The Handbook of Pragmatics

The Handbook of Pragmatics Edited by

Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward

“It takes erudition, vision, and good taste to compile a good handbook of any field, even more so in the notoriously unruly field of pragmatics. Larry Horn and Gregory Ward have all of these. The editors have gathered together an excellent array of contributors to give us a handbook that will prove eminently useful to scholars and students within and outside pragmatics. Readers will find in it a reliable guide to the main pragmatic questions of the last three decades, which is insightful, u p to date, authoritative, and accessible.” Mira Ariel, Tel Aviv University

Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics This outstanding multi-volume series covers all the malor subdisciplines within linguistics today and, when cornplctc, will offcr a comprehensive survey of Itnguistics as a whole. Already published: The Handbook of Child Language Edited by Paul Fletcher and Brian Mac Whinncy

The Handbook otlanguagc and Colder Edited by Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff

T h e Handbook of Phonological 7heory Edited by John A. Goldsmith

The Handbook of Second Language Acquisit ion Edited by Catherine J. Doughty and Michael H. Long

The Handbook of Conkmporary Semantic

nit-ory Editcd by Shalom Lappin The Handbook of Sociolinguistics Edited by Florian Coulmas

7% Handbook of Phonetic Sciences Edited by William J. Hardca5tle and John Laver

The Handbook of Morphology Edited by Andrew Spencer and Arnold Zwicky The Handbook of/apatrese Linguistics Edited by Natsuko Tsujimura

7he Handbook of Linguistics Edited by Mark Aronoff and Janie ReesMiller The Hundbook ojConlemporary Syntactic Theory Edited by Mark Baltin and Chris Collins 7he Handbook of Discourse Analysis Edited by Deborah Schiffrin, Ueborah Tannen, and Heidi E. Hamilton The tlnndbnok of langimge Variation a n d Change Edited by J. K . Chambers, Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Schilling-Estes The Handbook ojHistorical Linguistics Edited by Brian D. Joseph and Richard D Janda

The Hnndbook of Brlingualiqm Edited by Tcj K Bhatia and William C. Ritchie The Handbook ofPragmatrcs Edited by Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward The Handbook of Applied Liuguisfics Edited by Alan Davies and Catherine Elder Tht Handbook of Speech k r c p f i o n Edited by David B Piboru and Robert E Kcmez Thhp B l a c k w l l Companion to Syntax, Volume5 I-V Edited by Martin Everaert and Hcnk van Riemsdijk The Handbook ofthe History of Enylidl Edited by An5 van Kemenade and Bettelou Los The Handbook Gf€nglish Linguistics Edited by Bas Aarts and April McMahon Thr Handbook of W u r l d Englishzs Edited by Bra] 8.Kachm; Yamuna Kachru, Cecil L Nelso

The Handbook of Pragmatics Edited by

Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward

02004,2006 bv Blackwell Publishing I.td Rl.ACKWELI. PUBLLSIflNC

350 Main Strcet, Maldcn. MA 02 14s 5020. USA 9600 Carsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ. UK 550 Swaiialun Strcct, Carlton. Victoria 3053. Australia

Thr right of Laurence K llorn and Gregory Ward to be identified as thc Aulliors uf the Cditorial Matenal in this Work has k e n asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs. and Patents Act 1988 All rights reervcd. N o part of this publitation may be rcproduccd, ztored in a retncval bystern. or transmitted, in any form or by any mcans. elcctronir, mwhdnical. photocopying. recording or otherwisc. except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, wlthout the prior permissinn of the publisher First published 2004 by Ulackwell Publishmg Ltd First published in paperback 2006 by [Ilackwell Publizhing Ltd 1 2006

Library o f C o n p s s Cafaloging

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Publication U ~ t o

1 he handbook of pragmatic31 edited by Laurence R Hurii and Gregory Ward. p cm. - (Blackwell handbooks in linguistics. 16) Includes bibliographical referent-. ISBN 0-631.22547.1 (alk paper) 1 Pragnahcs 1 I lorn. Laurence R I1 Ward, Cregory L 111 Srwcs IY9.4.P721135 2004 306.44 - dc22 2003016284 ISBN-13.9780-631.22547.8 (alk paper) ISBN 13 978 0-631 22548.5 (paperback) ISI