris

in

species,

can

occur

follows:

as

proximal end, 76.

at

it

and

reported

under

True

schools, and

to

41).

p.

the

by

for

Greenland

best-known

found

side of each

each

on

brownish

species at least, the the

to

in small

d'Histoire

and

25

build,

stout

uniform

a

adapted

one

States

The

be

(True, 1889,

to

22

rather

is

color

and

and

cosmopolitan, will

genus

relativelylonger beak,

Paris

waters

world,

(Gray), is indeed

the

teeth

conical,

distances.

to

the

species, T. catalania

a

the

length, of

Their

fin.

definitelymigratory, passing

southern

short

is believed

member

No.

dorsal

is

feet in

ten

dolphins, traveling together vessels

some

to

of the

seas

of the

similar-appearing species,but in general

plump,

Ocean,

1855.

2, p. 323,

below,

and

warmer

Atlantic

latitudes

the

vol.

rather

falcate

jaw, proportionally large They

DOLPHINS

fairlylarge size, running and

501

The

Phoccena,

very

at

in each

jaw,

with

intermaxillary carries remaining part

compressed

from

side to

of the

one

base. to

the

usually or

tooth

side, and

in

as

the

angle

strong

is

skvdl

and,

intermaxillas a

species

rises almost

two row

show-

THE

502

ing

slight nick

a

had

however, to

as

proposed

Thomas

later

for

plant,

a

reinstated

becomes

misprint,

a

already

been

have

its

Neomeris

phoccenoides Gray,

Neomeris

Delphinaplerus

Murray,

Ann.

Type specimen: toire

Natiirelle

Hope, almost in

The

"

coast,

as

ed.

H.M.S.

of

use

is not

zoology

that

designated.

was

Neophoccena.

previous

genus,

and

polyps,

genotype

a

this

respond. cor-

Apparently,

Neomeris

proves

invalidated,

it

and

PORPOISE

2, vol.

and

Hist.,

is

vol.

(mamm.

from

a

from

as

northern

more

specimen

second

a

1884.

a3o86,- in the

This, although labeled was

1846.

p. 30,

1869.

13, p. 351,

skull, No.

a

vol. I, Mamm.,

"Terror," 6, p. 24,

5, vol.

sen

(aperju g^n.), p. 7, 1842. marins), p. 14, pis. 25, 26, 1844-45.

Mamm.

Manmi.

"Erebus"

1829.

I, p. 291,

Japonica,

Nat.

Mag.

was

This

"

combined

with

the

skull

The

and

all-black

down

d'His-

Museum

the

of Good

Cape

locality,probably from

secured

the

at

time, and

same

the

row,

have

are

smaller

normally

thoracic

with

attenuate,

the

with

spines of the sternum

is reduced,

account

1927b.

in

recognized

once

ridge

the

teeth, which,

in

place of the

case,

its

by

fin,

dorsal

a

short

basicranial

usually in

of five skeletons

connection thirteen the

broad the

axis,

about

i8

to

first few

the

vertebrae the

of the muscular

the

pairs,though and

is

are

less

that

seventh one

deflected

anterior

trum, ros-

widely in each

20

anterior

teeth

variations was lished pubvestigialpair of ribs vertebra.

of fourteen

case

the

the

are

fin

more

correlated

fused, the

haps per-

neural

posterior portion of

humerus

is

proportionally longer.

anatomy

in

a

Chinese

The

is recorded.

pectoral

downward,

cervicals

developed,

a

cervical

rounded,

more

more

three

their

and

it appears

with

head

feeding, the and

which

from

shorter

rostrum

body

of

spatulate except

Phoccena,

bottom

the

in 1923,

usually

are

Compared

line

the

account

present

ribs

at

conical.

and

by the writer

extremely

low

by its globose brain

crowns

extended

more

be

may

color.

from

sharply separated pterygoids, and

A

the

is characterized

bent

which

porpoise

small

rising forehead

abruptly

is

of

for

jaw

Paris.

Description:

tooth

use

Japonica,

type

Paris.

at

in

used

genus

name

the

Zool. Soc. London,

vmdoubtedly

Malabar

the

also

Voy.

Trans.

the

FINLESS

Anim.,

Siebold, Fauna

Zool.

a

be

lower

phocaenoides (G. Cu\-ier)

Siebold, Fauna

Owen,

molagan

kurrachiensis

Neomeris

in

in

Temminck,

melas

Delphinus

Cuvier, R6gne

Temminck,

nielas

Meomeris for

of the

those

porpoise.

BLACK

Delphinaplerus

MONGOLIA

valid, since

was

instead

that

so

for this

G.

that

pointed out,

220.

Delphinus phocsnoides

AND

preoccupied

was

apparently

Meomeris, Palmer

advocated

Neomeris

that

believing

had

1922

CHINA

edge in the middle, while

the

on

in

Thomas

OF

MAMMALS

specimen,

see

For

an

the

lent excel-

A. B. Howell,

CETACEANS

THE

Measurements:

Wvilsin and

57.75

may

be

females adult to

inches. females

with

each

notch

585;

of mouth,

anus;

50;

to

The

850;

largest of

gives

mm.;

Occurrence

and

British

sides

both

said

to

mouth

seen

in

the

of the

schools

that

Lake,

the

specimens in

the

haunt

of

them

in

now

a

of

the

it is drowned is

stream

a

or

of

of

edge

at

rostrum

tooth

In

71;

row,

in life is dark

porpoises

but

number

a

strikes

killed.

of

one

it the

more

In

the

skeleton

of

museum

this

with the

these

F.

hooks, among

of the

Shanghai, about

Wulsin,

at

who

its mouth

near

Here from In

and the

Royal

the a

Tungting

its

up

struggles

neighboring Asiatic

species (Sowerby,

at

and to

1926c).

Dr.

of

Kiangyin, captvire stretched

down, free

hooks,

Society

the

three

Chinese

long line

passing

not

secixred

Zoology, obtained in

the

river, reaching

great

R.

hooks

water.

firmly

above

little white

a

often

captured

one

Reach

Shanghai.

the

is

and

Malacca,

occurring commonly Dr.

on

in the

gray

sharp iron of

surface

the

at

of

above

localities

mentions

freely up also

the

at

Seven-mile

Yangtze coming

miles

the

Although

various of

larger

whence

Gorge,

I909d).

of

coast

of the

it is

Comparative

of

the

apparently common (1926c) writes that they are

slate

pass

stream,

from

Strait

and

fluvia-

and

mouths

from

China,

He

in

estuarine

Ichang

(Lydekker,

surface."

Museum

entangle

mounted

foramen

to

front

to

lower

the

it is known

few,

Lipotes (Hoy, 1923). the

the

as

Sowerby

the

tributary of the

porpoise eventually serve

of tail,

(p. 248).

of 1923

rostrum

waters,

It enters

far up

waters.

Kiangsu, eighty

to

angle

to

flukes

156; width 75;

warmer

specimen

a

at

main

by suspending

across

80;

eye,

91 ; rostrum

strictlycoastwise, in

fairly common

these the

small

Province

ridge ("fin"),

across

paper

row,

peninsvila,Singapore,

color

on

only Ichang

tooth

Japan. as

species are

"playing it is

a

shores

Yangtze, where

lips. Apparently

only

the

is

southern

received

Indian

where

my

width,

greatest

127;

This

"

also in Bomean

Whangpu,

maxillary notch,

Yangtze

of the

of the

states

to

has

occur

the

these

Habits:

ascends

records

published

An

snout

170.

around

Museum

in

given

are

of upper

length

79;

and

India

rivers,

it two

measured:

to

230;

width

90;

all events

of dorsal

following: greatest length, to

porpoise, frequenting

western

front

62.5

respectively.

Wulsin,

pectoral fin,

blow-hole,

At

inches

50 Dr.

; to

rnm.

of

of

palatal length,

124;

maxillary notches,

and

the

rostrum

length of mandible,

tile

and

47

of five skiills

these

220

blow-hole,

insertion

to

males.

R.

and

smaller,

are

than

preservative, by

posterior edge

measurements

magnum,

measured

straight line, 1,245

a

respectively, or

mm.

measurements

little smaller

a

in

1,460

F.

Dr.

by

length of pectoral fin, 265; its width, 85.

greatest The

in

and

1,580

recorded

embryo,

whole

sent

to

other

average an

of flukes

snout

430;

The

that

female,

measuring

males,

two

were

largest of the foxir specimens secured

The

"

503

at

a

itself until

hai Shang-

Wtdsin's

fourth

specimen

Lake,

Hunan, on

Like

but

shrimp

Yangtze

the

Dr.

Wulsin's

that

well

as

Dr.

by

the

been

Kiangsu: Kiangyin, Lake

Four,

"

genus

although True

(1889), who

that

the

In

form

the

front

of the

in the upper all

when

are

in

jaw,

for

convex

there

Ann.

are

rissoi

Blyth, Joum.

Clobiocephaluschinensis

Description: "

everywhere and

an

area

on

the

the

Sowerby

Pig.

Sea

Seals

Soc. and

belly

variation.

individual

in

forehead

the

having

the

in

area

deciduous, ordinarily lacking

are

seven

on

age,

in the lower,

each

side of the

although

mandible.

griseus (Cuvier) GRAMPUS

Nat., Paris,

vol.

19, p.

6, p. 411,

1838.

Bengal, Whales

vol.

14,

pi.

i,

fig. I,

1812.

28, p. 481, 1859.

Brit. Mus.,

p. 323,

1866.

specified.

general color The

world,

conclusion

the

fin, and

differs

lost,with

COMMON

vol.

to

closely,having rather

rather

skull

as

species, for, of the

oceans

of

matters

teeth

Grampus

Asiatic

Not

"

The

uniform.

very

many

Repository,

Gray, Cat.

Type Specimen:

different

carefully,came

were

The

as

d'Hist.

Mus.

Clobiocephalus rissi Anon., Chinese Globicephalus

examples. or

of

remains

the

single cosmopolitan the

Blackfish

curve.

THE

griseus Cuvier,

of Indian

of

contents

Gray

a

gradually becoming

present

addition

this

above:

from

the

elevated, while

and

of

Musevmi,

stomach

"flippers,"a large falcate dorsal

or

221.

Delphinus

but

these

resembles

a

nostrils

Grampus

evidence

the

claimed

pectoral fins

narrow

the

is "hai-chu"

porpoise

described

examined

Grampus

rising abruptly

Remains

U. S. National

in

and

stomachs

contain

to

been

have

characters

of

out

2, 1828.

appears

several

Musevmi.

leap

to

(M.C.Z.).

i

Gray, Spicilegia Zool., p.

This

not

(M.C.Z.).

3

Tungting,

Genus

Grampus

food

mentioned

as

National

seas.

of the

fishes, among

from

for this

name

neighboring

Similar

recovered

Chinese

the

small

specimens.

S.

mens speci-

Kiangsu, eighth from some

an

said

are

Tungting

The from

came

to

U.

the

S. Schmidt

of two

Specimens examined: Hunan:

in

as

into

rolling to the surface for movements, shrimps, Palcemon japonicus, a species

be

Waldo

in

cetaceans

their to

seems

spinal cords

squids have

states

food

identified

as

of

small

the

were

well

chief

based

was

flows

of Yochow.

in addition

are

small

in

sluggish

rather

are

in

these

Porpoise,

that

south

paper

Whangpu, These

MONGOLIA

stream

miles

(1927b)

from

two

AND

twenty

Yangtze.

the

on

Their

found

and

CHINA

fresh-water

a

and

Howell's

B.

Harbor

breath.

one

A.

Woosung

the

water,

hvmdred

one

point

other

OF

captured in

was

which

five from

as

MAMMALS

THE

504

lower beneath

lip the

is "a and

steel

chin,

dorsal

fin

of mediiun

gray the are

margin of

a

of the

light gray

depth upper

and

lip,

color, ap-

THE

white.

preaching lines of

lightgray

a

The

of the

skull

maxillaries

has

of

convex

even

these

maximum

number

of New

drop

eye,

base

of

The with

out

True

England:

tip of

pectoral fin, skull

rostnmi

Occurrence a

rather

than

one

or

Leuchen,

fin, and

length

is said

be

to

For

for

inter-

with

their

the

to

lower

be

to

seems

the

snout

inches;

130

tip of

anterior

to

from

large female

a

inches;

17

1889,

of

tip

snout

base

128): greatest

p.

breadth

As

"

the

snout

to

anterior

to

of dorsal

fin, 50

length, 487

zygomatic

across

mm.;

of squamosals,

processes

of

breadth

of frontal, 310;

processes

food

black

as

have

at

been

one

of

with

squid

the

of

of the

oceans

in that

so,

The

the

on

in the

of the

belly,

lower

cuttlefish,a diet

and

degeneration of

are

male

a

with

a

taken

at

triangular The

fin 14 inches.

that

more

is the

for China

jaw only.

pectoral

this is

world,

seldom

sole record

January, 1838, of

lighter teeth

worn

feet, that

9.75

consists

time.

above,

and

the

it appears

least

at

Repository

five blunt

in

elsewhere,

taken

Chinese

correlated

excellent

an

markings,

a

to

side

the

in other

total far

So

cetaceans

teeth, particularly of the

the

jaw.

upper

the

but

the

known,

seems

in the described

dorsal

as

Habits:

species,or

and

confined

that

inches.

antorbital

individuals

one

;

126).

p.

than

204.

uncommon

oft-quoted

length

each

on

straight line,

a

(True,

across

and

two

Seven

following

tip of

246; greatest

base,

at

less

throughout,

usually

are

blow-hole,

to

inches;

22

the

in

length snout

breadth

342;

length

teeth age.

gives

measured

of rostrum,

length

its

portion,

uniform

nearly

inches; length of pectoral fin, 21.5 The

rostral

irregular

by

length" (True, 1889,

recorded.

"

inches;

15

of

and

traversed

are

tapering conspicuously forward

skull, and

and

fins

the

varying width

upward.

Measurements: coast

the

wide

are

of

505

and

body

relatively short

a

portion

and

whole

color and

remainder

rostral

jaw,

The

CETACEANS

and

form, of

Zoological Society

female

stranded

at

showing

photograph,

external

see

an

London,

Sydney,

Specimens examined:

article

p.

by

565, pi.

South

New

curious

linear

Troughton

in

the

i,

and

of

Proceedings

concerning

1931,

circular

a

male

and

Wales.

None.

"

Genus

Globicephala

Lesson

BLACKFISH

Globicephala Lesson, Hist.

Nat.

List

Mamm.

Clobiocephalus Gray,

The a

Blackfishes

slight indication

whereas

in

Brit.

Grampus

a

beak

the

decouv.

depuis 1788, vol. I, p. 441,

pi. 8, 1828.

Mus., p. xxii, 1843.

rather

are

of

et Ois.

Mamm.

closely related

usually present

forehead

rises

to

in

almost

the

the

Grampus,

shape

of

but

there

is

protruding lips,

vertically without

any

pro-

THE

5o6 The

jection.

In

attenuate.

in front, the

rounded

in contact

their

along

few

but

and the

median

G.

the

in

scammonii

teeth

row

broad

the

obtained

Dr.

the

large

Andrews

same

one

bluntly

and

species considered

by

that

much

pterygoid bones

moderately

are

fin

pectoral

and

tively rela-

here. in Chinese

species occasionally seen

whaling stations, it is assumed

Japanese

the

portion is

in the

is the

was

and

species broad,

The

what

MONGOLIA

rostral

some

eight in each

only

AND

slender,

skull

line.

certainly known

since

CHINA

more

intermaxillae

in number,

It is not seas,

is longer

body

and

narrower

OF

MAMMALS

at

of

one

in

occurs

the

Chinese

waters.

SCAMMON'S

Globiocephalusscammonii 36, pp.

no.

known

"

warmer

below

the

teeth

other

its

in

fewer,

are

of

a

U.

S.

male

so

on

type

"is

presumably presumptive

to

species

to

Museum the

was

and

the

of

type

the

distribution

Atlantic

North

species, body, the very

fin, with

dorsal

skull

a

merely.

of world-wide

group

a

contrast

its

concavity

color, lacking the white

are or

186

practically wider

eight in

inches

(1,372 mm.); tip of 54 inches length of pectoral fin, 34 inches

of the

account

much

^According

was

National

this is

belongs

"this

median

type.

seven

"

that

distinguished by its long slender

this

tip,and

Measurements:

length

the says

globe, in

is distinctive,

maxillaries, which at

is in

by its entirely black

and

of the

skull

rostrum

Mus.,

description, measvirements,

elongate pectoral fin,large crescentic

pointing backward, The

True, Bull. U. S. Nat.

21.

p.

remarks

the

named,

was

It is outwardly

and

areas

the

139)

p.

True

Blackfish

of

waters

narrow

which

type

no

This

Description: melcena.

Philadelphia, 1869,

from

There

Scammon

species," but, since

G.

Sci.

Cope

Scammon."

presented by

in

Nat.

(1889,

True

"

Professor

by

of

drawings

BLACKFISH

185, 1889.

139,

Specimen:

Type made

Cope, Proc. Acad.

(Cope)

scammonii

Globicephala

222.

a

in the

of

breadth

the

Moreover,

type.

Mammals),

(Marine

(4,724 mm.); snout

entire

melcena

row.

Scammon

to

the

cover

than

inter-

widely expanded

very

from

tip of

pectoral fin,

to

(864 mm.)

;

breadth

33

snout

dorsal

to

fin,

(838 mm.);

inches

across

total

the

inches

flukes, 42

(1,067 mm.). (1889,

True the

U.

breadth

S. National of rostrum

Occurrence waters

G.

to

this

scammonii

185) gives

p.

and

Museum: at

the

total

following

length, 690

base, 308; breadth

Habits:

"

The

between

reference

doubtful, since

skull

in

340;

orbits, 487.

of Blackfish

it is very

the

length of rostrum,

mm.;

species is wholly provisional. Indeed, is rather

for

measurements

the

reports

from

Chinese

validity of the species

closely related

to

the

species

THE

of the

Blackfish

a

when

more

may

with

an

the

up

is such

the

same

actual

has

been

supposed

enormous

off Gutslaff

Island

could

and

mentions

a

his

anchored

yacht

at

there

see,

north

turned

be

to

school

off

Blackfish,

of

mouth

later,

of seventy in the

"breaching"

Specimens examined:

Yangtze

estuary

Orcinus KILLER

Orcinus

Fitzinger, Wiss.-Pop.

of authors

Orca

The

beak, not

a

is preoccupied

high

dorsal

(rarely to

ten

Delphinidse,

for another

is

fin in the the

at

although I have

by its

each

important

no

actual

as

skull

it

orca

orca

Washington,

vol.

13, p. 24,

Type specimen:

"

with

be

may

here

from

records

Orcinus

Naturgesch.

They

second

note

Anderson

from

known

i860. of

synonym

Hyperoodon,

indication

body, lacking

any

long rostrum,

the

a

the

this

teeth

cetacean,

ftar-seal, and

included

for

the

a

intermaxillaries stout

very

of

the

about

largest of the

because sake

and

of

of its

mopolitan cos-

reference,

China.

orca

WHALE;

(Linnaeus) ORCA

der

77, 1758. Saugethiere, vol. 6, p. 204,

to

exist.

i, p.

1899.

Not

a

of the

enemy

Linnasus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol.

Fitzinger, Wiss.-Pop.

stout

as

Since

KILLER

Orcinus

L.

the

Fitzinger

in contact,

row.

an

223.

Delphinus

Arthur

1926, as

Shanghai.

near

of cetaceans,

genus

male,

in

distribution,

Mr.

2,

far

about.

The

sea.

relates

WHALE

tip,pterygoids

twelve)

estuary.

open

der Saugethiere, vol. 6, p. 204,

Naturgesch.

is characterized

broadened

As

swimming

and

these

September

on

of

presence

None.

"

Genus

Orca

by

the

first of

Kent

to

this.

on

The

Yangtze

eighty, seen

or

E.

of

examination

The

notes

Shanghai.

disappeared

and

the

it is perhaps

and

establish

to

brief

W.

when

Japanese whaling stations,

waters.

Whangpu,

hundreds,

were

the

two

The

leaps out partly, gathering in large schools,

desirable

highly

rounded

of water

Chinese

published

has

sea

pectoral.

narrow

occasionally taken,

in

seen

fin, much

appreciable time

an

at

reported by Captain the

east

school

species was

is most

(i926h, 1927)

his work

In

more.

this

sight

it sometimes

at

risingto "blow"

pointed dorsal long

identifiable

Blackfish

cetaceans.

the

is apparently

what

to

found

leisurelymovements,

gregarious, often

are

be

eventually

may

it is in and

applied

names

of these

backwardly

that

specimens, however,

cetaceans,

waters

opportunities

that

that

Sowerby

an

or

found one

the

They

hundreds

other

rather

breathe,

to

foam.

up

Andrews

eye

body water

several

to

Dr.

to

favorable

507

and

characters

by their

at

breaks

churning

Japanese

showing

grace,

and

of

Atlantic,

of the

identified

be

easy

forehead,

animal

from

is known

usually

length

of the

waters

warm

CETACEANS

i860.

Palmer,

Proc.

BioL

Soc

MAMMALS

THE

S08

As

Description: "

black, with

a

is

this mark

outlined,

lower

parts

backward-reaching is

fairlylong,

usually about as

twelve

is

There

"

In

high

as

reach

Males

of the snout,

1205)

510;

Chinese

it is

for

In the

North

during the

whales it

as

when

a

a

are

sharply

posteriorly and

upward-

an

The

;

the

teeth

rostrum

large,

are

laterally,and specimens

some

no

difference

sexual

as

are

many

only attain

not a

in size and

huge triangular affair

fin broadens fin

is

with

out

large

but

the

much

forehead

the

An

beak.

pectorals

950

skiill from

length

mm.;

of

lower

definite

No

"

is

there

jaw, length, 770;

also

in its

to

chief

up

small

enemy,

and

of the

Orca

occasionally

in

all the

common

enemies

"

schools

porpoises. where

appears.

Specimens examined:

be

tooth

None.

and Both

often

latter

the

(M.C.Z.

of beak

360.

row,

passes

along the

of the

possible will scramble

out

the

world.

side, and

It is

waters.

it very a

most

whalebone

hair-seals on

for

hand

at

are

American

and

base,

at

fur-seal, which

fur-seals

tip

maxillary

to

attacking

was

length.

from Pacific

oceans

the

on

of the

wintering places in the Japanese

going in small

of them

it

species, found

of the

one

that

doubt

no

records

lower

a

narrower.

15 feet in

rostnmi

tically prac-

than

are

this

the

the

becoming

more

slopes backward

adult

with

age,

hardly

smaller, rarely exceeding

and

portions pro-

larger size, but

a

feet, possibly thirty, but

26

length,

355;

is

snapping

drove

in

falcate, while

and

cosmopolitan

summer

dangerous

a

is

Habits:

but

animal, or

individuals

genera

Blackfish.

though

row,

dorsal

Pacific it is well known

likely harries voracious

heavy,

row,

waters,

coasts,

are

there

and

Occurrence

mark,

light areas

palatal length, 620; greatest width, 630; width

tooth

upper

saddle

is white,

project somewhat

pectoral

about

greatest

measures:

notches, 290;

and

that

so

region

obsctire

some

both

in related

than

They

the

male,

length of

is stout

form

The

in the

only; females

"estimated"

In

grayish

or

more

a

continuing in

and

enormous,

the

female,

the

as a

forward.

in the

as

males

becomes

sex

straight edges, while

third

eye

a

pectoral fins, expanding

remarkable

a

The

cetacean.

fin in this

oval.

fin, forming

and

counted.

be

in this

almost

dorsal

anus,

in each

in number

Measurements:

dorsal

rounded

and

sharp-pointed.

ten

may

the

solidly built

more

short

not

conical, and

stout,

the

mid- ventral

the

as

behind

in others, and

than

The

is blackish

arm.

skull is rather

The

far

as

MONGOLIA

and

narrowing between

area

in the

take

downward

yellowish.

be

to

this

the

clearly noticeable

more

sometimes

said

mark

behind

and

tapering

medially and

broadest

to

whitish, narrowly oval

AND

coloring above

in life, the

seen

patch just below

whitish

CHINA

OF

land

know or

hide

THE

CETACEANS

Family

PHYSETERID^

SPERM

This

family is distinguished

extended

upward

for the a

of

support thick

teeth

genera,

Physeter, the

smaller

Kogia,

is situated

it is

generally. by

when

tip

nearly

Sperm they

sperm-whale

at

Whales

doubtless

not

fishery

the

the

of

enormous

the

lower of

In

jaw.

the

the

back

distance

former

species became

pure

ceti, sperma-

the

but

much

in front.

are

and

the

or

side, while

as seas

in

the

during

much

blow-hole

in the

snout

living

two

left-hand

Chinese

This teristic charac-

a

square

nostril

the the

on

the

assiduously hunted,

or

There

Odontoceti,

from

reached

are

is formed

gives it

head

verticallytruncate

largest

maxillaries basin

consistency of tallow.

asymmetrically

snout

median

were

an

that

containing nearly

end

Whale.

a

fact

of the

the

to

Whale,

the

so

"case"

less

or

Sperm

of

the that

anterior

more

Sperm

by

skull,

confined

are

Pygmy

or

the

at

part

dipped out,

of the it is

and

functional

in Kogia

be

may

enlargement

appearance,

The

in

large reservoir-like

a

oil,which

remarkable

WHALES

sides of the

the

at

509

cetaceans

times

gone

height of

depleted, though

the

it has

now

probably slightlyrecovered.

Genus Physeter Linnjeus, Syst. Nat.,

distribution

in

into

water.

colder

asymmetrical the

snout,

lo, vol.

especially the It

S-shaped

Traces

upper

jaw.

the of

is

teeth, about

non-functional

small

Linnaeus

to

in

ashore

the

the seems

the

P. much

"

'No

known.

WHALE

I, p.

of various

this

to

case

nothing

head, of

tip

in each

27

have

been

of the

of the

ramus

lower

from

reported

the

the

Linnaeus

76, 1758

by

exists.

Robert

there else

first in Linnaeus's P.

the

near

authors.

specimen

described In

applicable familiar

SPERM

side

skull, long symphysis

to

teeth

catodon

lo, vol.

the

25

Physeter

type

cetacean

Hebrides.

catodon, coming more

ed.

Linnaeus, ibid.,and

specimen:

Type

forehead

large stout

Linnasus, Syst. Nat.,

Physeter macrocephalus

of

north

truncate

enormous

left-hand

the

on

of world-wide

rarely straying well

the

distinguishable by

Whale,

Sperm

though

seas,

blow-hole

224.

Physeter catodon

is the

genus

warmer

basin-like

enormous

and

jaw,

jaw.

name

76, 1758.

i, p.

only living species of this

The

lower

ed.

Linnaeus

Physeter

name

Sibbald

was

than

The

the

work,

as

school

a

Whale,

been

and so

the that

cast

scription dethe

vmfortimately displace

must

macroceplialus by which

having

of them,

Sperm

given by

was

the

species is

almost

versally uni-

THE

510

MAMMALS

The

Description: "

length, with presence for

low

a

certain

a

CHINA

of

white

MONGOLIA

comprising neariy

blow-hole

ridge-like dorsal

amount

AND

head,

enormous

asymmetrical

the

of

OP

the

on

fin, and

marbling

the

about

third

a

left side

of

entirely

black

the

the

the

total the

snout, color

except

to

identify

lips, suffice

this whale. Measurements: and

over

has

snout,

and

female

is much

instead

lower

of square,

China

and

ashore

from

a

well

as

in

the

to

are

The

splendid

the

indicates

of

for

the

series

of whalebone

into the form

a

capacious sieve

The a

few

are

three the

by

and

Whales

as

species

"Japan

Hawaiian

was

Grounds,"

Islands.

He

of the

north

before

useless

families

to

they

attempt

should

be

following key, which

tangled

and are

of larger Cetacea

records

in two

down

frayed and

crustaceans out

families

of

by resorption before

hanging

The

minute

strained

it is almost

however, identified

the

published

summer

least three

at

lost

are

cavity.

by which

that

nature

teeth

plates is formed,

chiefiyfeed,

whales

the

mouth

this

H.

shows

Philippines.

WHALES

includes

Mystacoceti

whales, in which

Sperm

came

Charles

MYSTACOCETI

WHALEBONE

suborder

of

so-called

Sea

record

None.

"

SUBORDER

The

the

China

spring,

actual

Dr.

by

prepared

the

on

approaching

east

records

Specimens examined:

Japan,

in

north

only

the

enter

(Physeter)" that

whale

in

times

way

The

past.

that

The

rounded,

more

at

distribution

monthly

side of it.

snout

their

map

truncate

recurved.

Whales

on

"young

a

each

slightly

or

lip,squarely

on

and

Sperm

times

fiftyfeet

of the

end

of China in

so

of

upper

teeth

slender

more

coasts

coast

scattering of winter

the

records,

eastern

farther

feet, and

done

color

11,000

over

off the

common

25-27

Ping (1924) of

of Chi

showing

Townsend,

as

have

length

a

overhanging

Undoubtedly

"

along the

must

that

30

reaches

about

teeth

Tinghai, Chekiang.

at

plotted

the

Habits:

pass

they

be

to

seems

with

jaw with

while

and

least

at

male

head

smaller, about

Occurrence

or

adult

enormous

narrow

Sea

The

"

an

lengthwise

ranks

plates

which

fishes, on

a

the

swallowed. China

for

expected

of these

ends

to

of

are

identification

an

also

small

bone living whale-

birth, while

These

occur.

gives the

so

indefinite ably, Prob-

of them.

obvious

be

may

generic and

specificdistinctions. Key A.

Lower a.

back

Upper jaw plates very the black

to

Whalebone

without

a

and

but

frayed

in color, or

to

Expected

be

triangular projection or

lower

narrow

plates and

Whales

lips

much

long, ends

white-marbled

up

in

Chinese

Seas

fin.

arched, whalebone to

black,

seven

feet, both

body

thick

below

and

Family Balaenidas, Eubalwna glacialis(Bonnaterre), Right

Whale

CETACEANS

THE

b.

Upper

and

jaw

short

and

lips slightlyarched,

broad,

throughout,

up

whalebone

color

body

grooves,

plates whitish

feet, dull

two

with

long, tapering, throat

body

longitudinal

about

to

511

mottled

two

Rhachianectes B.

Lower

back

vertical

a

triangular projectionor

fin

Whale

Family Balaenopterida;,Finbacks with

about

fourteen

plaits,dorsal

lengthwise

low, irregular projection, pectoral limb

a

glaiicus (Cope), Gray

well-defined

a

fin

Throat

a.

with

Rhachianectidse,

Family

gray

long, about

one-third

color

more

black,

the

less mottled

or

very

total length of body, with

body

Megaptera

white

nodosa

(Bonnaterre), Humpback

b.

Throat

with

plaits, dorsal backward,

than

more

many fin

lengthwise

fourteen

hooked

well-defined, somewhat limb

pectoral

about

eighth of total

an

length. a'. Sides

of

tapering evenly

jaw

upper

dorsal

fin large, falcate, body

a".

broad

A

length its

white

band

about

to

frayed

white

feet, whalebone

twenty

ends

Balanoptera

pectoral fin,

the

across

tip,

the

to

below

and B.

yellowish white

Little

b".

Pectoral

fin all dark-colored

Smaller, length

1.

Larger, with

b'. Sides

frayed

of upper

dorsal

partly

many

their

except

for

white

B. dark

wholly white and

coarse

outward

its

blades,

dull whitish. from

to

the

on

black

ends

frayed

physalus (Linn.),Finback

all

white

of

B.

tip,

mouse-gray

irregular blotches and

Lesson, Sei Whale

borealis

....

bluish

body

whalebone

throat,

fine and

or

jaw bowed

fin small,

over

ends

Whale

above.

sixty-fivefeet, whalebone

to

Piked

fifty feet, whalebone

to

black, its frayed ends 2.

Lac6p6de,

acuto-rostrata

Sibbaldiis

throughout

(Linn.),Blue

musculus

Whale

Although

species of large to

of

members

Lonnberg,

any

that

reliable

museums,

between

and

well

were

it

their

made

increasingly

in the

for

different very

because

specimens.

few

such

a

will

as

Pacific

size adequate

large animals,

the

of

work

species

of variation,

amotmt was

True,

formerly

believed,

satisfactorily distinguish

Nevertheless, of

applied

were

of distinct

number

certain

whether,

that

oceans.

the

different

the

names

from

apparent

to

of

characters

great many

that

doubtfiil

found

the a

subject

specimens

of their In

out,

others

are

be

before

becomes

and

characters

can

ago,

now

Andrews,

characters

demonstrate,

less

or

this group,

it becomes

races

to

whales

Harmer,

is small, while so

century

a

this is not whales

comparisons

too, the

range

are are

always

graphical geoeasy

preserved in difficult

of individual

even

varia-

MAMMALS

THE

512

proportionate, and

tion is likelyto be of

nvimber

suffice

expectation

the

with

will prove

Gray, for

basis

of

of

from

of

anything

the

the

Atlantic

longer-known

limited

definite

a

species of probable investigations reveal actual

nature

occurrence,

characters

representatives, the

raciallydifferent.

in

the

the

Atlantic

by

animal,

Japanese

It is altogether

Japan.

the

plates and sieboldii

Balcena

supplied by

off

seas

baleen

narrow

named

was

characters

supposed

really differs from

far it

how

however,

lack

accommodation,

taken

frequently

it is

the

distinguished by its long

their

for

the

on

the

MONGOLIA

hardly be determined

indicate

to

only

Whale,

rostrum

AND

can

if future

from

best

at

Right

The arched

here

that

distinguishing Pacific former

In

specimens.

museum

it must

available,

CHINA

OF

uncertain,

species,Eubalcena

glacialis

(Bonnaterre).

monograph

Right Whales

the but

throat

two

formerly

in winter

as

It is tmknown

whether

fotmd

as

the

type

is

coasts

on

in Chinese

occurs

a

Dr.

side

west

waters

It

coarse.

has used

Andrews

of the

well, but

as

his

from

fin, and

dorsal

and

coasts, and

the

in

and

family distinct

a

pale

California

the

Japanese it

of

stations,

Exteriorly it lacks

along

not

or

Japanese

Pacific.

it may

be

for.

looked

Finbacks

The

as

engulf

a

great body

strainer, and

whalebone

side

under of water

of the

at

throat,

time, which

a

small

the

their

recognizable by

are

group

a

the

plaits on

muscular to

the

as

gated especially investi-

was

the

its whalebone

while

grooves,

far south

it

Finbacks.

the

or

abound

to

at

species,he regards it

the

on

Andrews

Chapman

Roy

Dr.

by

glaucus (Cope),

Rhachianectes

Whale,

Gray

The

fish

an

adaptation allowing them

is then

the

expelled through contained

crustaceans

or

longitudinal

many

left to

are

be swallowed.

its very

long pectoral limb, nearly

while

the

at

time

same

pectoral limbs, and often and

of

p. and

231)

This

wrote

that

one

fiesh, and in

these

Straits

in

fish northward

that was

ground seas,

near

is he

saw

one

up

and

in

Swatow,

diiring late October.

the

May

is

He

two

few, about lower

seen

in

mentions

the

is low, and

with

to capture harpoons, migratory, following schools

whales

fishermen, He

off the

adds

by

imtil

reference

in

it

the seems

its young

those

waters

coast

west

that

the

the

(1870a,

Swinhoe

tried out

who

southward

the

to

which

accompanied

a

animal,

between

part of the back

retreating somewhat

manure.

entire

the

foiorteen

fairlyeasy

large

some

for

remaining

length of

species concerning

by

bones

the

somewhat

and the

or

there

taken

the

at

be

to

summer

possibly

are

species is

it is found

Atlantic

winter.

"fin"

This

third

a

folds

throat

fibrous

the

irregularshape.

in the

of small in

the

for

(Bonnaterre), is remarkable

Megaptera nodosa

Whale,

Humpback

The

one

of Hainan,

oil,ate to

winter

in Namoa

northeasters Chinese

the

set

in

Repository,

THE

November,

of

1843,

London,

little

although

of

this

Probably in

Chinese

will

found

these

doubt

than

of

that

gives

(1924)

the

along

fourteen

feet

long, He

University. resembling

ro

is

strata

in

shore.

by

its

fin.

may

to

Its

believe bowed

be

Blue

the

and

records,

instead

of

up.

far

less ones

Chef

at

00,

the

in

in

even

nearly

a

in

length

wide

white

musculus, North

the

straight more.

straight

line

Its

the

Pacific

is

head

outlines

of

species whalebone,

white,

pure

purplish,

or

and

bands,

Balcenoptera

bays and bar

the

across

is 80

rostnim.

more

their

close

easily identified

is

largest hving and

while

acuto-

coming

and

distinctive

the

Amoy

at

black

exceed

may

one,

young

Museum

dark

found

be

medium-sized

a

small

entering

feet

and

a

purplish

or

The

often

twenty

the

deep

all

or

whitish.

coasts,

times

with

white,

will

globe

contrastingly

white

Sibbaldus

Whale, at

all

dull

rocky

length

lately

mentions

for

Iborealis,

and

narrow

whalebone

common

extreme

or

it

the

probably

the

over

(19241)

smaller,

are

exceeds

yellowish-white the

but

with

much

one

gave

yields

ashore

some

after

and

were

preserved

wool-like,

plates

along

all

Balcsnoptera

as

and

coarse

seldom

Finally,

is known range.

ends

common

It all

it

lengthwise

past

but

blubber

went

waters

and

Finback

are

which

Sowerby

Amoy,

at

whalebone

the

bristly

frayed

coasts.

fine

a

cooler

Chinese

of

thin

cetaceans

years

purpose

whose

"whale"

in

variant.

a

large

seem

species. to

Common

streaked

that

common

taken

ends

latter

the

often

of its

speaks

the

frayed

whose

mentions

the

Swatow

at

their

Whale,

Right

the

or

for

finback,

more

that

there

than

of

fishery

whale

useless

of

was

cervicals

monograph

be, and

may

652)

physalus,

third

True's

common

p.

Swinhoe,

by

and

swinhoii.

most

(1870c, a

sort

some

fin whales

time

in

whales

indication

no

Other in

the

Sperm

the

Licent

sought. but

establish

second

specimen

the

states

to

were

of

as

Soc.

Zool.

Balanoplera

the

B.

Seas,

(Proc.

Formosa

variation

this

one

Swinhoe

undertook

captures

No

prove

from

that

it

called

that

be

to

in

Chinese

1865

Whale,

individual

wide

supposing

waters.

Americans two

for

grounds

good

no

how

he

in

sent

different,

hence

indicates

described

Finback

the

seen).

(not

vertebrae

be

in

whale-fishery

Gray

Common

it to

513

Coasts"

the

cervical

and

the

that

the

supposed

species

the

from

united,

partly

were

Whale

doubt

Gray

of

Inhabitants

725),

p.

with

of

"Notices

to

Finner

large

The

was

the

by

conducted

CETACEANS

of

pectoral mammal,

cosmopolitan

feet, with

or,

the

if

one

wardly out-

CHAPTER

ORDER

SCALY

In group broad

median and

palm,

back,

of

the

them

to

both

a

external a

an

and

abundant

and

adapted

to

its

to

this

as

fold is

a

itself

incapable

of

food

as

a

much

changes

animal

rests

protection offensive

supply,

have

its it

action.

and

the

Its

up,

scaly

period

living the

on

the

broad

in

haunches

curls

regarding

becoming uncertainty

armor

is

help

to

loss

of

flat

digging, being

ants

upon

subtropics

development in

as

lower

remote

future

place

taken

such

assigns

animal

any

from

the

the

in

a

for

claw

glands,

on

when

at

that

so

and to

usage

within

freed

of

correct

arisen

specialized

salivary

and

tongue

a

vertebree

probably

insects

is thereby

insects

these

current

the

against

similarities

specialized

These

development

differences,

the

of

conical

small

back

these

that

having

became

only

other

the

when

prop

about

on

is

Winge

that

them

of

others,

perhaps

ants).

needs

but

the

and

the

for

World

covering

great

important

articulation

male,

dependable

food, of

the

of

spite

Old

an

doubled

termites,

In and

in

the

by

be

can

as

external

series,

and

of

many

related,

It

teeth,

nests

Nevertheless,

exclusively

development

serves

in

(white

sustenance.

securing

the

live

so

their

by

food.

Insectivora

termites

an

in

the

especially

form

as

of

which

the

are

distantly

offshoot

foot,

difference

the

order.

as

of

their

genitalia

distinct

groups

as

it

clavicle,

regarded

were

overlapping

lack

open

there

anteaters,

lack

the

regular

fore

form

well,

as

in

the

break

to

ants

American

of

PANGOLINS

pangolins

the

tongue,

OR

characterized

arranged

claws serve

probably

to

scales

extensile

long

the

the

Edentata,

order

homy

head, of

the

NOMARTHRA

ANTEATERS

classifications

older of

X

or

teeth,

tail in

that

part

disturbed,

unique

for

among

mammals. The to

the

warmer

pangolins parts

are

of

all Asia

included and

of

in Africa

Family

the south

single of

the

family

Manidae,

confined

Sahara.

MANID^

PANGOLINS

The

family

has

lately

been

studied S14

by

Pocock

(1924)

who

regards

the

PANGOLINS

THE

several

distinct

two

are

obvious

more

shorter-tailed

China,

ground-living forms,

be

A.

Median

by

Key

to

of

short

and

the

longer-tailed

which

of

two

Genera

the

scales

series quite to the

Manis

rods

of the

Species

of

produced

not

back

wider

a'. Size

adults

usually exceeding 83

External

ear

in

of practically the

the

pentadactyla dalmanni

M.

mm

ridge;

p. pusilla

no

nasal

male;

width

same

pentadactyla

in

length

thickened

mere

depression

post-anal bones

a

Manis .

length M.

83 mm larger, skull

averaging

Pangolins)

(the Asiatic

in front

skull

smaller,

usually less than b'. Size

b.

Maninse

tinct dis-

; nasal

male

posteriorlythan

averaging

Nomarthra

terior pos-

Subfamily

much

may

key.

two

as

the

to

post-anal depression in the bones

These

single

a

well-developed flap; a

a

in

occur

tail ; xiphistemum

extending

ear

species

two

his

on

Chinese

of

ribs External

a.

in part

the

types, and

Phatages.

and

There

genera.

arboreal

apparently

genera,

and

consisting

end

spade-shaped,

long slender

representatives of six

following characters, based

the

row

to

the

as

modifications:

assigned by Pocock

known

it

composing

types

515

out throughPhatages crassicaudata

Genus Manis

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed.

Pholidotus

Hand-list

Gray,

Pangolin

The

in

sudden

skull as

transition

the

on

of the

lack

in

also

jaw,

of

in the

related

nearly

very

genera race

It is represented

slightlydifferent

double

a

to

of on

form

ear a

the

in

contact.

by

thickened

mere

on

in

of the

of

base, the

latter

the

primitive

a

conical

the

of the

is

Chinese Hainan.

maxillary

a

process

narrow

flap of skin,

ridge.

A

Formosan, mainland

the

and

typical Manis,

In

Manis

by

a

size The

through squamosal

this

is

a

the

bone;

palate.

there but

such

sort,

exceeding

frontals

is

there

curious

The

series.

them

backward

and

formed

which the

at

median

tail,whereas

golins pan-

series of scales

prolongation reduced orbito-temporal fossa is much

tubular

lost, the

external

typical

tail-tipto

having

supraoccipital, and

jaw muscles,

consequence

well-marked

of the

end

the

ring-like tympanic specialized in the complete loss of teeth, reduced

in the

and

been

strong

relatives

expanded

large

it is

hand,

has

in

Asiatic

The

already indicated.

peculiarities,many

size, the

other lower

jugal

the

large nasals, broadly

parietals

been

the

to

near

numerous

in

distrib.,Quadr., ed. 2, p. 18, 1762. Brit. Mus., p. 8, 1873. and Mamm. Rum.

have

African

single series

shows

the

their

IX

Thick-skinned

Edentate,

differ from

Linnaeus

36, 1758.

I, p.

in Classis

general characters

continued a

vol.

lo,

Anim.

Brisson, Regne

Manis

the are

fairly

is reduced

single species only is known, petitadactylapentadactyla. smaller

race

and

by

another

MAMMALS

THE

5i6

OF

CHINESE

Manis

dalmanni

Manis

aurila

Joum.

Asiatic

p. 352,

1879.

Hodgson,

Western

Yunnan,

Ann.

pentadactylaCantor,

Manis

Hist. Nat., Madrid, Pholidotus

Vet. -Acad.

Sundevall, Kongl.

vol.

Nat.

169,

p.

Wiss.

kreyenbergi Matschie,

PANGOLIN

Handlingar

for

Hist.,

i, vol.

ser.

d.

Ergebn.

(Pholidotus) kreyenbergiMell, Arch.

f. Naturgesch.,

pentadactyladalmanni

Amer.

G.

Type specimens: his

he based Canton."

from

previously since

mainland

has and

its base, but

The

that

sparsely clothes

be

taken

head

scales

The

Esp.

10, pt. i,

the

plates of the back, flap. The

A

individually

averages

eighteen

the

body,

and

skull is smaller

series of measiu-ements Measurements: a

third

the

from

South

than

of the

"

larger

on

sixteen

across

the

that

Amoy and

to

are

the

as

both

pangolin

the

is

armor

worn

the

head

seventeen

hair

the

between

is

ear

a

well-

somewhat

seventeen

tail.

or

In

the

normally fifteen scales.

and

Formosan not

are

dorsal

the

project

neck, on

tail

the

grayish white

The

and

name.

the

on

line varies

median

the

or

hairs

away.

of

while

is either

bristle-like

as

scribed 1658, de-

of this

sides

the

Hainan

races,

but

available. the

typical

specimens

and

is constantly

are,

few

a

of known

in

basis

Swinhoe,

The

in

lectotype.

Bontius, the

body

body, there

of the

former

animal. skins

in

scales

describing

cover

of the

become

fifteen

men speciwas

received

been

lighter horn-color,

or

about

According than

China

well-made

of

it

protective

scattered

soon

about

diagonal ring of scales The

few

these

number

the

surfaces

had

third

the

only specimen

is

he

became

completely

darker

under

but

but

on

be

may

Dalmann

that

it had

a

without

before; the second

whence

afterward

body

prope

were:

pentadactyla pentadactyla, is,

Formosa,

as

that

"China,

apparently

was

the

designate

dalmanni,

cotypes,

Museum;

was

1922.

as

as

one

years

Manis

race

and

in color.

dull ochraceous

developed

the

large scales

the

on

only.

taken

Soc.

vol.

Manis

named

habitat

same

that

states

I would

of

the

this last

expressly

figured a specimen

be

Paris, where

at

China,

to

side

than

Real

Bol.

1903-05,

10, p. 32,

taken

Copenhagen

Since

author

shown,

"

about

Tibet

u.

which

hundred

a

the

Naturelle

locality

Description:

tenth

Zool. Researches

and

p. 6, 1930.

and

Museum,

nearly

China.

of South

type

Thomas

or

Anat.

Cabrera,

no.

429,

described

might

origin, in

the

A,

sect. no.

the

it

Formosa

from

vol. 88,

specimens, giving be specimens, which may

d'Histoire

The

the

China

nach

Novitates,

Sundevall

surmised

of unknown

Museum

Mus.

in the Stockholm

rostrum

origin,and

to

278, pi. 4, fig. 10, 1843.

p.

Anderson,

482, 1842.

9, p.

three

three

label, for Sundevall

was

Allen,

When on

These

about

M.

"

account

skin without

of the

1836.

Exped. Filchner

Manis

years

1842, Stockholm,

1922.

Manis

the

Sundevall

1908.

p. 234,

written

MONGOLIA

dalmanni

Soc. Bengal, vol. 5, p. 234,

Mag.

22,

AND

pentadactyla

Manis

225.

CHINA

following

race

from of

measurements

therefore, only approximate:

Formosa a were

larger

is size

mostly

PANGOLINS

THE

The

of

average

largest,is:

length, 712.5

Occurrence the

beyond

the

off

mouth

the

the

of

that in

lives

No

Alfred

The

two

made

the

former

There

seems

Swinhoe he

(1870c) examined,

states

and

far

as

north

to

be

and that

this is

as

the

Yangtze

only

from

correlation

of the one

supply. writes

Kalotermes,

the

pangolins

Coptotermes formosanus

be

between

in the

and eastern south-

over

species,

One

Valley. Suifu,

the

by

food

one,

to

widely distributed

are

parts

of this group,

of which

unavailable

is reported

close

a

that

to

and avoids

southern

the

dependable

a

China,

therefore,

which

in

special study

a

species seem

chinensis,

form

to

but

largely determined

very

from

known

are

abundant

species first mentioned

females

has

is doubtless,

writes, Reticulitermes

Szechwan. two

and

is

in

Nanking,

Szechwan,

eastern

go

southwestward

Kiukiang,

appearing again

quantity

{Cyclotermes) formosanus, China,

he

who

to

even

distribution

of termites

wood

extend

not

of Chusan,

island

the

on

does

but

extends

for

records

are

China,

in sufficient

Emerson,

six genera hard

there

its

also

China,

southeastern

over

Anhwei,

its range

Inland

western

doubt

all

southern

to

It is said to be found

apparently,

of

of termites

for food. Termes

northward

whence

not,

the

are

DALMANNI

PENTADACTYLA

MANIS

pangolin is found

The

"

Yangtze.

valley,

Yunnan.

Professor me

of the

higher country

presence

OF

border

It does

Tatimg.

mm.;

Habits:

which

above,

tail,273.

Yangtze valley.

Yangtze

the

and

southern

the

specimens, including

MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

from

twelve

517

southeastern range

of the

pangolin. embryo

apparently

the

was

usual

foimd nvmiber

in the

pregnant

of young.

He

MAMMALS

THE

518

CHINA

OF

Fig.

AND

Distribution

20.

MONGOLIA

Map.

Manis M.

I.

adds at

in

that

about

ran

said

Carp) that

151)

gallerieshigh high

up

agility,using

up

abroad as

these found to

the

food

adult

ants;

the

is also

prehensile fashion,

a

eight up

the

the

mouth

of the

altogether by night, but

usually are

observations

everywhere

in

bom from

the

Market.

one,

in the his

and

and

He

found

depth hole

they

returning

and young

The

up.

are

in

Kwangtung,

in winter one

Mell

year.

100

huge

are mm.

some

pangolins

it.

at

They

young

(1922) where

often

be

may

back

ates corrobor-

they

brought

long

in

the are

mother's

the

on

their

with

The

to

eaten.

makes

large chamber

a

carried

of the

experience

a

on

that

but

carry

by climbing

with

Sowerby also

they often

it is.

are

Mountain

of ants,

are

wasps

as

sleep rolled

spring

hilly country,

short

larvae

of ant

reaches

pangolin feet in

twelve

to

and

species

a

names

the scales.

the

it inhabits, and

these

They

Canton

of bees

larvae

country

There

and

ones

They

parents.

Chinese

"ling-le" (or

and

is termites

little

three

The

produced by

carp

its tail in

two,

as

small.

a

their

trees.

will block

many

to

and

different

legs.

(or Hill-borer)

in the

in

from

almost

while

eat

their hind

on

pentadactyla pusilla

female

from

were

in trees, and

live in burrows

end,

stand

that

abundant

are

and

young

adult

an

probably

resemblance

writes

will not

they

purchased

would

the fancied

p.

Termites

nests

these

M.

2.

"chuen-shan-kia"

from

(1925b,

that

actively and be

to

he

June, 1867,

but

Amoy,

pentadactyla dalmanni

an

are

alive adult

THE

June

taken

Mell

states

that

he

that

had

native has

One

invade

a

dead-fall

traps

set

Clifford

Mr.

still to

are

but A

less

in the

he

small

with

tree

it open

with

hunters

This was

and

states

and

at

(at Talifu) by that

it is

Specimens Anhwei:

examined:

Ningkwofu,

Fukien:

Futsing, Talifu,

Yunnan:

i;

Wuhu,

locality,i

Bull.

Manis

pusilla J.

Manis

dalmanni

Manis

pentadactyla pusilla

Type definite

there, ripping the

Chinese

the

although

individual

one

son Ander-

Expeditions.

species, under

this

to

Only

Asiatic

hillycountry

aurita,

Manis

the

to

east

of Bhamo

Teng-yue-chow." follows:

as

(M.C.Z.).

i

5.

.

pentadactyla pusilla J. A. Allen

Manis

HAINAN

Allen,

a

i.

226.

A.

climb

busily licking up

was

Kuatun,

Museum

in all the

of

Chinese.

the

would

and

suspended

tongue

all,twenty-one,

Yenping,

12;

definite

no

In

"

had

pangolins

there.

refers

common

in

Futsing, Fukien,

ptu-suitby

species in Yunnan.

probably

"very

the

American

still higher elevation

the

he

nest

rare

very

common

the

will

taken

are

that

about

their

to

it about

find

was

the

Caldwell

natives

also

states

notes,

fairly tame,

became

while

not

less

a

(1879), however,

China,

did

said it be

to

seems

secured

He

it,and

knew

manuscript

termites'

a

the

They

in

used

specimen.

a

scales.

formerly, owing

claws

much

their burrows.

readily

powerful

inmates.

swarming

had

agility,for

the

the

Chinese

The

are

the

mashed

potato,

by tigers,and

eaten

wilder, higher mountains

than

common

captive specimen

his

chiefly by

sweet

for

dollars

Captives

ground.

threadworms.

scales, which

secure

to

in

Pope,

found

be

much

are

H.

to

entrance

boiled

and

burrowers,

eight meters,

of

eight

often

in soft

eyes of

eat

died

their to

up

are

tiger'shaunts the

would

for

will pay

pangolins

at

one's

it later

excellent

are

height

a

kept

flesh, and

and

that

times

at

he but

egg,

their

"medicines,"

mentioned

that

raw

for

readily

to

519

They

before

disappear

climb

with

them

Kwangtung.

will

they

tail.

mixed

esteem

southern

would

help of the and

in

i

PANGOLINS

Swinhoe,

G.

Specimen:

locality,No.

Mus.

Amer.

Proc.

Zool. M.

Allen,

An

"

Soc.

PANGOLIN

Hist., vol.

Nat.

London,

Amer.

adult

1870,

Mus.

p.

as

Hainan).

to

7, 1930.

from

Hainan,

without

more

History, September,

of Natural

Museum

26635, American

429,

no.

skull

and

(in part,

236, 652

Novitates,

skin

465, pi. 69, figs.1-3, 1906.

22, p.

pp.

1902.

Description: "

on

the

from

basis the

This

of three

is

a

specimens, only

description, also,

crassicaudata,

which

slightly differentiated

will

that

account

the

one

specimens

for

the

island

of which

was

were

belief

that

race,

characterized It is obvious

matvire.

compared it is

with

"very

Phatages small,"

an

average

by Mr.

animal

is

will appear

in size,as

increase

AND

MONGOLIA

of Pocock's

benefit

Hainan

the

that

shows

series

the

series secured

of the

comparison

CHINA

OF

without

mistake

excusable A

MAMMALS

THE

520

later

Clifford

quite

from

the

H.

the

review

of the

Pope with

for

except

same,

skull,

the

squamosal

the

and

taken

them,

Measurements: the

The

between

755

with

18.6

920

of the

total

average:

small

specimens taken are

bony element

and

mm.

290-350

line is 16.4

head

on

;

sions. original dimenwith

tail,325,

for

the

tail.

body,

and

in

measured

was

their

near

very

length, 820

length,

median

a

process

orbito-temporal

extremes

The

17.2

average

tail,

the

on

side of the tail.

CRANIAL

OP

MEASUREMENTS

MANIS

Basal

length

length

of brain

width

length

Breadth

Length

matic

Palatal

basal

PUSILLA

PENTADACTYLA

Breadth

Zygo-

Condylo-

No.

quite touch,

not

the

bridge

bony

jugal, completes the bridge.

the

none

for total

in the

the

at

do

prepared, probably

as

largest

and

of scales

number

Although

"

ten

if they

or,

represent

to

skins,

field,the

usually completely

process

fossa, their tips touching, between

slight

a

following.

measurements

the jugal is either lacking altogether, or a minute it is present; at all events, the maxillary representing vestige probably

In

group.

his mainland

of nasals

case

Length

of

of lower

nasals

Locality

Sex

jaw

60004

84.0

81.4

530

34-5

37-5

29.0

14.0

59.0

Hainan

60017

94.0

87.0

570

36.5

42-5

34.0

14.3

65.0

Hainan

60020

90.0

85.0

55-3

350

39-5

30.5

14.2

62.0

cf

Hainan

60006

895

84-5

54-5

370

37-5

33.0

14.3

62.5

9

Hainan

60009

89.0

83.0

530

35-5

38.0

29.0

13.5

60.0

9

Hainan

60010

89.0

83.0

52.0

350

37-5

30.0

15.4

61.0

9

Hainan

60021

91.0

84.0

56.0

36.5

40.2

32.5

12.2

63.0

9

Hainan

60015

87.0

80.2

52.6

33-5

370

30.0

1

59.0

9

Hainan

82.0

76.0

370

30.5

12.0

89-1

83.5

38.7

31.0

13.7

(type)

26635

firsts

and

Occurrence

Namfong

winter and the

54.1

Habits:

for almost

season,

but

only

patches of jungle all be

may

in front.

diggers soil.

and

Their

hunted

with

taken.

The

He

believes

December

about

Nodoa,

These

holes

difficultyin

no

often

are

dogs which Chinese

say

found

a

found

pangolins

in

of

a

late

common

hunters

as

during the

March,

He

January.

writes:

April "In

perfectly circvilar clean-cut

hole

down

for the

in

were

fresh

pangolins.

deep

from

largely inactive

slant, with of

work

leading

it waits

in

one

frighten the pangolin that

be

numbers

making

61.4

readily purchased

brought

in at

said to be the

are

Pope

it must

and

found, generally going

find

H.

and

all of those in

one

Clifford

Hainan,

for.

care

35.4

Mr.

"

Nodoa,

and

could

May,

holes up

he

as

many

Hainan

of

Average

about

1.6

into

earth

They

right old

often

are

into

graves.

piled

wonderful

compact

They it is

red are

easily curling up beating of the heavy spring rains into

when

THE

before

coming

long claws the

of its winter

out

and

under, directed

nose

walks

The

allowed

to

Specimens examined: Hainan:

Nodoa,

its fist,so

Sundevall, Kongl.

Phatagenus").

It

seems

for this

pangolin

native

first now

and

the

by

of the on

foot

in

the

this

with

and

also

slightlydifferent, for, whereas

passage

of the

in Phatages forward The

maxillary

type

crassicaudata

fifth nerve, has

process

bony bridge. only species of the

crassicaudata

Manis

aurita

Type

A.

B.

E.

Geoffroy, Cat.

Proc.

Howell,

at

and

Anat.

specimen:

toire Naturelle

at

former

as

However,

the

Phataginus, follow

to

used usage.

of

from

Manis,

is

the

a

acterized char-

fleshy

mere

the

male,

the

lack

of the

tip

tail

the a

bony

ventral

base.

of

being

The

nearly wider

ridge

the

same

foramen

short

bridge

skull

posteriorly

antorbital very

is proportionally

Phatages

the are

of

is

the

from

by well-developed scales, tail of

is Manis

genus

crassicaudata

Phatages INDIAN

javanica Anderson,

Manis

there

raised

as

names

the

canal

are

for

the

over

it smooth,

which

continues

laticauda

lUiger {=M.

roy). 227.

Manis

in

bones, which

with a

this

Manis

anus

The

relations

better

(which

is covered

in Manis

and

Geoff

typical

nasal

two

used

like

so

ear

the

scales.

he

distinct

genus

above

area

The

point.

of the

branch

the

across

median

a

posteriorly,instead

truncate

beveled

a

"vel

distinguishing this species,

evenly tapering the

and

to

is it is

external

in

more

more

of

shape

1843 (as subgenus,

equivalent.

second

characters

of the

found

instead

and

throughout

the

tricuspis,that

P.

reduction

is covered

likely that

Latinized

and

pad

little smaller

a

its

as

pit-like depression

side, but

hind

differs notably width

the

273,

really proposing

more

representing

as

258,

pp.

723.

p.

were

chief external

the

membranous

under

the

latter

species out

greater

of

naked

the

and

lack

the

but

supposed,

regard it

to

proposes

1842, Stockholm, 1924,

Sundevall, in writing "Phatages vel Phatagenus"

appearance,

African

pointed

for

See. London,

if

the

Latin

a

the

has

rim),

and

has

Pocock

been

the

parallel to

Sundevall

Phatages

subgenus of Manis,

a

has

as

name

name

for

as

straight behind

out

with

low

all,viz.:

in

Handlingar

Zool.

Proc.

doubtful

very

alternatives, the

Vet.-Acad.

Pocock,

is held

head

the

i.

Genus Phalages

The

speak.

doubles

drag."

Twenty

"

walking, the animal

to

tail is held

Namfong,

19;

521

In

retreat.

on

down.

is not

and

ground

PANGOLINS

"

U.

The

Paris.

Mamm. Zool. S. Nat.

type

Mus.

PANGOLIN

d'Hist.

Researches

Mus.,

is

(Geoffrey)

Nat., Paris,

p. 213,

1802.

Yunnan,

p. 352,

1879 (not

Western vol.

75,

art.

presumably

i, p.

81, 1929

mounted

of

Desmarest).

(not of Hodgson).

in the

Museum

d'His-

THE

522

MAMMALS

Description:

the

in

tail,

of nasals

and

The

general

out.

species

"

dactyla. mm.),

tail,

and

be

to

37

of

data

length,

brain

from

46.5

;

of

tip in

the

already

as

Manis

than

inches

40-inch

a

penta-

(about

female

669

he

found

specimens.

Calcutta

width

60.5;

nasals,

29.5

;

length,

greatest

measures:

length,

of

taper

lower

scaly

26

as

of

Indian

palatal

length

body

weight

near

less

canal,

size

larger

and

The

distinguished with

brown.

a

head

ters charac-

conspicuously

infraorbital

pale

to

from

were

94.8;

case,

of

differs

the

similar

a

tail the

ear;

skull

across

mm.).

specimen

a

basal

width

;

of

skull

mm.;

(458

These

the

grows

length

the

inches

18

pounds.

21

The

101.5

gives

Jerdon

is

color

This

Measurements:

an

bridge

broader

the be

readily

may

its

by external

while

monotypic,

as

It

species.

of

pad,

MONGOLIA

regarded

China

lack

bony

AND

now

eastern

the

naked

a

is the

to

of

by

part;

of

pointed

as

CHINA

genus well

Pangolin

instead

characters

the

apply

common

terminal

the

the

Since "

given

already from

OF

squamosals,

across

combined

width,

1

1 .

Occurrence

and

Habits:

This

is

chiefly

"

and

Indian

the

it

apparently in

extreme

with about

Manis

Museum,

either

any

to

been the

by

purchased Salween

Specimens

it

that

the

outlying

or

of

range

A.

B.

between

None. "

the

Tengyueh

valley."

who

be

to

of

(1929),

river

Mekong

examined:

"appears

like Howell

Manis

(1879),

spurs

elevation"

great

recorded

the

and

One

a

rather

Yunlung,

China,

pentadactyla confused to

this the

in

the

more

U.

Ceylon where dalmanni

low

mountains,

Kakhyen

other.

from

of

restricted

the

is

species, border

western

Anderson

wrote

and

the

to

overlaps

Yunnan.

javanica,

Bhamo

eastward

slightly

very

western

to

having

peninsula

Indian

an

species coimtry not

S.

definite

"undoubtedly

cending as-

National

record, from

CHAPTER

XI

ORDER

RODENTIA

GNAWING

One

of the

abundant

most

readily distinguished by

the

chisel-like

and

incisors incisors

the

but

that

at

even

marked

off, and

divided

the

into

the

first

pair, while but

by having in view

the

however,

small

second the

"a

that

out

view

of

essential

these

and

the

be

including separate

(D

other

the

of the

the

order,

same

usually

first, or

the

jaw behind

the

kind.

so

L

combination

it

seems

rather

than

to

sever

1910,

in which

sack

elsewhere,"

to

to

placenta,

endoturbinals

better

mammals

in

common,

deciduate

four

of

lack

Lagomorpha,

points in

many

7), and

the

Gregory,

discoidal

a

by Gidley that, with

the with

emphasize

to

the

other

them

in

that,

the

rodents

altogether

group.

contains

suborder

skeletal

12,

this

is

upper

and

invaginate yolk

duplicidentate

DUPLICIDENTATA

RABBITS,

the mouse-hares

in

correspondences,

SUBORDER

The

have

duplex,

uterus

well

already

in

proposed

was

their

and

suborders

found

It

special order,

a

rabbits

canines.

early Tertiary,

Rodentia

Duplicidentata

the

ating separ-

of the

been

order

are

Simplicidentata, is characterized

jaw.

made

two

"not

in

the

large cup-shaped

a

have

to

The

loss

into the

back

seems

out.

upper

the

the

relationships of them

blocked

dorso-lumbars

scrolls," characters

traced

rodents

large pair of

a

long diastema

a

teeth, with

group

suborder,

typically complete

lies,nineteen

teeth, with

distinguished by presence pair of very small incisors in the

and

mouse-hares,

be

can

the

peculiaritiesof

many

their

the

second

allanto-chorion,

embryo

a

lines

singlepair in

points

including

by

period,

connecting links, they

include

five

a

of the

known

a

of

pair below, then

rodents

the

Hving to-day,

groups

of molariform

row

suborders, of

the

another

of the

remote

two

of

arrangement

its various

Duplicidentata,

as

from

geologicalhistory

The

a

above

MAMMALS

or

pikas

characters

and

HARES,

but the

of these

two

hare

AND

MOUSE-HARES

living families, comprising rabbit

and

is

groups 523

group.

given by Lyon

An

respectively

excellent

(1904).

The

analysis mouse-

MAMMALS

THE

524

have

hares

become

American

the

adapted

species living in

Asiatic

enable

to

postorbital

the

to

hares

shallow

make

structure

for

the

leaping,

enabling

eyes,

contrasted

Limbs

short,

much

behind

the

with

elongated,

the

although have

hind

position of the

circle

side.

each

on

through

of the

an

families

two

a

Duplicidentata flattened

with

to

a

brain

face of anterior

incisors

V-shaped notch, only

tail

its hinder

inner

short, tuft-like

case,

point,jugal

mere

two

with upper

Ochotonidas

side

; brain

not

case

developed, jugal only slightlyextended

front

process,

with

narrow,

well

of

line

straight transverse

a

of

loss

of the

its reduction

to

reduced

projection on

long and

ears

squamosal

edges forming

lateral half

characters

skull

root, front

edge

small

a

flattened, supra-orbitalprocesses behind

hand,

lengthening

a

Mongolian

and

lacking or

squamosal

their free

molars, the posteriorone limbs

other

the

of

attributed obvious

Chinese

of

supra-orbitalprocess

superficial groove,

Hind

be

elongated, tail absent;

not

ears

prolonged

wide

types.

and

ears,

large part

The

the

through

the a

tail may

Families

the

rostrum,

narrow

a

to

in

see

partly rotated

follows:

as

Key

B.

to

of life,they

type are

essentially surface-livers, and

are

elongation of

animal

considerable

a

resulting in the

the

on

at

this that

eyes

of the

others, including all

usually

is overhead,

rabbits,

in accordance,

of semi-fossorial

ancestry are

and

but

with

tail,and

what

see

burrows,

great shortening of the

The

A.

the

slide rock,

no

of life,some

type

making,

own

accordance

limbs,

The

specialized their limbs

In

short

MONGOLIA

fossorial

broken

animal

processes.

of them

some

of their

burrows

ears,

AND

somewhat

a

alpine conditions.

small, rounded

dorsally

to

species,live among

under

altitude have

CHINA

OF

incisors

upper

molars

; upper

but

furrowed,

usually

their

three

LeporidiC

OCHOTONID^

Family

MOUSE-HARES

Asia

rabbits, Some

is the if

they

so

species open

slide rock,

their

occur

they

were

outposts do are

not now

well

wider

have extend

in the

present been

all the

in the

the

variety

a

of

in

runways

colonies

areas,

for

their

of France

Mountains

single genus

Ochotona.

earlier

Germany,

Since so

in

the

that

forest

at

Europe.

while Ice the All

Age

while

broken

they

occur

in the

levels

geologic times to

the

in the their

present the

habit in-

others

and

Asia

In

primitive

of country.

patches,

grass

(referred

remains

and

Britain.

Great

In

Himalayas.

scrub;

boulders

among

American

the

of

group

species. alpine heights well above

and

Ural

in

thickets

and

establish

Miocene in

are

this

of

found

among

considerably withdrawn,

beyond

included

They

burrows

at

as

highlands

covered

range

with

case

as

distribution

dwellers, living

rock-living and

Gobi,

Prolagus)

called.

regions, making

are

Chinese

western

of

center

be

may

is the

as

open

and

forest

are

flat

others, again, in the

home

genus

cene Pleistowestern

time

they

living species

THE

LAGOMORPHS

Genus Ocholona Pika

Link, Beytrage Tableau

Lac^pSde,

Lagomys

G.

Ogotoma

Gray,

Conothoa

Naturgesch.,

z.

des

MammifSrcs,

Cuvier, Legons

Anat. Nat.

Mag.

Ann.

Smithsonian

Lyon,

with

Misc.

ears,

toes, the

hind

fur is fine and and

one

peculiar in bone.

four, all armed

premolars

the

inner

third,

and

the

across

surface first

of enamel

has

species.

will

by The

the

extremity

of the

Pika

with

form

and

a

either

with

the

of

what

line a

vomer,

palate.

they

are

just behind that

the the

not

whose

lateral

incisive

of

side

quite

triturating jaw,

the

next

Mongolian

and

recognized,

present no

close

very

that

to

seem

openings, interorbital

advance

in the

mark

one

on

or

space.

condition

anteriorly,but

boundaries

foramina

lationship. re-

is also characterized

of the

foramina,

but

palatal

of the

boundary

distinctlylimited

incisive

inner

pear-shaped prism.

Chinese

subgenus

an

has

lozenge-shaped prisms less

distinct

narrowness

species showing

those

so

This

the

folds; the

premaxilla,

originally two

corresponding

in that

anterior

of

first

premolar

lower

the

enamel

or

at

the

upper

side The

outer.

the

artificial,indicating

one

were

of the

In

of two

subgenera

in each

inner

excellent

an

inner,

the

Ogotoma,

pear-shaped opening, meet

thus

identify

wholly

notches,

includes

palatal foramina,

together

contact

median

large orbits,

subgenus

three

pair of

the

face at about

to

dentine.

single,more

a

to

serve

subgenus in two

terminates

side of the the

prove

is

lower

single fold, extending

a

one

the

is therefore:

second

across

consist

molars)

tooth

be

to

and

outer,

the

represent may

have

softer

and

two

following key

forward

each

and last

In

the

short

two

the

groups

vacuity

enamel

(a premolar

These

almost

of

already

first

the

The

third.

straight edges, forming

hard

while

its anterior

on

outer

teeth

upper

than

is shorter

fold, extending other

filling,and

enamel

molar,

formvda

face of the

is

arch

long sliver

a

upper

dental

cement

the

at

as

The

inguinal,

zygomatic

mouse-hares,

The

the anterior

on

without

groove

with

each, and

The

these

three

tooth,

premolar

three

an

of alternate

teeth

on

third

the

in the

cutting edge

transverse

The

tooth.

that

side.

each

infolding of the

shallow

a

long, nearly

the

in

pair is

one

the

and

five

have

digging.

for

posterior angle,

of its

groove

the

at

has

premolar

upper

a

it forms

notch

The

30.

=

simple depression

a

or

feet, short

fore feet

six, of which

is flattened,

hind

short

claws

slender

form, short

compact

The

tail.

curved

skull

advance

two

fore,

the

than

rabbits, is completely gone to

in their

external

with

are

an

reduced

are

is

rabbits

an

extension

show

(subgenus).

1904

either four

The

backward

i.f c.T pm.f m.f incisors

Mammas

teeth

of

1867.

220,

438,

p.

Storr, 1780).

(not Lagomys

i, 1800 p.

longer

absence

pectoral.

the

45,

legs hardly the

20,

differ from

feet

in the

reduced

Coll., vol.

in

soft.

The

1799. i, tabl.

3, vol.

and

two

or

i, pt. 2, p. 74, 1795.

vol.

animals

hind

the

rounded

Comp.,

Link

Ochotona

p. 9,

Hist., -ser.

Externally these limbs

vol.

525

are

remain

converge

ward, for-

practicallyin distinct.

A

is shown

step further of

palatal foramina

and

incisive

the

triangular shape, with

of the

members

the

by

MONGOLIA

Ochotona, for in these

subgenus

widely confluent, forming

are

sides

the

AND

CHINA

OF

MAMMALS

THE

526

tapering

forward

the

to

singleopening

a

of the

front

incisive

vacuity. Key A.

Incisive

each

with

in contact

or

Ochotona

of

in

premaxillae either

the former,

behind

other

Species

Mongolian

and

distinct, the

palatal foramina

and with

contact

Chinese

the

to

the

vomer.

ending anteriorlyin

foramina

Palatal

a.

of the

premaxillas; interorbital

width

across

nasals

the

than

distinctlyless

width

Subgenus Ogotoma

half their length

at

and

a'. Size large,colors pale in winter of the

in each

notch

distinct

a

terminal

summer,

pads 0, pallasii pallasii

evident

toes

0. pallasii pricei b.

foramina

Palatal

that

greater than

width

without

a'. Skull the

frontal; backs

a".

Smaller, hind

b".

nasals

oval

foramen

of the

foot

in the

tion constric-

Subgenus

.

.

.

(about 28)

30 30

0.

mm

(about 37)

hyperborea mantchurica 0.

mm

0.

b'. Skull with frontal a".

Incisive

red, ears

or

the

of each

0. gloveri

dull chestnut 0.

bright ferruginous

ears

in

triangular opening; premaxillae not

or

with

alpina alpina

alpina argentata

chestnut.

widely confluent, forming

palatal foramina

a

erythrotis

single

contact

Subgenus

vomer

species; pelage dark, bufly brown,

Smaller

a.

ears

of the of the

Larger, backs

and

pear-shaped medially

backs

;

end

in the anterior

foramen

oval

of the

Smaller, backs

h". B.

small

a

Pika

of

end

anterior

red.

than

more

to the

half their length

at

not

ears

less than

foot

hind

Larger,

of the

small

a

in each

openings ; interorbital

incisive

separating the palatalfrom

notch

a

tapering smoothly

the outline

premaxilla,but

anteriorly in

ending

not

russet,

or

Ochotona

dark

gray.

a'. In foot

30

or

mm.

b'. In summer,

a'. Muzzle b'. Muzzle

and

lipsof

Ann.

Waterhouse,

Ochotona

ogotona

Bonhote,

Ochotona

paltasi Thomas,

Nat.

0. dauurica

Proc.

Proc.

Type Specimen:

"

Zool.

for

London,

of

type

pallasii,is

a

20, p. 220,

vol.

Mammalia,

Zool. Soc. London,

The

3, vol.

Hist., ser.

See.

and

races

melanostoma

pallasiipallasii(Gray)

Ochotona

Hist.

races

sandy.

to

gray

of head

rest

as

0. dauurica

Nat.

Mag.

ogotona

species Ogotoma

all seasons,

and

0. roylei chinensis

foot, 32

lipsblack

Lagomys

the

at

color

same

tints,hind

reddish

without

228.

Ogotoma pallasii Gray,

hind 0. thibetana

iron gray

and

above;

russet

summer

less

Larger species; pelage pale

b.

in

grayish brown,

winter

2,

1904,

vol.

1908, p. no;

Gray's

skin

and

1867.

Rodentia,

p.

17,

2, p. 210,

1848 (not of Cuvier). 1905.

ibid.,for 1908, p. 982, 1909.

genus

Ogotoma,

skull, No.

as

45.4.21.5,

well

as

in the

that

of

British

THE

Museum,

"bought from

and

said

The

same

to

the

from

come

specimen

had

ogotona,

Cuvier.

This, however,

species

Ochotona 0.

in

with

cleared

Description: body

pale

are

concealed with

faint

a

the

small

show

whitish

the

is

ear

In

summer

and

gray,

wash,

pelages

little

pelage,

the

black

buffy

a

soles

of the

when

he

is

for

erected

with

the

:

fossa front

of the

in the

usual

condition

the

by

the

Central

line.

bare

are

dauurica,

with

and

to

In

the

which, externally,

hairs.

this

of

instead of

buffy

a

winter

hair,

plainly, forming

show

below

and

summer

a

throat,

rufous

whitish

as

hairs

give

to

suggestion

short

show

of the

buff

sandy

both

just

area

pinna,

directed

a

with

centimeter

a

faintest

the

only

small

across

About

brighter,

clothed

thickly

Ogotoma,

genus

the

groove

"

Asiatic

the

on

in other

is

a

the

but

the

ready

a

species bears

and

hardly

that from

anterior

the the

to

the

of the

of the

fairlylarge species.

Expeditions' collectors

a

lengthwise

face of the

back

were

as

palatal foramina is

slope behind; diameter

over

the

of the

paratively com-

temporal orbito-

incisor, whereas

equals

the

distance

first upper

incisor.

Ten

largestmeasured

as

of the follows:

;

the

premolar

anteriormost

about

The

subgenus.

a

first upper

1867,

as

ago

highest point

the

less of

base

long

as

incisive and

species this diameter

premolar This

used

skull, in which

orbit, so distance

by Gray

now

complete separation of

of the

anteriormost

Measurements:

is

whitish

are a

wash

buffy

the

and

tips combine

body.

and

head

slightly brighter

of the

appressed upwardly

median

slope

equals

the

from

faint

a

there

anterior

large size

to

genus

(1909)

the

slaty bases

whitish

uniformly

profileof the

steep

a

of

toes

it the

arched

decidedly

orbit,

a

label, placed

brown

is

feet

except

side, the

short

with

is

0.

under

of

that

exterior

the

noticed highly peculiar, a fact[

strikingpoints are the

as

in color.

close resemblance skull

the

Thomas

blackish color

hind

and

back, on

line of the

are

from

one

the

collar and

feet

fore

the

their

patch

of the

pads

of distinction

Its

On but

surface

lower

of

are

color

quarters the

like

marked

the

the

and

median

the

curious

on

terminal means a

surface,

instead

the

mark.

down

a

tipped with

similar

a

everywhere,

continued

but

parts

upper

hind

the

ears

and

entire

minutely

forearms

brownish-black

general and

hairs

posterior rim

through

of

the

on

it

naming

review

his

by

employed

as

in

course

dauurica),

( =0.

the

pelage

About

The

bufifytinge.

inside a

the

bases

slaty. The buffy tint.

a

in

109).

description of

identical,

original determination

of 0. ogotona

winter

gray,

be

ogotona,

igoSe, p.

misunderstandings.

In

"

case,

(Thomas,

Gray's

and

of Lagomys

name

"

Waterhouse's

for

it to

supposed

the

by

synonymy these

Kirgisen'

"

served

the

not

the

under

justified. Bonhote,

Asia, misled

away

Russia

he

was

527

Brandt

previously

which

therefore

was

pallasiiin the

has

dealer

'Asiatic

Lagomys

new

LAGOMORPHS

THE

528

Occurrence Central from Dr.

various C. he

Wang

by

found

of

A

show on

the

rock

that

ragged. The

May

taken

of the

late

loose

stones.

flower

stalks

June

body

the

July specimen

unusually large

had

At

eyes

21

in

as

at

Gun

Gun

or

two

Tsetsen

high

young

and

abundant

up

easily

were

partly into

Burte

Bogdo.

Near

burrows

the series

the

holes

he

Uskuk,

also

of grass

remains

into their holes.

small two

is

Wang,

buffy

islands

places

in

just beginning on

the

and

face have

though

the

nose

to

the rostrum, middle

fur still remains

Burte,

winter

gray has

one

Artsa

and

and

drawn

of Tsetsen

appears and

interesting

an

The

found

dragged

31, southwest

forehead

conies

adult

and

Gobi,

rock-living species.

true

slide rock, and

animals

the

Burte, Uskuk,

globular dung."

the

of the

another

A

and

pelage, which

stimmer

most

the

grass

the

among

left side

over

under

peak

in

obtaining

Gun

specimens of

characteristic

stalks

In

in

a

MONGOLIA

is abundant

coney

it is

that

two

specimen taken the

back. but

a

common

flower

and

writes

AND

succeeded

Expeditions

by the piles of

the

it

This

"

localities,particulariy at

Andrews

identified

CHINA

OF

Habits:

"caught the

side

and

and

Asiatic

R.

the

MAMMALS

of the

changed, worn

and

completely changed.

result

in

a

narrowing

of the

interorbital

region

THE

conspicuous in the skull, Dr.

Andrews

Wang,

well

as

concludes

and

as

that

taken

was

at

writes

they

in

others

the

and

1

same

Artsa

Tsetsen

Bogdo,

Wang,

13; Gun

4; Uskuk,

Ochotona

(Ogotoma) pricei Thomas,

specimen:

Type

(originalnumber basin

208),

The

"

typical

Skull:

cheek

length

and

width,

body,

of

forty miles southwest

of

1.

west

Achit

British

Museum

in the

Nor,

Kobdo

Carruthers, collector.

1

78

no

way

size.

following

46.8

19.6; palatilar length, 17.5;

mm.

of

measurements

; hind

foot, 29.5

the

type

20.

; ear,

condylo-incisive length,

mm.;

15.8; interorbital of

length

width,

parietal

4.1;

palatal foramina,

43.6;

8.6; upper

teeth, alveoli, 9.5. Occurrence

and

Habits:

"humped"

skull

profile,as

It does

seem

that

not

subspecific value. Tatsin

8,000

pallasiifrom that

the

supposed

the

on

Mongolia, 0.

be

retained

claimed but

in that

p. pricei. Pending

northwestern

in

a

the

from

case

further

subspecific sense

Mongolia.

Altai.

the

are

Gobi

the

British

are

at

animal

Ochotona

are

for

in the

Gol

and from

Kobdo an

eventually

a

comparison, the

would name

series

it may

probably

of this type

basin,

altitude

animal

0.

than

more

different

at

for

the

of

Museum.

(Tuin

not

westward,

valid

study, however, for

and

the

Nor

When

available

Thomas the

Achit

slightly less

size

best

distinct

a

in

this form,

to

as

Mongolia

northern

Suok,

eastern

by

type

from

was

localitybecomes

type

characters

as

of

the

represent

type

second

a

edge

the

The

its smaller

with

from

to

Thomas

by

given, however,

specimens

were

mentions

feet,

pallasii by

compared

specimens.

Gobi

Thomas

and

0.

described

was

characters

Two

Gol) which

other

the

This

"

species, distinguished from

the

i;

i.

skull, in the

and

slightlysmaller

length of nasals,

24;

i,

June 25

pelage, apparently differs in

summer

gives the

of head

Gol,

8, vol. 8, p. 760, 191

ser.

Douglas

occipito-nasal length,

zygomatic width,

:

Thomas

"

Hist.,

mountains

in

pallasiiexcept

Measurements: its skull

and

in

Nor,

; Tatsin

i

female, skin

the

type,

Kholobolchi

22;

Gol,

Nat.

Mag.

from

21

June

Burte,

pallasiipricei Thomas

Mongolia.

Description: 0.

Ann.

^An adult

"

of northwestern

from

Burte,

Ochotona

229.

Gun

at

and

31

fifty-three,as follows:

; Tuin

11

June

May

he

however,

one,

young

taken

were

night, and

at

Bogdo.

In all,some

"

second

obtained

were

Artsa

at

1-24

Specimens examined: Mongolia:

size

A

habits.

of Tsetsen

southwest

in traps

caught

were

young

less nocturnal

or

captured

nocturnal.

These

more

he

ones,

young

largely

are

the

July

adults

two

daytime.

of about

Uskiik,

the

of the

one

529

probably indicate

and

that

LAGOMORPHS

of 0. prove

of

western north-

also

stand

p. pricei may from

of

extreme

THE

530

Thomas's

MAMMALS

MongoUan from

although

territory,and

Specimens examined:

In

Description: "

on

the

sides

middle

and

belly

(ochraceous buff). the

of

grayish buff, proectote

the

russet

black

is doffed

above,

back. In oval

the

opening

18.

The

Asiatic

Expeditions

foot, 25

; ear,

body, 172,

19.

170;

CRANIAL

The

head

25,

MEASUREMENTS

the

bright hairs

the

at

of and

is

female

and

was: a

In

pale

winter

of

pelage, and

ochraceous

brighter on

lower

the

space,

large and and

body,

by

length

HYPERBOREA

by the

evenly pyriform.

of head

measured

single

a

practically

is closed

the

178

American and

foot,

mm.;

Museum

body, 185

respectively:head

19.

OCHOTONA

the

Inside

(Thomas).

color

taken

male

with of

base

long.

mm.

mixture

head

series

Urga

OF

the

which

of

19,

slaty 12

the

latter washed

premaxillaries are

measured:

27; ear,

the

on

is

hairs; below,

minute

a

the

darkened

distinct, together forming

are

in

23,

above,

russet

of black

fore back,

clay

1909.

Manchtiria.

about

a

4, p. 504,

edges of the

by only

type

8, vol.

ser.

narrowly white.

and

with

thin

largest of

foot,

form.

skull, original No.

are

palatal foramen

northeast

Another

Altai

northern

being

foramina

the

The

"

and

are

rim

the

coat,

the

incisive

being separated them.

season

washed

which

Measurements: ear,

black;

on

Hist.,

pelage throughout this

at

grayer

gray

behind

overlying

28.5;

a

edge of

the

near

Thomas

slight admixture

a

The

dull whitish

skull, the

in contact, bone

for

clearer

Below,

skin

a

Nat.

Mag.

Mountains,

by

which

ear

mantchurica

pelage, adults

back

hairs,

longer

Ann.

is

type

summer

rusty

eastern north-

subspecificallydistinct

the

as

Mountains,

very

but

as

regards

paler, the light tips of

are

from

comes

hyperborea

Khingan

of the

Hami

the

regarded

Thomas

Thomas,

The

"

from

Museum,

be

to

Ochotona

(Pika) hyperborea mantchurica

Type specimen:

MONGOLIA

None.

"

230.

British

AND

Chinese,

not

is also

typical 0. pallasii,which

Ochoiona

CHINA

(Ogotoma) hamica, from

Ochotona

Turkestan,

OF

MANTCHURICA

mm.

and

;

THE

Occurrence

and

southernmost and

by

names

and,

according as

cuts

westward

to

Gobi

this

Thomas,

the

regions

rocky

C.

Roy

and

he

of Manchuria

that

to

Well-grown by that

time

one

was

and

145

of

most

the

which

fore

back.

mm.

adults

the

Specimens examined:

typical

for

of

Spec. Quad, Zool.

alpina Bonhote,

Ochotona

(Pika) alpina Thomas,

Proc.

Specimen:

Type

Mountains

Altai

possibly U.S.S.

of

is

h.

0.

race,

and

exceedingly

last of

taken

the

the

bright

to

brief

very

Urga,

for

season,

and

pelage of

russet

by September in

coming

was

July,

the

on

11,

head,

34;

fifteen

miles

northeast

of

Urga,

I.

Glir. Ord., p. 52, pi. 2, 1778.

Mag.

Nat.

for

1904,

description No

1905.

p. 207,

8, vol. 9, p. 408, 1912.

Hist., ser.

based

was

definite

original material

In

"

ochraceous

and

Amurland

specimen

type

is still in

the

from

specimens

on

indicated,

was

Musevim

the but

Leningrad,

at

R.

Description: tint.

Ann.

e

Siberia.

of the

some

the

Siberia,

eastern

MOUSE-HARE

Soc. London,

Pallas's

"

in

alpina alpina (Pallas)

Ochotona ALPINE

alpinus Pallas, Nov.

were

ftir of winter

gray

West

1919.

hyperborea kolymensis

0.

hyperborea,

changed a

golia, Mon-

Mongolia.

length,

were

northeast

231.

Ochotona

O.

extends

"

Mongolia: forty-fivemiles

Lepus

northerly is

to

tinguished dis-

he

is taken

place

eastward

richer-colored

northeastern in

fine series in July,

it, but

some

of Urga,

northeast

its

a

Siberian

the

apparently

race

miles

extends

most

in

like

that

so

where

near

This

with

The

than

carried

be

must

in

taken

shoulders

the

given

distinctly grayer, one,

Khingan,

a

meet

been

extremely

uniform

a

forty-five

not

and

young,

This

summer.

name.

is

nevertheless

is

same

typical race

while

grayer,

Amxirland

secured

did

cinereofusca,is slightly larger close

from

from

some

incisive

the

has

the

first,cinereofusca,is retained

series

district, Siberia.

Kolyma

the

in Amurland

series, but

Andrews

species. The

other

race

is perhaps

mouse-hare

species retaining

found

difference

a

of

range

Dr.

of lesser

which

h. mantchurica

the

is smaller the

of

531

dull-tawny

group The

Mongolian

point, however,

by

a

single specimen

the

to

the

where

and

in

0.

Railway

of

A

brightest

of this

of

small

distinct.

Schrenck,

subspecific sense. of the

This

"

representative foramina

palatal

several

Habits:

LAGOMORPHS

The there

of the

ear.

buffy,

and

or

orange ears

is

a

of

is

a

clothed

with

longer, paler buffy

the

Below, there

light ferruginous,

thinly

are

tuft

pelage the

summer

tips of

well-marked

the

hairs collar

entire

dorsal

feet

whitish

the

ochraceous and are across

white

hairs

hairs

everywhere the

lower

surface with within at

the

whitish throat

is a

uniform

a

strong and

anterior washed of

buffy

without, base with

pale ferru-

MAMMALS

THE

532

of the

bases

The

ginous.

OF

hairs

CHINA

AND

the

on

body

MONGOLIA

above

and

below

slaty

are

as

usual.

Specimens in winter species is the

This

of the skull

is not

type

bent

abruptly

are

Measurements: total

length;

56

yellowish tinge.

a

Pika, in which

subgenus

or

and

skin

measvires

frontal

the

incisive and

the

bowed,

cheek

teeth,

outline

palatal foramina

interorbital

10;

in

mouse-hare

408), who and

three

from

specimen along race

from

males

the

the

desert

described

the

to

ranges

from

Specimens examined:

Type Specimen: National

May

adult

from

Museimi,

Collected

Description:

How

"

by this

Dr.

coat

much

very

is

a

Head

yellowish. nitida.

The .

.

ochraceous In the the

.

as

agree

suitable

the

intermediate

a

the

time,

present

localities.

miles F. R.

underparts

and

are

vol.

41, p. 116, 1928.

skeleton. No.

north-northwest

differs from

white

Howell

U.

240726,

S.

Ningsia, China.

of

Wulsin.

the

paler, and

Feet

B.

Biol. Soc. Washington,

female, skin

with

A.

white

closely allied 0.

"with

face,

above,

typical 0. alpina is the as

yellowish tinge well

as

the

grayish below, tinged

with

and

biiffy,and

in

winter

the

over

hinder

stated

not

nitida

a.

back

rump,

longer not

than

nouncedly pro-

in

strongly

in nitida."

skvdl the

orbit

posterior palatine

a

places

with

somewhere

argentata.

with

well

practically

as

At

feet,

8,000

at

very

in

occur

intergrading a.

(1912a,

6,000-8,000

MOUSE-HARE

paler silvery gray

reduced.

Nor,

regarded

to

of it in the

Proc.

race

by its describer, but, compared pelage, the

found

0.

as

ALPINE

fifteen

16, 1923,

River,

be

from

at

Achit to

of this

of Thomas

Ola

said

alpina argentata

A. B. Howell,

An

"

is that

Tannu

are

southeast,

Ochotona

{Pika) alpina argentata

will

Kansu

SILVERY Ochotona

upper

None.

"

232.

the

Katun

be known

to

seems

length,

greatest

distribution

the

to

as

record

These

Altai,

species

the

in

mm.

length of nasals, 18;

25;

Mountains,

Mongolia.

by Howell

nothing

however,

Kunderlun

western

Probably

definite

only specimens from

five

190

6.

The

northwestern

topotype.

width,

dimensions:

Very little is known

"

Mongolia.

mentions

in extreme

following cranial

width,

Habits:

and

approximately

claw, 37.

the

length, 46; zygomatic

Occurrence

feet,

well-made without

foot

(1905) gives

basal

mm.;

A

"

hind

Bonhote

and

with

gray

of the

separate.

are

p.

pelage

is said to be foramina

markedly

longer.

larger than

in the latter race,

THE

Measurements: measured 33-5.

respectively

skull

of the

interorbital

follows:

as

and

the range

across

known.

There

alpina

different

Habits:

from

body,

the

208

220,

from

the

other

no

Mongolia, is

locality

same

hind

mm.;

foot,

Ann.

erythrotisG.

Allen, Mem.

Ocholona

(Ocholona) gloveriA. B. Howell, Proc.

1908, by

M.

specimen: R.

"

In

dull chestnut on

behind

the

longest

measure

whitish,

with

buffy

60

the

of the obvious The

and

At

constriction

has

only,

vacuities

specimens

but

on

much the

are

in

as

British

August

10,

and

long,

brownish

larger species.

as

prevails

dark-based;

bases

of the

hairs, the

dull The

slaty.

surface.

imder

tips of

the

end

of the

by

separated is

there

palatal bar,

others, while

such

toes

is unknown.

palatal foramina

anterior

area

base, tipped

the

nearly uniform

is

rest

ears

conspicuous

a

others

their

and

The

pale-buffy

at

gray

white,

of the

pelage

ear

color

buffy

or

color

is

of russet

some

side, the

erythrotis,but

the

hairs

brownish

a

ferruginous

short

defined

poorly

a

admixtiu-e

short

side of the

in two

in the

the

winter

0.

with

the

of

is

hairs").

the

to

it is

which

erythrotis, to

tips

separate no

white

with

at

is

ventral

incisive

lacking

the

from

The

front

0.

base

there

almost

clothed

present

than

and

hairs

distinct

the

are

wider

is very

13. 9. 13. 17,

Collected

sparsely clothed

are

the

the

of

black

Vibrissas

On

pads.

with

gray,

with

mm.

naked

projecting point

China.

edition

anterior

the

are

gray,

feet densely

skull

typical

nitida

a.

1922.

skull. No.

and

Szechwan,

grayish,

feet

is hardly

Soles

0.

race

pelage, the general coloration

back,

tips of

the

9, p. 190,

skin

male,

forehead.

and

throat

with

Small

U.

summer

side.

Cheeks

muzzle

the

the

Zool., vol. 40, p. 208, 1912 (not of Buechner). S. Nat. Mus., vol. 75, art. i, p. 69, 1929.

western

the

The

ears.

9, vol.

ser.

Comp.

adult

lined

on

inner

white.

with

Mus.

longer, pale-buffy hairs,

of

tuft

with

comparison

a

that

extension

eastern

most

gloveri Thomas

smaller, darker

("dark,

the

While

carries

Ningsia

Zappey.

probably related.

hairs

Hist.,

Nat.

An

"

A

Description:

gray

Mag.

Nagchuka,

Walter

above

is the

and

it.

unlikely

Ochotona

gloveriThomas,

Museum,

species from

None.

"

Ochotona

from

width,

zygomatic

mm.;

latter.

Ocholona

Type

for

records

desirable, it

be

length, 48

of this

record

northwestern

are

would

total

The

"

233.

on

and

from

second

a

5.

Specimens examined:

are

and

head

measured:

type

width,

Ocairrence

0.

specimen

type

533

33The

24;

The

"

LAGOMORPHS

not

the

a

distinct

present frontals

frontal

mere

forwardly

in the in

a

one

latter. of

region itself is

the

paratively com-

MAMMALS

THE

534

Measurements:

this 1

91

and of

appearance

0.

Szechwan,

Pass, the

Ramala

of which a

Habits:

second

Ramala

of

the

five

Zappey's collection

on

were

general region,

same

Dolan

Brooke

in the

at

specimens (G.

M.

of

Allen,

in

Expedition

Academy

of Natural

Specimens examined:

altitude

I

erythrotisBuechner,

Wiss.

Type Specimens:

Tibet,

and

Resultate

course

In

"

is mentioned

of

north,

Two

and

from

one

others

brought

were

Nagchuka

the

from

back

Tapashan,

the

by the and

are

Pass,

i;

Romitchangu,

i

(A.N.S.P.); Tapashan,

er3rthrotis(Buechner)

as

from his

MOUSE-HARE

d.

B.

v.

Przewalski

Proc.

Howell,

Reisen, vol. I, Saugethiere, p. 165, 1890

Biol.

Soc. Washington,

original description, no

the

Burchan-Budda, two

feet.

15,500

above,

The

feet, but

12,000

the

species by Thomas,

Museum.

Romitchangu

4; Ramala

Ochotona

pis. 21, 24, figs. 1-6, 1894. Ochotona {Ochotona) erythrotisvulpina A.

listed

to

and

five enumerated

of the

from

are

Nagchuka

at

the

bright

(A.N.S.P.).

RED-EARED

from

of

Seven, including the type, viz.:

"

234.

Lagomys

instead

Sciences, Philadelphia.

(Hsikang): Nagchuka,

Szechwan

of

from

1931,

where

type

10,000

somewhat

originalspecimens

U. S. National

the

of from

an

the

species,with

brownish

a

The

secured

as

slightly farther

but

distinct

border,

Zappey

with

altitudes

taken

was

size.

later described

was

from

R.

a

with

darker,

Tibetan

the

late Walter

be

to

seems

of smaller

exchanged

was

Pass

This

"

and

near

(7589)

one

specimens

the

MONGOLIA

measurements

report

erythrotis,but

pelage,

summer

western

two

AND

2), namely:

reddish

and

in the

published

species were

CHINA

collector's

The

"

Occurrence the

OF

the and

that

type,

so

three

from

Kansu,

China.

expeditions

into

They eastern

all

the were

Asia.

vol.

of the

one

seven

River

are

117,

p.

seven

cotypes,

Dy-tschju,

collected In

41,

by

in

(descr.);

1928.

mens specinamely: eastern

Przewalski

describing

the

Kansu

in

LAGOMORPHS

THE

animal

vulpina, A.

as

Howell

B.

locality for typical

0.

for future

hereby

Museum

of the

skull

is

entire

the

drabby

a

they the

to

inner

of

side

pure

of the

hind

the

In

This

color

base,

but

the

fore

and

the

entire

on

groove

of the

in

diameter

mm.,

the

face of the

in

for

and

total

length,

figures seem in both,"

the

to as

and be

it does

white,

are

skull

is

of the the

on

toes.

median

in the hairs

dense

The

rest

there

slightly marked

a

belly

the

the

backs

naked

clothing

pads

the

at

are:

the

and

from

foot

complete

almost

of the

latter

the

incisive in

one

evenly

1

17).

separation the

foramina;

dorsal

anterior

the

slightlyarched,

and

upper

p.

at

tapering evenly

is only

fossa

anterior

1928b,

.

.

and

head

slightly

very

premolar

to

the

first incisor.

gives

foot,

in

34-42 and

30

inaccurate also

B. Howell,

the

is

the

being plumbeous

sides

skull

of the

base

hairs

(A.

orbito-temporal

the the

.

the

vacuities,

two

profileof the

Buechner hind

the

reddish.

uniform

and

body, including

just behind

contact

of

distance

bright

a

tinged with reddish"

The

the

"

but

darker.

of the

palatal foramen,

the

frontal.

Measurements:

feet

and

is

surface

dorsal

features

longest

less than

with

is

margin

the

tint

buffy

the

to

even

The

with

whitish,

by

brownish-

hairs, and

ear.

faint

a

white,

pure

coloration

"the

practically

of each

are

the

exposed

the

margin,

the

whitish

back

extends

slightlytinged

are

long, parallel-sidednasals; surface

uniformly

wash

feet

is faintly

from

is

of

base

a

the

succeeded

and

ears

from

few

a

hairs, with

of the

affect the

of the

back

are

to

exposed portion

whose

to

side

external

is due

pale-buflfring,

face,

the

visible.

the

throat

incisive

forward,

and

and

feet)

the

color of which

hairs

hairs

are

anterior

the

buffy

belly, chin, legs the

there

The

body

a

pelage,

Characteristic of the

roots

feet

covers

The

ears.

at

the

of the

digits are

summer

and

shorter

of

sides

This

slaty-based

is nearly bare, with

hairs to

of

of

much

sufficientlynumerous

ear

which

soles

tips of

specimen

(except

limbs tint.

pale-buffy

bright ferruginous;

are

surface

The

area.

in

its

this

on

ical Zoolog-

Burchan-Budda,

forehead,

and

body

a

a

here

parts.

of the

bvifTycollar from

the

of

into

not

upper

white

ventral

those

or

are

white

long

of

less

muzzle,

the

pelage consists

surface

inner

are

The

more

of the

but

tone

tuft

surface

tip. Scattered

all brown,

feet

description

pelage

is whitish, shading

brownish

of the

winter

dorsal

most

portion

of the

is based

clearer

of the

1554

type

any

matters

No.

lectotype,

the

as

make

to

Sciences, Leningrad, from

of

of the

most

In

"

with

gray

fact that

gray

designate

order

figured.

Description:

a

that, in

mention

fails to

(1928b) likewise

erythrolis, so

Academy

Tibet, since

eastern

and

I

workers,

535

for a

Howell's

mm.

34, in

of total

measiu-ement

as

according the

specimen

dried from

to

skins

Choni,

length, 225-285 measured

specimens the the

collector, but foot

Kansu,

215 "these 37.5

measures

in

the

Museum

536 of

THE

Comparative

foot

OF

MAMMALS

In

Zoology.

35.5, 38, and

measures

CRANIAL

three

OF

Joseph B.

it does

Ekvall,

Howell

With

"

not

^

^aj

\S '5

-a

f5

S

quite

the

since

specimens

same

supposed palatal foramina,

Occurrence in the

of

the

ski

were

and

from

otherwise

zone

from

and

boulder

together, and on

bright In

where The

and

and

^

"

10.5

9.1

9.0

8.0

8.0

Tibet

Kansu,

is

size

is also

the

Kansu

specimens that sexually

by

by Robert

really different,

himself

he

as

Tibet

collected

subspecies vulpina.

animal, the

Choni,

animal

it

Kansu

The

the

as

For

mature.

shorter series

type

the

the chief

The with

animal,

served

ation color-

states, and

same.

as

at

present

thence

eastward

rufous

limited

a

to

the

ears

extreme

originalspecimens collected

and

the

River He

confined

almost

It

chooses

quickly

Dy-tschju

writes

a

small

by PrzewalTibet

eastern

in the last-mentioned

that

on

desolate

most

with It

stone.

rocky

places

steep precipices. It is

the

sits motionless,

tell from

in

western

in winter

exclusively to the high alpine the

about

distribution

strongly

contrast

The

Kansu.

runs

has

its

body out

comes

to

hunched

itself

sun

days. so

far

as

specimens have example

Kansu

size of the

alarmed

when

is difficult to

winter

China,

it

^

specimens

large mouse-hare

upward.

fields where

ij

14.8

from

named

bright

localityin feet

So

constituting a singlespecies.

This

Its

common,

10,000

cautious

very

no as

"

Jl

-s

6.0

and

the

doubt

pelage.

gray

unnamed

an

5.8

the

Burchan-Budda

it is rather

area

Habits:

China.

Kansu,

from

23.7

part of Tibet, and

northeastern

border

with

and

6.2

that

probably

though regard them all

least, I would

13.4

smaller

fully grown,

not

were

was

but

3

J3

18.0

5.3

Tibetan

show the

*s

t5

J3

23.5

1928, he

collected

difference

3

E

""

p

Tibet,

in the

as

ERYTHROTIS

"

5

that

appear

supposed when, is

Tibet, the

northeastern

receipt of additional

the

in

from

OCHOTONA

5

in northeastern

Rock

MONGOLIA

specimens

MEASUREMENTS

19.8

F.

AND

respectively.

35

"

Nomenclature:

CHINA

from

the

this

known, been

latter

taken

at

species is found Sining,

locality was

and

secured

at

only

in

sixty li

July

20,

western

south

and

has

Kansu, of Choni. the

new

THE

reddish

tipped with

Ho

near

very

bluffs

rocky

Gorges

about

of

li south

and

of Choni,

slate,

as

F.

Joseph

on

minutely

are

secured

who

Rock,

Tibet, found

in

Kansu,

well

as

Chinese

slopes of

grassy

from

the

in Tibet, and

border

Ochotona

thibetana

them

on

Hwang

the

Ho

Hwang

Gorges

from

single one

a

sixty

Milne-Edwards,

in David,

Milne-Edwards,

Recherches

(Milne-Edwards)

thibetana

MUPING thibelanus

Dr.

of

hairs

red

Kansu.

235.

Lagomys

lens.

a

border

the

Foiir, including three

"

the

across

of

feet elevation.

10,500

examined:

Radja,

with

western

of sandstone at

Specimens north

the

537

Many

grown.

visible

brown,

dark

specimens

partly

coat

summer

LAGOMORPHS

MOUSE-HARE Nouv.

d'Hist.

Mus.

Arch.

Paris,

Nat.

vol.

Bull., p.

7,

93,

note, foot-

1871. Lagomys

libetanus

pi. 49, figs, i-ig, Ochotona

tibetana

Winton

and

Ochotona

hodgsoni Bonhote,

Proc.

Zool.

40,

p. 207,

Mus.

De

Comp.

vol.

Zool.,

Ochotona

zappeyi Thomas,

Ochotona

thibetana

Thomas,

Ochotona

thibetana

sacraria

specimens,

type to

In

by

Ridgway)

;

indefinite

small

at

Backs

are as

the

side

whitish, The

with

fuller

very

with

behind

Mammifferes,

pi. 48;

p. 314,

p. 577.

218, 1905

(in part). G.

M.

Allen, Mem,

practice

to

1922.

both

of

with

continues

Ears

of

sometimes

of

have the

are

cated, indi-

be

brown

with

A

and

with

Mars

of

buffy

thickly

clad

collar

down the

with

when

with

the area

of buff,

band

faintly overspread concealed

buffy white.

buffy

and

an

exposed

with

wash

limbs

median

of

and

of longer

bordered

the

the

nearly

their

well-marked a

buffy

brown

buff, on

tuft

a

narrowly

is

above

hairs

ochraceous

slaty bases, feet

sent

Muping, to

seem

pelage

dark

sides

flanks

from

(about

posteriorly as

the

area

surfaces

soles

buff.

chin, lower

the dark

the

brown

metentote),

of

specimens

David,

buffy-tipped

russet

indicate

cotypes. of

effect

ear.

from

individuals

slightly clearer

a

each

a

is taken

Armand

their edges very

last-named

of both

thus

a

it

made

mixture

washed

and

the

The

192,

Pere

by

are

edge

outer

belly, while

disarranged.

9, p.

species

general

of

base, and

the

2, p.

never

tips of

head

area

between

1899,

vol.

description, two

the

whitish,

hairs

9, vol.

of this

uniform

throat

line of the each

well.

is not

feet

across

middle

along

the

1923.

winter

and

their anterior of

extends

ser.

663,

Naturelle

his

the

buffy

portion (proectote hairs

a

of

sides

Hist.,

II, p.

of those

equal proportions

'

Blyth).

of

in alcohol, which

"

produced

(not

Milne-Edwards

"

In

Description: brown,

des

Nat.

loc. cit.

d'Histoire

of them

one

for 1904,

his account

China.

Szechwan,

I'Hist.

k

London,

London,

1912 Nat.

Mag.

Thomas,

but

Museum

the

Soc.

ibid.,vol.

Zool. Soc.

Proc.

Styan,

Ann.

specimens:

Type

servir

pour

1868-74 (1874)-

the

short

buff

fur stiff

hairs, forming

till

attained

hairs

more

tone

of

behind

the

ears

is

collar

of the

total

adds

the

hind

foot,

29

specimens that

of

they

length,

figure of

the

may

be

of

Museum taken

as

15

about

150

entire

the

throat

in the

middle

mm.

The

15.

Comparative

total

length, of the

length Dimensions

so

134

Muping

near

follows:

as

Locality Szechwan Szechwan

"

Szechwan

"

described

"species,"

combined

for

open

the

animal

of width

better

most

or

great reliance

CRANIAL

in

at

best

of the

animal's There

and

the

following

geographical In

comparison.

is mature.

of nasals

in

measurements

No.

7592

MCZ

7593

MCZ

7599

MCZ

7594

MCZ

7595

MCZ

7600

MCZ

7129

MCZ

Basal

length

length

38.5

31.6

races

Palatal

matic

length

width

14.5

18.6

in the

toid width

17.6

details too

species.

A

AND

RACES

Upper

Lower

across

orbital

cheek

cheek

molars

width

teeth

teeth

4.5

6.5

6.7

ii.o

main re-

long after

minute

Inter-

Width

here to

used, apparently, with

of this

THIBETAN Mas-

seems

continue

may

various

mouse-hare,

suture

variation been

of

those

are

this

basal

growth

have

OCHOTONA

ZygoGreatest

that

of the

OP

MEASUREMENTS

of

races

individual

size of bullae,that

distinguishing some

table

skiall the

the

life,so

is much

is

following

"

cranial

mm.;

foot

Ear

The

he

page

hind

of the

from

Zoology,

gives

succeeding

a

on

mm.;

animal.

typical, are

1 1

collar

the

and

mm.

general

pale

description, Milne-Edwards

specimen, namely: the

the

whitish, but

long, about

not

may

the

buff,

shorter,

its width,

19;

and

brown,

of each

dark-tipped

buff-tipped hairs;

remains

extended

more

alcoholic

an

natural-size

in

is much

the

darker,

ochraceous

is

pelage

specimen, barely

a

of

chin

joint which

pelage,

russet

with

terminal

summer

is much the

more

tinged

summer

his

In

"

ear,

in the

mm.

of

a

winter

The

dimensions 31;

is

In

over

The

obvious.

body

that

length

is

of the

pad

coloring

predominating

russet.

Measurements:

the

visible.

shoulders

the

back, while

for the

well dorsal

more

of

nearly

and

MONGOLIA

AND

CHINA

brownish;

the

and

and

neck

surface

under

June,

profuse, the

of dark

pad

is naked

however,

toe, be

a

OF

MAMMALS

THE

538

Locality

Hupeh

THE

LAGOMORPHS

0. thihetana

539

canstis

60405

354

29.8

14

16.2

60406

34-6

29.8

12

16.0

60407

34-5

293

13

15-6

16.0

60408

34-1

295

13

15-7

15.0

10.2

60410

35-1

30-3

13

15-7

155

10.2

13

154

15-6

10.2

14

16.0

157

10.8

6041

1

60412

35-5

31.0

144030

USNM

36.6

303

144029

USNM

34-3

295

(type)

15.0

10.4 10.2

9.8

40.6

56854

4.0

40.0

56855

37-6

56856

38.6

56857 56858

37-6

(t3T5eof

morosa)

O.

36.5

(type)

36.4

(type)

350

27055

MCZ

36.0

27056

MCZ

350

27057

MCZ

Nomenclature:" there

have

may

Edwards

work

district

specimen the

from

type,

as

Museum

of

just

and

west

comparison others

size are

to

the

as

the

be

to

the

(1922), was

0.

No

other

but

others

taken

south,

in this

Zoology

identical, nor

to

the

region

and

of

and

they

in

or

I

can

representing 0. thibetana.

There

measurements see

One

no

in

course

of the

Thomas

in any a

are

few very

Shuowlow

to

with for

small

from

the

series

way

the

from sacred

slight differences parts,

regard

a

after careful

important

of other but

a

which

miles

the

on

regards

collected

secured

1908,

Shuowlow,

Muping

compared

was

who

Zappey,

the

the

in the

localities

nearby

of which

differ

Shan

Wa

southeast.

of nasals,

clearly individual

do

massif

from

representing it.

as

by

thibetana, though

from

and

Milne-

originalspelling of

specimens

the skull

(Osgood, 1932).

same

isolated

Shan,

bullae, width

very

collected,

safely be

may

The

of Tatsienlu, at Tachiao

north

on

tibetana.

been

Comparative

Omei

of

east

out

Muping,

fuller account

the

indicate.

to

pointed

Tatsienlu,

seem

one

from

species was

it, as

with

sent

seems

0.

to

have

quite

taken

mountain

Thomas

as

and

a

of this

specimen

type

second

"Recherches"

to

south

west,

"Ihe

changed

seem

29.5

been

in the

specificname, later

Shansi

6.7

4.0

29.0

but

all the

specimens

in

these

mens specisent

to

MAMMALS

THE

540

British

the

Museum

describer

the

series from

zappeyi

0.

the

in the

of

practice

to

that

fact the

are

"if

this,

makes the

retaining

southwest,

to

continues

nevertheless it is

specimens representing is really but

there marked

changes,

one

0.

and

race,

rather

a

Ochotona

indistinguishable

given

0. sikimaria.

Muping,

parts of the

as

westward,

of

the

0. t.

to

appears to

seems

for the

Osgood 0.

be

be

most

province. (1932,

p.

thibetana, "are

Range,

both

of the

To

the

same.

the

mostly

from

but

in

is in

hitherto

that

the he

is foimd

specimens

as

on

in the

a

specimen

has

the

Kansu.

Tibetan

and

Shuowlow

as

Omei

Divide from

as

Shan

British

the

(type

R.

winter well

To

records

Comparative

W.

by

the

border,

no

arq

of

grown

higher

into

passing

the

of

extends

center,

a

Museum

Mekong- Yangtze refers

Thomas

of southern

taken,

the

principality

the

toward

completely

is

subspecies.

there

the

these

that

out

which

Fanghsien, Hupeh,

south, this form

writes

in Yunnan,"

It

specimen

eastern

326)

at

turn

in

Shan

poorly

a

proposed

originallocality,there

specimen

a

in mid-December

quite

the

but

Min

distance

that

apparently represent

to

Tachiao, Lianghokow,

from

Eastward

zappeyi).

collected

uncertain

cansus

of Szechwan,

boundary in the

cansus

an

typical subspecies,

Zoology,

the

is

apparently occupies from

of

By making

it may

the various

thibetana

number

indicates

names

will

Osgood animal,

and

0.

many

discovered

Originally

to

the

future

under

highlands

represented by specimens

localityof 0.

further

"

nearly

it extends

in

Sikkim

of Ochotona

slightlypaler subspecies the

the

Chinese

western

probably

northward,

from

Habits:

typical race

the

form,

unless

discussed

are

and

Occurrence

stevensi of

cansus

is

matters

of

subspecies,

as

large

a

distinct.

more

there

gated safely rele-

species,believing

of

best

at

added

nearby since

be

forms, however,

supposed

be

and

may

separate

study

misleading

may

forms

related

on

British

mountain

thibetana,

a

The

logical arrangement

the

name

as

another, hardly

morosa

latter

These

cansus

the

of 0. thibetana,

doubt

0. t. sacraria

species,0. thibetana, of which

Chinese

southwestern

the

0.

as

size.

of the

most

more

and

brought about,

0.

smaller

the

on

sacred

treating other

maintain

distinguishable by

same

between,

in

this

other

to

the

at

slightlydifferingraces

the

barriers

Osgood,

to

commenting

the

those

to

of

others

therefore, placed

examined

To

doubtless

for the

0. sacraria, based

as

was

distinct

a

that

so

I have,

well

as

in

Shan,

undoubtedly Dr.

synonymy.

specimen,

latter

subspecies.

a

Wa

from

insuperable physical

no

that

are

This

for the

recognizable,"

specimens

thibetana,

Osgood, who,

binomials

as

slightlydifferent,

conspecific.

as

Shan.

H.

Wilfred

it

Thomas

by

obviously sufficientlysimilar

are

of 0.

Omei

MONGOLIA

adult

large

a

regarded

synonymy from

Dr.

by

Museum

be

to

AND

described

supposing

place

same

single specimen

a

was

into

misled

southeast

and

south

this

zappeyi;

was

CHINA

subsequently

was

species, Ochotona the

OF

Zappey,

pelage the

and

sole

Wa

Museum, and

big

the bend

and one

Shan. labeled

Likiang of the

THE

Fig.

LAGOMORPHS

21.

541

Distribution

Map.

Ochotona 1.

O. thibelana

thibetana

4.

O.

2.

O. thibelana

census

5.

0. thibetana

3.

O.

in

is different interorbital on

has O.

region

the

any thibetana

Sung-kwei

having basis

claims the

to

from "a

and

of

Szechwan,

Kulu,

somewhat

broader

sUghtly larger

distinction.

10,000

Thomas

collected

0.

to

and

audital

specimens examined,

specimens

Range,

sorella

stevensi

huangensis

several

and

Yangtze

thibetana

thibelana

zappeyi, assuming

deeper braincase, bullae."

I cannot

For

the

feel certain

a

Forrest

in

ft.,26" 24' N.; Kiukiang-Salween

it

flat,smooth

present, that

(1922b; 1923) regards

by George

that

Yunnan, divide,

this as

as

ever, howrace

typical follows:

11,000

ft.;

that

southeast

miles

city, at

of that referred

like

Wa

the

lower

levels, up

this

above

E.

the

botanist

the

vegetation from

and

10,000

feet

11,000

exclusively

this

on

taken

specimen forty miles away, the

at

also

of 0. thibetana,

type

Fanghsien,

Hupeh:

i ;

Smithsonian

Lyon,

cansus

Ochotona

roylei Buechner,

Ochotona

causa

1894 (not

Wiss. of

by

W.

Proc.

Thomas,

from W.

Omei

on

warm-temperate

densely species of Rhododendron the

but

According

type.

wooded

fir in

Shan,

zone,

ing form-

cool-temperate forms

Rhododendron

that

there

of but

this

makes

to

reason

Pere

saw

and

no

feet

9,500

form.

he

is

zone,

ninety

on

David,

animal runs

Shan,

that

hardly

collected

who

in the

woods

the

among

8,200 means

suppose

Omei

to

wherever

this species at levels between indicating that it is not by any

that

Tachiao, Pass,

2;

the

of the

shrubbery,

follows:

Misc.

Shuowlow,

v.

Shan,

(M.C.Z.); Shagu (Muli),

2

Merge,

i

(A.N.S.P.); Datsung,

(A.N.S.P.).

i

thibetana

Coll., vol. d.

3; Wa

(A.N.S.P.); Kalongto

2

Ochotona

Resultate

Zool.

An

"

Taocheo

50,

Lyon

cansus

pt. 2, p. 136, 1907.

Przewalski

Reisen,

vol.

I,

Saugethiere,

p.

156,

1

890; pi. 23,

Soc.

adult

London,

191 1, p.

180.

male, skin and

(Taochow),

Kansu,

skull. No. China.

144030,

U.

Collected

S. National

June 8, 1906,

Simpson.

Description: "

ochraceous

as

is not woods.

Ogilby).

Type Specimen: Museum,

well

and

(M.C.Z.).

i

Lianghokow,

Ochotona

2,

coloration,

thickets

is

feet.

11,200

^Fifteen,as

"

236.

figs. I,

silver

so

(A.N.S.P.); Huanglungkwan,

I

well

as

collected

states

(A.N.S.P.); Tapashan

I

hood neighborspecimens

rabbit.

a

Specimens examined: Szechwan:

with

isolated

an

its

cool-temperate

a

various

it burrows

where

high mountains, leaping like

an

from

of the

the

altitude

represents

twenty-three

Szechwan,

frequents

mountain

mountain,

high-alpine animal,

a

audital

the

recorded

northern

series, as

small

a

at

top

Zappey

growth.

of the

cent

per

forest

the

to

in

the

(1913), of

type feet

one

has

(1929)

but

feet, are

foothold,

seciu-e

can

abundant

the

while

secured

6,000

Wilson

H.

from

suspected

forms,

vegetation is of

the

level

be

perhaps

about

to

slightlysmaller from

10,000

ir,ooo-

of Tatsienlu.

south

Zappey

in

N.,

believes, however,

ft., and

Howell

B.

He

ft.

typical form

Sungpan,

American

our

where

Shan,

On

might

species, as

rock-dweller

miles

ten

the

A.

species, from

same

Ulongkong,

from

This a

the

to

ft.

11,600

valley, 28"

0. t. sikimaria

toward

Szechwan,

of Tatsienlu,

MONGOLIA

13,000-16,000

previously recorded

had

He

bullae.

intergradation

show

they

Range,

AND

ft.; Mekong

11,000-13,000

Likiang

ft.; and

12,000

CHINA

OF

divide,

Yangtze

Mekong-

as

MAMMALS

THE

542

of

the

Like

in all respects

typical 0. thibetana

forehead

and

muzzle

in

the

winter

but

coat

paler, the pale of

0.

thibetana

THE

replaced by

buffy

a

nearly similar black

hairs.

chin,

and

median

In

tuft

The

ventral

entire

of

skull

first

in his

only minutely and

individual,

for the

writes

Lyon 134

while

mm.,

typical

the

and

of

boundary

to

the

the

less

at

in the

an

elevation than

saturate

winter

of

1 1

farther

yet this

pelage.

pelage in February,

may

The

a

of buff

the

over

much

a

width

deeper

in

same

of

and

160."

mm.

for of

page

the

of individual the

life of

tibetamis He

is only

misled,

was

alcoholic

an

the

available.

skulls

0.

the

than

and

both,

amount

length

races

less

really

throughout

134

pointed

as

series of both

in the oldest

150

latter'

to

men speci-

account,

s

Hwang

,000

feet the

be

and

due

the

of

to

Tao

Two

fading,

since

secured

River

be are

valley

A

in

the

tion collec-

mountains

series from

farther

Joseph

much

more

from

Rock

F.

Kansu.

western

May

specimen near

forty-six

to

open

distinctlygrayer

in late a

Thomas

the

Dr.

by

must

specimens

northern

specimens

opposite Radja,

conditions the

from

are

Archuen.

collected

were

collector

same

History

the

in

Others

Choni

Min

and

about

forty

feet.

the

along

is Taochow,

mountains

Zoology.

Ho,

the

reach

to

10,000

southwest

institution

south,

the

Natural

and

is fovmd

thibetana

locality

from

Comparative

1926, in

brown.

buffy

are

certain

it appears

type

of

latter of

thibetana

typical subspecies,

good

a

the

total

of 0.

race

9,500

Choni of

Museum

slopes south

typical cansus, the

of

the

539.

others

Museum

American southwest

mastoid

is

of

where

from

at

of the

preceding

The

recorded

southeast

northwest

grassy

Here

Kansu,

distribution. has

2d)

is in the

Choni

on

1

the

miles

ten

to

19

its

narrow

and

0.

than

it is

and

about

"the

the

This

"

a

this

paler, nearly white.

that

solidlyfused

table, page

Habits:

as

more

differences

is between

on

whitish

the

given.

is

See

of southern

range

"(191 id;

for

cranial

why us

a

typical race

With

measurement

s

has

wash

even

likely continue

see

cans

mm.

"

Occurrence

of

0.

race,

of 150

Measurements:

miles

of

that

measurement

Shan

suture

fails to

he

an

width

being

is not

by Milne-Edwards'

however, of

that

being

size there

bodily very

is

is also

ears

form.

the

length

In

may

basal

the

that

total

less.

growth

the

zygomatic

it is obvious

paler

by a lining of

hairs.

the

description of the

is

sides

even

very

between

which

in the

whereas

a

and

backward

race

essentially from

differ

not

of

back

pelage,

area

area,

way,

tips of

with

white

this

dorsal base

the

winter

nearly

a

same

chin,

in the

supposed,

variation,

a

the

does

comparison,

width

the

at

of

extends

coat,

slightlynarrower

by Lyon

for

hairs

except

in its

except

at

longer

in

both, which

the

side differs in the

less white

The

in

with

over

brown

predominates,

summer

less black

surface

tint with

buff

belly

543

pinkish

throat-band, the

fully acquired

with

The

the

surface

ochraceous

thibetana,

out

lower

stripe along

flanks.

and

gray,

tint, in which The

LAGOMORPHS

and than

they still retain in

fine at

winter

8,200

feet

MAMMALS

THE

544

elevation, indicating winter

spruces."

imder

collected

pelage is

Choni

in the

held

belong

Tibetan

to

cause

from

them

race.

of

Evidently, from

Szechwan.

his 0.

species under

continued

to

use

the

measurements

a

noun

regarding it as

accovmt,

Specimens examined: forty miles

Kansu:

of In

"

southeast

vicinity,16; Archuen

Wiss.

huangensis Matschie,

Conothoa

huanghoensis

Ochotona

cansus

Ochotona

syrinx Thomas,

Matschie,

ibid.,p.

Bull.

J. A. Allen,

Abstract

cansa

thibetana

syrinx Osgood,

Ochotona

thibetana

morosa

that

Choni,

valley, near

i ;

Ho, opposite Radja,

Hwang

Filchner

Nat.

vol.

Hist.,

Zool. Soc. London,

Choni

and

(M.C.Z.).

2

China

nach

Tibet

u.

vol. 10, pt. I,

1903-05,

26,

May

p. 427,

2, 1911,

1909.

Zool. Soc. London,

p. 27; Proc.

19H,

in southern best

have

It

the

to

come

from

Description: "

the A

to

from

race

on

dorsal

surface

line to the

general

described.

to

Lanchow,

the

former

of

member

pelage. well

10, p. 403,

zool.

1912.

ser., vol.

18, p. 328, 1932.

be

the

of the

one

at

spot

the

on

Kansu.

originalspecimens

two

Berlin, but

its number from

route

region, the

specimen

Singanfu, the

Since, however,

be

may

is

tion descripassumed

Tsingling in the vicinity of Sianfu.

buify median The

Hist.,

unrecorded

slightly larger size, and the

8, vol.

ser.

Nat.

Zoological Museum

an

Shensi, China, fits the

Hist.,

Mus.

is said

type

from

was

Nat.

Field

loc. cit.

The

"

Mag.

Publ.

Osgood,

given

was

stated.

Ann.

Thomas,

morosa

Type specimen:

has

follows:

as

(lapsus calami).

Mus.

Proc.

Ochotona

hairs

intended.

have

MOUSE-HARE

d. Exped.

243

Amer.

Ochotona

very

Lyon's original

to

692.

p.

to

what

1908.

p. 214,

not

central

confused

roylei.

in

seems

is

huangensis (Matschie)

SHAN

Ergebn.

of

he

as

so

described

and

as

cansus,

River

; Tao

thibetana

at

entiate differ-

of

has

Lagomys

name

gender,

i

28

moisture and

country

figured

form

vicinity,5; south

TAIPAI

Conothoa

the

all, twenty-five,

Ochotona

237.

wooded

has

under

of Taochow,

and

as

Buechner

common

June

and

in 0. t. census,

given, Jacobi

masculine

the

was

1926.

17,

along the edge of

slopes

grass

saturate

Kansu,

taken

outposts

to

color,

more

hodgsoni.

the

way

in

the

obviously this animal, from I have

all events

gives

length,

July

on

probable that the specimens (1929), from Sungpan, northern

At

paling

a

those

Choni

It is

Howell

out

of

in

mm.

fairly late, one

change.

by

forest

where

plateau, tend

less, would

two

this

to

until

"grassy embankment

a

some

li south

adult

on

80

young,

60

the

MONGOLIA

taken

was

small

Ekvall

by Jacobi (1922) and

Szechwan,

is

B.

having only just begun

recorded

AND

activity. It of four

brood

Robert

Mr.

by

winter

The

the

A

CHINA

OF

In

the

; throat

lower

effect

the

stimmer

a

rest

distinct coat,

gray

evenly lined

with

pale buffy, extending

of under

the

distinguished by

group,

grayish tone, collar very

chest; is

thibetana

surface

in the

whitish, in

winter

forehead,

pelage,

cheeks,

nape

its

blackish as

a

the as

short winter

Thomas

and

back

THE

darker, chestnut

are

broadly

washed

The

skull

with

length

breadth reach

typical

race,

dimensions

collected total

by

in

length,

been

the

in rather of

source

state

poor

From

1903-05.

for

the

thibetana

like the

or

animal

the

skull,

as

given by Matschie,

evidently

district

Shangchow from was as

about

and and

the

undoubtedly

and

mentions

from a

Taipai Shan,

young

Tsingling Range The

Habits:

single female

one,

too

the

the

on

which

same

which,

race,

characteristic

The

in its of

former

in appearance be

to

seems

the came

morosa

range.

There

from

was

cansa

different

so

must

name

published later,

syrinx

same

are

than

of the

his

were

of 0.

that

further

has

no

doubt,

slightlylarger size

the

Tsingling

Range

Shan.

addition

In

"

and

the

adult

youthful

just north, in described

type

roylei,

specimens from

that

0.

the

it is

smaller"

measurements

seems

a

resemble

does

Thomas

of other

of

of

Lagomys

as

actually

which

describer.

the

prestmaably

neighboring Taipai

Occurrence

described

is

west

coat,

summer

represent

coloring,

grayer the

both

that

farther

misled

have

to

in

The

Shensi, while

miles

latter

it

that

name

form

definitely that

The

those

a

to

either

"markedly

are

morosa,

c.

united

fig. i,

and

specimens Expedition

member

a

23,

huangensis

"Conothoa,"

states

981).

p.

animal.

of southern

of

type

respectively:

Filchner

in

be

coat,

dimension

0.

and

attain

specimens,

of two

one

the

figure could.

regions, so

same

Two

foramina

plate

closely with

agree

syrinx

the

hundred

one

in winter,

however,

0.

refer to

his

1909,

to

by

Matschie

colored

a

long

Taipai Shan

and

supersede Thomas's but

cansus

their

back

it must

that

in

bedfordi (Thomas,

Tsingling

the

in

the

Conothoa

given

was

in winter

as

of

measure

name

incisive

group.

closely

as

bullae

dauurica

0.

infers

figured by Buechner

Tsingling animal

in the

as

0. thibetana.

places it

and

palatal

one

the

in

It

Matschie

dauurica

same

growth

149.

under

Matschie's

preservation, brought

this is really 0. thibetana

that

of

some

0.

the

length

morosa,

table

of

the

total

Expeditions,

the

confusion.

but

shown

given in

that

In

claw, 32, 30.

allocation

having the

of

of

fact

shown

as

races,

continued

by The

type

with

are

large triangular opening, 0.

is

body

auditory region.

about

are

may

Asiatic

foot

mm.;

the

subgenus

the

Museum

The

"

of the

other

the

across

average.

of

in the

externally

individuals

mm.;

measurements

Nomenclature: has

mm.

of the

142

164

surface

is usually less.

but

dimensions

American

175,

Cranial

40

excess

be

to

the

lower

than

and

zygomata

occasional

much

syrinx is said

of

The

"

the

and

minutely larger size

a

the

but

black,

545

buflfy.

skull may

Measurements:

with

dark

attains

particularly in the

lined

LAGOMORPHS

the

from

for

to

exact

type

from

female

Shangchow near

the

the

of

this

mouse-hare

place, Thomas

same

determination,

taken

Fengsiang

the

range

the

Shensi.

district of southeastern carries

on

a

little to

MAMMALS

THE

546 westward

had

previously

recorded

June

referred

summer

these,

at

more

September

on

altitude

an

had

30

Specimens examined:

Ochotona

sorella

for

Abstract

Thomas,

Ochotona Ochotona

Osgood,

sorella

cansa

Type specimen: from

June

In

than

Under

siirface the

sides

of

of

surface

outline

1909,

is

Winter

like

more

p.

983).

Measurements: mm.,

in

smaller

size

dimensions foot more

is said so

than

and

be

type from

collected

and

"The

at

"fifty miles

identical

but

in other

Occurrence

place.

that

moult

winter

to

1908, p. 45; Proc.

art.

1, p. 70,

vol.

ser.,

sktill,No.

to

coat.

Zool. Soc. London,

1929.

18, p. 329,

1932.

British

9.1. 1. 279,

Shansi,

0.

China,

altitude

Museum, feet.

6,600

that

the

skull 25

as

mm.

"

At

of

Anderson, was

this

The

winter

of the

group.

Taiyuanfu," in taken

Thomas's

by Mr.

seem

a

second

of

or,

he to

pelage

but

south

the

paper,

type measured

borne

it is

Shansi,

supplies a

at

the

wood

and

a

the the

pale,

very

known,

are

even

by

out

be

to

appears

words,

in

(Thomas,

that

states

be

upper

mina palatal fora-

specimen, however,

Ningwufu,

in other

Sowerby

the

specimens

two

soles

the

smaller"

body of

not

In

present

and

Upper

and

but

Lyon,

narrower,

Although

does

given.

edges. palms

;

of 0. dauurica.

markedly

are

head

18.

ear,

miles

twenty

north

the

white

that

and

nape.

showing through

thickly furred

longer

the

ochraceous-buffy

hairs

with

"rather

above,

across

more

figiuredby

as

bullae

says

a

the

to

grey

their

are

color

lighter patch

a

cream-buff,

cansa,

the

t. cansus,

Habits:

single specimen

general brown

a

blackish

and

members

some

of

soiled

nasals

foot, 27,

of body to

of

open,

0.

than

Mus., vol. 75, Hist., zool.

pelage pale, resembling

Thomas

"

hind

the

Nat.

cream-buff,

the

widely

more

S. Nat.

Ears

that

convex,

are

the

Asiatic Expeditions of One Taipai Shan.

moult

15,

belly,the slaty bases

feet

and

most

U.

Mus.

lighter, tawny.

more

slaty brownish." "Skull

writes

Thomas

December

London,

pelage,

of the

centre

hands

Soc.

'broccoli -brown,'

rather

neck

the

sorella

Ningwufu,

summer

Ridgway's

darker

on

427) parative com-

MOUSE-HARE

female, skin and of

these, he

p.

of

1908.

10, "

down

A

south

Description:

140

Zool.

Field

Publ.

"

miles

twenty

Collected

area

Proc.

1908, p. 982, 1909. (Pika) sorella A. B. Howell, Proc.

(1909a, for lack

Taipai Shan, Shensi.

thibetana

SHANSI Ochotona

Central

feet

10,000

Fifteen, all from

238.

Of

the

practicallycompleted

"

Allen

nearly completed

1921,

of

A.

cansiis.

i, had

In

J.

Taipai Shan, but

0.

to

July

post-breeding pelage.

or

several

secured

them

MONGOLIA

Dr.

system.

another

and

17,

AND

specimens from

ten

material, had taken

CHINA

along this mountain

the

one

OF

the

second

practically the following upon

an

note:

abrupt

THE

hillside, where which

this, and

long

were

specimen being to

her

1929,

70)

p.

(1918,

p.

found."

This

in

the

species,

sufficient

doubtless

interesting

are

the

Ochotona

thibetana

STEVENS'S stevensi

by Herbert

full

nearly

nearly complete

but

skulls

I have

width

than

claws, 26;

Osgood

vol.

ser.,

18, p. 328, 1932.

skull, No. China;

with

33098, Field collected

Museum,

May

14,

1929,

races

Occurrence

and

procedure, present

Wushi,

a

typical

race

short

from

of

three

between

examined,

pelage, while

third

a

taken

two

taken

mens speci-

and

topotypes

May

May

18

is in

27

both

are

are

bullae

The

total

vary

that, of

zygomatic width 0.

typical

as

of similar

some

distinguishable by being it is true

in

narrower

regarded

The

is

size,

does

as

interorbital

and

thihetana.

the

Among with

others

and

appearance

in

narrow

comparable

two

mediate inter-

an

skull, in its general

the

age.

The

race.

Of

bullae, and

length

18.5 (Osgood,

ear,

difference

no

Osgood,

audital

small

cansus

of other

Osgood

skin and

race.

Dr.

to

specimens

Measurements:"

doubtful

may

coat.

condition.

proportions

is

winter

worn

examined, other

series of 0. t.

for the

typical

summer

elongate, with

those

Hist., 200I.

Nat.

male,

there

skull, according

typical

axe

outlying position is

its

MOUSE-HARE

Mus.

adult

color

the

representing

and

Field

stevensi

of Tatsienlu, Szechwan,

In

"

The

slight,but

Stevens.

Description:

are

An

"

southwest

Wushi,

in

Publ.

Osgood,

Type specimen: from

from

actual

The

reason.

0. t. cansiis,

which

race,

that

by Sowerby northeastern

most

None.

"

239.

cansa

for

the

Howell,

B.

(A.

one.

Specimens examined:

Ochotona

with

compared

as

characterize

to

valid

a

and

color,

just given birth

had

mentioned

one

form

another

without

specimen

the

records

burrows,

The

up

10,

second

(doubtless These

dug

June

taken

The

nursing.

winter

its burrow.

had

subsequently

were

Wuchiaku).

in size and

547

another,

specimen,

still

was

taken

was

of

differences be

intricate,

52) from

extension

probably

and

and

young

LAGOMORPHS

until

skull

0.

in

other

foot

quite

words,

specimens

three

of deference

study

south

thibetana

has

which

of

recognition

The

"

out

additional

"Chaulu,

of

hind

mm.;

without in

as

given

are

the with

0. t. thibetana.

Habits:

distance

328);

p.

measurements

under

but

1932,

146.3

averages

of

shall

to

confirm

Tatsienlu,

been

Dr.

race

it

or

is close

recorded;

is between

this

Wushi

seems

others and

not. to

to

The

a

very stand

type locality,

localities are

me

it may

opinion

Osgood's

whence

mentioned

Tatsienlu,"

by and

the Dr. from

Kwanchai, 0.

MAMMALS

THE

548

some

thibetana

distribution

northwest

distinct

species from

would

be

study of

material

the

From

a

that

but

The

slight differences

to

in

gradations

at

Ann.

specimen:

Type

from

Museum,

in any

larger than in

Under

buffy

whitish or

less

but

larger and

and

body, 185

flattened.

and I had

animal, which

(1932) inclines the

to

similar

Habits:

39

0.

China,

of

Hair

considerably

but

thibetana

group.

the

grayish, the hairs slaty hoary

base,

tawny

or

dvill whitish,

Feet

long.

very

in

extending

buffy

Arms

as

the

at

grayish, this color

is brown.

claws

about

back

heavily lined brown

same

general shape

same

27;

are

of 0. thibetana,

that

as

given by

head

Thomas:

19.

ear,

condylo-incisive length,

mm.;

but to

150

This, judging from

"

supposed believe

at

it is

a

a

local form

distinct

the

37;

zygomatic

and

if not

description, is thibetana, but

of 0.

identical

skin

from

of the

0.

A

species.

feet, is evidently

12,000

long,

mm.

be

might

that

locahty

same

though

group,

be very

length,

Yimnan,

19.4.

Occurrence

exactly

foot,

British

by George Forrest.

following dimensions

The

23.4.1. 91,

soles blackish.

of the

be

hind

mm.;

Skull, greatest width,

fore

skull. No.

1922,

forehead

the

of the

not

"

all

(M.C.Z.)

topotypes

Likiang Range,

of the

dark

tip. Nape

to

Measurements:

seems

662, 1923.

allied to

soiled

dark

is said so

as

above

buffy whitish;

skull

and

the

species of that

face, but

buffy, brushes

metatarsals

skin

August,

color

the

the

to

on

Hands

brown.

The

or

it

genus,

Thomas

11, p.

of

is described

at

races.

distinguishes the

differences, since

Szechwan,

9, vol.

male,

Collected

surface

0. thibetana.

different

very

MOUSE-HARE

flank

General

and more

adult

described

length.

not

all that

individual

or

overlapping.

opposite conclusion,

species of the

of other

regards

anomalous

an

ranges

the

be

to

forresti

Hist., ser.

northwest

This

"

mm.

several

Wushi,

Ochotona

Nat.

An

"

the

Description:

15

Mag.

feet altitude.

13,000

with

age

FORREST'S

forrestiThomas,

of their

reached

seem

Three, from

"

240.

Ochotona

basis

Osgood

such

that

so

cansa,

Dr.

found.

are

Specimens examined:

are

city.

I had

analogy

these

that

probable

intermediate

from

bullae

MONGOLIA

same

the

on

available,

size of

species,but

more

me

0.

single species is represented

a

supposed

two

for

accounted

AND

of the

distance a

as

CHINA

OF

one

with

0.

a

large

Osgood almost thibetana

forrestimust

it.

Specimens examined:

"

A

skin

supposed

to

be

this from

the

type locality.

THE

LAGOMORPHS

Ochotona

241.

roylei chinensis

GRAY Ochotona

roylei chinensis

Thomas,

Ann.

Mag.

549

Thomas

MOUSE-HARE

Nat.

8, vol. 8, p. 728, 191

Hist., ser.

1 ;

ibid.,sen

9, vol. lo, p.

406,

1922.

Ochotoma

(sic) roylei chinensis

Thomas,

Ochotona

roylei sinensis

Lydekkcr,

Ochotona

huangensis

M.

Ochotona

{Ochotona) chinensis

Type

from

a

0.

to

head

pale-brown edge.

uniform with

iron

others

The

top

otherwise and

that

of

the

these

and

base;

inner

black,

and

faint

buffy

wash.

The

showing through, of

trace

in

seen

but

outline

a

of

of the

ahead

foot,

Zappey, foot,

33.

vacuities,

32;

"

ear,

measured

The 30. about

tinge

are

on

without

grayish with

metentote

a

are

ring

of blackish-brown and

The

of

back

with

feet

The

the

gray,

slaty

ear,

(proectote) anterior

the

margined

above

bases

with

a

hairs

of the

examined

specimen

The

but

buff,

then

gray

are

tip.

each

ear

at

buffy hairs,

short

is dark

the

hairs

long buffy

white.

with

behind

pale-biaffy area

a

hairs

blackish-brown

a

slightly tinged

very

is

almost

an

shows

no

the

prominent,

rather

confluence of

the

spine in

edges

bony

in The

portion.

on

anterior

specimen

measured:

a

between

the

two,

lengthened pyriform palatal bridge

of each

end

as

palatal

and

edge, medially.

its anterior

the

one

incisive

the

forward

converge

incisive

of

summit

bowed

has

a

There

frontal, slightly

orbit.

of the

center

Measurements:

hind

of

projecting bony

frontal

white

its

by

palatal foramina end

mfous

any

as

area.

constriction

no

anterior

forwardly

pair

is

May

Thomas

by

grayish white,

mixture

a

whitish.

obvious

the

by

of the

the

to

distinct is

There sides

the

with

median

or

profile,and

foramina.

with

is characterized

skull

The

to

tvift of

surface

tipped

btiffycollar

a

Collected

nearly similar, being of

sparsely

edged

lower

and

British

11.10.3.7,

above.

nape.

prominent

narrowly

hairs

belly

seems

the

is lined

surface

with

69, 1929.

is described

paler, lacking

There

across a

of Matschie).

China.

and

forehead

back.

is

skull, No.

and

color

due

back,

the

meet

there

75,

the

subterminal

a

the

almost

is black, the

nose

like

are

(14 July)

and

Mus.,

vol.

especially large, their

the

have

I, p.

of the

grayish white

over

gray

(not

art.

skin

gray

tips

not

specimen

summer

1912

S. Nat.

Tatsienlu, Szechwan,

clearer

Feet

46, 1912.

p.

Zool., vol. 40, p. 208,

male,

pelage,

The

Ears

U.

1912.

Mammalia,

1911,

Bailey.

winter

flanks.

Proc.

near

M.

8, vol. 9, p. 519, for

Comp.

adult

roylei but

and

buffy suffusion.

A

F.

Mus.

Howell,

An

"

In

"

similar

B.

Yaratsaga,

Description: the

A.

by Captain

1,

Record,

Allen, Mem.

Specimen:

Museum, 16, 191

G.

ibid.,ser.

Zool.

type A

specimen the

same,

head

collected

in western

namely,

head

and

and

body,

Szechwan,

body,

180

180

by mm.;

mm.;

W.

R.

hind

THE

550

OF

MAMMALS

CRANIAL

No.

(type) 7602

toid

length

width

width

40.0

decided

and

be

to

Province

Habits:

rufous

contrasting

seems

14.8

32.5

tints of

tuft

This

is

head

on

thus

in

central

W.

R.

be

this

Thomas

(1912a) recorded

Ytmnan,

near

Yunnan,

feet.

regards the

one

Since

Ward.

he

at

above

line in Bardun

likely that

these

for

Except northern

this,

the

1929,

Tatsienlu

p.

as

as

from

others

1908.

In

in

south

0.

F.

has

and

Kingdon which

thibetana

a

he

Range, it

but

is

same

Ochotona

to

Shan

Nan

chijiensis

Museum

Ulongkong

is the

by

Rdosskuj,

r.

11,000-

latitude,

specimens the

on

at

same

Dokerla,

0.

for

N.,

of these

several

western

altitudes

at

pelage, Thomas

winter

and

1912,

northwestern

seems

cansiis.

Sungpan,

specimen (A. B. in the

Nganyangba,

region.

242. Lepus

dauuricus

Lepus

ogolona

Pallas, Reise Pallas, Nov.

dauricus

Buechner,

durch

One, from

"

Ochotona

Wiss.

e

Glir. Ord.,

Resultate

d.

v.

d. Russ. p.

Szechwan.

western

dauurica

dauurica

Provinzen

versch.

Spec. Quad,

Yachiakun,

(Pallas)

Reichs, vol. 3, appendix, p. 692, 1776.

59, pi. 3; pi. 4A, fig. 16, 1778.

Przewalski

Reisen, vol. I, Saugethiere, p. 172,

fig. l; pi. 25, figs. 1-5, 1894. Ochotona

feet, by

in the

species, probably

S. National

Tatsienlu

475) referred

at

mantle,

recently (Thomas,

one

Potanin

record

U.

the

well

Specimens examined:

Lagomys

northern

most

whence

69)

that

Ssolomo

other

some

in

western south-

12,500

valley, 28"

p.

It

Szechwan

near

Atuntze,

is in

with

the

rufous

a

from

more

divide

feet

by

taken

lacking

ears

divide, 28" 28' N.,

1914a,

records

of

still farther

ween

12,000

valley, between

represent

Szechwan,

Howell,

160)

p.

Lagoniys royleiwere

as

tree

from

Tatsienlu

of

5.5

western

area,

same

Mekong

Mekong-Sal

altitude

an

Szechwan Szechwan

distinctive.

Yachiakun,

provisional. Probably

as

(1892,

Buechner

the

from

5.5

series from

trace

from

skins

type

of

some

feet, and

16,000

previously (Thomas,

taken

was

identified

the

LocaUty

-backed

are

a

southwest,

from

base

that

at

of the

at

black

the

described

First

taken

the

two

the

identification

specimen, which roylei;it

from

show

Mekong- Yangtze

the

width

7.4

anterior

to

was

summer

feet;

7.4

states

seems

border,

six from

feet; and

14,000

teeth

higher parts

the

westward

it to

series of

a

12,000-14,000

12,000 at

notes

the

Tibetan

the

namely:

of from

teeth

the

at

in

species

to

Interorbital

dark, iron-gray mouse-hare,

very

typical 0. roylei.

nearer

Szechwan,

he

molars

body, while

bufify hair

Zappey, sUghtly

1922b)

cheek

11.9

although Thomas

Yunnan,

may

a

or

part of the latter province and

cheek

19.2

distributed

widely

and

outside

Lower

8.6

21

"

CHINENSIS

Upper

23

Occurrence

the

matic

46.5

Mcz

any

Palatal

length

length

ROYLEI

Width

Mas-

ZygoBasal

MONGOLIA

OCHOTONA

OF

MEASUREMENTS

Greatest

AND

CHINA

daurica

Bonhote, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

for

1904,

vol.

2, p.

216,

1905.

1890; pi. 22,

THE

Ochotona

dauurica

Ocholona

{Ochotona) dauurica

specimens, said

He

based.

"

of tail is

defined of hue

of

area

very

tuft

The

back.

are

is white, with on

in the

the

buff, except

while

pale

across

fore feet but

the

on

like

is

with

The

pale like

pale-buft'y

backs

body

collar, continued

a

more

feet

of

the

limbs

and

posteriorly

thickly

are

less

or

general

prominent

a

short

side of the

ill-

an

tips

the

with

whitish.

of the

to

nose

ear

darken

brown,

imder

soles

The

each

portion,

with

The

throat

line.

from

brownish-black

side is lined

edged

the

regarded of Siberia.

posteriorly they become

inner

buff.

behind

is

arenosis,

be

border

surface

minute

blackish

are

ears

the

on

that

the

his accoimt

decliuibus

dorsal

entire

Elsewhere

which

of Sciences

obviously

may

Urga, Mongolia,

of their

median

hairs, whitish

stififshort

of

Dauuria

original

Pallas's

Academy

on

so

minutely

of

buflfyarea

a

chest

the

to

animal

the

campis, montiumque

border,

portion

a

of the

I, p. 68, 1929.

art.

of

some

that

of the

backs

wash

Museum

buflfy sub terminal

the

itself is

rim

white, with

Mus., vol. 75,

in

buff.

anterior

outer

the

hairs, and feet

the

at

U. S. Nat.

include

pelage,

pale

The

slightly.

whitish the

a

the

pale sandy

clear

succeeding

hairs

the

uniform

a

in

is,north

winter

1908, p. 981, 1909.

specified,although

"viuit

that

In

Description: root

is

Dauuriam,"

totum

for

551

Howell, Proc.

still extant

that

type locahty,

the

B.

S. S. R., may

states

apricis,per as

U.

A.

None

"

be

to

Leningrad,

at

dauurica

specimen:

Type

Zool. Soc. London,

Proc.

Thomas,

LAGOMORPHS

drabby

on

set

with

the

hind

feet. In to

the

pelage,

summer

Otherwise

them.

among

the

patch behind

A

nearly

line

median

The

white.

with

of

more

slender

0. hair

dense

th6

In

together

only

very

pallasiiis of the skull

form

a

sole and the

do

incisive

slightlyconcave

of

the

is blackish

claws

The

pads

and

the

at

show

as

at

ends

a

they do

buff

from

of the

toes

in 0.

palatal foramina

about

"

The

at

the

average

upper

sprinkled light buffy

the

collar

metectote

brown and

pale-buff

and

brownish

the

rather

are

and

black.

similarly in the

concealed

pallasii.

are

widely confluent the

sides

of which

and are

part.

length of

fiftyspecimens

a

blackish

long

are

once

brown,

with

with

hairs

with

same,

is buffy, bordered

length.

not

the

due

pale ochraceous

are

all-black

slightlyelongate pear-shaped opening,

Measurements: and

that

hairs

the

coloring is

of which

side is whitish

under

yellowish brown,

more

rings

peculiarity distinguishing this species

colored

mm.,

side

whole

the

of

type

proectote

inner

the

be

to

seem

the

the

ears,

paler buffy, while edged

there

of buff, and

instead

is much

color

general

light subterminal

the

that

fact

the

an

examined,

adult

only

is between one

exceeded

170

and

190.

180

The

THE

552

following

MAMMALS

the

are

OF

CHINA

largest of the

ten

AND

series

MONGOLIA

by the

measured

Central

Asiatic

Expeditions' collectors:

Occurrence differs from of

long

chosen the rock

the

by

patches

the

pallasii,so sides

of grass

plateau in that

grass

make

it is

extensive have

that

of hills and a

weeds

their

or

often

to

there,

the 0.

the

the

valley the

is found

bottoms.

The

from

of Tsetsen

of

long stiff grass which

usually

as

hard

have

as

found

and

Dr. the

wire.

together in slide

the

among

in the

Asiatic

peditions Ex-

places in the Gobi, of

the

Artsa

R.

Mongolian

Bogdo.

The

C. Andrews

writes

there

rather

desert

In these

fairly well-marked

of the

situations

burrowing

edge

Wang

and

patches

part

Central

various

southeastern

the

rocky

its home

dauurica

through the grass. runways distinctly a grass-living species. "On burrows,

be

Gobi

the

eastern

the

species may

two

0.

region

in the

avoid

shallow

patches

species of

pallasiimakes

of 0. dauurica on

as

or,

animals

canyons, in

Shansi,

country,

and

These

while

large series

Kweihwacheng,

animals

here

occur

characteristic

a

species in selecting as its habitat

Mongolian

that

is

"grass lands."

seciu-ed

from

This

"

general region ; but

same on

the

0.

Habits:

other

stififgrass

form

Gobi,

and

spots

runways

are

the near

conies the

THE

LAGOMORPHS

Fig.

553

Distribution

22.

Map.

Ocholona

hole.

1.

0. dauurica

dauurica

3.

0.

dauurica

bedfordi

2.

O.

annectens

4.

0.

dauurica

altaina

There

some

animals of cut

were

dragged

about

"

grass,

be

often

in their burrows

antelope will food,

and

in

The

species was excepting

Bogdo,- Sainnoin up

piles,putting

to

races

the

cut

taken

not

in the

at

and

8,000

feet.

have

been

Tsetsen

described

to

coney

from

Tuerin,

sandy desert,

Khan,

sun,

as

a

but

often

in addition

it.

points

Uskuk,

to

the

and

piles

herds

of Gim

of

straits for Such

a

Artsa

various

Loh,

make

grazing

with

southwest

The

storing this hay

photograph at

ical spher-

holes.

"conies" later

at

miles

twenty

Wang,

the

considerable

important competitor

(Plate VII) only

the

about

that

wrote

and

entrance

characteristic

These in the

cure

Przewalski

an

burrow

The

nocturnal."

size,to

use.

the

burrows.

is everywhere

"

and

of considerable

these

the

at

tops

grass

shot

diurnal

perhaps becoming

pile

Four

partly

for winter

is shown

altitudes

both

devoiur

so

and in to

size of BB

the

to

seem

flowers

many

stems

grass

dung

dauurica

to

hay

Bogdo. the

ward, west-

Urga, Artsa Bvirte,

typical form,

and

at

the

MAMMALS

THE

554

descriptions these

they

investigation,however,

coat

is

slightlylater is

well

month

Jvme

or

the

earlier than of

A

pelage is carried

winter

The

new

Urga

May

on

animal

young

in

had

rather

This

but

Pending further

about

and

the

twentieth

shoulders,

and

(105

others

long)

mm.

Tsetsen

near

Wang

west south-

May

on

digit on

first

slightly

taken

were

of mid-

by

species possibly breeds

well-developed

a

whether

present.

head

on

doubtful

recognition.

May,

young

and

19

Loh

at

well

small

and

18

taken

into

developed.

pallasii,for very

0.

MONGOLIA

for the

coming

seen

merit

to

stand

may

AND

it appears

but

below,

reproduced

are

CHINA

sufficientlywell characterized

are

that

OF

21.

right hind

the

foot.

Specimens exarmned:

China

and

south

of Jugar

Koko

Nor

Range,

Range,

Shansi

dauurica

:

altaina

Achit

Ochotona

the central

differs from

with

the

exception

Skull

These

this

feet

2

Kansu,

; i

on

the

Ba

plain,

(M.C.Z.)

; north

Thomas

8, vol. 8, p. 761, 191

ser.

skull. No.

race

only

12.

of in

1.

August

27,

having the hind

10.

larger. Colour

on

to

averaging with

Mongolia

foot

quite similar

hairs

19

Museiun,

northwestern

extreme

whiter, the

British

4.1. 149,

Collected

"Apparently

are

rather

the

incisive

width,

are

length,

claws, 37; without

foot

hind

of the

skull

type specimen measured

foot, with

measurements

The

an

average

dauurica,

true

little paler and

a

longer slaty basis.

a

44.2;

practically identical

32.5;

with

29,

head

30,

30.5,

of Gobi

those

width,

23;

interorbital

body,

and

In

22.5.

ear,

occipito-nasallength, 46

measured:

zygomatic

claws,

follows:

respectively, 29,

measured

type

as

six

32.5.

31,

animals. mm.;

width,

condylo-

4.8; parietal

18.

Occurrence

and

border if it is to

typical form, than

Hist.,

and

animal

the

The

"

hind

mm.;

specimens

race,

that

2; Tsetsen

Tuerin,

13;

Usloik,

slightlylarger." Measurements:

182

Nat.

writes:

surface

Under

greyer.

Gobi

Thomas

slightlylonger.

1 1 ;

western

or

altaina

Mongolia.

Apparently

"

Tibet

dauurica

Mag.

Nor, northwestern

Description:

Khan,

of Urga,

.

male, skin

A

Sainnoin

i

Ann.

Thomas,

"

i ;

southwest

feet, eastern

following localities:

the

(M.C.Z.).

i

Kweihwacheng,

Type specimen: from

miles

10,500

243. Ochotona

Burte, 5; Loh,

vicinity,6; twenty

Wang

:

all,fifty,from

7; Gun

Bogdo,

Artsa

Mongolia:

In

"

those

of be

but

of Gobi

Habits:

Thomas

"

Mongolia

as

recognized Thomas's

at

the

same

as

his

all, is possibly

measurements

specimens

regards animals

taken

of the

from

Achit

Nor

little

a

hind

by the Central

Suok

on

western northThis

specimens.

larger of foot

foot of the

Asiatic

the

than

latter

Expeditions

are

the

less

; more-

THE

over,

the

hind

from

that

of

foot 0.

LAGOMORPHS

of 0. d. "altaina"

measurement

d.

555

"bedfordi."

It

seems

is not

if the

doubtful

very

essentiallydifferent is

race

of

worthy

recognition.

Specimens examined:

None.

"

Ochotona

244. Ocholona

bedfordi Thomas, for

Ocholona

Abstract

(Ochotona) dauurica

from

Museum,

Description:

greyer."

A

192

that

13.5

(1929) basis be

more

art.

i, p.

See.

don, Lon-

ajid

and

Habits:

that

for its

the

foot,

31;

mm.;

width,

3.5;

row,

8.5.

and

so

The

Thomas

of

31,

32;

spectively: re-

22,

ear,

basilar

in

bullae

diameter

examined

measure

of brain

17.4;

case,

the

basiin

bulla

is of

dauurica, it 13

having

21.

length,

plane of of

of

practically topotypes

specimens

the

quite

largest male,

mm.;

breadth

oblique

seem

locality.

females

foot,

length, 44.2

greatest

not

given by

Two

hind

of

diagnostic value, varies

dimensions:

19.

ear,

does

the type

near

terize characsouth

are

measurements

following

(type), 175

fotir

of

and

paler

suffice to

Shansi,

with

"but

rather

of Shansi

region

as

oblique diameter

the

type

the

the

of the

Ningwufu, of

colonies

paler

character

separation,

few

Shansi

in winter of

the

will prove

mm.

as

fully investigated, however,

pelage

0.

of Kolan-

While

Shansi.

it is

dauurica, living under

nevertheless

than

bullae

diagnostic the

miles

specimens from

northwest

the

value.

subspecies

A.

typical race,

mentioned

may

by Until

be

possible slightly doubt-

rather

seems

specimens available.

larger of

of this race,

as

twelve

racially different,this

are

it is

regards

mountains

series from

outpost

examination that

Thomas

"

from

others

conditions, an

is regarded

British

1908.

23,

measurements

12.3;

of

two

for the

1929.

9.1. 1.278,

specimens

desert

68,

typical race

Kweihwacheng,

interorbital

;

75,

June

be like the

the

that

measures:

21

southernmost

states

unlikely

Zool.

bedfordi.

Shensi,

these

ivl, from

Proc.

skull, No.

specimens from

hind

vol.

Mus.,

"winter

dauurica,

of

Urga,

size,

in

Shansi,

different

p. 45;

exceedingly slight, may

appear

tooth

near

same

Occurrence

chow,

1908,

15,

Collected

gives the

type

upper

from

the

Yenanfu,

not

palatal foramina,

specimens against

Thomas

and

to

from

0.

those

width,

skin

from

type

body, 185

of the

occipital, 13.5; much

S. Nat.

U.

larger,"

bullae, which

mm.;

and

36.6; zygomatic of

Proc.

Thomas

by

Thomas

"

body, skull

typical

by

head

length

December

female,

rather

it does

matched

and

The

is said

of the

Measurements: head

London,

Shansi, China.

of this

from

size

be

cannot

Howell,

specimen examined

less, and

or

Soc.

differences, though

distinguishable The

B.

adult

"size

mouse-hare

Gobi.

more

An

"

This

"

and

These

the

bedfordiA.

Ningwufu,

larger bullag"

same.

Zool.

bedfordi

1908, p. 981, 1909.

Type Specimen:

the

Proc.

dauurica

Howell

B.

but

it

Thomas the

allowed

seems as

matter

the can

provision-

THE

556

ally

to

and

from

miles

stand.

MAMMALS

Howell

localities

south

thomed

has

thirty

of Yenanfu, found

specimens,

wild

OF

Kweihwacheng,

I

Ochotona

annectens

(Ochotona) dauurica

Miller, Proc.

S.

National

Collected

July 27,

Description: dorsal

while

from

more

convex

outline 0. d.

cranial

Measurements: 29;

ear,

condylobasal

Occurrence National

and

Museum

northeast

of

Lanchow,

vol.

Kansu.

54,

p.

the

the

sharp-

Specimens

from

typical 0. dauurica.

less

type

1.

191

Mus.,

vol.

male, skin

adult

de

C.

75,

and

I, p. 68, 1929.

art.

sktill.No.

and

in smaller and

155164,

Kansu,

China.

Sowerby.

convex

outline,

surprising

series, found difficult to

Habits:

typical 0. dauurica

the

size

characters

measured:

audital

audital

is of great

head

in

having

bullae

slightlylarger, (particularlyof the skull),the

smaller

much

and

and

slightto

and

from

the

them

in

from

mentions

too

to

40

bullae.

It

seems

importance.

body,

181

hind

mm.;

foot,

A.

mm.

B.

specimens, including one

the

find that

to

According

"

six

He

"are

slightlysmaller

that

be

the

"a

faint

this

differences in

as

miles

darker."

ravines,

be

regarded

where

they

as

the

feet not

tinguishable indisabove

shy

were

of

with

the

It would

collected

S.

miles

east

compared

diagnosis," though

shade

U.

fifteen

sixteen

is really to

deep loess gulliesand

from

type,

and

cranial

of great value

coloration

the

himdred

one

(1929), the

Howell

supposed race typical 0. dauurica. Sowerby, who

and

secure.

Specimens examined: 246.

None.

"

dauurica

Ochotona

melanostomus

Buechner,

Wiss.

Resultate

(Buechner)

melanostoma

BLACK-NOSED

Lagomys

24,

U. S. Nat.

length of the skull is

has

Sining,

0. d. bedfordi

be

collected

20.

The

are

twelve

Miller

annectens

Proc.

an

supposed

The

"

Wutsai,

and

where

enemies."

is said to differ from

skull

of these

none

who

scrub

Sining (or Chingning-chow),

bedfordiit differs

upper

likely that

is

Arthur

race

of the

dense

distinguish from

to

Washington,

type

by

1909,

Taiyuanfu

Sowerby,

in very

dauurica

from

This

of

that

states

B. Howell,

A.

Museum,

"

the

Biol. Soc.

The

"

specimens from

race

protection from

Ochotona

annectens

Type specimen:

this

None.

"

245.

Ochotona

MONGOLIA

northwest

"usually unable

am

of

as

He

afforded

Shansi,

AND

fiftymiles

and

Shensi.

Specimens examined:

U.

recorded

their burrows

jujube

CHINA

MOUSE-HARE

d.

v.

Przewalski

Reisen,

vol.

i,

Saugethiere,

p.

176, 1890;

pi. 22, 1894. Ochotona

melanostoma

Type from

Bonhote,

specimens: Kansu

"

and

Proc.

The

Zool.

Soc.

London,

for

1904,

vol.

based

original description was

Tibet, without

selection

2, p. 215,

of

a

1905.

on

definite

a

series of

type

mens speci-

specimen.

THE

While

it

two

lots

of

the

selection

that

the

best

seems

three

regard Kansu

to

from

each

of

much

like that

and

the

the

lower

of 0. color

same

is sandy

each

with

and

the

ear,

mm.

and

said

are

number

mentioned

are

each

covering

impracticable without

of Kansu, be

into

or

are

lot, so to

access

the

length,

to

of

cotype zonice

in

nest

from

its burrows

of

0.

melanostotna,

Sikkim,

in every

close to 0. dauurica

reporting

the

on

triangle,but more

as

be

mammals

incisive

combined

that

in 0. koslovi

of

species

abundant

its burrows

of their burrows

watchful,

and and

are

{Buteo ferox).

hawk

October

they

specimens

at

the

into

the

them

The

unbelievably

Until remain

as

upon

rider

the

by

the

adds

fat,

the

and

so

are

seems

very

plains,

it

found

They a

apex

where

sit at the

and

it

are

large

difficult

to

a

is

mouths

silent

buzzard-

September,

August,

,

that

comparison

Weigold

fox

in

cur-

anterior

extensive

animals

desert

a

straight-sided

a

approaches.

that

0.

however,

says,

obscure.

These

and

lips. Jacobi (1 922)

Artemisia

ground.

with

It also

toward more

desert.

examined

who

form

not

the

burrows

identical

and

inward

in

prepare

and as

time. "

None.

Family HARES

least two

do

on

species appears

in the

shelter

nose

Tibetan

collector

same

the

Expedition,

foramina

dauurica.

chieflypreyed

Specimens examined:

At

Weigold

eastern

riddle

drop

become that

0.

to

black

slightlybowed

are

open

7.

1-22.

borders

western

situations

practically

as

the

relationships must

characteristic and

the

palatal

in

than

its true

made,

and

where

21.

Przewalski

by the

slightlylarger size.

except

from

sides

the

it

all,in

way

region,

gives the

width,

back and

slightly larger

Buechner

part.

region)

found

of from

range

are

protection. Bonhote,

regarded

differing,if at

a

zygomatic

in

were

of better

lack

this

buffy patch

a

20-23.5.

ear,

mm.;

Nor

(Koko

first known

in

them

40-43

above

color

back.

daiiiirica,but

specimens brought

Tibet

locally, making

the

shows

profilein the hinder

species of ground-living finches

even

0.

is

addition

In

The

There

of measurements

of

ring.

yellow.

black.

paler tint than

a

tip to the snout,

marked

brownish

is very

by Buechner

blackish

a

sharply

a

foot, 33-37;

The

"

eastern

be

to

seem

common

Three

Habits:

is

there

or

those

lower

a

described

as

brownish

table

greatest

and

expedition

flanks

resemble

massive, with

more

Occurrence

but

is

that

yellowish

blackish

length; hind

to

following dimensions:

can

single

lips,as

Buechner's

"

for total

Skulls

the

a

coloration

the

to

is uniform

lined

Measurements: 200-242

the

daniirica, except

extends

surface brown

behind

in

type

number

lectotype by

a

locality,there

the

there, with

Externally

"

to

as

557

original series. Description:

his

LAGOMORPHS

genera

of hares

LEPORID^ AND

occur

RABBITS

in China,

one

of which

is

typical Lepus,

the

represented by to

MAMMALS

THE

558

the

referred

suggests

to

be

may

Hare.

churian

Hare

of his

harsh-haired

a

new

but

described

been

discover

help believing

of the

escaped individual Hare.

of Chinese and

the

lower

The

two

Its chief

incisors

Key A.

Fur

rather

anterior B.

to

black the

frontal

with

many

contrasting with

by

anterior

an

Asiatic

Caprolagus Blyth, Joum.

the

in which

area

prove two

of

deep

notch

at

:

shorter

ear

frontal

the

by

an

Harsh-furred

of South the

species are

China

not

base,

be

extends

in

are

referred

to

the

across

in

the

hispid

this genus,

HARSH-FURRED

Lepus sinensis Gray, Illustrations of sinensis G.

M.

HARE;

Indian

Oryctolagus afif.kreyenbergi Mell, Arch.

f.

sinensis

from

sinensis

the

and

south

extreme

really geographically isolated Caprolagus

instead

lost

of

skull

a

hare

Allen, Amer.

Mus.

vol.

88,

sect.

Novitates,

no.

A,

no.

other.

10, p. 28, 1922.

284, p. 4, 1927.

The

of the

it may

(Gray)

post-

marked

posterior prolongation

adult.

Zool., vol. 2, pi. 20, 1833-34.

Naturgesch.,

are

the

not

are

of China, each

which

ears,

RABBIT

CHINESE

Hills, India,

tion, pelage, the colora-

and

Lepus,

consist

but

short

dorsally; in the

than

Apparently

of Lepus.

247.

sinensis

off from

Assam

of the

texture

back

the

of the

its rather

by

harsh

developed

anterior

should

range

marked

process

Hare

interparietaloutlines

The

sides; tail

1845.

14, p. 247,

foot, the

less

the

essentiallylike those that

imating. approx-

Caprolagus Blyth vol.

nearly like

much

are

processes

Caprolagus

interparietal

follows

as

an

specimen

Lepus

is the

tail is

the

only. are

either

young

double

projecting along the

back; supraorbital

Soc. Bengal,

of this genus

type

a

a

cannot

one

notch

Lepus hispidus Pearson. considerably less than the hind

by

are

a

to

Leporid^

off from

It is characterized

off

was

like the back;

much

longer, stiffer hairs

Genus

orbital

or

all,has

thing

and

China,

a

Caprolagus

above,

The

a

Mongolian

marked

not

if at

the

these,

remarkable

distinguished

and

side colored

process

Rabbit,

notch

soft, in winter

Fur

be

may

to

parallel instead

margins

Chinese

of

the upper

foot; supraorbital

inner

hares

Genera

the

harsh, tail with

hind

than

their

with

addition

71)

Man-

regard

to

kreyenbergi, was

Rabbit,

distinguishing characters

of Chinese

genera

0.

as

European

common

in

genus

described

animal,

this

that

be

p.

the

on

prefer

European

It would

species of this Mediterranean

second

a

the

Chekiang.

Yenchowfu,

from

based

In

Caprolagus.

species of Oryctolagus,hardly differingfrom

(1929a,

Ognev

AUolagus,

species, I should in

retained

better

I had

species, which

which

genus

both

MONGOLIA

apparently subspecificallyrelated

Hare,

other

examined

as

AND

Caprolagus,

genus

member

a

Having

Harsh-furred

the

Hare,

the

CHINA

Field

widespread

Field

European

earlier

OF

teeth coastal

eventually so

that

the

THE

[AUolagus] Lepus

sinensis

Ognev,

yuenshanensis

Type in the

second

back

in the

it

the

hairs

patch

clear

and

the

dull

The

is the

a

upper

35;

blackish

area

hind

Tail

hairs.

tail

not

the

along limbs,

a

Ventrally, only with

the

of

area

the

chin

the

throat

pale buffy; buff;

eyes, as

central

the

long nape

the

russet

same

light ochraceous

are

The

around

ring

foot.

the

black,

spine.

of the

above,

about

hind

the

with

lined

locality.

long,

very

less

or

type

length of

the

faintly tinged

of the

is different

which and

taper

to

incisors as

"

foot,

105;

in Lepus,

simple

An

into

female

adult

the

following

and

the

the from

the

and

is

postorbital from

slit-like notch

a

the

postorbital constriction on

groove not

anterior

the

filled of the

substance

with

total

cement

face

of nor

tooth.

Chekiang,

Tunglu,

dimensions:

of

shape

The

depression

shallow

outpocketings

the

CRANIAL

in

off anteriorly by

marked

than

a

ear,

of Lepus

that

sharp point posteriorly.

a

is

lateral

from

not

are

collector, showed hind

medial

the

as

ear

russet,

fore and

"more

China,

taken

touch; than

warm

same.

be

mammals

the

Thomas,

but

China,

from

Reeves

Oldfield

This

Zoology."

of Indian

by

sinensis

Lepus

brown.

Measurements: the

a

the the

the

side

considerably deeper

continued

back

is white,

under

less

skull, and

rufous,

few

the

to

inscribed

southeastern

therefore

harsh

9, p. 3, 1930.

no.

plate

sent

by

from

may

in

the

on

noted

came

and

ears,

abdomen

skull

processes,

frontal,

with

the

buffy

the

head

of the

and

and

of

the

predominating

edging

breast

flanks

rather

ochraceous

mixed

back, the

of

1929.

Univ., Canton,

specimen

a

As

which

559

"Illustrations

Gray's from

Reeves

by

length

color

E.

J.

p. 71,

Yatsen

preserved.

Fur

"

black

name

of Canton,"

Description:

84,

is based

drawn

not

was

region

equaling

of

been

vol.

Biol., Sun

The

"

London

to

General

Anzciger, Dept.

volume have

to

apparently sent

Zool. Bull.

specimen:

said

was

Shih,

LAGOMORPHS

length,

measured 440

mm.;

by tail,

80. MEASUREMENTS

OF

SINENSIS

CAPROLAGUS Post-

Occurrence

and

Habits:

"

The

Harsh-furred

Hare

is the

only

native

species

of southern

China

of Canton

same,

as

tail with

few

black

"Sin-dsau,"

where

a

Yenping

the

H.

found

Pope the

along records

the

it

from

Tunglu,

Kiangsu,

in the

Peiping

Field

Hare,

collectors, record

of it

farther

north

habits.

it is far

so

does

it is

says

but

Mr.

Museiom

the

449)

p.

than of later

is

other

no

mention be

to

king, Nanwrote

commoner

there

not

seems

in the

and

experience

since

only (1912)

of Natural

Anhwei,

does

Clifford

Hollister

(1870b,

been

east

extend

to

it from of its

recorded

section

reed-bed

the

about

covmtry

species is

(1914)

moimtain

a

seems

Tekan,

Nothing

common

on

whence

mistaken,

was

Sowerby

and

that

have

region

cinnamon

dark

the

American

harsher-haired

he

it

Swinhoe

Michigan.

seem

that

north

vicinity

the

kreyenbergi is

several,

from

others

Shanghai region.

(1913)

secured

the

from

the

In

region,

to

aff.

only

common.

Farther

and of

not

possible

the

not

also in the

and

northward,

than

Wilson

female

smaller

this

it is taken

that

from

reported

description of

Shanghai

University

but

and

the

to

been

Orydolagus

to

brief

Futsing.

Chekiang,

this

have

expeditions

adult

an

the

MONGOLIA

originallysent

was

to

seem

apparently

about

is

It

says

Museum

least

AND

reference

He

it is

at

There

about

not

from

hairs.

rare

coast

does

certain

American

it.

History that

but

almost

CHINA

discovered.

(1922, p. 28)

Mell's

seems

OF

hitherto

by Reeves,

since, unless

of

MAMMALS

THE

56o

of the

Yangtze. In

recent

a

is

what

southwestern

this

Hunan. it

make

to

Specimens

C.

Chekiang: Anhwei:

Kiangsu:

Nanking,

Thomas,

}Lepus yuenshanensis

August

Shih,

"

deeper ventral

"

M.

Zool.

A

Allen,

and

the

Dept.

region.

Like

subadult

more

follows:

as

the

and

black.

All-black

the

general

coat

flaviventris

Mus. 1898,

Novitates,

Chunganhsien,

284,

Allen p. 5, 1927.

no.

9, p. 3,

skull. No. Fukien,

1930.

84500, American China.

Collected

Pope. form

above

a

predominate

consisting of

no.

M.

Univ., Canton,

but

hairs

with

uniform over a

the

darker,

buff

parts ochraceous

hairs

G.

p. 775.

Yatsen

typical

color

(Univ. Mich.).

i

female, skin and

from

H.

under

General

Amer.

Biol., Sun

History,

entire

sinensis

Soc. London,

1926, by CHfford

Description:

all,eleven,

Caprolagus

Bull.

of Natural I,

cient suffi-

treated.

(Univ. Mich.); Shanghai,

4

Proc.

Type Specimen: Museum

as

the

i.

Caprolagus sinensis flamventris G. sinensis

same

be

to

seem

(Univ. Mich.).

i

248.

Lepus

in

Wukanghsien,

not

it is the

yuenshanensis

4.

Tunglu,

Tekan,

Shan,

for it do

Possibly, however,

In

"

Lepus

as

Yuen

at

claimed

next flaviventris,

s.

examined:

Yenping,

:

taken

characters

separable.

described

has

animal,

same

The

yellow-belliedrace, Fiikien

(1930)

Shih

paper,

apparently

the dark

instead mixture back

and

ochraceous

of white of

tints

in the

ochraceous

rump,

base, succeeded

buff

mixed

by

mid-

a

with broad

THE

ochraceous-buff ears,

and

Sides

of the

band

the

ochraceous; nifous.

tail

head,

Outer

entire of

dark

black

mixed

especiallybelow

Fore

the

tip. Head, black

the

and

chin

belly

A

gray.

side

few

like

back.

only slightlymixed

with

clear

patch and

rufous

of tail, clear

ochraceous

metectcte

more

Hind

above.

hairs

of

part the

metentote

black

outer

ochraceous

Neck

ochraceous

lower

to

anterior

blackish,

eyes,

buff, their

ears

limbs

and

from

the

on

of

feet

parts

hairs

the

above,

margin

ochraceous.

short

a

561

ill-defined,pale-buffy eye-ring.

an

under

and

LAGOMORPHS

feet

and

ochraceous,

the

bases

present

the

lower

are

on

throat. skull

The

does

not

Measurements: the

tail 55.

In

Cranial

In

"

differ from

to

seem

the

the

type,

ear

larger male, the hind

a

of these

measurements

of the

that

62

measures

foot is 98

two

typical race. the

mm.,

the

mm.,

given in the table

are

about

ear

foot

hind

88,

60.

imder

the

typical

race.

Occurrence Mr.

Fukien, It

local

as

a

as

striking

noted, it that

as

Shih's

this,

fetuses

in

found

were

small

indicating

of

than

C.

one

that

prove

June

seems

specimens

surface

taken

of the

regard

to

As

them not

are

previously Hunan,

is

Hunan,

a

(Shih, 1930b)

states

five

August

differences

the

Wukanghsien, He

and

southwestern

to

The

15

indicate.

to

inland

from

the

taken

therefore, ventured

now

sinensis.

of

or

Kuatun.

Hare.

uniformly yellow lower

I have,

extends

s.

northwestern

species, about Mountain

ones

eventually

race

of

region

common

young

material

yuenshanensis

Lepus

rather

a

t'u"

more

and

it may

this

that

be

may

in the

Yenping,

available

the

this "shan

rather

two

although

race,

the

as

agree

from

those

mountainous

the found

Pope

include All

In

"

natives

secured

than

H.

the

to

respectively.

19,

body

Habits:

Clifford

is known

specimens

of

and

synonym that

April

between

and

and

three

June,

litters.

Specimens examined:

In

"

from

all, five,

northwestern

Chunganhsien,

Fvikien. ?OryctoIagus

249.

Without

having

it

regards

shows

of either this

a

Lepus

respect.

Should it had described

The

animal

the been

from

to

the

type prove

introduced.

Yenchow^u,

said

was

to

be

to

of the

Apparently "sehr

on

be

it

genus the

p.

as

to

to

be

an

and

Oryctolagus, only

wahrscheinlich,"

one

specimen Fukien.

its

his

based

identity. He that

mentions

and

precludes it from fully adult

296.

Honigmann

certain

happens

be

Berlin, 1913,

which

Rabbit,

European

Caprolagus, unless

(Linnaeus)

Freunde,

to

interparietal,which

double or

possible

is not

closely similar

as

Naturf.

specimen

the

seen

kreyenbergi, it

Cuniculus

skull

Sitzungsb. Ges.

kreyenbergi Honigmann,

Cuniculus

cuniculus

being

unusual

a

the

member

specimen

contained

in

embryos.

must

suppose

known

is

the

that one

MAMMALS

THE

562

OF

Genus

CHINA

Lepus

AND

MONGOLIA

Linnaeus

HARES

Lepus Linnasus, Syst. Nat., ed. The

Old

and

hares New

lo, vol.

included

Worlds;

I, p. 57,

within the

distribution, such

external

the

form

ears

are

this

Arctic

of sub-boreal

1758.

species turn as

the

moderately

Fig.

23.

L.

of boreal

are

genus

white

timidus

long

Distribution

; the

distribution

in winter

of northern tail is

as

do

in both also

Europe.

fairlylong

and

Map.

Lepus 1.

L. europaus

tolai

3.

L.

europceus

2.

L. europtBus

swinhoei

4.

L.

europceus

filchneri aurigineus

those

In with

the its

THE

terminal soles

hairs

with

covered cranial

the

about

stiffer denser

region width

molar;

as

never

median of

angle second

aspect;

inner

from

molar

face

a

the

recent

with

so-called

and

L.

tolai

Gray

(type,

Upper face a.

other

many

a

white

to

the

width,

a'. Foot 1

.

.

adjacent last

upper

Chinese

of the

shorter,

ears 120

in

view

of their

Field

differences

Colors

less

Species

Mongolian

sides

and

lower

of

ous

distributed

Lepus timidus, Hares

not

in

Eulagos to

seem

be

of

Lepus

one-half

or

not

exceeding

gray

in winter

of the

more

hind

foot.

rump

pale,

without

L. europtBus

contrasting

gray,

L.

sides and

back

gray,

sides

and

feet

tolai

(Gobi)

gray

europcBus

pinkish buff

swinhoei

(northeast-

China, Shantung,

Hopei)

in L. enropcBus

not

of

hairs.

tint

Rump

China, Hares

sur-

in winter

not

do

the

general similarity

include

the

that

North Field

a

and

mm.

pale,

Rump

In

Europe

continuously

would

place

The

and

typical

are

really

however. and

the

the

most

and

conclusion

Mongolia

He

itself,and

Mongolia,

northern

the

to

em

4.

.

;

specificgroups.

of

hares

with

well.

Wagner).

tail broad,

Colors

rump

3.

narrow

external

the

and

three

of mammals as

by

genus

the

roots

about

.

2.

a on

gray-tailed types,

come

surprising in

Asia

tail black,

of the

area

total

to

of the

the has

and

groups

northern in

or

perhaps

or

subspecies

mediterraneus

L.

surface

Black

deep angle

angle extending

crown,

China

the

represented

is not

that

Key

A.

well

so

subgeneric importance,

than

more

across

from

reviewed

has

intermediate

and

two

of material

group,

Hare,

Varying

the

black-tailed than

more

(1929a)

conclusion

a

angle

finely crenulate

and

described

hares

the

amount

by

Europe

across

not

Ognev large

fact that

the

of

races

a

connected

Europe,

three-quarters

with

re-entrant

distance

of

with

re-entrant

premolar

of

triangular,

premolar

re-entrant

at

; sutures

.

and

smaller

lower

alike, the

.

.

broad

a

length

of first upper

that

palate

upper

is

broad

a

cheek-teeth

species of

many

paper,

Asia

and

closely approximated

probably

represent

which

summarizes

short, its

times of

the

ellipticcylinder. ..."

local

merely

are

face

upper

about

fold

small

Of

fifth

of

first

Miller

palate

length

of anterior

portion

its front

on

to

of the

edges

is

anterior

varying depth;

side

heavily haired,

claws.

postorbital processes

each

on

the

one-half

and

least

is

latter

bony

posterior limbs;

angle,

re-entrant

re-entrant

and

hide with

two

in adult;

anterior

The

that

than

greater

563

foot.

"Skull

than

more

of choanae

distinct

hairs

follows:

interparietalobliterated with

hind

the

equals

characters

narrowest

LAGOMORPHS

filchneri(Shansi and Shensi)

bright ochraceL.

europceus

aurigineus (Yangtze

basin

of eastern

China)

THE

564 b'. Foot b.

B.

about area

width

; ears

Darker,

a.

width

narrow,

hairs

the

MONGOLIA

about

of

the

(Hainan)

total

foot

(Kansu)

L. oiostolus

grizzled, its sides and

or

gray-based.

forehead

and

ears

AND

L. hainanus one-third

of tail blackish

of nasals

CHINA

mm

tail

with

surface

OF

longer, exceeding hind

surface

Upper

96

of

Black

lower

MAMMALS

often

20

blackish, combined L. oiostolus

mm

(Szechwan

grahami

highlands) b.

combined

Browner,

width

of nasals

about

24

L. oiostolus

mm. .

(western

comus

.

Yunnan) Lepus

250.

GOBI

Lepus

tolai Pallas, Nov.

Lepus

gansuicus Satunin, Annuaire

Lepus

gobicus Satunin, ibid.,p. 162.

Lepus

sunnhoei

Spec. Quad,

subluleus

Lepus Lepus

europccus

tolai Ognev,

Sciences

in winter

region of

a

pelage

and

back

hairs

the

are

tip. Scattered are

also much

are

becomes

throat to

the

hairs to

the

base

hips.

of the

along

the

sides

flanks;

the

buffy extreme

neck

Soc.

On

part

gray

with

black

tips black

are

and

rump

slaty

clear

gray

tibia

white.

like the

; metectote

band

the

back,

white.

edged

; metentote

sides

nearly

mixed

hind tail

with

the

lower back

muzzle.

pinkish-buff band

the

clear

long,

extends to

The other

coloring the

from

eye

narrow

of the

Ears with

the

on

Numerous

of the

surface

tip

hips, the

belly from backs

are

the

minute

a

the

vibrissse a

and

dorsal

all black.

bases. the

top of middle

followed

and

buff,

and

across

buff;

of the and

Dorsal

white

the

of the

In the

band

that

around

area

above

buff

Hare,

in the

flanks.

into

their

at

ochraceous

white

the

black

Field

color

darkest

the

on

others

the

of

Academy

of the

General

shading

fourth,

ad

the

races

black,

buff

pale

hairs

forward

of the

eastern

and

pale, grayish white and

whence

general pelage along

the

of

type

locality.

type

gray

the

the

as

Gobeensi

rump.

sides, and

pinkish buff, tipped with and

specimen

slightlybrighter

a

these

hairs

delimiting

slightlymixed

buffy

by

the

ear,

gray

basal

reduced.

A

the

as

clearer

the

the

on

fore limbs

lower

of

in

project beyond

side of the

of

Zool.

ubique magno typical habitat, although Satunin

is the

markedly

a

amongst

grayish white,

Outer

the

Proc.

15, 1908, p. 45;

deserto

palest of the

then

absent

nearly

as

specimens,

gray

black

white

December

individual

"in

Gobi

becoming

band,

latter hairs

London,

284, p. 6, 1927.

no.

no

range

mixture

a

black

broad

names

is the

has

and

back

the

Novitates,

the

had

This

"

head

the

Leningrad

at

Description:

by

Soc.

Petersbourg, for 1906, vol. II, p. 160, 1907.

Selenga River, in Transbaikalia,

the

regarded

Mus.

Hence

usque."

Tybetum

region

Sci. St.

Imp.

Proc. Zool.

Pallas

"

gives

species, but

and

Acad.

Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 84, p. 78, 1929.

specimen:

Type

the

Zool.

Abstract

1908, p. 979, 1909. tolai tolai G. M. Allen, Amer.

has

HARE

for

London,

this

FIELD

Glir. Ord., p. 17, 1778.

e

Mus.

Thomas,

tolai Pallas

europaeus

buffy

feet

deep

the

along the middle

ceous buffy ochrablack.

proectote

ochraceous

of

gray

Back mixed

buff,,their of the external

THE

border

mixed into

shading the

buffy

hairs, except In

in the

and

gray in

white

the

for the

of the

pelage

dull

back,

gray but

bristle-like

lacking

whitish

skull

throughout, races

as are

available Measurements:

EXTERNAL

feet

hairs

in summer,

The

ments

hind

and

all

of the marked

grouped "

MEASUREMENTS

of

that also

poorly

are

project along

See

the

together

table OF

of the

sides

Hare size.

Fore

for

tip,

bases

of

but

more

ready

is

an

The winter and

forearm

prominent coat

is much Chinese that

the

EUROPMUS

TOLAI

AND

smaller and

golian Mon-

measiu-e-

comparison.

RELATED

are

sides.

following: LEPUS

even

slightlyclearer.

back

The

less black

feet and

in the the

differ little in size, so below

back

sides

border.

between

general bodily and

inner

is much

there

tipping.

European

the

to

the

at

throat.

hairs, the

the

buffy

white

surface

whitish

is less contrast

and

pure

lacking, and dorsal

little white a

base

the

black-tipped

paler, with that

resembles

is true

entire

very

there

the

across

is

rump

with

pinkish ochraceous, with

dull ochraceous,

band

the

at

Below,

area.

buffy

buffy, only slightlydarkened Nape

565

black, white

internal

pelage, the

summer

LAGOMORPHS

RACES

MAMMALS

THE

566

Nomenclature: and

Mongolia

Hare,

which

be

to

are

black-topped animal

tolai,so

Kansu

Lepus it appear

from

from

Province

apparently the

regarded

they externally tails,and

does

(1929a)

Ognev

"

the

can case

southern

buff that

the be

CHINA

OF

has

as

in

L.

description different

with

Thomas's

Gobi,

in the

geographic

his

enough L.

Ordos

pelage.

gobicus would

that

Field

the

general type

mixed

gray

Satunin's

MONGOLIA

that

shown

smaller

resemble

and

AND

L.

for

swinhoei Desert.

races

of

Hares of the

of China

European their

coloring, with

Pallas seem

gansuicus

recognition.

to

be

from The

Gobi

the

named the the same

same,

desert

compared

this

of

is also

subluteus, the type of which He

nor

with

is the

THE

Chefoo

Hare

of

rump-patch,

characters

that

so

race,

Shantung,

there

LAGOMORPHS

pointing

which be

can

its

out

distinguish doubt

no

567

of the

paler coloration

the

Hare

Gobi

identity of

L.

and

from

the

subluleus

s.

gray

Chefoo

the

with

L.

e.

tolai. Occurrence over

the

Gobi

and

from

the

Asiatic

and

Habits:

of

Mongolia

northern

journeys

the

Bogdo.

Dr.

Walter

at

Uskuk

moulting In

it

the

middle

Mongolia:

of

fur and

May

examined:

been

(

swinhoei

Lepus

stegmanni

Thomas,

mountains

europaeus

swinhoei

Nat.

Hist., ser. d.

Exped.

usually

rare,

Artsa

except

gullies. Specimens of

in process

are

Kolanchow.

Nothing in the

desert.

follows:

as

Nor,

Tsagan

2;

ant" abund-

"exceedingly

to their habits

Dabasu),

Lepus

Ergebn.

different

and

and

it

near as

or

Wiss.

the

Nor

June

twenty-three,

southwest), 3; Uskuk,

FIELD

Central

coat.

southeast

Mag.

Ann.

Matschie,

part

Sowerby

Iren

CHEFOO

of

found

(thirtymiles

251.

was

ravines

recorded

=

it

that

The on

Tsagan

to

summer

number,

i; Erhlien

Bogdo,

vicinityof Urga

Lepus

Urga

westward,

east,

desert.

the

all

distributed

series, secured

latter

the

in the

and

Total

"

the

and

have

to

seems

Artsa

of

"bad-land"

to

acquiring

Chingpien

especial interest Specimens

in the

Desert, Anderson of

northwest

of

is

race

region in the

borders

vicinity

abundant

was

Ordos

Khingan

fairly good

a

the

pallid

Granger writes, however,

winter

the

the

the

this

southern

back

from

way

from

taken

of

from the

to

Expeditions brought all

that

Apparently

"

Ula

2;

Usu,

11;

4.

Thomas

HARE

6, vol.

13, p.

Filchner

nach

364, 1894. China

Tibet

u.

vol.

1903-05,

10, pt. I, p. 214,

1908. Lepus

tolai swinhoei

Type from

M.

G.

Specimen:

Chefoo,

This

"

tolai of the

e.

The

hairs

white-tipped The

e.

vicinity much

"

and

Occurrence

How

by

and

pelage

black

lacks

the

the

these

differ from

in

bxiffyrace

than

rump

gray

of the

rest

is much with

a

pelage

on

Museum,

1870. the

typical

less marked. of

nimiber the

long,

sides.

The

longer hairs. of

that

L.

e.

of 35.5,

instead

mm.

Swinhoe

buffy above,

and

British

70.7.18.16, Robert

tolai, except for ten

of the

that latter

the

nasals nine

and

swinhoei.

Measurements:

the

winter

is mixed

not

No.

skull,

Collected

projecting beyond

does

284, p. 7, 1927.

no.

brighter-colored,more

a

slightlylonger, 37.8

average

of L.

skull

is

In

is shorter

coat

summer

and

China.

Gobi.

general coloring

Novitates,

Mus.

skin

^A

"

Shantung,

Description: L.

Allen, Amer.

of

See Habits:

tables

"

imder

This

Peiping, Hopei,

farther

southward

L.

e.

tolai.

race

of the

southward

and

paler

this

form

extends

Field

Hare

eastward

is not

is

common

into

from

Shantung.

wholly certain,

but

THE

568

probably from

the

to

Wuhu, It is

(iQoSd,

Province,

to

although

that

it is

Weihaiwei,

but

North

China,

elude

hares

its pursuers

fast

and

cunning,

"South

was.

the

opinion

that

of the and

Some

will lie very

when

the

a

foot.

litter,and than

as

but

in

in

(1914,

seek

examined:

Hopei: Peiping,

10; 2

WtJiu,

a

cool

the

the the

it campments. en-

camp

afford

spots

as

than

for

not

until

move

late, it

very

found

in the

touched bom

are

be

may

winter, they love thorn

instances

two

five young

to

by in

that

warm

scrub, while

family

circuit.

long

a

mentions

tection pro-

considerable

a

it, making

the

It

sunny

"in

vated culti-

patches

grave

fields."

ploughed

hundred

miles

of

northeast

Lepus

Peiping, i; Tungchow,

Wiss.

Ergebn.

filchneri

europaeus

FIELD

FILCHNER'S

2.

d. Exped.

Filchner

Matschie

HARE

nach

China

u.

Tibet

1903-05,

vol.

10,

pt.

i, p. 217,

1908. Lepus

swinhoei

brevinasus

Lepus

swinhoei

soiverbym HoIIister,

Lepus

tolai

filchneri G.

M.

a

more

(Univ. Mich.).

252.

Lepus filchneri Matschie,

that

these

'form'

did two

densest

be

than

round

fact

that both

are

lower

rather

cover

to

In

of the

adds

remain

much

that

and

runner

Fifteen, namely:

"

one

that

in

badger hole,

chiefly

Sowerby

season.

fine

He

the

same

return

well

as

some

to

of this

from

nearly always

amongst

Anhwei:

early

a

in

is

there

thickly growing sedgegrass.

the

'forms'."

64)

in the

may

tall

in its form, and

p.

is

happens

so

uses

that

hare

but,

horseback

on

earth

them,

hawks,

where

occur

those

down

shelter

hare

invariably

very

produced

they

the

these

states

appear

of

...

discovered

summer

Specimens

It

A

was

scattered

are

put this form

seek

will

up

close

they

country that

hares

dogs.

litter is

one

banks

the

put

hare

He

swarms

have

in the

and

wolves.

are

with

hummocks."

with

foxes.

and

cover

camp

time,

in which

simply

Chefoo, Shantung

hares

of kills is very

...

only really good

is my

go

the

percentage

travellers

wolves

away

the

to

Thomas

there

them

still

The

sport.

formerly,

as

numerous

that

Mongolia Some

dogs keep

as

so

about

hunting

"it may

market.

to

where

himt

they

by doubling amongst

nearly

not

are

of

skins

two

same.

Aisan,

of

for

races,

brought

numbers,

where

graveyard

a

the

Peiping

account

an

other

country

near

about

form

exciting

an

for

rare

in

(1914) gives

as

heads

usually

in the

is

reduced

greatly

now

Sowerby

cover.

MONGOLIA

is often

common

natives

the

be

to

seem

and

Peiping,

Weigold,

AND

basin, intergrading with

near

lo) records

According

CHINA

(Univ. Mich.),

common

p.

OF

Yangtze

Anhwei

and

or

MAMMALS

J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Allen,

Proc.

Amer.

Biol. Mus.

Soc.

a

Nat.

Hist.,

Washington,

Novitates,

Type Specimen: The type is Hinganfu, southern Shensi, China. "

Mus.

skin

no.

and

vol.

vol. 25,

284,

26, p. 427, p.

1909.

182, 1912.

p. 8, 1927.

skull in the

Berlin

Museum,

from

THE

This

Description: "

from

the

Chefoo

and

back,

and

ear,

including

to

mixture

a

by its

of

A.

the

be

nasal

the

and

least southern

Shan

from

gradation

The

"

northern

L.

surrounding

Shansi:

Kweihwacheng,

Shensi:

forty-five miles

miles

south

2; base

Lepus

253.

aurigineus Hollister,

Lepus

tolai

Specimen:

Type

S. National

U.

December

27,

as

and

in L. their the

The

e.

In

tolai.

The

borders

are

as

Measurements: Occurrence

have,

be

men speci-

a

on

added

series

a

therefore,

inter-

that

discrimination

the

of

(M.C.Z.).

5

of

west

Sianfu,

i

hiindred

; one

i.

25,

no.

i8i, 1912.

p.

284,

p.

9,

1927.

skull, subadult.

and

Eaangsi,

northern

No.

13761/38173. Collected

China.

pelage

"

and

upper

ochraceous

clearer

spot before

the

ochraceous,

rich

entire

the

eye, the

the

over

parts the

are

chest

ochraceous

instead

rump

eye-ring, the

fore legs and

bright

of gray

inside

of the

-band

pale

mon, cinna-

of

Field

ears

buff.

clear

skull is

winter

black, and

with

sides

specimens

and

based

was

at

HARE

vol.

Novitates,

Kiukiang,

from

in

aurigineus HolHster FIELD

female, skin

it

from

extends

hand,

and

It may

fiftymiles

I ;

europaeus

Mus.

Amer.

not

1880.

"

mixed

A

"

Museum,

Description: much

Allen,

does

namely:

Biol. Soc. Washington,

Proc.

M.

aurigineus G.

race

one

other,

Taipai Shan,

HOLLISTER'S

Lepus

This

slightlymarked.

Yirgo,

i;

of

no

difficult

but

are

year

is Dr.

late

brevinasiis, in the

difference

the

since

makes

races

Fengsiangfu,

of

the

Shensi

the

measured. this

see

of

Hare

swinhoei.

e.

on

synonym,

Maitaichao,

11;

can

on

^Twenty-two,

"

of Sianfu,

southwest

I

Field

I have

Ningwufu.

of this hare, for they examined:

Specimens

west

the

is less tendency

There

swinhoei

L.

Shensi,

a

portion of

exposed

following

occupied by

as

of

with

the

series that

Shansi,

Shansi

the

to

in

than

southern

sides

tail.

Lepus

name

area

sowerbyce

s.

the

edge.

in the

Shansi.

Sianfu,

and

tint of the

tolai.

e.

1908, while

northern

specimens

many

applied

northern

HoUister's

from

name

Habits:

Kweihwacheng,

regarded

L.

distinguishable

race,

less yellowish

of the

under

in the

and

marked

the outer

black

shorter

are

latter

at

provisional

a

to

the

hairs

however,

Shensi

Taipai

in

bones

case,

Occurrence

from

first

as

of

the

table

The

"

proposed

that to

seem

with

See

"

sHghtly

very

tint

filchneriof Matschie, Allen

belief

hairs

569

decidedly pinker,

buffier

buffy

Nomenclature:

Lepus

a

fringe of longer

Measurements:

J.

the

by

the

is

hare

Hare

LAGOMORPHS

in the

other

races.

See

table

under

Habits:

"

This

L. is the

e.

tolai. most

southern

of the

races

THE

570

Hare

in China,

coloring from which in its

by

specimens Central

is

from

moister

(1913) writes

above

5000

is the

one

the

in the

one

middle

at

Zoology,

while

other

two

not

i

Szechwan the

back

brought

this

represent

Hupeh

indicate, this

eastern

race

to

at

of

borders

himter's

a

I

and

skin

although the

race,

assignable. In all,twelve,

"

;

from

E. H.

cultivation,

possibly just reaches to

seems

Kiangsi: Kixikiang, i (U.S.N.M.), Changyang,

basin

the

to

of western

hand

at

than

fairly plentiful,

are

to

the

by

taken

in China.

mountains

data

Expeditions

which

be

It

valley.

hares

keep close

the

as

Yangtze

Asiatic

Wutinghsien,

these

They

nearly

of the

Central

part of its range

Ichang

out.

As

Specimens examined: :

Comparative

of Szechwan,

border

sparsely populated

of the

part

the

localitymay

Hupeh

an

is

animal.

immature

this race,

to

skin

the

though

of

of

is referred

Caprolagus sinensis

group,

is that

Museum

eastern

around

getting shot

characteristic

obtained

the

Zappey, the

present skull

of this southern

that

feet altitude."

for

in

with

brighter

type specimen,

is less ochraceous similar, though one are brighter tints of this hare are in response

climate

are

with

Yunnan,

exact

R.

the

Wilson

met

Hupeh

on

doubt

warmer

never

from

the

the

The

and

Expeditions,

No

they

MONGOLIA

by Hollister

of

one

tail,and

the

Wanhsien

and

"though

AND

filchnerito the north.

e.

compared

obviously

skins

Asiatic

L.

was

late Walter

the

other.

least

and

condition, lacking

collected

CHINA

distinguished merely by its sHghtly richer

examined,

series of winter

the

OF

swinhoei

e.

coloring, but

in poor A

is

and

L.

I have

MAMMALS

Changkow,

the 2

as

follows:

type.

;

Fong Shan,

i

Hocha,

;

i

;

Ichanghsien,

2 ;

Nantu,

I

(allin M.C.Z.). Szechwan:

Wanhsien,

?Yunnan:

2.

Wutinghsien,

(hunter's skin).

i

Lepus

254. Lepus

centrasiaticus

Satunin, Annuaire

Mus.

centrasiaticus

Zool.

Acad.

Satunin

Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg,

for

1906,

vol.

11, p.

158,

1907.

Type Specimen: mammals

reported

(Sachow),

western

Academy

"

The

by Buechner,

upon

Kansu,

of Sciences

at

description is based

the

buff.

The

extremities Tail

with

Measurements: mm.;

ear,

100.

rtmip

fore

and a

broad "

The

and

skin the

h of Przewalski's

skull

Satschou

from

of the

Zoological Museum

Leningrad.

"

hairs.

female

China, June, 1879, in

Description: This is said to be by the gray-based wool hairs. The white

a

specimen

on

is gray and

black hind

or

hind dorsal

foot

very

of

the

with

washed feet

kashgariciisbut

like L.

inside

dark

distinguished

is clothed

ears

yellow.

Outer

washed

white, sometimes

with

long

side

with

of

pale

stripe. without

claw

is said

to

measure

120-123

THE

Occurrence in extreme

and

it.

For

the

L.

to

tolai,if indeed

e.

Lepus

hainanus

city of Hainan.

Field

the

Hares

preserving

of the

head,

ous.

On

well

as

parting

longer band

fewer the

and

of

the

throat.

well-defined

cheeks

paler

part

of the

black

and

the

throat,

upper the

at

with

feet, and

the

area

of the above

back,

the

of

belly

and

the

side

under

the

whitish

of

of

tips

forearms,

the

lower

indistinctly lower

buff.

Upper mixed

proectote

black

at

ternal Ex-

tip.

Metentote

back

apically. Chin white

are

legs.

the

muzzle;

ochraceous

tail ptire

hind

across

whitish.

tip.

the

extends

base,

black

black

on

the

a

the

black

side of the

buffy white

the

fur

broad

a

the

band

with at

edge

into

sides

pale ochrace-

short

a

and

eye

Ears

inner

shading

edge buffy brown,

inner

broad

Nape-patch

metectote

half

basal

the

white.

with

and

anteriorly toward

and

them.

bordered

buff

the

top

under

then

the

along

chiefly

and

tips;overlying this is

pale bases,

encircles

ear

the

differs

the and

thighs, bright ochraceous

slightly in

capital

closely related

denser

shorter,

and

arms

ring

of black

ochraceous

men speci-

a

the

to

the

and of

roots

hairs. The

latter L.

base

the

the

of

upper

whitish

the

like

and

white

the

buffy

hairs

rather

pelage,

mixture a

on

near

it outwardly

winter

be

to

seen

band

hind

and

black,

buff

edge from

than

tail

tempting at-

Museum.

perhaps

which In

even

and

of

is

from

an

is

coloring deepens

toward

without

based

localitywas

British

and

clearer, passing into

this

backward

are

its base

shorter

fore

practicallyidentical

this form

description was The

pattern.

there

body,

Anteriorly A

the

in the

China,

back,

at

a

areas

subspecies

a

639, pi. 18, text-figs. 1-4.

233,

son.

hare,

color

hair,

the

of the

backs

the

as

the

by

sides

the

North

pelage, consisting

outer

succeeded

On

small

a

similar

whitish

woolly texture,

in

most

Swinhoe

pp.

that

says

presumably is

of a

1870,

mandarin's

a

now

This

"

in size,

from

It is

Description: to

Swinhoe

"

by him

at

oasis

HARE

Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

received

be

it is not

is mentioned

HAINAN

Type Specimen:

It must

me.

Satschou

the

None.

"

255.

hainanus

from

question.

Specimens examined:

Lepus

571

described

to

therefore, it

present, the

hare,

is unknown

closelyallied

decide

to

This

"

Kansu,

western

of L. europceus, with

Habits:

LAGOMORPHS

europceus The

pelage

summer

lacks

is not

prominent

the

greatly

white

hairs

different

from

that

of winter,

project along

that

the

and

sides

in

the

the

group.

skull

from

that

smaller.

The

differs

size, for it is much

of

the

groove

North on

the

China

jugal

Field bone

Hares is deeper

chiefly in and

nms

MAMMALS

THE

572

and

to

front

the

on

groove

face

of the than

extent

greater

a

itself is

CHINA

Y-shaped

as

in the

of

incisors

upper

in the

seen

AND

instead

length of the bone

whole

the

along

OF

chieflythe middle is

Hares

Field section

MONGOLIA

more

less filled with

or

of North

the

at

section.

and

China,

tip of

The

cement,

the

groove

incisors, instead

the

of

simply V-shaped. Measurements: in two

The

"

specimens.

adult

and

Occurrence

Habits: it is

altogether clear, but of

similar

Hare

of the

grooves

cement

instead

two

rather

are

This is

from

apparently

hare

of

the

Siam

on

the

open;

similar

in

not

was

Field

face

and

92

of these

of

North

in

color

in

are

of

are

small

species

size, that separate

their

and

not

are

peguensis siamensis

L.

China,

incisors

Hare the

to

tively respec-

mm.

mm.

Hainan

the

slightlysmaller

of the

96

78

was

India,

eastern

from

differences

the

tion conformafilled with

being

and

degree only,

the

coat.

summer

in life

seen

measures

one

distantly allied

not

and

Hares

front

the

in

relationships of

The

in

skins

ear

chief differences, apart

The

Hainan

the

The

"

.coloring found

Bonhote.

dried

in

foot

in

apparently fairly common

by Swinhoe,

localities

suitable

first described

who

the

on

island

it, but of

it

Hainan.

Natural

H. series for American of secured Museum a Pope, be concealed the amount History, writes that its "abundance by may

of dense

cover

Mr.

in

who

Clifford

to

and

in the form

and

us,

sell them

seen

an

with

adult

Hainan

for food in the

in extreme

of bush, grass,

of those

most

size.

reduced

the

were

they have

as

No

open." This

hare

southern

and

small. a

doubt

is to

China,

be but

jungle. The

regular its

Few

Chinese

hares

trap

market

for

hitherto

on

there

the is

with

I have

value.

jungle-livinghabits

looked

brought

were

them

are

never

correlated

mainland

apparently

nets

opposite no

record

of its presence.

Specimens one

is from

examined:

Namfong,

one

"

In

from

all, twenty, Hoihow,

most

and

the

of them others

immature, from

Nodoa.

of which

THE

LAGOMORPHS

Lepus

256.

oiostolus

573

oiostolus

GRAY-TAILED

Hodgson

HARE

Lepus oiostolus Hodgson,

Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 9, p. u86, Joum. Buechner, Wiss. 1840. Reisen, vol. i, Saugethicrc, p. 204, pi. 25, 1894. De sechuenensis Winton and Styan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 576, pi. 32.

Resultate

d.

v.

Przewalski

Lepus

specimen:

Type

animal, British

the

by

Tibet. and

There

latter

and

probably

are

identification

the

"

and

ears

tail is much

head,

the

of

black

due

white

hairs

the

to

line, where for

white, except around and

the

of white

eye

the

to

a

ill-defined mixed

an

of the

muzzle.

hairs

shorter

fringe of longer pale-buffy is

tip

is mixed

(metentote) the

distance, from

third

basal

but

just

but

their

the

same

rows,

skull

area,

but

by

buff.

less

buffy, a

is at its

of the

ochraceous

evident,

rump

The

are

and

to

backs

are

but

lacking

once

dark

the

third

of the

outer

with

the

the

ears

are

mixture

more

broad,

from

that

is

tinted

of gray

of

elongated

L.

latter ;

eye

tipping have

their

a treme ex-

exposed edge

a

with

and

ring

the a

edge

is whitish.

forearms,

whitish,

whitish

with

black

are

in

is clear buff, and

third

ears

a

The

ears.

long projecting whitish

distinguished

larger size,

particularly by

the

including feet

pinkish buff,

terminal

is

hips

between

area

inner

of the

backs

is

of the

the

hairs

and

base, except

third

tip, exteriorly

of the

portion

The

buff, but

and their

chin

the

skins

Summer gray

basal

below

soles

At

middle

The

white

no

full-furred, ptare

There

of the

bases

middle

the

on

black.

blackish

white.

btiff.

ochraceous

with

edged

hairs

the

the

to

blackish

and

pinkish

almost

rump

Tail

surface.

is clear

nape

beneath

pale

bases.

gray

gray

The

of

with

generally grayish-

the

among are

dorsal

the

stripe on

across

area

hairs

the

surface

sides of the

mixture

a

buff

to

longer

dorsal and

Top

pinkish

to

hairs

extensive

have

they

its much

long, projecting

entire

black-tipped

These

narrow

and

vibrissa

the

region.

area

of the back,

body

whitish

these

is available,

similar

very

of the

is fuller.

coat

numerous

The

that

contrary

externally

median

area

showing hip.

of

presence

of this

median

but

the

to

species,

Przewalski

by

distinguished by

once

of the

the

to

southern

of this

secured

proof

appears

black

median

the

Hodgson

characters

mature im-

very

Collection

tentatively accepted.

general the

sides

the

on

hairs,

fore quarters

the

gray,

the

paling

is at the

In

of the ears,

proectote

admixture

foot, while

a

(1898) suggests

more

be

was

locality in

of hares

this hare

but

Gobi,

as

until

may

coat

narrower.

black,

and

from

hind

longer

of the

buff

winter

tolai of the

europcBus

same,

to the

Blanford

but

type

the

unknown

number

a

Kansu.

of Buechner

In

Description: L.

the

it

from

some

doubt

some

western

not

from

with

(1898), the

received

one

came

identified

Tibet

eastern

It

is still apparently has

Blanford

to

the

probably

Museum.

Buechner

in

According

"

and

for

short

a

The

throat

uniform

pale

pinkish buff,

brown,

with

the

hairs. e.

muzzle

tolai, found and

triangular supraorbital

in the

longer processes

tooth that

THE

574 stand

at

up

from

instead

This

of

gives with

side, correlated

They

nearly

audital

bullae

are

and

an

and

Measurements:

In

(with claw) ; the about

the

nasal

level

same

region

middle

the

as

supraorbitals, as orbit,

somewhat

parietal in

L.

e.

face

of

the

viewed

as

of

from

seen

in the

as

the the

arctic

posteriorly. The

suture

tolai, notwithstanding upper

incisors

is

foot

is Ii8

the

simple,

cement.

the

skin,

dry

a

the than

front

the

filled with

from

ear

touch

MONGOLIA

of the

the

size of the

larger

on

groove

"

flare to

quite little

AND

the

nearly

on

increased

or

deep, V-shaped,

CHINA

general surface

outward

very

The

ears.

the

being

the

hares.

larger

OF

angle with

an

behind,

frontals.

MAMMALS

notch

length of

of the

hind

the

opening, about

115;

OIOSTOLUS

OIOSTOLUS

from

the

mm.

crown,

130. MEASUREMENTS

CRANIAL

OP

LEPUS

Combined Great-

No.

length

25348

Palatal

matic

length

length

width

MCZ

96.0

78.0

43.0

46.0

USNM

92.4

75.1

38.9

42.6

240379

USNM

94-9

76.7

39-5

423

Nomenclature:

A

study of the northwest from

Museum

by A.

Howell

B.

non-typical

and

larger size, longer with

one

the

Habits:

found seems

it at

to

and

it in the be

15.0

16.5

Szechwan

26.0

21.5

15-6

16.5

Szechwan

and to

the

the

that

latter

for

B.

another

Vinogradov It

comparison.

sechuenensis

of about

S. National

feet,were

12,000

of which

they

the

Dunpi,

,

U.

seems

with

from

in the

specimens

grahami,

of Kansu.

species is identical

Lepus

as

borders

Dr.

some

tion, Expedi-

region by

speciesby

basis

in

Przewalski

the

on

forth

set

are

of the

of this

altitude

an

17.0

large hare

Similar

of L.

its

altitudes

ears,

At

"

the

to

L.

first e.

sight this hare

tolai hare

pale feet, narrower

erect

more

Tibetan

China,

western

at

Kansu

19.6

the

Styan

Locality

20.2

Tibet

as

teeth

25-5

mammals

as

material and

in his account

resemblance

of the

served

cheek

teeth

nasals

23.0

expedition

of Szechwan.

Sungpan,

this

Lower

cheek

mentioned

regarded

were

as

individuals.

Occurrence

skull

has

Winton

corner near

of

identified

available

by De

34-8

eastern

later

a

and

Academy,

described

in the

by

explorer,Kozlov,

a

hare

36.3

Upper

of

molars

of the

in

common

obtained

Russian

of the

it

width

across

characters

in his account

found

specimen

Russian

from

The

"

by Buechner which

toid Width width

240376

detail

Mas-

ZygoBasal

est

and

but black

Nan

only

known

of from

about occurrence

10,000-12,000

Sachow,

in

in China. feet in the

bears

coat

siderable con-

readily distinguished by its

area

flaringsupraorbital

steppe fauna, just reaching probably extending southward Shan

is

in winter

the

the

tail,and It is

processes.

the to

on

high country the

evidently

of extreme

Himalayas.

far west

by the

ski Przewal-

of Kansu,

which

Here, in July, he observed

alpine

zone

as

well

as

in the

THE

valleys or

form

and

skins

from

same

very

animal

here

surmise

Tibet

be

that

material

that

Lepus

the

hand

at

for

lake, Koko

Nor,

G.

comus

Type

M.

Allen, Amer.

Specimen:

Museum

of

altitude.

Natural

In

"

less pale, the

band

dull

from

tail brown

part

of the

pale-gray base,

minute

white

side

hairs.

The

then

tip.

with

The

blackish

extreme

brown.

On

is

a

the

with

flanks, fore legs from

above

hairs a

hairs

the

few

with

having

a

a

on

of

are

32

shorter,

backs

and

faintly buffy tip. hairs.

posterior terminal

the

blackish

Chin,

about

subterminal side

hind

hairs

The

in

buflfy,with

then

the

the

with

long, grayish

mm.

outer

of

the

many

anterior

outer

and

ear

black,

scattering of white

longer white-tipped

the

scantily clothed

ears

about with

whitish

with

russet,

on

nrmp

Head,

eye-ring; cheeks

of buffy and

elbow

the

dull

of the

edge

are

then

indistinct

three-fourths;

Inside

hairs

ochraceous, rump

the

the

An

black

basal

Heller.

slenderer.

the

feet

5,500

Edmund

feet

black.

small,

mixture

dark

individual

China,

oiostolus, but

hind

and

American

43174,

and

including

buffy

blackish

L.

the

ear,

the

on

are

with

ever, how-

13, 1927.

skull. No.

like

patch

tip both

brown

longer pale

ochraceous,

Nape mixed

hairs

gray

back

present,

point.

Yunnan,

with

of the

base

buff, slightlypaler

ochraceous a

much

the

The

ringed

rings whitish. is of

; at

outer

black

clear

gray

dark,

ears

southern

Allen

C. Andrews

R.

elsewhere,

black.

longer

proportions.

equal at

and

The

side, fringed with edge

coloring

to

pale-tipped clearer

Dr.

the

gray,

and

Tengyueh,

buff, slightlymixed

hairs.

of

HARE

skin

ochraceous

grizzled buffy,

M.

284, p. 9, September

no.

by

19, 191 7,

the

G.

comus

female,

above,

muzzle

At

If Blan-

ft.,4 (U.S.N. M.).

Novitates,

general

Museum

Tibet, is the

oiostolus

of this

GRAY-TAILED

adult

April

L.

may

be

.

History, from

Collected

Description: above,

An

"

Kam,

apply.

determination

oiostolus

Lepus

Mus.

seem

typical."

from

the

name

Four to

closely related.

very

its

i

LOWLAND

Lepus

Satunin,

from

off.

way

S. National

U. "not

valleys

tolai,leaving

e.

Szechwan,

the

but

river

the

L.

following five:

alt. 12,000

257.

in

least

at

the

considerable

a

grahami,

or

the

than

northern

kozlovi

is different

The

"

in

skins

likely Satunin's

Sungpan,

near

the L.

described, latter

examined:

: near

Szechwan:

to

very

is not

Specimens

are

related

the

then

true,

Kansu

as

shier

feet,

along

rocks

is still

danger 12,000

575

among

is much

These

same.

Hkely

seems

as

ford's

Sungpan,

by Howell

the

while

away

about the

shelter

holes, and

rushing

considered

It takes

marmot

undoubtedly

It

feet.

8,000

at

in deserted

LAGOMORPHS

;

of

drab

throat-band and

the

pale

hind

feet.

a

legs,

The

tail

below,

gray

is clear

inner

sides

MAMMALS

THE

576 of the

wrists

the

legs to

with

its anterior

outline

the

poorly

marked

and

in the

Hare

Black-necked at

it is

type,

Measurements:

with

claws,

length, 465 The

130;

length,

greatest length, 42.5,

;

"

95,

mastoid

Asiatic altitudes

30,

;

"

cheek

Habits:

of about

at

width

Several

"

about

feet, seem

5,500

have

and

in cranial

and

the

the

highland

Expeditions the

type

a

specimen,

embryos.

A

additional

specimens

near

Kulu,

small

are

more

the

series

nursing

one

young

width, cheek

upper

first to

the

23,

"beyond

p.

1915)

477,

Bhamo"

closely resembles is very

however,

behind,

there,

that

species. Apparently

present

rostrum,

slender

of Yunnan

obtained

be

vol.

Soc,

American

borders

in

color,

different

scarcely rising above

of

secured

female to

was

of this hare

the

by taken

lower,

warmer

country

American

the

Tengyueh

at

collector's

taken

May

from

Nguluko,

note,

Osgood

10.

Yunnan,

3,

"

i,

a

hunter's

April

contained

and

skin.

has

from

its

Asiatic 21, two

(1932)

-Foxir,namely:

including the type; Likiang,

than

Museum on

Szechwan.

Tengyueh,

:

nasals,

37;

the

by

western

hares

it rather

inhabitant

according

Specimens examined: Yunnan:

an

The

includes

39.5,

are

frontals.

presumably

relative.

been

broad, short

processes

general line of the is

may

the

characters;

postorbital

This

so

be

some

oiostolus, which

L.

to

foot

measures:

zygomatic

23.5;

secured

Hist.

Nat.

and

peguensis

is related

is, the

extending

imperfect specimen

24,

the

on

to

secured

L.

in

tail,95; hind

mm.;

molars, 26, 26.5;

Tengyueh

Harrington

not

and

palatal length,

base,

specimens,

(Jotun. Bombay

this hare

but

cement,

the

to

incisors

nursing female,

a

outside

mentions were

supraorbital,

of the

cement

In

teeth, 18.2, 17.5.

Expeditions

Major

point.

the

face

second

a

;

"

breadth

although Wroughton that

different,

103.

ear,

type and

length, 76,

greatest

width,

and

Occurrence Museum

foot, 128;

of the

teeth, 17.6, 17.4; lower

at

hind

length, 480 specimen,

second

; basal

41;

41,

front

filled with

measured:

A

skull measurements

greatest

region, with

resemblance

some

filled with

and

arms

of

depressed

also

median

a

wing is

the

on

groove

lateral

type

tail, no;

"

on

in section.

97.

ear,

frontal

having

there

rostrum,

The

the

The

"

mm.;

of the

of

anterior

the

simply V-shaped

tooth

the

flat

broad,

arch, instead

separating

with

in its slender,

of L. oiostolus

that

even

part

wear,

Y-shaped

body of

the

an

of India.

of

stages

some

into

basal

white, the hairs

belly pure

shape of the interpterygoid fossa is

The

being

MONGOLIA

and

especially in the

notch

broad

from

and

supraorbital processes, relativelyshort nasals.

AND

bases.

gray

chiefly differs

skull

The

CHINA

heels, the chest

and

posterior abdomen

the

OF

while

large

recorded

Zumpa,

THE

Lepus

258.

LAGOMORPHS

oiostolus

HIGHLAND

Lepus

grahami

Lepus

sechuenensis

Lepus

comus

A.

Howell,

G.

M.

grahami

National

Osgood,

Nat.

1923,

"A

the

dorsum

The

lower

pale

gray

is

rump

region Tail

narrowly

comus.

or

gray

The

and

about

Winton

of De

Styan).

and

18, p. 326, 1932.

skull, No. miles

ten

U.

239875,

south

of

feet.

10,000

boreal

dark

the

and

gray

allied

hare

The

and

dark

black

S.

Tatsienlu,

Collected

July

less

areas

The

cheeks less

are

ochraceous.

the

and

grayer

in

than

dark

or

of

hairs

being either

ochraceous

black

but

comus,

of the

tail is variable

and

mid-dorsally, either

L.

to

areas

light the

gray."

is darker

nape

of L.

Measurements:

In 1

L.

below,

gray;

of

country

Habits:

mm.,

OF

While

"

the

Tibet, its place

Szechwan

by

this

darker

compared

with of pure ten

0.

to

miles

south

and

braincase.

this The

being orbital supra-

extensive.

more

smaller."

It is

the

roots.

of

hare

The

able indistinguish-

reaches

the

of L.

In

tail which the

Tatsienlu,

the

type ears

oiostolus

by has and

inhabits

of

other

and

west-central

its heavier the

the

Kansu

western

highlands

characterized

the

same.

GRAHAMI

extreme

in

the

described,

was

the

OIOSTOLUS

is taken

by

this

typical race

form,

and

comus,

white

tolai group,

foot about

LEPUS

and

Szechwan,

L.

hind

the

northwestern

much

the

fissures

which

from

series

125

eastern

rostrum

anterior

bullae is also

MEASUREMENTS

and

of

oiostolus.

the to

15

CRANIAL

Occurrence

audital

the

those

of the their

and

oiostolus

"

from

measured

than

width

larger

postero-inferiorpart of that

massive

in the

are

processes

Ulongkong,

skin

blacker.

steel

and

The

is "more

especially noticeable

instead

vol.

ser.,

(not

1912

white.

skull

from

dark

white

or

1928.

143,

p.

p. 207,

about

extensive

more

blacker.

zool.

altitude

and

grayer

markedly

black,

and

Hist.,

large, long-eared,

much

are

41,

vol. 40,

female,

Howell

C. Graham.

especially ears

and

steppe

Mus.

B.

HARE

vol.

Zool.,

Ulongkong,

by David "

ear

Comp.

adult

from

Description:

pale

An

"

Soc. Washington,

Mus.

Field

A.

grahami

GRAY-TAILED

(now Hsikang), China,

August,

frontal

Biol.

Mem.

Publ.

Museum,

Szechwan

face

Proc.

Allen,

specimen:

Type

or

B.

577

coat,

as

hairs

gray

specimens

from

under

(proectote)

and

forehead

respect, L.

will

grahami

0.

indicating

of

least who

this

in

Batang,

near

specimens

Sungpan

the collected

Specimens

these,

Tatsienlu,

In "

3

:

near

(U.S.N.M.,

of

all,

Tatsienlu,

including

are

five, i

the

its

more,

this

as

to

typical in

common

the

including (U.S.N.M.)

type);

;

Ramala

darker

from

doubtless

Seurong,

oiostolus.

wooded

ing, reachcolors

mens speci-

but

at

Weigold,

valleys.

namely:

type,

Ulongkong, Pass,

doubt

Sungpan,

(Hsikang), L.

this

region.

mountainous

are

and in

No

Szechwan,

western

Szechwan

referable

they

are

what

well

black normal

melanotic.

and

sechuenensis,

northwestern

are

that

states

examined:

(Hsikang)

Szechwan

western

of

feet

as

brownish

slightly

conditions

and

mixed Tatsienlu

hare

15,000

Tatsienlu,

from

hare

same

usual

be

upland of

Lepus

as

MONGOLIA

outside

may

moister

the

to

recorded

has

the

altitude

an

response

(1922)

Jacobi

and

a

be

to

the

miles

specimens

found

Pass,

AND

to

few

a

blacker be

Ramala

at

as

the

that

so

CHINA

contrast

from

specimens

Other

buff.

striking

in

black,

nearly

are

OF

MAMMALS

THE

578

ten

i

(M.C.Z.).

miles

south

of

SECTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

m

SECTION m

Page

CHAPTER XII"

BIBLIOGRAPHY, complete

581

-

-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adams,

Arthur

1859

Notes

Adlerberg, 1930

Zool.

Sci. URSS,

Les

antilopes

Glover

1912

London,

Preliminary synopsis

Rend.

Allen,

See.

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Comp.

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Chinese

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Microtines

1925

Jerboas from

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Squirrels collected

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13

collected

Hamsters

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Asiatic

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rodents

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Lagomorphs 284,

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An

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China.

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No.

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Porcupines

A

Mus.

by the American

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1928

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Rats

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Amer.

Mongolia.

Novitates, No. 1926

Mus.

PP-

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genus

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from

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4 pp.

Joum.

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244-246.

8,

THE

582 1928a

New

1929

Mustelids

1929a

Viverrids

Asiatic

1929b

Camivora

1930

Bovidag

1930a

Primates No.

1930b

Pigs 19

Allen,

mammals.

from from from from

Amer.

Mus.

7 pp.

and

deer

MONGOLIA

Novitates, No.

expeditions.

Amer.

Mus.

the

expeditions.

Amer.

Mus.

Asiatic

the Asiatic Asiatic

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from

Amer.

expeditions.

pangolins from

429,

AND

the Asiatic

the

and

CHINA

Asiatic

the

358,

Novitates, No.

Amer.

Amer.

Mus.

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9 pp.

360, 14

Novitates, No.

expeditions.

12

359,

Novitates, No.

Mus.

expeditions.

1-5.

pp.

Novitates, No.

Mus.

Amer.

Asiatic

the

317,

Mus.

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11

410,

pp.

Novitates,

No.

Novitates,

430,

former

of

occurrence

the

in

dugong

Chinese

China

waters.

Joum.,

22,

79-82, fig.

pp.

1936

OF

pp.

The

1935

MAMMALS

The

of

status

Vespertiliopilosus

Peters.

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Mammalogy,

168-169.

17, pp.

Joel A.

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Report

Mammals

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Further

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Buxton.

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Hist.,

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the

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China.

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Hist.,

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463-490, pl. 69.

pp.

1909

field notes

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pp.

1906

collected

mammals

on

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notes

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on

Hist., 26, pp.

Mammals

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from

the island

of Hainan,

Bull. Amer.

China.

Mus

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Shen-si

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China.

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Amer.

Mus.

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Hist., 26,

pp

Bull.

Amer.

Mus.

Nat.

Hist.,

pp

Rhinolophns philippinensis

group,

with

425-430. 1919

Severtzow's

classification

of the

Felidas.

41,

335-340.

Andersen, 1905

Knud On

the

bats

1905a

On

the

Ann.

1905b

On

1905c

I905d

bats

Mag. the

Ann.

of the

Ann.

species.

of the Nat.

bats

Mag.

On

Hipposiderus 497-507. list of the

diadema

speciesand

On and

1906

Andersen,

75-145.

On

the

1907

of the

pis. 3"

bats

Hist., (7) 17,

Diagnoses

of

Nat.

On

Ann.

Mag. and the

129-145.

descriptionsof

new

forms.

Ann.

Nat.

Mag.

Rhinoloplius,with

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Mag.

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Hist., (7) 16,

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Hist., (9) 2,

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new

4-

Wroughton,

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genus

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Knud,

subspecies of the

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PP-

Nat.

1918

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with

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its closest

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with

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289-292.

15, pp.

and

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281-288.

pp.

Rhinoloplius macrotis

Hist., (7)

descriptions of

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pp.

Rhinoloplius arcuatus

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Hist., (7) 15,

Hist., (7) 15,

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Nat.

Mag.

R.

the

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Rhinolophidse

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C.

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Mag.

Nat.

Hist., (7)

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du

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1875, a

1874,

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The

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The

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The

1923b

Shooting

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Big

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The

blue

I923e

The

I923f

Wild

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China

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boar

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China

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Mag.

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Pigs, deer and

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Mammalogy,

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on

China.

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Heude's

on

near

cat

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Sci. and China

Joum.

Sci. and

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73-

1924b

Deer

1924c

Ibex

Altai

Shooting

I924e

Giant

panda

2, pp.

270-271.

A

I924g

The

new

cat

musk

I924h

Reported

1924!

Whale

1925

Big

opposite

wild

and

from deer wild

caught game

region.

China

China

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west

dogs

on

China

sheep in south at

Amoy.

other

the

Joum.

Joum. in

China.

Arts, 2, p. 78. Arts, 2, p. 78, pi.

Sci. and

China

Sci. and

Sci. and China

China

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Joum.

Arts, 2, pp.

Arts,

352-353-

Arts, 2, p. 457.

Joum.

Sci. and

162-165.

Arts, 2, pp.

border.

Joum.

Joum.

Shansi.

China

hunting

Sci. and

Tibetan

China

China.

in China.

Sci. and

Joum. Joum.

China

fishing notes.

and

I924d

19241

valley].

[in Yangtze in the

Sci. and

Arts, 2, p. 461.

Arts, 2, p. 573,

Joum.

Sci.

2

and

pis. Arts,

3, pi.

MAMMALS

THE

6i 2

1925a

Shanghai

1925b

The

market.

game

1925c

Man-eating

I925d

Erroneous

19256

Serow

China

China

pangolin.

CHINA

OF

AND

Sci. and

Joum.

Arts, 3,

Joiim. Sci. and

tigers and

China

leopards.

Tibetan

the

on

Arts, 3, Sci. and

China

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2

Arts, 3,

p.

182.

Sci. and

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China

border.

117.

p.

151-153,

pp.

Joum.

report of seals in the Huangpu.

hunting

MONGOLIA

Joum.

572-573-

1925! I925g

To

wild

shoot

The

pangolin

Chinese

Arts, 3,

sheep in Shansi.

I925i

The

1925J

Shooting grounds

boar

and

Arts, 3,

p. 573.

China

Sci. and

Joum.

and

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Sci. and

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birds

game

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Joum.

China

China

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651-653, pi.

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Arts, 3,

Sci. and

Joum.

672-673, pi.

The

1926b

Extension

river

Yangtze

p.

A

finless Indian

19266

Wild

I926f

Goral

I926g

Thorold's

I926h

Pilot

of

Joum.

Sci. and

tufted

deer.

138-139,

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whales

the

The

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205,

pi.

China

China

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abele

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The

Chinese

The

mice

1929

By

1929a

The

Chinese

1929b

The

sika

1929c

The

long-eared hedgehog.

I929d

The

fretful

palm-civet

of China. of the

Famine,

China

pet.

China China

Joum.,

China

pis.

2

Arts, 5,

p. 200.

Arts, 5, pp.

204-

fig.

7, p. 46,

147.

China

Joum., Joum.,

21-28, 6 pis.

10, pp.

10, p.

Asia.

of eastern

porcupine.

248-249,

loi.

p.

Joum.,

Joum.,

China

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7, p. 261.

Joum.,

Min.

spotted deer

or

a

China

porcupine.

11, 11,

p.

pp.

Joum., 105,

11,

text

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3

pi. {Atherurus

i

249-252,

pp.

pis.

fig. ma-

Thomas).

stevensi

crourus

as

Sd.

Joum.

p. 93.

Joum.

Joum., 6,

1927c

Arts, 4,

155, fig.

p.

Sci. and

China

1927b

and

200.

p.

Sci. and

Joum.,

boars

China

Joum.

China China

China

whales

Sci.

Arts, 4,

Arts, 5,

trees.

Pilot

waters

Arts, 5,

of North

Sashu.

Arts, 4, Sci. and

Joum.

Joum.

mouth.

Wild

at

Sci. and

Sci. and

China.

1927a

97-98, pi.

pp.

Joum.

Shanghai.

at

Sci. and

Whangpoo

1927

Arts, 4, China

Whangpoo

Joum.

China

at

the

China

in China.

hunting

the

Sci. and

Joum.

pis.

2

in Shansi.

Chinkiang.

at

boar

from

porpoise

Arts, 4, pp.

Wolves

China Michie's

deer.

of range

138.

I926d

China

Shanghai.

from

pis.

2

1926a

and

accessible

hunting

Serow

48-49,

19296

China

in China.

musk-deer

pp.

I926i

Sci. and

Joum.

Zoological Gardens.

London

river deer.

Wild

1926c

China

p. 618.

I925h

1926

in the

afforestation

and

conservancy

China

Joum.,

China.

in

China

Joum.,

11,

pp.

303-

306, pi. 1930

The

Yunnan

1930a

The

wild

1930b

A

1932

The

serow.

pig's summer in

tigershot fauna

Chekiang.

of the

1932a

The

pandas

1932b

The

bats

1933

The

tigerin

1933a

The

Shansi

pp.

166-168.

or

Shanghai

cat-bears.

of China. China.

13, p. 43.

China

coat.

China

Joum., China

area.

China

China China

tiger, grey-lag

Joum.,

12,

12,

17, pp.

16, pp.

2

pis.

299-305.

18, pp.

94-101,

shooting

275-287, figs.

296-299, 4 pis.

17, pp.

and

45-46,

pp.

p. 225.

Joum.,

Joum.,

Joum.,

geese

Joum.,

in

pi. Shansi.

China

Joum.,

18,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1933b

Wolves

1933c

Horns

in of

China

Chinldang. a

Joum.,

1933d

Plague of

1933^

The

rodents

1936

The

dugong

1936a

Big

game

Arthur

SowERBY, See

Albert

Steward,

trip

C.

in Chinese

Anhwei].

of the

China

Joum., China

of China. China

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of Yin,

Waste

the

China.

Honan,

pi.

Joum.,

Chinese-Tibetan

19, pp.

Joum., 25,

93-94.

19,

189-207, figs.

pp.

41-42.

pp.

China

borderland.

Joum.,

25,

pp.

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Robert

Clark,

Sterling, and

Sowerby,

Sterling

Arthur

de

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Shan

Hwang

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China

Sci. and

Joum.

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E. On

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i

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pp.

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N.

A

1925

Journ., 18,

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lagomorphs

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de

and

[at Wuhu, and

II

Robert

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animals

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613

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of the

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Sundevall,

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At

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the fauna

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Zoological notes

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MONGOLIA

figs.

China

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On

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1

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new

CHINA

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animals

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On

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Nat., Genova, island

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Leonardo

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10,

Fea

11.

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Tenasserim.

and

pis. 10,

sp.

Ann.

n.).

145-146. Ann.

rodents.

Hist., (6) 13,

Nat.

Mag.

species of Vespertiliofrom

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China.

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Mag.

Nat.

Hist.,

300-301. collected

mammals

Proc.

Storia

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On

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1898

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1902a

London,

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a

Civ.

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Soc.

mammals

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1894

1902

Ann.

fig-

119.

1891b

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Hist., (6) 7,

Description

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769-775. Ann.

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Hist., (7)

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Second

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Note

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The

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On

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A

Hist., (8) 3,

Three

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New

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Three

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of

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"

China.

On

mals mam-

Proc.

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Douglas

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Mag.

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genus

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mammals

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Hist., (8) 5,

Nat.

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Kan-su.

Zool.

Proc.

Hist., (8) 7, Mag.

Ann.

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Sze-chwan

China.

Nat.

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Hist., (8) 5,

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eastern

from

rodents

The

The

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rodents

new

mammals

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and

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vole

Hist., (8) 8,

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Chinese

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1

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Hist., (8)

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191

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eastern

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and

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Two

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New

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Hist., (8)

1912a

mammals

On

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insectivores

On Ann.

1912c

I9i2d

I9i2e

9, pp.

On

a

collection

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1915

10,

from

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Asiatic

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Hist.,

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On

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central Ann.

China,

Mag.

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eastern

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On

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Proc.

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Tupaia belangeri-chinensis group.

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bats

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Further

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The

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The

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Hist., (8)

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central

and

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Mag.

Hist., (8) 8,

93-95.

9, pp.

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Hist., (8) 8, pp. 378-380. Asia, mostly collected by Mr.

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Hist., (8)

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bamboo-rats

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Mag.

Hist., (8)

Hist., (8) 16,

Nat.

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I9i5d 1916

A

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pp.

On

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The On Ann.

1917a

Two pp.

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names

Old-World

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races

Dremomys

the small

hamsters Nat.

Mag.

rats

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have

Hist., (8) 19, pp.

of the

Ratlus

Ann. been

Mag.

Hist., (8) 17,

Nat.

Mag. referred

Hist.,

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Hist., (8)

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campbelli.

452-457.

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Mag.

Hist., (8)

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198-200.

1918a

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new

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generic division

The

Two

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monkeys.

The

1920

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Mag.

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1918

1919

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Burma.

Upper

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17, pp.

1917

Blarinella

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No.

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Tadarida

Nat.

of the

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survey.

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Nat.

Mag.

and

Hist., (9) i,

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the groups

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Hist.

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Ann.

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Some

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the

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Mag.

from

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Hist., (9) 8,

Joum.

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Burma.

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Yunnan

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Hist., (9)

mammals

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to

Nat.

Mag.

1923a

China.

499-505.

ferret-badgers.

on

mammals

On

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forms

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presented

1923

of western

the mammal

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some

On

from

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mammals

Hist.

Scientific

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Mag.

Nat. Ann.

alborujus.

a

collection

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Hist., (9) 12, pp.

Nat.

Mag.

tained ob-

655-663.

171-172.

pika

1924

A

1924a

Scientific

new

from

Two

Nat.

1823

TlCHOMIROV,

1858

895

1906

field-mouse

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888-889 (May

quinquestriatus.

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Mag.

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des

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les variations

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Sur

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a

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On

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Descriptions of four undescribed

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Kenntnis

naheren

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A.

Robert

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Fauna

2

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Hist.

No.

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on

Hist., (9) 13, pp.

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a

Ann.

the mammal

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17. PP-

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subspecies of Callosciurns

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the from

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de pelage du

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sinensis,

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No.

Putorius

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d'Hist.

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a

new

{Equns

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du

sud

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Nat., Paris, 12, pp.

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Vesperugo [Nociula (sic)]plancyi,

sp"ifique du

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359-360. family Erinaceidae.

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Mag.

MAMMALS

THE

6i8

Description des

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ou

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Arch.

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La

Nature,

du

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Nouv.

Cercopith"ides.

MONGOLIA

AND

nouveaux

d'Histoire

National

Museum

du

CHINA

OF

de la collection

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des

Primates,

Paris, (5) 4, pt.

Nat.

famille

2, pp.

des

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pis. 1-5. Le

1922

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k fourrure

panda

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Cavalerie.

Frederick

True,

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le P^re

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S. Nat.

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pangolin (Manis aurita). Joum.

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On

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and

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Hist.

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structure

Notes

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pour

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de

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Contributions

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Large 8vo, Shanghai, Wall,

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valued

tributors). con-

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Habitat

Soc,

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Hist.

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Arch,

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[Description

1914

Ueber

Alces

f. Naturgesch., 1922

Ungulata."

i.

Sminthusart

neue

St.

Prjevalsky's 5

ZUKOWSKY,

i

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disease.

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Wild

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und

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i

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