The Impact of Project Management

 

 Jhtnrhotj`hoi  Jhtnrhotj`h oi F`urho F`urhoii `b Jhh`vo Jhh`votj`h, tj`h, Doho Dohogndnht gndnht ohk [nmeh`i` [nmeh`i`gy, gy, R`i. :, H`. ?, B Bncruory ncruory 3 31?5 1?5

[en Jdpomt `b Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht Jdpind Jdpindnhtotj`h nhtotj`h `h ten ]ummnssbui M`dpintj`h `b Qr`fnmts jh M`hstrumtj`h  M`hstrumtj`h  Ossnd Oi-Eoff ohk Dorj` D. Vrouhjg

 

ovojiocin, ten m`dpinx qunstj`h oc`ut ten m`htrjcutj`h `b  pr`fnmt dohogndnht t`work pr`fnmt summnss rndojhs

 Ocstrom  Ocst romt  t   ‛ Oite`uge Oite`uge pr`fnmt summnss js ten d`st kjsmussnk t`pjm `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht, ijttin js lh`wh oc`ut ten jhbiunhmn `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss `h ten summnss `b pr`fnmts. Knspjtn ten vost orroy `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht ijtnroturn ohk trojhjhgs ovojiocin, pr`fnmt dohogndnht dnte`k`i`gjns boji t` knijvnr m`hsjstnht pr`fnmt summnss. Omm`rkjhgiy, tenrn js o hnnk t` knm`kn ten r`in `b summnssbuiiy oppijnk pr`fnmt dohogndnht dnte`k`i`gjns `h pr`fnmt summnss. [ejs popnr nxodjhns ten murrnht stotus `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht dnte`k`i`gjns ohk tenjr jhbiunhmn `h ten nindnhts `b pr`fnmt summnss. Oite`uge pr`fnmts orn dohognk sjhmn ohmjnht tjdns, o te`r`uge ijtnroturn rnvjnw rnvnois teot ten ten`rntjmoi m`rhnrst`hns `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht dnte`k`i`gjns orn h`t ynt ogrnnk up`h. Qr`fnmt summnss knpnhks `h pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss ohk ten summnss `b ten nhk-pr`kumt. [ejs rnprnsnhts ten djmr` ohk domr` pnrspnmtjvn `b pr`fnmt summnss, ten c`uhkory `b wejme jhspjrns p`iorjznk rnomtj`hs. Qr`fnmt summnss js jhbiunhmnk cy dohy kjbbnrnht bomt`rs, `utsjkn ten m`htr`i `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht. [ejs rnsnorme ohoiysns ten koto `b pr`fnmt promtjtj`hnrs, smottnrnk `vnr tnh hotj`hs. [en m`iinmtnk koto suggnsts teot ten dof`rjty `b summnssbui pr`fnmts jdpindnht, cut k` h`t buiiy utjijzn m`htndp`rory pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns t` tenjr mopocjijtjns. [en jhbiunhmn `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns `h pr`fnmt summnss knpnhks `h ten promtjtj`hnrs‚ trojhjhg, ten tjdjhg ohk invni `b jdpindnhtotj`h omejnvnk, wenrnos ten eudoh bomt`r pioys oh nssnhtjoi port b`r omejnvjhg pr`fnmt summnss. [ejs rnsnorme m`hmiukns teot pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss rnprnsnhts `hn `b tw` nssnhtjoi jhgrnkjnhts b`r omejnvjhg pr`fnmt summnss, tenrnb`rn, p`sjtjvniy jhbiunhmjhg pr`fnmt summnss.

uhohswnrnk. [` s`dn nxtnht, ten m`rhnr st`hns `b pr`fnmt summnss omejnvn gnhnroi ogrnndnht, wenrnos `tenrs eovn dossjvn kjsogrnndnhts \;T. Oppornhtiy, sme`iors, rnsnormenrs ohk promtjtj`hnrs boji t` ogrnn `h ten jhbiunhmn `b  pr`fnmt dohogndnht `h pr`fnmt summnss oohk hk o i`t `b gr`uhk js ynt t` cn nxpi`rnk.

JJ.  WEO[ J] O QS@FNM[0 [en C] J]@ ?11126?::7 knbjhns o pr`fnmt os6 ’o uhjqun  pr`mnss m`hsjstjhg `b o snt `b m``rkjhotnk ohk m`htr`iink omtjvjtjns wjte stort ohk bjhjse kotns, uhknrtolnh t` omejnvn oh `cfnmtjvn m`hb`rdjhg t` spnmjbjm rnqujrndnhts, jhmiukjhg m`hstrojhts `b tjdn, m`st m`st ohk rns`urmns— \>T. Qr`fnmts eovn spnmjbjm meoromtnrjstjms ohk ruins jh m`dporjs`h t` `pnrotj`hoi w`rl \2T. M`htndp`rory ijtnroturn `utijhns sume bjhkjhgs ohk `bbnrs odpin knbjhjtj`hs, ejgeijgetjhg ten uhjqunhnss `b nvnry pr`fnmt. Qr`fnmts orn tndp`rory `rgohjsotj`hs, nstocijsenk t` omejnvn knsjrnk g`ois ohk `cfnmtjvns \7T, rnsuitjhg jh pr`fnmt tnods cnjhg ois` tndp`rory, rnkuhkoht `r rnossjghnk obtnr ten m`dpintj`h `b ten pr`fnmt. O dof`r krowcoml jh tndp`rory `rgohjsotj`hs js teot pr`fnmt tnods lh`w teot tenjr m`htrjcutj`h js `hiy rnqujrnk b`r o ijdjtnk pnrj`k `b tjdn. ]enheor (311?) \5T  piomns ndpeosjs `h ten m`dd`h djsm`hmnptj`h teot pr`fnmts orn oijln ohk orguns teot `hn `b ten rnos`hs wey pr`fnmts boji js teot pr`fnmt dohognrs orn usjhg ten sodn t``is ohk tnmehjquns b`r oii pr`fnmts sjdjioriy. Qr`fnmts orn uhjqun ohk kndohk kjstjhmtjvn fukgdnht. [enrnb`rn, jt oppnors kjbbjmuit t` jdpindnht o stotjm dohogndnht dnte`k`i`gy mopocin `b summnssbuiiy dohogjhg pr`fnmts `h o m`hsjstnht invni os ten

 ‛ Qr`fnmt Qr`fnmt dohogndnht, pr`fnmt summnss, t``is J hkn hknx [nrds ‛  ohk tnmehjquns, summnss bomt`rs ohk mrjtnrjo.

J.  J H[S@K^M[J@  H[S@K^M[J@H H 

’uhjqun uhjqun"", ’ portjmuior ojd— ojd—   ohk ten jhkjvjkuoi pr`fnmt ’`cfnmtjvns— `cfnmtjvns— p`jht  p`jht t`works ojdjhg ot o d`vjhg torgnt.

Qr`fnmts eovn cnnh rnoijsnk sjhmn ohmjnht tjdns \?T, wejme inoks t` ten ossudptj`h teot jts ten`rjns eovn doturnk jht` s`ijk promtjmns. L`slnio ohk E`wnii (3113) \3T orgunk teot os `b ynt, tenrn js h` dnosurocin voiun okknk cy jdpindnhtjhg cnst promtjmns `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht cosnk `h ten h`tj`h teot m`htndp`rory m`hmnpt `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht iomls ten`rntjmoi b`uhkotj`h ohk js cosnk `h o horr`w ohk jdpijmjt ten`ry teot rnqujrns burtenr knvni`pdnht ohk nhrjmednht. [rokjtj`hoi pr`fnmt dohogndnht, e`wnvnr, mousns snib-jhbijmtnk pr`cinds jdpomtjhg pr`fnmt  pnrb`rdohmn hngotjvniy `r w`rsn, mousjhg pr`fnmts t` boji \3T. Snmnht stukjns p`jht t`works ten ioml `b minor knbjhjtj`hs `b  pr`fnmt dohogndnht ohk pr`fnmt pr`fnmt summnss \=T. Knspjtn ten vost orroy `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht ijtnroturn

JJJ.  DOHOGNDNH[ @B QS@FNM[]  Qr`fnmt dohogndnht promtjmns ottndpt m`dpintj`h `b ten  pr`fnmt os jhtnhknk< gnttjhg jt k`hn d`st nbbjmjnhtiy cy djhjdjzjhg m`st ohk omejnvjhg nxtnrhoi g`ois rniotnk t` must`dnr hnnks \3T. G`ois oppnor strojgetb`rwork ohk omejnvocin, e`wnvnr, pr`fnmts m`htjhun t` ruh iotn, nxmnnk tenjr cukgnts `r boji t` dnnt pr`fnmt `cfnmtjvns \:T. D`knrh  pr`fnmt dohogndnht wos jhtr`kumnk kurjhg ten Doheottoh  pr`fnmt jh ten noriy >1‐s \?1T, cut mnrtojhiy, pr`fnmts eovn  cnnh rnoijsnk cnb`rn teot tjdn. Jt js ommnptnk teot Enhry Gohtt knvni`pnk ten h`wokoys m`dd`hiy usnk cor meort jh ?:?2 \??T. Burtenr rnvjnw jht` ten ijtnroturn rnvnoink teot ten ]wjss Nhgjhnnr Enrdohh ]meunrme usnk o sjdjior t``i jh ?:?3, knvni`pjhg ohk summnssbuiiy utjijzjhg ten cor meort os o smenkuijhg t``i `h o crjkgn pr`fnmt inokjhg t` ten

Dohusmrjpt rnmnjvnk @mt`cnr ?;, 31?7< rnvjsnk Knmndcnr ?5, 31?7. Ossnd Oi-Eoff js wjte ten Oppijnk ]mjnhmn ^hjvnrsjty, ^L (n-doji6 ossnd.oi-eoffAosu.nku.ce). Dorj` D. Vrouhjg js wjte ten Enrj`t-Wott ^hjvnrsjty Kucoj Modpus, ^L (n-doji6 dorj`zrouhjgAgd dorj`zrouhjgAgdx.ot). x.ot).

k`j6 ?1.?5?75/jfjdt.31?5.:.?.75?

3?

 

 Jhtnrhotj`hoi  Jhtnrhotj`h oi F`urho F`urhoii `b Jhh`vo Jhh`votj`h, tj`h, Doho Dohogndnht gndnht ohk [nmeh`i` [nmeh`i`gy, gy, R`i. :, H`. ?, B Bncruory ncruory 3 31?5 1?5

m`hmnhtrotns `h i`hg-rohgn must`dnr sotjsbomtj`h \33T. ]ume o m`hmnpt js oh ohoi`gun t` Kn Wjt‐s (?:55) \3;T kjstjhmtj`h  cntwnnh pr`fnmt summnss ohk pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss. Kn Wjt (?:55) ejgeijgets teot pr`fnmt summnss js dnosurnk ogojhst ten `vnroii pr`fnmt `cfnmtjvns b`ii`wjhg pr`fnmt m`dpintj`h.

m`hmiusj`h teot ten jhmnptj`h `b d`knrh pr`fnmt dohogndnht wos nstocijsenk oppr`xjdotniy ;1 ynors norijnr teoh cr`okiy  pnrmnjvnk. Qr`fnmt dohogndnht js o hnwiy knvni`pnk m`hmnpt ohk teus, jts ijtnroturn js rniotjvniy y`uhg iomljhg jh m`hmnpts ohk ten`rntjmoi cosjs \?3T. Jt moh cn e`wnvnr orgunk teot pr`fnmt dohogndnht dnte`k`i`gjns kotn coml os bor os 3>>1 CMN ohk teot ten Qyrodjks wnrn knijvnrnk cy b`ii`wjhg oh oppr`ome bnoturjhg o pr`fnmt meortnr ohk o  cusjhnss fustjbjmotj`h, jhm`rp`rotnk jht` o ijbn mymin oppr`ome \?T. Qr`fnmts orn cnttnr knsjghnk t` rnsp`hk t` nxpnmtnk uhmnrtojhtjns \?=T, wenrnos pr`fnmt tosls kndohk pr`pnr  piohhjhg ohk doy cn d`rn meoiinhgjhg t` pr`fnmt tnods, wenh m`dpornk t` r`utjhn w`rl. Jh okkjtj`h, ten  QDC@L® Gujkn (3111) p`jhts `ut teot jts pr`fnmt dohogndnht dyte`i`gy js `hiy ’…oppijmocin ’…oppijmocin t` d`st pr`fnmts d`st `b ten tjdn—. tjdn—. [ejs inoks t` ten qunstj`hs ’weot— seoii cn usnk ’wenh0— D`st surprjsjhgiy, tensn qunstj`hs rndojh uhohswnrnk \?;T. Qr`fnmt dohogndnht dnte`k`i`gjns orn h`t knsjghnk t`  cn gnhnrjm cut oppijmocin t` oii pr`fnmts ot ohy gjvnh tjdn, os teny hnnk t` cn okoptnk t` jhkjvjkuoi pr`fnmt `cfnmtjvns, jh `rknr t` omejnvn m`hsjstnht pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss. [enrnb`rn, jt oppnors teot njtenr QD dnte`k`i`gjns orn wr`hgiy oppijnk `r pr`fnmt dohogndnht k`ns h`t kjrnmtiy jhbiunhmn ten summnss `b pr`fnmts.

[OCIN J6 IJ[NSO[^SN ]^DDOSZ @B QS@FNM[ ]^MMN]] MSJ[NSJO.  QOS[JOIIZ  (OKOQ[NK @B WN][E^JVNH, K. OHK BJ[VGNSOIK N., 311>)  \?>T

QS@FNM[ ]^MMN]] MSJ[NSJO

   5    :    :    2    ?    :   n    :   g    ?    k    j   r    e   m    t   n   `   o   `    C    W

_uoijty `b Qr`fnmt dohogndnht  pr`mnss

   :    :    :    ?    j   h    j   r   o   m   m   o    C

   3    1    1    3   r   n   h   z   r   n    L

U

U

   3    1    1    3    t    t   n   s   d   `    e    [

   =    1    1    3   o    l   w   n    e   m   r   o    D U

Wjtejh tjdn

U

U

U

U

U

U

Wjtejh cukgnt

U

U

U

U

U

U

]pnmjbjnk quoijty

U

U

U

U

U

U

]pnmjbjnk snrvjmn quoijty

U

U

U

Qr`fnmt stolne`iknr sotjsbomtj`h

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

U

^snr sotjsbomtj`h  Hnt cnhnbjts

U

 Hnvnrteninss, pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss js dnosurnk kurjhg ten pr`fnmt ijbn mymin vjo ten miossjm pnrb`rdohmn dnosurns \3;T. Dji`snvjm ohk ]rjvohhoc``h (3112) \3>T b`mus `h ten ijhl cntwnnh pr`fnmt dohogndnht ohk ten  pr`fnmts bjhoi pr`kumt os ten hnw kjdnhsj`h b`r omejnvjhg  pr`fnmt summnss, wenrnos pr`fnmt summnss js h`t omejnvnk cy m`dpintjhg ten pr`fnmt wjtejh jts m`hstrojhts, cut `hiy obtnr omejnvjhg nhk-usnr sotjsbomtj`h \3>T, \32T. Nvnh s`, tejs oppr`ome doy jhtnhk t` knijvnr jhkjvjkuoi cusjhnss `utm`dns, rotenr teoh dohogjhg pr`fnmt omtjvjtjns summnssbuiiy b`r omejnvjhg summnssbui pr`fnmt m`dpintj`h \32T. D`rn`vnr, `tenr rnsnormenrs ejgeijget teot dnosurjhg summnss seoii cn k`hn br`d ten pnrspnmtjvns `b ten jhkjvjkuoi `whnr, knvni`pnr, m`htromt`r, nhk-usnr os wnii os ten gnhnroi  pucijm \33T, \3 3T, \37T. [eus, jt js cr`okiy ommnptnk teot kjbbnrnht  pr`fnmts doy eovn jhkjvjkuoi summnss bomt`rs \35T. Iju (?:::) (? :::) \3:T ejgeijgets teot nvnry pr`fnmt doy nvnh eovn jts uhjqun snt `b summnss dnosurns. Oppornhtiy, tejs m`dpijmotns knrjvjhg oh ogrnnk knbjhjtj`h `b pr`fnmt summnss. Jhtnrnstjhgiy, stolne`iknr sotjsbomtj`h js m`dd`hiy ogrnnk t` cn o voiuocin okkjtj`h t` ten jr`h trjohgin wenrnos o summnssbui pr`fnmt seoii ois` sotjsby jts stolne`iknrs \3?T. Lod ohk Dùiinr (311>) \3=T orgun teot jb ten nhk pr`kumt `b ten pr`fnmt k`ns h`t pnrb`rd t` must`dnr sotjsbomtj`h, oite`uge ten pr`fnmt js knijvnrnk wjtejh ten tjdn, m`st ohk quoijty m`hstrojhts, ten pr`fnmt oppnors summnssbui br`d ten  pr`fnmt dohogndnht pnrspnmtjvn, cut ten pr`kumt m`uik rnsuit jh o bojiurn. [eny burtenr ejgeijget tejs m`htrokjmtj`h wjte tenjr stotndnht ’[en `pnrotj`h wos o summnss, cut ten  potjnht kjnk—. kjnk—. [enrnb`rn, jh sjdpijstjm tnrds, pr`fnmt summnss m`dprjsns `b tw` dojh jhgrnkjnhts, pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss os wnii os pr`kumt summnss \3?T-\3=T.

JR.  QS@FNM[ ]^MMN]]  [en uitjdotn purp`sn `b jdpindnhtjhg pr`fnmt dohogndnht promtjmns js t` omejnvn m`hsjstnhmy jh pr`fnmt summnss. Znt, tenrn js h` ogrnnk knbjhjtj`h `b pr`fnmt summnss, wejme `hiy burtenr m`dpijmotns ten omejnvndnht `b sume. [ocin J se`ws o suddory `b ijtnroturn `h ten mrjtnrjo `b summnss b`r dohogndnht `b pr`fnmts. [en nxpnrjnhmn `b ten pr`fnmt dohognr kjrnmtiy jhbiunhmns ten summnss `b pr`fnmts \?2T, \?7T. Duhhs ohk Cfnjrdj (?::2) \?5T ejgeijget teot pr`fnmt dohogndnht eos jts r`in jh omejnvjhg pr`fnmt summnss, cut snvnroi `tenr bomt`rs cny`hk ten m`htr`i `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht, ois` obbnmt pr`fnmt summnss. Qntnrs ohk E`rhnr (?::7) \?:T orgun teot pr`fnmt dohogndnht k`ns h`t p`ssnss ten p`wnr t` m`htr`i tjdn, m`st `r quoijty. [ensn dnosurns orn trops, purniy t` cn snnh os njtenr snib-mrnotnk `r jdp`snk, cut rorniy `cfnmtjvn yorkstjmls. ]`dn pr`fnmts djss oii ternn porodntnrs ohk orn stjii eugniy summnssbui. Ois` Kvjr nt oi. (3112) oi. (3112) \31T ejgeijget teot trokjtj`hoi pr`fnmt summnss dnosurns orn jhm`dpintn ohk doy cn djsinokjhg. Oite`uge oii ternn m`hstrojhts orn dnt os  piohhnk, o pr`fnmt doy h`t dnnt ten sp`hs`r rnqujrndnhts \31T. ]ume bjhkjhgs inok Commorjhj (?:::) \3?T t` m`hmiukn teot `hiy ten m`dcjhotj`h `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss wjte pr`kumt summnss wjii mrnotn pr`fnmt summnss, wenrnos Ijd ohk D`eodnk (?:::) \33T suggnst teot o pr`fnmt js `hiy summnssbui, wenh omejnvjhg jts `cfnmtjvns. [ypjmoiiy, pr`fnmt summnss js pnrmnjvnk os o sjhgin dnosurn, njtenr ten pr`fnmt wos o summnss `r jt bojink \3=T. Ijd ohk D`eodnk (?:::) \33T jhtr`kumnk ten djmr` ohk domr` pnrspnmtjvn teot i``ls ot pr`fnmt summnss br`d o kjbbnrnht pnrspnmtjvn. [en djmr` vjnw b`musns ohk ossnssns pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss ot  pr`fnmt m`dpintj`h, wenrnos ten domr` pnrspnmtjvn jhm`rp`rotns ten `pnrotj`hoi ospnmt `b pr`fnmts ohk 33

 

 Jhtnrhotj`hoi  Jhtnrhotj`h oi F`urho F`urhoii `b Jhh`vo Jhh`votj`h, tj`h, Doho Dohogndnht gndnht ohk [nmeh`i` [nmeh`i`gy, gy, R`i. :, H`. ?, B Bncruory ncruory 3 31?5 1?5

R.  S NRJNW NRJNW @B M@H[NDQ@SOSZ QS@FNM[ DOHOGNDNH[ [@@I] OHK [NMEHJ_^N] 

t` pr`fnmt bojiurn. Omm`rkjhg t` Gi`cnrs`h ohk Vwjloni (3113) \;1T, ten  pr`fnmt dohognr js buiiy omm`uhtocin b`r ten summnss `b ten  pr`fnmt. [en pr`fnmt dohognr js uitjdotniy rnsp`hsjcin b`r knvni`pjhg ten pr`fnmt nxnmutj`h strotngy, wejme seoii oijgh wjte ten pornht `rgohjsotj`hs prjdory strotngy \;1T, ejgeijgetjhg ten jdp`rtohmn `b pr`pnriy trojhnk pr`fnmt dohognrs. Nvnhtuoiiy, [urhnr ohk Dùiinr (311=) \?=T m`hmiukn teot ten tjtin ’Qr`fnmt Dohognr— seoii cn rnstrjmtnk t` jhkjvjkuois, p`ssnssjhg pr`bnssj`hoi mnrtjbjmotns b`r mrnotjhg d`rn m`hbjknhmn ohk trust t` prjhmjpois `r sp`hs`rs, kurjhg ten pr`mnss `b sninmtjhg m`dpntnht pr`fnmt dohognrs \?=T, \;?T. Burtenr stukjns suggnst teot m`dpntnhmn js nssnhtjoi t` omejnvn pr`fnmt summnss, cut k`ns h`t guorohtnn  pr`fnmt summnss \?=T, \;3T. ]ume stukjns portjoiiy oijgh wjte ten djmr` ohk domr` pnrspnmtjvn b`r pr`fnmt summnss `b Ijd ohk D`eodnk (?:::) \33T jh teot pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss k`ns h`t hnmnssorjiy trohsiotn jht` pr`fnmt summnss.  Hnvnrteninss, ten m`dpntnhmn `b ten pr`fnmt dohognr dohognr pioys o vjtoi r`in jh me``sjhg ten rjget t``is ohk tnmehjquns t` knijvnr ten hnmnssory pr`fnmt ijbn mymin knijvnrocins. Omm`rkjhg t` Kvjr nt oi.  oi.  (311;) \;=T ’Qiohs orn h`tejhg, meohgjhg piohs js nvnrytejhg—. nvnrytejhg—. Mnrtojhiy, jt js uhijlniy t`  pioh nvnry omtjvjty nxomtiy jh ten nxomt woy jt seoii cn omm`dpijse. Qr`fnmt dohogndnht promtjmns hnnk t` m`pn wjte ten nvnr-meohgjhg jhtnrhoi ohk nxtnrhoi bomt`rs,

[enrn orn h` ogrnnk knbjhjtj`hs b`r ten summnss `b pr`fnmts ohk pr`fnmt dohogndnht \=T ohk cosnk `h Kvjr nt oi.‐s oi.‐s `csnrvotj`h, tenrn orn h` uhjvnrsoi pr`fnmt summnss bomt`rs t` oii pr`fnmts ohk kjbbnrnht pr`fnmts eovn kjbbnrnht pr`fnmt summnss bomt`rs \35T, rnsuitjhg jh teot m`htndp`rory rnsnorme iomls jh subbjmjnht eork nvjknhmn, b`r fustjbyjhg ten p`sjtjvn jhbiunhmn `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht `h pr`fnmt summnss \?;T.  Hnvnrteninss, jh pr`fnmt dohogndnht tenrn js ndpeosjs `h ten summnssbui t``is summnss. ohk tnmehjquns ogojhst  pr`fnmt omtjvjtjnsoppijmotj`h t` omejnvn`b pr`fnmt Kun t` ten rjme vorjnty `b kjbbnrnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns, wejme orn oppijmocin t` kjbbnrnht pr`fnmt ijbn mymin peosns, jt snnds `b utd`st jdp`rtohmn t` oppiy ten rjget t``i ohk tnmehjqun ot ten rjget tjdn. Vnjt`uh (?::5) \=1T suggnsts teot ten jhbiunhmn `b ten t``is ohk tnmehjquns knpnhks `h ten  promtjtj`hnrs trojhjhg os wnii os ten jdpindnhtotj`h pr`mnss. Enhmn, snvnroi summnss bomt`rs rniotn t` eudoh jhbiunhmnk bomt`rs, ten s`-moiink s`bt pr`fnmt dohogndnht \=?T ohk k` h`t rniotn kjrnmtiy t` t``is ohk tnmehjqun `b ten eork pr`fnmt dohogndnht. @tenr rnsnormenrs hodniy Hguynh nt oi. 311; oi. 311; \=3T< ]m`tt-Z`uhg ohk ]ods`h 311; \==T< Li`ppnhc`rg ohk @pbnr (3113) \=?T portjoiiy m`hbjrd tensn bjhkjhgs. Cosnk `h o stuky `b [eodeojh (?:::) \=;T, `hiy >1% `b pr`fnmt dohognrs orn bodjijor wjte pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns, wenrnos `hiy 35% jdpindnht tend nbbnmtjvniy. Jh o stuky Oi-Eoff & ]oynrs (31?;) \=>T m`hmiuknk sjdjioriy teot or`uhk ;3% `b ^ON promtjtj`hnrs k` h`t utjijzn ten WC] (W`rl Crnolk`wh ]trumturn) jh tenjr pr`fnmts ohk or`uhk ;5% k` h`t bnoturn oh @C] (@rgohjsotj`h Crnolk`wh ]trumturn). Hnvnrteninss, ten jhvnstjgotnk  pr`fnmts omejnvn o summnss rotn (tjdn, m`st ohk quoijty) `b or`uhk 22%. ]ume bjhkjhgs orn surprjsjhg bjhkjhgs ohk `hn doy m`hmiukn teot pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns orn h`t kjrnmtiy jhbiunhmjhg pr`fnmt summnss. @h ten `tenr eohk, snvnroi stukjns m`hmiukn \=2T-\=:T teot  pr`pnriy ohk tjdniy oppijnk pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns doy inok t` pr`fnmt summnss. Jt jhv`ivns o snhsjtjvn knmjsj`h-doljhg pr`mnss t` me``sn ten rjget t``is `r tnmehjqun b`r ten spnmjbjm pr`fnmt ijbn mymin peosn, jh

jhbiunhmjhg pr`fnmt summnss. [eus, jt js jdp`rtoht t` opprnmjotn ten m`dpntnhmn `b ten pr`fnmt dohognr. [urhnr ohk Dùiinr (311=) \?=T m`hbjrd tejs p`jht, wejme inoks t` ten m`hmiusj`h teot pr`pnr pr`fnmt dohogndnht trojhjhg js o  prnknmnss`r t` ten t`p-rohlnk pr`fnmt summnss bomt`rs.

`rknr t` usnk pr`kumn tendohogndnht kndohknk t``is knijvnrocins. D`rn`vnr, wr`hgiy pr`fnmt ohk tnmehjquns doy trjggnr ten m`htrory \?1T, \=7T, \=5T, wejme m`uik nvnh inok

 cosjm pr`fnmt dohogndnht dohy rnsnormenrs \=2T-\=:T ejgeijget teot promtjmns. m`rrnmtiy[eus, oppijnk t``is ohk tnmehjquns doy p`sjtjvniy m`htrjcutn t` pr`fnmt summnss.

RJ. IJHL CN[WNNH QS@FNM[ DOHOGNDNH[ OHK QS@FNM[ ]^MMN]] Qr`fnmt dohogndnht promtjmns, jh m`dcjhotj`h wjte snvnroi `tenr bomt`rs, jhbiunhmn pr`fnmt summnss ohk h`t oii  pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns orn kjrnmtiy oss`mjotnk wjte pr`fnmt summnss. Hnvnrteninss, nvnh o te`r`uge ijtnroturn rnvjnw m`uik h`t jknhtjby ohy summnssbuiiy m`dpintnk pr`fnmt, wjte`ut eovjhg utjijznk

NRJNW [OCIN JJ6 QS@FNM[ ]^MMN]] BOM[@S] @B IJ[NSO[^SN S NRJNW ]`urmn6 m`dpjink br`d Oseiny nt oi. ?:57 oi. ?:57 \;7T< Hguynh nt oi. 311; oi. 311; \=3T< S`eohjyotj 311: \>?T< [``r nt oi. 3115 oi. 3115 \>3T. Sohl   Oseiny nt oi.  oi. (?:57) Hguynh nt oi.  oi. (311;) S`eohjyotj (311:) [``r nt oi. (3115) oi. (3115)

? 

@rgohjsotj`hoi piohhjhg nbb`rt

M`dpntnht pr`fnmt dohognr

Qr`fnmt dohognr's mopocjijtjns ohk nxpnrjnhmn

Nbbnmtjvn pr`fnmt piohhjhg ohk m`htr`i

3 

Qr`fnmt dohognr g`oi m`ddjtdnht

Eovjhg oknquotn buhkjhg uhtji  pr`fnmt m`dpintj`h

Miorjty `b pr`fnmt sm`pn ohk w`rl knbjhjtj`h

]ubbjmjnht rns`urmns

= 

[nod d`tjvotj`h ohk g`oi `rjnhtotj`h

Duitjkjsmjpijhory/m`dpntnht  pr`fnmt tnod

@rgohjsotj`hoi Qiohhjhg

Minor ohk kntojink wrjttnh m`htromt

; 

]m`pn ohk w`rl knbjhjtj`h

[en m`ddjtdnht t` pr`fnmt

[en usn `b o m`htr`i systnds

Minoriy knbjhnk g`ois ohk  prj`rjtjns `b oii stolne`iknrs stolne`iknrs

> 

Qr`fnmt dohognr mopocjijty ohk nxpnrjnhmn

Ovojiocjijty `b rns`urmns

Qr`fnmt dohognr's g`oi m`ddjtdnht

M`dpntnht pr`fnmt dohognr

2 

M`htr`i systnd

[`p dohogndnht supp`rt

Qr`fnmt tnod d`tjvotj`h ohk g`oi `rjnhtotj`h

Oknquotn m`dduhjmotj`h od`hg rniotnk portjns

7 

]obnty

Oworkjhg cjks t` ten rjget knsjghnr/m`htromt`r

]obnty prnmoutj`h ohk oppijnk  pr`mnkurns

M`dpntnht tnod dndcnrs

3=

 

 Jhtnrhotj`hoi  Jhtnrhotj`h oi F`urho F`urhoii `b Jhh`vo Jhh`votj`h, tj`h, Doho Dohogndnht gndnht ohk [nmeh`i` [nmeh`i`gy, gy, R`i. :, H`. ?, B Bncruory ncruory 3 31?5 1?5

RJJJ.  O HOIZ]J] @B S N]^I[] N]^I[] ‛ QS@FNM[ ]^MMN]] 

[en m`htndp`rory ijtnroturn rnbnrs t` pr`fnmt dohogndnht  promtjmns, os ten m`dcjhotj`h `b m`hmnpts, pr`mnssns, t``is ohk tnmehjquns. Cnshnr ohk E`ccs (311;) ejgeijget ten kjbbnrnhmn `b oppiyjhg t``is ohk tnmehjquns, ohk usjhg gnhnrjm m`hmnpts ohk pr`mnkurns wjte ten dntope`r ’Oh nxpnrjnhmnk m``l moh gjvn kntojis oc`ut ejs rnmjpn, cut jt js rnoiiy i``ljhg ot ejd jh ten ljtmenh, usjhg ejs t``is…— \;5T. [en dntope`r jiiustrotns ten jdp`rtohmn `b m`rrnmt jdpindnhtotj`h `b gnhnroiiy ovojiocin t``is ohk tnmehjquns, rotenr teoh gnhnrjm m`hmnpt ohk pr`mnkurns, wejme orn  portjoiiy ois` oppijmocin jh `pnrotj`hoi `pnrotj`hoi dohogndnht. Oite`uge, ten trokjtj`hoi jr`h trjohgin snnds `utkotnk, jt js stjii ten cr`okiy ogrnnk dnosurn b`r pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss. [en orgudnhts, wentenr ten pr`fnmt pr`f nmt pr`kumt summnss jhbiunhmns pr`fnmt summnss orn ois` oss`mjotnk wjte ten domr` ohk djmr` pnrspnmtjvn. E`wnvnr, jh ten i`hg ruh jt js uhijlniy teot o pr`fnmt js m`hsjknrnk summnssbui wenh ten  pr`fnmt's pr`kumt nhm`uhtnrs bojiurn. Enhmn, pr`kumt summnss js oh nssnhtjoi port `b pr`fnmt summnss \3?T-\3;T. [ocin JJ   se`ws ten rohljhg `b pr`fnmt summnss bomt`rs oppnorjhg jh ten ijtnroturn.

Bjhkjhgs br`d ten survny se`w teot 52.=% `b ten mijnhts ohk 5:.:% `b m`htromt`rs wnrn sotjsbjnk wjte ten w`rl m`dpintnk `h pr`fnmts. M`hsjknrjhg teot `hn-tejrk `b ten survnynk pr`fnmt dohognrs bojink t` lnnp tenjr pr`fnmts wjtejh ten jr`h trjohgin se`ws teot stolne`iknr sotjsbomtj`h js  pnrmnjvnk jhknpnhknhtiy. Enhmn, tejs bjhkjhg doy jhkjmotn teot pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss jhbiunhmns pnrmnjvnk  pr`fnmt summnss. Os ot ten tjdn `b ten survny, ten dof`rjty (75.;%) `b ten pr`fnmts wnrn stjii jh nxnmutj`h ”  nxnmutj`h  ”  d`hjt`r  d`hjt`r ohk m`htr`i peosn, jt js k`uctbui teot ten pr`fnmt pr`kumt summnss jhbiunhmns ten rotjhg `b ten stolne`iknr sotjsbomtj`h, o bjhkjhg wejme m`htrokjmts ten `csnrvotj`h `b prnvj`us rnsnormenrs \3?T-\3=T, we` wjkniy ogrnn teot pr`fnmt summnss js o m`dcjhotj`h `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss ohk  pr`kumt summnss. D`rn`vnr, jt oppnors teot pr`fnmts bojijhg jh trokjtj`hoi dnosurns doy stjii sotjsby stolne`iknrs. D`st jhtnrnstjhgiy, ;3.:% `b uhsotjsbjnk stolne`iknrs orn rnp`rtjhg tenjr pr`fnmt cnjhg `h tjdn, 7?.;% orn wjtejh ten  cukgnt ohk 35.2% knijvnr ten pr`fnmt os pnr m`htromt tnrds ohk m`hkjtj`hs. Knd`hstrotjhg ten jr`h trjohgin `b Otljhs`h k`ns h`t hnmnssorjiy buiiy snrvn os oh oppr`prjotn summnss dnosurndnht. H`hn `b ten uhsotjsbjnk stolne`iknrs w`rl b`r o mijnht `rgohjsotj`h, wenrnos >1% `b ten rnsp`hknhts w`rl b`r o m`htromt`r. Oite`uge, ten `vnroii rnsuit jiiustrotns  pr`fnmts wjte sotjsbjnk stolne`iknrs, ten oc`vn bjhkjhg oijghs

RJJ.  S N]NOSME N]NOSME DN[E@K@I@GZ   [ejs rnsnorme ojdnk b`r m`iinmtjhg eork bomts. [en ijtnroturn rnvjnw rnvnoink jhtnrnstjhg bomts, supp`rtjhg ten m`hmiusj`h teot pr`fnmt dohogndnht p`sjtjvniy jhbiunhmns  pr`fnmt summnss. O pr`fnmt doy eovn jhkjvjkuoi snts `b summnss mrjtnrjo ohk bomt`rs. [eus, jt js rnm`ddnhknk jhjtjotjhg stukjns `h o gi`coi smoin, b`r jknhtjbyjhg o p`ssjcin gnhnrjm snt `b pr`fnmt summnss porodntnrs. _uohtjtotjvn koto wos m`iinmtnk jh o survny vjo o wnc cosnk qunstj`hhojrn, bnoturjhg 31 _unstj`hs snht t` ?;3 sninmtnk pr`fnmt dohognrs. Qortjmjpohts wnrn sninmtnk cosnk `h tenjr comlgr`uhk, gn`gropejmoi i`motj`h ohk tenjr ndpi`ydnht p`sjtj`h. [en quoijty `b koto rnmnjvnk, cy eovjhg d`rn teoh 7>% `b ten rnsp`hknhts `mmupyjhg o dohognrjoi p`sjtj`h, eos omejnvnk ten ojd `b tejs survny. [en qunstj`hhojrn bnoturns mi`snk ohk bjvn p`jht Ijlnrt smoin qunstj`hs jh m`dcjhotj`h wjte dotrjx rotjhgs, cosnk `h bjhkjhgs br`d ten ijtnroturn rnvjnw. B`r ten brodnw`rl, ten b`ii`wjhg ossudptj`hs wnrn dokn6   ]ummnssbuiiy knijvnrnk pr`fnmts utjijzn t``is ohk tnmehjquns `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht promtjmns.   Qr`fnmt bojiurns eovn pottnrhs rniotnk t` dnte`ks ok`ptnk t` ten jdpindnhtotj`h `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns.   M`dpntnht pr`fnmt dohognrs eovn o str`hg m`ddohk `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns, rninvoht t` pr`kumn ten pr`fnmt ijbn mymin peosn knijvnrocins. [eus, pr`pnriy trojhnk pr`fnmt dohognrs eovn jhbiunhmn `h pr`fnmt summnss. [ensn ossudptj`hs orn portjoiiy cosnk `h [urhnr ohk Dùiinr (311=) \?=T m`hmiusj`hs teot ten mnrtjbjmotj`h `b  pr`fnmt dohognrs js nssnhtjoi b`r ejge pnrb`rdohmn.  Hnvnrteninss, kjbbnrnht pr`fnmts eovn kjbbnrnht summnss

wjte ten rnvjnwnk dohogndnht H`wokoys, m`hsjknrjhg tjdn, pr`fnmt m`st ohk quoijty, ijtnroturn. os prjdory summnss dnosurns oppnors jhsubbjmjnht t` ossnss ten summnss `b o  pr`fnmt. [enrnb`rn, os oirnoky suggnstnk jh ten ijtnroturn, okkjtj`hoi porodntnrs seoii ois` cn m`hsjknrnk b`r nvoiuotjhg  pr`fnmt summnss. [en survny bjhkjhgs ois` se`w teot ten dof`rjty `b pr`fnmts rnsp`hknhts w`rljhg `h orn wjtejh ten  piohhnk tjdn (22.7%), wjtejh ten ogrnnk ogrnnk cukgnt (73.>%) ohk m`dpiy `r nxmnnk quoijty rnqujrndnhts (22.7%). [en ohoiysjs uhodcjgu`usiy knd`hstrotns teot or`uhk tw` tejrks `b ten survnynk pr`fnmts `pnrotn wjtejh ten jr`h trjohgin ohk omejnvnk stolne`iknr sotjsbomtj`h. [ensn pr`fnmts omejnvn ten  cr`okiy ogrnnk knbjhjtj`h b`r pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss. Jh m`htrory, dnrniy ;7.5% `b ten rnsp`hknhts prnkjmt tenjr  pr`fnmt summnssbui m`dpintj`h ohk `hiy ?:.2% `b  promtjtj`hnrs orn m`hbjknht jh omejnvjhg pr`fnmt summnss. Cosnk `h tenm`dpintj`h rnsp`hknhts‐ `pjhj`hs, ten oknquotn buhkjhg uhtji pr`fnmt str`hgiy jhbiunhmns ten summnss `b o  pr`fnmt. E`wnvnr, dorlnt `r jhkustry biumtuotj`hs, `h o gi`coi smoin, doy eovn jhbiunhmnk sume rotjhg. Hnvnrteninss, jt js oppornht teot nvnh gi`coi meohgns doy jhbiunhmn oh jhkjvjkuoi pr`fnmt summnss, o bjhkjhg teot m`hs`ijkotns ten djmr` ohk domr` pnrspnmtjvn `b pr`fnmt summnss.  H`hnteninss, o pr`fnmt k`ns h`t `pnrotn jh o vomuud. vomuud. 

Bjg. ?. Qr`fnmt summnss stotus.

mrjtnrjo `r summnss bomt`rs \35T, \=2T, wenrnos rnmnht rnsnorme \;2T rnvnoink teot kjbbnrnht hotj`hoijtjns ohk muiturns  pnrmnjvn pr`fnmt summnss kjbbnrnhtiy.



 O.  Cny`hk ]tolne`iknr ]otjsbomtj`h Bjg. 3 se`ws teot, ?:.2% `b rnsp`hknhts rnpijnk wjte 3;

 

 Jhtnrhotj`hoi  Jhtnrhotj`h oi F`urho F`urhoii `b Jhh`vo Jhh`votj`h, tj`h, Doho Dohogndnht gndnht ohk [nmeh`i` [nmeh`i`gy, gy, R`i. :, H`. ?, B Bncruory ncruory 3 31?5 1?5

’Nxmniinht quoijty quoijty ”   ”  cnttnr  cnttnr teoh rnqujrnk.— rnqujrnk.— Jhtnrnstjhgiy, 71%  `b tensn ohswnrs `rjgjhotn br`d Osjo, dojhiy ]jhgop`rn. Oite`uge Oseiny nt oi. (?:57) oi. (?:57) \;7T ndpeosjsnk teot summnss js `hiy omejnvnk wjte knijvnrjhg ’rnsuits ’ rnsuits dume cnttnr teoh  teoh   nxpnmtnk—   tejs k`ns hnjtenr oijgh wjte okvohmnk quoijty nxpnmtnk— dohogndnht tejhljhg, h`r wjte g``k pr`fnmt dohogndnht  promtjmns. Wohg (3112) ois` ejgeijgets tejs penh`dnh`h jjh h ejs rnsnorme norijnr. Mejhnsn stolne`iknrs rotn ten jdp`rtohmn `b rniotj`hsejps `vnr ten jr`h trjohgin os o dnosurndnht b`r pr`fnmt summnss. Ois` ]enheor nt oi. (?::7) oi. (?::7)

 promtjtj`hnrs pnrmnjvn teot gojhjhg m`dpntnhmn moh cn  pr`bnssj`hoi mnrtjbjmotj`h pr`mnss, wejme or`uhk 31% eovn oh obbjijotj`h t` o pr`bnssj`hoi pr`fnmt dohogndnht `rgohjsotj`h. ]ume rnsuits jhkjmotn teot promtjtj`honrs  pnrmnjvn teot gojhjhg m`dpntnhmn moh cn omejnvnk wjte`ut `ctojhjhg pr`bnssj`hoi trojhjhg `r ter`uge pr`bnssj`hoi mnrtjbjmotj`h pr`mnss, wejme m`htrokjmts ten ijtnroturn. D`rn teoh ternn-quortnrs `b portjmjpohts `mmupy o dohognr  p`sjtj`h, wenrnjh 33.3% `b ten rnsp`hknhts orn snhj`r  pr`fnmt dohognrs `r pr`fnmt kjrnmt`rs. [ [en en ogn rohgn `b ten  portjmjpohts js cntwnnh 3> ohk 2> ynors, wenrn ten dof`rjty

\>=T rohl stolne`iknr sotjsbomtj`h cnb`rn tjdn, m`st ohk quoijty. ]ume promtjmn doy h`t cn rnm`ddnhknk cy s`dn  pr`bnssj`hoi jhstjtutj`hs jhstjt utj`hs ohk cn m`jhnk os ’ g`ik piotjhg —. —. O  pr`fnmt dohognr seoii h`t knijvnr nxtros t` must`dnrs ohk seoii `hiy knijvnr weot js hnmnssory t` dnnt ten pr`fnmt `cfnmtjvns. [en rnsp`hsn t` tejs qunstj`h w`uik portjoiiy jhkjmotn teot Osjoh stolne`iknrs ottndpt t` b`stnr rniotj`hsejps cy g`jhg cny`hk ten m`htromtuoi ogrnnk `cijgotj`hs. Hnvnrteninss, ;7.?% `b ten portjmjpohts knijvnr tenjr pr`fnmts os pnr m`htromt tnrds ohk m`hkjtj`h (snn Bjg. 3).

`b portjmjpohts (>>.2%) eovn o comeni`r‐s kngrnn `r ejgenr, wjte `hiy `hn-tejrk `b promtjtj`hnrs eovjhg inss teoh bjvnynor pr`fnmt dohogndnht nxpnrjnhmn. Hnvnrteninss, ten obbjijotj`h t` jhtnrhotj`hoiiy rnm`ghjsnk Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht `rgohjzotj`hs rnvnois teot d`st `b ten rnsp`hknhts k` h`t eovn ohy rnm`ghjznk pr`fnmt dohogndnht trojhjhg. [enrnb`rn, cosnk `h ten m`iinmtnk koto `hn doy m`hmiukn teot spnmjbjm pr`fnmt dohogndnht trojhjhg js h`t hnmnssorjiy rniotnk t` pr`fnmt summnss. [en dof`rjty `b portjmjpotjhg  pr`fnmt dohognrs nhtnrnk ten pr`fnmt dohogndnht  pr`bnssj`h ter`uge nxpnrjnhmn rotenr teoh ter`uge o  pr`bnssj`hoi mnrtjbjmotj`h pr`mnss, o bjhkjhg teot m`htrokjmts [urhnr ohk Dùiinr‐s p`sjtj`h jh teot ten tjtin ’Qr`fnmt Dohognr— seoii cn rnstrjmtnk t` jhkjvjkuois, eovjhg `ctojhnk  pr`bnssj`hoi mnrtjbjmotns \?=T.

Bjg. 3. Qr`fnmt quoijty stohkorks m`dpijohmn.

 C.  Qr`fnmt Dohognr M`dpntnhmn Bjg. = se`ws teot M`dpntnhmn os o trojt `b pr`fnmt dohognrs js ten d`st jdp`rtoht trojt `b o g``k pr`fnmt dohognr. [ejs bjhkjhg m`htrokjmts weot [urhnr ohk Duiinr (311>) \;:T we` m`hmiuknk teot, tenrn js h` jdpomt `b ten inoknrsejp styin ohk m`dpntnhmn `b ten pr`fnmt dohognr `h  pr`fnmt summnss.

Bjg. ;. Qr`bnssj`hoi obbjijotj`hs.

 K.  ^tjijsotj`h `b [``is ohk [nmehjquns [en rohljhg `b t``is ohk tnmehjquns jh ten ijtnroturn  cr`okiy ogrnnk teot pr`fnmt summnss bomt`rs se`w mnrtojh sjdjiorjtjns t` ten rohljhg `b tejs survny. Nbbnmtjvn pr`fnmt  piohhjhg ohk m`htr`i omejnvnk o rotjhg `b ;.75 `ut `b >, wenrnos rnsp`hknhts rohl o m`dpntnht pr`fnmt dohognr wjtejh ten t`p njget summnss bomt`rs, jhkjmotjhg teot tenrn m`uik cn o uhjvnrsoi snt `b bomt`rs inokjhg pr`fnmts t` summnss, snn Bjg. >. Nvjknhtiy, tejs bjhkjhg m`htrokjmts wjte ten `csnrvotj`hs `b Kvjr nt oi. (?::5) oi. (?::5) \35T ohk Iju (?:::) \3:T, os teny orgun teot jhkjvjkuoi pr`fnmts doy eovn jhkjvjkuoi summnss bomt`rs \35T, \3:T. [en dof`rjty (75.;%) `b ten survnynk pr`fnmts orn jh ten nxnmutj`h, d`hjt`r ohk m`htr`i peosn, wejme doy eovn ijdjtnk ten rnsp`hsns t` t``is ohk tnmehjquns `hiy oppijmocin b`r tejs pr`fnmt peosn. Hnvnrteninss, :.5% `b ten

Bjg. =. [rojts `b pr`fnmt dohognrs.

M.  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht [rojts

rnsp`hknhts, pnrmnjvjhg nbbnmtjvn pr`fnmt piohhjhg ohk m`htr`i os d`st jdp`rtoht, ois` rotn Norhnk Roiun Ohoiysjs (NRO) os vnry jdp`rtoht, wenrnos ?:.>% rnp`rt teot teny rorniy usn NRO, rnprnsnhtjhg o m`hbijmt, snn Bjg. 2. NRO js

O m`dpntnht pr`fnmt dohognr se`uik eovn o pr`pnr trojhjhg os wnii os o pr`bnssj`hoi mnrtjbjmotn \?=T. ]urprjsjhgiy, 21.:% `b rnsp`hknhts stotnk teot teny k` h`t eovn pr`pnr pr`fnmt dohogndnht trojhjhg, wenrnos `hiy teot 3>

 

 Jhtnrhotj`hoi  Jhtnrhotj`h oi F`urho F`urhoii `b Jhh`vo Jhh`votj`h, tj`h, Doho Dohogndnht gndnht ohk [nmeh`i` [nmeh`i`gy, gy, R`i. :, H`. ?, B Bncruory ncruory 3 31?5 1?5

m`st, tjdn ohk quoijty mrjtnrjo rndojh os ten prnbnrrnk dnte`k t` dnosurn  pr`fnmts‐ summnss jt k`ns h`t guorohtnn stolne`iknrs‐ sotjsbomtj`h. sotjsbomtj`h. Qr`fnmt summnss js o pnrmnjvnk dnosurn, jrrnspnmtjvn `b ten jhkjvjkuoi summnss mrjtnrjo ohk bomt`rs. H`hn `b ten survnynk  pr`fnmts jhkjmotn ten omejnvndnht `b pr`fnmt summnss, summnss, wjte`ut utjijzjhg pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns. [enrn nxjsts o uhjvnrsoi snt `b pr`fnmt summnss dnosurns, oppijmocin t` oii pr`fnmts jh ten m`hstrumtj`h jhkustry. [ejs js kun t` ten bomt teot jhb`rdotj`h m`iinmtnk `rjgjhotns br`d  pr`fnmts smottnrnk `vnr tnh hotj`hs. [en koto bnoturns sjghjbjmoht sjdjiorjtjns rnprnsnhtjhg o hnw jhsjget wenrnos, ten ijtnroturn suggnsts teot jhkjvjkuoi pr`fnmts eovn pr`fnmt spnmjbjm summnss dnosurns. Oite`uge, koto jhkjmotns teot ten pr`fnmt promtjtj`hnrs k` h`t utjijzn pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns  pnrbnmtiy, ten vost dof`rjty `b pr`fnmt dohognrs jdpindnht  pr`fnmt dohogndnht dnte`k`i`gjns. Qr`fnmt dohogndnht promtjmns ohk tnmehjquns orn wjkniy usnk jh summnssbui pr`fnmts ohk tenrnb`rn, pr`fnmt dohogndnht p`sjtjvniy jhbiunhmns pr`fnmt summnss. [en dof`rjty `b survnynk pr`fnmts orn summnssbui.

oh nssnhtjoi t``i b`r pnrb`rdohmn dnosurndnht ohk m`htr`i `b pr`fnmts \>1T. D`st jhtnrnstjhgiy, ?2.7% k` h`t usn ohk ?2.7% rorniy usn o w`rl crnolk`wh  strumturn (WC]). [ensn, jh sud ==.;% `b portjmjpohts, rotn nbbnmtjvn pr`fnmt piohhjhg ohk m`htr`i os ten d`st jdp`rtoht bomt`r inokjhg t` pr`fnmt summnss, rnprnsnhtjhg oh`tenr m`htrokjmtj`h jh teot ten WC] js `b utd`st jdp`rtoht b`r pnrb`rdjhg pr`fnmt piohhjhg ohk m`htr`i. D`rn`vnr, ten rnsp`hknhts rohl minor `cfnmtjvns ` cfnmtjvns ohk sm`pn `hiy `h sjxte rohl `b ten pr`fnmt summnss bomt`rs. O bjhkjhg wejme portjoiiy oijghs wjte ten rnsp`hsns `b NRO ohk WC] jh teot jt oppnors teot m`htndp`rory pr`fnmt  promtjtj`hnrs pnrmnjvn pr`fnmt piohhjhg ohk m`htr`i os jhknpnhknht t``i ohk tnmehjqun, rotenr teoh jhtngrotnk m`hmnpt, inokjhg t` ten ossudptj`h teot promtjtj`hnrs k` h`t buiiy opprnmjotn pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns, jhkjmotjhg o ioml `b pr`bnssj`hoi trojhjhg `b ten survnynk  promtjtj`hnrs.  

S NBNSNHMN] NBNSNHMN]   \?T  L. E`iioh, [en ejst`ry `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht-pr`fnmt dohogndnht omr`ss ;,>11 ynors.  Inss`hs br`d Ejst`ry. Ejst`ry.   \@hijhnT. Ovojiocin6 ettp6//inss`hs-br`d-ejst`ry.m`d/h`kn/;; \3T  I. L`slnio ohk G. E`wnii, ’[en uhknriyjhg te`nry `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht js `cs`intn,— `cs`intn,—  jh  Qr`m. `b ten Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht  Jhstjtutn Snsnorme M`hbnrnhmn, M`hbnrnhmn, 3113, pp. 3:=-=13. \=T  O. F. ]enheor ohk D. Wjkndoh. (3111). @ptjdjzjhg pr`fnmt summnss  cy dotmejhg QD styin wjte pr`fnmt typn. \@hijhnT. Ovojiocin6 ettp6//www.doxwjkndoh.m`d/popnrs/s ettp6//www.doxw jkndoh.m`d/popnrs/summnss/summnss.pkb ummnss/summnss.pkb \;T  [. M``ln-Kovjns, M``ln-Kovjns, ’[en ‘rnoi ‘rnoi‐‐  summnss bomt`rs jh pr`fnmts,—  Jhtnrhotj`hoi F`urhoi F`urhoi `b Qr`fnmt Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht , v`i. 31, pp. ?5>-?:1. \>T  Qr`fnmt dohogndnht, Qort ?6 Qrjhmjpins `b gujknijhns b`r ten dohogndnht `b pr`fnmts, C]217:-?631?1.  \2T  F. S. [uhnr ohk O. Lnngoh, ’Dnmeohjsds `b g`vnrhohmn jh ten  pr`fnmt cosnk `rgohjzotj`h6 S`ins `b ten cr`lnr ohk stnwork,—  Nur`pnoh Dohogndnht Dohogndnht F`urhoi  F`urhoi , v`i. ?:, pp. 3>;-327. \7T  F. S. [urhnr, Qr`fnmt [urhnr, Qr`fnmt ]ummnss Mrjtnrjo, Mrjtnrjo, pp. =3-==, 3113. \5T  O. F. ]enheor, ’@hn sjzn k`ns h`t bjt oii pr`fnmts6 Nxpi`rjhg miossjmoi m`htjhgnhmy k`dojhs,— k`dojhs,— Dohogndnht  Dohogndnht ]mjnhmn, ]mjnhmn, v`i. ;7, h`. =, pp. =:;;?;, 311?. \:T  J. Eyvorj, ’]ummnss `b pr`fnmts jh kjbbnrnht `rgohjzotj`hoi m`hkjtj`hs,—  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht Dohogndnht F`urhoi , v`i. =7, h`. ;, pp. =?-;?, 3112. \?1T  E. Lnrzhnr, ’Jh snorme `b nxmniinhmn jh pr`fnmt dohogndnh dohogndnht,— t,— F`urhoi  F`urhoi `b ]ystnds Dohogndnht , v`i. =5, h`. 3, pp. =1-;1, ?:57. \??T  Q. Wnovnr. (3112). O crjnb ejst`ry `b smenkuijhg ‛ Coml t` ten buturn. D`sojm pucijsenk ohk wejtn popnrs.  D`sojm Qr`fnmt ]nrvjmn Qty Itk. \@hijhnT. Ovojiocin6 ettp6//www.d`sojmpr`fnmts.m`d.ou/QKB ettp6//www.d`sojmpr` fnmts.m`d.ou/QKBPQopnrs/Q1;3PEjst` PQopnrs/Q1;3PEjst`ry%31`b  ry%31`b  %31]menkujhg.pkb   \?3T  O. F. ]enheor ohk K. Kvjr, ’[`work o typ`i`gjmoi ten`ry `b pr`fnmt do dohogndnht,— hogndnht,— Snsnorme  Snsnorme Q`ijmy Q`ijmy,, v`i. 3>, h`. ;, pp. 217-2=3, ?::2. \?=T  F. S. [urhnr ohk S. Duiinr, ’@h ten hoturn `b o pr`fnmt os o tndp`rory `rgohjzotj`h,— Jhtnrhotj`ho `rgohjzotj`h,—  Jhtnrhotj`hoii F`urhoi `b Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht , v`i. 3?, h`. ?, pp. ?-5, 311=. \?;T  Q. Qotoholui, C. Jnww`hgmeor`nh, ohk K. Dji`snvjm, ’Oh ’Oh ndpjrjmoi stuky `h ten usn `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns omr`ss  pr`fnmt ijbn-mymin ijbn-mymin ohk tenjr jdpomt `h pr`fnmt summnss,—  F`urhoi `b Gnhnroi Dohogndnh Dohogndnht  t , v`i. =>, h`. =, pp. ;?-2>, 31?1. \?>T  K. Wnsteujznh ohk N. Q. Bjtzgnroik. (311>). Knbjhjhg ohk dnosurjhg  pr`fnmt summnss. Knportdnht summnss. Knportdnht Jhb`rdotj`h Jhb`rdotj`h ]ystnds, Bo Bomuity muity `b Cusjhnss, Cusjhnss, ^hjvnrsjty `b ]`utenrh _unnhsiohk ‛   Wjkn Coy Modpus, Enrvny  Coy, _unnhsiohk, _unnhsiohk, Oustroijo. Oustroijo. \@hijhnT. Ovojiocin6 ettp6//nprjhts.usq.nku.ou/=;2/? ettp6//nprjhts.usq.n ku.ou/=;2/?/KnpnhknhtRorjocinOrtjminR /KnpnhknhtRorjocinOrtjminR5.pkb 5.pkb \?2T  J. D. Sucjh ohk W. ]nnijhg, ’Nxpnrjnhmn os o bomt`r jh ten sninmtj`h ohk pnrb`rdohmn `b pr`fnmt dohognrs,— [rohs Nhgjhnnrjhg  Dohogndnht , v`i. ?;, h`. =, pp. ?=?-?=>, ?:27.

Bjg. >. Qr`fnmt summnss bomt`rs br`d koto.

Bjg. 2. ^sn `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht t``is ohk tnmehjquns.

JU.  M@HMI^]J@H  [enrn js o str`hg m`rrniotj`h cntwnnh pr`fnmt dohogndnht summnss ohk summnssbui pr`fnmts. Oite`uge, ten trokjtj`hoi

32

 

 Jhtnrhotj`hoi  Jhtnrhotj`h oi F`urho F`urhoii `b Jhh`vo Jhh`votj`h, tj`h, Doho Dohogndnht gndnht ohk [nmeh`i` [nmeh`i`gy, gy, R`i. :, H`. ?, B Bncruory ncruory 3 31?5 1?5 \?7T  W. Cniossj ohk @. J. [ulni, ’O hnw brodnw`rl b`r kntnrdjhjhg mrjtjmoi summnss/bojiurn bomt`rs jh pr`fnmts,— pr`fnmts ,—  Jhtnrhotj`ho  Jhtnrhotj`hoii F`urhoi `b  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht  Dohogndnht , v`i. ?;, h`. =, pp. ?;?-?>?, ?::2. \?5T  O. L. Duhhs ohk C. B. Cfnjrdj, ’[en r`in `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht jh omejnvjhg pr`fnmt summnss,— summnss,—  Jhtnrhotj`hoi F`urhoi `b Qr`fnmt  Dohogndnht , v`i. ?;, h`. 3, pp. 5?-57, ?::2. \?:T  I. O. Qntnrs ohk I. F. E`rhnr ’Jt‐s h`t tjdn, m`st `r quoijty teot nhsurns pr`fnmt summnss6 Inorh buhkodnhtois ohk m`rn pr`fnmt  pr`mnssns wejme lnys t` pr`fnmt summnss,— prnsnhtnk ot ten  Qr`fnmt  Dohogndnht Jhstjtutn Jhstjtutn ]35te ]ydp`sj ]ydp`sjud, ud, ?::7. \31T  K. Kvjr, O. ]okne, ohk O. D. Qjhns, ’Qr`fnmts ohk pr`fnmt dohognrs6 [en rniotj`hsejp cntwnnh pr`fnmt dohognrs‐ pnrs`hoijty, pr`fnmt typns ohk pr`fnmts summnss,— Qr`fnmt summnss,—  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht Dohogndnht F`urhoi, v`i. F`urhoi, v`i. =7, h`. >, pp. =2-;5, 3112.

\;?T  F. [e`dos, M. I Knijsin, L. Fugknv, ohk Q. Cumlin, ’Djssj`h p`ssjcin6 ]niijhg  pr`fnmt dohogndnht t` snhj`r nxnmutjvns,—  Qr`fnmt  Dohogndnht Hntw`rl, Hntw`rl, v`i. ?>, h`. ?, pp. >:-23, 311?. \;3T  C. E`ccs, H. Qnttnrsnh, ohk E. Gunrnttn, Gunrnttn , ’Cujikjhg, voijkotjhg ohk jdpindnhtjhg o QD m`dpntnhmy d`kni6 [en nxpnrjnhmn `b `hn onr`spomn m`dpohy. Jh bjrst t` ten buturn,— buturn, — jh  Qr`m. ten QDJ ]ydp`sjud, 311?. \;=T  K. Kvjr ohk [. Inmeinr, ’Qiohs orn h`tejhg, meohgjhg piohs js nvnrytejhg6 [en jdpomt `b meohgns meo hgns `h pr`fnmt summnss,—  Snsnorme  Q`ijmy,, v`i. ==, h`. ?, pp. ?-?>, 311;.  Q`ijmy \;;T  F. [. Lorisnh, F. Ohknrsnh, ]. I. Cnrlniy, ohk Õkngîrk, ’Oh ndpjrjmoi stuky `b mrjtjmoi summnss bomt`rs jh J[ pr`fnmts,— pr`fnmts, —  Jhtnrhotj`hoi F`urhoi F`urhoi `b Dohogndnht ohk Nhtnrprjsn Knvni`pdnht , v`i. =, h`. ;, pp. 3:7=??, 3112.

\3?T  K. Commorjhj, Commorjhj, ’[en i`gjmoi brodnw`rl dnte`k b`r knbjhjhg pr`fnmt summnss,—  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht F`urhoi , v`i. =1, h`. ;, pp. 3>-=3, ?:::. \33T  M. ]. Ijd ohk D. V. D`eodnk, ’Mrjtnrjo `b pr`fnmt summnss6 Oh nxpi`rot`ry rn-nxodjhotj`h,— rn-nxodjhotj`h,—  Jhtnrhotj`hoi `b Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht , v`i. ?7, h`. ;, pp. 3;=-3;5, ?:::. \3=T  F. Lod ohk S. Dùiinr, ’O rntr`spnmtjvn i``l ot `ur nv`ivjhg uhknrstohkjhg `b pr`fnmt summnss,— Qr`fnmt summnss,—  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht Dohogndnht Jhstjtutn Jhstjtutn,, v`i. =2, h`. ;, pp. ?:-=?, 311>. \3;T  O. Kn Wjt, ’Dnosurndnht `b pr`fnmt summnss,—  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht  F`urhoi , v`i. 2, h`. =, pp. ?2;-?71, ?:55. \3>T  K. V. Dji`snvjm ohk ]. ]rjvohhoc``h, ’O ten`rntjmoi brodnw`rl b`r oijghjhg pr`fnmt dohogndnht wjte cusjhnss strotngy,—  Qr`fnmt  Dohogndnht F`urhoi, F`urhoi, v`i.  v`i. =7, h`. =, pp. :5-??1, 3112. \32T  O. F. ]enheor, V. E. Or`hs`h, ohk S. S. Snjiiy, ’Qr`fnmt spjrjt ohk jts jdpomt `h pr`fnmt summnss,— jh ten Eudoh ]jkn `b Qr`fnmt  Dohogndnht6 Hnwt`h ]quorn,  ]quorn,  S. Snjiiy, Nk.  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht  Jhstjtutn,, 3117.  Jhstjtutn \37T  D. Brnndoh ohk Q. Cnoin, ’Dnosurjhg  pr`fnmt summnss, summnss,——  Qr`fnmt  Dohogndnht F`urhoi  F`urhoi , v`i. 3=, h`. ?, pp. 5-?7, ?::3.

\;>T  U. Wohg ohk E. Fjhg, ’[en rniotj`hsejps cntwnnh lny stolne`iknrs,  pr`fnmt pnrb`rdohmn ohk pr`fnmt summnss6 Qnrmnptj`hs `b Mejhnsn m`hstrumtj`h supnrvjsjhg nhgjhnnrs,—  Jhtnrhotj`hoi F`urhoi `b Qr`fnmt  Dohogndnht , v`i. 3;, pp. 3>=-321, 3112. \;2T  K. C. Oseiny, M. ]. Iurjn, ohk N. F. Fosnislj, ’Kntnrdjhohts `b m`hstrumtj`h pr`fnmt summnss,— summnss,—  Qr`fnmt Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht F`urhoi , v`i. ?5, h`. 3, pp. 2:-7:, ?:57. \;7T  M. Cnshnr ohk F. C. E`ccs, ’[en jhjtjotj`h peosn `b pr`fnmts jh  promtjmn6 O survny jhvnstjgotj`h,— jh  Qr`m. Qr`DOM 311; 3hk  Jhtnrhotj`hoi M`hbnrnhmn M`hbnrnhmn `h Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht  Dohogndnht , [`ly`, Fopoh6 [en ]`mjnty `b Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht, 311;. \;5T  F. S. [urhnr ohk S. Dùiinr, ’[en pr`fnmt dohognr‐s inoknrsejp styin os o summnss bomt`r `h pr`fnmts6 O ijtnroturn rnvjnw,—  Qr`fnmt  Dohogndnht F`urhoi  F`urhoi , v`i. =2, h`. ?, pp. ;:-2?, 311>. \;:T  ]. Hogrnmeo. (3113). Oh jhtr`kumtj`h t` norhnk voiun ohoiysjs. Norhnk voiun ohoiysjs 3. \@hijhnT. Ovojiocin6 ettp6//www.pdjgim.`rg/M@DD/Ortjmins/1; ettp6//www.pdjgim.` rg/M@DD/Ortjmins/1;?1PhogrnmeoPnv ?1PhogrnmeoPnvo-=.pkb o-=.pkb \>1T  ]. S`eohjyotj, ’Mrjtjmoi summnss bomt`rs `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht b`r Cruhnj m`hstrumtj`h pr`fnmts6 Jdpr`vjhg pr`fnmt pnrb`rdohmn,— K`mt`r tensjs, _unnhsiohk ^hjvnrsjty `b [nmeh`i`gy, 311:.

\35T  pr`fnmt K. Kvjr,miossjbjmotj`h6 ]. Ijp`vntsly,OO. F. ]enheor, ohk O. [jseinr, ’Jh snorme `b h`h-uhjvnrsoi oppr`ome t` pr`fnmt summnss bomt`rs,— Snsnorme bomt`rs,—  Snsnorme Q`ijmy Q`ijmy,, v`i. 37, h`. :, pp. :?>-:=>, ?::5. \3:T  O. Iju, ’O rnsnorme rnsnorme d`kni `b pr`fnmt m`dpinxjty ohk g`oi m`ddjtdnht nbbnmts `h pr`fnmt `utm`dn,—  Nhgjhnnrjhg M`hstrumtj`h ohk Ormejtnmturoi Dohogndnht , v`i. 2, h`. 3, pp. ?1>-???, ?:::. \=1T  O. Vnjt`uh, ’Sojsjhg ten cor jh pr`fnmt dohogndnht owornhnss ohk oppijmotj`h,— jh jh Qr`m.  Qr`m. ten =?st Ohhuoi Ohhuoi QDJ ]ndjhors ohk ]ydp`sjuds, ]ydp`sjuds, E`ust`h, [U6 Hnwt`wh ]quorn, Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht Jhstjtutn, ?::5. \=?T  [. F. Li`ppnhc`rg ohk W. O. @pbnr, ’[en murrnht stotn `b pr`fnmt dohogndnht rnsnorme6 [rnhks, jhtnrprntotj`hs, ohk prnkjmtj`hs,—  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht Dohogndnht F`urhoi , v`i. ==, h`. 3, pp. >-?5, 3113. \=3T  K. I. Hguynh, ]. @guhioho, ohk K. [. Ioh, ’O stuky `h pr`fnmt summnss bomt`rs jh iorgn m`hstrumtj`h pr`fnmts jh Rjnthod,—  Nhgjhnnrjhg M`hstrumtj`h M`hstrumtj`h ohk Ormejtnmturoi Ormejtnmturoi Dohogndnht  Dohogndnht , v`i. ??, h`. 2, pp. ;1;-;?=, 311;. \==T  M. ]m`tt-Z`uhg ]m`tt-Z`uhg ohk ]ods`h, ’Qr`fnmt summnss ohk pr`fnmt tnod eudoh rns`urmn dohogndnht6 Nvjknhmn br`d mopjtoi pr`fnmts jh ten  pr`mnss jhkustrjns,— jhkustrjns,— jh jh Qr`m.  Qr`m. ten QDJ Snsnorme M`hbnrnhmn, I`hk`h, 311;.   311;. \=;T  E. F. [eodeojh, ’Ndnrgjhg  pr`fnmt dohogndnht tnmehjquns6 O dohognrjoi ossnssdnht,— ossnssdnht,— jh jh Qr`m.  Qr`m. Q`rtiohk Jhtnrhotj`hoi M`hbnrnhmn `h Dohogndnht `b Nhgjhnnrjhg ohk [nmeh`i`gy, [nmeh`i`gy, ?:::. \=>T  O. Oi-Eoff ohk O. ]oynrs, ’Qr`fnmt dohogndnht pnrb`rdohmn jh ten ^ON m`hstrumtj`h jhkustry,— jhkustry,— jh  jh Qr`m.  Qr`m. O]MN/MJC O]MN/MJC M`hbnrnhmn M`hbnrnhmn,, 31?;. \=2T  F. L. Qjht` ohk K. Q. ]invjh, ’Qr`fnmt summnss6 Knbjhjtj`hs ohk dnosurndnht tnmehjquns,— tnmehjquns,— Qr`fnmt  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht F`urhoi , v`i. ?:, h`. ?, pp. 27-73, ?:55. \=7T  M. Mose ohk S. B`x, ’Nindnhts `b summnssbui pr`fnmt dohogndnht,— dohogndnht,—   F`urhoi `b ]ystnds Dohogndnht, Dohogndnht, v`i.  v`i. ;=, h`. :, pp. ?1-?;, ?::3. \=5T  D. Eotbjnik, ’Dohogjhg t` ten m`rhnr mucn6 [ernn-kjdnhsj`hoi dohogndnht jh o ternn-kjdnhsj`hoi w`rik,— w`rik,—  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht  F`urhoi , v`i. 32, h`. ?, pp. ?=-31, ?::>. \=:T  K. Dji`snvjm ohk I. Jhdoh, ’Jdpomt `b  pr`fnmt dohogndnht stohkorkjzotj`h `h pr`fnmt nbbnmtjvnhnss,— nbbnmtjvnhnss ,—  Nhgjhnnrjhg Dohogndnht  F`urhoi , v`i. ?=, h`. ;, pp. :-?2, 311?. \;1T  ]. Gi`cnrs`h ohk @. Vwjloni, ’[en jdpomt `b ten pr`fnmt ten  pr`fnmt dohognr `h  pr`fnmt dohogndnht piohhjhg piohhjhg pr`mnss, pr`mnss,——  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht Dohogndnht Jhstjtutn, Jhstjtutn, v`i. ==, h`. =, pp. >5-2;, 3113.

\>?T m`hstrumtj`h ]. [``r ohk pr`fnmts6 ]. @guhioho, ’Mrjtjmoi M@ Ds `b m`hstrumtj`h summnss jh iorgn-smoin Nvjknhmn br`d M@Ds [eojiohk jhkustry,—  Jhtnrhotj`hoi F`urhoi F`urhoi `b Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht  Dohogndnht , v`i. 32, h`. ;, pp. ;31;=1, 3115. \>3T  O. F. ]enheor, @. Invy, ohk K. Kvjr, ’Doppjhg ten kjdnhsj`hs `b  pr`fnmt summnss,— summnss,—  Qr`fnmt Dohogndnht F`urhoi , v`i. 35, h`. 3, pp. >?=, ?::7.

 

 

O. Oi-Eoff wos c`rh jh Oh`ut, Incoh`h `h 35 Knmndcnr ?:2=. En eos `ctojhnk ten b`ii`wjhg kngrnns6 QgMnrt, [nrtjory Invni [nomejhg, [en S`cnrt G`rk`h ^hjvnrsjty, Ocnrknnh, ^L, ?::7< Qe.K, m`hstrumtj`h dohogndnht ohk cujikjhg nm`h`djms, ^hjvnrsjty `b Kuhknn, Kuhknn, ^L, ?::3< D.]m m`hstrumtj`h dohogndnht, Enrj`t-Wott ^hjvnrsjty, Nkjhcurge, ^L, ?:57< CNhg mjvji nhgjhnnrjhg, Cnjrut Oroc ^hjvnrsjty, Cnjrut, Incoh`h, ?:5>< Ossnd eos 3>-ynor mornnr spohhjhg ten ^L, Obrjmo ohk ten DNHO rngj`h. En js murrnhtiy ten vjmn prnsjknht b`r omokndjm obbojrs ohk knvni`pdnht ot Oppijnk ]mjnhmn ^hjvnrsjty jh Coerojh. Qrj`r t` f`jhjhg O]^, Ossnd w`rlnk os6 omokndjm enok, kjrnmt`r `b stukjns, rnsnorme, rnmrujtdnht, pr`fnmt ohk pr`groddn kjrnmt`r, inmturnr ohk rnsnormenr ohk os trojhjhg m`hsuitoht. Ossnd eos d`rn teoh 21 pucijmotj`hs jhmiukjhg6 O. Oi-Eoff ohk L. Eodohj, ’Dotnrjoi Wostn jh ten ^ON M`hstrumtj`h Jhkustry6 Dojh Mousns ohk Djhjdjsotj`h Qromtjmns—,  Jhtnrhotj`hoi F`urhoi `b Ormejtnmturoi  Nhgjhnnrjhg ohk Knsjgh Knsjgh Dohogndnht , 7(;), 31??< D. Ljsel, O. Oi-Eoff, S. Q`ii`ml, G. O`uok, H. Coljs ohk D. ]uh, ’We`in-Ijbn ’ We`in-Ijbn M`stjhg jh M`hstrumtj`h   -  O ]totn `b [en Ort Snvjnw—, M`hstrumtj`h Snvjnw—, [en SJM] Snsnorme Qopnr ]nrjns,, ; (?5), 311=< O. Oi-Eoff ]nrjns Oi- Eoff ohk S.D.W. E`rhnr, ’D`knijhg ten Suhhjhg M`sts `b Cujikjhgs—, M`hstrumtj`h Dohogndnht ohk Nm`h`djms, Nm`h`djms, ?2(;), pp. ;>:-;71, ?::5< Ossnd‐s jhtnrnst jh rnsnorme js jh pr`fnmt dohogndnht portjmuioriy m`hstrumtj`h sustojhocjijty ohk inoh oppijmotj`hs. Kr. Oi-Eoff js o snhj`r bnii`w `b ENO, o bnii`w `b MJ@C, ohk OJ_]. En wos sninmtnk cy ten BD Djkkin Nost dogozjhn os `hn `b ten >1 d`st jhbiunhtjoi pr`bnssj`hois jh ten bomjijtjns dohogndnht jhkustry jh ten Djkkin Nost jh 31?3 t` 31?;. En js ten wjhhnr `b DCD rnsnorme ohk tnomejhg owork ot ten OJ_] Oustroijo.

37