The Great Cities of the Ancient World

The

Great

Cities

OF

THE

ANCIENT

WORLD BY

HAZEL

SHEPARD

^

COP

10

USL

Y

ILL

NEW

GEORGE

USTRA

YORK

ROUTLEDGE 9

Lafayette

TED

AND Place

SOiNS

5$

STYLE.

UNIFORM

N

Illustrated.

Copiously

OF

HEROES GREAT

DISCOVERY.

AMERICAN

CITIES

OF

THE

ANCIENT

CITIES

OF

THE

MODERN

WORLD.

o

REAT WORLD. PAUL

AND

VIRGINIA.

ILLUSTRATED FOR

POEMS YOUNG

SONGS

AND

PEOPLE.

ILLUSTRATED

LABOULAYE'S

FAIRY

TALES. AND

SPORTS

PASTIMES

OF

CAN AMERI-

BOYS.

THE LIFE

PILGRIM'S AND

PROGRESS. ADVENTURES

OF

SON ROBIN-

CRUSOE. THE

SWISS'

LAMB'S

FAMILY

TALES

WOOD'S

FROM

SHAKESPEARE.

ILLUSTRATED

HISTORY

All

ROBINSON.

bound

FOR

NATURAL YOUNG

in handsome

lithographed

; also

covers

Lafayette

Copyright, By

Joseph

L.

double

in cloth.

George Routledge 9

PEOPLE.

6"

Sons,

Place,

1885, Blamire.

New

York.

PREFACE.

Cities

Great

of

towns

the

of

pictures

ancient

aim

records, into

such

a

is

of

what

of

records

to

bringing

we

the

locality

has

in

that

are, to

the

before much

is

up the the

for

described

so

shrouded of

want

Christian

same

briefly

history

as

of in

data. Era.

at

present,

narrative

The

are

and

as

its

sake

and In

people.

of

the

and

city,

greater

fits benewhen

a

these

events,

interest

and

life

has

effort

cases,

many

important

giving

addition

what

show

use

condition

In

each

to

like

best

or

people.

times,

of

matter

a

anything

scarcity

by

sources

real.

such

those

as

of

attempt

an

to

have

civilization is

held

characters

the

more

known

ancient

position later

upon

great for

that

mystery

young

for make

to

the

to

from

with

itself

either

with

general

or

been

is

portance. im-

mental monu-

other It

ruin

great

has

uninteresting

antiquity,

Both

endeavor

received

history

make

the

it exerted

have in

monarchies

were

existence

to

the

national

world

connection, and

but

too

or

and

realized.

clearly

and

appearance these

large

and

splendor

greatest

from

life-like

up

capitals

the

of

the

upon

call

to

ruined

gained be

suffered

have

qualifications, the

associated

old

obtained,

influence

the

modern

been

scene,

There

given

indicate

to

of

and

prominently

out

made

of

their

present

might

aspect

cumbering

doubts

by

or

cities

be

to

without

known

original

their

book

been

of

Cities

Great

the

companion

position

of

knowledge

of

of

baa

and

days

the

describe

to

result

chief

the

description

complete

been

of

many

put their

that

shape

that

regret

to

the

in

the

as

endeavor

character

stood

been

not

plan

The

the

they

as

has

but

World,"

descriptive

work

a

genera]

appearance,

nations,

The

present

same

Modern

outward

to

the

upon

the

of

is

volume

World,

Ancient

the

"

this

of

object

The

described

to

had of

in

the

China describe

kingdoms China

"Great

is

their

first

flourishing believed Cities

cities

the

was

centuries have

to

of

early

whose

India,

and

been

Modern

Preface.

India

World."

so,

its

although of

traces

people

and

probable has

Wilkinson

Athens,

bearing

works

peoples,

to

its

debt

all

of

of

upon

and

cyclopgedias ancient

upon which

the

Gre/^

first

of

the

and

such

Smith

standard

and

have

also

been

and

of

the

as

on

the

consulted, the

Ancient

but

on

earliest

a

and

World

Rome,

thors au-

Dyer of

large

most

of

range

the

on

East.

number

of

customs

gratefully

existence.

Hazel

The

the

upon

empires

beside

scanty

Ages.

The

Niebuhr

manners

but

are

authorities.

writers

monuments,

Middle

the

accounts,

reliable

Rawlinson

topography Cities

doubtful

of

opinions

of

and

there

world,

the

of

races

records

ancient

of

Mohammedans

legends

believed

Egypt,

and

those

includes

and

on

histories

best

other

based

wide,

been

than

generally

most

the

among

earlier

not

are

were

despoiled

entirely

almost

been

cities

any

descriptions

The

has

Shepard.

of

early

edges acknowl-

CONTENTS

Contents.

page

Cities

Egyptian

of

Nile

the

:

"

Memphis Thebes Tanis

Heroopolis

.

Pelusium

Heliopolis,or

On

Bubastis Sais Alexandria Colonies

Islands

and

Rhodes

Carthage Agrigentum Syracuse Arabia

:

"

Mareb Aden Arem Ocadh .

Petra Bozrah .

Persia

:

"

Pasargadse

.

Persepolis Lower

Ecbatana

Agabatana Northern

Raga,

Ecbatana

Rhages

or

Baoistan Syria

:

"

Damascus Samaria Gaza Antioch

Palrr^ra Baalbec

Aleppo

.

of

the

Mediterranean

Sea

Contents.

PAGE

Syria: "

Beroea

222 .........

Jerusalem

222 ........

Joppa .

.

.

.

.

.

.

-231

.

lyre

232

.........

Ion

234

.........

Caesarea

238 .......

.

Mesopotamia: "

Nineveh

240 .........

Asshur

242 .........

Khorsabad

242

.........

Babylon

249 ........

WORLD.

ANCIENT

THE

OF

CITIES

ITALY.

N

o

strong

upon

capital of

with

the

provinces

the

commercial,

intellectual

interests.

which iesl days built

the

on

of

left

or

itself. ly main-

fine

and

did splen-

stretched

heights

lay

in

the

magnificence

from

edge

water's of

side

eastern

Tiber;"

circuses,

palaces

and

ly fine-

as

city

the

"Father

streets,

the

urbs, sub-

palm-

almost as

up

the the

the

to

Seven

Hills,

valleys

plains and

it

They

mighty capital lay

The

broad,

in

Rome's

in

were

the

Round

Rome.*

anil

various

the

to

bordering

Campagna

the

led

and

ancient

uniting

political,

intersected

Campagna

city of

the

Rome

to

queenly

cities

great and

country

Italian

fertile the

ian Ital-

peninsula, connecting other

the

.

entire

the

of stood

roads

broad

threaded

that

out

Tiber,

wall

its great

Of Semus.with

opening

river

flowing the

ran

rising

Hills

Seven

the

deep,

tween, be-

beyond, the

*

largest

See

and

crowned of

extent

description

of

Rome

surrounding

the Rome

in

was

"

Great

reached

Cities

of

elevations. at

about

the

World."

the

The time

greatest Christ

was

Cities

8

born, but

for hundreds

in all the

known

a

small

town

is

there wolf

that

some

here

city,which

the

At

country.

read

reigned done

all,but that it was "

Romulus

covered

gates, and

round, enclosure, which was of

or

Square Rome.

Romulus, Rome had

and

ruled

founded were

time

remember

that

over

a

cities.

it

wall

new

of

warlike

other

wall

Priscus laid

the

it at

city of three

edge

outside

Roma

of

this This

Quadrat that

a,

followed

great conquests.

works and

out,

"

Pomcerium.

made

we

do

having

also

kings

great

time

when

little

adjacent hills,where

were

squares

the

called

people who

Tarquinius

and

streets

also

Pompilius and

spread its territoryto the

reign

called

was

city,was

the

not

along

and

adjacent

an

did

a

like

of founding

But

The

first

history

real

justas

Age.

by

the

become

Italy or

carried

was

perhaps

credit

Romulus,

buildings inside

of the great

fast-growingcity of the

of

surrounded

The

people.

is sure,

not

the

Romulus

holy ground, and

as

after

their

thing

it has the

Elizabethan

was

left clear of all

were

know

not

probably legends say he lived.

the

Hill, but

beginning

In on;

the

one

for ages,

his followers

is called

and

sons,

although

militarytribe

as

that

do

we

that

Tiber, the

frontier,because

or

told

and

is known

as

about

building a city where

Rome,

as

own

legend,

border

But

some

legends tell of Numa

rich, and

carried

by

began was

lived, and

into the

his

and

a

named

meaning

of Rome

full of

upon

the

The

very

grew

must

we

spaces

Romulus,

story is

was

it

but

never

as

up

grandfather

outpost.

built

England

looked

it

It

age.

them

throwing

legend has been

the

been

quite

and

settlement

frontier

in the

became

soon

their

word

a

only the Palatine

hill all

the

in

did,

Romulus

of what

from

Remus

brother

uncle

If all this pretty

earliest age

the

his

the

when;

or

in historyas the City of Romulus,

brought them

to

of

exactly how

people give Romulus

have

rate

any

Elizabeth

when

Longa

city,and

the

may

that

founded, and

history,and

part of Roman

wicked

them.

city was

of

and

the

powerful, the greatest city

nation

is known

Romulus

herdsman

probably a

was

foundation

the

that

himself, but

after

settlement

a

the

way

by Romulus, of

found

know

not

and

grand

was

first settlement

restoring Alba

had

do

story about

them, the

in

prowess

in

in the

nursed

herdsman

the

This

it

then

World.

capital of the foremost

Hill,we

nowadays

say truth

no

that

great

Christ.

before

the

Palatine

the

on

scholars

but

world, and

before

750 years

of years

Ancient

the

of

tribes

other of

ment improve-

public buildings

erected. Servius

mighty like the to

followed, continued

Tullius, who

of

This

enclosed

fortifications.

These

were

of

free-stone, with

At

short

ramparts

give greater places where

observation sometimes

work

wall.

built

a

of

the

Greeks.

strength and

compactly filed in; the gates in

the

new

and

from wide

the

land

within massive

firmness were

formed and

a

structures

more a

bold

to

all of the

distances

massive natural

towers

for

the

and

wall not

without.

two, and

Hills

watching set

was

with

for entrance,

with

rium, Pomce-

three

The

made

a

and

defense,

arches for

they

convenient

entrances

arches,

as

to

line of

a

imposing structures, always

protection, and

defense of one,

Seven

stonework,

the

Tarquin, enlarged the

famous

as

were

located

point of

Rome

powerful

so

were

in protec-

Rome. tion

they

as

like

somewhat

was

of

and

in

made cast

a

sudden

and

back

at the

of

part

;i

and

Aneus

on

had

Aventine

the

Coelian

to

above

it the Porta

Esquiline Gate through which

plan.

dedicated

it

Coelian,

at

the

foot

was

chose to

the

Hill

the

as

smallest, the

of the one

was

to

city.

of the three

It

two

great

the

much

that

the

Tullius

were

Gate

led

and

earthworks,

long known

peaks

of the

gods

of

the

the

of the

Roman

the

most

as

the

hill called Latins

is the

life famous

Tarpeian and

at

the

the

of

side

eastern

plain.

and The

porta richly laden

pivot of the city

the or a

foot

City.

was

of

the

famous

plunder and Eternal

the

Campagna, the

last of

Etruscans,

and

the

wall

On

across

for

principal

southeast, between

the

Hill of Saturn

were

Trigemina Bridge, which

these

villa-built

as

Rome

built,which the

Flumentane

city.

it

citygrew

and

was

Gate

the

pierced

valuable

wealth of

core

On

about

city literallyhad

wall

below

that stretched

roads

glory and

to

the

the Sublician

to

greater

fortifications

the

the

into the

led

the

measured

Campagna,

Coelian

river;

the

that

steepest, and was

south-

city. Between

where

wall

the Aurelian

Janiculum.

Way

two

the

the

to

westerly wall

in the

magnificent

Beside

Capuan

or

the

probably led

with

Gate

of the

Tiber

The

The

Martins,

long time

a

conquering armies, mighty generals,

Capitoline It

Servius

Capene

EsquUina opened

stood

the

upon

Aventine, and

the

its course

beautiful

while

Capitol and

on

an

the

embankment

the

centuries, while

many

For

Christ

river, and

Coelimontane

stands

city.

Servius'*

the

new.

city proper the

of

for

decay,

through it the Appian the

was

of

the

the

circuit

after

wall

part of

Janiculum.

the

pleted com-

to

by the Palatine,

and

northerly one

most

within.

and

is

was

and

changed

past

was

far into

old

the

passed for centuries

sanctuary

Tarquin

the

and

connect

the

Hill, and

Coelian

The

Rome

on

north, but

altered

fall into

to

between

west

tract

the

comes

plain eastward

fortifications

lay the Campus

whole

in the third century site of

and

of the

embassies

great

united

a

circle semi-

a

theQuirinal Hills, and adjoinsthe earthworks

river

Rome

as

in

engirdled the Coelian

the

enclosed

point

crescent

Capitol the Aventine

the

Gate, the

being

this

its base, which

at

narrow

extended

suburbs

the Aventine

built

the

Servius

of

ring of hills is continued

the

to

the

The

without

allowed

was

the

between

of

curves

the city through

Carmental, stood,

little

a

stands.

as

were

present to

entrances

was

and It

broad

of

long

a

the Coelian

was

great

the walls

the

stretch

the Capitoline and

stood

till her

bounds.

marks

back

serpentine trail till it

bold

the

It

needed,

bend a

Rome

miles.

grew,

not

and

in

Here

and

modern

without

no

westward

end.

upper

further

south

river, enclosed

again

Quirinal

the

wall

half of the

upper

plain of the Esquilinethe

the

the river bounds

above

the

by the regular wall, which the

over

east,

fiftyfeet

due

it; and

On

continued

here

are

the

northerly is the Quirinal; then

most

the southwest

On

behind

of the river.

continued

citywhich

the

on

promontories, which

Coelian

the

The

east.

Esquiline

the

of Servius.

fortification

brink

the

sixty feet high and

embankment,

with

from

with

of

set

a

The

architecture.

fan, with the Capitoline Hill for its pivot. Toward

a

hills extends

Yimerial,

the

majestic in

were

i r

hills,the

citadel

Saturninus,

until

magnificent temple, Jupiter, Juno,

and

Cities

12

Minerva; part

upper

after this part of

ever

marched

Sabine

the

by

Carmental

In

The

made was

immense

and

reached

by

was

and

roof

the

on

divided

were

painted in

of Minerva

mark

lapse

temple

of

were

the

of

while

gods

it stood that

the great its

upon called the

in

and

Capitoline temple beside

of

the

temple

that

pediment. of the

of

the

right of of

god the

and chief

it

was

or

of

the

hold

to

of four

the

were

which

the

city. This,

the in

near

two

a

of

connection

of

the

by

in the

twin

thunder, to

of or

with

chief

was

feast-hall

that

graced

temples at

a

Capitol, and

the

Saturnian

Record the

of

later

the

Hill

Treasury,

field battle-

feet of

beyond. and

the The

city.

Close

Venus,

day placed

so

bells

some

the

greatest

of the

Mars

had

Office

the

the

at to

sky, there

the

at

stood

Minerva, gates of

heroes

trophies

giltstatue

the

to

open

was

cotta, Roman

Juno of

Here

sanctuaries

heights

spear.

of rich mosaics. the

the

temple

A

The

banquets

porch

Tabularium

was

tico por-

with

victorious

figure

of

ranges

of terra

landmarks.

lay their

to

hundred

god

Jupiter,made a

form, plat-

The

the

adjoining the sanctuary and

king. a

figures in relief,

of

temple,

their

with

like

was

year

peaks.

adorned

statue

boundaries

every

three

clay. Within,

the

band

Capitol

side.

each

a

geese

the

Saturnian

burnt

clothed

of

position on

long, with

in his left

the

near

himself

two

covered

Jupiter, and

procession

considered

Between

was

afterward, having

interior,was

was

figure was

pavements

Fides, and

of

Intermontium, where

archives

pediment

thunder-bolt, and

center

pompous

men,"

was

the

a

Jupiter Tonans,

temple

the

and

the

b.c.

sacred

triumph make

to

of the

feet

like the

centerwasa

a

so

commanding

a

held, the triumphs celebrated, and

were

brought

were

father

the

giltbronze,

religiousfestivals "

In

the

them

rock,

the

the rock

wished

hundred

put in the wall

Terminius,

460

leader

in

extending along

made

statuary in the

was

he

the lower

on

the

carried from

that

the

fall,and

was

hurled

two

The

styleof art;

nail

a

the

on

and

with

cries of the

the hurled

his

goose

rock

edifice

cella at the

time.

of

of

statue

a

of

right hand

the

year

a

pretext

of the

sculptors.

Etruscan in his

Every

the

stood

the

held

in

down

flightof steps, and,

great

apartments;

occupied

left.

a

square

groups

into three

general, and the

a

In

slaves, and climbed

when and

out

majestic singlecolonnade

a

citadel

attack.

of

of

the

enemies

When

the

upon

Gauls

majesticbuilding,in

summit

almost

the

himself the

on

was

greatest ancient

of the

and

and

in front

others

Manliuswas

by levellingthe

an

work

by

hurled.

hold

point

precipice

steep

a

were

band

a

summit

deliverance

Patricians

the

Capitolinetemple

great

columns

Hill.

Capitoline

condemned

this

the rushed

who

dragged of

chief of

after

years

reached

Manlius,

He

their

get

head

the

was

Place, while

Chief

later.

days

almost

remembrance

the

across

been

had

officer

the

Rock

traitors

usually the

was

story told, that

precipice.

the

saved.

few

a

and

Gate, roused

Juno

down

Romans

which to

Capitol or

the

Tarpeian

was

this cliff at

World.

called

was

The

first wish

Rock

Tarpeian

is another

Ancient

Capitoline, from

their

scaled

hill

the

Citadel.

or

the

Rome,

the

so

There

It

of

Herdonius

killed

of

Arx

to

up

Capitol;

the side

was

south-western

the

of

near

hung

level

space

stood, keeping

sacred

was

was

used

a

as

a

library,

Rome.

place for lectures, and

a

for

occupied by temples; and

Jupiter and of the

out

deities

The

that

belonging their

were

rich

booty

on

favorite believed

saered

Roman

gods.

Beneath

hill

Hill

which

over

Velia, and with of

the

set

was

A

Jerusalem. word

the Romans

apart to

to

gave

it to

about

the

exchange.

There

in

Rome,

this

"

but the

arch

of

taking

of

was

open

an

it contained the

two

without was

million the

business

several the

was

This

foot of

of

the

they

set

justice,it came

of

courts

were

Forum,"

distinguishit. At

Rome

Hill

early part

triumphal

meaning

or

called

the

Palatine

in the

city squares

the

and

for markets

have

ridge

is called

the

in

east, south-

the

to

the

commemorate

forum

this

the

to

that

the

of

public meetings. The first meaning of was "open place," but after the

for

space

Era

the

long, rather

a

where

the

as

holy

as

in width

connects

Christian

the

Titus

which

Esquiline, and

of

matters

Romanum,

away

So and

reverenced

stretching way feet

were

deities.

as

perpendicular brow

the

hundred

religiouspeople.

were

they

once,

was

gradually decreasing six

of them

many

temples and

to

space

very

take

highly

was

Forum

open

a

their

mortals

state,

the

was

narrow

aiding

been

strictlydevoted

were

as

people of earth

the

Capitoline

the

partially

city several altars to "greatest of gods," made the

went

to

but, though

have

to

above

far

in

causes;

the

also

peace

believed

were

form

to

Romans

of

was

whom

thanksgiving or

as

The

days

Arx

trophies and

with

offerings; they mortal

they

auguries, to

and

returned

they

to them

gods;

for counsel

giganticstatue

the

The

mythology

Roman

to

of

earliest

the

Samnites.

the

read

now

we

of

some

with

stood from

taken

armor

in

here

deities

other

special purposes.

other

some

'3

only any

center,

such

other

center

places

that

one

of

name

AUGl'S'ITS.

was

to

Rome

in its

glory, and

the

core

of its life when

people.

Capitol,where

it measured

nearly

two

hundred

feel across,

stood

Cities

14 the

magnificent triumphal

of

arch

lasted

from

City was chief It

these

placed in

and

bas-reliefs the

two

of

and

Severus front the

on

of the

the

Palatine the

and

entirelyunited

city became by broad

toline

Hill

the

hundred

two

Here

the

great

were

assemblies the

of

surrounded

sides

and

of

were

four

the

Forum

the

hundred

feet

raised

were

which

fasti alsOj written

white

on

of his

the

top of

to

Capitol, stood

day,

in

basilicas,for

cities of

a

convenient

the

of

Romans

tween place beit

ground;

after the

the

Comitium.

the

world

trivial the

matters

In

the of

Comitium

all

citizens

law,

when

portico its

along

twelve

the

hung up,

were

the

as

ments monu-

two-storied

A

cussed; dis-

well

as

beautiful

most

first floor; and

the

the

the Capilength of

remaining of

foundation

tables, informed

of

foot

and

out

by

city.

another.

When

destinies

and

occupied

then

was

valley.

the

the

the

with the

in

occupied

the

adorned

streets

one

was

and

every

was

considered

are

leading

that

containing figures of

the

from

while

proper,

tabemce

or

of

midst

the

its

Babylon,

and

drained, paved, regularlylaid

was

met

It

finest

shops

temples

Romans,

lowly

the

entry

the

neutral

on

in

held

were

settled.

by

it, in which

basilicas

the

and

over

encompassed

the

ground

Senate

the

and

great

talked

and

and

Lake

about

was

meet

feet, gradually diminishing in width,

here

tables

the

For

streets.

great oblong

could

Curtain

the

alliance

in

city.

Saturnian, it being

the

on

into

columns, statues, temples and the

a.d.

arches

grand

renown

in

now

the

in 205

Capitol; upon

the

his

to

Aurelius,

after the

colonies

the

read

liveliest part of

time

Sabines

of

of

One

Senate its

east, his

in the

legends

were

the

as

some

with

marshes

by

bounded

the

hills where

two

surrounded

established

was

there

well

as

by

of the

thousand

a

honor.

reared

foot

the

Severus

Marcus

like

began, the Eternal

the

the piers is a staircase by six horses abreast, and

of

all sides

on

grandest

erected

of

one

drawn

statue

and

Forum, of

of

monuments

lic Repub-

Roman

Christ),and

of

Ages

great city,and

in the

the

In car

a

The

sons.

the

Forum

of

Geta.

stood

arch, and was

The

the

and

which

his

Forum

head

Middle

the

with

temple of Belus, while

Caracalla

sons,

rebuilt

of the

days

the birth

time), for something

same

fell and

Septimius Severus,

of

finest spots

the

the

the

In

before

years

Rome

and

Arch

the

at

about

depicted the victories

of the

tower

arch, upon

the

built

the

was

one

elegant proportions faces

Severus.

Septimius

d., when

a.

500

continuallybeing

among

was

to

b.c.

500

World.

Ancient

five hundred

during nearly (which Empire (which followed and lasted years

the

of

law-courts

open. On

the

known Here

as

the

number; Forum basilica

right the

judges and

for the and

or

the

of the

of

Julia,used

the

Forum

partiallyas

the

mad

Caligula

pleasure of seeing the

Arch very

there a

was

law

of Tiberius ancient

of

to

people scramble

is believed

temple

used

to

Castor

have and

a

stood.

large and and

court

empire, called Centumviri, held

its roof

on

side

lower

Basilica

their stand

partly

statelystructure, as

and

after

it.

Beyond

Pollux, where

throw At

exchange.

an

courts, which

money the

this site

costly

four

were

into

of the

corner was

in the

the

sacrifices

nificent magwere

Rome.

offered

Regius, and

Column

not

was

opposite, and with

father her

of

on

beyond

them,

"

breast,

knife, which Senate

the famous was Curia, or capable of holding six hundred on

mounted

and

their

faced

spoke in his place, while Senate

the the

House

Rostra,

crowds

in the Comitium.

Patricians

Patricians

Sabines, and of

"

and the

So

trouble. while

common

citizenship.

the

four of the

Hills.

religious purposes, the sacred

great Latin and

He "

the

with

the

the

2

the

which

to

speaker

Further

balance.

was

speakers

the in

rose

and

turn

Nearly opposite

Comitium,

which

upon

addressed

orators

Plebeians

the

in the

stood

the

vast

Forum, to the

the

body

as

laws

them

of

Tullius

Latin

nation.

belonged

to

and

like its

but

temple

was

the

was

long

the

to

for he

this the Aventine customs

the

builder

new

Pomoerium

ciliation, recon-

cause

zens, all citi-

only body well

as

as

included

called; these

were

Esquiline

the

in itself sacred

used

to

open

been

on

and

"

great

valleys,and

because

national

people

townships,

our

Hill,was

belonging

After the

a

was

the

which

had

by Romulus, and

Pomoerium, this

of

members

Curiae,which

Saturnian

a

in size and

militaryform,

a

of the

Servius

But about

wealth, growing that they might not so liberties,

was

and

ruling body,

the

race.

fast

Aventine, while built

inferior

much

a

of

Latins, Plebeians, the descendants

the

skillfully bought

set

or

original citizens

the

cityof Rome;

departments of Rome,

the

Servius

festivals,which

by her plunged into

magnificent public hall

Roman

of

Servius

same.

the boundaries

the

whole

stabbed

Marcus."

class,"which

assembly Assembly

limits of the

goddess.

shops;

kings of Rome,"

gave

TheCapitoline, and

Sacra,

great parties that belonged

two

Palatine,the Quirinal, the Ccelian

the

alliance

a

enlarged citytribes,as

Viminal

within

new

Patricians,or

he

statesman;

on

created

he

the

regarded

were

"

to this

votes, remained

any

were

full

the

in the

wisest of all the

jealous of the Patricians

become

the

opened

rightsof

with

admitted,

the best and

which

and

of Phocas.

statue

stalls,and

tribune

in the

hung

huge

a

silversmiths'

tyrant

great no

on

Via

"

the

was

Forum

the

descendants

Etruscans, first united

afterward

those

Tullius,

the

they talked; each

were

probably

were

This There

set

Virginia was

of

public assemblies,

These

by

by

"

famous

lined with

one

from

the

is still

nation.

politicof the early Roman The

of

at the out-door

gathered

"

the world

line between

giltbronze

a

was

from

free

while

fate

but

House.

open-air platform, from

or

that

the

the

was

seized

senators.

audience

by

skirted

was

and

"

basilica,and

or

shops," where

new

marked

was

temple

Forum,

"

he

the battle of Lake

knights, richlyclothed, crowned

Forum

some

keep her

to

way

the

city square the

were

Roman

surmounted

side of the

the

only

the

as

from

marble, and

great open

built up

anniversary of

the

was

by the temple in militaryprocession. of

center

taken

was

of white

the

butcher's

a

trophies, rode

Julia,the It

base

side

were

their

of Phocas.

upper

which

"

Basilica

pyramid-shaped

July. This performed the

of

15th

rites

bearing

the

Opposite

The

the

"

after the

olive, and

with

the

ides

the

on

"7

to

and

militaryand

included never city,was of the temple Diana, the

wished was

of both

to used

form

an

enduring

for many

Latium

and

fices sacriRom .

1

Cities

8

These

precinctswithin

the

were

townships, directlyunder which

gathered

early Rome occupied

by

was

assisted

was

succeeded

hundred

This

in

by

formed of

length

the

Here

sacred

summit.

Via

the

Forum

into for

march

the

the

imperium

Triumph

As lo

tibicines,or

and from the borne

of

about

is

three

the

crowd

eager

to the

the

foot

by

Via

the

was

extended

and

led

procession

The

foot of the

with

his

a.d.),wound given

be

soon

and

Capitoline

from

that

lined

the

the

upper

side

hill,then

to

up

the

through Velian

the

street, and and

the

great temple

up

open

passing beneath

the

to

whole

ascent

steep

a

Sacra.

the

of the

down

came

on

its way

and

outside

the

walls

was

stands

lead

the

fantastic

eager,

the

hangings.

the the

on

victor

Senate, the

the

lictors

march, and

crowds

fell

back,

or

attendants of

gazed

from

on,

occasion

with

At

citymagistrates,

bundle

moved

statelyprocession

flute-players, celebratingthe

or

triumph.

the

of

rods,

as

their

meantime,

but

"

a

"

to

and

spectators, who in the

sometimes

his

prowas

opened,

were

commander,

during

Senate

procession

the

Temples

The

triumphal

a

the

built to accommodate

were

carrying their fasces

dress, and

triumphe!

by

in the

which

citygates; although a

was

granted

was

through

march.

granted

met

was

privilege

gay

the

commander

Roman

a

squares

line of

the

to

the

as

garlands

troops

took

the

could

streets

commander

the

shouting

This

for

king, who

thanksgiving to Jupiter it was

hand,

throngs along

in their official

crowned

the

Rome,

to

shops

As

city.

within

citizens,who

office.

up

the altars ; temporary

on

in vast

usually collected

"

choose

king, throne

long after the kingdom

Forum,

Comitium

offer

to

passed.

(after205

expenses;

burned

gathered

of

in

of the

past the temples and

that

adorned

were

incense

famous

most

end

of the

beginning

other

the

it consisted

times

the

which

Hill.

entrance

the

the

highest reward

The

the

passing through

on

to

was

lasted

slope of the Capitol, which

pageant

of Severus

arch

Tarpeian

Tided

the

rule

body

monarchical

small

general went

a

pavement,

of the

and and

the

famous

Forum,

its smooth

triumphal

the

that

the

Forum,

from

in

Patricians.

boundaries

When

Sacra

stretch

the

oblong,

ridge, in to the -over

of

it met

in the

The

This

senate.

elect

to

was

hereditary monarchy,

a

a

of the

Romanum,

royal family.

a

by

from

chosen

its upper

Hill.

of

more tribes, or were many bly, public duties of the Assem-

there

Part

Forum

of the not

Republic, but

a

street

great

another

his government

members

The

in the Comitium

after

one

walls, but without

the

but

World.

Ancient

citygovernment.

the

monarchy,

a

was

the

of

the

rarely "

the

Gate

great body magistrates

symbols of their temporary

seats,

citydignitariesfollowed

their

of

by

piping reed-instruments,

soldiers

filled the the the

bearing the booty on the points of long lances or on portable stands. with delight at the armor people with intense excitement. They shouted

standards enemy,

victor.

arranged or

Statues

aloft,and

the

as

trophies, at the

of

of

rivers

art, valuable

and

towns

plate and

cities and

the

pictures of battles,the great tablets

personifying the

treasures

models

of vases,

inscribed

the

the with

conquered

silver

and

ships taken the

deeds

country

of

were

gold coins, and

Rome.

of

products

done

who, after they had at

foot

the

them

of

heartless

and

horned

cries of

and

rolls the stood

He

was

dressed

the

statue

of

in

Jupiter

his head.

deposited

his

sheep, and

a

and

In

the

succeeded

of

after

them, in the

stood

him

palmata, taken and

marched

rear

the

the

At

army.

and

crown lap of Jupiter, bull, after which a festive meal

showy

ments, orna-

abreast.

In the

upon

for the

The

the

victor.

occasion

from

ivory scepter

holding the triumphal

the

"

Capitol the this

the

of

crown

triumphator

sacrifices

usual

With

held.

was

jeers

multitude.

eagle-crowned

the

made

and

the

place of honor,

dress

showered

public servant

a

for

open

passed

horses

of admiration

Capitoline Temple,

Behind

was

priests,attending the gilt-

light,fantastic

tunica

the

in the

the

to

way

or

ancient

word

the

temples, and first seek

religionof

Romans

the

presided

prompted

made

with

over

of

"

swine,

a

a

triumph

of

day

from

keeping the

same

in the

wanted read

flashes

the

of

of reserved

them

to

lightning. Augurs

augurs,

the

of

had so

will

on

which

They

were

a

the

of

observations,

in

know

Romans.

called

and

Fear;

either these

to

It were

the

was

by

formed

tcmplum;

a

gods for help, carried

to

executed

were

this

they augural science,

of all

seek

specialplace in it was

divided

out

built

were

flightof birds, one

for

common

compelled A

the

as

made

represented

gods'will, and

the

as

world

the

is known

priests,who

important occasions. and

prayed

statues

anxiety to

oracles.

business-like

a

which or were difficulties, temples scattered through Rome

noblest

call

we

worldly gratifications.

most

believed

they

by signs in the sky, class

worship

other

Plague, Hunger,

they practiced what

prayers

all

their

and

trouble

representatives of the State

divine

for these

the

to

nature.

of

great

collegesamongst and

in

when

way;

their

or

hundreds

some

altars

goddesses

of mind

They

direct

answers

and

gods

and

motive. most

had

their

a bindingpoiver, and obligation,

fame, wealth,

for

what

consult

or

the

why

wended

from

offer sacrifices

means

feelingof constraint,and

a

ambition

all of the

of vows,

scientific the

of

deity to and

far

were

this is

nations

of other

conquests

they planned,

deities,and

their

generals, who

some

Peace, Valor;

to

vows

fidelity.Nearly

in the

was

by

of

anything; whenever

toward

and

Romans,

the

element

every

solemn

shrine

the from

They worshiped offeringsto a multitude and

victories victorious

the

why

religion comes

performance

wanted

anything, or

celebratingbloody

religious,would The

did

Romans

failed,their first thoughts turned

pageants

great

and

company

followed,

rejoicingclosed. When

or

picta and

in the

the

mouth

body

9

withdrawn

were

has

four

tokens

the

were

toga

in his hand.

victorywas over

the

nobles

enemy,

by magnificent object of the triumph, the idol of the

victor, the

resounded, unbounded

shouts

a

jesters in

chariot, drawn

triumphal

the

come

sacrifice,while

the

and

Prison, whose

this sorrowful

populace,

for

oxen

their

of glorification

After

by singers, musicians, and

preceded chariot

Roman

the

garlanded

hill.

kings, princes

Mammertine

into the

cast

sacred

of the

Fettered

part in this

their

hill,and

the

foot

the

at

lands.

newly acquired

the

1

the

or

most

the

portant im-

sult people t"" contheir interpretation

the

temple

bytwo

was

lines into

Cities

20

four

A

Velia, which of the

Forum

Sacra, the

a

Palatine

Palatine.

At

led. in

the wife

the

Forum,

New

the

was

Hill, and head

the

fora, one

the

the

Viscus

on on

Janus the Sabine

from

the

State.

of

the

ninth

the

fifteenth the

This

the

Circus

to

hill,was

the

of

was

the

a

priestesswho down,

the

from

kept for them they chose

This

of

a

Vestal

the banks very

and

was

tended ex-

two

were

made

Via

the

at

Via

great

the

Forum,

Sacra

foot a

was

of the bronze

through which

quarter

her

the

of buffaloes

vows

spent the chanced of the as

it did

to

this

There

and

in

greatest the

as

not

under

thirtyyears

of

of their

look

a

upon

Tiber; it is

now

ancient

had

the

days

the fire

upon

as

by all the They

lives in the

had

set

church

of heathendom.

of

free.

the

of Maria

fire to

fall of

the

to

the

other

received best

could

seats

marry

considered

The

vows

strict,and

of the

of the

it.

by young took

granted

some

lane enter

people, and

was

service

goddess;

to

very

authority,and

service; but this

Christian

who

altar

narrow

allowed

privilegesnot

home

was

was

omen

an

the a

these, who

order

vestal

into

performed

six of

over

her

renewed, and of

allowed

was

The

watch

on

was

honor

ceremonies or

colonnaded

to

flame

the

in

one

no

many

criminal, he

circular

a

dirt carried

The

highest.

Nova, close under

believed

was

year

four

honor

any

Vesta,

the

and

were

looked

was

Via

the

held

and

alive.

remainder

in the

each were

and

by the early Romans,

night, but

at

thirty years.

Virgins

well

as

theaters, were of their

who

gate, and

buried

was as

held

classes

of

tended

were

On

goddess

out

a

virginsfor

hand, Vestal

lowest

in the

by

used

Temple

closed

cleared

Virgins.

were

the

first of March

was

much

was

special festivals

her fires

remain

broke

after the end

much

the

locked

virgin,and

They

of them

most

day

and

vestalia

the

other

the

to

the

severelypunished,

was

maidens.

respect

the

on

side

which

Way, from

with

Maximus.

famous

the

On

street

sacred

June the temple

goddess

Roman

near

out.

building.

On

eye

during

go

June

State.

so

open to

priestessescalled Vestal

serve

any die

was

of

goddess

Roman to

It

allowed

never

The

of the

war-god.

great Forum

brow

western

behind

way,

and

patron

led

Velabrum,

the

at

Tuscus, or Etruscan fountain

of

it led

was

which

the

to

which

There

Etrurian

or

Via,

Nova

market

ox

the

market,

cattle

or

ox

from

went

next

southern

the

along the Tiber.

Tuscany

the or

Etruria

of

god

shrine, beautifullydecorated, and the

Way

entered

of the

great

Aventine

was

On

Rome.

people

the

the

to

of

lous popu-

There was a long trough-shaped here, groups of Tuturna, the mythological sister of Turnus representation of the Lake

street

oxen,

as

other

of Vertumnus,

statue

the

of

edge of the Esquiline

the

part

or

Quirinal Hills;

and

Esquiline,Viminal,

lay on

by which

out

ran

these

between

route, the

the

over

street*

unlucky, according

or

through the Subura,

led

Forum

fashionable

most

lucky

as

squares.

the

between

Capitoline, Palatine, and

the

connecting roads direct

the

boundary

upper

the

from

Carinse, which

the

to

another

below

determined in these

seen

ground

the low

afterward

was

were

north-eastward

covering reached

beyond

they

World.

Ancient

heavenly signs were

which

running

street

quarter and

the

positionin

the

to

and

squares,

the

of

if

unlucky,

goddess.

If the

temple still stands del

Everything

Sole, and had

a

very

ing lookprac-

INTERIOR

OF

Till

l\W

TIH.oW

Cities

24 tread

for the

The

"

Aventine

the

valleybetween

Largest Circus,"

it

as

Palatine

called

by King Tarquinius Priscus, who into

rebuilt

it,and

The

which

for

which

was

Circus

the

Above business

famous

that

beneath

stands, which

The

Arch

of

the

served

as

a

Above with

on

the a

the

the

feast

or

the

to

of

to

choose

days

of

the

Forum

In

and

stood

site for for

immortal

of on

a

the

with

its

were

the

that

rushes was

water

covered

ferry to

a

that

part of

the

Tullius

row

from

went

market

ox

after

raised

a

of Stertinius.

equal sides and

from the

still ple Tem-

tories great vic-

some

in honor

here

of

river

the

then

boats

forty-eightniches

theater

of

several

people demanded At

times

great bull of brass

a

where

arch

Capitoline, the

and

sheltered

by the

mighty

arches

for statuary.

sun

and

men

whose

rain

It

while

business

traffic.

theater, or

gods.

drained

earlier

the

its four

business, and

their

of

the great

was

and

Hercules, and raised

were

end

filled with

were

Forum

these

to

the

at

stripof ground along

quay

Boarium,

of

and

Romans

matters

market

public square,

a

from

foot

back-bone, of

or

drain, whose

given

still stands

compass, the

carried

a

the

long,low by

it was

was

arches

god,

the

cityor ox

after a

and

races

tiers

barefooted; there

except

Temple

a

who

carousing.

long ago, and adjacent to it Servius the Sabine god Matuta. for

sion divi-

those

feet broad;

course,

seat

Willows

Quirinal.

the

triumphal

market

the

of

spina

the

Tiber.

the

Palatine, and

center

by

hundred chariot

of the

and

Palatine

of Velabrum

site here

a

of the the

site of

ancients

market

In

points

with

top

nine

A

of

great

or

the

over

pass

name

portico where

news

connected

not

after time

the

at

center

river

the

sightsof

of the

base

Janus, the Sabine

great

look

the the

Maxima,

the

foot of the

first two

four

discussingthe

the

another

Spain, the

to

long and

eating,gaming,

valley between

the

also, chose

turned

of

placed here

Fortune, and in

was

that

was

Pompey,

Cloaca

could the

Palatine.

the

to

whole

one

to

hill to another

down

rising of

the

one

reaching to

so

mile

a

around

stalls for

the

is still

across,

passengers

Arcades

built

been

to their

the Republic; JuliusCaesar kept in splendor till after the death of

sit and

ran

have

to

This

kingdom by

constantly trained.

were

statuary,

and

as

the

even

ground,

one

horses

enlarged time

lay the ox market, which place of the city. It occupied

open

stone

overflowed

sometimes

people

stood.

people according

Maximus

known

and

often

nearly half

protected from

sewer

masonry

out

or

square,

Tiber, but

was

could

of the

and

fall of the

others, is said

all

to

Maximus

Circus

the

seats

Empire1 it was

and

mountebanks,

the

the

arch.

triumphal

a

jugglers and

the

and

men

comparison

re-arranged

was

of

gardens, fountains

narrow

the

million

a

in

hills where

arranged

after the of

days

great oval

half

podium

races,

used

was

in the

Constantine. in its

it

him;

after

came

it

thirtysections; but

fearless

of idolatryto preach the Gospel to its people. through the Capuan Gate, and opened upon the

Rome

and

was

Jesus Christ,who,

of

Apostle

an

the seat

ancient

entered

Appia

Via

World.

Ancient

saint,Paul,

death, entered

persecution and

of

and

teacher

of that

the

of

first the

Marcellus. of a

them, place

theaters

to

were

It as

soon

witness made

was

a

as

the of

custom

they

laid

dramas

wood,

so

Rome. down

taken

be

to

as

Republic they these

of

by

semicircle thousand a

of

front

back

stretched

was

canvas

In

long broad

island.

an

almost

like

some

one

to

Semo-Sancus.

god from

main

the

sick

where

island

shore of

slaves

above

that

to

and

temples

left to

were

by

below.

shrines

for

being

used

for

Claudius

cruel

it

form

sun.

and

as

Sabine

the

to

it,and reached

island

or

stream

Esculapius,

to

crossed

promising

brace em-

ship, with

a

in the

here

the

to

entirely,or

of

it stood

prison,

a

the ends

the

it,one

imperial times

In

of which

little way

a

raised

bridge that

a

The

thirty

once.

the

altar

an

arcades,

from

and

that

so

of

means

devoted

in

cut

was

also

was

reached

die, the

by

great temples built upon

there

was

at

the

finest

numbering

spectators

divided

strong masonry,

three

were

it

the

the Colosseum.

fastened

Tibcrina, and

time

stories

two

seats,

played

of

days of

Marcellus, after the

apartments,

Tiber

/so/a

one

with

of

were

actors

the

it the

Faunus;

to

The

site

the

aspect;

There

one

tiers

protect the

to

many

the One

of in

styleas

various

Marcellus

coated

were

giantvessel. Jupiter,and

where

At

purposes.

its sides

with

Theater

same

ropes

top

open

called

ancients

the

filled with

stage,

of

Theater

The

stern;

great

stretch

open

the

sacred

to

so,

and

the

lay the

the

circle raised

arcade

in

but

over;

costly materials.

him

half

much

and

were

of

by

great

a

of the

roof

across

opposite

About

the

semicircle

the

of the

prow

On

altogether.

called

of

corridors

girdled by

was

and

pilasteredwall, in

massive

a

substantial

It consisted

emperor's nephew. surmounted

performances

the

as more

by Augustus, and

built

was

soon

as

made

were

25

had

another

neglected spot

a

freedom

them

if

they

recovered.

"good

The on

errands

of

in great

Sea

and

commere

and

numbers,

"

Tiber

Father

along the banks

palaces, villas,villagesand

were

by the arcades

traversed

hundred

is three

warfare, ships

of

the

came

of the

Baltic, gems

amber

from

the

fabrics

from

Babylonia,

world were

in

could

brought burdens

harbors to

Rome The

monuments,

ever

and

was

various

and

an

the

crossed

order

of

from

Roman the

rare

the

at

The of

mouth

imports

parts of the

first bridges that

works

roads.

the

at

of

the

the

many

or

China

from

its

precious, of

quay

the

cargoes

for

Tiber.

It

countries

Rome had

the to

the

brought landed

of

brought

were

woven

dainties, or

were

one

silks, that

choicest

market,

ox

city

great came

All

Greece.

single

crowded

Arabia,

from

perfumes art

the

a

be

at

grandest

shipped

domains.

river at Rome

priests

of

To

there statues,

if

as

Tiber, there

metals, from

sent

and

continuous, world.

here,

Campagna

the

of the

from

Mediterranean

the

monuments

and

mouth

wealth

Spain

landed

well-built

situated

built,where

unrivaled

were

the

city,and

to

over

groves,

India, spices and

from the

They

the

and

to

forth

away

all connected

things beautiful,

Rome.

along

Ostia, which

and

of

produce to

earth; Britain

and

gardens

aqueducts, and

city stretched from the Seven Hills to the sea, with ships, yard-arm to yard-arm, bearing the richness

and

stretchingfar

cities,with

in the

wide

feet back

went

called

looked

were

upon

Pontifices bridge "

as

makers

sort

of religious

-took

care

of

Cities

26

The

them. to

Pontifex Maximus,

name

high priest

the

Sublicius,which of Lars crest

Porsena.

Janus, the Quirinus

was

might

war

not

offer sacrifices

view

of the

and

their way

its summit

in

This

plan they

power

stretchingmiles the

Great

It is

Drain, concentric

masonry

which

fine that

so

without

lands

of

the to

the

between

perfectly to

or

foot

the

Galba

this

now

bridge

and

still

has

toward

of

cement,

or

probably

as

nobly planned system at

great inundations.

remains or

stones

the

that

the

arch

the

king,

yellow Tiber,

the

bridges of

still be

may

in

of

hard

seen

fell under

is but

of

been the

underground

thousand

five hundred

low-lyingparts then,

as

pours

of the

now,

a

canals

like the

of this drain

weight,

own a

knife

vast

drains

ago.

It

marshy Drain was

city,especiallythose

broad

and

rapid

blade

sewerage

the

it all into the Great years

is

river.

consisting

stone,

of the

ness great-

works the

near

found, and

mouth

the

these

The

has

the

aqueducts,

or

diameter^ and volcanic

wood arched

make

that

wonderful

and

was

nobly

gardens,,

hillyland, showing

citywaste

the

Tiber

of

country

feet

river.

This

net-work

two

Sublicius,so his famous

waters

most

blocks

huge

joints.

collects it did

noble

displaced block

a

was

Etrurian

his

workmanship kept in their place simply by their

are

one

by

all,for the

of

he

as

away

first

emblem

the

first to

their

of

rough and

nearly fourteen it enters

the

which

hills and

the

not

in between

Tarquins,

river, existed

whose

wall where

though the

now,

plain

made

arches, each

Janus his

of the first Sabine

the

Nearly every

engineering. Among Maxima,

by the

and had

and

had

to

necessary

world; they combined

the were

rushing

the

span

mighty

some

spirit

the

called

Priscus

Pons

the

Julius Caesar

builders

sewers.

smooth

over

the

to

that

so

has

Janus

placed.

been

used

only

not

Janus.

was

Porsena

buried, and the remains

was

Janiculum

snatched

Lars

came

hill

of the

have

vault, measuring

forms

mortar

system

cap also

it had

times

of

eagle, henceforth

the

which

whose

of

Rome,"

of

key

Tarquinius

here

magnificent procession

Cloaca

scarcelybe put

can

eminence

greatest

skill in

Roman

of three

is

the

of war,

army

in earliest

then

not

was

god "the

here

reign,and

to

said to

of arcades

semicircular

a

From

son

Pons

Etruscan

hill upon

a

name

the

was

that

of peace, it

that the

to

Etrurians

by the

his head

building roads, aqueducts,

of the

reason

sacred

the

in times

splendid long-lastingstructures, and

of Roman

sway

in

other

hand.

this

the

were

in

bridges. but

came

Near

also

are

Romans

masonry

he

the emperor

Pompilius, The

his

Over

by Horatius.

on

Numa

and

which

chariot.

band, winding defended

key

in

replaced upon

power, in his

the

site,held

Etruria," and

a

city over

of Roman

riding

of

with

for

This

closed

a

Fons, the

to

was

temple

forth; and

him.

key

represented

was

whose

here

Rome

tradition

which

hill from

raised

in

against the

Janiculum,

the is

There

this

altar

an

"

of old

days

city to

the

stood.

city on

a

was

old

the ancients

given by

was

pope,

bridge built

oldest

brave

from

Etrurians

of war,

go

to

"the

Romans,

there

god

a

in the

bridge led

founded

god,

sun

"

kept

against the

Afterward

the title of the

now

pontifices. The

the

The

bulwark

a

come.

of

of

Horatius

World.

Ancient

the

of

stream

as

due

along given

Rome.

In

time

the still

were

of

the

name

of

spot

in

Rome.

stood

the

nation

It

and

was

"

most

Boarium

them

above

of

the

"

in ancient

Circus

the

with

so

ever

such

beautiful

loveliest raised

Maximus and

many

its most

calls

Europe

buildings

sumptuous

and

covered

was

still stands

thrillingevents

most

hills,and

included

faced

were

with

with

luxuries

and

furniture

of

and in

ings dwellesting inter-

most

Europe

history transpired

stood

this

on

grand

rich

fabrics that

looms

pile,

can

plants,

and

fountains

noble

flowers

of

Through

in

carrying these

walked

was

and

the

her

finest

the The

the

trees,

the

forth

form

perfect

in

shady cruel

sit with

or

taste

arbor.

Nero;

in

her embroidery

in

plotting or deed; and through

the

terrace

gorgeous that

in

realitythey these

that burn

pile was has

NERO-

haunted

Among

Christians

splendid thing of its kind Roman

with

emperor. on

vast

of

gushed

murder, while

studied, and

fireworks.

abroad, by

stered uphol-

felt himself

ever

hated

by his court, watched human

to

the The

the

beautiful

occupied

not

Nero

spirit after of

used

duced. pro-

profusion, where

and

dreadful

some

corridors

her

enemies

garden, halls walked

she out

and

luxury

water

of

grouped

were

these

when

scented

world

ship bring in.

or

and

in

statues

Agrippina

court

one

and

sentiment

terrace,

on

all

terraces, where

grew

or

pure

turn,

every

jewels

produce

parks, gardens and

walls, although strong

paintings the

wood, cedar, and

with

wooded

The

sculptures and

till it covered

away

with

contained

imaginable.

magnificence

half

stretched

miles.

veined

embellished

It

a

of

picture the beauty of this

now

the

or

and

finest

or

snow

satins,brocades, and could

Caesars, which

the

majestic columns

ivory, sandal

ornamented

the

as

and

gold, metals.

with

Nothing

and

conveniences

was

rosewood,

with

marbles, white

and

of

of three

area

arcades

and

purple

costlygems

an

decorated

fortress,were

a

Palace

gorgeous

Chambers,

by

Forum

it every

from

The

the

hill.

three

at

Hill

palaces.

of the

some

Here

as

that

by the here, and old

Palatine

standing, the

magnificent mansions

while

emperors,

29

ever

gardens

lay in

front

like torches called been

the

the of

on

the a

in the

by friendly-seeming

philosopher palace Nero, surrounded

great

row

Golden

known.

travelers,by foreign visitors, and

filled

were

Its

of

-

poles,

House,

it

wonders

literature

set

the

was

the

for his mosl

celebrated

were

of

up

I

Cities

3"d

"

imperial seat,

venerably great;

pile)stands

awful

nations

kingdoms

and

the

crowds supplicating

to

learn

the

Thither In

World.

Ancient

Palatine, proud Rome's

The

(An

the

of

come

their doom:

******

Inferior

temples

And

the

on

o'er the

While

rise

her

rest

lodg'd amidst

And

hand,

either

on

palace stand,

of the

borders

head

her

she

proudly

rears,

guardian gods appears."

'

palace extended

The in

front,surrounded

with

by

by

contained

mosaics, and

of

means

walls

The the of

of the

ceilingsof

halls

dining

or fragrant waters long table in the center

on

to

rich and

small

jeweled

chiseled, and vessels

also

covered

surface.

The

Greek

Romans

important with

part

any

large feast,and

round chosen

was

dancing

or

by

and

present of chance

the

lay in stupor

square

and

at

to

on

of the

cast

overcome

and

dice,

to

hall,and would

so

with

and

or

admit

were

a

limbs had

and

rain

been

was

Drinking and

plays, or

crescent-shaped,

was

very

in

dance, abun-

great

so

in

a

A

master

king of the

or

to

sons per-

games

exhibitions

representing carousals

of

please the fancy of the guests.

some

floor until

a

generally mixed

lively.Sometimes

or

the

flowers,the topers reclined

scenes

on

on

was

drained in healths glasses were kept up, music was played and

excite the interest

upon

bas-reliefs,or soldered

or

on

ing drink-

Nero, usually ended

removed.

keep the company

the

itself

kinds,

with

put

beautifully

rious precious stones, the luxu-

gross

crowned

then

small

with

degree.

of the

were

and

costly. The

very

with

many

fish

of metals

fatigueor liquor, they were or

to

as

quantities,or the wine

given after the feast

their couches round

of

were

small

dishes

introduced

whatever

others

which

sumptuous

a

particularlythose

after the

fightsof gladiators were were

Meat

made

were

fashion

in such

table

given in the

were

carousers

They

same

carried

their heads

bettingwere

back,

set.

was

adorning drinking vessels

With

a

edges.

absent, witty conversation

gods, battles,or

Even

was

animals,

their banks.

on

pearls; the ivory with which

slide

designs wrought of the material

used

that

carouse.

table

feasts;the wines

Roman

the water

feast

the

of

custom

but

for hours

the

artistic

water;

drunken

of

of

was

the

of the

imperial times

of

unique houses

gold, jewels,and

occupied

were

ferocious

elegant form, of smootli surface, adorned

of

with

and

court

marbles, paved

courts

and

tame

A

At these old Roman carousers. banquets known spread with every luxury the world was of fish and fowl, fruit and spice, were heaped upon

raised

clay dishes

some

were

sometimes

with

Other

by

to

Esquiline.

in rich

was

which

with

inhabited

made

the

of the

hall

dainties

service

large flat dishes

or

heads

of the

choicest

The

produce.

the

with

to

long, faced

emperor.

of beautiful

inlaid

was

the

of the

rows

covered

were

roses

the

or

rooms

the

mile

a

woods

and

large ponds, like lakes, with

with

was

statue

great

a

by gardens, vineyards, meadows, or

connecting apartments

triplecolonnade,

a

occasions. borne

morning.

surrounded

Finally,when

away The

on

by

their slaves

table, sometimes three

sides

by low

Cities

32 beautiful

of all cities.

built with

colonnades

grand

and

adjoining

The

wide

and

regular

lava, which

hard lined

from The with

Asia

Great

the

and

clear

all,and

fountains.

of

and

hot, cold,

about half

a

two

carried

tepid,

hot

or

with

around

and

benches side In for and

the a

hot

large public steam

bath;

oiling the

dered plun-

statues

Romans,

baths.

each

and

for the other at

by

of

was

filled with

and

tinued, con-

world.

the

the

streams, and

health

handsome among

comfort

grottoes

and

the

portant im-

most

the in

of

went

out

extensive

most

or

tanks

The

from

a

stood

of

pillarsstanding this,and

bath

apartment

were

to

in niches.

A

a

The

rooms.

and

was

a

foot

occupied the

lying above

baths

tub, for

ment base-

or

of

bathrooms

hot

for all varieties

substructure

it,according for

museums,

through the basement

the

to

three

pipes.

water

rows

on

walls

chambers

separate

lay over front

from

cold

and

perfectlyarranged

lay in heat

the

the walls a

finest

the

cold niche

cold,

furnace, the

over

their

and

ment, base-

temperature.

baths, while on

the

row nar-

plunge after the hot bath.

provided with all the fittings

for dressing,undressing, rubbing special rooms most baths, built with perfect great magnificence and

adjoining were These

roads

were

their

rested

distances the

ranged along

body.

place of

Italy,Greece

sight in

cityto give

most

were

came

means

a

provements im-

vast

streets, in

Numidia,

of

the

magnificent

many

beautiful

out

bathrooms

which

pipes baths

bath

establishments

with

theaters

began the other emperors

the

among

which

here

different

center

plan of the

century

meeting halls, libraries,and

firingroom

were

and

were

and

All the

leaden

or

wanted

into

without

of all classes.

From

furnace, occupied the

chairs

of the

and and

well-planned streets,

and

from

most

by gushing

gardens

furnace

the

tubs

or

of the

and

valleys,chasms,

over

high, the ceilingof

The

earthen

water

connected

Tanks

feet

and

last

the

mean

wide

supplied the baths, too, which

included

shower

and

with

Nero

What

mountains

far away

establishment. in

trees.

paved,

were

reign,following the

marbles

grandest

arches

bathing apartments,

and

apart.

of the

center

by stone

grown

contained

hovels

colored

Egypt.

private institutions

the

in

Rome

hillyground,

the

had

palaces, circuses

poor

beautify Rome

aqueducts

They

with

from

bold

the

and

became

on

thermce, or baths

connected

and

City of the

These

establishments.

was

city upon

the

porphyry

Eternal

waters

public The

and

away

still further

to

materials,

of hewn

beautiful

which

a century great fire of Nero's

palaces of white

and

built

more

cleared

aqueducts, carried

cold to

so

new

a

Minor, and and

slabs

and

fountains

transformed

were

world

the

in half

that

Augustus,

temples, forums and

of

conquerors

built

Nero

with

rich

overtopped

walls

smoothly joined

badly-builthouses

kingdom,

Roman

of the

enemies,

of which

and

public buildings. The

palaces and

with

public squares,

other

below; the sidewalks, too,

foundations

irregularstreets

The

spoils of their

with

and

porphyry

walks

shaded

houses, adorned

Roman

progress

Republic.

marble,

Greeks.

the

narrow,

the

and

paved

were

solid

on

with

faced

gardens

streets

rested

handsome

with

and

beautiful

were

World.

Ancient

laymagnificent buildings,palaces, and

around

All

the

of

THE

BATHS

OF

CARACA1

LA.

Komi

arrangement, houses,

so

great baths

large that

they covered

Near

of

lovely grounds of

The

usual

Servian

the

time

sometimes the

received

of

taking

were

the

his

undressed

he

here

Scented

the

plunged into cold

bathing

the

Through surface skin

with

a

powders down

take

the

of

with

the

close

wealthy

and

magnificence of

and

large enough

of

use,

walls, costly

or

fourteen

miles

hand, and

Here

places.

for sixteen

perfect plan for their marbles

at

by

these

baths

frescoes, a

The

and

recline

part of the

bathe

were

and

in the

the

rich and

unlimited

day

specialacqueduct, whose

arches

rubbed

with nastic gym-

of

the

library,

join in

of

of

the

versations con-

the

in

the beauty circumference,

being built

line

still stand

their

on

the

mosaic

The

statues.

upon

taste-

luxurious

with

compare

mile

and

care

passed by

was

to

magnificentin

numbers

the

ointment.

into the

and

greatest

Besides

once.

bath

the

portico for loungers; opportunities

of Caracallawerea at

go

oil

his

perspiration

After

couches

this

with

accompanied

out

cold

the

skin

the

out to

was

With

scents.

sculptures, or

stands

now

the

on

provided with

baths

to

ready

on

reservoir

to

costly perfumed

stretched

he and

bather

the oil and

towels.

with

then

was

to

Nothing

other

was

dry rubbing;

a

went

outfit often

linen

was

fountains

large

a

hundred

with

gathered

men

next

of

which

steaming

anointing of

and

bather's

which

games,

and

saffron

anointing

bather

the

imperial times. these

and

He

bottle,removing

him

body,

among

baths.

oil

an

rubbing the

of

with

slave

The

groups

were

the

and

men

walks

with

rubbing

a

rubbing over

a

its

with

niche.

and

Some This

the

received

also

day,

free; and

After

public. he

hour

hundred

a

admitted

was

chamber,

side

the

from

part in athletic

shady

for all of these in connection

a

strewn

were

purple sponges.

or

through

final

in

mixed

over,

process

scraper,

received

time,

the

ticket

built

he

ninth

or

fee. a

the

magnificence.

bell.

a

received

office

left to the

were

water

and

in

by

entrance

an

outside

part of

greater

pay

tepid bath, where tank

his skin

the

announced

a

and

Mars

of great

usually the eighth

bather

was

for

of

others

was

the

grand, vaulted

a

Field

first to

everybody,

was

entire

the

had

Agrippa

in

bath

were were

during

While

flat cold-water

the

of any

came

architecture,

Esquiline Hill, on

by Diocletian, adjoiningwhich

many

closing

box, while

of the

room

hot

a

grounds and stroll

beautiful

Viminal

in the

a

which

to

frequentlyanointing

hair and

private-

to

grandest buildings

Quirinal and

the

the cena,

open and

visitor

kept in

master.

the

took and

part of

the

swan's

entered

he

followed.

were

opening

magnificent private thermce

he

bath, where

from

bathing

center,

master,

rich and

were

justbefore

each

janitor,and

bathing chambers,

water

most

for baths

there

south, was

The

seventy

the

some

plain of the

the

attached

were

of the

were

heights beyond

built

establishments

the

to

from

of

of Sallust; and

bath

a

handed

in the

half

the

the

on

free; in others

by the

his death

Servius

Garden

the

night also.

at

baths

of

Wall

But

day.

the

of the

were

nearly

statelystructure,

by another

line

of

earthworks

the

crowned

squares,

of Titus

city. They

and

side.

southwestern

the

in open

themselves

by

the

throughout

numerous

very

The

time.

of the and

were

stood

or

35

the

most

ceilings, waters

Campagna.

Cities

36 St.

George's Hall, exact

most are

the

as

colossal

of

built

of Nero

people the

by

When

it

thousand "were

covered

building was The

inner

Titus,

by the a

he a

dedicated

to

it

enormous

the

two

was

a

the

open

to

courts

each

at

Coliseum.

said, given the

the

THE

cruel it six

upon

lasted

end,

seated

nearly

sky.

A

sports of

days. one

most

first

was

from

name

a

nearly ninety

COLISEUM.

thousand

hundred

a

It

other

itself,wherein

colossus

OF

see

the

size, is the

the

location, lay the

by the slaying of five thousand

oval, which arena

called

it is

employed

one-fourth

fine central

a

CONSTRUCTION

great festival which

dirt-covered

It

by.

seated

who

hall,with

amphitheater, was,

than

one.

Palatine, in

but

THE

sometimes

emperor

captivesat

in tiers around

SHOWING

near

of

copy

the

oval

an

standing

were

finished

was

and

Amphitheater,

SECTION

thousand

less

The

baths.

exact

an

Titus

Rome;

Flavian

statue

of the

seen

almost of

baths

building

famous known

be

to

design

the

Between

World.

Ancient

the

Liverpool, England, though

in

now

copy

in size and

of

the

Jews for wild Six

hundred

portico carried

It

arena.

ten

acres

of

thousand around

years. and

beasts

was

ten

ground people

the entire

resplendent with gilded columns, and marble statues thronged the arcades. was as portion of the Coliseum magnificent as Titus and all followingemper-

Rome.

Contantine

to

ors

costly marble;

with

and

gold A

of

animals

led

was

naval

battles of

decks

the

over

fought Roman

of

Temple

toward

which

Sacra, above

When

enclosed

had

within

sprung

great

until

in later

river

was

times

great

temples, with circuses.

the

in

receive

or

in other

Pantheon,

connected stands

shaped the

"

or

and

temple

with in the

them

all

of the

portico, and which

lofty columns

the is

over

of

of

chief

gods."

It

all deities.

to

an

Thermas

modern

round a

finest

of the

of the

early kings

it became

and

edifice

hundred

of

the the

lic. Repub-

built

somewhat

was

feet

and the

built

by Agrippa,

consists

of two

and

granite, grouped

latter

especially to

temple

the

A

to

buildings

form

or

quests con-

the

was

ami

Mars

to

of

Augustus, still

Pantheon

The

oblong

flightof

nearly fiftydeep; as

and

nanus

review

sports,

friend

parts, the

left

successful

Jupiter

the

gods.

itself.

so

up;

of the

views military re-

have

the

their

upon

these

to

who

witness

to

dedicated

long

citizens

multitude

devoted

ings meet-

them, baths, theaters

about and

concourse

the

places among

and

or

space

river,

buildings

new

occupied by public buildings,

was

generals

vast

a

was

It

city,

Oriental

open the

Rome,

midst

of the

his wonderful

midst

of

congratulations

One to

the

walls,

remainder

the

enclosing

in the

the

lands.

after

portico,

sixteen

mighty

of

rule

old

and

Capitoline Hill.

place for gymnastic exercises, and

great

a

was

consuls

history,gathered

troops,

Venus,

part

open-air assemblies, while

the

the

the

beyond

the Via

the

on

military drill,and

for

Titus on

large irregulartriangle-shaped part lying in the bend

the

This

field

of

along

Trajan, Augustus, of the

of the

some

the

to

The

arch

Martius, lying in the bend

here

people under

city grew

only

for

side

the

flowed

Forum.

it the

and

to

leading

the

of Constantine

emperors

eastern

Campus

whole

blood

little further

a

fierce

the

enemies,

roads

from

beyond

Temple

the

originallythe

was

stately colonnades

Here

along the

built the

Judea; the

of

temples

another

of the

the

reserved.

and

great

as

in

people.

galleys sailed,

broad

and

and

the

by which

actual

distance

way,

stood

days,

the

was

Campus

masses

Gradually,

and

a

the

on

the

upon

applause when

were

ivory,

perfumes,

of which

some

between

short

of

glittered with

burning air and

Roman

shouted

encrusted

was

wheels

seats

for water,

There

conquests

city boundaries,

the

The

up.

of the

Wall

was

the

lake, where a

and

the

through

conflict

but

right hand

after

one

Aurelian

the

it

of earlier

fora

the

extended

Vespasian

was

Comitium

of the

of

below.

waters

the

between

conduits

great

a

by stakes

through

people, who

northwest

at

"

tripods for

odors

were

fury

and

good emperor's

that

side

all the

the

the

stood

Rome

commemorated upper

stained

and

and

Colosseum,

seat-galleries

"

spaces

lay beneath,

others

center;

emperor

the

silk; marble

passages

with

podium

The

delicious

flooded, making

were

the

the

to

sometimes

arena

of

were

scattered

water

it.

animals;

wild

the

awnings

out

make

gilded bronze, supported

underground

of

were

delight

of

fragrant

system

great

net-work

the

gems;

fountains

could

people from

the

guarded

Great

the

3 7

or

steps

it is three

squareled

up

supported naves.

to

by The

Cities

38 center

leads

nave

of which

colossal

begins

cupola equal that

in

to

domes

the

of

of the of

some

Sophia's

at

Constantinople.

fiftyfeet

in

diameter,

of these

Part

kind, was

which

forms

covered

squares,

smaller

toward

the

at

hole,

time

same

the

Adjoining by

colonnaded

temples

and

basilicas

the

was

with

palace the

triumphal

and

of

walls,

Alexander

story of that

and

Quirnal

the

spanned

statelyavenue, of

the

Capitoline

looked

women

of the

scenes

of modern

ancient

of

of

are

the

to

Many

his

Appian

Way

of

This

in

feast.

held,

was

richly caparisoned and

Via

The then horses

the

ent differ-

stands,

of

blue

finely-

sky,

seen

decorations,

the

of

Campus

Roman

the

Flamitiia, of

a

have the

was

the

of

nobles

pleasure.

at

the

men

and

and

originated

platforms

of Mount

it extended

here

in

with

beautiful brilliant

in the celebration where

the

of emperor on

a

the foot

way,

the

Corso,

magnificent pageant

luxurious

the

highway

brow

lined

the

rius, Tibeof

one

Trajan

entrances,

of

of

northern

Martius,

site

Near

Arch

This

great

Arch

squares

peak-roofed

of columns.

rows

imperial times, great

to

and

long

Beneath

and

Forum

is said

scene

baths, great

bas-relief.

south.

rich

in

drawing

extravagant

niches. a

cornice

rows

Pantheon

Odeum,

the

the

the

and

Road,

on

to

festival

are

those

growing gradually The

the

circus, the

edge

which,

of

beautiful

row

streets,

stood

told

Flaminian

from

broad

military processions, triumphal

upon

carnival.

splendor, gayety

and

palaces

balconies,

of the

porticoes, arcades

western

to

the

are

stripes,or

each

opening.

of which

victories

the

five

and

which

this story another a

St.

hundred

a

before

by

from

and

perfectly.

the

graced

in

colors

were

by triumphal arches,

spring-time

carnivals

nobles, kinds

the

down

their

river

is

shape

copied

correspond

and

crowned

round

brilliant

center

perfect

in

part of them

twenty-fivein

most

Severus

Hill, on

Hill.

graceful overhanging

the

height

entrance,

walls

Above

finished

around

emperor's

that

monuments

through Italy,corresponding Pincius

in

halls, with

or

to

all

and

and

large

a

the

interior

lighting the

Pantheon

inclosed

by

a

is

is

there

fine finish

inside

the

whose

the

the

and

Above,

been

across

pilasters between

marble

are

so

have

beside

the others.

There

in which

top, made

and

This

cupola.

situated

yellow marble, with

is

This

erected

apertures

columns

"caskets."

called

since

tiers of the

colored

of

plates

it.

second

between.

ones

side

round

great

the

mighty rotunda, nearly

the

The

harmonize

to

of the

base

the

this

through

with

the

worked

with

of seven

beautifully veined

a

colored skillfully

which

and

of

are

by

niches.

is adorned

lowest

the

without;

circular

beneath

either

on

The

cornices,

magnificent dome,

a

Rome,

interior

The

smaller

temple

modern

of

stood

with

buildings

greatest

is surrounded

and

alternatelysquare

great the

temple,

in niches.

handsome

in

the

to

by

rises

and

round

Peter's

St.

are

arches

by large

entrance

Agrippa

stories

or

mighty steps,

seven

them

it; among

broken

diameter

the

sections

World.

the

at

and

Augustus

three

each

highest being

the

of

into

Ancient

doors

brass

great

statues

is divided

edifice

the

to

the

of

wheels,

and of

all

Rome, Rome

was

capital of

the

now

wealthy officers of the city and police the whole

of

the

mansions

opening made

of many

up

poor

a

"

The

court

lived

household store

to

Lamps

very

gave

elegant of

Roman

the could

with

afford

all the

and

bronze

in

more

They

nozzle

a

round

way

the

were

of the

the

on

and

the

It often

built with

very

the

heated

way

happened so

as

that

they

handsome

lamp also the

a

of

were,

family might mouldings,

with

the

a

the

were

the

of

tables,

houses

were

for window

used

had

times Somewicks

many

used,

often

were

every

town

In

ancient

retre.it delightful

and

summer

rule,

effect,domes

part

without

were

in the

Campagna as

colored

most

usually situated

dwellingsin the

were

"

house

to was

the

see

lay the wick.

one

was

months the

called

are

along the seaside.

or

beautiful, and

same

family, and

that

addition

Campagna

not

candelabra

villa,which

or

so

time

principal to

the

for

in which

so

In

residence

city during

in much

bowl,

the

statues,

and

day

and

lay a

street,

came

that

with

wall; glass was

branching

ornaments.

country

fair spot

ground. house

silver

side

In

sticking out the

the

side-arms, but

mosaics.

in the

or

had

of the

sleepingrooms

who

consisted

of the

images

members

substantiallylaid

furniture

same

occupied by

large houses

richlyornamented, and

the

on

men

the

melons.

fronted

vestibule, so

sometimes

most

fertile,green

leave

furnished

favorite

a

some was

to

The

seats

roof

the

solidly and

were

jewels, carving in the

room

of the

houses

cabbage, turnips,

as

led to the

in the

ments apart-

nobilitywere

and

where

for the

islands.

the

upon

different

the

usually decorated

were

light. These, like the

Campagna

great deal

luxurious.

were

importance had

built and

the

cushions

projected

vicinity of Rome, times

the

were

as tutelarydeities, they

ox

"

from

away

designs.

couches;

and

doorways

or

gods

floors

home-room,

poses pur-

classes

or

to

the

and

pumpkins,

Sometimes,

house

bowl-shaped,

were

the

reception

a

as

air

to

vegetables, such

vestibule, which

the

further

The

inlaid

circle of

a

household

simple hole

a

nozzles

the

parts of the

and

wonderfully

panes.

was

courts

legs and

lighted from

was

belonging

worked

ostium.

the

in handsome

chairs, The

and

used

frescoes.

marbles

benches,

and

the All

and

or

with

then

of

one

bas-reliefs

backs.

ostium

the

undisturbed.

stones

called

passage,

business;

on

removed

a

gave

"

was

women

it passages

From atrium

the

lightand

magnificent city

and

people,

For

insula

called

1

mansions, while

or

high, covering large blocks

house the

domus

blocks

houses

the

porridge

where

half of

a

slaves.

by rectangular buildings. The

stories

more

Roman

a

and

Between

paved

master

of

other.

each

met

behind

court

were

or

built in

great

in

class

chieflyon

kept

were

rooms.

broad

atrium

or

family'sgods

who

wretched

called

were

radishes, leeks, garlic,onions, pulse, cucumbers,

and

be

and

the

surrounded

each

usually six

were

families,who

many

Sometimes

courts,

large

very

plan, they

it.

upon

and and

districts,containing two

court, which

open

an

freedmen

fourteen

apartments

around

built

were

into

inhabitants

people lived in detached

poorer

The

divided

wealthier

the

fully a million

imperial government,

citywas

of

Those

dwellings.

of

empire with

vast

a

4

the or

more

and

fall.

!'""rall

They

city,hut covered seaside

residence

comfortable

towers

and

risingabove

42

Cities

statelycolonnades, broad

piazzas,balconies

partiallyenclosed sprang

the

jetsand

from

mosaics laid out the

with

and

overhung

delighted the

but

their

roses,

gardeners had

advantage upon

cropped and were

grassy

bushes dense

in luxuriant

were

and

terraces

swards

clipped and

were

natural

foliage.

enjoy the pleasure

or

groves,

even

These of

flowed

from

about

through

marble

GARDEN

by into

channels

gardens beautifully lilies

known

their

or

iant-colored brill-

small

to

perfumed

the

ancient

varietyshow

long

stretches

of

and

hedges,

growth and

level

many

ground.

beech

and

Smoothly other

fantastic shapes.

trees

There

carefullydesigned globes, pyramids, ships, and animals could not highly valued by the Roman citizen,who

were a

very

small

to

SCENE.

trimmed fine

flowers

made

columns

walks, paved with

villa to

the

all the

designing and

slopes, or

trained

Ivy-covered

recesses.

flowers; shaded

vines, led

skill in

bordered

were

water

with

These

eyes.

shady

violets,narcissuses,hyacinths and

ROMAN

fine

and

running with

World.

Ancient

surrounded

flower-beds,where

air and

Romans,

where

courts, fountains

the

of

garden in connection

with

his town

house, except

Rome.

at

great expense,

Roman She

and

only

included kind.

were

and

designing and

often

a

humblest

the

in

particular

Many

were

usual

mode

to be

carried

In

red

the

least one, tunic

or

dark

with

or

slaves

had

material.

bought

felt close-fitting

the

ring signs of

the

city.

wore

a

business

on

A

and the

"

shaved

large income,

was

the

veyances; con-

to

port sup-

common

use.

dressed

household

put

toga, his

in

had

dressed of

were

been

the

on

at

in

felt

that

beneath source

him.

the more

given "

a

mantle,

These the

were

a

coarse

pileus

Roman

or

only worthy

had

had

beard.

who

Roman

largescale, were

straps

Slaves

slave

a

freedmen,

lic. Repuballowed

were

attendants

or

the

the

was

laborers, while

liberty he

cap

of it slave.

curtained

slaves

These were

After

free-born a

it.

carry

servants

many

public litters for hire

were

men

the

of the

in

well-to-do

shirt.

the

his

of

with

was

was

honor

member

ladies

by strong

to

short-skirted

handsome

end

frame "

every

household

of her

of

house

separate

a

the

pillow

There

if

ways

not

and

trust

chairs, which

and

a

"

and

material

higher

litters

liveries.

the

nearly every

the

little canopied and

carried

streets,

to

freedmen, and

or

by

sedan

senators

and

were

well

hair-dressers,

of

positions of

carry

in these the

age front-

jugglers. Physicians

master

performed to

mattress

These, too, rich

from

only

town,

street

home

branches

and

and

traveling about

of

but a

of

mostly slaves

were

were

kept

looked

wife, who

were

service nearly every one family in general and each

for the

the

all wealthy families

various

tailors

of mimics

troops

slave; and

offices

in

in

engaged

surgeons

and

directing hundreds

craftsmen

private secretary of the

the

to

and

building,

and

musicians

value,

prising complete staff of architects,com-

a

men

many

of great

was

her

to

bondwomen

waiting, but in almost

mechanics

There

mainly

and

bondmen

in

servants

mind

her

controllingand

These

of slaves.

kept by the master's

was

gave

family,often

ground

by law.

house

household.

of

foot

square

every

limited

even

was

The

as

AND

ROMAN

1

"

"

'" \.

were

principal tradesmen mechanics

and

Landed of wealth

trade,

property, to

a

Roman

in

handicraftsmen

and

except

with of

commercial

rents

bringing a

good

position in

Cities

44

society. Military or duty

to

his country with

her

civil

of

World.

husband.

She

all these

In

watched

ambitions

of

these beside. there

aid

to

cares

The

going

the

on

street

circuses, and called

of two the

The

on,

under

were

from

ladies

were

authority of

the

the

and

the

was

clothes

our

as

parts:

men,

them

young

garb of the Romans

drawn

not

they chose;

as

prevent

until they were married, unless priestessesto Vesta.

became

The

all

affairs

public entertainments,

festivals.

parents

they

noble of

in their

out to

to

or

virgins,and

their

went custom

or

the

midst

the

husbands

matrons

law

no

was

their

in

pathized symtion educa-

the

of

many

time

ambition;

matron

training,and

found

matrons

his

were

Roman

children, and

her

Roman

art

the

health, the

the

over

and

literature

glory, to patronize sports,

his watchword.

was

Ancient

the

dress

a

It

are.

upper

garment

palla

of

consisted

the

was

the

laid on,

toga of it

women;

was

a

fully long piece of goods, often of rich material, beauti-

embroidered, and laid It was quite an ample folds. toga

palla properly; the

or

laid part in

forming loops the

over

under

house; the

to

the

this it

the

This

and

all

material

MATRON.

ROMAN

green, out

outer

it

was

cloak worn

important

became as

less

occasions.

The

after

common

gentlemen

now

wear

women's

the

garments

the

when

yellow,

dressed

their

ordinary

and

in the

toga

Republic, and "dress were

Men

black;

not

made

on

to

times some-

for

quality of

the

in

and

the

social

the

women

wore

visiting,which

were

when

went

but

they

in the

suits,"

and

garment

common

went

about

it reach

sleeves

difference

wearer.

they

it in the

coming had

occasions;

the

worn

closely; but

men

the

pocket

was

without

it had

was

showing

position of sandals

more

were

another, of

garment

loosely,and

sometimes

folds in

in the

arrange

sort

a

tunica, and

the

cloak

a

part

and

other

knees, fitted the

not.

to

of

and

street, and

called

it

art mass

arms

The

the

on

was

ground;

home

for the

breast.

wore

women

direction

one

like

on

days just

This

shoes.

wore

very

men

of the

Empire

fashionable like

the

or

men's,

Cities

48

finallydivided

countries, and

other their

the

countries,which

queenly citycan

sixteen

It

not

was

walls

having

miles

celebrated

the

were

the

for

corn

ship

port

outer

side

of the

built out

of

several

stories

ceilings.

station

of

a

the

noteworthy opened

town

this

and

and

to

was

founded

founded, and

by freestone

out

They

the

the

Italy until and

sea-shore

emperor

for

about

close

Claudius

both

the

town

the

the

when

each

on

around entrance.

an

of

them

to

of

the

and

principal

itself,and

of

basin

had

fall of the

the

harbor; but

inner

the

stood

chambers

and

time

the outer

to

with

embankments

Rome

important

thriving and of

from

three "

part of the

out

for

large arched

haven

had sunk

extended

of quays

On

built with chief

Africa, loaded

entrances

walls, which

sea.

open

were

the

was a

the

and

by digging

partlyfree led

line.

large

harbors; the large

two

oval, with

made

harbors, and to

settlement

of

very

was

800

inhabited

they

outrivaled

people became

the

about

was

in their appearance,

Capua

made

shore of the

even

vessel, and had

vast

a

was

sixth side

the

as Partus, or the port of Rome. of its people, wealth, in size, and the number

It in

country, Etruria, was

time

shape of basin

two

was

Ostia

inside

a

this

It

the

in

Rome

city of Capua.

built

time

immense

an

ever

circular long semi-

Martius, who

by Ancus

in

finest

and

a

new

made,

was

familiarly known

was

Second

the

lay along

town

in the

up

thus

high.

navy.

place among old

in the

sea,

passed

long

a

Roman

The

empire.

For

built

was

Roman

Tyrrhenian Sea,

in front

Sardinia, Sicily,

breakwater.

the

figure,with

vessels

store-houses,

of

banks

Tiber, through which vaulted

Ostia

the

altogether artificial,

was

fine breakwater

a

of the

of the

one

from

sea

and

world. old

the

citywas

far into the

clay brought

connected

canals

stone-built

Fine

walls

Out

modern

harbor, which

up

Asia,

Europe,

artificial island

an

great ships from

smaller

five-sided

a

sea

The

and

this

of

the

stone.

and

into the

protecting the

form

in

out

came

foundation

the

the harbor

loftylight-house,formed

island; a somewhat

shore, and it in the

but

market.

Roman

the

was

enters

by extending dams

form

to

"

Tiber

bay,

pillarsof chalk, mortar,

great

where The

and

broken

language, law, and

Roman

in the

massive

a

the

active

built of

with

is eternal.

and

entered

was

its power,

recovered

forms, alive and Rome,

empire

the

empires of modern

never

Europe,

losses,weakened

Europe,

Northern

and

has

outside

the

a.d.,

410

grandeur, Rome of

of Ostia.

piers of the harbor, into which with

in its

natural

island, crowned

The

year

kingdoms

system

from

port

a

made

been

state

still,in changed

are

About

built.

modern

beside

and

Goth, from

in the

the

now

restored

be

never

the

arose

institutions

stood

the

But, although this mighty State

Africa.

Empire

are

World.

Ancient

empire,

city.

into many and

the

by civil wars, until Alaric After this, which was

power

sacked

the

of

almost

by

a

and religion,

civilized

every

skillful

in

other the

their

a

very

the

and

cultivated the

of were

other Under

of

marbleof

Italy,

the

Rome

of ancient

rule of the and

Their

Italy.

people long before inhabitants

Italy in wealth fond

part of

race

the

was

southern

ancient

from

language.

city

arts, and

in

Campagna,

by Etruscans,

entirelydifferent

were

their

capital

B.C.

of

Italy,

Etruscans,

prosperity.

recreation; they held

a

The

great

Capua. and

many

most

festive

sumptuous

49

entertainments,

and

races,

games,

dances.

But

these

weak and habits made unfitted for war, and when the men lazy; they became down them unable to on they were fight. So the Samnites hardy neighbors came took it. and of the a complete possession Although this made city finallyconquered did which it affect the of increased not so prosperity the city, change of laws and rulers, luxurious

their

greatest and same

continued and

an

increase

in

It

side,and

t'.ie soldiers

defeated

Hannibal

citylost

much

came

within

remained, on

its

people

the

and

low

the

houses.

Seplasia were

noted

far and

The

Capua

and

had

such

they

had

famous

were

hundreds it

wide;

empire

aqueduct,

by Augustus

pride

of

the

the

shows

and

the

of the

where

finest of

earliest times

its kind

with

Mediterranean Gladiators

the

were

men

was

was

free-born

called. set

the

in

all

who

and

were

choicest

the

with

each

other

a

slave, if most

he

skillful

survived ones

were

was

plied sup-

costly scents. a

splendid

its usefulness;

superb

a

In

city. Capua

Julia, was

structure,

throughout

the "

from

the

Italy ami

the

popular

was

sport. or

with

wild

originallycaptives,slaves, and

broad

perfumers

most

for

amusement

celebrated

of savage

citizens,knights,senators,

Sometimes

of

form

with

the

for which

as

also

was

in

busy

Aqua

the

having

citystood

ground,

and

well

as

finally

buildings

The

Capuan

odors

held,

city was

for

the

magnificence

This

and

that

Seplasiaand Albana,

trade

a

revenue,

named

gladiatorswere

fought

They

of

and

streets

the

spent warlike

rule, and

of

extent

called

perfumers,

Caesar, and

Italy.

wide

over

them, and

refinement.

frequented

their

for its exhibitions

free; but only the 4

of

the

a

and

squares,

source

for its

town

over or

splendid

the

went

time

Romans

from

strict Roman

very

luxury

most

with

West

Capuans,

provinces

of spectators.

afterward

of

of

great

a

out

the

shops

built

amphitheater,

it

of also

was

under

send

to

When

amusements, the

severely for having revolted

streets

were

of

Rome

as

disciplineand

When

it

ever;

able

was

horsemen.

round

Italyfor.

to

for their

of these

she

their

continual

a

the

under

than

grand

as

that

thousand

nearly ruined

come

spread

was

Two

almost

Capua,

four

Nevertheless,

away.

the whole

work,

as

of

celebrated, and particularly

were

and

dignity,being placed

perfectly level plain, and

a

streets

but

gay, what

privileges taken

and

walls

the

so

of

citycame

prosperous

Italyto fight against Rome, Capua quarters one year in the city. The

to

they punished Capua

of

its

of

many

soldiers

their winter

forgot

almost

foot

the beautiful

was

it the

had

Etruscans; they, too,

the

more

B.C., it

216

called

Livy

luxury, however,

upon

and

even

happy, palmy days

had

habits; for the city was

it grew

opulence until,in

Hannibal

his army

Carthaginians

the

time

historian and

had

Romans,

the

by

old

wealth

it had

that

this

From

in these

was

Carthaginian general by

of wars,

thirtythousand

of

army

to his

series

a

rule.

Carthage.

out

after

powerful to

inhabitants

Samnite

the

conquered,

still more

the

and

most

effect upon

were a

prosperitythat, in 343 B.C., wealthy city of Italy. All this

in wealth

much

even

three not

or

animals

fought

women

years killed

for the entertainment

criminals;

condemned

of

in the arena,

fighting

in the

as

a

tor, gladia-

terrible cont(

Cities

50 At

there

time

one

them

taken

suffered, the

them

Sometimes

they

the

retiarii

antagonist,and but

were

light armed

then

killinghim

if

down

they wished

always regarded

was

This

cruel

for it.

There

which

to

sport grew once

was

thousand

ten

with

him

in

undergo

Spartacus,

a

for

seventy of his fellow

in the

crater

of

by in

the

pupils

to

formidable

most

his

him, but of

his

men

Rome, On times and

array.

killed,and

the has

was

north taken

a

shore its

its land

Sparta, not

was

so

in about fertile

growth of olives, and sea,

Murex, Rut This

from

name

as

which

Tarentum was

not

it

was

708 as

from

victorious

its and

the

between

two

Tarentum,, was

the

of

in shell-fish

a

the

of all

but

to

it

wealth was

Then

refuge

Spartacus he

collected

fight,making

to

put

end

an

a

against

sent

army

that

the

which

Greek

in the

to

Appian

in ancient of

the

his

founding

finest

most

at

modern

celebrated nists by colo-

of Rome. well

Though

suited

quality,while

for the

its port, these

or

Among important and valuable.

power

only

and

most

descriptions. and

Way

city,established

Italy, it was

the

purple dye, was

rapid rise

take

cities.

one

of the

cities of

wool

persuaded

against him,

time

every

and

crucified

the

time

to

curred. oc-

country,

own

He

sent

short

made

outbreak

his

victors.

killed.

were

general Crassus; sixtythousand

Roman

other

secure,

in

was

a

rank.

passion

were

city,and

over

Mediterranean,

produced

animals

trained

themselves

Tarentum

some

in

his

serious

men

of the

quered, con-

their

twenty-three days, in

Capua.

at

their

gladiator

a

trainingthey

the

him, and

been

extravagant

very

thousand

,

of

the celebrated

land-locked

him

prisoners were

at about

B.C.

that

called, abounded

especiallyowed only

with

Italy.

a

gladiators

trophy

was

city,stood

the

its pastures

produced

of with

he

of the

arm

cruel

bat; com-

turned

resume

fierce

B.C.

73

on,

an

and

large part of them

thoroughfare

long

a

Some

was

who

once

a shepherd originally

the

six thousand

powerful places of Southern from

inner

of

in

flee to

a

time

and

harsh

quarrel among

to

fine open

many

horseback.

on

combatant

never

had

thousand

of three

army

final battle

a

and

a

had

hundred

one

school

men,

If

could

people

the

and

became

long

a

began

perished in

were

which

For

ator gladi-

into

they used.

weapons

who

man

eleven

should

thousand

followers

He

success.

and

escape

An

their weapons

hundred

one

given a

agony

divided

were

in chariots

noble, he

a

lasted

birth

was defeated, proclaimed liberty to all slaves who

l)Ut

A

contests, and

Vesuvius.

of Mount and

force

if

against the

the

trained

about

a

spared.

which

Thracian

captive and

taken

was

the

more

people looking

the

on

gladiatorsfought, and

preparation

They

three-pointed lance.

extent,

Quite often the gladiatorsrevolted to

a

be

to

contest

a

show.

the

was

again they only had short daggers for the gladiators,and fought by throwing a net over

terrible

a

slowly; for

taught

were

of food

then

disgraced, and

as

the

They

kind

certain

a

they fought, and

killed, his fate depended

not

die

to

Capua.

at

men

fought in troops, others

some

in full armor;

were

them

in which

way

of

dying, and

in

people enjoyed

blindfolded;

were

thumbs

the

to

this class

of

cause

World.

Ancient

fallingor and

the

more

classes,according of

when

blood

their

thicken

to

five thousand

were

be

positionsto

the

the

of

safe

to

its excellent

harbor

of any

the

port. extent

Cumce.

of the Tarentine

shores

the

on

of all this part of but their

gymnasia

they

so

unable

were

marched

upon

enough

cavalry,but fell into the

massive,

that

to

Agora

Museum,

the

was

quality.

But

from

other

country,

as

chief

the

part of

of

abounded abundance

The

of

climate

of

Tarentum,

indolent

habits

almost

of the

festivals Tarentines their

statues,

held

than

combined

coins

the

entirelyto

is

and

a

works

neglected; in addition

of to

Tarentum.

of the On great

It

regular the

art

from

was

this

of

the

the

ancient

with a

With

the

great

city,too,

that

were

Romans

of

habits

Nor

a

food.

of was

poet,

first learned

and

nual an-

luxury the

varietyof pictures, literature

for his mathematical dramatic

ritory ter-

selves them-

more

beauty and

adorned.

Rhinthon, the

devoted

numbers

citywas

of

luxurious

the B.C.

speak of the

philosopher celebrated

musician, and

article

there

their

The

arts.

of

that

The

gulf produced

generally reckoned

was

century

it is said

year.

fine

writers

which

fourth

the

improvement

Greece.

of the

cause

that

of

were

the

coveries, dis-

natives

principles

dramas.

coast

interest

of

Archytas,

Aristoxenus, the great of

days

are

cultivation

the

and

favorite

mildness,

than

advantages

tine supplied the Taren-

it

shores

choicest

the

better

was

Italy and a

quets. public banlands; it duced pro-

of

keeping

times

in the

or

Just outside

were

the

the

extent

some

inhabitants

The

proof of this, and

other

to

wines

natural

throughout

justlypraised for its

triangle

a

largest in existence,

the

upon

pursuit of pleasure, and

there

the

to

silver,in

of

its fertile

for its horses;

in ancient

considered

people.

noted

famous

formed

though was

care

that

city

of art

for festivals and

wool, which

chestnuts, while

figs,and

which shell-fish,

enervating,and

greatest also

time

long

a

its

entirelydue

works

good-sized Agora,

a

and

its oils and

city was

this the

used

was

Leucasthe

and

of

body

a

the

and

was

prowess,

When

of the world.

pleasant climate

of the

citywas

The

in pears,

soft and

its

was

bestowed

for

was

also

nor

were

Jupiter,the

wonders

seven

idleness; Tarentines

called

in battle.

Tarentum

of

statue

of the

for

production Italy;

sheep.

cavalry; which

bronze

fine,large olives,and

Tarentines

the

of their breed

an

and

honey

of

neglected

only

not

quantity of gold

vast

a

public buildingwhich

a

These

splendid gymnasium, and

a

one

celebrated

was

delicious

was

cityof

commerce

and

the

its finest statues

of

some

general form

The

colossal

a

which

Rhodes,

at

Tarentum

any

stood

rich

the

It had

apex.

place, in which

market

the

the

at

furnished

soldiers.

1

rigid Spartans,

country,

luxury

Nevertheless

They

army.

for

of the

who, full of martial

masters.

foot

they took

plundered

also

Romans,

especiallyformidable

were

Romans,

richlywrought pieces. citadel

the

next

the

an

in

themselves

the

their

quite

market

institutions

people of their mother sunk

of

heavy-armed

of

shields, and

of

capitol, and

the

with

hands

attacks

the

support

large force

a

the

the chief

of the

some

drill,and

finallybecame

to

their white

pids, from to

and

them,

warlike

were

resist

to

became

had

inhabitants, unlike

strengthening

and

Tarentum

so

cityalways

The

Italy.

of the

many

Gulf,

5

to

of us,

Campania, not

so

much

in on

the

southwest

account

of

part the

of

Italy, was

city itself

nor

a place of position it held

Cumse, the

Cities

52 other

among fabulous

told

Virgil classics

there

is

power

when

no

known

doubt Rome

it

was

but

was

The

us.

a

days, but and

poets,

date

of

the

settlement.

yEneid,

his

of

in the

The

Etruscans

came

under made

Under

height of

manufacture

of

red earthenware.

for the

Its

flax,which

vineyards

the

on

delicious

a

abode

of

regions.

authors

there

say

there

the

was

ancient

king

refused

to

buy.

asked

she

burned

six for the

for the nine ;

the

were

were

preserved

on

officers;afterward

of two

there

by the Senate, might look

Sibyls,under

from

the

away

misfortune, and

reached

the

shores

of

at

the to

the

were

ten

contents

belief

appease

Italy,after

of the

they

the

gods.

long

Counsel

able

to

When

the

voyage

from

sell

and

the

the

and

ships of Troy,

again,

still demanded three.

while

The

Sibyl vanished.

care

directed

were

events,

Trojans his

and

Jupiter

of

in the

alone,

help

the

he

price that she

Rome,

predict future

a

offered

refused

temple at

to

books, which

being

finallyfifteen,who

books.

were

in

say

famous

sibyllinebooks,

Capitoline Hill

officers,and

that

their

the

to

remaining

famous

the

They

old

some

others

most

same

more,

pricefor

same

into the

supposed

offered nine

king bought these, and

VIRGIL.

Virgiltells

Burning three, she

three

The

Sibyl; according to

she

of Rome

remaining

had

the

that

descent

The

Cumsean

legend

certain

the

cityyielded

Cumae, and

at

four;

were

fertile

wine.

Sibyls were

of them.

ten

were

of all an

her

./Eneas'

the

the

famous

with

The

produced

prophetic by the ancients;

be

to

of

especiallyadapted

Sibylswas

his story of the hero lower

also territory

very

it is in connection

town.

noted

was

of nets, and

of the

and

particularkind

plain around

and

one

Cumas

a

was

manufacture

it finally

municipal

a

Empire

but

Romans

the

called

was

curred. oc-

finest

unknown,

it,and

of

power

the

prosperityand

its

first subdued the

what

excellent

is

the

have

to

among

Cumae

the Roman

for the

are

of

some

said

are

writings

foundation

was

it is where

because the

ancient, for it was

very new

World

book, called

of Roman

greatest to

that

of those

Virgil'sfamous

in the

was

Latin

importance

of

towns

events

Ancient

the

of

sought to at

turn

last

companions

Cities

54 The seek

cityof

the

spiritsof

green the

in games

grass

born, related

be

to

result

the

how

returned

and world.

Such

ruins

by

legend

ancient to

the

he

was

said,from

god

Hercules

buried

on

Crotona

city. Crotona

was

equal

amount

part of

that

of Crotona

illness,and

cause

the

For

same

remarkable

He

he

the

was

final

men

place place, Milo the

gained

considered

and to

battle,in which

the

was

a

most

a

the

of the medical

best

then

army

to an

of

one

have army

heifer

eaten

old

citywere of

its

rival; its

became other

legend

brated cele-

contests.

said for

an

powerful

that

the

it,replied

anything that in the

would

sports.

distinguishedfor

their

and

the

great

renown,

or Italy. Among the giganticstrength and power

in succession

whole

thousand

from

of Greece

his shoulders

on

the

from

city,

far

and

than and and

games

mighty

a

of the

Not

people excelled

for his

against the

hundred

site of

populous

exercises,

school

either

celebrated

four-year old

command an

maidens had

the

so

time, enjoying

same

most

situation; one

victory in wrestling six years

carried

race-course,

appointed

and

the

less luxurious

the

soon

very

the founder

the

the

Italy.

a night'sshelter gave accidentallykilled by him,

Olympic

why

Near

who

free particularly

reason

upper

derived,

was

especial advantage he desired

made

the

Crotona

its

of

what

was

be

to

young

were

is said to have

Olympic he

is said

the

reason

of the

body;

by

god

a

So the situation

this

off at the

healthfulness

the asked

personal beauty.

physicians of athletes

for when

710

been

about of

two

the

part of

by the inhabitants.

founded

towns,

prizes they carried

of

health.

he chose

two

prosperity,became

power

there.

to

cave

him

left Anchises,

B.C., and

become

have

to

Hercules

to

her'

name

been

predicted would

of the ancients

explain,

in the southern

Croton,

having

but

not

Its

far Italy. Crotona, however, was athletic themselves particularlyto

famous

citywas

founder

these

and

of

told

Roman

Sibyl then

had

about

power.

name

Hercules some

always paid

and

for the number The

the

wanderings;

by

was

of wealth

devoted

inhabitants

person

believed

Sybaris,

of

the

son were

to the traveler.

colonies

Spartans

size,wealth, and

his

Sibyl who

Greek

and

Achaeans

spot which

the

was

cities of that

a

during

particularworship

and

its

does

poet

the

the

and who

race

world, and

the

the

on

last,among

father

his

which

and

is still pointed out

abode

in

city,from

At

The of

"shades,"

the

in sports

some

singing.

or

and

scenes

Elysian fields,

freer,and

ways,

./Eneas

awful

into the

and

perform

the

and

celebrated

of

these

came

dancing

Trojan

a

cut, which

most

by a body distinguished for

purer

world.

of Cumse

city her

founded

was

of

of the

ruler

short

of the

one

was

the

was

would

exploits they

foundation

story told

ancient

of the

became

of

the

the

some

the

was

Crotona

It

be

rise,to be in time

should

the

him

to

would

and

joyfullyrecognized Anchises. men pointed out to yEneas

Anchises

long conversation,

a

on,

in

skill,others

or

from

turn

in various

themselves

enjoying

strength

of

to

the air

Here

multitudes, ^Eneas

countless

had

happy dead, were

time

was

they journeyed

so

resided.

the

the

it

that

,-Eneas

blessed;

the

where

the groves or

warned

Sibyl now

World.

the Ancient

of

of

it in

at

one

Sybarites,and men

from

the

four

public

times

day. did

Crotona

contests.

around In

the

511

wonders defeated

b.c.

in the three

Mantua. hundred

thousand

weakened

from

by his age, he

wood-cutters;

tried

he

held

by being powerless philosopher, came Pythagoras, the Greek wolves,

great deal

a

of

and

the

of his

many

temple of the goddess Juno

a

in southern

Italy.

Italian

Greeks,

the

This

made;

splendid offeringswere of

the

cities

neighboring

time, but which

became

this

to

temple

the

sale of

the

allowed

were

cattle

these

the

produced

a

miles

was

pletely city,com-

gold

the

citywas kind

the

the

temple itself the

Out

and

was

a

belonging

cattle

of the money

built

was

whom

to

inhabitants

for the

which

uninjured.

solid

of

goddess,

the

time

Around on

.

with

unpopular

building of

of

favorite

a

it rich pastures,

of

530

yearly gathering of all

great

a

B.i

there

the

out

famous

place in honor

magnificence.

column

of

voured de-

was

and

540

men

Six

most

of

scene

unprotected and

feed

to

crack, and

taught his doctrines

killed.

festival

large forest of pine-trees,enclosing within

partiallysplitby

tree

Between

and

somewhat

was

Pythagoras finallybecame

was

the

their

show

to

forest

a

followers, mostly young a

discipleswere

and

and

man

closing of the

himself.

procession took

a

his hands

Crotona

to

old

an

by the

defend

to

Hera,

or

temple

which

at

fast

his for

government

banished, and

was

and

He

success.

changed

became

apart with

tear

to

caught and

was

he

When

Sybaris.

55

set

which in

up

the

sanctuary. Mantua

before

was

the

as

it is

of

Rome,

a

building of called.

now

but

its

Like

for

Very little is known The to

merchant's

near was

born to

seems

he

at

Andes, been

knowledge about

he

have was

of

a

devote

his

small

the

literature

Augustus expressed sixth

book

reader

to

be

son

writing.

he

rewarded

the of

his

he to

emperor the

with

a

poem,

was

hear and

gave

at

where enable

to

work

upon

parts.of his

Octavia

certain amount

sister

of

he

he

money

for

died. but

the

farm

Virgil

his

home

of education

excelled When

great ami

the On

on

marriage

small

in

friend of the

the

poem,

hearing

line,

so

ami

./"/""/,/,

poet read

aloud

one

revivingn!keach

his

Virgilwas

live comfortablv

to

Octavia.

ing travel-

service.-*.

in

a

It

Virgil.

a

advantages

soon

became

his

it read,

of he

Greece.

him

of

faithful

Mantua,

that

possess

poet

daughter

all the

fainted,and of

his

when

from

and

great

charge

son

him

study, so

Rome,

money

was

his poet

country to

enough

While

of

the

not

retains.

servant

his

gave

distant

father

own

removed

him

strong desire

before

miles

fond

was

of

left to

of

Po,

or

dominion

the

now

the

hired

account

on

gift; this

His

place.

both

gave

pathetic passage the

the

of

of

the

was

strong, for he

another

village,three

of age

who

a

very

birthplace

father

thought

been

was

latter

to, and

to

His

even

years

Padus,

it did

that

and

ages

hundred

river under

came

it is certain

middle

the

was

four the

near

Italy, it early

in the

finallyinherited, and

able

time

much

her

it

Etruscans

Italy,

history,and

man.

have

must

in the

Augustus,

thing:

was

with

thirty-threeyears

emperor

the

he

regard

Mantua, which

in

it did

that

one

part of

cities in

the

this famous

whom

Virgil'sfather, and

times

only

of

merchant, by

of

most

the

by

porthern

rarelyappears

name

is,in fact,famous

in the

Rome,

importance in ancient

the

city, founded

ancient

very

on!.

impre

ticularly par-

with

she

was

Virgil died

work.

the

the

of

Cities

56

fifty-first year,

his

in

World.

Ancient

19

and

B.C.,

buried

was

at

Naples. Arpinum

was

It

of

Italy. republic it was

a

city of importance flourishingtown; but a

was a

city of

celebrated

and

ancient

very

at

a

very

its chief

the

Volscians, in the central

early period, and during derived from celebritywas

the its

part

Roman

having

CICERO.

been

the

and

Marcus

birthplaceof Tullius

place; he tells and

us

that

simple in their

of the

by the

little river waters

of the most

two

Cicero. the

inhabitants

manners.

Cicero's

Fibrenus, where

of that beautiful

illustrious

writings

The

had

of

many

father

his favorite

stream.

history,Caius

in Roman

men

Cicero

are

full of

allusions

to

good qualities,although they left him villa

was

an

estate

in the town,

situated,on

an

island

on

his were

Marius native rustic

the banks surrounded

Ravetma. 57

Ravenna

it

or

in

a

was

with

which

the

made

often it

place swarms

its

live

to

of

houses

that

canals

the

by

place

splendor in

gnats,

of

account

on

and

the

of

residence.

the

city;

of

continual

the

for

The

but lack

in

of

croaking

the

fresh of

of

by

water,

the

a

the

public the

by

in

works muddiness

actually

directions

were

position

of

the

the

emperors

added

greatly

it

not

was

of

the

tides.

prisoners

that of

by

connected

flow

many court

lakes,

built

all

and

Sea;

marshes,

was

marshes

ebb

Adriatic

the

it

cut

reason

of

frogs.

was

The

same

fine

sides

Venice;

secluded

so

presence

spite

it

day

every

and

confinement,

for

here

chosen

and

of

coast

all

on

ferries.

or

occupied

and

nature,

the

near

like

piles,

on

scoured

were

or

something

bridges

by

on

Surrounded

city,

raised

were

Italy,

times.

either

defended

and

ancient situated

crossed

brought their

prosperity

city

of

part

in

peculiarly

a

were

so

sea,

strongly

was

were

was

for

water,

canals,

It

it

northeast

the

important

very

lagoons, the

in

was

a

the

to

pleasant

canals,

the

Cities

60

the

sailors

were

their shields and

made

when

curved

the when

and

continued

into

cityunder Later

attention

to

the

well

as

and

Athens

as

and

art

booths

handsome

day.

this

artery of trade

and

It is said into the found

it in

habits

as

a

the

with

use

and

ointments

and

When

only

many

of the

one

this

About

Roman

Egypt

visited

the

to

perfumes; bath

a

day

time,

when

general him

come

river into the

Great

the

there, with heart

great

all the

desired,

it

citywas

most

pomp.

city in

after

the

had

She most

baths

bath,

just

prosperous,

made

day

the

the

room

before

set

the

of

plunge

a

they

as

bathing the

among

body

for bathing.

same

that

to

great

a

water

with so

held

or

was

the

were

but

city,remain

effects

in

a

lection col-

a

markets,

city,and the

was

most

mosaics bathers

and could

rubbed

was

with

for exercise.

apart

principalmeal;

but

day.

the

impress

not

were

the

ornamented

large

taken

was

we

much

arranged

a

Cleopatra, to

a

These

were

during

times

the

it

more

fashion.

superb call

that

to

paid

B.C.

42

these

bathe

not

were

tanks

and

affairs of the

cultivated

cities.

baths

year

as

ill from

did

and

rooms

The

in order

of the

lous popu-

renowned

was

extremely cold, unfit

very

people

the

Anthony.

and

and

time, equal

adorned of

were

made

was

the

over

which middle

the

it

most

a

market-places;

talked

all the

several

Marc

and

its waters

but

the in

and

they wished;

was

all the

commerce,

large

warlike,

In

ornamented

vegetables,such

in other

nearly

bathed

luxuries.

and

through

statuary.

temperature

people

famous

resolved

any

twenty survived

by

a

that

at

less fierce and

public baths,

Tarsus;

and

met

But

Romans

of

paintings

of

water

the

was

great

pushed

and

Nearly

emperors,

learningwas,

with

worship,

wealth;

built

river; they

Greeks

for

became

meat

over-heated.

magnificent buildings adorned

of

flowed

of

source

short,

Romans

men

obtained

tells us,

Roman

early

magnificent churches

Cydnus

when

the

the

to

buildings and

people

the

Alexander

that

stream

of

a

he

sea;

Cilicia.

was

the

killed

desperate

of

regions that which

as

the

were

of these

Xenophon

its zeal

people

noble

where

one

them

wool,

governor.

and

places

or

river

The

historian

stalls filled with

of

well

providing themselves

to

filled with

squares

Parts

mountain

subject The

of

light

of

the

on

last

At

driving the pirates off thousand

ten

the

the

commerce,

or

open

meetings.

in

Persian

a

citywas

mosques,

many of

of

Alexandria.

grand metropolis, It had

rule

when

on,

for culture of

Tarsus, which, the

in

made

nations

the

persecution.

and

robbery

ing murder-

carried

javelins and

two

All

and

shirt

of

with

armed

was

robbing and

heads,

sort

a

fight against.

to

piracies,as

these

on

spite of this,many

In

lives

robber from

man

over

was

their

garment,

one

in

trouble

any

helmets

succeeded

who

prisoners.

came

poured

was

each enemies

World.

had

seldom

only

merciless

strife

the

their

which

their

Ancient

steel

wore

attacks

Great,

taken

were

wealth

from

they

wore

terrible

were

and

thousand

crews

their

they

Pompey

hard,

that

rawhide; they

suffered

out

them

The

made

they

sword;

sea-coast sent

of

trained

well

so

victims.

of the

the

him

it became beautiful with

the and

her

residence

wealthy and

beauty magnificent preparations,

sumptuous

vessel.

The

stern

of the of

queen

wealth,

she

sailed

up

and was

covered

Troy, with

sails

gold, the the

through beautiful

Cilician

the

about

with

music

the

The

barge

Burned

on

The

she

sat

the

water:

winds

Which

*

Roman could

have

gifts of

land

Had

gone

to

And

made

a

was

canopy

tomb

Greek near

The

Minor.

on

The

exquisite

most

side

each

of

her

he

The

gold:

that the

them:

kept

oars

poets

the very All

and

air; which

Anthony sit alone.

for vacancy,

but

Cleopatra too,

on

in nature."

impressed

by

Cleopatra's

became Tarsus

grammarians.

cilver,

were

stroke.

city cast

her; and

much

treasure.

throne,

was

all this

devoted

famed

also

The

emperor

magnificence

slave, for

birthplace of St. Paul, of Antipater the stoic,Athenodorus

several

the

harps.

sweet-smelling incense

scatter

beaten

was

with

of flutes

gaze

gap

burnished

market-place, did

the

as

a

poop

perfumed

so

upon

i' the

Whistling

wished; and

the

*

out

to

nobleman

in, like

tune *

people

Enthroned

the

of

fanning her and

pulled them

oarsmen

pipes,and

JOURNEY.

love-sick

were

the

to

Her

S

the sails,and

Purple

rich

a

the vessel

steer

The

flutes,and

shores.

"

queen

of

boys stood

CLEOPATRA

The

silver.

lay under

Venus,

to

or

were

oars

gold; while

helped

maid-servants

the

to

imitate

to

embroidered

Her

couch.

in time

waters

adorned

queen,

workmanship

purple, and

of

were

Ilium.

or

made

and

its great

as

her

It

men.

city.

ancient

city of Troy,

that

know

we

of

or

it is from

Ilium, the

was

situated

partly

fabulous

in the

was

philosopher,and of in a magnificent buried

the

Julianwas

the

northwest

part

of

descriptionsof ancient

Cities

62

and

from

investigations;until

recent

city existed;

such

plain

a

upon

army

for

distance, and

some

from

plain in

miles

long;

and

which

Asia.

traditions

the

founded

of the

Ilium,

Old

off

Greek

a

walls

It

been

captured

was

It

1184

about There

taken

leaders

which Greeks

to

the

siege,and

island.

as

They

to

to

their

encampment The

gates

felt afraid it was

immense

tenth

took

is

high ing flow-

water

read

of

that

us

the

Paris, carried cause Be-

Troy.

to

driven

within in

army is

in

was

is sometimes tells

her

were

which

twenty

or

we

named

Grecian

year,

flowing breadth.

history,which

Troy

latter

The

bright

former

Old

the

Sparta and

the

built

the

besieging

supposed

sailed and

up

thrown

they could nation.

it could of it. madness

be

Among to

once

have

to

take

was

the

wanted

Laocoon, horse

into

the the

the

dium, Palla-

out, and

advice

by the

lay hid

of

the

The

the

Ulysses

solved re-

chief

The

went

out; so

as

Greeks

they

held

great

a

long occupied by the

object of curiosity. All the

cityas

priest of Neptune, advised

an

then

Trojans, seeing the given up the siege.

had

plain

it into

city,and

a

abandon

intended

was

remaining

enemy

the

behind

said

they

departure.

the

stealingthe

still held

Troy

population

take

in

not

of

two

neighboring

men.

was

to

city could

Diomed,

and

armed

freely over

great horse

Some

these

go

the

Palladium.

to

horse,

thought

whole

the

making preparations

which

if for final

the more

The

for.

as

be

withdrawn

fleet gone,

and

open,

were

But

to

that

succeeded

by force, and

filled with

away, the

it

called

Ulysses and

camp.

wooden

was

it.

disguise and

pretended

immense

people believed

the

Grecian

They

goddess Minerva,

within

subduing

in fact

but

and

city in

the

ever

an

of the

statue

off to

ships and

of another what

The

B.C.

Trojans. by

of

Trojan prince,

in

in the

Ilium

or

in

city it

which

strait

is the

eighteen of

city,

parallel

river

mile

and

city Troja,

a

Troy

a

home

the

spent

were

the

broken

rejoicingbecause armies

her

portion of their ships

then

were

This

one

large

a

ran

wide

a

threads

history of

after

remained

stratagem.

offeringto Minerva, went

from

Heaven,

from

this statue

despair of

to

a

years

years

is

century

The

upon

slender

the

seventh

that

celebrated

a

carried

they

resort

in width

is not

that

the

war

Greeks, entered

began

as

miles

There

utterlydestroyed

fallen

long the

of

Troy

have

to

so

and

it

It is about

form

sea.

Ilium.

Helen

nine

which

Hellespont. of

of

of the

front

no

the

at

b.c.

in

was

said

was

be

city,and

of their

it.

of

made

Greeks

the

but

war;

walls, and

called

woman

of this the

In

Scamander,

spoke

lay

movements

it.

Sea.

seven

Scamander

latter New

built its

god Neptune

and

beginning the

^Egean is

the

lay behind

it

that

say

level,but in front of the site of the ancient

Simois

Trojan

the

about

called

the

situated

was

disappearing in

it and

through

allow

to

ancients

The

into

it is

sea

rivers

The

steep.

Troy the

near

Sea

yEgean

smaller

thought that

scholars

They

was.

plain rivers,the Simois and

two

Europe through thickly-wooded banks The

modern

there

that

then, uniting,emptied into the

divides

which

the

Another

plain, were

the

flowing through

from

it.

before

discoveries

these

proved

been

Ida, far enough

of Mount

foot

it has

but

World.

Ancient

the

of

a

trophy;

who

them

told to

be

dered won-

others

the on

zens cititheir

THE

LAOCOON.

Troy, guard againstGrecian forward

Greek

a

hatred said

of

him.

the wooden

horse

size for the

huge had

told them

land, and

the

spot where round

their bodies seized

next

was

and

upon

the

about

triumph, and who

crushed

men,

the gates of The

shut

citywas

Troy

and

set

his

up

their faces.

in their

The

city

that of

place.

he

is

are

had

goddess Athena, by

some

or

of the 5

returned with

overcome

attempting

home

under

this

of

of his

some

decorate

there

hideous

There Their

furniture

them

away,

looked

was

rose

a

temples

of

was

strong,

worshiped

Lydia,

and

was

the

were

of

for dress

top of which

of the

and

gods is

spoken

the

of

Hanked

by generals

enlarged and

by

towers.

before

were

and

high walls finelymade,

palaces of by

At

going

manship. work-

the

kings.

ancients, and

the

the

ture, adven-

acropolis,""r

an

was

some

Scylla

monsters

of beautiful

were

whose

turned

wandering

utensils

Acropolis, opening into the plain before and

many

Circe, who

household

one

adventures

through perilson

went

hill,on

only

killed,and

sleep, were

statelypalaces and

were

darkness.

the

one-eyed giants into

sorceress

after years

and

of

cover

He of

race

sailors,and

gates, but

loftyand

Minerva,

kings

the

all the

many

the

the

them

rescue

tear

plot, had

in Greece.

Ithaca

Cyclopes, a

cityproper

as

to

This*event

feastingand

fell,got the better of the

contained

described

upon

children, winding

struggled to

He

came

directlyto

the

his

to

lost

had

the

poisonous folds.

Ulysses, the author

the

to

directlyopposite

Troy

built

the This

have

must

father

swine, sailed through the whirlpools where

used

Behind fortified

advanced

first attacked

The

They

serpents.

serpents

They

sons.

at last arrived safelyat Ithaca. Troy was built with great magnificence. liningthe streets, with altars and fountains.

the ornaments

The

with Laocoon for what he had gods were angry into the citywith songs people dragged the great statue with feastingand merry-making. In the night the armed let out by Sinon, and they opened body of the horse, were

companions

Charybdis,where

and

immense

two

sea

friends, who

their

Troy

into

Ulysses'men

and

closed

escaped from

sea,

they began to think how suddenly a wonderful thing happened.

the

in the

from

people, and

the

serpents' coils.

fire,the people,

on

home

he and

power

that

and

completely subdued.

was

his way

land

in the

day

cityto

the

his two

his children

and

horse,

the

were

with

indication

clear

a

as

advised

the

over

breathing in

they strangledhim

but

of

and

answering truthfullythe Sinon, and that, through the

was

city,when

fled in all directions.

stood

Laocoon

of his

at their departure. He by his countrymen of such a Minerva, and that it had been made

into the

horse

monstrous

crowd

the

name

for a prophet preventing its being carried within the city.; would took of it,they surely triumph over possession Trojans

appeared coming

There

people appeared dragging brought before the chiefs,

was

condition

on

story completely deceived

get the

he

left behind

offeringto

an

of

group

a

of

purpose

This

they might

was

65

terror

his

that

them

been

that if the

Greeks.

the

had

moment

spared

be

told

He

he

Ulysses

this

at

Speechless with

prisoner.

asked

questions

on

Just

promised that his life should

who

of

fraud.

Ilium.

or

city. New t""

war.

firslby beautified,

The

walls

Ilium It

the was

Alexander

Cities

66

the

Great, and

the

same

afterward

site

Old

as

Ephesus

Ilium

in

Lydia,

fertile in the world, with advantage excepting that it was

chief

lived

who

women

a

and

in

mild

never

was

its

was

a

the

on

She

earth

armed

as

she

with

represented shoulder

Luna, a

form

of beech

or

give.

temple

by

a

famous.

It

their the

and

large

and

twenty the

paintings;

golden the

as

they

veneration the

on

and

Great

later

restored

born,

was

said

at

Athens.

of

Diana

Some

temple, which

was

of the

counted

one

a

of

expense

shrine,

other

no

it

was

of the

and

hundred

largestof It

medals

was

was

of and seven

the

right hand.

world. in this

Ephesus,

During

the

and

night on

ing contribut-

women

twenty-five feet

long

of

Ephesus

temples, and

wonders

of the

bore

world.

ground himself

make

years

with

nificent mag-

temple

the

to

block

all that the

This

to

figure

a

with

stood.

than

small

a

this

twenty

ivory, furnished

As

the

placed upon

alone, the

Greek

her

her

As

magnificently decorated coins

to

burned

reason

hundred

two

On

worshiped

in

had

was

often

was

her.

adorned

all Asia.

temple

the

B.C.

it for

She

heaven. first

image

picture her

with forehead, armed white, the other black.

Ephesians from

pine. Proser-

was

poets

her

had

the moon;

she

about

of

never

Diana

was

offeringsmade

increased

sacred

did

four

then

was

kept

356

wide, being the

Parthenon

ornaments.

he

the

in

there

give light to

to

was

by the people of Ephesus

the

statue

in

one

iron; it was

goddess

the

this time

ornaments; It

at

of

was

for the

spot where

this time

feet

times

down

sent

was

by rods

propped

was

office

other

believed

the

finished.

was

and

great

that

in her

on

horses, the

her

she

tied bow

crescent

a

two

heads; among temple was built,the

in

rebuilt

was

by

where

following her.

javelin

with

and

Asia.

shrine

the

worship,

said

and a

and

Europe

around

artists and

or

a

the

natural

every

magnificence.

ancients

three

Erostratus, who

jewelry

temple

hundred as

the

called

man

it

As

ruined

Alexander

either

drawn

but

built

was

times

seven

which

the

age,

wood,

elm

could

wealth

was

Before

decayed by

became

with

and

flying back

torch, indicating that

a

in

maid-servants

represented

Diana, which

of

statue

with

garments held

was

appeared

honey.

was

ebony

she

and

by

ancient

hunting;

was

energetic people gave of Amazons, a race

between

in heaven,

Luna

The of

one

the

Diana;

of

pomp

in hell the

of

and

her

silver chariot

a

carried

she

Diana, and

arrows,

Diana in

occupied

Minor.

almost

the

bowed

much

called

goddess

with

quiver,

a

moon,

Proserpine

As

and

bow

arrows,

Sometimes

was

it

earthquakes that sometimes

founded

been

Romans

so

country

climate, and severe

boundary region

and

be

to

whole

situation,and

have

to

displayed

as

the

running had

the

or

and

bow

she

a

as

she

known

was

Diana,

As

that

supposed

was

healthful free from

part of Asia

western

magnificent temple

goddess Persians, Lydians, Greeks

names.

exactly whether

The

and

said

this

three

in the

long

Caucasus, the

glory of the city was

temple in the world

known

fruitful.

central territory,

It

great prosperity.

Ephesus warlike The

rich

The

great havoc.

It is not

country

a

watered

most

made

World.

not.

or

well

citywas

the

Ancient

by Julius Caesar.

situated

was

soil around

the

of

with

before and

four

two

times

sculptures

exquisitely wrought a

representation of A

criminal

flying

Cities

68

called

Beside

upon.

gymnasium, North called

of

the

Amazon, and

also in the

Ephesus,

who

of

Asia

it

places, and

the

and

Toward

the

In

the

so

was

the

there

poet

on

whose

to

be

said

he

Seven

invited

by

and

fish.

any

say

fame

stretched

places where

banks

of

but

Homer

honor, that they built of Homer.

statue

They

hand

just at been

Several

of

Smyrna

a

cave

it

poet;

great

only

was

flowed

born.

the

to

it

But

reach;

history happened.

showed

even

of

truly grand. could

inhabitants

temple

a

flourishing

its schools

eye

of

the

his works.

composed

have

the

have

to

public

other

most

from

view; while

full

some, hand-

were

city was

as

events

great

lay in

and

the far

as

most

a

completely closed, and

be

learning

Acropolis

the

an

extended

statelyporticoes stood

wealthiest

for

said

their

near

claimant

one

Ios

people believe little

Lydia.

in

Sardis, and

a

one

to

travel with which

eyes, he

has

richest

time

ruled

as

been

found

there.

man over

of

those

thirteen

at

his

days, nations.

and

his travels

on

landed

if

they

we

did

as

many

great

is, the

ascended

so

living. The

a

question

their

city; he

totallyblind;

perhaps He

of

way

being unable

Sard

was

while

Homer

place of the

Smyrna

a

in the

poems

gain

to

left; as

we

him

Athens,

to

"

burial

from

made

to

answer

the

east

his

him; and

vexation

of

fishermen, caught," said they,

we

fiftymiles the

Smyrna in

poet's life in

afterward

went

died

there

great

first wrote

the

from

voyage

celebrated

than

at

a

Sea, and

his tomb

Croesus,

in

wherever

verses on

the

schoolmaster, and

disease

his bread."

begged

story of

young

as

became

that

more

of

by

some

many

tell the

to

dead,

great Homer

living Homer

the

foreign merchant

while

by

"As

cities claimed

ancient

a

^Egean

him

carry." A

a

recited

that

in the

asked

became

attacked

was

to

island

riddle

we

he

he

on

people used

say

composed

goes an

Smyrna

then

Ithaca

of the

one

streets

were

by

were

They

was

cities

temples and

was

a

The

could

birthplace of Homer,

this

to

be

of Greece

shady

the

In which

own.

two

it became

when

squares;

harbor,

mountains

seen,

containing

was

'

The

other, and

founded

town

.c,

Minor.

several

which

from

islands

the

rightto

edifice

splendid

a

their

of

sure

city,where and

Meles,

be

b

150

all Asia

wide-spread

view

The

could

cities

to

came a

valleys and

the

claimed

places have were

Smyrna

opposite direction

little river

the

the

importance until it was

public library,numerous

a

excellent

an

Asia, with

philosophy. interior

celebrated

many

city had

this that

finest in

these

ancient

very

place of small

a

was

a

was

rightangles, with

at

possessed

It also

cities of

rhetoric

It

certainlythe drawn

chieflyby

was

latter

The

name.

paved, and

commercial

large theater, a

a

above

Smyrna;

was

by the great general Lysimachus, about

magnificent city,and

buildings.

risingone

terraces

on

province of Lydia,

Minor.

it her

gave

beautified

well

built

houses

included

buildings of Ephesus

tombs.

eyes

in various

temples the

elegant private

handsome

many

the

World.

Ancient

the

of

of

poet,

to

had

in

that

story at

Ios,

solve

a

caught

not

and

catch, some

ancient any

capital time, lived

the

throne

in

a

ROMAN

TYPES

AND

COSTUMES.

Miletus.

time

inherited

he

which

flowed

which

stream

offeringswhich

the

historian,saw

the

untold

Sardis.

made

hundred

We

and

may and

from

form

some

sands

the

idea

in

placed

seemed

the

solid

the

his

of

vast

countries,

by

Pactolus,

wealth

from

Herodotus,

temples.

gold

cessful suc-

The

of

of

be

to

monarch.

conquered

of

dug

ingots of

seventeen

mighty

a

tribute

was

gods

the

to

the

by

He

treasures.

became

soon

by gold which

near

he

a

and

increased

he

and

seizing private property, a

heir to

was

undertook

he

everything

in wealth

prosperity,and

and

of peace

69

weight

great

laid

all of other in various rich offerings, He also saw at Delphi. parts of Greece up them had been placed in the temples by this wealthy monarch; gold, which among

life-size

the

of

statue

the

of

request

beautiful

in

did

nor

he

than

pay

be

called The

with

be

and

to

opened,

had

lived

a

large

rude

a

part of

the

with a triplewall. rock, and surrounded a Acropolis stood was large theater surrounded

the

valley

Crcesus. and

was

One

of

the tombs

and

to

those

luxury

Miletus

of

the

in Sardis

situated

was

in

the

four

harbors, protected by

and

commercial

pontis, and

city,and Euxine.

a

in

and

the

still

days

consisted

said

and

of

of

At

more

man

worthy people of that

no

could

man

houses

the

a

the

covered

were

built upon

was

side

the

of the

cessible inac-

almost

an

hill

steep

which

on

in

smaller buildings, and by many splendid palace, the residence

of

in

eleven dred hunshape, and measured pursuits of the inhabitants of the city

bay of

group

same

of

part

a

early Grecian

an

shown,

happier

a

repeatedly destroyed by fire;

was

town,

and

customs

all

inner

islands.

It

the it

an

shores

occupied

outer

the

on

the

was

cence magnifi-

more

the of a

foremost

noted

city, each

as

industrial

an

maritime

Mediterranean,

the

philosophers

flowed,and

River

celebrated

of Asia

coast

western

Maeander

was

history it was over

time

and

Caria,

into which

enlightened cities,being the birthplace of several in its best

poor

happily; and

ordered

be

to

beheld

even

surprised,

then

Ephesus.

colonies

At

all

at

furniture

and

city

circular

was

northern

the entrance

commerce

the

in

than

had

its

had

richly

imaginable,

Crcesus

Ephesians, but it is probable that there

It stood

at

and

The

Minor.

extending

defending

in Sardis

forty feet in diameter.

similar

were

stronghold

for

splendid gymnasium

a

and

manner,

the

the

Acropolis,

not

was

king.

a

Sardis

him

adornments

Solon

some

died

but

the

if he

Solon, visited

Greece,

king he found

the

the

to

named

lives and

woman.

a

dead.

was

lightthat

so

good

baking

valuable

jewels.

him

had, and

first built in

at

was

before

and

expected

asked

as

of

lion, and

the

weight

men

magnificent apartments

he

and

until he

Sardis

dry reeds,

that

pure

truly happy cityof

his

wise

brought

were

same

Crcesus'

seven

curious

most

which

the

be

to

the

wras

it all Crcesus

seen

answered

had

who

Athens

compliments

Solon

he.

he

the

of

said

of

one

When with

the

Solon

when

bowl

colors,elegant in designs of gold and

his treasures and

and

Crcesus.

ornamented

dressed, and

wine

a

gigantic size,

female, of

a

lion,

a

law-giver of Athens,

famous at

of

statue

and

the

place among historians.

of which

had

[lower, the

its

Promost

Miletus, own

for-

jo tifications.

It must

of and

and

couches

carpets

Minor,

the

died

and

in 352, it has

that

rich and

the

feet

side

t.ie

west

tae

corpse and

vase, and with

and

scenes

massive thirty-six

summit

of which

The

walls

of

rose

the

of the

forming

the

second

Srlmacis

the

of

the

warlike of

use

crests

shields.

in every

cities,temples, high

a

value

is

he

and

of

portico on

the

harbor

the

Halicarnassus,

wrote

affairs.

were

of

visited,and customs.

the

The

upper

palace of

features, among of

water

it is

lazy,but their

for

at

of

tomb

points of the harbor,

two

The

partlyby

the

or

attractive

many

it very

of the

the

spring

of

probable that the

well-known

love

of

luxury Herodoonly in their later history,however, for tus, They

them

the

by

figures on

deal

placed upon

horses,

a

rock, and

loftywall.

the

theater.

excuse

an

from

put

on

had

drank

in Halicarnassus

great

a

country

manners,

to

born

stood

edge the

occupied hills

strong and

a

vast

a

who

in naval

borrowed

was

inherited

He

long time

was

and

this

native

helmets, and

Herodotus

b.c.

a

On

and

pyramid,

a

and

alabaster

an

men

Mausoleum,

citadels

Two

by

the

from

by the

Mercury

of them

skilled

From

excavations

Halicarnassus

those

true

was

and

which on

and

made

was

historian,who

once

fasten

This

was

ders won-

closed, after

was

of

so-

rock.

foundation

the this

seven

solid was

stone

was

hundred

four

which

He

beautiful It

of the

Asia

it.

so

the

statues

in

of Carian

rule

tombs.

one

into

Upon

surmounting

crowned

enclosed

city.

Halicarnassus

it

this

colossal

Caria

monument

tomb,

Behind

symmetrical.

was

Salmacis

make

to

cloths,

fortified

measuring

inner

the

of

and

a

called

square,

were

partly by

was

temple of Venus of

woolen

the

magnificent

all

flintyrock.

by the temple of Mars.

of the

weak, factures manu-

of Mausolus. and

first terrace

fountain

indolence.

vault

the

raised

ancients a

city

restored

be

stone.

built,and

grand

whole

city who

to

to

huge

a

formed

the

thought

was

inhabitants

so

statue

extremities the

were

were

marble

The

city,while and

Mausolus

which

was

terraces

on

of magnificent

were

Their

their

under

Was

by quarrying

entrance

in

columns a

masonry.

Mausolus, end

was

warlike.

ancient

an

to

the

formed

the,gloomy

plan of the citywas

buildings

the

sculptured

was

almost

was

in, by

in

there were

people

and

brave

the

caused

that

noble,

was

ia, b.c.

mausoleum

name

foundation

carried

Its

celebrated, and

Mausolus,

his wife

and

platform

been

very

380

was

circumference, and

been

here

battle

in

the

grand The

of the

had

of whom

given

world.

seventy-two

have were

the

unearthed.

been

must

About

his remains

beautiful, so

of

have

ruins

from

for.

Gulf.

over

since

ever

beautiful,to judge

originallycalled Zephyr famous

World.

Ancient

and

furniture

other

Ceramic

the

on

most

and

great

eagerly sought

were

princes, the

420

been

have

Halicarnassus,

the

of

temples, arches, etc., which time they listless, though at one

and

ana

Cities

about

and

afterward

his works

the

they

they far

he

the

were

died and

is called

the

for

Italy about

wide, staying

beautiful father

things first to

handles in

describing carefullythe

style of writing was that

of three

invented

484 B.C., and traveled

people of that region

inventors

Greeks;

shields, and

money

His

that the

of

and

a

scenery,

simple,

history.

Comana

Comana

was

Sarus. the

It

devotion

considered

high

priest,but

city. Among

eat

swine's

Asia his

was

terrible

a

population

from

which

march

have

to

was

a

year

and

all

country lived

there

fond

were

been

the

processions of

the

and

three

the

also

forbidden

broke

this

around,

men

and

in order

to

keep

rule, and

his

of

goddess

to

part of

eastern

result

of

governor

was

the

the

and

by the

impiety.

there

was

a

The

women.

and

vows

make their

luxury and good living,and

of

take

their

of

had

There

About

noon

on

a

defenses breast-plates,

fightwith

armor

on

was

a

his head

the

forehead

bra/en

body

of

armor

and

is of

and

to

cavalry in white

and

on

armor

and on

battle.

troops

to

Barbarian

right of the line of battle, and

used

helmets, excepl

spears

the

left of

arrows

cavalry, tin-

six hundred

the

ami

bows

and the

came

ranks

men

alone;

Cyrus

cavalrythat

Presently the enemy

Hash,

the

The

place.

own

calling

the

breast-plate,

all

for

Cyrus's

and

for

his

All the horses of the

breast.

began

orders

Minor,

of

sweat,

in

phon, Xeno-

by

of Asia

prepared

army

the

on

about

thighs,

unprotected.

a

riding,put

was

him

in

retreat,

employed

battle, one

his horse

vast

a

the

time

troops

Cyrus

Xenophon

fully described

the

only lightarms

with

the

day of the

placed

were

for the

and

Cunaxa

javelin in his hand, gave in his stations,each man carried

expedition and

long

the

and

and

homeward,

of the

the

he

defeated

was

army

retreat

warfare

with

in which

Cyrus,

was

the

speed, with

great

of

interestingaccount

to

of

of

thousand,

one

In the center

battle

disbanded.

king of Persia, was

days' march;

mode

peltasts,who

they approached,

Visible.

The

chariot

taking

fifteen

approaching

was

the

where

began

the

ridingat

the an

journey, both

and

months.

king

from

number

into the

Cyrus as

Greeks

of the

Barbarians.

subdue

to

the

place where

the

Pergatnus,

was

written

Babylon,

the

hundred

the

Cyrus

near

whole

two

the Greek

with

went

The

taken

and

her with

slings.

under

historian,has

Cunaxa

horse, and

themselves

all armed

Sardis

his appearance,

his

Minor, in Mysia,

Cunaxa,

to

From

Artaxerxes

cavalry,to

Asia

Greek

great

leaped down

mounted

and

inhabitants

as interesting showing

made

that

Cyrus

is

called

were

officers

with

of

their leader.

is said

who

and

towns

from

cessions pro-

continually slaves

as

place, it

the

Caesar; he

have

to

the

At

by people who

The

from

Sardis

killed.

became

and

side

started the

from

himself

arm

city.

the

also increased

goddess.

supposed

was

of

other

Xenophon,

out

death

people

Octavianus

high priest by

owned

robber

a

great

were

persons

women

for

diadem,

a

high priest was

The

Cleon,

enclosure;

populous

was

the

army

who

speedy

and

two

were

priestwore

six thousand men

him.

by

chief

river

the

on

goddess, and

produced plenty of wine.

On

both

made

were

Minor,

moon

there

year

the

preserving the purity of

for

sacred

large and

sacrifices to the lands

rules

sold

be

Every

Over

king.

the

temple; they

not

the

once

and

was

gathering

vast

other

flesh within

Minor,

Comana

could

they

the

of the

Asia

part of

occasions

which

on

71

temple of Ma, the

worship.

her

to

dignity to

in

next

the western its

antiquityfor

goddess,

of the

in the service

engaged

in

inhabitants

of the

in honor was

city of CappadOcia, in

a

celebrated

was

Pcrgamus.

"

in

were

si^lu,

became

enemy's

line;

Cities

*]2 close

these

by

wooden

with

long

front

of the

the

of the

hubs

forces

of

death

were

this way,

in

discouraged

Pergamus

was

washed

its walls.

situated

of

as

dollars.

In

could

be

unusual

less

no

of

than

built

they

flood

the

central

the

positionof

this

Byzantium

and

the

about

their

marble

of

anchor Patara

place

was

for its

The the

it

and

of

Augustus

rich

museum.

(theGreek

name

had

was

a

a

and

had

oracle

only through

a

priestess sat

at

to

large quantities. Caesar, whom The

the

a

of

certain the say.

good

harbor. This

Apollo. period

bottom

of

of the a

of

said

was

oracle

spoke

year,

deep,

and

circular

with

an

consisted

to

Cleopatra. and

races

ments arrange-

citywas

brated cele-

most

its

have

as

from

come

spot where

of

the

coast

celebrated

a

pit,whence

the she

The

hills

goats

and

god.

the

the The

fact that

city stood. of

Lycia.

in ancient

prophecies through been

between

antiquitywas

regarded

to

road

herds of

The

Ancyra.

the

travelers.

great

southwest

Patara

to

lay on

monument

the

the

said

cious spa-

have

with

Galatia, was it

Ancyra

was on

cityon

of

built which

horse

The

raised

people

found

was

had

contests.

of for

chief

The

Ancyra

name

is

ancyra), flourishingcommercial

large, and

had

in

it had

made

to

chose

millions

was

Selinus

merchants

inhabitants

the

is said

no

parchment.

trade,

filled with

constantly

was

Great,

Asia;

temple

river

the

province

great

One

in

time

latter then

nine

to

everything was

swimming

the

the

back.

army

the the

amounted

kinds; they

over

treated re-

and

that

given by Anthony

pottery, and

of

place

a

and

in

Minor,

fine, pasture,

temple

oracle

made

citygave fine, silkyhair

amphitheater matches

hill,and

which

all

killed. and

strength, being at

were

of Alexander

and

was

of

sports

ointments,

Asia

Syria,and

temple

city also an

rowing

of

part town

games immense

for

arena

volumes,

and

and

generals

natural

splendid places Sea,

ing becom-

lovely rivers city itself,while another

the

library.

a

first the

expedition

leading the

there

which

most

^Egean

distance; attacked

great

of

libraryof Pergamus,

thousand

an

for its manufacture In

The

of

fond

the

upon

hundred

were

cock-fights,and

out

splendor.

two

inhabitants

to

mil^s

for

seen

of the

one

was

In

district;three

of

generals

treasures,

city gardens, public buildings,and

197

degree

of the

one

his

securityfor

At

was

the

of which foot

bowmen.

but

the

beautiful

the

at

some

skill in

and

fortress

soldiers

ground.

captains, the

the

through

foot

the

the

abandoned

bravery

most

a

cityarose

a

the

B.C.

and

walks

sold

hill,round

Lysimachus,

of

place

a

in

his

and

cavalry

and

alone,

they

originallya

was

a

almost

armed

heavy

sharp scythes projectingfrom

for

enemy

Selinus, flowed

the

Pergamus

Acropolis.

the

Pergamus

giftsfor

other with

Pergamus,

city,situated

Afterward, however,

became

The

rich

one,

summit

the

on

houses.

of

ancient

an

and vicinity,

in its

were

left

them

to

pointing to

seat, the

forces, and reached

next

chariots

driver's

was

they

many

World.

feet; then

were

pursued

Greek

When

their

to

the

Cyrus

the

Xenophon

gave

under

and

Ancient

shields, and

apart,

victorious, and

homeward. soldiers

reaching distance

some

wheels,

Cyrus

separated His

shields

line,at

wicker

with

troops

were

the

of

six winter delivered

This times

a

ess, priest-

months.

whatever

GREECE.

civilization

ANCIENT that

barbarism

to

lived.

ever

histories,

which

sculpture,

and

true

and

is freedom

In

going.

stopped;

world

combined

into

the

was

of

situated,

land south The

Asia

to

the

the

Peninsula

protected

surfaces

people

highway

open

limestone

are

mountains into

the

many

northern

which

west

but

of

the in

with

arranged or

only

open

small

boundary

a

sea

of

grand

it is

defended

the

small sea,

states,

that which

against

attraction

islands

many

separated

by

the

most

of

by other

land the

chain

great

tribes

or

of

nations.

the most

terranean Medishore it

linking

lakes,

almost

third to

eastern

and

on

rivers, of

by the

Africa.

of

portion

entirely

itself

the

the

Italy,

of most

Being

countries

either

plains, the

Italy,

Its

mountains,

mountainous

the

ward south-

Adriatic

almost

it from

of

the

when

fertile

most

of

sea.

civilization.

and with

the

of

center

them it has

project

the

the

by

Greeks set

knowledge

which from

they

that

part

of

top

the

nations

the

of

all, which

and

and

Greece,

the

advantages of

one

numerous

to

great

skirted

far

things of

impetus

lower

poetry,

physics,

given

all

different

washed

were

channel

narrow

and

from

commerce

was

independent was

a

is studded

itself

While

coasts.

so

Sea,

had

sides

two

highway

great

Spain,

became

naturally

yEgean on

its

and

of

legacy

science

the

upon

Italy,

extended

base

and

it very

Minor;

Hellenic

naturally the

the

by

Danube

world's

the

was

bathed

Unlike Its

was

power

Spain,

of

store

people regular

oratory,

development

time,

that

themselves

these

have

may

that

the

all

intellectual

an

since to

in

grandest

the

Greek

wrote

mathematics,

Phoenicia

such

more

Grecian

Sea.

triangle.

river

much

their

began

centuries

peninsulas,

enormous

vast

a

the

favorably

was

three

world

twenty

the

and

first

they

In

the

everything

remarkable

excelled

of

of

raised

most

nature.

Hellenes

the

as

science

world

the

Egypt, the

gave

of

seat

human

and

gave

the

they

now;

life

that

added

even

the

but

the

Mediterranean

the

peninsula

they

not

kind

who

people,

were

capital

nearly

political freedom;

founded

Minor,

with,

in

yet,

chief

The

of

mouth

and have

principles. easterly

Asia start

to

centuries

two

never

doing

in

thought. ideas

the

of

philosophy and

steps,

of

of

some

They

these

They

of

plan

their

of

perfect

the

nation.

the

the

Athens,

Christianity,

from

come

organized

at

of

exception

has

originated

They stand

first

the

grandly

a

point

highest

the

possesses

architecture.

politics,

took

With

world

modern

the from

nation.

Hellenic

or

its

reached

ami

Europe,

surrounded established

by the

mountains

ing form-

In

small

75

these

Cities

76 plains the

being loftyand

So

foreign invasion resolute

wonderful the

most

It

was

"of

a

by

an

itself

built

called

was

chief

the

was

line of

Attic

plain.

remains

lie

enclosure

city.

the

hill.

"of the

a

width

the

formed

the

as

in New

the

of the

marble, of

the

with

in the

So

stood

grooves

the

of

them

led up

to the

wide

wheels

This

west, while

of the

hill,from

road

carts

than massive

a

built to

be

one

Athens,

a

facade

the

with

carried

the

through of

flight center

large the

Doric

city

other

double

city to

of

which

and

frieze

great

the

which

both

colonnades

rich

also extended the

of

mit. sum-

little more

toward

carriage-road, paved

Behind

end the

part of it consisted

with

the

of the

temple.

chief

side of the central

stately columns

toward

lay a

The

The

overlooking

magnificent thing in

most

their

western

a

of

whole

now

reach

to

also

left,but opening

slanting rock

for the

objects it was

art.

either

On

the

magnificent building was

the

was

antique

religiousprocessions.

gate, and

the

all the

a

and

Europe.

vestibule

sixty feet, or

ran

long

here

in

possible

been

and

right and

forward

occupying

ever

these

It

loftywings

were

these

marble

beside

of all the

on

Propylaea,or

It

Rome,

greatest

of

stood, and

architecture

other

and

city. of

there

the

watch-tower

the

hundred

York.

the

any

it has

a

porticoes.

Propylaea; between

peplosoi Athens entrance

of

steps led up

chiseled

was

But

walls

by

grand entrance, marble

white

of the citadel.

means

decorations;

tnan

which

upon

and

the

Hill

fiftyfeet

and

The

here

perpendicularly

city; it was

a

architecture

through

pure

Propylaea

gateway.

a

Athenian

as

of

summit

the

midst

stood.

Athens

almost

of

west.

in the

was

center

hundred

Athens

country, the

on

Capitoline

rose

edge

world.

the

Gulf

a

into

far

plain, studded

the

sides

eleven

center

of

It

the

was

than

powerful

of the

that

of

peninsula had reached

Saronic

its from

handful

a

rest

of Greece.

the

of

the the

the

these

rocky

that

inlets

beautiful

a

temples,

condition

gate of

Broadway

Acropolis by

of

entered

side

only

of

Its

plain

enclosure

was

vast

a

enclosed

square

splendid

section of

a

of

with

province

more

Around

beginning

displayed the greatest splendor

beautiful "of

of well

as

walls.

uneven

the

ruined

principal adornments

large

and

was

is the

frontage

fortification

in

Acropolis

There This

The the

the

an

sacred

of

formed

protected

were

for their

and

about

and

of this

even

fiftyfeet.

was

and in

east

steepest

grandest pieces of

the noble

more

of

the

twice

Here

and

This

citadels,the

Greek

within' the

enclosing

broad.

and

and

another

guarded against more

bays

Attica,

shore

from

one

dangerous

people,

many

the

city,and

upper

hundred

a

fortifications

five hundred

or

thus

isolated

was

and

sharp

so

fallingground

highest

The

places

of all of

height

the

all

hills.

Acropolis

the

the western

near

hardy; they

southeasterly part

most

rising and

the

upon

by rocky

there

plain

the

and

another

on

separated

solitaryindependence,

But

one

Sea

JEgean

peninsula and

a

hill-encircled

city was

the

with

provinces

these

of

arm

were

sides, and

all

on

which

strong

wild

a

up

grow

World.

in

up

grew

grew passes

intercourse

of

famous

mountains

invading army.

an

not

coast

sea

The

states

whose

out

did

land, affording easy

bordered

and

keep

of

extent

The

to

Grecian

Hellenes

the

cities.

mountains

by

Ancient

community

the

the

could

men

"enemies,

their

rugged,

character.

own

built

people

the

of

slabs

splendid the

main

columns

Athens.

was

deep vestibule, with

a

and

into as

a

of

those

the

The

ceilingwas

the

further

end

of

and as

but

of this

portico lay

Nearly opposite the

first

about

battle,and

Numerous

land

points on

distant

for

called

was

other

It

at sea.

object

Promachus,

buildings,and

of

rise

Homer's

much

as

One

step below

Acropolis platform.

of Pallas; it the

was

other

grand

two

visible

and

"champion

ready

goddess."

filled the

ornaments

which

structures

space

beautiful

were

sacred nation the entire Greek almost than to description, and more any The of these was the Erechtheum, nearest a temple called places in the world.

beyond

side of the

northern

its apartments which

the divine

in Athens, The

and

At

entablature

services

which

shape of

cross-wall. other

The

columns. a

end, corresponding

representingAthenian led into the of

Neptune

but

reached was

of treasures

and

cella other

to

Pallas, but of the

a

city.

a

portico. upholding

stood.

colonnaded

The

was

called

or

of

the

into sort

between

other

ceiling. main

Minerva. his

the

This

door

the

where

protection, being the

Erechtheum,

from

a

handsome and

sanctuary,

the

was

not

built

that

a

the

caryatids, ways doorstatues

this in

size,

of the building,

end

store-house

tradition

to

at

three and

shrines

eastern

hall

of

rows

corridor

the

hall,corresponding

temple

a

small

a

stood

room

the

city.

distinctlyseparated by

From

across

the

ornamental

into the

led

corridor, with

this

in

temples

by six tall,slender

borne

half, and

of

Around the

was

the

manner

all the

religioushistoryof

beautiful

a

portico extending

Athene

placed under It

divided into

opened the

the

temple hall of the Erechtheum,

or

gods

Pallas was

roof, which this

Beyond

maidens,

through

devoted

to

of

because

windows

three

other on

architecture,and

venerated

most

rites in

with

the

large oblong

portico doors

styleof Greek

gracefullyproportioned portico,with

a

was

surrounding

Ionic

in the

a

the

was

oldest

wall

Ionic

ordinary temples It

the

by

up

than

held.

were

corner

upper

pediment

richlydecorated was

was

with

taken

was

the

and

in it

connected

was

built in the

complicated

more

end

western

columns.

Acropolis.

were

It

of

one

pedestal it was

Acropolis, and

the

the

ence rever-

naturally uneven;

With on

slender

from

with

extensive statue

same

with

represented the goddess armed

Athena

all of which

splendor, above

bronze

size

artists of the times.

paved slopes.

the

led

gates

graceful casket-work.

hill-topwas

the

parts of

every

by the Greeks

above,

the

greatest

entering the gateway.

holy statues, altars,groups

artistic

of

colossal

a

or

covered

was

rich and

the

doors

by the Greeks

upon

surface

above

ships

or

a

beautifully

most

paintings by Polygnotus

adjacent

after

saw

carried

by steps and

Propyla^a stood

the

pediment

compartments

or

beams

space

paintingsby

looked The

the

high, towering

feet

seventy

with

overcome

was

level of

Athenians

things the

from

with

the

whole

and

naves

were

poems

and

The

celebrated

the

was

Scriptures.

the

inconvenience

the

aisles

marble

upon

colonnade

portico.

adorned

were

laid

into three

statelymagnificent hall, five

Doric

spanned

These

for

have

inner

the

part

this

a

outer

there

Odyssey.

we

the

with

or

wings

of the

northern

the

Iliad

western

cross-pieces,which

interiors

The

dividing it

roof.

portico,fronted

back

marble

In

At

columns

the

supporting

decorated.

slender

jg

for the

ship wor-

of the Bacred

ErechthetlS,a

Cities

80

that

Greece, had

of

mythic king

devoted

was

Propylsea was the most magnificent proportions it if not

called

Greeks the

the

she

peace.

civilized of

and

beauty above of

pavement

Pentelicus, veins

ancient

or

above

of the

the a

it.

roof.

At

for

the

rose

far and

rich

collections celebrate

to

near

plainlyto be

seen

main

cella,or

of

the

statues

was

the

of

the

government.

the

entrance

*See ,

the

raised

sacred

of the

In the

center

of the

the outside

are

to

taken

were

now

known

British the

there row

the four

was

of columns

peristyle.

Here

the

as

colonthe

was

there

were

brought from protectinggoddess. They up by the Tarniai,but were

Pronaos

was

entrance

an

of this apartment

city.

the

England

to

corners

inner

an

large

A

was

by Lord

Panathenaic number

Elgin, who

Elgin marbles,

and

are

to

sold

among

the

cent magnifi-

a

sion, proces-

of

the

some

them the

slabs

of

the

to

the

greatest

Museum.*

Pronaos

descriptionof

running all richlysculptured

a

and pieces of sculpture in relief,

other

some

of

columns

of its

carefullylocked

Around

part'

place in the

chieflyof silver,and

temple and

and railings,

the

Mount

in every

other

point and

second

steps above

objects,made

holiness

the

on

columns The

temple.

two

religiousfestival

great

objects of interest in the Over

of

of

row

from

had

the

of the

"

ing regular oblong, stand-

a

Doric

entablature;

sculpture stood

perity pros-

solemn

tops

or

came

any

sculpture representingin reliefs the celebrated

pediments, They

of

broad

a

was

outside

the

temple.

frieze,together with of

columns

the outside. the

lofty

a

and

or

marble, and

which

was

of massive

row

white "

almost

brought

the

over

capitals

country, than

Athens,

goddess

she

war

grand

marble

shape of the Parthenon with

was

iron

from

hall of

frieze of colored which

builder

walls

the

kept safely behind

were

the

of

military power

in

entirelyof

was

level with

a

the whole

within

end

each

It

on

quarries in

the

portico of the Protiaos, which large and

was

or

devotedly

warrior

watch

to

stood

temple

The

in

fect, per-

Parthenos

Pallas

successful

desirable believed

was

sculptor and The

Above

which

nade; beyond

people.

front,while groups

pediment decorated of the

the

or

the

a

with

most

most

Athene, was

the

as

was

She

waging

most

she

state.

steps, and

flightthree

in

tuary sanc-

and

Parthenon, the

known She

Pallas

of

The

also

was

Romans.

portico of the Propylsea. The

world.

modern

of,

while

Attic of

richest

the

as

The

stately elegance and

hill,"one

the

Athene.

said that

vestibule

inner

of this material

around

the way

full view

in

of

one

the whole

peristyleor

in front

columns

rarer

its

the

called

was

In

architecture."

people deemed

Attic

Acropolis.

Pallas

by

merely

to

patroness

was

cityand

the

reason

for the Greeks

the

that

Athene

arts

for

her

temple stood.

opposite the Erechtheum,

the

of Greek

given

name

for that

peace,

All

stood

the

highest point on

the

referred

was

wisdom, art, and

about

crowned

the

was

spot where

on

"virgin's shrine,"

the

Athens, and

sometimes

and of

it,or

at

edifice

perfect, monument

most

virgin;Minerva

worshiped

the

on

worship of Pallas

imposing

the

World.

Ancient

buried

been the

to

the

of

London

an

assembly of the gods in

"

Great

Cities

of the

was

Modern

represented

World."

as

looking

Cities

82 armed

with

horse

races,

riding

or

their

other

in their

held

appearance,

carried

distinguished persons carried

of citizens'

distinctive

of Zeus

Xenios,

chairs

to

as

carried in which

richlyembroidered, this order

In

dressed.

the

city,past

celebrated

side

of the

the

sanctuaries

votive

there

it

walls

of

was

the

enclosing

a

Phalerum

on

the

was

covered

the the

but

in

some

on

bricks

cases

had

no

there

The

had

two

in

the

last

at

the

through

were

the

on

was

of the

the

on

hymns

ship

of

streets

gather again

off,and

a

maidens,

the rock

steps, entering to

and

Acropolis

splendid

most

by

by Attic

offered, round

from

and

the

by

east to

sung

altars, and

a

at

all

the

to

The

not

sea

coast-line the the

port-towns;

was

the

enclosure coast,

Bay, reaching to

harbors, where

at these

south;

by

at

and

ports of of

center

magnificent city in

a

unpaved;

the

mean-looking

by magnificent public buildings,making

houses

open

columns

This

Phaleric

west.

in the Asty. It crooked, and often

few

miles.

extended

fine

the

except

shape, surrounded

half

the

the

on

was

were a

except with

A

it had

a

on

entrance.

small

story

of

the

a

wood

was

frame

floor,and never

this

usually

slightlytinted

second

This

high, and

circumstances

either

lightcoat

windows

the

one

family in good

street; air.

small

than

more

dwelling of

only

in

a

cityto

several

commerce

in the

all sides

on

great walls

two

dirty,undrained

a

dried

openings were

were

the

the streets.

outside, which

front

of

ephetol

followed

sunshades

formed

was

woven

offerings blazed

seven

overshadowed

None

frontage

narrow

built of unburnt

of

narrow,

everywhere

contrast.

the

by hills

of

broken

life

were

them

band

branches, the emblem

goddess

irregularoval

an

while

center

while sacrifice,

oak

taken

were

burnt

circuit

a

was

Athenian

of

projected over a

The

the

marble

peninsula of Piraeus

the walls

these

streets

were

unpleasant

often had

the

was

strip of land

broad

of

features

houses

made

select

a

nified dig-

Academy;

sanctuary."

city proper,

or

situated.

all respects;

private

flightof

weapons

Athens

sea.

east, and

ends

were

all other

Asty,

long and

the

between

an

the

goddess;

procession

procession divided,

in the

Themistocles, which

called

Athens

to

open

Priests,with

of the

carrying the

giftswere

Acropolis lay the city,surrounded

the

the

through

crowd, while

laid away

hands

of

where

and

armor

the

for their

After

peplos of Athene,

Xoanon

great the

assembled

offeringswere

Below

was

All

by the

goddess

the

the

Here

Propylaea.

Parthenon.

old

the

Acropolis, up the roadway and the

of

center

sail the

a

procession moved

celebrated

most

the

for the

maidens

the

guests;

The

for

"

tree

masters.

in their

holding as

daughters.

holy

in

chariot

the

protected by the Athenians, in their picturesque

tribes

them

of

chosen

men,

the

celebrated

winners

abreast.

offeringsfor

most

matrons

make

wheels, which

resting on and

so

citizens'

of the

the

costumes;

from

containingthe utensils

by the

daughters of the

and

wives

and

votive

the

baskets

daughters plate wrought brought valuable the

to

horses

victors

the

came

the

sacrifices;old

be

olive branches

hands

Next them

by four

drawn

standing in their splendid cars attendants, guarded the hekatombs

races,

World.

shields, and others on horseback. leading their horses, and with

and

spears

Ancient

the

of

or

plaster times some-

imposing,

vestibule, in front of the passage

INTI

RIOH

OF

I hi

PARI

HI

NON

Xj"r^ AtJicns.

opening but

into the

the

center

here, dedicated

altar stood

to

the

of

the

the

to

slaves, with

and

of

it was

the

by

At

family.

called,which

of

rows

was

The An

further of

sort

a

workshops,

columns.

the

-

rooms

chamber.

guest

a

The

and

shops

as

slav

household

visitor.

the

then

surrounded

protector as

of

occupied

now

and

house,

of the

one

"

call

or

sometimes

were

yard,

or

porter

a

knock

the

great

this court

from

opened

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buildTng,where

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was

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of the

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guarded

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central

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leading to

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end

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half-public

the public and private life of the household. reception hall, and the boundary between the family gathered at regular meals, and to take Here part in the religiousceremonies of

the

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house.

domestic

life

celebrated

were

preserving goddess, of the

member

birth, a death, This

also

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to

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his

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of

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manuscripts

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hall, and the

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used

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and

upon

rich

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for

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from

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were

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important

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Back

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for

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lying

nozzle.

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of

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houses

Grecian

while

their

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them

of peculiarity

themselves, of

were

were

for

were

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was

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old

some hand-

Romans.

beside

furniture

all the

lightedat nighl by

were

made

a

made

to

that

the Greeks

temples

times

of

taste

were

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hall

furniture

the

sumptuous

in the

It

best apartments and

rooms, bed-

storerooms, open

in chairs; about

sat

tables.

some

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painted,

were

children

court-yard were

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rooms

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meanly and

of

floors of the

walls

artistic ornaments;

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sides

the

The the

and

women

costlycandelabra.

live modestly and

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children.

of chests

with

circle.

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good-sized

were

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read

household.

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of

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There

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the

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to

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upon

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made

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by religious

duly

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prominent place

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saved and

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very

poor

stand, while

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light,but otl

contented and

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public buildings. These

happy

in the

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the

Cities

86

and

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houses;

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distaff

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to

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statue

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to

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and

dress

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to

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peploi,as

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those

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and

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by

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marriage the

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born

as

by a gentleman, but

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business-like

of

woven

into

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At was

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garments

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man was

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maiden

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large dowry.

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the ceremony

state.

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to

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woven

country.

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of citizens. the

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gentleman, himself, and have

a

bound

were

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daughter

number

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an

ladies

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maiden

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in the

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hold house-

skill in

embroidered;

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portraitswere

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years.

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to

spinning and

in

in this

also

peplos for the

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deeds

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which

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of Athens.

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or

for

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ladies

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were

belong

deposited in the holy temple of the goddess, and

was

at

Greek

The

the their

religiousceremonies.

or

busily occupied

were

They

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bestow

to

duties.

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lives

looked

matron

brought

with who boys or men public entertainments

nobles

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passed

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corn,

married

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procession every

of

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be

Sometimes

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made households

home.

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on

way

obliged

images

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had

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to

achieved

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city.

had

Here

that

present

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beyond

in the

were

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marriage to

or as

kitchens, made,

and

cellars

or directingtheir daughters and members do, too, for the clothing of the many

chronicle

drapery for sacred

rich

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become

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in

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who

men

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furniture

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maidens

great honor

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by slaves; they ground the

done

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usually

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was

same

and

associate

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filled with

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Athens

luxurious

neglected.

were

earlier

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as

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vanished, and have

to

temples

general plan

sumptuous

young

the

Even

was

the

same

occupation of women,

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the

and

in

beautifying Athens

had

greatness

fashionable

public places

nearly their entire interest

play

and

it became

that

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the

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thoughts and allowed

freedom

the

errands; the in

part

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placed in their palatialdwellings.

of

did

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upon more

maidens, and

women,

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were

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purchased, the

that

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World.

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until Greek

power,

Romans

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in

not

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courts, large and

more

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joy

Macedonian

under

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the

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presented with

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received bride The home

a

ding wedwas

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of the

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observed.

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parents' home

her

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was

in

bridegroom

his

best

who

the

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man,

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the

bride's

awaited

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to

for

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took

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care

A

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except

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table,

of

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good

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him slaves

of their

and

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his garments

who mind

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took

family were

the

boys

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with

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pedagogue,

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or

ents, pres-

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graded always ignorant, de-

called

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behavior

families

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cated; separatelyedu-

siaves

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duties,

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down after

friends

girlsof

companion

a

his mother

and

After

they the

among

worthy

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wear

and

of domestic

birth, education,

manners,

veil.

the

hearth.

sat

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wedding

her

old; then

attended

and

behind

the

Behind

door

the

and

With

home

parents' home,

Boys

boy's companion,

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the

days

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So

learn

to

The

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without

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manner

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in

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to two

chosen

in

were

company

six years

who

them

at

household.

was

his ways.

over

of servitude.

instruct

to

man,

man

foliage,and

at

flutes and

upon

the

hand. at

so

For

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was

about they were gradually taught all

little fellow

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husband's

her

her

doorway

the her

lady

trustworthy

general supervision

masters,

of

torches

until

girlswere

school.

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in

meal

friends.

wishes. at

other

bridegroom

musicians, playing kindled

fully care-

and

conducted

was

the

intimate

or

torches, of

wreaths

were

after the

and

house,

friendly good

wedding

already done

not

lifted

lady

head

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at

up

burning

wedding

dark,

between

sat

relatives

shouted

by

with

through

this time

during

place

brought

the

of

with

hung

was

retired

couple

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all passers

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meal

first time

for the

house

She

gentleman's

walked,

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bridal

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toward

adorned festivly

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wedding

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harps, The

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left the

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before

deities

the

to

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to.

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customs;

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special ceremonies by

Grecian

interestingof

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behave

gracefully,to

An

properly

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and for of grown to make room keep respectfullyquiet in the presence men, his head with walk he must meetings upon the street, where bent, as a sign "^( chiton and modesty. The pedagogues wore a cloak, and high-laced boots, ami carried

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with

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88

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flattened

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Exercise A

eighteen years bearing.

The

Athenian

in

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state

State and

and

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together

modesty

and

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as

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her

a

or

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of nations not

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for wealth

coupled with

not

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for

of the

of

a

of

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in his

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result

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great

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citizen

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graceful and

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government. as

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Almost at

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But

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pointed, and

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Cities

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nation

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This

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upon

it had

at

of

empire, which

In

first.

council

and

senate

a

little

of

seat

monarchy;

the

century

Grecian

the

stood

endure

rule themselves.

named

democracy,

was

years

as

to

that

called

the

year

anxious

severe

was

ten

by year,

archons

so

there

of

states

all Athens not

chief

it the

that

One

Cecropia. thirteenth

the

making

people could

elected

archons

more

them

among

held

was

in

the various

among

the

but

Year

and

over,

centers

Cecrops, and

named

called

was

Theseus, who and

centered

periods of power,

into

of

This

nation.

the whole

for

bond

national

a

age.

Egyptian

an

Acropolis

the

hero

ruler, and

or

demanded.

ruled

old

interest,but

kings;

were

body

a

laws

great

archon, long this office

Before

hill of

by

Attica, enlarging Athens

many

the

the

on

celebrated

of

were

.-are

up

built the

founded

was

the

had

tribes

city than

is divided

Greece

flourishing city of

most

that Athens

he

city that kings was

the

at

historyof

all the

although

its native

feelings for

ancient

World.

Ancient

states, and

many

stronger

that the

reason

the

for

had

each

is the

into

divided

were

the

of

been need another

victory power.

supreme

defeated

by

longer

no

a

fear

engagement

it

several most bitter struggles, during which taken and brought on Athens was defeated in the end, and historyenrolled by the Persians; but they were fourglo TJousconflicts,Thermopylasa, Salamis, Platasa,and Mycale, in which the question between

"came;

burned

Greek

freedom

at

The the the to

of

and

Salamis, and next

greatest

Asiatic to

the

half century in the

despotism

was

warrior-statesman was

the

most

historyof

decided

forever. To Athens, the chief victor due Themistocles, the first thanks were

brilliant

period of Athens'

the

existence, and

one

of

world; although a closed more years chapter of her grandeur, in that short time, at the most hundred two years from Solon she produced more Demosthenes, greatness in every respect that all the later nations the world

eras

combined.

At

the close of the Persian

hundred

invasion

Themistocles

was

the

chief

Athens. of

man

and

Athens

had

he

importance;

taken

piunder

from

had

the

other

and

had

lost

his

country

the

aristocratic

ruin, but

the

one

had

not

Aristides

patriot,and

true

form his pure

the

Cimon

remain

his a

"

took

The

growtli the

ever

had

he

and for

came

his

what

judiciously

taken

rival,and

his

by

^-^

high, with

but he

was

a

cratic demo-

the

to

rrs'/'Vi"l

some

called his

measures

the Just, and grand public and

were

four

years

party, under

wealthy, able, and

establish

harm;

no

the

ruined

have

place

do

country,

only

of

one

forward,

was

lived

"the

was

to

came

by

called

was

most

entirelyopposed

of

great

so

party spirit ran

the

He

this

plunged

much

so

could

careful

He

done

now

not

love

power

then

There

now

the valuable

popular

a

Jrir

si

good thing

a

after the

the

ban-

leadership

man

"

did

not

5-

in

ostracism,and

that

he of

the

induced

were

would

he

politicians;

was

in

unfortunatelyalso

head, they

people.

part

champion

He

the far-sighted,

of government.

is'.iment of of

banished.

banished

unselfish

A

the

the

establish

have

of

vote

"

of

and private integrity for

was

that

their

old.

to

families;

the

was

people

the

he

conservatives

at

gloriouslywon,

the

its

cityto

one

keep

to

to

would

a

Aristides;

as

if the

and

take

most

been

good

as

and

that

craftiest,and

glorious state

if he

now

he

to

party which

unprincipled

most

the

Athens

gardens.

people;

Attic

was

that

excellence,

sagacious,the

daring, the

old

deal

great

a

but

his

in

ostracism, by most

done

government;

he

power,

few

the

Themistocles

self-government. of

and

the

raised

abandoned

he

that

adorning

to

had

democracy, believingin equal rights

the

of this party, and form

devoted

He

when

and

state;

conservative, wishing of

and

city finer than

new

parties among

hands

the

was

a

was

two

and

in

government

the

save

reared

Xerxes

been

long

aristocratic

was

to

was

nation.

the

armies;

splendid porticoes,groves,

capital with

new

There

it and

its walls

of

its

successfully led

torch-lightedPersians back, rebuilt

head

the

virtuallyat

93

his

very

Pericles, at place to

of the

were

of

and so

since;

on

the

the whole

Athenian

streets

of

wonderful

splendid buildings

banished

was

head

the

Athens

citywas

brightest page

Cimon

long.

the

democracy,

Greek

this

historyis

called

statuary

was

that as

am

nation.

under

reared

by

have common

1'KKICLES.

man

the

Age

been

the as

of Pericles. world's

posts

to

us;

models

of architecture

beautiful

gardens

Cities

94 in many

lay

squares; There

colonnades

places; and the

but

thousand

twenty-one

Music, art, and lowest

class of

all

others, whose

and

for the every

side;

quiet,reserved

manners

had

was

all about

on

him; nothing could

voice

that

rang

the

and

democracy, full

liberty

to

toward

their

called

was

few.

had who

what

does

he

dealt

had

another

lived

that

at

misconduct, which

to

his

follow

stooped

commanding admirable open

and

in severe

do

nor

every

citizen

another

English writer says, qualitiesas were

in any

way

to

he

was

make

their

against the injusticedone splendid

man

as

good of

a

has

himself

this

so

with

long held

are

those

in

a

an

follies,and when

scornful

this

was was

never

not

dignitythat

chief

place among

was

kept any

by

neighbor

our

"

on

except

afraid

offensive,

are

laws

Seldom, if ever," such

age

conduct;

a

the on

he

bination com-

what

really

was

cherish; but

to to

was

never

people by his he

was

peril his popularity

appreciated he would almost

for

against public opinion existed

of any

taught

the

man

despots:

no

severe

principle and

be

its

gave

Pericles; though he

man

kept his hold

to

It

for the

not

alone

which

inferior.

his countrymen

good

fine

statesman

in

democrat

a

were

envy

being disturbed

looks

there

any

and

had

with

angry

sour

time

popular, but

the

not

break, and

to

flattered

State

had

others.

to

station

pursuits without

been

for their

worth

the

But

in this illustrious

thorough

and

humble

or

meanly with

there

united

faults and

him

dealt

many,

we

same

afraid

one;

citizen

without

the

city.

ancient

great

every "

the

splendor

illustrious

example

an

or

on

the

At

or "

l)y giving disagreeable advice; and

a

for

put

we

was

qualitiesalone; he never them, and which it was on

them

State.

tastes

own

things differently;

wronged

by birth

the

said

of

tones

in its

that

out, while

himself

of

the

the

of

himself

made

for the

"

of great aristocrat

that

benefit

positive damage."

no

Pericles

"

framed

was

would

please himself;

to

against those who

an

absolutely carried

were

to

it

head

the

at

equally in the disputes of every dignityand importance; no poverty

right

a

looked

celebrated

stood

thirtyyears

over

genius ruled

his

was

magnificently.

oratory, overpowering as

talent

master

alter

above

was

yet whose

him, and

was

ence influ-

the

genius

majestic figurerose he

great

here, and

under

him, and

self-possession nor

measured

because

powers

though they do real

his

whose

about

surrounded

men

about

the

centered

poetry,

man,

any

princely courtesy;

a

a

of

all his

them

speak act; they neighbors, under a constitution

positions of

one

"every

and

laws

if he

t"ack

Great

state.

disturb

its laws

that

saw

democracy,

a

Its

"citizens

for

who

man

noble

that

than

only

sculptors of Greece-

were

art, literature,and

studied, thought of the populace out

effect,ruling the was

in

of education

thoroughly

greater

was

but among

and

This

and

great

one

of the

stern,

a

this

these

population, comprising

artisans,painters, and

love

to

of

then, and

noble

a

was

first

good

His

and

were

residents

for all branches

made

knowledge

his command

sweet

people

authorityof

-onlythought at

but

all the

opportunity

every

the

it

sculpture lined the public people than in the citythey built-

in the

thousand

voters;

were

writers, speakers thinkers, and

paintingsand

more

was

hundred

World.

Ancient

filled with

of Athens

greatness

scarcely two

were

the

of

defiance.

people shows

rise That

what

a

up

such

grand

Cities

98 speaker, while

of the

the varied

of Athens

men

interest.

body

Between

the

hill of

some

of

days

fountain

such

no

corner

of

of very

dark

Athenians

the

it

another

of

between

the

of

democracy the

stood

Pnyx

Areopagus,

was

leading

the

was

and

of the

Athenian

used

was

the

the to

of

the

aristocracyand

well

it

informed not

open

air, and

of

their

for

public affairs;for

on

her

in

that

people.

Acropolis

them,

rules

judges

as

men

of

reason

were

the

or

hoping

to

and

party,

to

keep

private duties, and who

that

Greece

greater the

broke

meritorious

man

out

opened

He

came.

council

regard the

but sorship cen-

by vote, and

family position. It

still their

decided

another;

of

sort

a

still elected

Pericles

chief

the

general high position in the state, until

somewhat,

until

accused, upon

called, had

were

they

we

the

democratic

the

opened

politicianshave

the

councils.

stone, and

they

wealth

to

tried before

be also

was

the the

up

men,

poor

handed high-

who

were

Pericles'

was

forms re-

august

justly

private citizens

our

keeps aloof

from

politics

blameless." about

came

hands the

"Our

that

useless, but

reference

this

by

tradition

a

in the

sat

of

citizens; but

of

from

this spot to

the

called

only of

Areophagus Council,

by lot, without

proud boast

So

changed

recess,

came

perhaps

At

containing

Eumenides,

name

to

phers philoso-

Pericles.

or Council; and by the ruling Solon, the great Attic law-giver,instituted

all oldish

were

by later,in the early

of

the

steep

was

up

block

one

and

also

was

Erechtheum

the

gloomy

a

Acropolis,

assembly, formerly made

They

party.

They

He

of the

out

power elected

great

by the Senate

after

slight concessions

all classes

to

kept

were

ters mat-

the

by

inquirers and

Age

of

Mars

or

murdering it

to

The

brought Ares

venerable

on

citizens.

the

of Aristides.

assembly

play, the other

many

This

were

the

sanctuary

Goddess.

Areopagus,

seated

accuser

chasm

wide

a

one

most

a

is

his son;

of

of

seats

had

for

seat

a

these

Venerable

or

in

occupied

being judges, the Areophagites, as

time

blies assem-

the most

stage

a

Athens

Hill.

Mars

or

Athenians, who

the

to

There

water.

as

by making

were

rock

aristocratic

the

over

with

the

gods,

It

senate.

beside

as

Council

the

members

from

the

early historyof Attica

called

body

the

selected

was

In the

the

called

that Poseidon

of

assembly

why

are

hill where

men

Semnce,

the

the Greeks

among

the

of the

Era, preached

Christian

the

southeastern

the

end

eastern

irregularform,

but still,

a

of and

all these

only separated from the Acropolis on the side of rocky, and was that the Apostle Paul, centuries here hollow ground. It was

and

and

citizens."

common

another

appointment

temples,

new

wonderful

in that

decided

and

discussed

of

of

these

highest importance

ships, the

war

"At

him.

above

seats

of the

matters

over

building

the

the

upon

their

of

number

reception of ambassadors, were

talk

to

met

The

ranged

were

some

World.

Ancient

the

of

that

and was

guardians.

set a

the The up

part

These

of this great

era

tablets in the of laws

containing the

market

every and

man

place, not

man's

laws so

of Solon

much

education; but

constitutions

of

Solon

placed entirelyin

was

to

show

were

down

brought

were

that all

might

be

that

the

the

familiar

people

foundation

of

Athens.

Grecian

reform

the

public

He

banish

made

himself

although

of

measures

any

citizen

the

state.

of the

a

of

after

further

the

of

had interest

the

citizens

the

and

and

highest

State

or

every

year.

Senate, which

and before

The

another, which

composed and

poor.

held the

a

of the

Below of

court

the

were

body. Solon

tried

After made

life and

by

once

divisions

many

this laws

by lot gus, Areopawere

laid

citizens,rich

Areopagus

framing out

of

justiceselected

popular assembly

auses

mass

of

or sembly, popular asPnyx, and was

the

on

the

which

Ecclcsia

met

out

on

measures,

the

them.

Council

chosen

met

of

warmest

among

was

body

prepared

personal

a

the

was

a

thenes Clis-

grandeur

up

court

into of

spiritof the

a

by

out

entered

institutions

patriotism rapidly sprang The

laid

had

welfare

their country,

ment, develop-

government

frame-work

given

in

for

century

a

and

progress

The

career.

and

made

of progress

quarter

a

and legislator,

great

glorious

But

racy democ-

demands

the

to

century

the basis of the Athenian

the

who

constitution

alter the

and

still upon

was

the

majority of

a

to

beginning

that about

more

poorest classes,but it was

five hundred.

years

according

laws of Solon

or

or

the

than

more

necessary;

lowest

time the of adopting Clisthenes, he did not pretend

from

was

of

could, by

harmful true

the

ostracism, a plan by

for ten

the

to

citizens,and

all

senate

introduced

votes,

reform

power

vote

a

gave

opened

that to

popular

Athenians

the

do

of

the

also

which

Clisthenes

of

offices

established

to

they

democracy, because

99

a

there

was

by lot from

year.

The

of the whole

constitution, about

private rights, public

private amuse-

DEMOSTHENES.

Cities

ioo

slavery, marriage and

ments,

and

years, or

market-place, which age

the

was

the

was

from

place,

the

lay

north, and

the a

in

the

of

heart

in the

spared

space

took

pains

no

places of

set up

and

monuments

and

artisans

of

the

for every

public meetingAthenian the

west, of

Propylasa

to

government

the The

on

like

out

dred hun-

a

Agora,

the

Agora

Areopagus

Acropolis.

of the

Athenian

Asty,

arteries, traversingtown business

of

sort

It

and

in Athens

tered cen-

of

and

Attica

and

citizens

and

and

temples, altars and

neighborhood

bustlingwith

the

cattle

provinces.

countrymen,

the

were

craft in

open and

of

and

section

principal

pastured

different

or

quack doctors;

oil,the

and

statues

shopkeepers

distinct

a

mountebanks

Widely

host

a

of the

most

markets, for selling the stock

distant

more

the vast

agreeable promenades

out

quantities of wheat, barley, flax

for

country, and

this

In

surrounded

They

laid

places of business, each

noisy

was

market

there, while

part.

their

beautiful.

meetings; they

for

here

part

the

pride in the chief public place of their city,

and

statelyand

it in every

city had

the

products of the

throngs

porticos

One

of

it

amusement

were

hills

make

graced

of booths.

in another

the

was

ran

traffic

interest

great

to

colonnaded

with

Pnyx

the

to

Rome.

to

occupying nearly a quarter

and

travel

for

east

in

next

given

was

was

the

over

in the

hung

Agora

Athenians

The

fair

the

on

name

Forum

it great streets

city; from

the

highways

the

country;

set

it

towering above

and

for

life.

freemen,

of

hills of

three

large, irregularlyshaped square,

was

and

the

between

the

preserved

been

Erechtheum,

assembly

what

Greece

to

was

and

of

foot

the

at

it

market;

or

had

of Athenian

center an

World.

These

matters.

great

Agora

Ancient

Council; but in the days of the democracy the

the

on

heroic

the

In

other

brought down

now

were

the

of

from

and

quiet, dignifiedbankers'

the

on

these

busy

changers' money-

quarters. In

the

part

the

within

hair

was

of in two and

usually wound

in

the In

lighting. other

side; the

was

an

the

ends

claspj which

jewels.

of

knot

a

girls,were sight.

heavy

folds the

over

was

the

round

often side

a

cloak

of the open

were

On

one

or

the side

sort

dress

brow, and cushioned

one

beautifullywrought that

the

ends

came

the

secured chair.

their

for

way,

of Athens

shirt,or

fastened

open

men

ladies

chiton.

put

was over

the

in silver

together the

a

men

This

selves them-

golden pin.

no

and

women

called was

an

a

hole

shoulder

gold, and was

set

hind, Be-

carried

public system

was

through

in The

night people

there

chiton

kept

material.

with

opposite or

bread-

richlydressed

were

At

every

the

All, except

under-garment,

the

arm

both

in

squares,

beautifully embroidered

called

body; were

or

life.

for Athenian

time

one

on

of

civic men,

At of

light them

to

and

days of the greatness

outer

in folds

wrapped two

in

streets

simple garments;

the

flower

out

thoroughfares

business

slave, carrying his master's

a

through

'of cloth

"bx

and feet

walked torches

of

groups

the

the

on

Athenian

of

homes

fell to

that

robes

gay

their

portico,

the

thick

the

was

and

sellers

in

shops,

here

the

dressed

endymata,

oblong piece in the with with

a

closed button

cent magnifi-

completely open

1 the

4

to

the waist. wished

wearer

girdle. also

was

chiton

was

turned

different size and

back

articles

forms

Athenian

men

cloak,

or

which

was

border

all the way

across

the

thrown

over

the

with

the

folds

down

and

one

a

laid corner

shoulder, and

the

over

the

left

the

back.

the

in

This

head

small

were

in

corners

heavy

could the

sometimes

women

cover

other

shoulder,

hanging

corner

it to

the

by side out-

was

completely envelop

to

There

It

right shoulder; flung

was

made

at

were

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handsome,

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citizen

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was

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of

in the

the

most

slope below

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celebrated the

Acropolis.

ignorance

in Athens

theaters

of

music

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by

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io6

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dances,

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actors;

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at, and and

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Before it

received

into

plays.

Phrynichus

wrote

improvement

In

hymns.

on

between

on

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for two

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actors, and

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their

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upon

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flowers; bad

es.

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spectators

performance

were or

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person

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to

went

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number

women

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feelings about when

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thought

not

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were

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days

costumes

put

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seats

loudly applauded

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or

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this time

were

of

part

represented classes

to begin to gather soon shown list,paid their fee and were

but

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passions that

of stage

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a

were

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theater.

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the stage

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B.C., and

53

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and songs;

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Phrynichus

entertainments

the

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the

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given by

characteristics

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represent

chief

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form

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the

in the

audience. Some

distance

to

the

temple of Olympian Jove, over

six hundred

fiftyfeet long, and about

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hundred

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colossal

fiftyyears

about and

south-east

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theater

structure

after

hundred

twenty

of the

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in the Doric founded.

stood

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over

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,iki

i

i

OP

TOMBS

in

Mill

NS.

Athens.

arranged in double temple stood

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in

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grove

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along the

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justwithin

hills

wall.

south-eastern

size,splendor, and beauty this temple

In

excelled

all other

Immense

it; in the

great

ivory

and

was equal to, grander, than the celebrated tor's sculp-

not

work colossal

size

them;

and

of

Other

temple; before

also

graced full

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pillars stood

the

was

exquisite

most

statues

peribolus

the

It

Acropolis.

the

on

in

workmanship. the

expended

were

a loftypillar cella was of Jupiter gold statue

by Phidias, that

Zeno,

or

in Athens.

structures

of money

sums

upon

if

and

109

figures representing the cities that colonies

of

the

on

Athens, and

solid white

marble

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around

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sculptures

rare

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bronze

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the

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of

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the

of

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sides

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homes

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into

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the

Inner of

from

name

Mars

divided

celebrated the

same

and

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vast

the

on

rose

a

crossingit diagonallyextended

district

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of

midway

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out

street

the

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in whose

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sections, To

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on

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Theseum.

It

statelypillared front

a

LYSICRATES

MONUMENT.

|

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was

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by Cimon, and

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its walls.

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After

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on

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to

sacrifices a

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public

expense.

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and

the

spot, where

Happy

gardens

there

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and

old

Academy

house

of

temple

through to

the

there

over

Muses,

to

about

Cimon

began trees

Athena

in

of which made

laying

out

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the

to

days

from

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hold

On

either

one

part, and the very

words:

school

in "

Let

beautiful

grounds

many

the one

drives. a

statue

for

The

enter

tle litis

who

of

streams

Plato of

statues

modest

by putting

and

broad, open teacher's death,

no

had

city,but

with

another

side

in the

here.

adorned

who

and

Athens

given to

gymnasia

many his

been

Dark

gymnasium

city.

in

Elysium

to

of

Athenians, especiallythose had

always

offered

were

banks

and

funeral

flowers, was

the to

funeral

men,

the

be admitted

on

running

mile

the

dead

a

flute

chosen

man,

after

libations

might

forever road

with

and

by to

songs

of the

homes

remains

followed

made

the dead

the

the

respected

thirtieth

his soul

of

came,

and

with

burial

the

graves,

platform,

olives,and

grove

great

funeral

and

and

were

shady walks the

wise

tombs

country

relatives

sing woeful

garden, which There

before

the

oblations

a

of their

to

a

city,and

of these

to

the

a

illustrious

grove

Plato

door

was

or

perfect

as

of the

carts

former

wander

situated

a

after

the

it,and

the

Academus.

temple

ignorant of geometry." water

that

was

a

was

Plato,

made

planted with plane

were

altars ; there

year

to

for

Excepting

Some

days

tomb, adorned

days

were

hero

the

to

and

monuments

by particularlyfamous

was

of the

which

in

manship. pillarsof finest work-

cause

the

temporary

or

to

Theseus,

almost

hired

on

earth

of the

Ceramicus

for

women,

tenth, and

were

its

on

and

north-west

all the

to

open

carried

with

condemned

three

time

grave,

prayers not

Academy

the

gymnasium

this

on

certain

were

The

a

the

at

Academy,

of the

along the way

the

tribune

third,the

the

the Outer

Through

Stream.

on

up

dead; and Land, and

of the

memory

place

the

on

For

kept

covered

a

of

court

a

by the people, and

standing in

fell in the

who

mourning

been

also

adorned

sleep in it.

to

now

Sycros

was

as

was

a public funeral. sculpture and set with

procession returned

On

offered

were

hallowed

or

meal.

a

had

his

this the

After

oration.

used

with

with

coffins,and

the bones

is

suburb

bring offerings. When

citizens,took

the

which

Theseum,

and

age,

built.

was

honored

placed cypress-wood procession of citizens,friends, and music.

heroic

brought from

structure

detailed

handsome

covered

in

were

been

sometimes

was

Theseum

it

when

a

to

raised

to

had

greatlyvenerated

was

were

the

days

custom

and tent

a

wished

who

men

the

was

It

citizens

formed

magnificent monuments, It

and

of the

early kings

beautifullyproportioned

burial-place of all persons

the

were

the

remains

sculptures representing the exploitsof Hercules

Ceramicus

Outer

World.

placed in the

were

asylum,

an

of its ornamentation

in the

as

later

years

upon

bodies

some

of

one

greatness'; these

The

frieze with

times

troublous

was

prison.

a

Theseus,

privilegesof

paintingswere

many

the

few

a

the

as

and

pediment and

469, and

had

of

bones

of Athenian

reputed founder

the

Ancient

the

of

built

himself

was

a

Athens.

that

teachingsof

The

placed.

of

people the

among

them,

through and

of been

has

great.

were

from

thought

greatest is

there rules

God

a

all,and

that

His

standard

full of

of

finest

the

of

the

form

his

styleis

so

writer

of

it is now,

to

answers;

it has

admired and

spread

philosophy

and

writers.

object of Plato's the

that is

and

scholars

in

it is almost

gracefulthat

by

chief

perance, tem-

essays

prose,

always been, greatly studied

were

Plato

honor.

beautiful

a

poetry;

The

living was

questions and

and

easy

like

that

all and

teachings

justice,and was

appreciated him, and him, his teachings spread far

his

lofty principles of

the

men

and

soul lives forever.

the

his

high, and

very

learned

several

of his

show

makes

fully partiallyunderstood

deep and were

his

of

ideas

to

was

who

understood

who

so

there

since

teacher, Socrates;

great

own

were

the

upon

Most

the

day

templed grove him; but

understand

not

circle who

lived

have

very

did

that

wide

a

all who

teachings

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influence

His

wide.

minds

and

in this beautiful

Plato mind

ordinary

Athenians

1 1 1

life

of his

was

derful won-

teacher. lived

Socrates of the

age

known and

during a largepart

Pericles,and

of

in his person,

now

written

himself, and is from

him

writer

famous the

Xenophon the

most

His

nose

any

He

grotesque man was

clumsy, and

ever

nothing

all

that

Plato

and

of

we other an-

times,

those

historian.

of

man

left

times.

of

character,

other

teaching than any

ancient

know

is better

Beneath

looks

that

had,

there

SOCRATES.

most alwas

the

noblest

unpleasant; but

he

had

the

soul

of

described

soul

flat,his lips thick, his eyes goggled, his a

whole

true

hero

face and

in

all ancient

and

figurewere

the

mind

of

nistory. coarse, a

philoso-

Cities

112

pher.

He

"With

feet

was

and

young

poor,

rightway

old,

Wit

and

He

in

men

Athenians

taught the

people

arouse

with

his arguments,

but

of

men

young followed could

Socrates

justiceand virtue above teachings in every act

they brought He

proved, he

were

said

anything hemlock

poison prepared for him. of the

Many writers

of

his

greatest

or

thoughts and

any

noble

the

age Beside

life.

soul

time

the

die.

of

He

up

world

his

Academic

patience and in

aim

true

His

idea

from

living was simple

temperate,

that

was

study and

thought was Agora, which for

Aristotle. called an

of

manner

chief

object of by the

the

eastern

was

called

Lyceum, suburb

and

school the which of

he

life.

did

far from from

came

pleasures.

adorned

last great It

livingwas

lastinghappiness

the was

pleasure, but

nearly sixty years,

The

in

for

These The

not

the

the

he

three

died.

now

was

Battle

of

He

ancient

Athens

was

Peripatetic school, and stood the

in the

city.

The

midst name

of

held

shady of

was

with

years

of

his

own

epicurean.

as

give peace

especially mind, which

taught in the Stoa of Marathon.

Zeno

by

and

the

taught

and

ure. pleas-

great

pupil,

pain

Plato's

in the

woods

the

the

One

employments,

founded was

grand

taught that the

understood

noble would

for

best

on

others.

spread the philosophy of scorning both

of

his

pleasures; and

low

school

of

to

of

cup

of the

two

founder, who

mean

and

the

philosophy, founded were

is

the

stoop

or

away

from

taught

Stoic

paintings of

run

benefit

what

pure he

to

received

painful illness,of which

most

a

intellectual

he

here

bore

courage

of

and

teaching,and

of Socrates, and taught by Plato in Athens, there of Epicurus," the Epicurean, held in the "Gardens

minds

around

fearlesslydrank

of

and

Socrates, and, although the charges

refused

school

had

crookedly

false all this was,

gathered

beliefs the

and

corrupting the

live,and

has

things to

false teachers

or

set an example, too, that not answer Sophists couM

Areopagus,

would

took

whole

He

morality. beauty in

how

The

who

many

to

the

of the

men

other

things.

the

on

condemned

He

all

show

of his life.

great

a

tried

was

was

his life.

must

notions

of

rightfor these

place of truth

he

and

truth

honesty; and

sophists

many

charge against him

a

for there

to

save

felt that

and

men

by his

so

to

way

importance

It is all

believe, by putting lies in the

teachings.

be

not

place, as

his

Athens,

his

first

teaching

get rid of wrong

to

the

virtue

the

and

question

to

think, and

not

how

showed

of than

more

how

Greeks

themselves, and

rich

to

powerful charm,

did

pagan

principlesand

the

not

error.

love

to

consistent

these

public walks, the

talking

found

they

worshiped devotedly.

was

to

into

reasoning truth was

women

had

He

benefiting others.

the

men,

and

what

or

life to

about of

sweetness

of

eyes

thought

his

resort

thinking."

to know

taught the then

devoted

every

wondrous

the

how

them

World.

dress, he roamed

they thought to

place, but that is

their

have

what

He

and

of

living and

were intelligence

and

art

a

in

showed

self-conceit.

and

voice

opened

he

power

honesty.

in

themselves

till they knew wonderful

in threadbare

market-place, and

the

truth

to

Ancient

hardy soldier, and

unsandaled, and

gymnastic schools, the

and

brave

a

the

of

Athenian

um gymnasi-

beautiful

Peripatetic school

gardens came

/ thens.

i i e

.

philosopher had and

Socrates

same

fashion

was

to

open

slender

his small

earnestness

were

engage

rhetoric,ethics,politics,poetry, science

of

reasoning, and learning which

thinking and followed

now

for twenty in the

almost

years,

as

to

and

made

The

loftyhill

the

Naples

Arthur's

or

temples, its busy

dwellings. for two

unlike

years

enemies;

many

their home of

and

rich

and

and

the

"

of

but

redress

given

even

and

doing

allies

were

death

of

drawn

Pericles

the

away;

*

a

dominion

Sec

pupil

a

was

of Mai

e-

business of

on

the

government

glorious

"Great

state

Cities of the

a

of

the

to

nations

no

capital. But supreme

others

less

Modern

to

wane

World."

with

powerful w.

was

oppression

power

continually

was

of

Attica

important, could little In

by

spiteof

heard

was

cause

Greece

her

antiquity; but,

of

against the

prevailed,and

began

flourished after generations.

state

interference

Council

The

to

security from

territory,their

their

is to

modest

and

Greece

proud

a

great

while

Vesuvius

city,with its stately

good

of

was

most

as

prosperous,

citizen

poor

Athens

dependencies

they appealed

when

a

for

"

the

Athens

side beauty just outas

gymnasia

and

its country

to

disturbed by rivalries the various states. among :" e of omplete national pride; Sparta, and Mter

are

occupied the

he

and

lay the whole

greatest commonwealth

and its

to

rich

against

of

and

at

the court

landscape,

the

theaters, renowned

swept,

power

of

front of it

good

of

of conquest

powerful Athenians

lived

Athens

to

on

logic or

of

first he at

grandeur

in

rose

"

feature

In

the

crest

center

grew

George

its great

squares,

other, it gave

governments;

St.

crowning

its lines of

them

returned

he

every deal

great

since,

He At

of years

number

a

time, his

included a

ever

world.

his works.

his

philosophy.

Edinburgh.*

to

the

to

part of

When

now

"

the

was

ambitious

nearly every

of

of its noble

wide

as

It

streets

Far

and

the Great.

school

Seat

In view

them

short, of the

scientific methods

minds

greatest

the

teacher

founder

the

was

his grove

years

wrote

originatorof

by the

larger

the

Lycabettus

hundred

enemies, and

a

wall.

eastern

used

bequeathed

he

as

developer

Plato, after that he spent

it of

the been

wrote

Alexander

tutor

Lyceum,

there

under

Academy

donia

exactly

and

was

have

He

themselves

were

lectures he

in the

of classes;

afternoons

learningof

his

the

custom

his master

sets

reverenced

his lectures

and

two

who

men

all the

history.

had

for thirteen

subjects of

the Besides

that

usual

follow

not

in the

the

was

embraced

natural

or

Here

manners

that

He

and

habit

the

"

regular lectures

gave

students

"outsiders."

thoughts. and

but

mornings;

brisk

great

so

men's

the

lectures

schools.

advanced

intellect

His

his

answers,

in the

and

eyes

of Athens.

and

called

larger circle of men,

topic that could the

of

from

or

grove,

gave

in modern

held

was

the he

pupil of Plato, he did

a

was

now

number

teachers,

men

activityand

small

a

with

learned

most

"

and

a

man

professors do

most

as

of

while

teaching by questions

in

philosophers

Aristotle

Although

"intimates

to

one

walks

down

walking up and

of

seated.

be

to

was

covered

pcripatoi or

the

from

either

was

not

not

endure

nian little Athea

few

noble

1 1

Cities

6

efforts

her

power

gained

the

coveted

glory of

the

The

their

far, and

discovered

states

race

last

went

too.

their

local

hand and

of

greatest

iron

an

principle of

allowed

love

it

grasp

for when

for their until

not

was

cial spe-

things

them, that

upon

democratic

a

although Sparta

Philip of Macedon;

at large, and

laid

had

Rome

and

on,

came

pride; they

nation

the

allegianceto

the

the

was

war

lose it before

only to

of Greece

Hellenic

World.

Ancient

Peloponnesian

place, it was

fell that

overpower

too

gone

chief

of the

cities to had

scattered; the

was

Athens

bane

the

of

the

Federal

government,

Union. chief

The Gulf.

port of

harbors. smaller The

ones

last

Bay,

where

small

point feet

with

which

enclosed

was

the

They about

five hundred side

merchants

the

North

Wall

beyond built after the built

up

when

the

as

Bay;

than

half

a

famous

miles

the

from

head

Phalerum; and

It

There

was

the

always the

lay a

South

fine wood

Wall

was

a

of

Piraean

peninsula

as

a

to

town.

fro

of

The

and

matters

and

toward

height

of

in

than

westerly south-

a

lay between

"Long."

called

were

a

of

space

to

of the

"

see

old

vineyards.

to

laborers,

the

business.

Pericles, who

nearest

with

Athenian

many

on

in the time

two

soon

were,

Athens

thronged

was

afternoon

cultivated

necting con-

the

Phalerum

wall

wall, with

the

during and

of

Asty,

wall

a

through the center, flanked

ran

day long it

olive trees,

stretch

plan of Themistocles, but

south

busy, livelyscene;

Long Walls

the

of

they

and

Asty.

the

between town

teen fif-

about

as

also

the wall

a

Athenian

reach

greater

a

roadway

all

the

side

reason

wall

A

a

with

large

enclosed as

great

a

than

spot

by year.

year

western

the

north

of houses;

rows was

the

probably

constantly passing

were

in

fiftyfeet between.

strollingdown there

is

this

became

made

be

of the as

bor har-

Phaleric

the

surrounded

Piraeus, it and

the

peninsula, making

parallel lines, the

travelers. of

of the

with

gate

a

of

favorable

those

two

Munychia.

democrat

around,

Walls.

peninsula grew

of the

side

capitalmight this he

Harbor,

other

the Athenian

great

more

a

Saronic

fine natural

standing sixty feet high and

thickness

and

seven

eastefn

Attic

the

manner,

height and the

by closelybuilt

more

many

the

in two

and

point

a

in

about

was

that

Phaleric

the

durable

most

extended

to

extended

while

of

importance

the

Walls

Asty and

made

but

in comparison insignificant

while

Long

either

Athens;

to

the

Long by Phalerum, but the long fan-shaped space entirelytoo great to be easilydefended, and

direction

on

on

the

or

Zea,

the

three

the

of Themistocles

peninsula of Piraeus

the

connected

was

and

abandoned,

the

and

was

Phalerum,

proper,

called

time

the

of

contained

city with

fortifications small

of

opposite shore

the

it

the

The

selected

thick, vastly greater

port thus

Before

is nearest

shore

strongest

The

side, one

roadstead

Piraeus

was

of which

head

the

at

capital,and

the

side

western

Athens.

peninsula

a

from

people his genius foresaw

the

on

the

eastern to

Piraeus,

was

half miles

a on

open

sea

He

built in the

was

the

of

power.

one

nearest

the

naval

and

the

on

the

been

leader

the

were

was

had

large

A

Athens

four

It is about

also

sights," Beyond

Phaleric

These

idlers

cation fortifi-

walls

were

laid

out

and

Athens, skirted

on

that

Piraus* side

by

west,

continuation

a

view

was

sort

of

the

South

the

Munychia.

called

was

of

It

important

most

Piraeus.

of

part

which

was

distance

below side

south

the

lay

broad

and

of the

peninsula following

but

at

coast, but

the

of

bay, with

sheltered

up

dream

the

was

in

power the

wise

his

of

art

it

the

on

other.

the

water

with

devoted

has

to

many

ships, and

war

head

of the

it

with

solid wall

the

inlet and

Bay,

great Athenian

navy.

maritime

ships and

the

feats

was

were

and

mercial com-

built arsenals:

and

Zea.

quite a

was

Munychian

filled with

pages

a

crowned

he

keep the navy- in excellent

Athenian

the

and

theater, beyond

a

the

greatest

dock-yards

to

large sheltered Emporium.

couraged en-

tion condiof

successes

of

skillful,

the

workmen

Across the eastern

was

passing the

increased

rowers

have to

up

lay between been

and

busy

a

fro

business foot of

scene

in

collected

or

themselves.

one

bank

boats

were

two,

the

and

western

and of

citadel

little groups,

Piraeus

part, with known

was

the

and

and

merchants

made

flyover

of

upper

and

commerce

the

sitting

their vessels

made

with

great row-boats

portion of the peninsula

citadel,while the

with

ten, who

to

eastern

to

and

Themistocles, larger

of even

entire

The

Agora

shallow

Piranis

stored

sale,

with

of

end

upper

shore, connected

ticos along the on

oarsmen,

time

the

sometimes

Hellenes

the

to

sailingcraft

as

easterly shore business

porters,

buying

men

sellingor

and

their affairs.

selling corn.

market

of

ship-yards,navy, harbor, was given

it must

of a long ago that there are no records that ships were first built by the gods;

seafaring vessels

and

The

harbor;

talkingover

during

great swiftness. the

believed

of

row

one

or

of tiers of

the

the

originatedso

dug-outs, by making

with

After

the

goods

walls

Phalerum

for the the

and

rocky

was

harbor;

The of

waters

Athens

fleet,and

Greeks

development

rafts and

sometimes

number

and

safe

the

Agora. was

naval

a

its shore.

opened

of

conquest

The

the

owes

the

and

the

of

make

History

year.

place

also

was

the

to

the

temples and

were

anchoring ground

was

immense

an

unknown.

improved

and

of

peninsula by

from

Bay

military point of

a

guarded by promontories,

upon

for this he

ship-buildingwas

was

flat bottoms,

was

opened

and

raise

to

and

irregular outline

that

Greece;

people

the world

above

in

occupied by fleets of

was

this market

inlet

narrow

of .Themistocles

management,

when

They

Phaleric

7

seamen.

The time but

a

both

by increasing it every

hardy

entire increased

there

of

Munychia,

the

portions of the roadstead It

below land

side

south

the

This

further

the

large oblong market-place called the Hippo damcia?i

a

short

A

The

further

safety was

lofty Acropolis. The small harbor the rocky sides of the hill toward

the

overlooking

occupied by the citadel,and

in the

by

and

Wall

was

fortification;its

natural

1 1

with was

it,there a

where,

harbor was

shipping

products of home

shore, particularly and

the

one

also,bankers

a

as

and

called and

there

was

a

long wall

long portico,which well

as

a

or

was

pier,and

receivingport,

foreign raising, There

Deigma, where

money-changers

samples had

for

used ami

this other

were were

offices.

along storing

The

shown

torn

porof

porticos

Cities

n8

and

the

both

Asty, so

the

end

of the

Piraeus

of

include

quite

bay outside

the

respected his memory he

was

better

a

spot

of Attica

West

an

Greece, and

of

was

together and

nearest

the

city of

famous

but its time stood a

on

of

almost

in

At

level of

the

eastern;

they

one

although

for

time,

flourishingtrade and

southern

galleys from a

There

commerce. one

to

sea

great stopping

place.

used

Being

luxury.

another

it

in

was was

The

the

neck,

people

liberallyin improving

situated

at

the

gate

very

important part in the great Peloponnesean of

state

itself This

peninsula, and

Athens.

closely to Sparta, furnished

contest

the

the

lasted

great

for about

Athenian

the

war,

and of

Corinth, they

which

and

in

city of

the

or

very

natural

the

tress for-

hundred

feet

extent,

full of

two

Cenchreas

and

seas,

the

on

was

at

commerce

port of Athens,

it had

a

meeting of northern

sledges for hauling useful, and

made

the

inth Cor-

industrious,they amassed

peninsula, it was was

B.C.,

1350

gigantic

beautifying the citywith the

come

stood

separated it from

miles

of the

trucks was

and

between

able

much to

Sparta, the

taste

take

most

an

erful pow-

joined against the capital,and

Corinth

ing allylarger part of the fleet against the Athenians.

twenty-seven

leader, and

of which

territory

the year

part of Grecian

ingenious and

were

most

place for the

favorable

contrivance

a

across

a

the

the

great

a

importance

the

ravine

vast "

bay, and

western

a

the

gulfs,where

in about

four

called

was

of

rock, nearly two

about

controlled

claim

not

and

the

on

ships, and

it could

its own,

of

great wealth, and and

filled with

were

was

a

it

broad was

half

Acropolis of Athens

the a

It

amusements.

Lechasrem

high;

with

citadel,or the Acrocorinthusy

Its

make

to

this, on

of

base

have

not

jointhe peninsula,

to

seems

later.

feet

isthmus, lay the city. It

the

harbors.

two

thousand

two

the

founded

been

centuries

north, and helped comparison with both

people, wealth, business, and it had

have

to

dozen

a

of land

the

on

Europe, beyond

the

above

half

was

rocky hill,almost

Gibraltar."

of

It is said

Corinth.

mouth

part of Greece

one

between

midway

neck

the

the

could

gulfs of Saronica

the

lay between

About

by water. point where

a

of mountains

range

citadel

main

comprised

at

and

him,

to

This

importance

great

a

harbor

Peloponnesus. which

other an-

monument.

the

isthmus

tended ex-

and

harbor,

the

They countrymen. forgave his treachery after

connected

entirelysurrounded

from

fortifications

his

by

and

land

for the

but

place his

to

distinct

was

little bay and

the up

done

lected. neg-

among

sepulchres standing here, and

irregularstripof

large peninsula called it

set

was

grand

this

owed

which

west

between

out

ran

of

rather

included

was

Piraeus

shore

ancient

Themistocles

this

but

capital. The

the

the

on were

great things he had

the

Athenians on

land

and

narrow

for while

of

name

that

were

probably,

There

of

Fount for

The

gone.

selected

the

entrance.

strip of land

narrow

altar-like

the

in

strip of

a

streets

livingin Athens,

as

included

often

were

to

as

little at

people mentioned

of

number

the

thousand

several

population was

The

the

finelybuilt,but

spacious and

were

squares

World.

Ancient

the

of

ended

years, with

it

began

the

soon

after the

fall of Athens.

death

of

cles, Peri-

And, although it

Cities

122

capital was that

from

a

have

another

times, and

in

poetry that On

for

having

was

raised

part

the

then a

their

at

games

This

next.

has

second, third,

fourth

or

a

of

bustling, with for to

tradesmen

"

the

father

Where

of

Elis

distance

of

and

gods

to

from

the

the

the

and

along

and

shrines, of

shore,

and

statues

received

Other

the

their

baths,

about

in the

auditorum

born

vicinity.

Greeks, and

long

as

as

watchmen

from

pelled com-

festivals

the of

any

were

The

war.

were

custom

Greek had at

by

the

in the

splendor,

than

Olympia

city,active it

Then

and

vanished,

ground consecrated

the

on

first,

terest deep in-

a

erected, huts built,

were

lasted.

dwell

when

now

in the

greatest

more

were

mushroom

a

games

might

but

took

Greeks

All

buildings

so

kept;

been

particular time

a

before

history,because

the

and

stream; and

dedicated

sacred

to

its

wind

through the

course

it,stretching down

from

called

grove

gifts,of treasuries

victors; it was inner

mountains

temple of Zeus, the chief of the gods; it was the

walled

in the and The

by tiers of seats; were

took

never

shrine

adorned is the

Zeus, adorned

Altis, the

and

by eminent

wondrous with

of

Greek

ivory, at

some

the

of

festivals

sea,

and

monuments

artists with

work

gold and

place

countless

at

to

marble

uary stat-

sculpture, the feet

the

of

which

crowns.

temples stood

while

and

the

figure of the Olympian

colossal victors

the

figures. In

in

skirted

plain was

kinds,

of

the

was

accommodate;

the

forth

stood

sea,

in times

friends,even

center

celebrated

men."

righthand

figures commemorating and

all

issues

Alpheus

the

plain of

days

priests,servants,

except

none

when

of the

the

the

armies

peace;

embassies, who came There by th6usands.

sent near

surrounding villagescould few

as

specified Olympiad.

some

all the

a

of

brated cele-

was

scene

in about

was

it

land

country's events having happened

as

and

in

place

the

as

ran through importance, and

of

sacred

a

and

and

all the

of

year

took

these

Elis, which

called

Jupiter,or Zeus,

to

important feature

very

in these festivals;every state people gathered from far and

pitched, and

beautiful

most

began in the year b.c. 776, and from that festival by Olympiads, or periods of four years from one

and

tents

so,

far off

of Zeus

down, it was

set

was

there

met

years been

records

regular dated

no

circumstance

of the

passing through it,and

in honor

Elis

reckoned

Greeks

of those

customs

some

state

a

temple-groves,

before

States

was

scarcelyanything

politics;it was arms

of all the

holding the

to

in Grecian

temples

plain where

state

lay down

the

beautiful

This

to

held, members

of all

greatest

hills and

very

also

have

we

there

Peloponnesus

with

active

time

the The

Alpheus.

writers

two

dotted

river

of

of

coast

games.

Elis, it

these

Grecian

of the

Siege of Troy;

written.

was

western

Olympic of

ever

the

of

Iliad,or

of the

poem

part-legendaryrecord

works

the

World.

Ancient

great figure in Homer's

here, was we

the

of

grove,

with

games the

consisted

great

and

race-course

took contests

of

place were

colonnaded

countless in open

the to

statues

of

stadium, men

rich

galleriesand a

of any

victors

great

were

open

rank,

so

wrestling,boxing, jumping, running,

porticoes, gathered space

long and

as

rounded sur-

they

throwing

Sparta. and

quoits the

that

judges

he

youths

victor

the

to

of

one

of the

land

the

great

before

his statue

his native

to

with

passed From at

public

a

gift of

The

of

situated

was

ruled

Greece called of

part It had

Sparta. the

not

it

other

parts of Greece.

great

renowned,

and

two

and

customs

in

supreme

kings,.who

rival; it the

habits

war.

In the

ruled

together

very with

371 ruled

the

had

its

turned re-

he

as

poetry. front

the

city he

the

people

a

the

times

equal

way

for

power

other

built. ancient

the

only

vacant

Yet, after the fall

all their was

authority,

and

of

Its greatness and

rigid laws

government

and

greater

of its having had

in Greece. to

was

was

its rival cities in

and

example. due

state

the

which

dreamed

directed

the

the

and

it

homes

have

of

in which

for

most

exercise,

to

fall of Athens,

the

attractive

their

militarypower,

earliest

after

the

was

skillful warriors.

and

Peloponnesus

made

who

This

capital

The

leading state

the

was

powerful

would

Athens,

as

of

he

and

of

from

its attention

adornments

deserted

in it,one

was

paying

when

right to

a

battle,and

in

nor

which

luxuries

Lacedaemon

or

its great

once

influence

and

of Sparta.

B.C.

magnificent

the

had

peninsula, and,

to

its appearance

remained

an

laws

strong,

men

the

inhabitants

had

wide

rule, Sparta the

city

in

king

all others

405

for

it lacked

If the

as

like that of

not

being

and

silent streets

power

Athenian was

famous

not

in

pleasure

loftiest strains

he

states,

the

by

of

splendid buildings nor

were

as

this

conferring

as

upon

grove,

the

all taxes.

its

from

of

proclaimed

names

took

in the

sung

the

their

this ft-lt

won

ambition

triumphant procession,

a

some

excelled

shore

Although was

cities

buildingsand

from

making

southern

with

of

offered

thirty-fouryears,

for

Greece,

for

him

who

the

was

looked

sacred

or

displayed the only prize given

The he

have

then

Altis,

place by

a

and

was

praises were

freedom were

He

the

customs

nations, and

the

on

his

token

It

his fellow-citizens

in

met

shows,

institution

every

put

the

to

and

Grecian

was

streets

and

money

country;

life.

that

races,

olive; but

of

simple

and

people

inducements

the

and

games,

the

games

greatest

war-like

also

through

all

received

the

city

time, according

that

seat

It

it

family

of wild

Elis.

of

assembly

him

honor;

this

chariot

in the country.

treasures

greatest

receive

his

and

races

garland

a

was

to

horse

horsemanship

finest

the

everlasting glory on greatest

also

were

and

conqueror

secured

had

noblest as

animals

magnificent

most

by

There

javelins.

125

the

stitutions, in-

energies toward carried

this

by

mi

continued

the rule of fifty-seven pairs of princes. Finally,Lycurgus, the great law-giver, made of Sparta, was famous king, the reallymay be said to have founded state with laws the dissatisfied but he alone; for months. ruling Becoming only reigned eight

through who

of and

the

country

traveled model

a

the

whole

putting form

a

and

about

the the

senate

new

laws

which

Returning got

in force.

shared

they

studying

government.

constitution,and

the

in which

way world

in

thirty of The

the

comparing

the

first and power

most most

of

the

city after

the

to

he

enforced,

were

and

t

he

kit

time

some

prominent

important kings,

and

the

throne

to

different nations, he

citizens

thin-

had

at to

and

others,

ning planah-

once

help him

LycurgUS

did

was

in to

equal authoritywith

Cities

126

them.

This

of both

the

met

then

times

accept to

their

people, from

this,there

Lycurgus

equal in their possessions and

thirtythousand

city and or

with

woman

comfortably, but laws

no

abolished, and

were

of

coins

these

fifteen persons of

figs,and the

was

intended

of the

an

to

and

command, showed

never

to

All

in

of

with

a

city were

boys,

all

kept under for

As

together.

and

work,

and

to

preferred to

much

be

conquer.

killed

than

to

ten

and

only

were

intended

was

fight and

strong

were

order

same

learning,they

principaleducation

hard

cruel, babies

they

as

the

axe,

toms peculiar cus-

only the

soon

as

very

the

deformed

Taygetus, and

The

a

of

half

tool but

no

sickly and

the

month

and

the

in

allowed;

every

pounds

only ate

one

were

interestingand

called

they were

their

fear,and

any

made

most

live.

games

endure

to

population of the cityand

arts

had

of other

besides

put

exercises

the

mountain

allowed

were

bring

cheese, two private houses

healthy.

a

to

food

weight and

to

make

In

battle

run

from

^

rank, and

Helots

their

to

Periceci,and

people

near

had

be

done,

or

live

these

as

and

children, which, though barbarous

the

and

kinds

man

to

silver coins

^ Every

of

The

Among

absolutelynecessary;

was

practice the in

had

obedient

The

cavern

them

pounds

fish.

saw.

strong

infants

of

placed in companies, where

old, were

enemy.

the

deep

a

a

each

and

selling

coarsest

each

long

so

was

fectly per-

lots for the

quantity

great

a

and

be

property

gold

by

later

ments, arrange-

gave

Sparta

manufactured.

ceilingsshould

the

people

buyina

the

in

extravagance,

were

only five

trainingof

them

proportioned

Spartans

the

was

tables

thousand

or

year in

who these

just enough

it took

as

little

every

and

capital,and

had

poor

used;

table, and

but

no

good

senate

everybody might nine

the

was

by the

made

Having

made

one

luxury and

was

of

that

nothing

into

taught what the

were

out

wine, buy flesh and

to

make

to

and discipline,

them

keep

Sparta, and a

being

Spartans

thrown

years

law

with

doors

well

in at

sat

little money

and

and

there

after the

elected

power,

that

so

He

it

lots; every

value, very

meal, eight gallons a

simply built,the

were

which

money

any

public tables

at

common

bushel

of

to

iron

only make

to

district

articles,like beds, chairs, and

necessary

about

so

lands,

living.

these

of

officers.

of the

them

to

Ephors,

great deal

of

that

In order

called

other

the

proposed

be

look

to

assembly of all the citizens,which

an

way

of

one

more,

in force.

were

for the

family

a

a

division

new

a

men

had

who

without

made

next

were

number,

own

might five

intended

was

also

was

reject what

or

Sparta themselves

ruled

There

people.

all

World.

Ancient

twenty-eightmembers,

had

the

to

In addition

kings. the

and

kings

and

now

which

body,

the

of

Helots.

of war;

who

servants

in Such

The

they

nearly the nations

being

increased death.

the

always position

had to

been the

did

natives as

the

conquered other

they revolted the

divided

was

first named

were

same

number were

country

simple and

classes from severe

into three

nothing

of the

by

and time customs

but

The

Helots

helping them time, and of

the

the

Periceci

the

Spartans; they

to

the

govern

country;

Spartans. the

classes:

in many

slaves;

all the

ing, farm-

As

these

war.

inhabitants

and next

were

the

were

did

Spartans, state

of

them of

were

Sparta,

THE

of

the

that is

of

granary downfall

earliest

the

of

extend

rooted

and

the

here

redeemed under

course

pains

to

and

on

and

north

the

raised

Libyan

and

tribes;

Arabian of

for miles

sand, did

not

the

capital

the

between

*

of

See

below

just

commanding

Delta,

the

the

the whole

river

description

and

of

to

mountains,

which

against

city

Red

off and

Sea,

where

the

passage

country.

It

Cairo

hills.

and

An

Alexandria

the

robbery trade

valley

between

the

were

the

this

natural

a

a

pillage

dikes

the

of

lake arch mon-

in

protections

river

the

the and

Asiatic

wandering

countries.

river,

the

large

a

no

portant im-

very

for

against

other

spared

to

great

defense

and with

and was

water

old

its purpose.

on

course

of

fine

broadened and

probably

occupied

ancient

historian

"

dikes,

new

from

cut

land

of

tract

Nile

he

the

lished estabsituated

There

was

Mediterranean.

Upper

in

the

below

had

from

a

quantity

miles site

The

of

making

stand.*

was

huge

a

Altogether

safe

eleven

capital.

upon

strong

country

now

This

which

up

overflow.

any

About

as

stream

built

carry

cut

with

he

off

a

the

main

channel,

beside

much

built

and

monarchies,

Memphis,

Christ.

was

westerly

more

for

of

as

the

canal

a

new

chains

stood

Memphis

his

of

turned

from

city.

the

and

Egypt.

the

Africa

been

before

years

Cairo,

engineering,

into

of

communication

direct

the

the

city

of

bed

west

these

but

old

walls

the

inroads

the

the

thousand

of

ancient of

have

to

Lower

southerly,

history

continent

said

is

and most

powerful

most

entire

the

turned

was

his

of

a

the

king

modern

into

stream

piece

elaborate

of

hill

site

the

secure

formed

Menes

the

where

of

river, who

the

Libyan

the

point

the

At

site

of

seat

earliest

The

tion na-

cal politi-

and

government

the

being

Asia,

Egyptian

The

Upper

parts,

Eygpt

shore.

cities

four

two

of

the

to

southwestern

begun.

records

into

Upper

Egyptian

an

about

the from

Menes

by

by

near

Nile;

the

was

important

perhaps

at

Delta,

divided

ago

the

Mediterranean

here

founded

Menes,

by Nile

the

to

most

two

of

the

Egypt;

capital

first

The

in

reaching Lower

in

long

was

region

certain

in

and

have

to

patriarchs

Jewish

the

here,

was

is said

any

NILE.

of

It

world

have

we

time

the

Egypt.

was

civilized

the which

of

country the

along

Egypt

Lower is

of

those

The

institutions. Both

from

empire,

Roman

history

true

world

ancient

the

the

THE

OF

CITIES

EGYPTIAN

Great

Cities

and Lower all says

of

the

the

above

Egypt the

"

of

space that

Modern

the

opening

to

fitting place

a

about

circuit

World."

three around

TYPES

WD

COSTUMES

OF

I IRLY

GRECIAN

I.IKK.

A I on

it

citadel; this

which

building," from it

always

most

which

of

Part

the

the

within

space

the north

it

much

by Diodorus,

Caesar, and land

own

with

and

the

about of

Beyond with

built

were

columns, sacred and The

thank most

the

let him

notable

Grecian

the

dug

was

of

gateways

of

offeringsof celebrated

covered

were

art, and

of

these, the famous that

it,so

his

in his

hand,

be

pious."

with

In

one

exhibited

was

a

this

Amasis,

be

of in

these

place of

gifts

it in every

the Assyrians. inscription: Whoever

He

the

or

Rich

of Sethos,

statue

halls, courts

Apis,

public.

in

ined. exam-

and

figures in the

victoryover with

it may

Outside

sculpture adorned

these

sus Colos-

its face

vestibules

shrines.

lofty carved roof.

fine

of

Julius in their

were Egyptian graniteand limestone, which

around

set

the

Herodotus

time

of

One

kept when

in

building that

travelers

majestic portals were

statuary, and

of mouse

hollow

been

followed, and

it in about

statues

adjoining with supporting the

bull,

have

to

II., is still in existence, lying on a

sacred

magnificentarchitecture

fiftyfeet high.

the sand, with

adorned

with

was

Its massive

mighty

Rameses

It

statelyand

by the

in Rome.

two

temple

the

god of creation, tified enlarged and beau-

that

flat-lookingsculptures

guarded by were

a

visited

who

familiar

were

bull.

such

greatly admired

was

chief

where

some

probably

Hephaestus, the

monarchs

because

at

"

canal

a

is said

This

rounded sur-

was

river

the

to

Vulcan,

or

quarter

probably lay on

the

side;

east

lived.

or

white

a

while

cupied oc-

was

one

which

lake

belonging

Ptah,

Apis

by the

of time

course

of

Ptah

to

spiritlived in very

it

large reservoir

in

Menes, The

the

on

shrine

by Menes,

whose

and

a

bull called

Egyptian built

to

of

circuit

and

groves,

cityproper,

extended

"

city,the

of the

the

as

also were given, place of good," from

the

canals.

of the

west

away

from

known

fifteen-mile

the

Lake

and

meadows

and

distance ran

Acherusian

great

by

white

but

names

by gardens, villas,sacred

lay

of

sort

a

"the

or

sometimes

"

Memfi,

enclosures, the innermost

Memphis.

have

we

Other

called

of

Wall,"

capitalwas

the

i ;i

three

fortifications

"White

the

Wall."

the White

City of was

called

was

built with

was

with

surrounded

was

limestone, and "

It

miles.

seventeen

over

was

phis.

part.

in

memoration com-

held

a

ancient

"

too,

placed

a

colossal

sees statue

egypti

AN

VASE.

me,

here, which

was

sev

enty-livc

Cities

132

There were

other

no

were

well

positionas time

of that

statue

have

to

magnificent temples in religiouspeople of antiquity.

most

size; the figurewas

its

as

is known

the

other

many

the

among

for its

is famous

long, and

feet

reclining,and

Wortd.

Ancient

the

of

represented as

placed in that way.

been

city,for

ancient

the

Egyptians "

distinguishedpreacher

A

In

says:

Egypt life was the thing sacred; all that had life was in a way divine, the sacred ibis, life; death, too, was crocodile,bull, cat, snake, all that produced and all that ended sacred.

The

had

a

in honor

went

one

every

they could, and would thought to give them the priestswere

chosen

in the

into another found

Nile, cabin

with

had

he

beautiful, with sacred

with

a

and

ivy

lay

in

actions Close

now

to

great

took

and

which

him

was

his

as

body

fountain

bunch

a

natural

on

bearing

to

a

of

death, and

to

the was

animal, but

him

as

an

hands

they the

golden phis, Mem-

beside

being

tell

grand funeral followed a

that

us

found.

sion proces-

by priests

staff entwined

were

The

wise

with ries. ber-

or

embalmed

was

lamentations

a

pass

as

the Apis should temple and drowned

then, too, he

were

to

leaves, ivy, grapes,

considering that

oracle, and

a

Nile

him

signs

to

that

of the

sledge,was

vine

was

City of

the

historians

time

a

the with

for

and

in their

most

the

a

soon

boat

down

of

embalmed,

was

on

ancient

length a

coffin,placed

with

a

the

As

Nilopolis, or

state

of the

believed

find.

comfortable

very

led to

was

fawns, and

end

consulted

temple

deities,and

he

in

by certain

spiritwas

him

magnificent ceremonies; throughout all the city until another was

honors

called

of

it to

near

as

Apis died, some

they knew

priests must

procession;

possible, for that

When

divine

in tival fes-

of strangers

They pressed

if

posed sup-

The

solemn

a

passed. breath

events.

the

the

conducted

His

when

Apis died

pomp

up

thought the

his

fortydays, they put

up,

the

on

him, they

were

was

ceremony.

the

divine

only paid

this is

of

ornamented

with

died

it,they

twenty-fiveyears

spotted skins

mourning kept dwelt

down

Memphis,

at

Sometimes buried

as

was

Memphis

at

hundreds in

The

years."

Vulcan.

of

that

when

another, which

Apis

upon

there

him, and

his time

deal

place in the

dressed

of

kind, which

marks

him

smell

he

of

celebrated

most

worshiped

occasion

children

one

temple-home

a

that when

great

sacred

adjoining

an

him

search

same

or

was

large fine grounds adjoining. Some

books

took

in

out

kept and

foretellingfuture

for when

receive

to

of

power

the

keeping

prepared

live,and

of

their

have

was

welcome

to

the

of

priests led the bull

the

streets

houses

go

all the

after

where

the

the

books,

creature

one

and

to

sacred

to

days, and

seven

of their

out

as

given

was

Apis lasted

city. Through

the

to

of

close

One

generations in

through

thousands

last for

to

forms.

bull, which

either

myriad heaps

built

was

in different

sacred

the

which

of its own,

temple

came

Apis,

in

live

to

deities

several

in

preserved

were

sovereign'stomb

The

mummy-pits. Egyptians

animals

holy

and

Egyptians

and

guided by the

and

made

not

powerful god that

omens

his

give. of

the

livingbull, was

Serepeum. reached

It consisted

by

an

avenue

the of of

a

place of sepulchres for those group

large

of carved

temples

dedicated

figures

called

dead; to

ferent dif-

sphinxes.

Memphis. It

was

parts,

very

extensive, and

the

most

had

mummies

of

died

about

from

of

some

twelve bore it

a

them

stone

born

was

when

and

telling in whose

very and

of

slabs

placed

discovered

at

died.

he

apis tablets

by

removed Paris.

a

dates

thirtyyears

to

the

records

duties.

and

Menes

having

he

luxurious

According historian

of monks

of

the

to

the

dynasties,which

the

was

lasted

seat

for

been

custom

of

ancient

great

a

or

keeping the

primitive Egyptians,

the

set

Memphis

and

performing other religious

example magnificent houses.

and

were

Louvre

Serepeum,

introduced

also

feasts,and

the

is said to have

first religiousteacher and

order

the

they

ago

of

an

in

of votive

Frenchman,

museum

was

lived

importance

a sort

as

celebrated

There

sacred

historical

the tombs

upon

priestswho the

ruler the

sovereigns of the early Egyptian dynasties.

offerings. About were

he

phis, Mem-

at

important in fittingtogether the Other

were

temple

made

have

reign

the throne

on

was

of what

in the time

records

These

long, and

feet

to the bull which

placed in the

was

and

sometimes

were

fifteen

discovered, who

or

he

These

tablet dedicated

enclosed, and

They

b.c.

175

magnificent granite

in

were

or

that had

large chambers,

many

sarcophagi. feet high and

coffins

about

to

1400

and galleries

filled

was

filled with

animals

sacred

all the

which

tombs

occupied by underground

distinct

many of

remarkable

133

having

Egyptian

of

many

of

five

early

centuries.

this time the and more city grew palaces, public buildings, flourishing, temples, gates and porticoes of grand design

During

more

and

solid

yellow

architecture

stones

embellished

furnishings.

and with

in red

marbles

and

were

white

and

raised

and

beautiful decorations

There

are

remains

and

showing

GALLERY

IN

THE

CHEOPS

PYRAMID.

Cities

1^4 had

people

these bronze

and

burial

customs

Memphis

of

the

coffin

a

was

most

remarkable far

not

he

were

partiallymade huge

a

entrance

to

with

sculpture

of but

layer

with

body and

placed

in

the

had

of labor

amount

been of

a

and twelve hundred

acres

and

States, and

was

necessary

people

to

to

that the

was

the wisest

make

eight

way

with other

natural

rock

of

summit

to

the

Then

the

opening

it,so

that laid

were

and

it on

touched

and

was

kept section

up

mummied

let down

was

square was

each

blocks

base,

embalmed

painted sarcophagus,

and shaft

above

on

leveled

was

breadth,

that

than

work

the

masonry of the

in

some

die, his

should

king

lived

as

at

highly finished

and

he

mouth and

ended

but

tended in-

monarch

the

as

death, long

from

and

but

the

larger than The

Cathedral one

rooms

work

learned

most

base.

simplest

the

even

slantingsides

the

Cologne

started

monarch's

build

of later ages;

its

height

rock.

the

opening,

shaft,

the

carefullyprotected

The shaft opening faced the north, Egyptian sculptures and hieroglyphs. The

with

required to

and

in

the

tombs

filled up.

entrance

ground, eighty feet above It

the

by

like

then

or

if the

masses

great ceremony

and

of

is in every

of

next

in the world.

chamber

fills even This

awe.

sculptured

skill it

all

to

engineering that

With

masonry.

the

the

finished

rock

long

The

by.

smooth

cut

were

ornamented

door and

mystery

and

At

huge steps.

so

size broader

a

The

and

length,

time,

any

sepulchre

close grew

of

Egypt;

Memphis,

of

abode."

large

solid

the

by laying

earth

being kept

surfaces

hollow

stone

a

monument

at

his

for

pyramid began

the

rule

no

in

wonders

Egyptian king, as

an

rock,

as

was

coffin;but

stone

the

had

of

eternal

solid

This

Now

chamber

of

"

part

of

parts

necropolis

a

the pyramids,

the

among

slantingshaft

a

made

been

first act

the

first

and

walls.

out

in its

monarch

by stonework, and

of

all four

dressing of

the

a

of

rock.

was

sealed

masonry

pyramid

a

outer

of

the

year

solid

the

the

the

of

and

stone

step, and an

Over

after

year of

always

each

in

stone, quarried

At

chamber

square

up

towered

of which

the

and

remarkable

in different

in

of

of death.

embalmed;

most

have

seen

The

out

sarcophagus,

or

let down

be

chamber

a

in

paintingson

building

the

blocks open,

a

continued.

off,and

was

and

could

his tomb

or

his coffin

Gizeh.

religion and

were

The

begin building his

to

was

set

were

above.

sunk

was

where

depth,

remains

throne,

be

vessels

their

contemplation

ancestors

for ages

elaborate of

more

in the

years.

to

now

that

called

now

monument

stone

have

to

chosen

are

by digging

mine,

a

nine

his

of

which them

of

the

Cairo,

the

to

came

as

making

know lived

the dead, in the center

monuments

seventy

are

from

soon

thousands

had

They

taste.

lifetime;

his

last for

massive

and

high

There

the

and

necropolisor cityof

world.

place

skill

in

made

was

built to

the

was

those

but

of

World.

than

sovereign'stomb of

Ancient

costly articles of jewelry; but we of their every-day life. They

many

Egyptian's

An

the

deal

great

a

of

any

come

of the

of the to

a

in

Europe,

before

the

are

chamber monument

has

monuments

Pyramid

Great

of modern

Washington

underground

of these

is

a

piece

engineers with

other

point

at

pyramids. a

in the

Monument the

only the

on was

distance

derment won-

It of

er cov-

four

United

loftier structures usual

plan,

finished,to

but

it

relieve

Memphis. the

bearing

built

not

set

a

third

room,

of

masses

died

who

in the

about

which

lying beyond

that

in red

an

granite,and

The

heat

two

small

they

by

are

here

inclined

opening

would

air-channels about

nine

have

passage after

been

which

or

inches

a

ROCK

that short

built center

in

the

been

have His

phagus sarco-

in the

fiftyfeet long, nor

and the

before

to

Christ.

ond, sec-

pyramid itself;

of the great monument.

TEMPLE.

ends

in

level

a

corridor, beautifully finished

place of the royal sepulchre.

distance

upon

those

wonderful

old builders

the

and

chimneys through square,

years

smaller

is said

monument

almost

was

occupying

and

if stifling

noble

thousand

two

is rather

THE

It is reached

This

stone.

first chamber,

''queen's chamber,"

or

in

the great

king Cheops,

for was

but

of

137

leading

to

the

the

stone

north

and

masonry south

had to

not

extended

the

sides, and

surface;

giving

ventilation.

perfect

employed

men

and

fiftyyears,

his tomb

upon

World.

Ancient

about

reigned

Cheops

thousand

hundred

the

of

Cities

138

it is believed

so

kept steadilyat

were

that

work

the

for half

a

century.

king Suphis II.,who, feet

and

high,

since

and

Egyptians. a

They

dwell

in it

parts and

in

steeped gums.

The of

time One

but and

before the

Some

which Cairo.

There

now.

rich-colored it

was

basket.

trunk,

called

equal

to

square,

by is

about there

of

is

bearing an

a

the

out

into

through

Nile

the

to

the

cities to

all

certain

that, it

was

cemented

by inals, crim-

classes,even in

or

public places

cityon

off into

much

side

"water have

proclaim

sent

the

waters

three

those

by

always the

of

square

the

that God

been

when

the island

for

rushes.

with

island

the

from most

level reached

dition con-

A

each

heaven."

below.

the

eighteen

feet

cubit

flood.

is

measure

by

a

pointed

part of the

upper At

used In

the

carefullywatched, the

is situated

which

is covered the

white

Nilometer

is about

around

that

say

smooth

a

from

come

by

site oppo-

floatingin the

chamber,

or

well, which

run

they

Arabs

Moses

cubits.

deep;

firstthat built the

neglected

The

found

well

the

of Rhoda

and

or

charge by

water, tall palm trees,

tall oalm

a

in

probably

was

abundant

seventeen

of

and

like

a

Nile

the

each

is

Nilometer

a

held

was

ruined partially

a

end of

up

was

improved

daughter there

southern

six feet wide

measurers

in

are

out

which

On

inscriptionvery all relate

the

pillarmarked about

recess

the sent

and

it

movable;

was

Pharaoh's

It is made

inches.

chamber; they risingNile

At

on

body

hundred thirty-five

to

river, and

garden here, with

they point

house.

fourteen

home

thicklygrowing graceful that

spot

dome,

a

and

tree." a

this, for

later architects

the island

beautiful

of Rhoda

slender

a

a

After

in linen

up

equal

at

the

the site of the ancient and

plants

Moses'

garden

there

center

arch

"

than

kept

this

which

upon

near

once

the

ways often

went

the

to

the

by

body by removing

decaying. be

his soul

return

ties, par-

in ancient

sepulchre.

say that

measurer

reeds Near

covered

be

the was

the

among

in the

historians

Egyptian

wicker

to

Both

were

one

wrapped

was

would

as

registeredthe height of

stands

now

and

built

invented

was

died

it would

the

silence

who

daily life

reallyimportant objects in Memphis

the model

was

days,

cheaper

in the

of

death

any

it from

keep

much

as

were

and

which

as

years

they preserved

their bodies

being placed

built,and

Old

there

celebrated

special officers. Nilometer

about

soon

as

thousand

that

for seventy

cost

process

Nile,

ever

salts

of soda

of the

was

reason

and

money;

of

measurer

this

that ten

or

For

embalmed,

our

were some

best

believed

three

in

here

for

hundred

sculptures represent

The

after

built

two

over

skill of those

the

to

is

stood

have

ordinary occupations

other

spices

again.

putting

after

that

that

preserving the body

or

have

to

seem

in carbonate

dollars

embalming

and

long journey,

and

of

art

others

of past ages.

customs

fishing, fowling,and

scenes,

The

Egypt.

pictured

the

six

are

third

the

Christ, bearing testimony

before

years

treasuringup

boat

there

that

first;it was

the

than

higher ground

on

told,reigned sixty-sixyears;

are

we

beside

thousand

two

them,

stands

great pyramid

second

The

of

season

and

Every

criers one

is

Memphis. eager

to

the

of

condition

know, for the

139 the

for

country

whole

year

depended

upon

the

inundation. The

has

Nile

sandy country

draws

Egypt's great

called

been

life and the

the

cover

great

like

earth, moisture

enough

for

trees

a

year

and

crops

past.

Then

baked

that

could

ever

that

wither

and

like of

once

and

iiSifi

in

inches

in the

begins week months

in

is

cities and

towns,

darting

twelve go down,

deep green

and

the

clover

Nile

remains

days;

valley is

meadows,

and

soon acres

it last

the

about

three

height,and

dotted

calmly in many MUMMY.

a

with

with

dyked

or

sailing

directions.

then like

a

numberless

about

at

the

into

transformed

placid lake,

flood

in

few

Rhoda

at

June;

few

a

its floods.

during

it is at its

country

boats

and

height of

rise

ages,

than

more

time

the

to

is the

risingregularly

Nilometer

the

greatest

for unknown

varying

not

waters

changed

the

mysteries

year

hours

At

all is of

One

a

not

few

a

life-giving

earth's

a

it is

in

But

of this river's

cause

so

nothing

palms do

tall

up, and

magic. the

if

as

die.

come

is

season

again, and

the

the

months have

seems

grow

wonder

the

soil becomes

the it

in

growing

life till their

thingswith

the

months

supply the

to

other

all the

which

summer

The

nourish

to

and

spring

and

with

takes

sponge,

a

existence, through

and

lakes.

water

sweet

the

During

gradually rise hard, dry banks

waters

of

artery

nourishment.

its

The

height for

it a

covered

begins

IN

COFFIN.

to

lovelygarden, with

MUMMY

with

high-grown

stretches Indian

corn

of

cornfields, and

beans,

Cities

140 and

sugar-cane soft

sweet, its

waters

It is not beautiful

that

strange

they should things that did

that

other

people, when

good

evil.

to whom they paid great honor temples along the flood-swept banks

Memphis

for about

position

once

brought

back

continued

to

lost

the

flourish

during these Thebes, the

which

and

Gournah

that

of

The

the

on

equally by the

It is said

to

something from or

b.c,

position the

to

on

the

Indian

ivory, and thread open

broad

protected

have

like

a

three

have

to

been

in existence

been

thousand "

its

before

the

prosperity,and

the

Nile,

trade

of

on

aromatic limestone

highway

of the

place of ancient

near

the

was

one

great

Libya through

the

side, and

one

herbs,

about

necropolis in

of

on

borders

the of

the

other; the

Red

Western

it

third

also

was

in

Sea; all these

river, joined,in making

Africa, until the

trade

caravan

a

greater

century

b.c,

with the

stood

a

when

of trade the

new

here

1000

height Its

Red

Sea,

station

common

vicinityof

to

the world.

for

yieldinggold,

the

mines

advantages, combined seat

prosperity

at

districts

it

made

1500

hills to the it

the

and

cities of the

Arabian

the

covered

have

about

dynasties,it the

In

embankments.

would

From

two

return

almost

have

to

Its power

Desert, made

and

divided

by

of

the

Egypt;

seems

important

most

through

avenue

the

capital.

religion.

than

entrance.

narrow

Menes, which

the

twentieth the

a

inundations

the

it became

of

by

bank,

enemies

sides

across,

cemetery,

or

from birth

the

miles

ten

of

principal east

central

northern

both

on

ished flour-

capitalat section

the

more

the

that

four

on

was

away

north

trade, manufacture, and

and

interior

sweep

the

on

walled

old when

years

sources

plain

Luxor

from

afterward

broadest into

it

long, but

their

capital city of Upper

Nile

the

circular

a

secure

was

for the

nature

valley of

river, and

it

south,

by

in the

hem

The

held

the

old-time

brews, by the He-

for

dynasties

and

and

held

centuries

the

location

west.

during the eighteenth,nineteenth, and

of its power

and

farther

marked

plain, and

whole

arose

being

the

called

lay in the dividing it

It and

by the villagesof Karnac on

lared statelypil-

cities

not

many

of

Egypt,

times. midst

the

for

Several

by Upper

the

was

B.C., the

600

pharaoh, as he was capital. This was

or

there

built

Other

in about

city,which

ruled

magnificence the city,with

of its

days

ancient

it so

stream.

then

magnificence.

Habu

north, leaving

the

king

the

flowing through

seems

of hills which

again

years; the

were

marked

now

and

site

and

divinities

worship they

mighty

and

beautiful

the

centuries

Medinat

Memphis,

Egypt.

power

river

and

of

in

Egyptian dynasties.

the

grandest cities of ancient

the

are

at

court

in wealth

ten

valley,the

quarters,

chains

of

one

Nile

a

his

held

more

of

thousand

revived, and

importance

and

wealth

always capital

not

was

of the

thing; and this,as well as in

sacred

a

be

their

for whose

this

bring about

waters

river

the

spiritto

or

swarm

geese

vultures.

the

saw

So, among

and

god Nilus,

honorable

genius

a

or

they

thought

have

believed

them

and

The

between.

lying

ibis,quail,pelicans, and

visits of cormorants

should

have

acacias

of

groves

white

the the

ancient

the

after year,

change year

natural

many

fish,and

with

teem

sufferingoccasionallyfrom

banks,

was

palm-trees and

with

cotton,

World.

Ancient

the

of

than

city of

which with

any

the

other

Alexandria

Thebes. turned

the

its linen of

which

in beside

and

prized,

Thebes

been

great edifices

of

number

filled.

citywas of

the

and

for

the

worshiped

city was

capital

"

as

hundred

very

large

the tion por-

were

this

was

Egyptians,

all

up

entire

The

Ammon. mile

mile

after

described

of

gates

were

as

not

of

and

but

stood

it is

circuit,generally,

outside

than

quarters, were

strong incline

enclosure.

fortified

too

massive from the

world

for

were

within

barracks,

or

top of

its

own

brick-laid wall,

which

one

the

palaces.

times some-

another,

being considerablylarger

inner

the

thick

gateways,

arranged

in

believed,had

a

a

city. stately

and

temples

temple,

strong

great

walled

a

massive

city gates probably,

Each

the

ITecatompylos,"or having

gates, it was

enclosures

more

vast

which

population

of

Homer

Although

that

must

ing, in build-

magnificentbuildingsfor public and secular use. private,religious

and

with

there

and

large

The

for

number

Ethiopians also, who

god

made

large

workmen

attendants, for

times

at

celebrated a

taglios in-

with

religiouscapital for

the

as

Another

Theban

their

priests and

and

repairing the

decorating, and

also

because

highly

others

great many

a

use

many

employed

thus

artisans

was

Egypt,

woolen

were

the

in

hood, priest-

the

to

Thebes

important fabric

an

glass, pottery,

The

made

was

to

forbidden

was

garments.

have

which

people belonged

channel.

into another

commerce

manufacture,

the

or

of

stream

141

as

and

The

rampart. many

walls

ground

magnificent

in

say,

laid

having level

to

grandeur

things, but than

army

would

we

with

blocks, the

The

in an

STATUE

of

Thebes

chieflyfor any

other

OF

AMENOPHIS

IV.

the

its

celebrated

was

temples,

place.

The

which

center

throughout

were

of the

more

the

ancient

numerous

city was

marked

and off

Cities

142 in

oblong

an

about there

royal quarters; and

north-east

is.

It covered of

it to

would

Ammon

brick, there

majestic gate

about

three

a

of

hundred

to

which,

through large

hall which

supported by

running

designed roof,

broad

aisles

porticoes and for the

greater

long and

sides.

his father

with

oldest in The

Seti.

than

substantial

In

nations, winning to

open

a

the

sinking

cutting the was

but

of

in

length, of

for his

artesian

which

one

of the

united many

of "

the

the

monarch

were

well the

and

spoils; in of

scenes

aid

Nile

temples

in

to

in the

visitors

reached with

sixteen

There

is also hall.

a

back was

a

it

double

These

were

main

the

with

court

about

without

in

main

a

dred hun-

a

counting form

the

in

covered

were

of

one

with

working

people and

arts

the

long, ob-

ings buildof

one

the

the

reliefs

II., and

making conquests

are

are

triumphant

a

an

their

making

entrance

"

the

peaceful Red

a

tures sculp-

columns

above

hall

of

plan

hosts

shows

Thebes,

ending

Eygptian kings, Rameses his

another

to

the

Temple

great and

and

grand entrance,

or

being

alone,

ground,

placing the

Karnac the

gathering

armies,

there

canal

and

tures; sculp-

lofty sculptured pillarsmade

of

followed

is

door-way lay

all sides

was

the

hall

acre

this

which,

of

there

The

still

of Karnac; hyfiostole

center

of

ious relig-

the

to

without

but

of

entrance

middle,

of the

across

rows

an

often

exploits of

battles,and

an

than

more

walls the

Then

captives.

many

This

passage

direction

fiftyfeet long.

pictures

some

distance

and

colossal

on

sides

by

devotee

the

amazement

the

famous

now

distance

some

says,

high,

covered

at

sphinxes leading

steps, the

the

hall

the

The

architects

Egyptian

width

the

Beyond

enclosed

was

Beyond

parallelrows.

down

roof, in

of the

other

courts, covered

outer

nine

ing connect-

situated

which

propylon,

is

the

Karnac

This

down

second

a

corners,

tranquilsphinxes

hundred

two

and

four

was

It stood

forty-fourmighty pillars,there

and

inscriptionsrelating to

other trees

hundred

three

of

building in

the

a

sacred

villageof

writer

building.

the

pillars, running

door-way. in

the

filled with

city,and

completely great pillaredhall, the

cut.

were

steps,

nearly

front

highest parts

the

temples

sixty-fourfeet high.

roof, and

the

ram-headed

colossal

flightof twenty-seven

a

and

recessed

the

majestic and

larger columns, running the

fiftyfeet, while

and

and

of in

of the

lights

and

is

range

is the

breadth

window

statelyportico

to

statues

This

support

small

entrance

hundred

of twelve to

main

flat stone

a

one

the

across

formed

row

and

has

distant

long,

of

yards around,

these

the

middle

each

river,where

with

At

between

ascending

deities.

of the is

after

lined

some

was

built-up platform.

a

bank.

which

at

of

grandest

fiftythousand

from

a

palace

or

the

along

the

colossal

two

of

avenue

broad,

magnificent buildings lining

oblong.

sixtyfeet

large court, occupied by

opposite

and

World.

miles

temple

left bank

the

on

the

in

door

great

four

The

an

was

and

and

occupied by

slowly walk

more

the

and

steps

Ancient

large

over

land, perhaps

would

awe,

the

on

flight of

a

of

the

great square

a

river,but

the

from

lines

corner,

unburnt

from

long

the

sumptuous

a

bordered

that

the

wall

was

continuous

almost avenues

a

miles

two

of

gold

cutting

return

to

home-work, mines

of

the

Egypt senting repre-

south,

Sea. dedicated

to

the great

of

down

god Ammon,

Cities

144 stands.

This

entrance

through

was

high, with and

shafts

lofty obelisks

the

gateway

battle

hunting

foot

of

side

west

as

the

monarch,

and

The

western

believed

It

was

the

city were

hewn

retired of

out

mountain

*

See

One "

Cities

the

a

of of

where

but

obelisks of the

the the

on

known

now

palace-temple of large district of

residence

the

dead, which

only

not

was

hundred

several

which

dromo

steps

is

what

probably

temples and

city,to

at

Royal Street, extended

southern

the

feet.

From

public edifices lininga

village of

the

completed

in

her

quarters,

immense

statues.

of hills

beautiful

arms

built

was

the

is.

Kurneh of

square

the

up

with

From

the

of

most

dynasties

was

the

part, the

and

removed

World."

to

most

Paris

many

the

bank

Libyan spacious

of the

river,

and

of

famous

Among and

by Napoleon,

and

toward

beyond

a

the

Kings."

great

chambers

of

treasures

the most

set

many

in

or

the

was

Place

at

are

in the

vaults

Memphis;

kings

row nar-

rulers

tombs

knowledge

powerful

up

These

the

ridge,

the

sepulchres of the Theban

the

vast

side

dwellings; in

ancient

queen;

were

their

In

pretentious pyramids of

discovered. the

Athor, the goddess

lofty and

western

green.

the

"Gates

hieroglyphs,where

latelybeen

Modern

of

tomb

busy part of the town,

valley called

of

behind

sank

he

as

began, which, bending slightlyto the north-west,

background the

Abode

the

Pathyris, or

as sun

simple than

more

Theban

of these

Great

a

sculptures and

history have the

range

rock, for the

sides, far

ancient

of

sheltered

the

line of

to

the

was

temples, palaces, public buildings and

north

filled with

them

a

the

several

Medinat-Habu

and

depth

a

the

ran

known

was

with

Pathyris with

distance

fill a

into

Karnac,

valley above

of it

from

receive

to

numberless

to

continuous

part

and

embellished

point above

some

a

western

quarter

divided

buildings,and skirted

almost

went

similar

of Thebes.

royal quarter

was

Hills.

a

but

city

or

which

public building.

king's history. A

that

enemy,

river,where,

the

a

sculptures

Asiatic

an

buildings at

temples, which

and

man

with

important led to

magnificent

from

scenes

a

tall stone

every-day life,from

some

of

group the

Necropolis,

extent

the

whole

who

at

was

across

the

or

over

ferry leading

a

of

The

fiftyfeet

the

adorned

Egypt

avenue

halls.

over

Between

were

dromo, called

the

temple,

a

Theban

opposite Karnac,

was

sacred

in

there

ran

of

palaces and

of

vast

sphinx

probably

was

were

front.

militaryor

palace

state

a

hall the

splendid battle

the

was

Habu that

This

its

five miles

than

street

was

of

monarch in

and

granite statues,

red

events

continuation

a

this group

of

other

Luxor

These

III., with

lying south

Medinat

and

in

pillared hall beyond ancient

some

and

courts

feet wide

hundred

immense

portion of the city to

Habu.

Rameses

more

of

the

There,

western

Medinat

the

noble

the

loftygateways,

two

granitestanding

two

grand staircase,there

a

opposite bank. across

of

scenes,

of

red

were

that this structure

it is believed the

there

triumph

the

scenes,

From

*

propylceaand

representing

edifice,with

stone

World.

Ancient

pyramid-like gates,

two

two

The

woman.

sublime

a

was

the

of

but on

like

tian Egyp-

associated

with

Rameses

the

de

la Concorde.

Tanis.

in the

fourteenth

ramis

century

wonderful

tell many of

celebrated

men

of

blended

France make

into

him

upon

also

as

a

systematicallyand

to

have

made

canals

cut

a

allowances

warrior

Africa; and beautified another

work

well

temples and

raised

equaled the

not

"

would and

Rameses

in addition

of

lower

in

seasons

but

when

war

with

than be

the

crude, because to a

also

the

of

peace, was

the

any

a

spoils from

the

was

and

that

courts

They round

that

erection

paintingsthat taught

us

is

and

been made

colossal,

far ahead

real

what

tecture, archi-

nades, lofty colon-

were

to

to

obelisks

have

that

pillars,long

set ments monu-

since

never

before, although

have

on

pillarsand

have

On

Media, he

Egyptian

of

age

he

wars

Ethiopia.

state, and

structures

were

was

ancient

of

captives, whom

golden

caused He

these

and

Egypt of

He

Libya, Persia, and

conquered

palaces for the

country

the

Egypt, for with his to

necessary broad

splendor of the

the of

by the enemy.

on

north,

have

our

of

they

eyes

beauty

of

art

of

valley

the

Tanis

monarchy

was

became

enemies

at

the the were

held

not

still centered

was

the

almost

time sure

stood to

too

Delta;

discover

all

at

were

was

far

at

Thebes;

at

it

sort

a

here

king's hosts

royal residence;

same

in the

established

he

Thebes,

Syrian frontier,or

operations, and While

stronghold

court

surrounded

kingdom,

vast

northern

a

time, however, the

some

disturbance

scene

and

uses,

singlebuilding,when

Greeks

city in the

For

in

Nile.

powerful nation

the

sculpture and

in Lower

became

soon

and

capital to the

easilyreached

nature

powerful

countries

It

other

the

the

commercial

both

is said

system

is.

residence

Tanis.

there

in

from

rising of the river.

style of architecture

a

in any

seen

receive

He

in his tax

large bands

towering heights, huge

been

had

capital

for

law.

supreme

the

With

told.

are

Napoleon

with

halls

we

halls,ornamented ever

at

since

ever

likeness

to

itself

eager

form permost

gain territory

Cyprus, Phoenicia, Assyria, and

by

embellish

and to

into

glory.

own

of the

for

cities of

deities,on

covered

to

with

enemies, it

so

s

were

by Rome

stiff and

true

by warlike

acres

and

seem

the

Rameses'

to

of Rome

was

a

would

navy

Sea.

host

other

grand,

avenues

his

and

thousands

anything that had

many

marshaled

and

other

Ammon

to

famous

country

Red

the

adorned

and

private rights of the people,

was

during

army

years

II. did

one

and Egyptian territory,

the

vast

returned

even

massive, and

and

Syria

he

Ethiopia, another

and

whole

by

his

him

make

Numa

plans for the

damage

successful

statuary

when were

with

and

the

wish slightest

subdued

nearly seventy

heroes, Rameses

while

that

injury that property and for watering crops

he

eastward

was

called

been

generous

cities from

king;

expedition he

on

made

ancient

undying fame,

has

for

legends of his conquests

did; but, nevertheless, like Semi-

never

other

equally divided

capital,and

also he

He

reigned

many

for the

beyond

his

and

him

give

he

sovereign whose

protect

as

going

countries

other

where

many

as

Greece,

directions

built to

be

to

which

He

have

character, because

he

have

dykes

of

times.

one

to

in

deeds

to

Sesostris.

Egyptians

of

enough

of ancient

conquests,

looked

who

stories

feats great

called

The

B.C.

East, Theseus

the

some

and

historians

the Greek

Great, whom

147

nearer

inland in

it

to an

Cities

148 awkward

stores,

Bucolia

forward

the

the

march,

and

east

the

or

with

of

tents

gay

thousands

club, javelin,and

for

dagger

slingsfor skirmishing and men

which

soldier

the

business

took and

statues

of his

cultivate

in

pains to

set

could

great

lofty obelisks

and an

and

little The

edge.

columns

the

the

as

with

death

In

with

the

was

Israel

had

after him

ruled

of Israel

bows, four

over

the

cellent ex-

hundreds

could

not

and

arrows,

hundred

land

sand thou-

to

each

man,

follow

any

other

and

was

symbol

a

the

by

his

years

of

the

into

two

from

their

to a

grace to

sacred

of

and

great

many of the

sun's

the

year

Tanis.

time,

Morocco, 1100

With we

are

of universal

stream

of son

Solomon,

"

the

prosperity,Tanis

countries

further

east

Western

or

and

with

this

the

in

beauty

it enriched

was

of

tive perspec-

the

and

papyrus

the

people, who

famous

venerated it

gods;

all matters

This

the

northern

B.C., the

scepter

on

change

the

Thus

has

shrub of

coast

of

of the

one

the

nection con-

lotus

probably

was

was

connected

things,especially in full power.

told, when

Asia

tempered

no

full-blown

the

giftsfrom

history.

peaceful," who developed such

that

to

tion posi-

made

was

well

been

affairs of

Egypt

greatest

Egypt,

Tanis, the Scripture

under the Egyptian kings. periods of power an beside. important commercial center

gathering wealth.

and

the

red, black, yellow, blue

"lotus-eaters,"which

was

and

with stiffness,

same

in tombs,

season

Thebes

one

the

the

Tunis, Tripoli, and

It

statuary

have

must

brilliant

of

part

a

fabled

still in

of his armies The

religioussymbol

a

to

and

the

buildings in Tanis,

capital and

of arts, and

many

Nile

of

united

of peace,

during

with

he

Egyptian palm,

holy ceremonies,

historybegan.

national

the

out

powerful and

a

chariots, and

untaxed

beautiful

tools

were

copied

life; it was

that

the

after the

It

altogether from

city of Zoan, it

other

that

Twenty-first Dynasty, about

epochs in ancient

Assyria, and

Nile.

rise of the

the

transferred

was

and

jujube, growing

Africa.

set

with the both knees, or sitting always finished with remarkably fine

was

colors

were

belonging

another

or

connection

called

it

sacrifices

with no

held

plant and

The

decorations

wall

or lotus-plant, lilyof

in

but

paintingshad

Egyptian modeled

were

work

shows

shade.

light and

the

used

of

peace;

had

of

describing the conquests

The

lines,which

excellent

plant, and

army

historyof Egypt and the world. standing bolt upright,or kneeling on

clean-cut

had

green.

of

and

acres

temples and

up

raised

figures either in stiff positions. legs and arms and

times

array, An

to

Rameses,

coat-of-mail, shield, battle-axe,

in the

dynasty

the

surface

order.

portion of six

of

king getting ready for

the

and

horses

dense

reign

station

a

occupation

or

Rameses have

in open

fixed

a

of

as

which

post from

a

Egypt

helmet, spear,

fightingin

conflict

supported by

was

of

equally good

warlike

forces

composed

with

close

it

as

quartered army.

a

was

armed

foot-soldiers

of

found

the

During mustered

the

militaryorganization,which of

World.

forces, or

reserve

north-east.

covered

frequently

was

for

headquarters

as

expeditionto

an

Ancient

againstinvasion,the Egyptian king

obstacle

for army on

the

of

In

the

It

was

second a

conquered by David,

time and

made a

an ally of Egypt. Then, large trade with the kingdom

the whole

nation.

The

citywas

Peltcsiu

Heroopolis "

founded

country in

Nile

the

of the

about

country

and

centuries land

of

they

and

power

ancient

of the

of

the

Kings

glory of

most

tant impordences resi-

Shepherd

the

the

Heroopolis,

was

City of Heroes, which frontier

town

Red

of the

the

which Nile

easterly

branch

of

into the

the

to

Nile

stood.

great

so

the

Pelusiac

emptied

road

that

key

It to a

no

lay upon

plain that

beside

many

BUST

OF

RAMESES

II.

north

invader

points along the Memphis,

of

Palestine,

from

narrow

south

city of

the

commanding was

north

where or

maritime

Pelusium,

Egypt,

tween beand

Mediterranean, the

famous

the

lay

due

Heroopolis,

most

was

head

Delta

Almost

Syria.

the

at

Sea, in the land

Goshen,

of

1900

the

northern

of

of

Tanis; in about

Egypt.

One

a

taking possession

in about

the

was

beside

east,

First,they conquered

splendor

whose

b.c,

1500

fortresses

the

invaded

who

foreign

Monarchy,

Theban

from

they passed along.

cities and

Arabians

his

founding

by

Delta

the

of

by

the

over

invaders

tribe

length

At

celebrated

who

Ahmes,

victory

entered as

a

four

overcome

were

cities

Hyksos,

whole

the

Egypt.

They

b.c.

founding

or

149

cityof

for about

ruled

Kings,

they built other

they conquered the Thebes,

2050

and

Egypt, where

Lower

Shepherd

famous

the

by

m.

could

river others

were

safelypass the

of lesser

great note.

into

the

cities of Thus

Delta; and

south

of

ous it,at vari-

Tanis, Buvastis, Heliopolis, and it

was

a

depot for Eastern

trade,a

Cities

150 port of the maritime which

Great

and

river traffic.

built

on

It had

finelybuilt,and called

Egyptians the

sun"

to

great deity. Moses, so

famous

that the

Manatheon, and

long before It

and

writer then

was

before

the

second

glyphs

by

in the the

king on

father-in-law an

Twelfth

of

at

was

is still

and

country,

The

were

fed

Memphis,

the

schools

or

that

are

by

curious

been

translated

of

the

north-west now

standing

raised

was

head

colleges were

the

on

or

of

ancient

the

time, ple. tem-

the

most

city, ble nota-

site.

made

is

It

of Osirtasen

inscription was into

study.

one

renowned

the

in honor

to

at

gate

among

the

priests of the

there

went

cityof

where

Egypt, the

the

"

or

was

The

sun-god.

under

Plato

canals it

but

Heliopolis of

have

to

by several

study

the

same

sides; it has

is said

priest of Heliopolis

chief

Joseph

them

Dynasty.

four

between

populous city,

a

even

Athens

to

there, and

tall obelisks

two

One

all the

guarded,

name

the

was

sphinxes, from

of

were

world.

the

student

of

avenue

there

station

a

capital of the the

gather

to

Egyptian history,was

the of

or

Sun, while

used

a

that

the

was

This

time was

lakes

great Grecians, Solon, Thales, and

in

each

well

Thebes

as

it

Greeks.

prophet,

oldest

of

large of the

of the

of

entrance

monuments

said to be

by the

the

reached

site,with

so

Abode

it

the

even

Nile, and

the

point of the Delta, and

the

near

raised

the

the

of

entrance

celebritybecause

men

World.

Strength of Egypt.

stood

or

learned

most

Ancient

built,and substantially the

or

great

On,

given

was

and

it

the

nearly

not

was

at

was

On,

large mound

a

it.

lying before

wisest

It

called

also called

Heliopolis,

the

sentinel

a

prophet Ezekiel

the

been

Sea,

of

I.,

in heiro-

following lines

of

English: The

Hor

The

life of those

of the

The

King

Sun, who

of the

born,

are

and

upper

lower"

land,

Kheper-ka-ra; The

Lord

The

life of those

The

son

of the

of the

Double who

Crown, born,

are

sun-god, Ra,

Oristasen; friend

The Ever

of the

spiritsof On,

living:

The

golden Hor,

The

life of those

The

good god,

who

born.

are

Kheper-ka-ra, Has In He

Bubastis eastern

bank

was

in the

executed the the

this work

beginning dispenser

Delta, about

of the Pelusiac

Nile.

of the of

midway It

was

thirtyyears'cycle,

life,for

evermore.

between

among

Heliopolis and

the first cities founded

Tanis, and after

on

the

Memphis,

Bubastis.

but

it did

not

capital and

the

became

higher than .

sacred She

the

to

Bubastis

the

was

that

as

eye

middle

says

of

embankment, where

it

down

upon

reached

This

lined

was

of

rows

the of the

Nile,

wide, and with

upon

It

led

was

in

an

temple,

from side

the

Greek

of

The

gateway

is said

historian

boat, many

said, of

the

men

pipe during the whole

with

their

hands.

grape-wine

is used

At up

"

with have

to

Men

women

time

Bubastis at

was

sixty feet high,

like those

something

temple stood

Bast

COINS.

ANCIENT

thickly

stone, the

hundred

a

were

trees.

the

which

in honor

each

left

These

each

were

shaded

old

by

up

the

passage.

channels

within

all

island.

building,leavingonly

feet

to

trees.

either

on

her, and

temple, encompassed

the

entrance

cut

high

an

one

to

sides

artificial channels

Two

sacred

were

was

entrance,

formed

whole

figure. Cats

wide,

both

very

the

Except

city was

place. market-

feet

on

The

Pasht, the goddess of fire.

as

looked

be

another

entrance

hundred

four

from

town.

that

from

the

river.

the

as

ments by embank-

the

was

it could

road

in

raised

temple

part of

any

paved

a

straightthrough

by

the

direction

easterly

stood

been

built,so

from

by

pleasant

so

It

city had

first

was

none

was

while

of

same

raised

was

ancient An for bulls. as was Memphis temples might be grander, and might have cost more

city, in plain sight

the

for the

quarters,

lion-headed

a

other

Bast.

of

the

was

It

Tanis

burial-place for cats,

great

building,there

as

inundations

the

it followed

B.C., when

1000

twenty-second dynasty.

Bast, which

or

that while

in the

and

the

place above

Ba-hest

goddess

writer

about

other

any

Greek

the

of

seat

represented in statuary

was

until about

great importance

to

grow

151

that

its sacred been

and with of the

covered

image

better women

castanets,

they celebrate

this festival than

in

the of the

attended

and the

long

the

any

they others

feast with

all of

the

low

in

together,

of

the

in

numbers of

some

make

a

the

clapping

sacrifices. year

The

Egypt.

vast

strike,while

sing and

figures

yearly festival

The

other

abundant

rest

with

skirting a grove

wall

goddess.

than

which

ornamented

was

sailingall

come

voyage,

and

beside.

More The

Cities

152 of

number is not

transferred

branch stands

now

of

building

in the

great

built

gateways,

that

Nile, and

made

and

at

stood

end

one

mostly made

of

the

there

was

The

sacrifices,and

Neith's multitude

of

filled with

a

'all

the

the

from

afterward laws was

Greek

At

laws, with

during

Before the

marriage

on

developed.

this

and

after no

own

and into

conquered

this

other

some

day

of

instead

of

he

numbers.

night

was

from

allowed

which

the

hired the

Egypt.

great

conquering

The

died

of

Egyptians

soldiers bodies

king too

hero

of

then

often of

it was

Cecropia, but civilization

Sais, governed by of

about

and

a

earliest

their

Greek

in

districts

not

tried to introduce

650

year

policythat

to

carry

after this the

battle.

The

on

next

b.c.

about

were

are

we

debted in-

benefited

his

Greek

guage lan-

the

his Eastern

Egyptian

This

city.

the

the

Egyptian militaryso that they

had

that

so

Egypt.

and

But

a

It is said that Ce-

Hellenes

in

the

saucers

home,

to the Greeks as Egypt, that foreign policy of Psammetichus

Greek

The

who

flat

first called

quarter

Egyptian

in

They burned

at

were

wonderful

the

the

all burned

were

Greece. was

the

that

special meeting for

whole

half-barbarous

live in

the

ancient

with

a

was

of

Lamps"

of

floated.

they

walls;

ceremonies

Lamps.

the

over

large Greek

a

"Feast

lamps

of if

as

Attica, which the

Psammetichus,

foreigners;and the

gave

there

of

historyof

in to

things, from

it is to

he offended

armies

he

government

time

Feasts

closelyconnected fortress

a

that

foreignerwas

vast

to

the

same

inhabitants

The

the wicks

extended

Sais,but

citywas

founded

later

for when

customs,

Ethiopia in with

of

historywriters

government,

open

the

the

air.

the

several

Neith, the

people had

high Like

citadel,which to

a

stately the

river.

outside

beautiful

most

of

the

dedicated

festival the

the

flood

a

the

as

walls, and

the

for

honor

top of which

name

the

for the written

the

salt,on

the

festival observed

separate

a

reign

earliest

a

in

festival

Athens, and and

of

nights

houses

confined

her

priests and

the

and

there

became

of

the

not

was

In

important and

the

their

earlytimes

very

went

"crops

was

from

illumination From

to

gave

Minerva.

or

from

Government.

Egyptian

canals

many

they called

goddess whom

most

of

one

on

and

Tanis,

west

entered

they

Delta,

of

chieflyfamous

it above

after

soon

fine lake

a

assembly

of oil and

mixture

absent

were

the

the

lightsround

and

night

who

times

raised

in the

Stone, named

the

city was

temples of the citywere

Pallas,

of

one

was

stated

At

country.

The

of

large, strongly fortified enclosure

a

called

Romans

held, which

was

Sa

or

due

about

independent

the

vessels

it had

country

bricks.

of crude

and

of

that

conspicuous sightto

Egyptian deities,but chieflyto "Greeks

this

capital of the

It stood

Sais.

branch,

neighborhood. seat

of

B.C., the

660

year

city

Canopic

embankment

an

upon

a

cities

other

many

the

temples, great palaces, public buildings,massive

with

it

thousand, and

hundred

seven

Sa-el-Hagar,

last

the

as

about

the

of

town

religiouscapital,and

stone

in

or

river called

the

modern

was

be

celebrated

the

to

modern

the

some

Sais

said to

children."

was

western

a

where

World.

Ancient

are

Twenty-fourth Dynasty,

the

Empire

Lower

attend

who

women

the

counting

Under

on

and

men

the

of

monarch

king, Necho,

moved gether alto-

wars was

gave

the his

Sai's. attention

and the

Nile

Sea

by

He

both

on

strove

ters, wa-

join

to

and

Red

the

canal.

a

He

Phoenicians,

were

the

among

sailors

in

world,

Gulf

of them

the

Arabian

all the way

the continent

was

around

of Africa to

the mouths This

best

tions; explora-

some

sailed from

the Nile.

of

of the most

one

important

voyages

discovery

of

times.

of

ancient

Necho's

notable

wars

he

most

with

were

Josiah, King whom

who

ancient

the

make

to

and

of

between

Asia.

and

fleets

hired

trade

Sea,

Europe built

great

a

for the Red

the

ing mak-

to chiefly

his country center

15,

of

Judea,

conquered;

and

Nebuchadnezzar, King of

Babylon, by

was

defeated;

him

there

kings

whom

after

several

were

who

he

but

made

some

splendid conquests,

pecially es-

Amasis. won

power and

back

He

part of the lost

of

the

beside

Egyptians; cessful being suc-

in war,

he

prosperous

in peace

governed

his nation

Under more

him

well.

Sai's became

beautiful

important

was

and

than

and

more

it

had

EGYPTIAN

WATER

CARRIERS.

Cities

154

the

his

father

country

Great, in

opened

Alexander's

called

after

held

him,

sea-shore,

about

and

above

the

that

point lay of

advantage Mareotis

their

at

court

Mareotis

from miles

level of the

situation; south, by

done

was

and

commerce

Europe, Asia, and

point of which of white

Nile

at

the

king Ptolemy, inscription: architect

and

Africa

the

"

the

that for

the

for

sixteen be

one

island the

feet

upon

it The

years.

the Gods

who

ordered

the Saviors ;

lettering in the that.

words:

called

As

Sostratus

the

The

he

the

architect

for

the

he

expected, the

mortar

the Cnidiati was

Heptastadium,

the

son

Seven

world.

large square

a

wonders

engrave

filled with fell out

with

the

nificently magof

the

always kept

was

begun

was

to

was

that

north-east

by the first it this

upon "

but

;

mortar, in the

of Dexiplianes,

connected or

in the the

Benefit of Sailors

marble, which

island

seven

It

away.

the

of

center

a

prominent and

so

beacon-fire, which

by ships forty miles

his son,

of

one

for its

so civilization,

It

was

city.

new

intelligenceof

renowned

name.

high, and as

the

Pharos, upon

same

soon

stay in his

be

to

and

most

of

which

to

to

traffic and

of the

at

every

celebrated

It grew

The

the

Persia, he left the

to

on

became

things.

west.

became

looked

seen

by

dike

the

hundred

Saviors,for the Betiefit of Sailors. stone

other

many and

which of

north, Lake

all of

long

not

armies

the and

It had

the

on

plans in regard

Alexandria

years

light-house of

hundred

king's inscriptionon

time, leaving the bold

his his

land

part

Desert.

east;

had

of

the

rock, for the soil

a

Sea

the

of

Nile, beyond the reach

on

Great

toward

led out

carry

soon

ancients

other

the

of

kingdom

sheltered

a

Libyan

Alexander

he

few

a

east

four

rose

Xing Ptolemy, to

secretly cut

substantial

canals.

shore, lay the

famous

finished

of

Egypt,

affairs

tract

was

of the

the

ancient

great conqueror,

narrow

together there, bringing wealth

came

top, could and

of

far distant

to

by

city founded

rock

the

while

but

Mediterranean

stood

it lasted

burning

the

believed

king

the

the

the

and

low

This

a

harbors

of

also

was

in

became

Canopic mouth

It

Dinocrates

learning for the

Pharaohs

for it the

not

fine system

marble, that

built

world;

were

Alexander

its

which

land, but

that

city, founded

of

cityof the great conqueror it,off the

tower

of

dynasties of

the

to

Mediterranean.

sheltered

beauty, and

of

the

new

successfully; in

most

magnificence and

new

Egyptians

the

invasion

Empire,

end

an

of

of the

west

the

architect

Greek

a

the

newly gained territoryof Egypt,

Before

centuries

two

history of

chose

stratum

two

and

a

the

inundations.

firm

the

over

connected

celebrated This

next

the

Persians, till the

nation

He

fourteen

the

on

became

rich home-

Psammenitus empire young Cambyses, the king of Persia, who soon

the

brought

in

only

not

Alexandria.

lake

separated the

the

For

and

large commerce,

a

with

great Macedonian

the

to

independent

The

who

Ptolemies,

of

it.

conquest

epoch

new

a

world.

whole

made

merchants,

world. Great

The

them

World.

king, and

quarrel with

conquered

B.C., united

332

the

be

the

and

became

son

bitter

a

and

Ancient

constantly struggling against the

almost

and

his

from

invaded

died

Amasis

When

inherited

to

tradesmen

before, with many

been

ever

trade.

the

of

to

course

the Gods

cityby

Furlong Mole.

the and

a

On

high the

Alexandria. top

of

this there

was

a

street, which

became

155

popular promenade,

a

island

especiallyafter built up with

was

and

laid

the

city.

here

into

out

the

the

large

from

pass breaks

two

the

or

let

to

harbors

side

basin

had

an

running

it

by the

two

of and

was

lake, and

in

west.

to

the Both were

main

nected con-

that

Canopic

a

ed extendin the

but

mile

across

Mediterranean

to

Mareotis.

In

the

crossed, there

streets

in which

its

This

the

from

Necropolis, or

of

Canopic

a a

that

Gate

to

the

on

the

burial-ground,on

were

wide

and

lined

with

splendid

busy

met

city,

the

Mediterranean

the

in

sarcophagus

streets

thoroughfares

from

other

The

a

of balmed em-

after

lay

stolen,

was

put

place.

chief

the

Alexander

Great

Alexandrians

ran

the

was

and

about

of

waves

gold.

two

were

waters, break-

canal

or

west;

the

by

the

of

the

of which

and

mausoleum

a

pure

of alabaster

The

temple-like edifice, built

handsome

coffin

western

only

was

where

while,

an

large

a

be

to

artificial

which

in squares,

east

washed the

body

which

laid out miles

walls

It

wall, and

Nile.

four

marble.

by

the

to

through

made

was

Chest,

Mareotis

other

magnificent there

the

Kibotos, or

or

through.

go

Eunostos

bathed

a

was

ALEXANDRIA

left in the

citywas

center,

OLD

spaces

arm

the

those

IN

open

direction

from

LIGHT-HOUSE

to

were

west

harbor Vessels

harbor

protected with

of the

other

east

Return.

Lake

about

here

Eimostos,

Safe

with

The

one

lay

them

the Great

the

on

the

On

the

one

within

called

mouth

while

vessels

bay

was

called

of

large

were

and

natural

the

bridges that spanned

raised

of

rated sepa-

harbors.

eastern

Harbor,

suburb

a

Mole

two

largerport,

could

as

The

the

villas

the

thoroughfares^ colonnades

the

Cities

156

distance,and built up with magnificent houses, temples, and publicbuildings. They

whole

intersected

were

On

the west

there;

by side

the

by

included

the

open

gathered from

kings were

the

soon

his

islands

the

and

made

fro past

the

for

the great

boats, and

port

into

breezes

of

all the

learning

as

welcome

and material

broad

the

and

wharves in

guests

at

a

the

Philadelphus, and

his

authors,

example, and and

art,

palace

artists son's

son

gradually raised as

well

as

of

the as

in

of

the

on

his

or

forest

great

the

proclaimed

few

a

in

the

generals who

king, Ptolemy

preserver,

it,made

among

other

B.C., and

generals.

dangers which

off the

his enemies

world.

money

and

work the

years

after

gratitude for

the

Lochias

his

his

with

masts

But

son,

Ptolemy Euergetes,

running

were

Soter

Ptolemy He

was

great historian At

Ptolemy

the

shore

made a

Arrian

greatest surname

III., followed

and

and

by the wit

writer

his court,

II., whose

Ptolemy

the

to

nations,

Many

filled out

been

entertained

or

lined

that

subject.

same

loading and

vessels

slaves

commerce,

lake, harbors, and

street-performers. of

kingdom

new

encouraged

merchandise.

he

the

Its

lined

supplied the on

time;

Alexandria

he

sails that had

known

wars

famous

more

beautiful and

or

Alexander's

of

scientists

ward

300

were

carried

harbors

Alexandria

at

later and

army

the

his

over

or

the

lot when

liked

to

These

general in

his

have

crowds, and

of idlers

groups

the

seas

open

his records for

lake

the

northward

high-banked galleys

Mediterranean.

the

on

standing about

were

piles of merchandise,

out

bor. Har-

ful the beauti-

among

When

year

Soter,

view over

would

title of

the

Great

divided

who

good government;

a

represented in that motley crowd, and

extended

was

Sea.

the

of

surname

foundations

men

in about

the

a

siege of the king of Cyprus. and prosperityfor of peace a time reign was

Alexandria

full of

were

Great

of

Grecian

a

by conquest

the

side

westward

it fell to

only

not

This into the

shore

the

laid the

unloading goods;

as

from

latter part of his He

him

gave

of them

Egypt. soon

of

was

was

empire

empire, took

This

Egypt.

people of Rhodes

canals

were

of

them

the

palaces of the Ptolemies.

the

because

from

and

citywas

the

quarter.

it with

upon

Nile, and

were

talent

dominions

shores

eastern

stood

the

Egypt, others,

and

his

portions of Alexander's

sovereign

The

of

energy

extend

first of

Egypt

of his vast

possession

enough

world,

to

came

government

to

along the

deliverance

of

had

he

received

he

eastern

flutteringsails

were

The

Egypt.

took

realm, but

and

himself

the

Ptolemy

as

trouble; but beset

of

Great;

died, and

conqueror

had

natives

not

Alexander

there

sea-port of the known

every

of

mouths

out

ran

the

on

buildings that

the

Harbor, where

the

breakwater

of

group toward

which

Lochias,

the

natural

a

eastward

sea,

of

waters

As

formed

and

large handsome

The

of

peninsula called

of

part Greek

city.

found

Alexander

that

Jews' District,while the eastern the magnificent Royal or was

the

of the

divisions

parts of the three

various

to

Rhacotis, after the little town

as

which

Brucheum,

narrow

Mediterranean, the

known

lay

north-east the

running

streets

the quarter

was

to

occupied

to

World.

Ancient

the

of

with and

and self, himthe even

scholars, was

Soter's

ing, to a magnificent position in literature,learnand commercial Not far wealth, militaryglory, prosperity.

Cities

158 Egyptians

The

book-makers or

feet more

one

above

taken

sheet and

of

the

or

more

strip

or

the

from

newly

made

would

grow

qualitiesof

innermost

the

it

white

was

that

large and

wealthy

writing-books. called

the

times, and it

of

than

costing more

used

and

present

bound

It

birth, long Arabs.

In

had

its

porticoes, and with

its

is

after

the

vicinityof

much

the

and

of

made

same

in

a

and

vast

their

stage;

were

the

It

was

extensive

a

"

able fashion-

It

was

the

a

cut

where of

time

city was of

the

Greek

into

up of

andrian Alexafter

century

finest

city.

the

It is at the

in

in

Romans

some

Bible.

sixth

and and

the

is called

a

pensive, ex-

very

Greeks

were

the

the

sustained

the

hands

buildings The

great

public halls their colonnaded this quarter

stood

Cleopatra's Needles," the famous

temple Court

of

In

of

fair

many

the

and

manuscripts

and

of

part

those

as

appearance

was

material

until

not

was

version

were

paper

the

papyrus

Museum,

and

use

the

that

Italy.

celebrated

Greek

there

famous

rollers,which

of

most

the

public documents

It

sheets

finest

for the

while

dollar; but

small

latter

gone,

Museum

seats

and a

the

writings,which

When

Alexandria,

largelyin

British

the

were

the

the is

the

stately facade, and

Heliopolis, in front.

rulers;

the

existence of

of

it

temples their sculptured pediments.

grand

on

One

Ptolemies

splendid tiers of the

further

in

now

probably

was

the

capital,with

in the theater

that

books.

up

of

sheets.

popular in the days of

"volume."

that

era

precious curiosities

the

Codex.

the

Christian

the

like modern

Library

among

Christ's

of

in

a

length

number

a

made

a

up

time,

a

the

to

names;

was

most

so

Greece

around

word

the

of

were

other;

twenty

sacred

after

the

was

value

the

wound

have

we

set

cities

but

became

were

with Kash.

flexible; It

about

It

plant.

called

in color.

of

up

covered

reed

a

and

various

the

which

beginning

Alexandrian

from

with

ancient

long strips were

The

volumina, from

pages

rium

ink

according

was

by different

the

was

is whiter

They

paper.

length by glueing

known

its sale until it

manufactories

traffic with

sheets

filmy layersof

the

making

usually made

paper,

often

thin, filmylayerslie

carefully pressed for

any

found

writing.

others, until they made

were

the

made

was

brownish-white

in

they of

imported it in large quantities,and

Romans

after

roll

or

black

or or

immense

edges overlapping each

top of the

on

be

gradually deepen

single sheet

a

of

writing materials

Ptolemies

their

with

of

growing,

for

papyrus

forbade

in red

on

brittle and

of all

of

end; the scapus

it is

number

a

first

stems,

green

used

width

The

sun.

for

ancients

Then

used, but they could

to

usually put

thickness.

while

water

either

they

skin

by side

side

and

and

the

way,

the outer

put crosswise

proper

Egyptian priests,who

were

laid

in the

different

were

made

was

the

stem

end

squares

There

and

stem,

the

own

scrolls used

or

soft

rush, with

is in mud

under

what

are

layerswere

of

papyrus

the rest, and

These

dried

afterward

the

of

another.

one

part, which

bottom

long sheets

like the

is much

now,

rare

than

compact

out

then

is

their

pools along the Nile

it made

from

probably, in

and

and

marshes

plant, and

papyrus

The

long.

ten

and

In the

world.

the

the

plant, which

The

of

of

cultivated

World.

Ancient

paper-makers,

first

the

were

the

of

divine

Justice, the

honors

busy

were

the

paid

Emporium

Ccesa-

obelisks to or

the Ex-

Alexandria.

change, where

merchants

Alexandrian

with

foreign trade, and

with

their beautiful

the great

met

and

the

by

by

many

sea

was

colonnades

tall and

after

which

Gymnasium,

day was

polished granite columns, covered

CLEOPATRA

this

day

159

the

S

market-place, which

filled with

rich

statelybuildings on

sides

transact

so

connected

business

just the

large that

fullyan

eighth of

mile.

a

porticoes, Between

NEEDLE.

was

sculptures and the

to

toward

probably fine the

open

in

the

pictures. It inner

part of

was

the

center,

rounded sur-

overlooked

city,while

Cities

160

seaward

the

blue

tall and

slender

stretched side

masts; toward

out

of

the

of

it is said

and

city.

This

have

been

excepting the capitol of ancient reached

was

from hill

made

steps. divided

off into vaults sacred

The

could

about

pis is said believed

the

vast

have

to

he

been sat

in the

minds

and

Romans

volumes of

the

of

with

of as

other

the it

the

The

unsheltered from here

line

there

of

in

from

groups, east

to

and

In

built

air. of of

There

black

of

through

Rhacotis

at

phis, Mem-

world,

hill,and hundred

a

portico; they

a

the

the

priests,and

offeringsto

the

god.

the

first

and

he

from

men

and

the

of

Ptolemy. the

the

customs

Eunostos,

and

up

human

"

The

the

foot

of

merchandise

long colonnaded to

the burial

by

seen

those

a

far

so

tion direc-

the

Greek,

ground,

the "

in of

with

high piles, fruit fresh

sea-wall

stairs;

being landed,

street or

lined

was

stacked

huge heaps of grain, and at

were

than

land.

same

were

The

retained

ruled

the and

quarters.

were

country

the

of

Serapeum

architect,under a

nected con-

belief

Greeks

or

Sera-

People

somewhat

was

in

eastern

Jews

and

tained con-

for

Grecian

a

Serapis, it

of

statue

were

artistic talent

best

foreign appearance

a

capital of

were

slaves

from

merchandise

drew

awaiting purchasers. west, led

dress

harbor

the

kinds

of

in the

flight of

vicinity of

either

of

by

the

which

the

less of

important

skirted

different

rainless

cargoes

native

by

Apis,

aspect

few

the

was

of

World,"

been

of

votive

Lower

shops had

and

Rhacotis

where

the

were

had

thousands

market-boats, many

and

lounging

city,while emperor,

quays, from

the

and

city that

him

about

shore and

the

a

Macedonian

gathered

wharves

houses

bats com-

quarter

artificial

an

Library, rooms as

Osiris

different

a

Rhacotis

a

that

colossal

by order

entirelyEgyptians;

the

of

parts

possible in

was

of who

streets, and

the

upon

almost

were

cityby

the

the

great

Hades.

or

throughout all Rhacotis, the city had inhabitants

with

Egyptians Pluto

"

the

hand

Serapeum

of

surrounded

and

the

Greece

of

bridges and

to

building

summit

the

decoration

brought

from

gates

the

of

treasure

brought

at

shrine

the

other

catacombs.

tasteful

every

Beside

hand

the

other

any

of

large square

a

its

center, stronglysupported by arches, and

the

like the

and

stores

finer than

on

adjacent parts

cavity in

a

corridors

hundred

three

that

Greeks

and

afford.

for the

apartments

of

with

exquisitestatues

world

in the

was

buildings occupied

with

adorned

level

the

The

It stood

Rome.

and

in the

Serapeum,

magnificent than

more

that, with

palaces the

on

Rome.

or

largerand

even

was

from

races,

games,

the

was

beneath

Ptolemies'

the

the

the elegant and aristocratic was of Canopic Gate, lay the suburb

This the

the

of

hulks

great

of

Hepstastadium,

city.

semicircle

vast

with

and

Pharos,

the

in Greece

as

in Alexandria

to

dotted

the

where

edifice

the

and

the

line glittering

of

the

to

patronized

well

as

into

east, outside

the

to

great Hippodrome,

grandest

end

other

of

tower

led back

swept

towers

long and

the

gleaming

Away

the

almost

were

side

promenades,

Nicopolis, and But

the

Alexandria.

of

palaces and one

wind-swept bay, the great dike

the

its fashionable

part

on

Mediterranean

the

Harbor, ringed with

Great

the

of

waters

World.

Ancient

the

of

or

andria crossingAlex-

necropolis, of the

2, EGYPTIAN

QUEEN.

9, I

ETHIOPIAN

I-I2, SERVANTS.

QUEEN. 13-14,

3, PRIESTESS. NUMIDIANS.

4, TRIEST.

Alexandria.

great

capital.

from

those

It

of the

style,there It

in

was

herself

a

with

Beneath

tus.

where

immense all

a

the

Greek

more were

of

part

of the

one

was

ancient

the houses

inhabitants custom

of 1 1

cities,for beside and

rather

underground with

having

a

led in

than

be

THE

GREAT

cisterns

a

different

character of Grecian

tombs

embalming

establishments.

Cleopatra killed

queen

triumph by the Roman

Augus-

emperor

PYRAMID.

of the

dug

was

bountiful

numerous

extensive

quite

galleriesand

necropolis that the beautiful

in this quarter rock

of

was

the vaulted

shops, and

the Alexandrian

the soft limestone vaulted

largest in Egypt, and

gardens

stingingasp,

161

city there

long galleriesand

were

for

building purposes. in Alexandria that held enough out

supply for household public baths

was

very

There water

bers chamalso

were

to

furnish

bathing. popular, especiallyin the use

and

for

The east-

Cities

l62

ern

its

central

and

quarters; this

palmiest days

people,

who

Egyptians,

had but

from

come

and

there

The

enough

to

pleasure

who

small

of attraction.

There

and

useful,

practiced

were

clothing

and

furniture

sails

ships'

the

into

-

Both

fine and

men

through slaves, and

and

wore

decked of

and

it from EGYPTIAN

rich

ornaments

of In

magnificence

saw

the

it

began

of

one

luxuries; they

and

year

hands

decline.

to

In

and

country

much

ber num-

tering glitin

all

Romans, lowed fol-

that

years

desolation, passing

another;

to

a

metals

of the

the

black

material, and

Alexandria

B.C.,

30

ried car-

by shiny

precious

the

was

were

embroidered

burnished

fell into

it

garments.

bracelets, anklets,

struggles

many

power

the

in

in

but

a

life

new

HIEROGLYPHICS.

sprung

returned, the

of with

then

from

gay

robes

jewels.

and

wealth

on

broidered em-

grown

city,where

litters borne

streets

even

and

was

beautiful

into

gorgeous and

colors

that

the

to

made

themselves

other with

and

delighted

women

the

brought

was

linen

in

Flax

patterns.

fields

Egyptian

woven

ov^="~~2 "p^~^4|" f

handsome

all crafts

glass-blowing

to

there,

worked

that

valuable,

was

precious metals;

found

be

produced

manufactured

was

to

were

in

and

evil.

do

imported;

or

great make

to

to

that

boat-building

from woods

rare

and

all

the

to

fame,

world

the

made

either

was

there,

with

inlaying

that

tists, ar-

occupation,

west,

good,

Alexandria;

at

beautiful

place do

to

nothing

found

be

not

was

large

scholars,

and

win

to

officials,

visitors, on

were

and

and

Jews,

almost

were

trade

east

the

all sorts

great

merchants,

every

south,

teach,

to

almost

was

could

It

learn,

to

money,

^TT^f"\r

and

north

from

of

of

to

there

tradesmen,

"

In

of

Greeks,

households

village.

-people

of

were

Then

countries.

more

or

belonging

slaves

whose

business artisans

went

center

and

women,

or

and

of

and a

a

other

many

million

numbers

largest

fill

men

from

half

thousands

were

rich

other

residents-

by

capital had

all lands.

these

World.

Ancient

followed

was

great Egyptian

beside

wealthy merchants,

and

the

of

chief

ports

of

See

and the

the

forsaken

up.

Alexandria

about

revived;

town

Mediterranean

descriptionof

At

Sea,*

in

"

and

lies beside

Great

Cities

beginning

the now

the

of the

a

modern

ruins

Modern

of

of

this

century

city, which old

World.

Alexandria.

is

merce comone

of

Cities

164 Up

middle

the

to

with

Athens.

upon

the

death

of the

It formed

Alexandria. of

worshiped

was

time

the

Until

by

them

Roman

rise of

the

of

place

line

Cape

in

trades

or

with

Demetrius and

preserver;

quake earth-

an

Bon

from

miles

opposite that

there

northerly

a

is.

now

world, and

ruled

southern

It

was

to

colony,

midway

ancient

the

In

tory promon-

It controlled and

Fair

the

stood

between,

city.

went

Delta.

westerly direction,there

a

flourishing colonies

many

which

headland, called

western

terranean Medi-

of the

of the Nile

west

guarded by

was a

shore

of the

some

great

fair

the

towns

the

on

the islands, and along the shores of the Great Sea. Africa, among original city occupied nearly all of the peninsula, which was considerably broader

west

it

long,

was

The to

and

and

the east

shady resort, and dells

and

low

which cliff,

a

line

of walls.

Bosra,

strongest a

and

Coshon,

part of the

towers, hundred Beside

walls that

city.

over

two

whole

as

out

harbor

It stood

near

two

into

two

The

the

On

fiftyfeet high, consisting of four

above

the wall.

thousand

city was

measuring twenty-three miles around. a mighty standing army always ready

There

in

the land

the

was

for defense

a

side

or

set

were

made

large militaryforce conquest.

it

for twenty

ramparts

pleasant,

a

of

the

sea.

added

was

was

highest

of the

center

that

by the

in sheltered

which

the

stories,and

barracks

line of

a

other

citadel,which

was

Along these enclosures

horses, with

fortified with

two

the

"

was

waters to

the

washed

groves,

blue

citadel

shore

eastern

around.

and This

edge,

quarters,

quarter.

miles

the the

than

closelybuilt

most

square

Megara. gardens and

around

ran

and

and

of

with

The

sea.

open

Mediterranean

almost

was

suburb

defense, divided

was

about

stories

elephants and this,the

the

to

pretty hills that overlooked

the

or

measured

each

rose

the

of natural

sort

city itself

The

long hill,which

by three

a

the

part, laid

most

the

occupied by the busiest

was

known

south, was

upon

was

exposed

portion, which

southern

for the

was,

ravines, or

A

called

the

the

side

bay,

line to

coast

square

one

of the

city;while

of the on

a

portion, with

enclosure

upper

almost

presented

northern

the

part sea

of

coast

till

city lasted

of the

Phoenician

a

a

the

the

on

peninsula many

it turns

as

port

sea

jutting tongue of land, about statelybuildings of the great commercial

and

a

siege of

fierce

naval

fine trade

completely destroyed by

was

capital of

the

was

African

an

coast

while

On

Promontory. best

by the

Muscury,

towers

This upon

deep bay, where

a

the

Alexandria, the greatest

settled

angle made once

had

importance

prosperityand

but

emperors,

Carthage.

was

was

againstthe

and

commerce

Egypt, and

in

kingdom

the Rhodians

The

god.

a

Greek

its

But

risinginto

and

yoke,

them, in gratitude,the title of Soter

from

as

Macedonian

off the

enmity

at

Alexander.

of

sway

a.d.

Tyre and

from an

received

the

greatly increased

and

helped

I.

Ptolemy

he

of the

in 155

its territories the

Greece, under

it threw

and

alternatelyin league

it was

b.c.

of

rest

league with

a

When

Macedonia,

the

World.

Ancient

century

great conqueror,

extended

independence, power.

of the fourth

fell,with

It

the

of

was

with

and

city,on

defended

frequent

stalls for three thousand an

in the

men.

enclosure

city,and

Carthage. It time

was

the

an

easy

city alone

horseback, and

two

for

matter

thousand

chariots.

war

ALEXANDER

whose

they

conquered territorywas were

maintained

by

to

state

raise

forty thousand

out

sent

the

a

hundred

armed The

THE

forces

from

thousand

infantry,one were

drawn

troops:

at

soldiers

thousand from

and

one on

Libyan subjects,

GREAT.

adjacent to Carthage,

tribute

165

from

subject nations, from

hired the

Numidians, rich mines

in

and

slaves; Spain, and

1

Cities

66

and

maritime Cothon

the

inland

side

modern

the

above from

of

the

bay

by

colonies and

Southern

of

oil;

was

obtained; from

rich

metals and

colonies

extended

in

a

There

in

also

was

that

lines of

The

quarter

cities

of

coast

and

the

Eastern

island

of

north

the

large

owed

valuable

in various

sold

Great

The and

Sea,

from

Africa

of

ventured

concealed Beyond the merchants' harbor, and almost This was close haven, the port of the Carthaginian navy.

and

had

mouth

outlet

an

of

the

to

the

From

bay. dike, cutting the naval inner

side

that

those

to

with

of

Ionic

the

all

within

columns,

was

very

ships and the as

thus

the

three

end

of this

the

outlet

made, the haven

small

a

that

hundred

harbor

lay was

ships could

admiral, whose

residence

which

of

thousands

of men,

could

the

small

flanked

lined

on

about

a

the

of the

island

large

mole

city,

at

the

the great

to

ran

On

harbor.

All

all sides

the

with

island.

furnished

were

nades. statelycolon-

within

seventy

these

Strong

feet wide.

it numbered

state

every

view, lay the

heart

the

center.

the

on

visited

by docks, corresponding

be accommodated was

great Phoenician

its

from to

merchants'

in the

still

are

docks, chains

The

navy

hundreds

of

But kept up, like the army, at enormous expense. well afford it,for her people were famously successful in business,

commerce

enterprise extended

reached

and

a

the

city.

markets.

the

city and

island

was

island, which

entire

the

east, between

was entrance, only powerful; in the great days of the Carthaginian

government

they

western

off from

the

across

their wonderful This

so

and

two

sight of the

drawn

were

enclosure

surrounded

Between

the

haven

the

on

sea

fish that

Azores, Britain, and

Baltic. inner

Morocco

celebrated

Carthage

the

to

Carthaginian

where

the

reached

"

supply

corn

negro-slaves,

the

Oriental

and

direction

were

Spain various

sent

tunnies,

fishery of

merchantmen

even

of

a

the

Sardinia

from

with

a

on

From

great

city

pits

was

Sicilythere

the

allegiance to

Levantine

Here

southern

coast

salt

startingout

honey; "

north-west

basins

protected

near.

of

Carthage,

goods, ships communicated

Other

Mediterranean. the

of

and

the great

extending in the other

commerce

slaves

sulphur; and

came

over

a

and

with

natives, who

the

adjacent land

more

for these

long line

caught in the Mediterranean

the

to

return

with

the

before

the

on

the

was

shore.

the

ports far and

from

were

by

harbor,

loaded

be

to

up

brought,

was

In

enormous

finelyprotected

far from

out

cargoes

from

or

quantities.

is, keeping up trade

now

drawn

Lipari Isles

the

in great

gold

that

wax

the

marked

now

merchants'

or

running

their

distance

short

brought.

were

outermost,

were

Italy

Corsica

from

lying a comparatively

cloths

boats

site is

bay, whose mole

or

well-arranged and

two

were

discharge

to

or

from

citadel,for the Carthaginian harbors

The

pier

along which

spacious quay, Greek

broad

a

trading expedition, wine

There

Tunis.

city of

import-dutiesreceived

from

great land-locked

a

World.

Ancient

by the city.

of the

north-west

peninsula.

of the

lower

controlled

trade

the

lay to

side

tipper on

foreign colonies, and

of

products

other

the

of

barbarous

was

proved. to

other

African

lines,besides:

tribes

that

lived

by

caravans,

inland

or

as

well

along the

as

western

by ships, coast,

Carthage. and

to

hides, ivory,gold

for

exchange

and agriculture,

supplied

the

up

for

nation;

in the

of hired

in revolt

that

was

when

they

given

were

the

few

to

freedom whose up

to

their

will.

country,

being the

soul This

unless

Adjoining

and

lower

whole

kind the

not

abilities

of the

of

leaders

the Cothon

THE

on

who

to

were

the

best

But

there

of

were

of the

for money

use

some some was

army instead

liable to break

were

it

territory, they

large part

State

that

of out

GREAT.

wanted

the south

not

their

by

be and

head

the

the

but

the

a

few of

mass

oligarchy,is

just, unselfish at

people, their

together as

state; upon

an

of the

establish

allies

looked called

government,

the

at

did

bring

to

the

were

nation, and happen

so

to love Carthaginians,having no reason in the weak point oppressive. Another government,

classes,and try

attention

gained possession

fought

in the

interest

made

in

cotton

garden,

a

small

a

Sea. a

who

men

ALEXANDER

and

severe

or

that

was

of

paid great

like

was

Great

the

on

serious

and dissatisfied,

all; they did

interests

for the

became

also

colony

itself

continent, and

own

great

no

OF

great aristocrats

overbearing toward

state

mercenaries,

MEDAL

them,

their

of the most

having

men

the

flourishing places one

called

troops,

These

cause.

a

and

Phoenician

Thus

cloth

woven

cultivated

territorywas

of their

wilds

the

among

important

most

places

made

their

wanted.

and

arms,

slaves; they

negro

opportunities,and, although

planted colonies of

people

the

and

dust

of

whole

the

food

all the

of all their

weak

trinkets,saddlery, pottery,

traded

them

with

167

foot

and of the

a

leaders men

very

principlesof

on

citizens

and set

as

and

haughty

were

state

free men, themselves

servants

bad

thing

to

for

do a

public-spirited Bosra, lay the Carthaginian men.

1

Cities

68

which

Forum, and

other

and

to

various

other

with

worshiped

Dido,

could

more

with

The

it,Elisa

should

try

Bosra, and

bull," king for

hide.

hide

small

tract, which Work

After

where

sides

nearly at

became

years a

the

says

of the

and

more

to

Dido:

end

the

a

This

was

foundation

of

While

mountains, while

the

and

made

be

to

"the

was

with

work

to

men

streams

sky

feeds

sprang

hide

ian Numid-

the

enclosed

by a cutting the

at

surround

Rome.

than

^Eneas

in

the

sea,

stars,

which

about In

society

flow to the

Carthage,

up,

probably

traveler

upon

called

was

hospitalityand

beautifully expressed "

end,

city,which

storm-tossed the

to

word

could

as

her

set

once

her

case

country, this citadel

this

much

Dido,

peninsula

the

fortified in

bargaining

was

as

of

coast

large

a

peninsula.

colonies.

before

enjoying

at

mother of

They

called

now

he

who,

beautiful,

north

upon

safely

in the

Dido

Elisa,

give

to

before

the

the

on

there

became

sail.

set

was

Tyre,

senators,

leave

to

king, and and

meaning

flourishingstate

a

glad Here

sea,

custom

that when

building

story of the

and

never

entire

on

Phoenician

is "

once

queen,

hundred

was

yEneas

Utica.

Greek

fastened

were

the

dissatisfied

were

Numidian

the

the

The

princess agreed; and

begun

being built

gratitude

After

story told

a

thongs, which

Aeneid, there

then

was

of

overlooking

them.

of

lived

But

ships lying in port, and who

and were

these

Pygmalion

wealth.

westward, they landed

from

fortification.

there

all othei a

a

of

Sea, and

brother

hundred

and

heroes

Elisa, princess

was

sun.

wind

deities,and

famous

most

arrogant

people,

colony

land

the She

the

as

of the

Many become

Mediterranean

three

fleet of

long voyage

citadel

of

such

whom

to

as

appear

elements,

have

to

forefathers, the

Moloch,

was

to

of his brother-in-law's

thousand

piece of

disturb

embraced

near

the

city gates,

by murdering her husband, in order

unhappy

Phoenician

a

the

The

Dido and

Tyre

a

the

city. her

god

heaven.

piece of land, he said she might have

was

City."

his death

a

of

of the

After

seized

of

One

the

shore

several

built

to

sacrifices.

of their

supposed

believed

conspiracy with

a

the

or

so

a

bullock's into

the

to

some, here, large,hand-

were

that

great

was

vault

eastern

Tyreans,

from

Sicily,she

called a

harbors,

state

as

Their

goddess

also

get possession

and

fugitive,"bought

brother was

the

founded

very

formed

treasure

far

the

to

of other

not

opposite

the

and

power

off the

Africa,

by colonnades, temples

the

the

same

who

sky, or

and

Dido

tyrant-ruledcity.

but

of fire.

the

king.

was

poor

number

a

carried

and

have

to

city on

father

made

find

of

honors said

was

the

much

sacrificed; and

god

divine

who

her

as

ruler, and himself

of

temples

very

stars

were

the

Phoenician

great

long

it to

leading from

Carthaginian history were

of

Queen

surrounded

Hercules, Astarte,

were

Esmun,

heroines

of

captives

deities

rain; and

*'

worship of the

a

and

Other

market-place

magnificently adorned.

Phoenicians, children

World.

chief

The

quarters.

Ancient

roads

Carthaginian religion was

The

so

open

an

buildings with

beautiful

and

the

probably

was

the

of

the

New

rivaled

soon

870 B.C.,

"

or

where some-

of Virgil's great poem landing at Carthage "

of

Dido.

great

while

always

It is said

Latin

shadows honor

and

that

poet's lines, along praise shall

creep

Carthage. be

thy

to

modest

answer

hundred

history of

I

myself

coast;

Carthaginians

the

of the

larger part descendants. attention

Xerxes,

in his

and

have

main

the

allies of

African of

at

that there invaders

the

coast, and

contented

leaving

laid

they

so

the

his

The

general between

plans for adding the whole

of

Their

island this

invasion

made

he

attack

had

nothing from

men

upon as

do

to

the great

Dido.

Sicilians

three

For

and

the

Greeks, to

but

years

Carthaginians; towns

on

in about

410

Sardinia

and

after

they had

successful, but

ships

professed

seventy

manufacturing

the

of the

most

afterward

their

reduced prize,their army was partiallydestroyed, and their people much able For to keep a part. they were a couple of centuries, sometimes only

the B.C.

other

obtained

by plague, in peace,

sometimes

with war, Carthage kept this hold in Sicily, while her conquests steadilyincreasingand adding to her power, wealth and fame. Notwithstanding the treaty, which was twice renewed, this nourishing rival was

and

help,

island, it was

the

Xerxes

turned.

their

an

of

republic of

obtained

people

of

fertile island

was

infant

defeated;

The

that

to

great

a

their

deal

of all nations

thousand

was

Greek

holding

the

about.

did

the

with

themselves remainder

was

or

leadership of Hamilcar, the first

the army

the

have

to

that

true

slain.

they

Phoenicians

were

invaded

they

the were

them, because Phoenicians, and the

been

the eyes

hundred

Sicily,under

name.

spirit,as

feud

when

Persians

quered con-

they called

as

treaty with

which

perhaps it is

of

possessions round the

employ,

since

failed,it called

a

480 B.C., three in

that

and

deadly

the

cityon

colony

thwarted

port, toward

and

Panormus

at

a

maritime

is said

civil war;

a

worshiped was

of Dido's

thus

general

great

had

Tyrians

into the

By

about

was

having

conquering Greece, invade to plan for them Sicily,while

a

destroyed, and

god

a

after

and

the

for

generals of

great

captured

in

landed

state

children,

B.C., it made

500

to

It

came

and "

reply:

of Persia

the

had

he

own

out

grown

rate, in the year

any

their

on

marked

a

beautiful

more

wretched."

Carthage

prize of

Carthaginians said, that

The

faction

several

him

mighty

land.

it;but

with

about

scheme

arranged

one

In

city.

beautiful

expedition

after became

soon

no

Cambyses

sailors,whom

had

the

that

the

succor

Mediterranean.

the

war

which

to

the affairs of

Tyrians, and

been

nation

the

to

to

had

Although

and

Rome,

make

to

how

that

the

Phoenician

the

but

refused navigators,

no

time

gain

it is said

and

;

learned

have

to

me

grateful testimony,than the fair Queen's

a

surrounding

world

Egypt, resolved African

to

'

'

call

after Dido's

years

the

given

ever

was

distress

knowing three

lands

whatever

name,

69

1

where else-

were

than

the

of the was

to

so

open

arrogant

nation

Carthaginian fleets roused war.

settlingsome Another

Roman

that

as

endure.

they secretlyhoped

Presentlythey trouble

party asked

could

they happened found

between

a

an

and

the

Ostia

Roman

colony

in

and

two

armies

troops

went met

which

the

kingdom

speedily,while and

in

their

no

jealousy

might give

appealed

were

grandeur

the

seen

Tarentum,

come

Sicilyand

help of the Carthaginians,which

They finallyappeared, however,

they had

once

lay off

opportunity would

this,when

robber

When

to

more

to

of Rome

rise

for aid

in

Syracuse.

delayed.

great friendliness,for

Cities

jyo

Romans'

the

was

determined Punic

nation,

upon

would to

last for

over

state, in the and

back,

with

experienced

of

paying

the

without had

the

found

until the

to

her

the

enterprise most

a

rich

and mines

Soon

enemy and there

leave

his

to

so

you

go

governed

grow

It

in the

mercial com-

her

at

and

vast

up

you

his

out

the

was

skillful

statesman

to

successful, too, that

so

of all the

southern

of the

after

He

old

a

his

founder's

founding

in

all ways

flourishingand alarmed

became

part of the

like

threw

kingdom,

a

plined disci-

of his son-in-law

endeavoring

establish

his

and

country

wise

the

new

and

Rome

up

Rome.

against raised

was

make

to

large peninsula,

well-

see

with

her its

soldiers.

another

rupture,

for

deeds

that

Carthage,

which

plan

nation,

sovereign.

plans, consolidating the New

his

where

it in the able hands

eight years

who nary ordi-

but

Barca,

power

resources

trulynoble

died, left For

celebrated

and

a

had

winning qualitiesmade

and

immense

like

Italy,with

Shortly after

of his

wealth

Carthage, prisoners

worse.

formidable

people

up

he

a

even

Carthaginian dominion,

the

when

and

power

over

power

Hannibal.

son

the

of his young behind

nine-year-oldson earnestly

sides

surnamed

was

been

for

Hamilcar,

Both

war.

who

have

establish

the country

possession

prime

the

opened

and

work,

general

hardy was

restoring the

of the

close

would

extended

He

was

in

especially famous Hamilcar

and

Roman

militarycommander

the

Hamilcar,

young

genius, his

carried

organized kingdom. rival

the

increase

in all ways

which wise

with

Sardinia, and

his young

of to

that

glory, but

it and

Carthaginian territoryin Spain,

and

Hasdrubal

possible

lightly

her

defeat

naval

a

lying between

silver,and

of

made

in

ended

islands

the

would

successful.

and

and

the

talents was

to

went

which

soul into the great

one

to

the

wars

Africa

command

defeat

he

death,

Spain

of all ages,

for

and

of

great general, while

towns,

with

called

of

maritime

powerful

a

the

and

Hasdrubal,

series

a

him

armies,

whole

territoryand

until toward

Sicilyand

loss of

vast

entered

resources,

twenty-four years,

peace

for

he

war,

militarywisdom

His

north

of the

Senate

was

perhaps

age,

they

appearance

But

empire,

an

a

into command

of the

close

to

the

thousand

Then

lightning.

means

lasted

three

over

come

leaders

and

Sicily, they

landed

tongue

desperate conflict,not

a

Carthage

power

general of

Sicilian

her

ransom.

not

height

war

loss of

the

her

of

in

had

they

which

breach,

open

armies."

first Punic

The with

"

an

the first step to

but

finallybecome

nation.

Roman

first

the

and

haughty

that it was

foresee

not

century,

a

life of the

the

save

could

The

made

in their Latin

that

now

rival,which

Carthaginian general

the

upon

This

combat.

opportunity; and

their African

Phoenicians.

is the

that

struggle; it

Syracuse, fell

of

unlooked-for

an

with

war

king

the

desired

long

to have

the

in

him

defeated

and

Hanno,

driving back

after

Romans,

the

World.

Ancient

the

of

the

will be

father an

enemy

is known

which of

the

manhood in the

the

You

that great

may,

nation

if you in the

Spain,

the

he

When

expected

little fellow

will

promise

North,

which

and

War,

Hannibal.

for

mother-city; but "

Punic

Second

setting out

was

fair

hesitated. to

as

Carthaginian general

is old to

pleaded

that when covets

our

Cities

172 figure the portrait, which Great

as

dreaded

the

by

facts

the

"He

crossed his

cautious

had

Rome

and

danger

was

all there

But

damages.

was

state to

jealous of

by so

tracked

to

from

island

The shore

there

very

capture

support.

and

ened threat-

in the battle

met

Spain, Sardinia to

ten

ships; all

Rome's

sent; con-

indemnity, or

Carthage; since that

of

their

Romans,

in the

hands

friend

and

and so

great

who

great

enemy;

laid

snare

a

Carthage

had

fear;

to "

entirelydestroyed,

the

they were

Syria,but

himself.

of all Rome

citywas

her

of

sort

all

was

men

fled to

he

poisoned

he

rid herself

of

heroism; and

that

the

contest.

poor

without

war

as

to

in Africa

again

war

tained mainto

proud spiritof old Hamilcar's

support

the

but

gave

reduced

paid

be

oligarchy was

foes, that

lived,

unequal

an

generals

was

to

go

the

had

she

unable

was

was

two

navy

break

but

rapidly,and

that

the

about

branch

a

became

soon

cities; it

of the

most

every

cruelest

great

story is told that

of the

one

it

In

one

the

for

ruled

was

tyrant that

ever

and

time

the

was

had wit.i

so

victim

of

caused

the

portion

He

for fear of

a

man

third of

Grecian

poet

B.C., it

Greek has

name

It

of ancient

public buildings,and

century the

It

Dorians.

the

prosperous

its

of

by the celebrated

by Phalaris, whose lived.

and

its southern

Agrigentum.

was

people, called

grandeur

early part of

On

Carthage.

of which

powerful

most

entertaining himself he

from

Grecian

called

was

the

miles

greatest

magnificent cityin any

armies; at

of

of his dominions

man

aid of hired

hundred

celebrated

was

cities."

largestand

a

important places, the

early part of its history it

death

by

his

years' war

582 B.C., by

fairest of mortal the

as

to

of the

that

century after its foundation

a

the

the

doing

Sicilywas several

in

Mediterranean within

of

were

founded

grew

"

not

object

ever

of all commanders.

independence.

her

nobility,genius,

hands

the

four

a

up;

the

justly

ambition."

Roman

was

in

effort

more

in

The

to

not

he

It

him

to

home.

money

the

would

place by

to

and

not

Hannibal's

into

place

against him,

turned one

him

deliver

of

down;

and

Rome,

citywas

withal

Scipio landed

improve the condition

run

was

and

When

given

fate did

to

beside

were

ages.

Spain, for fifteen years again and again, opposed

but

his country

and

generals that greatest

courage."

one,

called

great deal

a

willing to submit they

only

was

the

this sad

even

the

left; but

which

was

and

began right away

He

'

future

to

from

Romans

needed.

lost his army,

broken,

was

last of

had

he

the

be

to

march

and

steadfastness

foreign possessions were

militarypower

son.

five months'

a

generals; Carthage

Hannibal

all the

him

pronounced

city itself,Hannibal

old

the Zama.

down

ablest

the

defeating Italyitself, and the daring Marcellus,

Roman

many

hand

to

Maximus

there

Wherever

of

two

esteem;

the

subdue

to

or

after

Alps in

ground

Fabius

Rome,

of

the

them

as a soldier,beloved by his troops, and stands forth an people of the ancient world, Hannibal

warlike

most

and highest admiration Napoleon and Wellington, both of

forced

have

World.

Ancient

supremely great

statesman,

a

the

the

of

Pindar,

was

dominions. handed

been

ably probIn

down

reigned for sixteen years, putting to being rivaled,extending his territory with

named

most

atrocious

Perillus

to

make

cruelties. a

The

great bull of

Syracuse. brass, in which

deed, and

inhuman

down

handed

suddenly attacked.

to

never

great

so

The of

by Archias, with

isthmus, established on

that

in

the

cityand

celebrated

consisted

of the

mouth

the

This sheltered

castle

a

"

side

by

called

by the Greek

splendid statues,

Ode

to

Aphrodite This

was

state, he

to

entertained

at

public

north-west

of of

was

agora

which

of the of

their

it

the

assemblies

the

chief and

of

"

receive

a

was

had

north

and

fleet of

great

lay

the

the

was

It

was

ships.

ground, on

the

which

north

This

overcome.

city,containing

lyricsthat

was

city, where

Prytaneum,

Port,

west.

Syracusan navy, stood "outer city" defended

of the

to

dinners:

island

in circumference.

strong

figure of the Greek

a

several It then

Little

the

as

half

of the

west

five miles

bay

interest and

Anapus.

the

on

Mediterranean

places in the

to

long,

land; and

large

formation

in the

a

when honored

whose

in any

the

magistrates

any

one

did a

came be-

hall,

town

or

written

with

in east

quarter

Sappho,

poetess ever

was

and

market-place

the

temple of Zeus, the Prytaneum,

beautiful

had

a

of the

mile

River

the

on

impossible

of any

one

They

Sicily;here

importance and

the

natural

far west.

they powerful city of all

and

main

the

to

Peloponnesean

the

of

coast

only

days in 700

time

some

in the

other, known

the

the

palmy

after the

city of

of

Above,

toward

great

it fell under

that is

about

harbors,

natural

they

southern

again, although

rose

rose

center

mouth

wharves

almost

most

invited

was

to

they made

first places

the

War

Rome,

main-land

main-land. and

thicklysettled

one

one

the

and

protection

that

one

is

Prytanes held the

the

name

service

the

docks

wall

most

with

To

the

stout

a

largest and

the

south, and

Punic

famous

was

the

Port;

the

soon

location

large and splendid

Great

it

eastern

the

fine

two

cope

most

be

with

But

the fair a

the

the

at

spacious enough

was

places very steep; high, solid sea-wall

some was

the

on

and

very

citadel,fronting the

or

land

the

on

a

the

Ortygia, overlooking

On the

Laccius,

was

called

was

by the island

called

also

river

find

the

of the

one

was

people, that

Carthaginians had

to

as

extended

by,

near

with districts,

of five separate

from

to

Ortygia soon

was

peninsula,

the

on

out

became

Greeks.

broad, but the settlement

mile

set

all the

which

time

same

finallyto

grew

Sicilian

the

this

For

Girgenti.

of

Ortygia, near

colony, which

a

the

Syracuse,

was

He

of

After

of

course

countrymen,

island

to

in 405.

town

the

about

his

island, and

of

history

large quarters

at

of

the

the

cities

Corinthian.

the

upon

a

founded

was

noble

a

In

occupied by

number

a

finally settled

a

It

Agrigentum.

B.C.,

beauty.

hateful

unable

were

destroyed

of all Sicilian

famous

most

and

so

death.

to

people

and

now

him

Sicily,Agrigentum

of

thousand

sacked

power

site is

The

Romans.

him

first victim.

name

as

made

put

masters

hundred

city was

The

forces.

cruelties

His

become

to

Its two

cruel

as

indignationand

in

rose

their minds

up

byword,

conduct.

"

and

his

for

73

has been of the tyrant of Agrigentum Phalaris," is the last degree of comparison

it,the

like

others

many

a

as

inhuman

for

people alive, seizing Perillus

roasted

he

1

a

guage. lan-

called

special

reception, and

expense.

of

the

outer

city,there

were

new

quarters

called

Tyche

and

Cities

174 Neapolis, which Between

them

the

westward

from

about

and

grove

ground of

temple

and

ground,

New

for

partly

adjoining district of amphitheater

Grecian

of

that

is, it was

many

in

it

He

was

state

wise

a

and

and

time,

about

stately and place poet,

Pindar

An

a

series

the Greeks

set-back

in

a

From

the

called

a

oligarchy, a democracy,

democracy

Gelon, named

Hieron

administration

of

pride

who

were

was

the

II., was for the

and

and

but

government a

great

last

in

chariots won

the

on

effort

of

Athens

naval

her

king.

city and

her

from the

at

pulsing re-

their

empire

sway

quished. utterlyvan-

was

nearly

over

ruler

Dionysius

had then

serious

a

ful. success-

constantly changing between

was

the

last of the third

opened

state.

was

the state

disturbance, and This

victory in

for

the

long, and

of

court

grand land-fight,

a

force

But

again before

the

down-grade In

another

Syracusan king

brilliant

a

attractive

and

at

at

only fair,

an

Athens,

of the

And

not

entertained

was

"

kept

ance import-

her

state, but

a

it from

sole governor.

Toward

Gelon.

Hiero.

or

became

Syracuse

Syracuse spread

Syracuse

called

progressive government

same

domain, especiallyunder

of

tented discon-

486; but before

increased

Hieron,

militaryand

she tried

powerful

large and

a

irretrievablylost.

considerable

chosen

the

visited

the

"

of rich and

city and

now

power,

her

despotism.

made

B.C.,

by

Like

oligarchy,

an

statesman

great

flourishingas

won

Tyrant, meaning

and

Syracuse

was

famous

writers

Athenian

the

the

in power

and

mere

villas,aqueducts,

of Arethusa.

reign the Syracusans

"It

says:

Carthage;

beginning then

this

rich cities to

many

was

burial a

Carthaginian enemie's, and

death, the

ground

a

theater, temples and

palaces and

revolution

a

the

iEschylus

decisivelyfought

years

his

of Grecian

Athenians,

historian

was

struggle with the

who

victories

of sea-encounters

Sicily,adding

I.,whom

an

it

the

during many

Then, all of

from

off the

of

Fountain

number

a

sacred

from

of the

people formed

size of

the

celebrated

During

English

world, and

in

warded

rich

into

ran

the

partly for

greatest

of

rule of

the

at, powerful

the

the

small

out

fifth century

greatest

upon

contests.

attack

an

and

broke

After

the

The

the

odes

wrote

of

look

to

of

one

"

Olympian

power.

which

walls.

city,containing the

the

the

stretch

marshy used

was

Neapolis grew

were

A

of

mass

brother,

middle

the

literaryculture.

Hiero, and

of the

by

on

beautiful

for

his

of

there

persons.

the

military prowess.

carried

was

the

few

a

democracy,

a

was

early government

popular leader, who abroad; who extended

in peace

in wealth

this

of

which

spring called

peaceably flourishing again under

was

the

hands

the

party, called

long

colonies, the

everything, while

managed

families

rather

many

quarters

famous

a

and

finest parts of the

rock, and

in other

and

Ortygia,

of the

solid

and

magnificent baths,

low

a

first rise

of the

foot

religiousprocessions.

one

the

public buildings. Here that

to

was

and

and

games

of

Syracuse;

the

near

the

Epipolae, which

of hills called

summit

the

to

There

City,

Ortygia

out

cut

of

Apollo.

Neapolis, the

between

gently

rose

the center

within

enclosed

suburbs, but afterward

first unfortified

at

were

World.

Ancient

the

of

A

a

a

century

descendant

long, peaceful and

treaty

was

made

with

B.C., of old perous pros-

Rome,

Syracuse. and the

for

nearly fiftyyears the mistress

South.

During the second

against their old enemy

Punic

Carthage.

In

of

the

War 216

North

their

75 had

a

faithful

assistance

B.C., the

wise

old

to

Rome

allyin was

this master

of

willinglygiven

king died, leaving a united

PATMOS.

state, and

a cityof grandeur and power linked the Roman to state; but the connection his easily broken followed, and transferred by fooiish young Hieronymus who laid a to Carthage. Rome allegiance at once In scorching indignation and swift hatred was

1

7 6

Cities

determined

siege, if

time,

less himself

and

the

that

used

glasses

he

beside

to

harm

grieved, wns

small

village istamus

no

as

a

Syracuse, a

to

which

now

the

on

main

was

the island.

drew

he

all almost ancient

to

great

him;

a

sword

his

other

and

noble

killed

him.

enemy's cities

perhaps

destroyed

completely which

has

Rome, by

become

the

a

given

this it

orders

a

grand

was

From

grave.

soldier

sank

Saracens.

peninsula

reward

old

man

this

knowing

not

Marcellus

under

entered,

was

offered

the

by

siege

Roman

a

even

ordered

soldier

their

had

army,

that

true

city

saw

force

burning

of

means

the

and

philosopher, the

are

which

much

so

turned

time

besieging

the

There

certainly

and

desk

refused,

Sicilian

Ortygia,

his

is

by

when

problem

a

of

Archimedes

over

Like

the

safely when

monument

great.

importance, there

and

up

it

long

a

with

drop

devoted

engines,

huge

fire

on

for

from

head

the

befall

to

him

on

looked

at

them

made

but

and

bay,

work

at

he

was

allowed

bring

prisoner,

built

and

longer

until

let vessels

other

exaggerations, at

enemy

he

city.

in

city

the who

native

his

that

and

water, set

be

deeply

so

who be

of

the

it

of

should

genius

great

was

should who

along

go

t.ie

He

the have

may

kept

Marcellus,

one

any

These

nothing

know

to

is

conquered

Archimedes,

defending

for One

of

out

said

also

he

genius

him.

no

entirely

sun.

blockade.

a

that

the

great

contrivances.

his

have

mathematician

inventions

of

would

She

years.

the

to

World.

Ancient

two

for

genius

is

he

in

wonderful

that

to

not

ships

sunk;

for

been

told

Roman

they

lasted

great

stories

lifted

into

which

had

his

wonderful

his

it

the

of

time

was

much

very

Syracuse

to

a

of

town

is

There linked

by

a

an

ARABIA.

THE

arm

three

divisions.

the

as

the

of

of

sorts

two

boundary

north-western

and

western

Petraea, lines

of

south-western

people,

nomadic

precisely

Arabia

while

times

the

roving,

but

as

all

and

the

tially parland

population

the

now,

Petraea

fertile

the

was

and

Desert;

reckoned,

settled

other

the

included

Felix

the into

geographers

Deserta,

Deserta

ancient

In

or

at

and

Syria

Gulf,

ancient

by

Stony; all

country;

interior,

the coasts.

one

not

the

Persian

the off

the

or

were

of

part

and

Sea

portioned

was

were

regions

Red

the

Ocean

These

sandy

unexplored

between

Indian

the

Their

Happy.

known

of

of

western

the

Felix, was

peninsula

oblong

vast

in

living

was

cities

or

towns.

Nomads

The part

of

the

antiquity; deal that a

thousands

peculiar

their

and

had

but

of

made

the

the

now

The

with

land

them of

luxuriant

time,

a

The

became

covered

very

prominent

the

situated many

led

The But

everything

date

to

palm winter

the in

among

they

fertile

was

and on

villages.

position

it wherever

Sabaeans

were

their

and

kept

Sabaeans, important

the

wealth

ancient,

civilization

among

and

Felix,

Arabia

Sheba

of

great

a

monarchy

Saba,

or

nation;

trading oasis

large

Their the

in

after

of

powers

important

most

faith,

themselves

Himyarites,

the

or

called

wealthy

very

was

nations

extend

plentiful.

people

with

civilized to

Yemen

their

military to

one

confinement.

freedom,

great

they The

progress. of

that

a

This

land

destroying 12

was

state.

the

from

rove

of

sort.

any

their all

nearly

and

tents,

disliking

because

them,

world's

the

country

and

vegetation. most

in

Mareb.

with led

were

after

in

commerce

enterprise

at

fruitful

Sabaeans

Their

kings,

capital a

this

of

in

maintained of

assaults

known

share

powerful

early

their

even

in

and

little

hardy,

but

Arabians

the

live

but

homes,

no

and

the

years

very

small

a

have

brave

against

is

flourished

ever

prosperous

one

of

customs

there

but

who

another,

to

country

for

Bravely and

tribes

the

are

Jowf,

they

which

cultivation

is

place

half-barbarous

Arabs. and

themselves,

their

went.

delightful.

flourished torrents

path.

and would

Houses,

The noble sweep

wide orchards down

harvests,

plain and the

was

covered rich

valley

vineyards ,;;

yards vinetime and

Cities

178 orchards

swept

were

valley, until

length

at

extending

from

blocks

marble

of

and

Mareb

Thus

richest

wealth.

that

trade

spices and

of

in

wood

was

these

ancient

with

gold

and

necklaces

was

considered

life of

had

writer

noses.

which

the

gathered all that

was

ancients in

Saba,

and

gathered

the

warm

cook

of

were

other

their

so

of smell

set

articles

upon

aside

the

backs

for the

immense

to

gold, perfumes,

with

metal

the

palace-homes

had

and

studded

filled every

that

it

iron.

usual

in

production

every

vegetation of corn, and

with

grew

wild

was

of camels

deity of

Saba.

and the

into other

cles artitrees

natives

the

goat's hair celebrated

under

incense,

quantities were

lands.

writers

could

and The

that

Immense

Old

that

wine

cinnamon.

fragrance

by burning pitch

that

ment. apart-

bracelets

abundant

so

of

pillarsglistening

vases

was

were

spicy cinnamon

mantles, beautifullywrought precious

in

than

utensils

of all kinds

largely in religiousceremonies.

carried was

sense

of

ivory, crowned

perfumed

so

in

and

gems,

cassia, incense, myrrh were

with

largest

plentiful here

houses

decorations

yieldingthe

gales

the

addition

commonest

The

abounded

balm,

navigators

intercourse

the

was

more

their with

food.

Yemen

or

pendence inde-

they exported frankincense,

stately halls

their

and

only

the

that

silver,brass

principal

the

used and

Saba

but

freshen of

than

says

food,

One

doors

soil not

The

gums,"

frequently to

to

richlyembroidered The glisteninggems.

and

were

relate

wore

gold

common

their

The

less valuable

happy.

odorous

"wept

for fires to

trade

articles

fairlyencrusted

were

sculptures and

women

of

ancient

One make

valuable

and

Men

vases

silver.

and

jewels,and

records

ance appearthe

to

education,"" art, literature, public

of their

these

to

their

famous

self-respectin in

and

inhabitants.

through controllingabout

and

city, lofty

sluices

of

devotion

were

a

universe."

princely in

ideas, while

substances, which

Ancient

use

and

the This

the

of the

Their

spirited:they

bulk

The

brow

great

hundred

a

of

a

presented

number

great

as

power.

expended

in addition

princes, and

merchant

the

on

lake

gardens

the

their

polish

were

living.

and

world.

every-day

streams,

a

and

travel

them

gave

Sabseans

silver;their

noble

up

valley,

with

and

its side.

on

a

broadened

costlybalsamic

other

and

gold

with

lands

in luxurious

part of the

other

any

of the

precious stones,

and

myrrh,

kept

world,

in the

and

improvement,

brave

the

great height above

a

and

diadem

raise

to

across

bars,

valley into

commercial

they gained through

riches

The

iron

their houses

fields,and

cities,a

and

them

days; visitingother

foreignnations

the

several

the

of

in their wealth

country

by

with to

rose

built

him

built

fertile

fair and

of solid masonry,

was

people, unusually large and

noble

a

of

houses,

mistress

the

were as

of their for those

"

fed

was

the

to

became

actions

and

and

This

depth.

Sabaeans

The

It

people

the

twenty miles

or

its waters

conducted

of

many

fifteen

in

feet

twenty

that

It

clamped

and

the

bethought

rhole,or dike, was

another.

to

bitumen

with

visited

Lokman,

or

great

against the destroying waters.

converted

dike

A

mountains

cemented

strong

so

was

floods.

destruction

again

kings, Saba

the

ridge of

one

barrier

strong

of

one

sweeping

against these

barrier

and

Again

away.

World.

the Ancient

of

One-tenth

say that

the

of

shrub

Aden.

it

which

from

infested

reach, and

employed

held

sailors

great

pains

into

the

other

The

half

of

to

b.c.

the

Arabian

rulers

of

the

power

of Yemenite

in Arabia as

a

in 529

that

that

the

and

to

The

is not

hard

so

Arabs or

and

to

dangers of

the

given

was

Arabia,

conquer

spread

another's

went

tion civilizaof

one

their

richlyladen

so

married

him; but

to

probably

was

queen

was

hands.

their

Balkis,

afterward

countered en-

In

quantities.

and

celebrated

gold

the took

were

luxuries.

into

that

that

say

the

nation

riches,but

of

flow

say

Egypt,

enormous

Sheba, that

was

The

true.

in

in

when

other

no

others

sometimes

thus

of Seba

Queen

that

country

bought

tried

in

"

Indies

Even

emporium

paid for these

wealth

Africa.

Syria.

tremendous

that

then

King Solomon,

All

during

the

Abyssinians made In

a.d.

about

an

and

the

in

this

Northern

tribute

and the

empire; and from

time

territoryhad also

Arabs

collectors.

obey under

their

last

At

to

were

sway

invasion known ever reallysuccessful seventy-fiveyears the old kingdom was re-established,

In the

destroyed Mareb,

lived

people who

of the

some

deputies,governors

dominion.

in

early

another

quarter

part of the

Christian

time

that

first

the

of the

seat

of

a

era

Yemen

it

century there

was

under

came a

great flood has

government

been

Sanoa. The

city of Aden,

of Yemen. of the on

of this

part of the Persian

Mohammedan

and

peninsula.

Yemen,

overthrown;

but

tried

although Abyssinians say that she was one of their early rulers. from kings are said to have reigned nearly three thousand years, or commanded entire those centuries the southern 529 a.d.; during they

the

was

who

riches of the

said

the

colonizing people,

celebrated

"

and

have

to

idea

was

their

a

wisdom

say

Yemenite 240

Asia

the

learn

to

Ethiopian monarch,

about

were

Arabians

one

perilousvoyages;

Romans

see

themselves

was

historians

the

to

an

of silver and

pound

a

material

that bear

parts of

queens,

best

malefactors

any

the

Indian

prices were

Immense

this

reasons

not

were

presents

the

and

government.

that

Egypt

followed

the

spread

Empire,

silk,and

could

Sabaeans

with

gods

writers the

they

courses

and

land.

Roman

of

of

one

they

and

Some

undertake

to

of

established

trade.

the

the way

sea

of the

Perhaps

of

tell what

not

on

pound

Sabaean

the

difficult to

also

were

slaves to

through them

trading cities

Philadelphus

enough

conceal

to

because The

by the

over

East, and

the

to

the great

to

Ptolemy

would

century

for every

key

monopoly

a

both

at

the

navigators brave

Arab

third

but

belonged only

jealouslywatched

the way

B.C.

275

Sabasans had

held

on

pass

about

None

serpents.

venomous

so

was

Sabasans

to

with

extremely unhealthy places, which

destroyed.

was

The had

it

that

steal it

in

grew

gathering the incense, which

in

believed

made

was

1S1

A

Gulf

their

way

British

of Aden. to

town

south-west

now

Vessels

ports upon

navigatorsmade

the

on

it

a

the

marks from Red

coast

the

India

Arabia,

site of and

Sea; and

stopping place

of

after

other

the

one

was

the

city,on

ancient

countries

of

of the

chief

the

East

Arabian, Abyssinian, Nubian

going through

the

sea-ports

upper touched and

shore here

tian Egyp-

perilous Strait of Babel-

1

Cities

82

"

mandeb,

Gate

the

advantage of standing washed

which

the

was

Even

Chinese

nations, natives

called

It had

beauty.

is very

then,

large enough have

is connected

Red

time

now

peninsula

King Sheddah,

the of roof

most

waft

the

rare

was

all

was

with

metals, with laden

gardens, laid When

walls

branches; the

of air

out

They

stands

extinct

on

about

Canal

The

and

north

west,

with

laid

were

pearls and and made

were

of the

designed

out to

Asia, and

of many

the hero

raised

precious fruits of hollow

Garden with

a

bricks

a

1869, when

the

importance people, who

the

and

inspire his subjectswith

the

buildings in was

marvel

a

silver.

shrubs

perfumes,

so

The tated imi-

were

birds

palace there

such

to

came

the

golden

of Eden, mentioned splendid retinue to

by

royal

son

gold and

with

filled with the

built

Arem,

or

palace, which of

rubies, and Around

merce com-

before

it became

finished

Trees

stones.

and

It

great years

Aden's

I rem

when

He

royal

a

alternated

rocky

exploits. Sheddah's

great

work.

the

and

south.

peninsula, and

then of

and

legendary cityof

the

fragrance.

set

and

public

supposed

Britain, and then

in

opened

was

were

volcano.

thousand

two

pered tem-

cisterns

and

high

a

cloudy

These

are

submarine

isthmus.

sandy

from

city.

busy population of thirtythousand

a

fashion, and

in imitation

was

Aden

an

Europe

between

sweetest

Sheddah

of

lasted

part of the

flowers

stems

with

finished

establishment, which

inhabitants

level and

Suez

the

been

desert

elegant The

gold, inlaid

of

was

the

them

and

heat of

surrounding

Ages.

Eden.

A

from

water.

The

or

brightly,its

all the

Africa

its wealth

of

magnificent system

a

clear, pure

pleasure in completing

great

magnificence. in

upon

is said to have

statelyand

Aden

as

Under the Mohammedans Ages. of Great 1838 it fell into the hands

In

is connected

the

had

It

richness.

delightfulclimate. and

the

manufactures.

Middle

the

countries, east

city in

a

took

known

warmly

of

course.

ent people of differ-

Oriental

account

on

waters

around

go and

hills

crater

narrow,

thriving,with

of Aden

who

founded

throne, he

all

the

of this port

highway

great

very

gathered from

father

by

a

especially after

the

It is

The

during

be

to

seems

mainland

the

became

gallons, and

during the Middle

time

some

valley that

improve,

to

shines

to

of many

best

was

most

a

bountifullysupplied with

insignificant village.

revived. have

a

it

now,

sun

circle of

the

double

the

their

bent

produce with

fair seaport

built,and

well

thirtymillion

were

till some

Sea

water

has the

was

flourishingcondition

and

began

from

with

and Christ

rain

built

been

peninsula, in

small

It

hold

to

places of Aden to

breezes.

sea

collectingthe

after week

East

Asiatic

beautiful

; but

the

to

little town

city had

navigators began of

sort

the

population consisted

the

given

from

until

and

every

city Athana

was

the

as

bound

place wonderfully

the

Week

rare.

by cool for

the

paradise,and

means

day

made

sometimes

This

here; and

traded

who

The

of the ancients, whose great ocean products of the world; and at the gate

in all ways, for

Ocean.

the

to

homeward

all vessels

Indian

the

to

richest

the

of all markets

greatest

the

route

e?i

entrance

situated

advantageously

was

the

at

contained

that

Sea, toward

Red

it

lands

Tears,"

of

World.

Ancient

the

of

perched

that were

every sive exten-

in the Scriptures. inspect the grand veneration

that

they

Ocadk.

him

believe

would

pride

such

live,and

to

not

nearly all that individual

about

places.

all the

b.c,

200

to

of ancient

Arabia

"

that

and

and

awls

silks,linens, and

muslins,

of

looms

spices, there made

was

and

Greeks

or

for of

orator,

No

been

loved

as

mettle

of

raised

in

an

tribes

use

weird

The

it

Over

caravans.

mined

clever

Arabian

the

had

of

the

the

merchants

poets

raised

the

horses

such

East;

the

frankincense

a

a

and

of

the

steed

by their

men

took

the

more

Next

to

being

next

to

of arms;

rose

songs,

for one

great

he

able

was

held

noblest

here

to

showing

the

talents

another

relatingnational

a

of the the

horse,

of past

the

and

Arab The

breeds

desired

were

expert-

Ocadh

incidents

with

fierythe

more

and

there tiful, beau-

often

speakers of

assemblies

history,and

the

valuable

oratory.

writers vast

and

most

poetry and

before events

The

and

men

interest.

intense

devotion

poet

a

was

the

Arabia; and

horsemanship,

prized.

command

that, he loved

for with

cared

pride in their

highly

after

and

owners,

The

roving

goods,

with

judged

those

be

to

great fair

finest

the

finest

quality.

species of reed.

great cities,and

Then

as

a

year

and

The

inferior

an

fine

ful wonder-

the

medicine.

rare

a

Once

brought forward

were

ever

and

greatest things in the world tribe. from

that

transported

and

gums,

naturally, in

large general meeting.

a

as

made

formed

their

plain

articles

militarycloaks,

Mesopotamia

cities and

cane,

many

fertile

caravans

workmen;

precious

the

Mediterranean

the

Arabia, Persia

home, from

Beside

one

these

commerce were

and

Beside

tury cen-

themselves,

there

waste

the

images, javelins,adzes, knives,

India; from

In

Sea

b.c.

2000

sea.

from

carved

the

grew

to

sea

merchants

part of the

sandy

wealthy Sabseans, tin

gifted in

so

when

comrades

poets

beautiful

also

as

little

very

mart.

Red

a

ancient

fleet and magnificent displaysof finelyshaped steeds, intelligent,

important occasion

tribe.

the

to

globe has

Nedjed.

in the

China.

man

greatest

The

the

a

Ocadh,

the

self-sacrifice.

ness

at

the

on

have

must

and

esteemed

have

different

land

fabrics

only

was

far back

As

thought the crystals were

Arabs

to

or

horses, and

other

taken

sugar

Romans

thirtydays the

from

India, but Arabia

ancient

The

kinds

Persia, India was

in

and

flint-glassfrom

of various

cloths

of

it

said

was

Siculus, said that

universal

one

from it

name;

few

a

"were

Diodorus

navigate the

to

But

water.

houses

large quantities of iron, lead, brass

ivory,tortoise-shell

ventured

by

in

there

center

of Arabia.

on

traveler

in

even

now, is from

race

Scripture says,

the

Sicilian

noise

invisible, although

unknown

are

permit

not

terrible

a

general descriptions, and

to

kept up by

luxurious

the

to

common

cities

transported goods from

desert"

ship of the

were

carried

was

regular communication

lines of

to

Greeks

the

purchase their cargoes

they used

the

before

made

powerful Arabian

the old

would

day's journey

a

Dedan,"

of

men

seemed

of the world

treasures

about

The

Heaven

says,

citywas

the

mostly

chariots," and

for

precious cloths

within

was

this

of

themselves "

legend

sea-ports and

learn

can

Arab

death, and

all to

we

confined

writers, who

party

great Yemenite

the

of

Many and

the

when

the

But

god.

a

sky frightened them destroyed.

the

in

be

to

183

fair a

chanted of

was

cityor his

a

their own

Cities

184 time, tribe this way; in

up

treasures

and

stored

were

should

to who

poet

in

temple.

Seven

ever

who

wandering

the

inspiration; and

or

wayfarers

to

would

camp,

great

to

be

chief

Hatim,

with

at

for any

stranger who

dog.

The

could

be

The

It

Egypt

seventy-two of

this

ruins who

noted

of the settled

old

found

the

north-east.

desert

of

rock-built world.

on

the

between

dog

the

Syria

It

Edom,

mountains

route

lay at

is said

Rough Of

lay

the

for

care

under

and

nights,to

the

to

as

would

about

benighted

poets posers com-

no

seek

"

fires of

town

a

or

travelers.

danger

protection.

light and

a

A too

was

The

great

hospitable, would

by the signal that

a

in

men;

even

hill the

every

procure

out

bark

of

scenery,

leading

encouraged

He

his

generous

of

was

some

things

the

good, and

too

was

guest so

On

lonely mountains

the

head

of the

named

was

about

have

leave comfort

barking of his rest

and

shelter

Sea, adjoining Syria on

the

city of Petra, in Idumsea. days' journey from the Dead Sea, and of the

arm

the

Red

from

two

an

among to

most

been

the

Red

Sea.

sublime

founded

and

The

solitaryremains

mysterious

by the descendants

of all the of

Esau,

of Seir. as

Edom's

traversed and

the

on

city," are

It

"

It

finest

ranks, gave

for miles

the

among

of Akabah

north-east

among

or

send

to

for the

dreariest

him

Petrsea

in the

"

public in the

are

shelter.

country

and

safety

having been

for return.

provision

host

for

of

the whole

of

Arab

Arabia

on

miles

fighting.

thing that he regarded friend pilgrim,whether

one

was

hospitality. No in vain

thought

and

royally;no

darkest

used

him

all

received

there

as

The

spirit,especiallythat

to

were

songs

composition

the

say

and

these

by.

of

situated

was

beacons

most

had

near

division

north, and

red

in the

chief

found

Arabs

common

verses

Arab

true

any

sunset,

by any

time,

good

good

asked

at

is celebrated

who

his bed

the

His

before

up

beauty

traits

fine

every

them, without

kindled

undertaken

any

to

of war,

ranks

entertained

was

hung

of

to

even

great hero.

a

of

everything else,it was

and

blaze

stranger

was

other

many

But

best.

for

care

hospitality"were

poetry

delight with which

the

of the

out

enemy,

quarrels

these

full

and

and

country

opinions arose

of

wild, free life,spent amidst grand mountain horseback; the noble, generous qualitiesof the

on

poetry, horses

above

preserved,and

been

differences

and

paper,

merits

The

us.

the

that

treasured

part these

most

Their

and

their

do

to

bitter

to

Egyptian

Their

hospitalityand

unselfish

to

have

Arabs.

hunting, fighting

led

wonder

no

sometimes

acknowledged victor, was

written.

were

by all,and

letters upon

only

nearly unknown

pretty same

it is

for the

so

use,

common

and

alone,

prizes, which

was

golden

in

not

was

memory

are

the

have

inscribed

the

the

Arabia

reciter

or

that

in

always judged the

not

of

Writing

poems.

people of ancient were

stock

people's whole

the

stories

kept in

history were only records of Arabian and useful entertainingknowledge was

the

About

place.

native

or

World.

Ancient

the

of

the hands

of Esau

capital,yet

by

the

trading

is the site

fair her towers."

which

caravans

cities

on

the

passed Red

Sea;

and

repassed

its narrow,

tinually con-

rocky

Petra.

and

buried.

was

by

hundred

four

six

to

or

forth

miles.

four

over

that

narrow

amidst

city the

tombs

and

the

mouth

of

the

"

of Petra, called

description from

the

placed

of

of time

of

and

small, and

a

and

position

valuable

covered

the

most

of

not

gave

rocks,

Long

this

so

vans cara-

cramped

form

of

number

suburbs

a

from secluded

the

sage pas-

continued

a

the

at

three and

to

solid

and

rock,

projections of

its

four

solid

the

rock,

figures were

citywere

into

lead

roads

above

were

of

the

the

front

to

be

filled

sheltered

and

entire

the

Almost

rock, richly

solid

climate

mountain

by temples, with and

shrines

for

level

chosen,

and

to

in the

these

to

radiate

which

leading

another

dwellings

feet above cliffs

dry

gorges

in all directions

entirely as

hundred

inaccessible

one

the

state

of

of reach.

the

a

many

public buildings, dwellings,and

and

the

along

rose

of

out

roofs, chambers, were

ravines

the

reached

used

There

ravages

Arabs

by magnificently cut-out

richlyornamented rock.

summit

quite out

front

The

manner.

occupied

stories.

the

comparatively

were

the

by

hewn

ornamentations, which

two

cliffs above, in

the

the filled

wings

colossal

natural

it

worthy

passage,

with

preserved from

On

after

upon was

gloomy

the

of

conceived

loftyposition made

beautiful

was

rock,

ple great Tem-

come

Victory

groups

the

bare

They

length to

of

statue

magnificent a portico.

city. They

into the

Winding along A

the

mountains, and

of the

window, while

the

wonderful

extending

area.

to

gloriousthing

a

so

but

delicate in

"

city,stood

the

of

capitals,with

out

flightsof steps cut by the livingand are

of

portico of loftyproportions, comprising

out

treasure,

with

rich

this enclosed

extensive

was

abreast.

through

perfection; but the interior chambers

also

preserved

chiseled

our

from

valley is surrounded,

without

tombs

hewn

was

view.

attic

by the massive

inconceivable

loftypillarsand beauties

from

on

an

entirelyexcavated

vase,

have

the

tombs

like

important buildingsof the

colored

which

burst

appeared unworthy

the most

all the

defile

a

length they

at

upon

roadway

traveler:

colonnaded

a

the weather

placed

with

of

It

rock-bound

celebrated

a

temple

a

side

was

exquisiteand

was

into the

valleysopen

heights, the sepulchres of many great chosen was a spot for burial; toward

opened

House/'

Treasure

aperture

an

each

on

temple

The

of

facade

center

to

frequent, until

more

this gorge

solemn

the

journeying through beautiful

ride

times

rocks, from

circumference

horsemen

in ancient

way

length,

springing fountains

through

made, for Petra

more

whole

entered

rocks, at various

were

grow

Opposite where

this

for two

room

in the

times

city was

their

wound

city,whose

in

dead.

of the

street

barely

was

Cut

Testament

the

water;

merchants

the tombs.

of Old

the

there

often

of Eastern

men

of

plentifulsupply

a

height.

the

to

side

Small

died

Aaron

miles

two

perpendicular

by

up

through the valley,and

river flowed

A

in

feet

irregular outline

principal one, giving an much

walled

sides

the

hundred

seven

Hor, where

irregular rocky basin, about

an

width, with

in

mile

half

a

valley is

The

is Mount

highest of which

by mountains, the

valley,overhung

185

the

of the

place, making

the

face

first

occupied of

Some

valley.

in others

and cliff,

of the

dwellings, dead.

all sides

on

the

In most

some

these cases

conspicu-

1

Cities

86

situations

ous

in the

far up rise

to

from

ancient "

the

These"

Sometimes

of

enriched

ancient

most

in

of

the

show

front

the

native

mass,

while which

on

The

a

of

dull

beautiful

There

sandstone

layers, or

then that

as

hewn

just

of

flecked

out

cut

time

of

when

citizens

red

the

Idumean

the

were

vast

many

Arabians

One

Egyptian fine

behind

front the

the

and

seating

crowds

the

of the

with

up

elaborate

One

appearance.

ornamented

colonnade;

by and

a

of

any

rich the

and

varied is of

stone

beautiful

of

above

all of

shades

gradually is

spotless snow,

the

is

Petra the

as

towering cliffs, sandstone, in

same

magnificent buildings of people, and

Petra

partially

was

architecture.

stone

now

brilliant

Here, in the

powerful, with a population of over the Edomite public entertainments, and among

to

was

an

attractive

sides

of

their

Petra

of these

row

as

opulent and

three

square,

red as

nearly four thousand

for

the

brilliant and

rocks

heavens

and

wild

whites, risingin successive

pure

the

of

ments monu-

rich entablatures,

and

cases

The

graceful structures,

gathered

from

yellow

blue

of

especiallylarge

room

foreigners,for

tended

The

is like the

of the

facades

of contrasts."

most

combination. as

of

one

still

many

and

white, often

the

blue.

partlybuilt kingdom was

house, thirty-fourpaces a

scarlet,with

and

great

into

rugged

as

curious

In

vations exca-

celebrated

produced by

are

the

forming part of tecture, splendid, pileof archi-

vast

a

shapes

by

ten

deposits.

of the

wrought most

in

as

possessed by

rock, and

carved.

are

charming

or

blue

It had

rock, and

the

in

in

principal room.

now

were

is

into

above

designed after the styleof the Greeks, but

were an

in

tall,graceful columns

twenty thousand,

all the

with

brilliant colors.

the Theater.

was

they

pale pink, and

the

are

the

solid

of the

monuments

it is almost

blended or

rose

saffron,and

into

soft and

mountain

strikingand

most

these

the

number

vast

skill

reds, purples, yellows, blues, blacks

are

becoming lovely and

rock,

the

square,

receive

floor of a

symmetry

mountain

the

in which

in others

brick-red, but

effects.

effects of

sandstone

the

base

rested, form

ever

eye

most

colors

of

to

tombs

and

feet

orders, graceful pediments, broad out

overhanging cliffs, towering

the

the

the

These

ornamentation,

twenty

in the

or

the

and

statuary, all hewn

transform

and or

seem

easilymade

was

appears.

large enough

taste

of

of various

Columns

art.

sometimes

and

wall

what

us

The

ascent

streams

ten, fifteen

architecture.

men.

the

mountain

recesses,

splendid temples, rivaling in their aspect of Grecian

doubt

ornamentation, but

no

elaborate

Petra, and

races

No

occasionally,

long series of steps

a

form, dimensions

in the

have

tombs

with of

sunk

are

the

attraction

peculiar

in

much

as

high, and

very

citybelow,

single chamber,

a

are

the

for the

height,containing recesses part

are

the

of

deep graves

inner

The

channel

a

World.

of steps flights

off from

precipice.

a

differ

tombs

consist

Many in

twelve

or

only

now

rocky

of

edge

very

Ancient

of the

side,quite cut

times, where

situation.

Some

sought.

were

mountain

the

of

is

with

now

walls

columns.

beyond that, a

noble

some

known

capital and

peninsula. of as

the

An

open

arch, about

of

point to the

by

a

had

Palace; it was handsome

piazza

ran

forty feet

the

which

buildings

stately structures

Pharaoh's

surmounted

the

Most

a

also sive mas-

cornice, and whole

high,

length

led into

one

1

Cities

88

the

rule,

Roman

of

to

public

an

The made

Triumphal smaller several

rose

this

the

spanned

gateways in

changes

Severus,

and

was

Crusades,

now

one

in

Bozrah; it

of all

a

in

was

the

the

first

attempts

road.

native

hands

Christians;

the

take

it

from

to

their

the

the

their

places,

of

Constantine

the

but

hands

were

times

the

worship

carried

water

and

customs,

and

in

there after

the

Prophet,

unsuccessful.

the

tion. civiliza-

western

various

ters quarhad

been

Alexander

Mohammedan

of

followers

for

throne

when

ince prov-

ancient

streets

under

public

Under

Roman

of

own

could

ascended

had

of

the

temple

a

in

to

time

the

prince

subjected

places to

By

was

they

prominent

several

of

glories

the

there

as

theater.

capital

of

according

happy

beautiful

a

the

fountains

the

here

as

was

city

erected;

supplied lived

the

the

Many

were

themselves

stood

arches

walls

stout

made

that

Romans

World.

beautiful.

buildings

aqueduct

baths.

its

very

new

Ancient

Trajan

became

fine

Arabians

conquered

within

105,

year it

deities;

Roman

the

the

and

restored,

were

in and

Arabia,

of

interest

of

objects

other

among

the

of

power and

ing dur-

PERSIA.

small

a

The

It

north.

only

the

was

Empire

Persis

length

of

it

often

was

of

part

places

lakes;

being the

great in

are

either

from

streams

chasms for

the

which

most

part

country, north

pierce

the

the

its

and

east,

thousand

two

district fertile and

soil an

was

and

unusually

hills the

and but feet

a

there

great

pleasant strong

clear

a

roads

roar

have

many

plateau climate, and

cut

the

above

in

that

its

rugged

in

small

dicularly perpenand

often

of

falls.

crossing over

below.

found pro-

The the

foot

These

almost

thrown

sides

from

the

at

the salt

land

cascades

feet the

of

in

streams.

are

some

broad

many

the

zigzags,

which

the sists con-

In

and

rise

many

hundred

been

and

end

lakes,

rocks

cut

are

arch,

single

an

country

small;

mountain

with

rapidly

descend

eighth

and

keep

and

Scarped

Asia;

about

high

or

which

water

are

country.

of

is

whole

the

western

combined.

sand

the

rivers

large

rocks,

these

natural,

not

a

bridges

chafe

waters

are

mountainous

of

by

spring

few

a

mountain-sides

supply in

hundred

seashore

This

green

water

themselves

which

streams,

side

to

dells,

of

the

curiously

Persian

great

shore,

only

was

Persia.

valley,

of

this between

ancient

The

are

of

part

lowland

narrow

lofty

the

irregularities side

of

channels

remarkable side

part

grow.

there

places

that

of

lose

underground

tower

with

mountains

some

strip

the

the

on

Arabia

about

district

hottest

Indies

Sea

the

of

Along

But

wooded

lovely will

crops

the

where

sometimes This

the

most

slight

the

Along

In

gorges the

on

the

in are

dry.

too

any

a

and

plain, with

the

ill-watered.

chief

the

fertile,

rise there

but

poor

mountain,

almost

and

merely

was

formed

and

rich

that

streams

and

which

alternate

where

always

a

this

the

Europe.

that

district

Gulf.

was

of

World,

was

Persian

which

plain

sandy

of

the

Black

part

is but

under to

the

small

Western

Persis,

or

of

and

Caspian a

Persia

as

included

was

Mediterranean

the

and

the

proper, coast

eastern

tract

a

salty,

very

it is

plains,

last

was

lands, of

the

on

province,

the

mountain

of

lying

the

known

now

days,

and

Egypt

called

then

was

Persia

Arabia

Syria,

Minor,

what

embrace.

not

miles

Asia of

country

did

square

included

even

ancient

Scythia,

to

Asia

Western

in

from

and

east,

of

which,

extended

tract

the

on

miles

square

territory

the

vast

Himalayas

the

of

part

name.

and

thousand

hundred

six

THE

roads

precipices,

streams.

formed

grand mountain

the

of

heart

defenses barrier

of on

vast

the

the

Persian

deserts south.

on

It

Cities

190 has

been

all times

at

Persian

Murgab;

eastern

worldy

plain

the

other

riches

the

of

buildings each

is said

home

modern

the

place

mistress

the

the

the

of

the

very

king

in the

"

I

inner

the

of

form

these

face

of

royal

great

consecrated held.

in

Even

raised

probably royal worshiped, and the

were

him.

about

of

a great oblong a hundred blocks; it had huge portals

of stone

the

Cyrus,

am

the

architects,and

almost

was

that

streams

were

were

mainly gathered

were

words,

Here

kings

skillful

chief

loftywall, built

a

Pulwar.

ceremonies

were

East

small

were

Persian

the

capital. The

skirted

have

to

favorite

the

once

was

of its broad

one

the

site of

there

national

or

Pasargadse was

by

were

On

was

and broad, highly cultivated temples and extensive palaces,

great

here

Persians

country

at

surrounded

of

jamb

royal

their

entire

of the

chief

fiftyfeet long, colonnade

A

the

that

directions the

to

the

monarchy nations

on

in various

great

palaces, for among

It

the

near

walls, great

treasury of the empire;

adorn

and

its stout

westward

magnificentbuildingsto

and

land

on

all the

of the

famous

the

of the

and

a

built.

was

stood

cities.

cities,nourishing towns,

Kores;

or

the

One

principal Persian

their way

by the Magi, and first centuries

noble

of

capital,with

Cyrus

palace stood, and

grandeur

World.

have

to

capital of

empire

an

river

the

watered

a

is said

and

famous

ancient

The

lay on

site for the

chosen

monarchs,

called

fields.

Ancient

plains the first capital, Pasargadse,

hill-encircled of the

the

the

of

King, the Achsemenian."

wall, and

the

it stood

beyond

a

.

pillaredbuilding

noble there

had

style,but upon

the

In

mythology. a

temple

for

or

stone, often

a

feet

afar

sight,he that the

feet

ten

or

worship

in the

of two

at

brought

was

credited

to

once

with

had

the

priesthood called

They were

and

the

were

"keepers

servants

used

great

of

"most of

God."

of

hewn

for fire-altars.

beings, the the

a

pure,

the

put

all fire.

The

Ormuzd.

different

a

It

its great

square

work

ancient

another

was

blocks

building,probably forty

over

religionof ancient and

the

sia Per-

principle

gracious,the perfectlygood, the He

way; was

and the

benefits, especiallythe

of

Persians

still stands

stone

The

the

principle of Good

of

was

Persian

figure from

Startled

from

god

that of

sun,

people worshiped these, and

at

the

time

good,

the

from

moon,

all

whom the

in their honor

Magi. reverend

the

by

their

out

in

by

platform probably built for

durable

vicinitythere

built

Near

Achaemenian."

curious

standing, and

blocks

enclosure.

was

the

massive

beautiful

this enemy

creatingall

above

the

this of

into existence

stars, the elements, and a

been

This

with

a

the

dark, the unclean, the spirit capable of all evil.

the

himself

good

was

Persians

what

legend is that Ormuzd,

The

set

It is still

tower

have

to

was

of

King,

the

sculptured

was

In

height

pillared hall.

city there

ago.

square

the

Cyrus,

am

long, show

years

thought

Ahriman,

saw

I

open-air ceremonies.

It is

Evil.

"

front, that

part of the

another

eight

consisted of

in

above

smaller

legend,

great temple, whose

high.

far

somewhat

a

twenty-fivehundred

did

towered

curt

same

column

square

a

and

another

was

that

sacred

They

had

of

the

Persians,an

things," the

important

body

of

men,

who

learned of the people, the philosophers the charge of educating the young princes,and were

IO, PERSIAN

KING.

1 1 -I

2, PERSIANS.

I3-16,MEDES.

I

7, BODY-GUARD.

Pasargadcz.

193

without sulting concompanions of the King. Nothing of importance was undertaken them, or againsttheir advice. They were supposed to be able to read the future, and explain visions,while it also lay by consulting the stars to interpretdreams

constant

and

in their power

revelation

the

makes

of universal

to raise

enough

God, and

He

carried

was

famous

"

either

here

to

"a

is

of the

the

being

rank

the

to

magic

ways

spiritof lightand

of

priestsof

glers, wandering jugto

came

strong

once

highest caste, the

the word

them

be

to

in many

waned, although it was

hand," they fell from

the

evil,between

signifytricks

founded

of Cyrus the now is,the tomb the capital, empire of which it was

and

Pasargadse was,

at

cityand

the

rest, after his last great battle. house

a

upon

pedestal," white

pyramid, with

marble, crowned Greek

a

steps, made

seven

of the Persian

"

by

blocks.

mortals,

O

I

On

grudge

the The

pediments

on

Cyrus,

am

like.

roof with

It stands

marble

called

it looks

stone

a

sovereign of Asia:

and

monarchy,

historian

Greek

temple.

of huge

inscriptionthat reads:

an

old

An

that is just what

and

elegant cornice, like

an

base, there is

founder

from

book, claims

lofty morality,and

a

and

sacred

conjuring.

small, of beautiful

a

and

heart

built the

end, above

is built like

ses,

had

tomb

house

at

who

teaches

good

throne;

quacks, and

important object

most

Great.

"

and

and sleight-of-hand The

mind,

of

tellers

the

to

even

pure

fortune

and

between

Avesta, their

Gradually their influence

them

"

the

Zend

The

knowledge,

distinction

clear the

very

dead.

the

spiritof darkness.

the

in

call up

to

that

base

a

great

a

of

son

stone

Camby-

not, therefore,

me

this monument." There

are

windows

no

doubly

recessed

king.

This

and

is

with

a

made

hewn

out

unlike

of the rocks else

surrounded

trees

Magi

who

at

end

one

in the that "

this

of

pillars,or

certain

and

low

a

ancient

Persians

known

are

Royal Paradise,"

and

were

and

in

oblong

an

twenty-four columns

beautiful A

vicinitythere

was

have

broad,

golden coffin,hung stood

built.

to

in the

a

of the great

of

tomb

Cyrus is

royal sepulchres were

Other

was

door-way,

narrow

This

feet apart. Persia.

sides; but this

a

"house"

There

fourteen

about

relic of

laid in

was

The

Babylon. colonnade.

a

mountain

the

the Great

Cyrus

529

carpets

side,placed

the oldest

anything

house," but

with

B.C.

and of

rows

each

on

finest and

the

in the year

by

altogether, six the

ornamented

coverings of purple

enclosure

"

mouldings, opens into the chamber eleven feet long, seven small, perfectlyplain cell about

high, where

seven

in the

took

little edifice,quite grove a

of

block

of

beautiful

small

house

marble

for

about

of the tomb. Near care by there is a great high, with relief sculpture of a curious figure of a colossal winged man ing wearthe himself, Egyptian head-dress. This was intended king to represent probably

fifteen feet an or

good genius.

some

long-lastingtomb. over

made

western

many

He nations.

Asia 13

Cyrus

a

the Great

raised He

was

his country ended

a

king worthy of this noble

from

the barbarous

perpetual battle-ground. He

a

princedom feuds was

a

under

between

and

monument

Media,

to

a

petty kingdoms,

half-barbarian,like all

men

archy mon-

that of

Cities

194 that to

he

but

age,

was

tribes,and

immense

made

times; they

could

and

courage

pleasure and

empire the

best

of

that

second

Its ruins

remarkable

most

the

barrier it stood

like

from

and

armies,

selfish,unworthy

now

as

too

of their

greatest king and

the

that

It

with

a

which

plain on

The

It is called

unfailing supply

the

unite

than

mountain

a

Pasargadae.

lying about and fertility,

"the

as

south

further

was

although

still stand

plateau,

the

rivers,which

Pulwar

south-west

Forty Pillars,and

the north-east.

to

its

of

of

road

by

glory,they

Asia."

edge

far away

fame

their

of

the

not

the

of

part

fertile than

more

knows

Bendamir

the

this near

desert

a

largerand

all Persia

and

it has

that,

became and

and

the

Minar,

time

the

was

the

forty miles

about

Chehel

since

it

Persia

while

so

of later

military skill,

of

throne.

buildings in

south-west, and much

was

Merdasht, water

group

the

to

of

is famous

Cyrus

called

now

passed

heavy

Persepolis,

was

arts;

luxury.

nations

others

life weakened

homes

and

culture

wealth, and

settled

gave

something

lose

peaceful

coarse,

Persian

Persia are

men

in

Greeks

to

luxurious

of

name

the

on

have

capital, but

first

The sat

ever

centuries

-two

the

of the

natures

capital of

Pasargadae.

twenty

the

had

they developed

vastly rich,

and

made

its founder.

man

The

while

self-control

exceedingly large much

truly civilized,but

become

nourish

to

like the

not

were

who

powerful monarch,

a

mighty empire

a

Unfortunately his half-savage people

World.

Ancient

and

general

great

a

the

of

miles

few

of

Chehel

below

Minar. Darius

glory of "A

and the

triplewall height. of

shaped

The and

it there

occupying all.

The

various

stone

used

seeing

his

send

were

image

own

him

of cut

a

cut

inspire awe,

the

second

down

from

feet

distinct

the

the

upon of

tombs

the

above

plain;

the

lines of walls

and

building was

reflected

on

to

a

the

on

of

and

as

topmost

towers,

and

great

crowned

by

bluish-graymarble,

a

party of travelers his

walls, that

master

was

levels,the

several

buildings

of

number

the

edifice

noblest

in most

worked

was

with tain," Moun-

forty-fivefeet high.

was a

in

larly irregu-

about

"Royal

the

had

platform

being

by twice

for the

very

faced

then

hill known

last

the and

immense

an

rock,

the

says:

first,but

like the

strength, and

for

high rocky kings. The

historian

mountain, being sixtycubits

in the

natural

levels,the highest terrace for the

in form

was

capital "the

new

high, defended

and

long

was

buildings stood

greatest

the

ancient

An

cases

such

to

up

obliged

to

of

highly fury by

chain

him

away.

blocks in

wall

and

dog belonging

a

platform

The made

Once

first wall

second

made

who

existence.

square,

abuts

the

in

The

The a

The

twenty

three

the

polished. and

about

were

place.

was

hewn

monarchs

city then

towers.

is to

platform

containing

being

lowest On

the

palace."

platform

finest

wall

first wall

the

masonry.

the

with

third

The

The

height. defense

flanked

the

probably

were

and

surrounded

and

parapets, the

Xerxes

East,"

of

is reached marble.

single stone;

from Some the

the of

blocks

plain these were

below

are

so

massive

by

a

large and

vast

that

flightof steps,

double twelve

or

fourteen

irregular,clamped

with

steps iron

or

Cities

1^6

no

second

cover

half

twenty-five feet high; it had Greek

It did

temple. this

for

reason

is

When

palaces

new

grander scale;

deep of

These

them

north, and

long building facing the It

platform.

more

was

others, having many

courts

hundred

long by three

feet

and

"glory

is

Columns, edges, and Milan

that

far

very is the this

the

from

of

only building now it

style and

of

than

its

that

Hall

effect

of

than

all the

as

its southern

mountain. it in

approaches

of dred hun-

Hundred

a

and

adjacent

general

of

a

some

five

ranked

are

northern

the

was

magnificent

the

as

palace central

the

about

space

most

Halls, which

between

standing

in

more

half

southern

these, known

race ter-

making

the

residence; it

The

precipice of

stone

from

Assyrian palaces

Pillared

platform rock

the

resembles

the

built

each

buildings,leading

summer

a

entire

the of

Great

two

One

in

nearly midway not

Cathedral said

also

architecture."

Persian

of

throne-

sculptured staircases

as

seventy-fivewide.

the

the

king's

larger and

a

great gray

elaborate

wings, altogether covering a

and

Persepolitan buildings were

the

scale

on

twenty-fiveyards

mainly

occupying

but

Darius,

vast

About

used

extensive

the

on

the

Persia,they

magnificent the

summit

the

on

of

of

filled with

another

all sides.

on

plan

stately and

king'sdwelling house,

the

was

monarchs

after the

were

how

by for the

rooms.

stage above

one

leading to

recesses

Xerxes

the

guard

simple

a

Assyrian palace, but

public apartments,

the

only

like

much

buildings close

other

of

the

as

space

were

looked

have

must

Artaxerxes, became

imagine

can

you

looked;

much

as

temple-like palace of Darius;

the

to

up

so

have

must

him

after

platform.

the

on

and

rooms,

and

Xerxes,

story, and

composed

was

World.

Ancient

there

that

be

to

palace

banqueting

the

room,

said

this

household, and

not

the

of

The

size.

It is

other

any

fice. edi-

First there was entered and a portico over a hundred eighty feet long and fifty deep, its roof supported by sixteen pillarsnearly forty feet high, and its portals guarded carved

by colossal

Behind

bulls.

twenty-five feet,ornamented in ten

thick,with hall

the

raised

upon

niches

and

the

a

the

But other

with

doors

at

the

crowned back

in

the in

came

gathered in the Hall

of

a

most

remarkable

It

had

feet, and

was

four

of

Hundred

main

surrounded

of

Columns

is

known

its four

as

sculptures in the

fightinggreat

representation of

the

very

fell upon

few

a

audiences

sters. mon-

throne

deep

were

and

windows,

the vast

umns, colfeet

of

most or

blies assem-

king was

the

palaces, gateways

apartments; on

as

or

half

a

supported by figures. There

roof, and the

throne,

was

The

and

beautiful and

ten

another.

one

his

hall, but

the

hundred

one

enclosing it were

sittingon

stages

around

through the presence

all

supported by

walls

building there

three

walls

pillared hall, which

The

and

of the

lofty platform, with

doorways

the

sculptures and

hundred

of two

great hall, a square

end, exactlyopposite

each

at

monarch

the

was

pillars each.

ten

doorways

lightprobably that

the

two

represented On

of

rows

this

scarcely Great or

Hall

to

of

be

compared

Audience.

public chambers

in

with This

ancient

the was

sia. Per-

thousand the largest covered square twenty equal sides by enormous pillars. They were

Persepolis. sixty

over

hanging

is

stood

pillars,

by

to to

silver

and

ruins, that

of

where

it

by

from

palaces,

on

form, plat-

of

one

but

by

that

due

are

the

built

were

Darius, others

the

nade, pillared colon-

and

the

Xerxes

to

Artaxerxes

Oelius.

inscriptions on

doors

of

what

Palace

probably

of

Darius, are most

cient an-

found

are

Persepolis.

the

is called

the

that

at

They

are

translated the

found

Great the

taspes on

the

empire. court

beautiful

"

:

a

chief

slab

the

of

gods,

By the grace is

the

King

Achaemenian, of

DARIUS

of

nations, the

rius, Da-

King,

huge

OF

GRAVE

ROCK

thus

is

lines

by

purple

believed

the

the

up

except

blue,

inscriptionsfound

The

seventy

sections,

rings attached

is

these

are

heaven,

nificent Mag-

columns.

It the

of

about

its many

divided

been

winds

the

of

filled

and

of white

the

open

with

structure, have

to

all

distance

a

leaves

bulls.

the

fastened

were

cords

hall,

entire

at

griffinsor

hangings

beautiful

white, green

which

the

all, but to

sculptured lotus

the outermost

between

pillars were of

of The

at

fluting with

capitals of carved

tains." cur-

of

Many

with

walls

no

throne-room,

summer

a

protected

spaces

had

have

to

"

sides

between.

space

in

and

vases,

three

on

unroofed

an

believed

was

bell-shaped

them;

porches feet,with

beautifully made

and

high,

feet

from

197

of

he

in

Kings, one

of

in the

King

the

executed

established

Ormuzd,

vividlydescribed

story of Eastern

has

stone

he

of

this the

walls, says:

Darius

King.

"

The

He

great Ormuzd

bestowed

on

him

ancient

The splendor of the King." Bible, especiallyin the book of Esther, which

Darius

life at court.

The

proud

monarch

Hys-

inscription

Another

sculpture."

of

son

permitted only

his

who the sian Peris seven

a

Cities

198 "chamberlains" their

king

could

rank,

herself

to

expected

not

was

assembled;

was

and

nobles,

his great occasion

men

in the

decorated and

of red

which

of the

and

furnished

blue,

adorned

passed through

king

Persepolis The

They

in

are

divided

one

was

remain

remarkable

most

is

there

was

of the in

streets

places

city,and

four

tombs

feet

of

the

Persian

the two

are

broad

by

and

have

more

When

with

in

Hall

the

city. complete

the

borhood. neigh-

of Columns. and

thirty high, Beyond

the

broad, containing three

twenty

of

one

luxurious

found

sculpture.

and

lowed king's desire, fol-

kings.

and

hundred

a

by

Two

nearest

pageants

royal apparel,

of the

been

in

rank,

lower

monarch.

the

proclaiming the

ment pave-

aces. royal pal-

to

Splendid

clothed

tuously sump-

was

in

men

furnish.

decree

man

highly ornamented

each

of

held

exquisite shapes

confined

splendor

some

ahead

ran

burial

forty-sixfeet long

chamber

a

celebrate

of these

niche, seventy-two

a

into compartments,

of

gave

was

tesselated

a

the

another

This which

Susa, upon

vessels

could

luxury

passed through

hill in the

the

on

and

Heralds

chief

the

of

of

couches

and

On

days.

small."

on

king

the

king's richlycaparisoned steed, conducted

land.

of the

four

palace

the

was

subjectsthe

splendid retinue, which

the

sepulchers

the

and

time

one

glitteringpalaces

rose

to

of his

upon

Nor

art

streets

one

forth

princes

noblest

by

to

ride

privileged to the

honor

At

silver

the

magnificently arrayed

him.

marble; golden

there

all that

beautiful

the

wished

and

served."

was

with

celebrated

minister

prime

of

great and

of the

mighty

his

gloriouskingdom,

unto

"gold

black

Persepolis

beautified

and

with and

Royal

all

Throughout

garden

white

both

people,

the

unto

court

called

wine

the

feast

a

the

of his

hundred

a

high Queen

the

royal picture when

most

a

lines

long

before

lasted

which

feast

was

throne,

riches

the

majesty," stretching out "

made

he

and

other,

showed

he

how

matter

court, unless

outer

It

his gorgeous

the

on

the

golden scepter.

upon

"

magnificent

a

days

seven

the

Queen whom

to

of his excellent

honor

monarch

the

officers,no

only occasionally. Even

than

nearer

any

his

her

Other

presence.

royal presence

approach

to

beautiful

side, his

princes

the

to

to

graciously extended

court one

admitted

World.

Ancient

in his august

serve

be

the

of

are

doorway

small

cells

the

great

for bodies.

Persia, Media

After

kingdom

of

Persians,

for

of the

mountains

which

Mountains, empire years and

before

part, the land

most

were

before became

grew which

the

was

is called.

Cyrus

the of

true

conquest

the

Media

of Persia

large

of

crops

The

Christ, and part of

the

to

it

lasted

the

the

very

Sea.

fruit; and

east,

quarters

kingdom

a

great table-land

monarchy

three

empire

were

Caspian

and

corn on

Median

new

Medes

the

of the Fifth

of the

name

occupied proper

bounded

raised.

important part

most

The

the

founded

was

of Persia.

among

of

some

of

Its

a

century. In

was

Monarchy,

as

that of the

Medes

nation.

powerful extends

that

loftyhills the

pastures

six

almost It

was

early times

north

of

and

the

hundred

Medes

west

Zagros in

horses

conquered the

the

fertile valleys

enclose

splendid

most

and

For

and

the

fifty

by Cyrus were

inde-

Ecbatana,

Lower

and

pendent and

too;

warlike, and

important of all

most

northern The

real

stood

on

The

the

mountains

land

was,

many

and

groves

the snow-crowned

believed

by many

have

power

the The

Instead

pillars,made

crossed

right angles,

at

The

entire

gave

it much

Median

the

palace

same

was

wood-work

that

nearlytwo

Ecbatana, here, and The

its

of and

monarchy, times columns A

to

short

castle

other

was

Darius

carried It the

was

the the

as

The

built

with

part

palace state

extra

the

in

with

size

and

set

with

were

the

between.

spaces

colonnades

the

which

beams,

outside,

the

shape of tiles,while

the

pillars,beams,

of

the

place it

that

for

it very

visited

resolved Mount

to

live

Orontes.

occupied by the Median Persian

the

altered

was

beautified

she

of the

Diodorus

Semiramis

from

water was

residence

first,and

that

roof

Old

precious metals.

of

Acra, and

and much

kings after

refurnished

many

by adding

marble

talents

record

Alexander, and

was

Around

the of

Here

office.

greatest

silver, that probably

were

bulk

of

at

its

defended the

the

royal

king's

history tells taken

particularlysolid

made

it,or

strongly

citadel, a

or

a

put, and

were

care,

halls

model

the in

but

know

treasury

city.

been

supported wooden

supply it with

the

was

from

to

south.

thousand fled

of

the

is

It said

are

houses;

summer

of the

seven

he

to we

probably

public documents

off when

walled

Darius

from

kept.

only

favorite

a

ornamentation

used

was

and

wealth

Acra.

rich

but

magnificent from rulers.

distance

which

decrees

it became

was

later

the

great canal

a

and

courts

Roman

sheets

beauty

ure-city treas-

Erwend,

or

them

Christ, the Assyrian queen

the

building is uncertain,

It

by the

with

palace and

thin

before

years

charmed

so

that

the conquest.

with

Elwend

like

wood-work

and

plates in the

coated

thousand

built this

date

of silver

Greek

the

as

"

it,shining

above

of its grasses

much

these

had

rills and

stately

Palace; it had

sloping roof, which,

a

the

diseases.

was

They

cypress.

called

some

the

was

ran

vegetable productions.

cure

cities,and

decorations

by

appearance

were

was

of

the

to

columns,

stone

and

while

made

other

and

having

and

Ecbatana

Persian

other

covered

building was

of

gold

streams

with

the

towered

now

and

mines, waters,

into

building

of cedar

mountain,

philosopher's stone, and

metals

of

lay around Orontes

of the

east

north-west, where

ornamented

carpet,

beauties

the

Full-flowing

especiallyin the

it

Agabatana;

or

little to

a

now.

of Mount

This

for its

the

transmute

celebrated

appearance.

says

contain

summit

The

metropolis of the

Ecbatana,

blooming

these

round.

East

Persepolis and

at

wooden

to to

most

for those

and

the

throughout

fair

a

builders,

boundary.

the

was

Orontes,

there

plain, but

While

Media," spotless splendor all the year

is noted

was

with

trees.

wonderful

were

great city of the south.

Lower

was

stands

of the

covered

large forest

of

in

kingdom

Hamadan

of

all sides

is now, of

the

was

They

of which

one

plain at the foot of Mount

town on

other

the

199

lay within the Median

cities

Ecbatanas,

two

ancient

the

fertile

modern

Zagros. down

the

were

capital of

rich and

a

celebrated

most

country, while

part of the

skillful archers.

as distinguished

of Persia's

some

Agabatana.

or

base, houses

out

of

because and

that the it

public

Cities

200

clustered,and

buildings were carried

was

which

ornaments, soil

modern

the and

head. The

only

He

Scottish

entire

came

country

land,

also

the or

lost

or

One

of

Mordecai

at

the

His

of state

of the

it

as

of

the

father, at and

In

stone.

were

sealed

of each

with of

one "

part of the

word

issued

the

was

time

from

courage. ancient it was

war

to

hundred

one

and

time,

and

body of the law." important events

law

highest

king's ring,and

the

the

is,nearly all the historywe connected

have

of them

garments also and

buried

been

"

were

placed his

been

high found

those

fortune at

the

granite weighing many of preservation is found that this

decipher the inscription.

the of

a

sent

twentylearned

The

is from

around

became

the

thousand on

royal

the

Jewish

honored

by

Elwend,

tons.

a

found

natives

only by

is

with

him

this

rejoiced

remarkable

engraved

writingin say

be

to

great and

Susa

Some

of which

Arrow-headed the

tially reveren-

him

cityof

Jews."

one

now

king, was

covered

The

the

is

inscription still

Ahasuerus"

glory of

will be

of

Hephaestion, and spirit." Esther

own

Hebrew

his neck.

block, which

treasure

death

place of their tomb

sovereign.

chain

his

as

the

and

beloved

foot of Mount

red

Treasure," and

here, and

of

golden

he loved

translation

Mordecai,

as a

A

Ecbatana, is the

with

"whom

Alexander,

reads:

tomb

inscriptionshave block

His

monarch. These

became

by the natives.

out

dress, and honors

friend

said to have

are

on

his

the

"decrees."

they

important events

and

pointed

rich

which

the

with swords and that followed they were equipped with quiver, helmet, shield and breast-plate.

the governors

to

of the

this that the

coronation

the

a

ness," happi-

of

good," "the family."

the

his wisdom

perhaps it is from

as

great armies

the will of in

like

the way

regarded

nourisher

of

account

on

kings upon

royal secretaries,were

the

Persia; but,

of the

favorite

good.

office

of

writers.

Greek

found

their

"the

kept

knowledge

the

in

"

short

such

some

increaser

sister is

large family; the chief

a

stone, and

a

"

The

war.

ceremony in

children

joy," an

The

of

of records, or a historyof all the of the empire, a book he had serious plans to carry king used to consult for guidance, when any in perplexityabout warfare If these records had become not was or government. in of should the have much some a country's troubles, we destroyed greater

Magi which

out,

upon

given

was

provinces,after

seven

like

installed

under

was

of

supports," and

arrows,

by special messengers

out

or

and

"giver

he who

placing

and

a

rejoicing."

lead, and

to

being copied by

after

is

and

of

king'sbusiness

"

as

were

honor, and

causes

that

place him

to

was

bows pikes, javelins, The

spoken of

time metal

in which

built

marriage joiningof hands,

with

treated

were

boats The

performed with the

something

was

small

that

bronze, making

beautifullypolished weapons

undertaken.

be

cities of

greatest

and gold, silver,

and

way,

could

Women

chosen

was

custom

of the

rudest

rivers

the brother

clan

or

custom

the

the

blessing. A boy was and a girl as "she

tribe

Each

great deal, and

a

in

of the

one

in

worn

customs.

friendly,"while

of

workmen

were

very solemn; it was

was

business

the

World.

Ancient

people

and

lakes

on

Persians

joy

were

tilled,but

was

voyages

as

The

on.

the

of

is the who

an "

on

a

lent excel-

History

is able to

Northern

Ecbatana,

Northern

the

Solomon

built

he

wife

Herodotus

spend

no

the

their

on

citadel

the

about

walls

circle,and

within

the

above

Five

Athens.

with

colored

thousand

seven

talents

eight and

about

five millions'

of

worth

gold

and

silver

was

have

to

circle ment battleuries. treas-

with

yet there

precious

left for Antiochus

were

the

equal

were

been

have

to

Great

the

metals

Alexander,

before

said

was

the

scarlet,the palace, in which

Ecbatana

Southern

silver,and

third

the

the

say

retreated

brilliantly

been

with

black, the

writers

Darius

from

away

built

of the

coated

second

Old

When

a

was seven

height royal palace and

said

corresponded

dollars, and

of

strong,

there were

just the

are

last

two

seventh

plates.

carried

he

half millions

a

large and the

to

circuit,nearly the size of the wall of

white, the

Persia.

There

rose

circles

of the

The

and

in

different

was

were

Later

Persians.

last circle stood

miles

one

with

they

circles

the

the

of the while

covered

in Media

of

seven

first circle

was

plentifulthen

very

about

was

fifth orange.

the

woodwork

entire

each

Within

pigments,

The

gold.

blue, and

fourth

it.

battlements

of the different

with

other

that

people

citadel,enclosing the

great

a

the

royal city which

the walls.

and

Medes

the

Ecbatana;

Northern

beyond wall

citywith

a

planned

so

one

outside

The

public buildings

of

his

became

the

upon

great

one

outside

by when

peak adjoining

called

built

It consisted

kingdom.

the

had

she

after

mountain

highest by Dejoces, who

founded

been

magnificent court

him, and

the

till they

petty towns,

out

of

on

visit

to

have

to

his

held

have

to

palace

her

founded

great dwellings, and

plan for laying

common

for

citywas

of treasure-city

and

royal palace

the

time

the

distant

her

residence

says

more

be

from

is believed

he

201

Takht-i-Suleiman, is said

as

Here

came

summer

a

city. should

of David.

son

of Sheba

Queen

the

known

now

Ecbatana.

when

to

nearly

he

took

the

wealthy city. On

height

a

of

one

the

thick, and

it

with

roofed with to

by the

go

by

sacred

the

where

bricks

dome.

out, except The

upon

greatest

central

care

a

stripped of its bark;

no

bellows, and

priests put cloths

The

heights of Eastern

by

stories

the

Pyroithra, or

mountain said

even

of

the

blast

air

fire-towers,the Armenia

authors

strange

of

events

to

to

over

have

been

other

of

to

feet

fifteen

before

was

temples, The

are

temple

by Cyrus, and great king,

in are

municated com-

thick, and

and

is black allowed

guished. entirelyextinfed

to

with

Greek

with

it.

found near

wood

blown

never

going

feet

chamber,

never

was

not

was

it; it

touch

mouths

the

and

inner

purity; it was

its

places.

founded

childhood

chamber, The

probably, it

only Medo-Persian

several

the

their

fifteen

fire-altars

these

preserve

suffered

was

and

of

then,

central faces.

walls

been

have

quite well preserved

is upon

king, and

taken

was

flame

the

was

building of fifty-

square

must

four

the

stood, which

Temple a

wall

massive

chamber

sacred of

of

with

square,

The death

the

temple outer

each

upon

was

Fire was

this surrounded

within

The

of centuries.

smoke

ancient

an

The

plaster. The

arch

burned,

that

Persia.

passage broad

a

fire

circular

a

in

laid

high, narrow

a

in

holy places

feet,built of

five

it is believed

by

near

most

along the

the

capital is

historythe

laid in the

ancient

Cities

202

tell

Others

city.

he

that

us

habits and

it

proves

monarch

King,"

all their

what

they drink

thou

who

water;

"

Next

the

long time fertile

a

of the

rock,

breadth,

a

twelve

and

embellished

spear.

ancient to

The

parts of the dress

hair

a

of the

one

is fitted arms,

in

full and

so

but

as

and

some

balloon-like

king

saw

an

Media,

pire em-

brated cele-

the

near

for

smooth

guarded by

was

tell

sculpture, that On

here. in

feet surface

side

the

and

height

sive mas-

about of

one

twelve

sixteen

about

a

strip

a

feet

in

high

dress horseman, wearing the balloon-shaped head-

a

to

kings,who curls.

royal hero.

sash-like

Waving

etc.

of the

show

the

Her form

whom

strips of cloth

Sometimes

the so

exploits. So

figure of

a

of her

the

long

is

a

romantic

very most

she

hunt

to on

the

story which

admire. as

antelope lying asleep

a

chin,

represented

dem dia-

The

the

middle

mural

crown

shoulders.

of is

Her

as.

the seen

dress

and long tight sleeves the not only cover of the figure is said to represent the wife of one

proud of his skill went

from

attached the

on

tassel.

great

a

her

over

is

beard

wearing

woman

found

are

usuallylong

the

person,

This

Persians

sculptures show

Other

their beards

wear

long hair falls in braids

too.

there

that

chase, and

The

mass.

sculptures.

narratives

of his

at

Lydia,

Medo-Persian

the

It

of

lived

sixteen

of the

enemy

flowing

part of the hands

of the

conquest

Desert.

pieces

a

of of

like point of the chin, and hanging down by fluted ornaments rising upward, while

at the

early kings, about fond

some

stylesof dress, armor,

rises

of

very

people who from

nothing

the

about

out

the

If, then,

eat:

to

by the early sovereigns of this country, in full charge, couching hishim, and opposite him is the head of another horse, drapery flows behind

is surrounded

on

stands

good

the

and

made

been

for before

upon

indulge in wine,

not

worn

together

crown

the

is

about, O

trousers, and

early established, and largest city of Rhagiana,

was

wonderful of

picture represents

charger, bearing

a

their

tied

had

surface

broad.

different

and

with

customs

bas-relief

Long

probably

and

colossal

always

It

Elburz

Mount

"

boundary

eastern

Gates.

do

that

that

they like, but

what

important city

most

the

when

art

leathern

who

Cyrus,

delights of life.'

or

important place, being

very

manners

smooth

a

the

else

of

king, Croasus,

upon

rious luxu-

the

time

them, seeing that they have

quite true,

was

near

not

anything

get from

luxuries

Caspian

the

territorybetween

walls, and some

this

of the

Rhages,

or

called

was

thou

Ecbatanas,

two

Raga, pass

that

none

says

wear

unkindly;

is sterile and

figs,nor

no

his

to

who

feed

leather; who

canst

declares

possessed

to

was

what

Lydian

deposited the that

in the

unknown

were

against men

war

soil that

a

possess

them,

Herodotus

Persians

the

of

wise

a

Herodotus

expedition against Cyrus: "Thou

make

to

garments

get from

can

conquerest

all ?

of

other

of

ill-fated

"

Lydian,

the

have

but

his

planning

was

said

advice

by quoting the

Persians

the

and

Lydian campaign,

citadel.

seven-walled

practiced by

afterward

World.

his

after

here

came

in the

captured spoilsof Croesus

Ancient

the

of

the

an

plain.

The

will show

story is that

the the

archer, that he wanted with He

him drew

one

day.

his bow,

and

styleof

king

Before

very

was

his wife

lads bal-

to

see

long, the

just grazed

the

SYRIA.

^I

^HE

it has

years "

half

and

it is

foliage;

Hills

The

and

plain

the there

are

a

side

the

supply

generous

watering

city

in

quarters

there

used and

masonry

finely

where

cleverly

tower,

with

paces a

Roman

and

from

which

a

that

to ran

the

and

wall the famous

east.

wall,

high,

finished

that

at

sculptured one

The "Street

time,

with

greatest called

of

relief an

length Straight."

Hermon "

the

the

the

over

arched of

far

the It

and

was

the

on

city a

so

wide. with

doorway.

entrance

gate

of

were

marked

was

is,

factory,

These

wall

the

sides

pottery

made.

oval

now

massive

and

oldest

gates; Gate

celebrated

were

angle in

tile were

they

south-eastern

and

a

every

Its

Eastern

arches,

vessels

Mount

several

by

extensive

on

mountains.

the

ravine

fig, walnut,

lay

sun

entered

noble

an

and

Oriental

Where

of of

peaks

snowy

magnificent

river.

was

tiles

the

brilliant

the

carrying

and

orchards

into

waters

of

Damascus,

and

groves

all, the

with

lions

two

double

rich

the

there

the

gate,

and

on

of

colored

beautifully

fleur-de-lis

corresponding

it

of

the

many

heights

directions,

many of

the

through

the

sides

the

along in

out

fountains

fields

portal,

richly so

were

side

south

rock

the

as

which

different of

part

a

was

eastward

At

other

known

Abana,

flows

turn

the

on

right

ancient

parts.

which

tower-guarded

stout

a

on

the

unequal

branch

Above

fair

ridge

the

a

above

vegetation

while

east,

Anti-Lebanon,

river,

under

and

any

and

feet rich

with

covered

the

of

mile

a

hundred

twenty-two

Barada,

in

situated

plain

lovely

a

south

blue

two

with

white

by

Outside

and

side,

across

fine

stone.

fortifications

west,

a

glazed

The

to

by

the

trees.

in

of

is

Damascus

name,

beautifully

most

the

through

covered

apricot

the

on

fashioned

eighty

About a

were

be

is

stands

is

they

to

water

surrounded

world,"

to

flows;

gleaming

surrounded

was

main

tunneled

that

and

and

now;

as

the

circuit

plain,

across

the

are

fresh

clear

citron,

then

rose,

of

into

river

these

it

pale

rises

It

the

on

below

divides

built

mighty

the

pomegranate,

dams

of

Some

which

through

it

is

height

a

The river

bears

thousand

three

nearly

the

circumference,

Arabia

Stream."

which

at

in

of

the

Golden

of

miles

desert

and

city,

number

canals.

large

The the

Asia; and

mountains.

the

It

Western

fifty

the

to

by

"

called

Greeks

about

Bashan,"

of

all

another

world.

the

For

Damascus.

was

although

Anti-Lebanon,

open

it is bounded

sides

of

in

is

plain

The

sea.

of

base

Syria and

City"

perhaps

or

the

from

the

"

Syria,

in

ancient

nourished,

Eternal

true

city

of

city

greatest

was

mile

western

from in

east

length,

Damascus. broad and

finished

at

work,

as

In many

end

each

laid in squares,

or

of

by stately Corinthian

beautiful, divided

and

like did

they

respects

a

with

triple Roman

formed

an

important part of the

an

Nineveh,

is the

Damascus

generations of others, in

into

three

and

avenues,

tesselated

were

in this sort

excelled

Damascenes

remarkable of

four

city of

thousand

the

conquered

Rome

It

earth.

years,

The

it; but under

has

which

during

powerful empires of the world.

most

noble

pavements

arts.

most

existence

Babylon, Persia, Greece,

The

ancient

The

mechanical

other

columns

gateways.

checker-board.

in many

205

lived out-

it has of

monarchs

every

dynasty it

founded It is believed been to have prospered, and after all have fallen,it still lives. Aram, by Uz, the great grandson of Noah; and this is probably how it happened: when

HOUSES

Uz's his

father,took capital,and

soon

ON

THE

WALLS

possession of Northern discovered

that

in

OF

Syria all the

DAMASCUS.

he

land

looked this

was

about the

for

most

a place to set splendid site for

city,with

its wide plain, luxuriant do not We know waters. vegetation, and abundant plans in establishingDamascus, but it certainlywas a soon flourishingcity, and probably kept growing steadilyfor many Long after that time Abraham years. reigned there, and pilgrimages are now made to places near with associated by that are

a

about

the

Uz's

great

patriarch. In

David's

time

"

eight

centuries

later

"

it

was

the

capital

of

a

Cities

2o6

Besides

its

and

the

of

those

lands

disease

form

a

he

as

in

began

no

mild

a

friends, and

way,

a

heart

duties

there

with

This

made

good

a

Then

the

himself

deal

all

from

free

to

in the

which

God

Rimmon.

A

is now,

Damascus which

and

temple

he

admired

and so

of

a

gave

a

soldier

hills and

The

king

had

not

moved

on,

that

not

do

did

heard and

after

him

to

it much

was

take.

of

to

the

had

enemy

to

a

world

have that

similar

Naaman

done

of

the

river

would

have

offered

an

but

now;

where

made

a

the

is the

heathen

the saw

at

the

Great the

prophet

God

same

of the

as

the

deity, called Mosque

beautiful

Jerusalem.

and

returned

man

altar to

dip

to

clean

rose,

said, the well

built

told

was

this, he

King Ahaz one

camels

custom

all,and sent for Naaman. long filled the street before

it is

stood

Oriental

well

it

gratitude, and he

his

made

plains and

the

that

had

he

which

in the

probably there he

and

be

to

was

Naaman

Damascus

understand, and

not

Then,

with

is believed

that

Elisha,

him

her

who

letter to his old to

crossed

before

full of

was

of earth

Jewish worship

patientlyas

miracles.

leave

to

stuffs,according

the

and

to

It

home,

it touched

named

Naaman

his valued

leave

to

this, and

of

disease.

all man

his

attacks

as

able

was

led

trouble, and

Elisha prophesied and wrought miracles. worship the Jehovah of the Israelites,which

not

all Christian

him

have

so

suffering or

severe

incurable

an

that

in

not

was

splendid train of chariots,horses, and

a

He

would

mule-loads

name

Syrians did

of

Elisha

two

Israelites, in whose The

Jordan,

signs of the disease. with

Damascus

even

sent

with

if Elisha

same

Scriptures tell the story, how

The

times

costly presents,

told

It

in dreadful

would

Jewish girl knew

He

over

his retainers

be

little

a

afflicted with

was

by unusually to

war

general

great

East.

the

Naaman,

king Benhadad,

general permission

Samaria.

trouble

of and

general

seven

out

the

the

often

was

time

one

Naaman

sufferer

Samaria, and

his

procession wound

prophet's house.

the

of

could.

set

with

she

so

the

at

enterprises around

prisoners of

the

his

upon

believed

that

gifts of silver,gold and

finallyreached

till it

Jordan,

little

gave

Naaman

rich

very

days.

those

so

land

if he

bad

Samaria, saying that he

of

waited

join others

suffer;

own

he

duties, but

kept in the house

was

The

Benhadad

Then

leprosv.

laden

his

in

Mesopotamia

land

The

his

Now,

common

was

in

warlike

the

pleased

so

hand-maiden.

a

Damascus, he

master

find cure,

to

Joram, King of

see

king, and

the

of

came.

her

with

agreeable ways

to

finallygrew

prophet in her

Hebrew

told

to

attend

people, and

all well

in

of Israel.

slopes of Anti-

eastern

invaded, and

often

relieve; for leprosywas

possible wait till death tender

for

Sometimes

but

the

share

a

was

leprosy, which

not

could

one

included

monarch

tributary kingdoms

armies, brought back

his wife

streets

into battle.

pain,which

to

could

the

about

Hebrews, and

called

he

that

went

armies

her

give

to

victorious

the

on

people good plunder of goods and prisoners. took

looks

bright

war

city,which

The

Damascene

Her

make

possessions and

by the

of the

maiden.

World.

Ancient

the

about

Syria.

held

was

dreadful

bad

of

east

which

resolved

the

to

extensive

other

commander

Jewish he

ventured

times, bringing home

Jordan, the

the

territoryround

own

it had

Lebanon,

king

whose

powerful country,

of

The

of

altar, cere-

HEBREWS.

MODE

OF

TRAVELING.

Damascus. of

monies

in great

sacrifices

the

temple,

filled the offices of

and

worship in the

earth, save

king

the

Naaman's his

upon

sacrifice;but Israel."

of

land

Some

closed. epoch in the historyof Damascus marched against it,laying the country waste

and

there

no

was

it

of

fate

the

in

of the rulers in Assyria Judah capturing the city. It had held a high This

destruction,

great

It

of

as

of

thousand

it

years

again

about

a

its old

to

rose

the

it still

in

old, and

no

was

conqueror's empire, but

flourished

now

time

the

fell to

division

longer capital after the

to

-^--^7" ,?fl35S^fe

escaping

which

all its sister cities.

almost

first

and

the Great;

of Alexander

singularlyfortunate

was

in all the

God

reign,the

Benhadad's

of

years. position as capital of an independent dynasty for three hundred still kept its importance down became a tributary kingdom; but Damascus of the conquests

attending

court

priestsperforming their

the "

close

his

and

probably kept up his usual of a gorgeous procession that

watched

the

about

At

or

himself

Naaman

to

head

the

at

arm

he

return

worship,

taking part in the

and

imposing, the king

very

After

pomp.

with

walked

duties, and

religionswere

heathen

these

209

position as the Syrian metropolis. This after the Romans

was

East, less than

half

gained

beginning

of

few

following years

of the

named

was

Christian

Christian

Era. the

the

grand

old

his

reign

that

religion began

a

Arabian

held

city, the BRIDGE

be

to

the

For

during

Aretas it

and

the

in the

sway

century before

a

in the

there

city and province of Damascus, preach the Gospel of Christ.

to

There

no

are

little is known rule

held

of

it

Egypt; It

of

the

was

Caravans

the

ever

but

Saracens, from

during of

one

the

going

station,and

In the

since,with

to

the

all the

great or

14

of

course

it

and

a

few

changes it has been commercial

were

descriptionof

from among

Damascus

of

and the

the

of

Romans;

in later

years

it and

manufacturing East,

the

in

years

belonged

Great

Cities of the

the

it fell into and to

they

the

the have

Pasha

of

flourishing,as it is now.*

places in the

wealthy and

very

passed under

ancient it

world.

important enterprisingof their time.

especiallyPersia, made

most

"

years

it

by the Turks;

when

prosperous

went

cityin early times, and

the

15 16

apostle Paul

great

thousands

in

taken

was

exception of

coming

the merchants

See

whom

DAUGHTERS.

S

JACOB

that

and

appearance

history. Assyrians,Persians,Macedonians,

of

hands

full accounts

of its

OF

claimed pro-

Modern

World."

an

\

Cities

210

of

Some

patterns and

beautiful

goods

the

that

material

But

now.

and

that

they

were

were

elastic,and

very that

patterns

in

genuine

Damascus

swords

the entire

blade, and

the

of

fame

the

since.

and

ornaments

of

leprosy,

was

borders

to

it,he would

gone

just about

route

upon have

gone

below

a

was

beautifullysituated probably from

was

mountain,"

neighboring

took

all

called.

Samaria

the With

this

Scriptures speak, who

were

the

cities

the

carried

were

people known

Gold

made

and

were

silver the

among

was

or

view

a

of

of the

name

Sea

of

the

or

the

as "

places the

to

the

the

and

country Tribes

Ten

filled

were

Samaritans, with

of

of

of

great

a

direct

a

Galilee,when

he

Samaria It

sea.

surrounding country.

city,which

storms

be

center

taken

have

"

means

watch-

925

monarch,

round

about

B.C.,

kings

sieges of other

by the Assyrian

Samaria,

Their

historyas

the

edge

the

on

could

went

in the

made a long journey, for beyond Jordan, toward the

overcome

people,

Naaman

It stood

capitalof Israel by King Omri, about

the

it

off.

in

spread

been

have

commanded

made

Israel,

conquest

it have

steel.

almost

crossed

far away

successfullyresisted

Then

of

in the

through

run

Crusaders

of

when

Israel.

Naaman

If

position that the

was

territories.

other

and

lived

hills and

high

this would

hill which

it

ordinary

of

south-east, and

Even

a

centuries

two

due

this fine

came.

for about

with

Damascus,

on

designs

or

delicate

acids, and

The

imitations

were

produces landscapes, inscriptions,

of

Kingdom

the

Mediterranean.

half way.

great distance

was

surfaces

light ground,

a

with

grinding.

prophet Elisha

the

capital of

the

work

hoop, with

a

inlaid with

pipes, perfumes, etc.,

weapons,

basin-shaped valley,encircled

wide

plain which

and

where the

on

was

real),the

even

ground

The

least. lines

sharp; they

form

to

lieved be-

are

tempered

of Damascus.

early days

city of Samaria,

The healed

had

description, armor,

of the

manufactures

or

manufactured weapons

together and

ground

not

acids, and

blue

the

upon

the

dark

of

through Europe, and

by etching with

commonly

in

by careful

by friction

The

hands

one's

so-called,but

off

worn

done

steel,and

in

similar

to

smiths, goldsmiths, silver-

the

welded

steel-blue

the was

are

steel

is done

of every

ornaments

(some not

are

Damascene

This

ever

ornamentation

This

gold.

in any

given

hard, durable, and

rather

fine net- work

a

of

of

celebrated

so

is

known.

so

hurting the blade

sometimes

ground;

dark

a

were

became

name

work

been

ever

bent

be

same

workers

time

same

could

designs, like

beautiful

with

light lines upon

of

sword

the

was

iron, which

the

at

the

the

marvelous

daggers that have

of steel and

made

this

than

were

point touching the hilt,without

covered

It

They

and

been

flexible

so

the

a

more

metalists.

other

have

to

famous

great skill,and

with

damask, and

as

cloths

Linen

everlastingreputation.

an

woven

wide

far and

even

finest sword-blades

the

qualitywere

fine

known

were

World.

Ancient

city have

the

of

manufactures

the

the

of

who

also

was

also

Israel," of which

by colonies whom

"

from the

the

Babylon,

Jews had

no

dealings." The and

fair

cityhad

the

Assyrians,which

a

checkered

history.

sometimes

There

grew

was

a

deep hatred

very bitter,and

again

between was

the

ites Israel-

partiallyhealed

Cities

212

Samson.

They

cunning

were

than

general's strength more of

it from

his

of

them

to

him

to

he

There

come

on

him, put

by

fashion

in

far into

upon

the

mill may

and

whole

and

carried

them

his enemies had women

he

At

drew

the

himself In

the

Of

these

bank

of the

division extend

northern and

here

stood

Egypt, and

was

his

first,but

it

founded

miles

Era

the

"

where feats of

some

the

to

Eastern

loosened

of the

the

and

time

a

when

for vengeance

thousand

and

men

Samson

amused

temple, and

vast

to

citygates,

Hebron;

felt that

while

the

not

was

from

in any

waters

the

sea,

both

east

looking about the

and

west,

cities

his then

perishing

midst in

of

he

so a

beautiful," whose

a

the

share

resolved

favorable fame

for

of to

others

lay

have

a

andria Alex-

"

the

on

He

splendor and

the

wished

capital in

selected

left

rich and

Upon

ranges. Seleucus.

spot, he

north,

culture.

long plain, so

by mountain

the

to

of

the

on

splendor and

Orontes, in Syria. This

in the

for

in

other

far ahead

respect

of

three

were

each

garden hemmed

After

Antioch

there

Sea, that rivaled

empire, part of Syria fell

Syria. "

Christian

by the

cultivated

influence

part of

the

Great

of Alexander's

Shuzzeh

pillarthat he might lean against it,and

together, pulling down

of the

a

posed im-

was

old-time

strength returning

doors

is before

on

it

This

of his enemies.

Antioch,

like

a

mill

heard, and

once

large, for three

looked

roof, and

the

in

as

were

the

sport, he

very

the

that

perform

to

felt his away

hill that

a

them

been

led to

be

before

river, twenty it

to

columns

thousand

flat

the

upon

give

have

must

Samson

He

after

been

hill-side, according

torn

was

temple of Dagon,

central columns

had

top of

to

the

once.

he

the

to

prisoner

called

known

a

"

mill

mill-stone,"

held.

were

"

The

days.

on

hill at

the

they

Upon

"

fact that

the

Gaza.

women,

somewhat

grain as

work, and

town

if the

that

in

woke,

to

The

nether

might have

modern

they stood

times, when

begged

the east

Rome

fertile that

to

and

probably

temple

hand-mill

ancient

where

ground,

in which

the

in the

giant knew

shoulders

middle

three

of

streets

just as

their

last centuries

south, in

his forth

last he

two

with

the

in the

"

some

he

task.

house, the

the

upon

throwing

one

of the

mill.

menial

of the

other

hard, tiresome

was

pitch down

assembled

were

enemies.

It

of former

The

come.

worked,

the

his

that

down

him

secret

took

when

took

this

at

round

little estimation

amusement,

on

called

is

and

sure,

door

each

facing

saw

the

resentful

like that

turned

Then

locks.

set

the

the

this but

did

grinding at

to

were

before

was

women

heard

building would

something

mill

assembled, and

were

the

the

night.

be

strength for their custom;

ground

of

shows

doubly

war

evening the hum

prevails, and

Philistines

the

cross-cut

the

in

to

only

not

off his

while, put

a

on

Two

and

women,

still of the

hum

the

Morning

sometimes

custom

stone

handle.

a

which

used.

was

spread

upper

of

means

and, after

be

to

discover

treacherously revealed

She

cut

great Israelitish

the

work

to

set

hair, and

they

prisoners taken

slaves, and

The

Philistine.

a

his eyes,

out

them, they

long thick

asleep, and

piece of sack-cloth placed.

his

imprisoned

was

lowest

been

for

was

he

when

they laid hands the

had from

wife, who

strength seemed

match

a

they found

for when

crafty,too;

or

World.

Ancient

the

of

this

wealth

the

site, very

Antioch.

entirelyovershadowed

soon

is gone

quarters with

and

entirelynow,

southward

the

over

brilliant It

part of it

capital. Part of the citystood built

was

by the branches

fruit trees, and one

was

old

rugged rising ground

threaded

were

the

of

sixteen

skirted

21

the

on

toward

of

a

shining

all sides

on

plain,while

cities founded

the

Casius.

Mount

stretched

statelyhandsome

banks

planted

were

slopes covered

by mountain

by Prince

island,which

an

remainder Its

whose

stream,

upon

Seleucus

Nicator

"

with

yards. vineof

one

the

ANTIOCH.

kings but

under

it

soon

the

its namesakes.

The

sacrifice to the he

was

foot of

Emperor

became

gods watching the

the

hill

more

Alexander

wealthy,

the

Great

more

story of its foundation

"

and

after his

named

beautiful, and

much

in

May,

is,that

B.C.

father,Antiochus; celebrated

more

301,

than

the hill Silpius; afterward he repeated the ceremony, auguries he saw an eagle carrying the flesh of the sacrifice

Silpius. By this Seleucus

understood

that

the

gods pointed

out

a

while

and

on

all

made

Seleucus

to to

the

him

Cities

214 site for

the

and

river.

the

before

long

is

afterward

build.

to

once

so

of

Antioch

that

kings, so

beginning

became

empire

Roman

the

surrounded or tetrapolis,

a

large

as

was

hill

it that

to

each

quarters,

new

upon

the

between

people flocked

many

Then

enlarged.

be

citadel

placed the

He

sloping ground that stretched

by other

the

at

at

the

to

added

parts, which

four

World.

Ancient

capital of Syria, and

had

original town

the

wall, were

a

city of

city on

the

It became

began

he

built the

Silpius,and

Mount

by

great city,which

a

the

of

Paris

as

now.

The

quarter

island

the

on

with

connected

was

by five bridges, and

others

the

in

was

for this encircled the whole It was B.C. citywas by fortifications. necessary The walls were also very skillfully built,and no point capital to be very stout. the crossing of a wild ravine. The level of the adjoining parts unprotected, even

was

kept by the parapets

about

150

frontier

depths

beneath.

The

flightof steps. hills these

Large from

were

thirtyfeet.

to

entire

around

There

the

Where

the

*'

iron

still

gate." but

purposes,

valley

also

could

be

ancient

Church

square,

or

"columns

regulated. St.

covered

called

crossing covered

directions

golden

city from

the

or

way

parallel rows

the

parts of the

cityor

down

were

carried

over

stood

about

and

a

midway

similar

Hympaeum

on

street

that

the

other

There

with

theater

for

the

the

was

the

broad

a

river,and

an

arch. where

from

the

the

bank

at

A

every

was

hill-side of

palace, the Senate

plays, amphitheaters

the

in

branched

gardens river.

that

by columns

off,up the

at on

All

with

ings; fine buildthat

columns miles

narrower

a

stood to

long,

the

in

four

higher

porticoes of the main

with

crossed

the

lined

stood

middle, and

in the

corner

in the

great public

a

four

about

loftymonument it

stored

magnificent

was

road

it others

From

water

stately streets

such

the

defensive

for

out

all

Paul's

city was

rock-cavern, forming

these

street

called

used

city. Everywhere

flanked

were

the

laid

was

From

principal

with

distance.

side, on

gate

of the

of

height

made

extending

ancient

only

not

was

They about

was

which

passage

a

the

twenty-five

parapet,

the entrance

was

porticoes filled with

west,

form

means

Antioch

gates.

side, which

reached

were

this

of

portal of the

the

four

The

toward to

by which

the

upon

of on

sixty towers. wall, which

the

great

form

apart, and

plain from

and of

Road

hills, and

of

along the avenue,

magnificent.

gold, the

each

on

entire

street

to

a

Aleppo

from

avenues.

east

portico for

and

towers

with

the outskirts

to

streets

were

the

center

colonnade, with

led in four

were

far

The

side

each

important

steep sluice

Not

John.

the

most

in the

the

to

in the

eighty paces

hundred

three

down

went

constructed

height,those

castles

crosses

the

a

in

from

of

between

was

seventy

or

been

opened

wall

contained

of

in all parts

they

a

been

projected on

chain

stands; but

This

have

and

doors

Low

rose

blockade

have

to

eighty feet to

solid

the

seems

defense

to

square,

like

city.

wall

said

are

fortification

Gate, which

top, while

the of

seventy

eight feet in width. the

the

of

towers

thirtyfeet

about

were

on

top

a

statue

of

Apollo

right angles by another, one

the

side

of the

cityto

public buildings

the

were

House, the temple of Jupiter, burnished for

gladiatorshows,

and

a

great

number

Antioch.

of

public baths, all

as

those

Antioch

year

the

called

called

64

power

built, and

then

were

of

"Crown

almost, if

they

were

New

the

of this brilliant

East," Seleucus

ten

and

far

miles

in

formed

pierced.

and

wide.

It

was

intended

in the

most

sultry summers of purest

water

by temples, baths, and

gymnasia.

The

They

were

in

for a

Grove

of

the

Justice,which

of the

cool

shade from

Antiochians

partly Greeks, and when

worship and

thick

flowed

a

streams

people.

both

circumference, deeply bosomed

Many

founded

Court

city,which

was

ancients

sometimes

Daphne,

which

was

SEAPORT.

SYRIAN

celebrated

to a Roman province, Pompey gave to temples, theaters, baths, and aqueducts

all,a basilica,or

important than In the suburbs

of

luxurious

copied.

self-government.

more

and

quite,as stately, gorgeous,

not

reduced

Syria was

when

B.C.,

the Csesarium. the

were

after which

of Rome, the

In

of which

215

of

grove

through out were

the ancient

the a

pleasure; it laurels

which

the

and

sun-heat

hills,which

restless

and

rites of Greece

was

were

fully

cypresses, never

crowned

pleasure-loving were

established,

Cities

216

the

whole

population easilytook

Apollo

to

Grecian

enriched

his embrace

time

It

there

of

of

the

Olympic

adorned

that

for

the

of the

one-half

Chrysostom

of

Light.

venerable

mother

abolished

not

were

of

then

Jesus

set

out

hundred

two

The

of

deity give

to

public buildings,where

other

until

his first

on

from

to

Christians,

missionary journey. the

to

thousand

time

Christianitywas

first called

were

headquarters of missions

and

the center

years

tuous sump-

skillful

most

the temple of Apollo, Daphne deities,all fitted up with great magnificence,

followers

time, and

some

by the

Besides

other

which

The

world.

heathen

people dwelling here

Christians.

were

After

the

founding

it flourished

but

and

new

and

with

handsome

Constantine

a

its

his

trade

their

of

but

rose

harbor,

which

and

here.

But

fond

pleasures and

of

above

folks

the

of

any

now,

when

Chosroes not

only

has

had

took

the

real

no

they

500

a.d.,

Many not

were

not

class of

noble

a

pure-minded

citybut thoroughly

importance for

ten

or

"

fun

they did it

sarcastic

of smartness

made

adorn the

population

people from

demolished

refined.

They

wit, and

for their

Persians,

it.

city were,

chief

the

countries, and

their

people altogether, being

as

ingenuity

then

invaded

Justinian rebuilt

too

famous,

were

dangerous

who

as

it is

Syria under troops

it,but the place

centuries; it has always been

more

all

a

even

there

destruction, for the angered

own

of

old

grand

the

rich,carrying on

just

was

of the

their

to

or

East,

public buildings,and

cultivated

men,

very

this kind "

to

religion.

the

Churches

distinguished for learning

place, for biting and

but

Antiochians

the

in about

Rome.

other

making up nick-names; and

capital

new

Among Jews; the people were

many

luxuries,and

old

Seleilceia.

attractingwealthy and

Greece

skill in art, lived

his

called

city of

longer chief

no

Christian

beautiful

the

from

was

was

of the

seat

among

attentions

vicinity,and

chieflyfrom

the

dignity as

new

architecture

divided

strengthen

Constantinople Antioch

of

especiallyin early times, a great

in

Isis,and

Daphne,

Antioch

labored

for many

time

the

at

was

when

cypresses.

figure of the God

baths, theaters, and

the

revels

the

that Paul

also

was

In

It

and

gems,

colossal

the

and

of laurels

grove

unwilling Daphne.

but

also

were

were

a

and

gold

Diana, Venus,

to

held

established. and

beauteous

temples as

to

built, and

was

bending forward, apparently entreatingthe

as

the

contained

with

in

nearly filled by

artists,was

represented

was

built,embowered

was

sanctuary,

stadium

A

up.

the

"quoits,wrestling and temple

them

World.

Ancient

athletes,throwing the youths of the Syrian capital became A magnificent racing,and exercisingdaily in the gymnasium.

celebrated

were

games

the

of

subject to

very

earthquakes.

severe

the

Palmyra, one

and

proudest and

of the

lay along about

stood

in.

Damascus

city of palms,

a

the base

midway beautiful and

the

"

Tadmor

mightiest capitals of of

between oasis

Thapsacus,

a

white

limestone

the

Euphrates

in the where

midst his

in

ridge of

the

Western

and the

kingdom

Wilderness"

Asia.

which

runs

I t

was

from

of

Scripture, was

founded

by Solomon,

south-west

to

east, north-

It Syria,at the end of his dominions. great Syrian Desert, half-way between reached

the

Euphrates, and

where

there

Palmyra. was

the

great

passage

linked his dominions and

the

at

was

But

by which

name

with

time

same

the

the

across

the

was

Solomon's

called

when

THE

The

fertile

by

barren

the

east

oasis,well watered

and and

city, a bulwark the

East

and

naked

mountains

south; and

afterward

highways of

great

fine frontier

a

historyof it

stream,

station

cityof

and on

the west, rose

the

the to

commerce

for the

it

vast

was

and

fatal ford."

This

and

the north

he

lost in that

city

north-east had

of

capital of the empire of

come. over-

Palmyra

Zenobia'

PALMYRA.

in tall

towered

"

empire which

is almost

COLONNADE,

abounding

in its midst

called

Tadmor

in later times

GREAT

2 l y

graceful palm trees,

skirted walls

by and

hordes, and a against the wandering Bedouin and It reached West. importance finally, great

desert

became

overlooked of

wastes

sand

on

palaces of the

handsome center

was

of

traffic between a

most

wealthy,

Cities

218

important city under

and flourishing,

glory of the an

He

empire there.

and

Syria

Europe,

about

court,

square

feet

seventy

columns

These

Tnis

statue.

was

Temple

of

Temple

intervals

by winged figures.

of

rows

contained

colonnade

having

each

columns,

fifteen

above

hundred

the

with

center,

festoons

side

of ran

bracket

a

ended

and

columns,

a

proper.

Colonnade

its inner

on

A

by

Temple

Great

of

Sun.

walls, formed

Near

at

four

edifices

the

the

Jerusalem.

The

with

important

surrounded

parallel to

at

and

imposing

side, was

each

on

colonnade

double

a

rich

of

trade

immense

an more

the

monarch, countries

the

an

up

city,in

the

nearly across a

supported

of

fifty feet

both

on

greatest

Syrian, founded

a

the shrine, or sixty-fourfeet high, was unbroken entablature, richlyornamented

columns

flowers, held

and

which

restored

Herod's

of

it included

palaces and

and

halls

and

Within,

height.

by Corinthian

enclosed

hundred

those

to

marble

celebrated

most

that

time Palmyra carried places in all the world

few

with

up

domain

the

short

a

were

seven

in

similar

cloisters

or

For

there

kinds, the

different

fruit

and

beautifullybuilt

many

wall

power

Mesopotamia.

and

and

more

or

the

the

long, but his wife, Zenobia, became

before of

But

Trajan.

Odenathus,

time, when

after that

murdered

of

Empire

Roman

the

century

a

was

strengthened

so

Asia

about

citywas

World.

Ancient

the

of

in

a

magnificent triumphal arch, profusely decorated. There desert

were

of

and

cool

fountains

channels

of

murmur

his

of

parts

of

couches,

East

seems

of able

Religious inscriptions show

but

and

army, escape,

of

which In

slaves

by India, and

to

or

the

rare

reclined with

upon

and

delicious

was

natural

some

underground

by the

within drinks

these

which

water,

resemble

to

of

the

elephant

enormous

conducted

house

waited

an

opening upon

apartments the

fantastic

most

of

cold, clear

then

were

air of

kept the

there

court

sound cooled

confections

of

by

which

the snow

only

supply.

that

Palmyrenes worshiped

the

a

kind

of

Trinity.

The

"the

Baal-Samim, they Malak-bal, god of the heavens; the second represented the sun; the third, Agli-bal, the moon. husband Zenobia's of partner, with Gallicnus in the Roman a colleague, or was a sort

Empire;

the

the

form

of

shower

a

people of

called

first person who

idle

fanned

in the

was

Rocks, rudely piled together

grounds.

the

fountains, which

city. Among

It

uplifted trunk

where

mountains

the

palace.

a

falling showers,

fallingwaters,

of the

art

from

the

lower

to

luxurious

brought from the

court

exquisitelyperfumed.

cascade, received

were

in the

throwing

stone,

sometimes

all the

delightfulthroughout one

was

beautiful

large and

great many

a

when

after

Aurelian

defeating her

became

ruler, he

in several

marched

against Zenobia

with

battles, besieged her in Palmyra.

She

a

large

tried to

the emperor's triumph. to grace She was was captured and taken to Rome she was the queen important sight in that great procession, not only because celebrated she was a city and so great an empire, but also because very beautiful, but

most so

and

most

the

Via

gorgeously decked Flaminia

she

almost

with

splendid jewels. It is said

fainted

from

the

weight

of

the

that

as

gold

she

was

chains

led upon

along her.

Cities

220

is

thirty feet

over

It is

hundred

one

and

of

fragments

the

is

entrance,

hall

four

are

stories

upper

contained

and

as

seal up

ancient

bleak

and

of

it in

from

It

building of these Asia

of Western

all

Belus

or

Greeks

of

by

of

The

Heliopolis, which oldest

The

ruins and all

this

Baal

of

most

classes

the

records

city,and

of the

this

people were devotees, who

were

The and

In

this

one

of

the

tombs

have

to

seems

worship

to

and

There

make were

height,

vast

have the three

Sun, and the Circular long

measured

the

vaults

four

enclosure

on

an

hundred

Greek

Bible

nor

tower

the

the

been

and

recess,

great

and

chief

that

was

way

there

made of

the

people

the

universe,

deities

as

of many when

so

it

in the

the

the

called

was

were

Great and rich

very

Temple This

Court four in

as

magnificent probably temples,

with

was

the

dwellings for

much

which

pomp

consists

and

believed

they

Great

Temple, of

a

and

the

peristyle,

nearly thirtyfeet

through which

hundred

the

of

of

palaces and

costlysacrifices Great

days

early histories

miles

as

numbers,

great

wonderfully

a

of

seat

to

Alexander,

buildings were

platform.

The

once

Toward

Sun, and

the

or

miles

two

was

of the

supreme

times,

those

The

It

chief

the

master

were

other

temples, known

artificial

by walls

was

range

forty miles

monuments.

the

of

that

But

gone

one

or

low

a

language.

chief

in

of

about

represented

He

any

in

Temple.

feet

beautiful

cityof Baal,

coins

upon

end

and

delightfulplain.

conquests

in the

underneath.

northern

labor, for it

the the

priests of Baal. must

had

a

of the

them.

panels in the

surrounded

being lord

religiouscapital,the

portico, standing

making

side

inscription,tellingthe

It

Phoenicians, and

meant

city are

Neither

a

and

nations.

sun

it, after

meaning

courts, and and

some

Anti-Lebanon, and

yet it certainlyexisted

Being

god demanded.

Temple

of East.

the

lay at of

and

of the of the

of

same

the

of

magnificence, the

In

loculi,or

the

bee

base

ancient

of Baalbec

possession had

show.

now

of

wealth

idea

same

name

in the

power

of

speak

eight.

Palmyrene

palaces, fountains, and

Assyria, Moloch

into

came

Roman

a

men

highly ornamented

so as

many

short

well-watered

a

Syria gave

the

about

countries.

other

as

irregularin form,

was

skirted

and

magnificent city,full

Bel

not

were

stone

Shelves

in between

run

eighty bodies.

one

the

deity Baal, the great sun-god of many the

be

to

by and

either

large coffin.

a

portrait is given.

whose

person

mile

one

Damascus.

in circumference, most

and

having

relief,each

the

they

of them

hundred

body, place

basement.

building,opposite

the

ceiling. On

of

bodies

that

of

center

stone

breadth

for dead

mysterious city of

hills about

north-west

the

of the

the

above

square

opening.

the

The

in

and

sides, some

four

as

many

the

paneled

length

first,except

in the

busts

embalm

the

the

down

Running beautiful

a

leaving room

like

parentage

to

custom

with

about

recesses

contain

name

mummy

long hall

a

were

more

recesses

linen.

twenty-fivefeet

height, and

immense

an

recesses,

places for

were

is

World.

Ancient

comprises six stories,reached of wild animals vault, filled with bones

feet in

eleven

recesses,

in these

placed

of

and

Underground

stairs.

the

base, and

the

at

square

of

it

was

in proached ap-

fiftythe other,

decorations, with

chambers,

and

columns

recesses,

topped niches, and stood

steps,

the

sculptures and

Temple

that

of, for they they

are

the

about

they

shows

some

marvelous

ground. been

in those

From

days.

Great

that

Temple

fill the

The

rich and

walls

the

on

flight

a

wonderful

deep mouldings, and

wonderfully

colossal

by

and

columns

shell-

tured. sculp-

were

higher platform reached

statelyCorinthian is

with

flowers

lovely

beautiful, from and

north

the sides

west

have cause beover

high, and and

"

cause bethe

above there

must

liftingpower

these

the

stones

"the

called

long

was

ornamented

was

ders won-

being

feet

This

recess

three

are

feet

twenty

are

still

ornaments

effect

famous

thickness

same

dice

each

garlands of fruit and a

its

221

the Great

one

thirteen

sixty feet long,

and

may

very "

on

with

fret-work.

you

are

court,

greatest

large

so

of

The

In this wall

stones,

heard

the

perhaps

are

enormous

have

Egg

and

Baalbec.

of

the

roof.

the

interior beautiful

Temple,

sculpture platform which supports

of the

of

of

statuary.

of

The

Ibee.

recesses

end Great

below

garlands hung profusion

the

over

the western

At

of

friezes.

Baa

Three-stoned." The Temple of the Sun is the most perfect and most imposing monument ancient

of

platform the

in

art

and

the

show

that

time and of

of

character it

Great

the

as

Great

contained

Temple

stood

alone

grand and to

the

streets

about

of

a

of the two

golden

as

temples

the

to

statue

festival

cityon

hundred

wound

yards

first two,

dedicated

about

with

house, in which

dedicated

statues

pretentious

custom

cupids

wonderfully beautiful and

the

PILLAR.

FALLEN

same

Elaborate

hands, and

their treasures,

through

the

about

Temple.

their

this

of

larger than

sculptures, representing fruit,flowers, vine-leaves, little figureswith bunches

in

grapes

a

of

decorations

the

built

was

is

It

on

that

than

styleis Corinthian,

The

delicate

interior

lower

Temple.

Great

the Parthenon.

It stands

Syria.

somewhat

to

to

but

the

all the of

of

The

the

Circular

south-east

leaves, decorate

Syrians placed city. It is

the

gods

Jupiter,which

days. the

acanthus

of

was

carried

Temple the

others.

their said in

the

shrines, that

the

procession

smaller, and

was

It

was

not

as

small, complete, and beautiful, according it was probably worship of Venus, for whom

was

Cities

222

built

soldiers

Roman of

used

citythere

were

companies stand

to

temples from

still

are

tall Doric

a

On

sculptures.

some

the

sarcophagi

Several

burial-cave.

the

sought refuge

once

legions or

the

Beneath

Greeks.

the

by

there

of

in the

The

sun.

numbers

in this

by

it,are

near

ancient

statue,

a

lid of

the

on

and

column,

corridors, where

hill-side

a

and

cave,

this

above

On

surmounted

probably

found

Syrian

a

walls.

the

on

column,

were

underground

are

fierce heat

the

seen

hill-side

the

World.

Ancient

of

over

a

there

one

rock-

many

tombs. the

quarry,

length by

fourteen

At

is

tons, which for hundreds On olis name

Tradition

the

time

of

says

that

the

the

to

built

was

towered-wall. from of

the

the

town;

bridge

of

bazaars

upborne they

rub

situation

it

surrounded

population

of

yet

the

to

of

days;

of

handsomest

the

inland

trade

elegant

manners.

called

Jerusalem,

thirtycenturies of Esdraelon

Asia,

of

to

on

the

the

by

a

finest in the

of

are

Arabs of

At

a

El-Kuds

Beersheba,

and

of

them. the

Great and

all parts

of

("The. Holy"), ridge extending

in

in breadth

the

from

is.

Mosque But

the

has

the

plains of

The in

its

for the

East

from

it

that

cityis even

center

stood

length

and roof

pass

tradition

a

a

the

hill,there

the

important

an

a

fiftythousand,

number.

It is

with

Aleppines is

by

garrison

near

modern

hundred

country. in

gates

middle

bridge, and

for the

a

miles

crossed

was

the

There

where a

by

rises in the

chamber,

the the

half that

celebrated

mountain

When

is still standing,

desert, seventy

houses

of

one

buried about

with

when

surrounded

that

moat

a

the

is shown

trough

of which

"

was

ready

was

Abraham,

stone

Hill

defense

he

that

a

subterranean

kiss

then

and

the

a

inscription.

now

summit

desert

was

of

Castle

for the

little less than

its citizens

borders

dotted

was

probably

was

the

set

were

hill

a

city,part

wall, and

massive

Baptist, lies

the

The

it

distribute

to

when

say

hill,and

"

letters and

the

it is

the

Arabs

country.

hill there

ancient

an

Aleppo

prosperous one

of

The

This

a.

and

Nalv-el-Haleb.

used

cows

Hierap-

roe

Antioch, called

the. hill,and

castle

on

into the wall's.

built of

a

gates

the

John

ancient

by

of

lain here

and Be

as

intervening valleys, and

one,

unfruitful

his

milking

milked.

times

founded

who

hundred

It has

Antioch

little stream

a

foot

the

on

be

strange

a

an

top

fingers over

father

most

of

Under

columns

Zachariah,

after the

hills and

Double

bearing part their

is

midst

arches.

to

on

milked."

has

some

in the was

Micator,

at

fifteen

used.

never

between

in ancient

known

was

time

small

The

four

"he

"

spent

upon

shops.

by

stone

a

gathered

who

but

feet in

seventy-one

Needle.

Cleopatra's

building,

It stood

his cattle used

leading

or

by

of

Asia, mid-way

Seleucus

stone,

a

width, weighing probably

some

which

Saracens.

several

seven

ascent

steep

is

sea,

for

Eastern

patriarch Abraham,

Canaan,

to

it is said

into which

the

Haleb, Haleb,"

out,

his way

on

it

to

in

weight

the

lies Aleppo,

people,

poor "

cried

times

Syria and

probably given

was

milk

six

lies

city,there

the

thirteen

already shaped

between

Euphrates,

until

kept

from

and

depth,

than

more

route

the

on

in

of years,

the

distance

short

a

for

for

at

the Sharon

their

least

plain and

Jerusalem. Philistia

to

valley of

the

ridge, separated by

this

valleys open,

is the

one

Bleak

Jordan.

the

ravines.

Scripture, while

BETHLEHEM

rise all around

the

distant

country.

Upper

City," was

it

by

occupied a

crest

bridge of rock

a

site,with openings here The

ancient

built

on

city,called

the

the

on

the

the

over

Tyropcean

thirty cubits

with

high, there

Mount rose

through which by walls

Zion; three

summit

of

environs, The

two

two

ancient

by the

parts

considerably the largerand

City of David,"

Zion, and, surrounded

the

Still loftier

crowns

FIELDS.

there "

into

is Moriah.

SHEPHERDS

and

along

desolate

valleyof Hinnom. west,

east

position of great security. Moriah, the the

rather

is itself divided

on

THE

lie

crowns

these

other

one

that

FROM

of

which

the ridge between them, on valley. The Tyroposan,or cheese-makers' of

the

valleyof Kidron,

city stood

loftier,is the Zion

limestone

midst

the

In

22

on

great

"

as

well

as

"

of the "

the

by deep valleys, then

connected

which, on a Hippicus, Phasaelus, and

northern

towers

glimpses

by Josephus,

hill,"was

sacred the

also

are

brow

of

Cities

224 Mariamme.

At

little distance

a

and

Xystus The

palace

ancient

most

Afterward

Peace.

present

parts, built "

the

here; it

Temple.

of

that

the

but

it if he the

if

could.

fortress

the

was

of

Israel

the of

side of !

"

the

The

begun

were

Jerusalem

work

the

two

carry

the

Red He

in the Sea

was

armies, and

a

to

kills

a

"

on

those

who

gained felt

They

so

the

for

Jebusites, but

possessed it,and lower

lame

chief

of of

center

likely place

city at

once;

this could

and

blind

cried, "who

he

Jebusite,shall be

in the

king

the

the

that

sure

with

man,"

That

the

became

king

the

great tasks

ruled of his

stronghold of Israel,and the

mighty he

bitterly.

a

lem Jerusa-

became

fair and of

and

around

toward

nation

battlements

the

multitudes

city first rose

the

war

citadel.

regular population

shepherd

Hebron

was

by

Jerusalem,

here, then, in laying out celebrated

Jehovah

which

made

of the

young

far away

held

the cumference cir-

The

were

in and

were

fame

The

the

there

Isaac,

son

sides.

the

broad

a

site of

the

steep

Upper

surrounding heights. Josephus

valiant

was

manned

felt

also

ruled

the

sacrifice his

was

half, and

a

"

Zion,

not men.

first scales

captain of the

host

rushed them forward, but Joab distanced all,and gained pressed after him, and so the citadel of Zion fell into the hands

the

out

It

place, he

have

the

people.

the

altar to

Passover, there

Jerusalem,

fortress,and

thirty-three years to

four

warriors

others

King, and

Great

to

of the

of

separated by

was

yearly feasts

on

after the

attacked

David

yonder

Many

prize.

works

said

are

of the

and

the

encamping

Jebusiteswas

the

insult,which

an

rocky

David

So

from

irregularridge with

capital from

a

it

historians; it

during

but

empire.

king wanted

a

Zion, upon

which

four miles

about

fell upon

Hebrew

great

taken, that they

This

of

the

days,

those

took

be

of

seat

choice

old

broad

a

years the

remove

Bezetha.

built the

Abraham

thousand

seven

cityconsisted An

other

feast

the

Vision

the

or

Jebusites,and

the

to

The

City," to distinguishit

many

hundred

to

His

country.

the in

resolved

he

belonged

Moriah, from

city,and

during

David; for about

of

Israel

time

one

million, seven

two

time

part of the

every

at

Lower

city was

Foundation,

Jerusalem occupied by buildings. and fourteen burial-place of David kings who

thousand;

nearly seventy

thronging says

ancient

the

both

stood

City, is

New

or

while

great towers,

ancient

which

by Josephus and

Bezetha,

was

"

the

hill upon

the

was

told

are

the

the

which

lay opposite to Mount

this

That

valley. we

is called

Akra

City," and

also

was

the

in

first spot

the

City," was

stood

him.

it

Xystus, which

the

Temple.

combined.

names

hills,Zion, Akra, Moriah, and

four

on

two

with

the

Salem, the

was

Jebus, because the

be

to

called

games,

bridge with

a

Jerusalem

called

was

thought

Upper

citadel after

it

is

name

of

name

by

for

connected

also

was

connected

were

World.

Ancient

place

a

was

which

and

royal palace overlooked,

the

of

to

in

capital of

in

Israel

city in fortifications this

life,which extend

and

loftycity,and to

were

the

1048

Great For

buildings.

kept continually

establish

domains

B.C.

of

that

at

worship of

the

kingdom

from

Euphrates. conqueror,

also spread great

and

compelled

one

prosperityin Judah

tribe and

after the

new

another

to

kingdom

yield of

to

his

Israel,by

Jerusalem.

22

and by encouraging navigationand trade,by carefullyarranging the form of government, of the author is well known of justice. David as founding a higher and a lower court and show all beautiful Oriental are the Psalms, which are verses, religious They poems. shade of spiritual feeling,from faith and joy in God's goodness to overwhelming every for the writer's

sorrow

belonged

to the

The

later.

MOUNTAINS

OF

own

sin.

David

MOAB,

OPPOSITE

THE

KINGDOM

east on

of are

the

all sides

centuries of

country

a

of

of great interest

to

of

the

plains

their eventful

the Tabernacle,

from

Jordan, with

all who

mountains, plains,and

are

Gibeah.

This 15

in the little villageof Bethlehem,

or

and

often

and

the

citadel of

to

that

SHORE

EASTERN

THE

OF

SEA.

are

mountains

troublous

ON

JUDAH,

with

familiar of

valleys,where

tent-temple, and was

OF

DEAD

THE

midst

born

was

ries family into later generationsof which Christ came, about ten centumiles of five south in the about is in still existence, Jerusalem, village

same

the

beyond

Moab the

people

existence.

Zion

hill the Ark

or Kirjath-jearim,

of "

Bible. the

of God was

Away

the Covenant

the

Sea, and

Dead

passed

chosen

to

the

early

for the

taken

was

cityof forests," 0:1

site

the

road

Cities

226

between the

of David

psalms

and

opposite,

his

Solomon.

son

were

made

King

of

to

sound

no

of its

years

general plan

all

twice

points

in the

center

with

profusion

a

a

of

which of

and

Place, Altar

of

used

in the the

off

lined

was

with

dedication the

religious sacred

festival

of

body Zion

Holy

to

of

Sinai.

and

His

clad mercy

sheep

were

as

tables In

the

Holies.

men

contained

in white

and

Holy

by

famous

the

materials

Hiram,

Solomon,

son

arrangements

the

temple

the

Tabernacle,

labors from

when were

the

during

only down

the

two

forth

Prayers

psalms

gold.

ceremony

that

of

the the

the

wide

the of

of the

law

this which

Levites, with

praise

of

Jehovah:

burnt-offeringsof were

sung

to

an

of

that

place

among

two

Moses

For

thousands

The

aside;

the

from

and

a

tabernacle

cherubim

in the

as

same

had

He

the

most'joyous the vintage,

it had

placed of

all instruments "

temple

Solomon. laid

it

shut

the

told

in of

the

was

taining hall, con-

of

the

of

being

procession

ark;

the

ever

vessels

curtains

took

gathering robes

golden

are

the

golden

square

and

We

Holy

was

seven

interior

territories

royal

a

parts;

the

to

there

were

Tabernacles,

spreading wings

in

and

of

grand

a

tables

David

Feast

field,and

in

in

was

with

three

led

of

walls

overlaid

the

the chorus

there

The

whole

ephod,

made

were

place

it

feet,

pillars,called

Here

number

great

The

the

ark

the

a

had

brass

This

beside

in

but

hundred

temple, gleaming

and

great

Place.

all parts of

for it beneath

robes, burst

the

of

and

the

the

the

Porch.

and

Holies.

grandest was

of

two

the

as

six

about

structure

gold,

of

and

chosen

of

pomegranates.

of

Holy

the

brought

forever."

endureth

made,

set

linen

center

the

was

alterations

it was

the most

the

oblong shape,

large

as

shew-bread,

in his linen

prepared No

and

When

the

After

holy

rest

of

in the

time

Jerusalem

of

after

was

square

small

was

with

the

richlycarved

priest,was

a

the

always been, at

to

Hill,

finished

was

grew."

supported by

twice

overlaid

called

The

vast

a

lily-work and

persons

any

Jews.

king himself,

on

and

It

about

cedar

golden

wood-work

went

formed

front,and

with

services.

people.

of the

people

full

walls

of this great sanctuary

Israelitish

the

of

about

fabric

sanctuary

comparatively

was

of

Ark,

the view

from

across

noiseless

the

palm,

celebrated

the

adorned

ten

tall

ornamentation.

m?de

candle-sticks,and

All

heard

was

friend's

being

Zion's

especiallyfrom

sources,

work.

great

hammer

or

some

the

was

hall,which

Incense,

axe

Outer

gold

Boaz,

outer

or

design

this most

of

deep porch extending

Jachin

Like

size.

the

in the

its

to

preparations for

the

his old

to

which

splendid, and

most

many

and

upon

building,

"

The

of

from

ark

was

of

Many

coast.

the

temple,

great

the

assistance

great

of

cedar-wood

nearly all

aid

secured

his father's

out

that

seven

had

he

and

plans

removal of

the

important,

most

The

willinglygave

who

carry

complete

whole

was

the

to

build

to

Mediterranean

the

king's palace

began

the

city.

by David;

began

so

This

he

World.

nearer

in reference The

city.

Moriah,

great

Tyre,

made

were

upon

in the

building

city of Lydda,

the

in the

safely established

he

and

Jerusalem

Ancient

the

of

is of

accompaniment

music,

good; oxen

of

in it

for and

many

Cities

228 cloisters

The outer

court

and

Temple,

the

This

court.

columns.

It

of

brow

porch,

at

King

greatest

well

as

power

raised.

It

for.it the

was

It

splendor.

built

was

together.

palaces, the great probably from from was

a

the

of the the

of

Tower sat

of

center

David.

the

vast

private apartments left-hand

stood

of

Temple

the

near

Assyrian palaces,

the

palace of The

Temple.

within

the

called

The

with of

in the

palace

was,

of

the

made

were

brought

were

all Eastern of

Forest out

more

temple, and

in

as

been

ever

much

the

East,

House

These

had

that

but

side

south

the

skillful of workmen

most

audience,

court,

the of

by cloisters courts were

of

the

this there

of

all his called

Forest

imperial splendor. the

Porch

which

of

of

for shade;

for the

grouped

all usual

the the

corresponding

in

suites

and

non, Leba-

of the famous

around

these

one

the

Behind

open

was

square sides end

Great

on

the

paved

the women

and

large

the

were

the

of was

palace

most

of

center

of

fountains,and

right division,there of his

in

Palace

Court, there

In the and

another

altar stood

by the household was

of

this

courts.

gardens

porch, called

golden shields, and

ordinary business

that

guards and

other

altar of

with to

cedar

a

great

Across

visitors.

Court, adorned

attendants

A

all the

on

halls.

Pillars,where

by

thousand

a

Opposite, there

palace, surrounding three Inner

Lebanon

Judgment.

enclosed

was

king received the

of

hung

were

opposite that, beyond

Porch

portion lay the

smaller

the

king, adjoining the spacious

beautiful

transacted, where

apartments

in

hall

Daughter, and

stately and

the

sumptuous

magnificent residence

most

of

pillarssupporting it.

Outside

king

of the

Pharaoh's

of

The

The

mountains, which, far to the north of the Holy City, separated Syria shore. There strip of Phoenician country along the Mediterranean

the

apartments

two

and

and

of

rows

eastern

distant

narrow

column-supported

a

style

long hall joined to the House

within

the

the

of

rows

the

remaining sides.

that

Baalbec.

at

Temple

three

positionon

two

resembled

Acra, looking toward

the

of state

hall

the

on

richlydecorated,

principal building situated

The

Zion

from

of the

between

commanding

cloisters

like those

by far the the

all materials

of

rarest

in

hundred

one

of cedar-wood

side

eastern

cloisters

of a

strikingTemple

was

after

were

during the greatest splendor of Jerusalem was finished until four years after the not was palace, which

His

built

and

roofs

the

sisted con-

aisles

The

reached

the

as

this monarch.

of

This

Porch.

bridge leading

the

along the

range

also

were

and

marble,

ran

occupied

beautifullyplanned and

completion of the temple,

cedars

double

Palmyra, with cloisters somewhat

Solomon,

reign

walk,

to

a

was

and

the

of

it in breadth.

to

There

general plan of this noble Sun

Public

Basilica, or

Stoa

side

Along the southern

exactly opposite

was

great height, and

Moriah.

Mount

nave

stoa,

or

of

was

the

"

Jesus used

Porch, where

Solomon's

remarkable."

single shafts of white

The

corresponded

and

very

Herod

World.

and aisles. columns, forming nave feet The wide, nave was forty-five high.

were

exquisitelycarved.

to

were

of

fiftyfeet

columns

The

high.

were

Ancient

Corinthian

of

rows

wide

thirtyfeet

Temple

cloister

the

ran

four

of

feet

of the

the

of

was

the the rounded surwere

household, whose

handsomely adorned

open-

Jerusalem.

palace up was

his

built

Solomon

ings.

to

the

occupied

and

in these in

other

by year the king developed way

possible to

far the

greatest

wisdom

and

so

clear

man

add of

learning.

that greater

works

Jerusalem.

ONE

every

road

in

the

to

his

His

OF

toward

The

entire

THE

CEDARS

not

judgment

whole

the

first half

so

of

from his

his

reign

establishingthe religion of Jehovah in a state of peace; and empire was

and year

LEBANON.

the country

and

true, and

his

its

pushed

already gathered by and only in imperial power

can

leading

passage, of

his

was

praise of judgment

the

OF

of

resources

the treasure

time,

underground

an

About

platform of the temple.

royal state

own

inclined

an

229

wealth,

knowledge

scarcely be given than

to

of

in

commerce

father.

was

but

also

rightand

say

a

by

He

person

in

wrong is

as

Cities

230 wise

He

Solomon.

as

his

time.

the

Ecclesiastes

works

His

of him.

stories master

and

were

power

and

wealth

right and

good broke

Jewish

nation

laid

the

near

tombs

twenty-four the

roof.

long

The

Eastern

saw

Rome;

king

he

But

the

to

Jerusalem

is

"

One

downfall

of

the

so

by

it from

of

said

the

to

themselves

a

year.

cityof

foreign

the

rebuilt

Constantine

But

narrow,

they

about in

hole

a

are

parallel,with

St.

James, Jehoswith

mingled

the

all the

gave

pilgrims there do

not

into

are see

of

of

the

with

of

walls

that

his

men

and

old-time the

ruins

all

hope

burning city.

family

women

for

Hundreds

down.

thrown

^Elias.

name

the to

in 66

again

when

the

were

sacred

now

it

history.

in

again, and

name

It is

hundreds

crooked, dirty streets,

obtained

flames

and

old

visit

any

known

^Elia,after

it the to

Titus

the

houses

named

lem Jerusa-

From

captured it; and

Romans

killingthemselves,

many

in

fire."

or another, pillaging rebuilding.

sieges

walls, or and

it with

conquerors,

terrible

most

from

religionalso, and

were

Their

by

again equaled

never

the

other;

perished,

for Christian

and

Holy

chamber,

entered

which

streets

were

it from

have

it was

the

"burned

"

took

destroyed, and

was

of

circular be

the

kings

buried.

were

Zacharias, Absalom,

court

each

against the

one

are

also

may

a

other

city

conqueror

wrested

This

walked

who

men

to

of

tombs

and

prophets

downward

galleries,two

narrow

the

are

ancient

revolted

place

it every

and

great

Hadrian

Mohammedan go

and

Babylon

Temple

great

high

there

religiousemperor a

the

his death

Upon the

David,

the

too,

high.

of

Jews

the emperor

became

turned

peaceful valleys about

Solomon,

There,

feet

ten

fair

the

of

Nebuchadnezzar

Jews did

remains lived.

and

changes.

of

beautiful

Under

caused

own

seemed

had

tyrant, which

power

his

by

what

discontent.

which

kingdoms,

of Solomon's

lost,by throwing

The

and

of

and

wisdom

wisdom,

his

his life

opposite

the

hatred

of

part

selfish,arrogant

into

magnificence

monarchs

thousands

was

who

and

the

but

latter

did

long galleryleading

a

celebrated

many

when

a

trust

the

three

run

kings

many

the

it

the

it

beauty

time

and

they

through

of the

after

of

which

on

feet in diameter

and

multitudes

became

the

now

hill-slopes,and

the

tombs;

galleries,where

haphat,

a.d.,

spot

From

cross

The

with

reached

are

he

conquered

the

summits,

studded

are

He

others.

love

among

in

ing glow-

lord

whose

men,

genius,

relate the

as

is

Beside

forever.

mountain

The

City

from

his wonderful

But

him

of all created

wealthy

most

over-shadowed

before;

people out

sun,

taught

he

him

to

his

revolt

a

wisdom

the

Songs, there

writings.

legends, which

describe

and

Suleiman,

name

his riches.

as

shamefully

were

feelings of

the

limitless

as

of the

neglect

under

everything

of

spell his

These

of

and

his;

of

poet

Song

or

been

Oriental

Eastern

many

talented

most

have

to

ancient

all the

are

the

Canticles,

the

believed

are

in

Bible, there

in the

and

man,

lost; but

Bible

beautiful

more

or

of him

descriptions

learned been

have

World.

Ancient

most

in the

Proverbs

finer

scarcely anything the

science

on

and

the

also

was

the

of

Holy City

the

people

of both

grandeur, of centuries

of

faiths

for modern scattered

Joppa. its

among

thousand,

or

one-fourth

about

that

time

Jaffa, which

made

by

between

the

Mediterranean

that

said

she

beautiful than

Solomon's

days

chains

Perseus

by

the

killed

timber this Lord.

the

as

from

port

Bible

Pottery

set was

and The

the

rocks

and

used

jar

of

potter,

water

by

said

was

Josephus

her.

the

tribe

building

of

he

here, and

the

his

side, may

taking a lump

of

clay

the

was

in

that

this

his

now

orange,

adjoining place

the

as

her

because

Pliny's

In

sea.

bound

been

the

port

second

first and

seen

it

Jhe

his wheel, as

he

was

of

land

the

carried

Temple. presence

the From

of

the

with

his

heap of

in

the

ancient

was

hand, placed

until

founded

citywas

distribution

fleeing from

potter and be

have

to

says

To

of

Jerusalem.

in the

Dan.

of both

when

Tarshish,

manufactured

she

describes

of

it is first mentioned

of

in the

sail for

wall

hill,

rounded

of green

of the

Yafa

lovely picture

low

sea-monster

nymphs

or

the

sea

the

to

called

orchards

a

ranean Mediter-

the

on

a

"

like Strabo

exposed

which

to

rescued

border

side

southern

on

Luxuriant

Nereids,

the

of

It stood

flood, and

the

outside

in the Bible the

Lebanon,

Jonah

days.

and

marking

prepared clay

in

monster

Phoenicians,

by Joshua

pools,

shown

were

before

twenty-five

also

was

account

on

sea.

land

the

on

away

stood It

Holy City.

Sharon.

of

Ethiopian princess, was

more

was

the

hills and

plain

which

Joppa,

was

of

less than

York.

probably given

was

the

it existed

says

the

Andromeda,

mother

and

fig-treesstretched

Pliny

of blue.

of David

surroundings of

its

cityand

lemon, date, and where

and

Beauty,

means

the

New

Albany,

north-west

coast, about or

of

population is

The

buildings.

Jerusalem in the thirtymiles

port of

The

Mohammedan

Jewish and

231

it

on

top

of

the

Cities

232 and

the

of

it into

smoothed

wheel

fashioned

sugar-loaf. Then, thrustinghis thumb constantly enlarged as he pressed

cone

a

into its top, he

center, which and

taken

putting them also

he

Joppa that St. Peter vision

the

saw

Christianitythan with

he

disasters

such

One

of

a

land of

north

country

early

or

a

of

Sea,

One

by

kept of

was

and

the work

the

has

potter is

begun

frequentlyby merely

from

dead, and

the

broader

before.

idea

of

Scarcely any

there aim

the

of

has

town

risingin prosperity,and

ships

into

Tyre

the

met

present

formed

and

of

this

wharves

loading and

port

Tyre

palm

a

powerful

was

of

the

the

on

double

a

Tyre, lay

on

of massive

unloading

blocks of

as

largest

Elath

was

of

coast

city. land. main-

the

probably connected

sea-port,

wall, built

great

the

Tyre,

the

either

it

the

shore

lay along

meant

continental

lay the

for the

held

the

later,it had

years

of

city of

washed

Ocean.

sometimes

A

sea.

was

this country;

also

Indian

the

at

Greeks, and

hundred

two

and

Solomon,

Syria,that

now

city of

the

or

"

in front

in the

causeway

the

reign,

sailed

Old

islands

given by

Mediterranean,

the

on

is

chief

and

court

Mediterranean

what

of

David His

Eastern

the

was

Solomon's

"

rocky

was

of

Hiram.

king the

part

a

Tyre

its

sea, and

the

of

friends

generous

name

Palsetyrus

mighty

out

place

which

two

and

This

During

any

part, called

a

broken

Tabitha

better

thought

or

Jerusalem, where

country.

from

On it

was

The

b.c.

1200

as

raised

he

much

a

Phoenician

the

Palestine.

commerce

Red

faithful

of

red

him

gave

understood

Phoenicia.

of

and

mass,

the

shape he pleased.

because

or

down

hole

a

old-

an

fifteen thousand.

most

north

way

when

came

Joppa, but it is of late years

as

monarchy,

long

the

the

which

ever

population is about Hebrew

opened

of

floor.

the

upon

to

was

perhaps,

vessels

These

It

upon

defect

some

end

upper

it,giving it any

into a shapeless clay,is suddenly crushed were extremely delicate,and were

little

too

anew.

growing jar,from

the

then

like the

something

revolving

Now

World.

Ancient

with

of

stone,

great number

a

vessels

from known. island The almost tirely ennearly every port that was portion was occupied by such buildings as store-houses, manufactories, and arsenals; these

substantial,being well built for their

were

fine and

were

celebrated

palaces, and of the

courts

far and

Some

remarkable

works

are

called

by

the

into the

The

commerce

sea,

the

in

handsome

sea-wall

of up

of

courts

ancient

Abyssinia

and

public

Rasel-Ain.

from

the

canal, of

Tyre Arabia

There

which

the was on

their

about

bottom

carried the

of

quarter

a

four

south,

now

mile

a

water

both from

from

to

by

Armenia

the

the

the to

one

used

They

In

gardens

among

standing close

dwellingsof on

are

artificial cisterns. the

castles,towers,

beautiful

were

reservoirs

are

of

carried

beautiful

Numerous

the quarters

risingground beyond.

there

squares

and

stand

the

mainland

the

on

appearance. covered

or

fountains

Syria. They

the. great

paved

old

those

fountains

with

and

from

of

gushing

water

connected

for their

houses, the streets, and

fountains.

fed

wide

temples flanked

but

use;

the

the and

most

shore, and another, all to

be

public places of the city

famous

caravans

and

merchant and

princes.

by ships

Georgia

on

the

on

the

north,

Tyre. India

from of

and

the

the

by

Thou the

of

thine

of Senir

thy

oars;

thy sail; blue

THE

;

VALLEY

builders

have

they

of

benches

OF

sea,

taken

from

Fine

linen

ivory. which

SHECHEM,

Riches, fairs,merchandise, cities and

their way the

world.

and

their

to

the

city.

Hiram

of the

by kings.

It

"

was

of

The

sent

OF

THE

people for They

make

to

broidered

CITIES

KINGDOM

world

of the

sea,"

rich trade

isles.

many

have

made

all

was

Tyrus

and

the

described

from

Thy oaks

thou

Egypt

borders

have

in

are

thy ship-boards

for thee; of

masts

work

and are

"

they

spreadest forth

of

fir

made to

be

Tyrian purple," was in the

so

of

CAPITAL

FIRST

the

upon

OF

were

the

among and

temple

that as

well

it was as

as

from

having

most

found

skillful

in

palace at Jerusalem, in

called the

desirable

was

prophet

the

particular skill

had

west

all that

"

by

artisans

beautiful

distant

war

described

They

THE

AND

ISRAEL.

men

and

to all countries.

REFUGE

OF OF

to work

of them

admired

This

her ports.

of the

Lebanon with

mariners, the

midst

"

this

language:

manufacturers

many

celebrityspread

rich crimson worn

countries

constantlyinto

thee.

covers

ONE

flowed

gloriousin the to

came

merchant

a

cedars

THE

all the

made

perfected thy beauty.

have

purple,that

and

"

quaint Oriental

in

trade

Greece,

country

the entry of the

at

thy

seas,

of

citywas

known

Ezekiel

situate

art

midst

trees

of every

products prophet

fair

The

perfect beauty."

richest

islands

utmost

233

making dyes. the

The

royal color,and

east, for Homer

sung

of

"Belts, That

It

was

obtained

from

a

kind

rich with

of

Tyrian dye, refulgentglowed."

shell-fish

known

as

the

Mure.xy

which

is still found

all

Cities

234 this coast.

along

beautiful

and In

about

had

and

months, in about

the year

with

city

of

out

and

men

gradually drawn

be

put

it

the It

of

one

celebrates

ancient

Sidon

ships from

bed

high hills. it

"

looked "

to

the

as

the

or

of Sidon's

"

Great

on

the

people from

south-eastern Israelites went

the

same

There

no

is

an

at

the

to

strength,

she

her. the

"

Sidon

her "

sea

entire

the

it

city of

the

of

power

nation

a

says,

with

they before

Phoenicians

west, and

protected by

was

that

t.;e

walls,

stout

thousand

years

nation, and

of

the

this

very

great

early

distinguishedfor industry,commerce, Hebrews,

and

ago was

being familiarlycalled the Sidonia,or Zidonia, was often given

works, and

scarcely

luxuries

and

of

with

careless,after

north

east

walls

country, of

name

oldest

the

built with the

on

the

built

Great," and The

doors

was

sittingin

crowded

were

dwelt

the

on

been

the

Zidonians.

It

on

have

to

which

Tyre, "

a

never

can

Sidon,

of

Sarda,

harbors

brought

also the

first ; but

English writer

city

double

with

from

as

"

Mediterranean The

known

became

energy

north

prosperity nearly three

was

The

like the

race

the

into Canaan. as

of

City."

much

of

coasts

people, because,

port

were

more

once

is believed

the

south, while

greatest

Phoenicians; it was were

the

miles

town

molest

to

it

colony

a

twenty

called

in her

it

by

world, and

caravans

people, the

land.

built

about

risingmound,

headquarters

itself;for the

typical of the whole

came

a

leading city of Phoenicia;

than interesting

been

new

seas"

the

the

had

by the

of

people whose

prosperityof

dared

none

moat

of

her commodious

Secure

on

kind

was

Joshua

long lines of

natural

a

time

In the

Phoenicia

mistress

times, and

modern

skill and

land.

temples

forming

upon

The

and

Zidonians," and

Metropolis,"

both

the

the

near

large area;

a

eastern

every

the

was

"

in Roman

were

Canaan.

coast, and

palaces, and

towers,

of

wealth

the

every

of the

manner

entirelyabsorbed the

suffered

fleet,weighted

new

a

after seven

foreignerto entirelywrest

trade, part of which

great

of

first cities in the

the

son

embraced

of

treasures

times, and

with

half

only

lasted

that

many

own.

finally

centuries

two

attack

own

first

almost

now

rebuilt

Mediterranean,

blue was

Homer

river

The

Some people think that Tyre situated Phoenician, and a sister-city

sea."

of her

the

was

roadsteads

and

restored

was

by Zidon, the oldest

a

and

harbors

was

trade; for the Phoenicians

of

of

shores the

Alexander

Phoenicians.

the

than

more

determined

a

troubles

down.

also

was

had

until

not

was

their

with

met

fair

a

of the world.

awhile

seat

great

it

make

to

was

besieging it,and

Nebuchadnezzar

colony suddenly departed

her

but

by Carthage,

the

longer the wonder After

of

away

Alexandria, and

of

and

treasure;

hands

the

She

B.C.

332

Dido

when losses, especially down

and

years;

powerful Alexander, after

the

in

five years

afterward

centuries

two

It

commerce.

wished

conquerors

Assyria, spent

of

in

historyas

the old

nearly all

siege of thirteen

a

yielded to

it

almost

World.

Ancient

important in ancient

as

Sargon, King

B.C., up;

after

success

that

was

possession,which

720

give

to

Tyre

the

of

were

they were

a

were

the

similar a

language.

separate

fifteenth

different

from

colonizers

not

city

times and

tion. naviga-

Perhaps they

nation, living on century almost

were more

B.C., when all other

conquerors;

the the

ancient

peaceful

Cities

236

pines, firs,cypresses,

fruits,where

cities

engirdled other The

country

although

sometimes

threatened

them

him,

with

or

elected land

the

the

to

height from

had

and of

governed by

of

"

in

share

a

government.

and

the

sixth

the the

on

and

of

islands

it

the

Hercules

Mediterranean

the

Spain,

or

the

waters

of

the

or

great

two

"

went

Egypt,

modern

around

went

Phoenician

were

prosperitywas

Africa

to

the

Azores;

and

from

Red

the

eastern

coast

wide

daughter-cityTyre,

and

still later of her

celebrated

These

world

ancient and

became

they did

from

and

rare

Tyre

there "

Egypt;

of wool

pottery from Euxine with

for

would

centers

earliest

of

own

use,

bring good

yet

one

after

wine

from

Attica; horses

cargoes

from made

and

Spain;

but

they

did

chiefly to Thus

up

for

Damascus; chariots tin

send

out

goods

embroideries from from

Armenia; Cornwall.

exportation, Phoenicia

her

Seas

munication com-

powerful

of

commerce over

India;

linen

from

to

Sidon

yarn

and

Babylon

and

from

from

the for

and

and corn

it to

incense frankfrom

Nineveh;

shores

of

the

these, along quantities of her own

return out

abroad,

places where

us,

the

earth

they got

other

to

copper

the

manufactures

especiallymyrrh

sent

of

there

opened

themselves

again

In

Britain,

King

more

spread

and

"

of

in

stormy

Ceylon.

the

art

wares

spices

Cadiz

in

Eastern

of

show history-writers land:

of

grand-daughter Carthage.

produce

not

out

the

These

and

controlled

carrying their

prices.

and

another

of

"

by Necho,

the

afterward

commanding

more

were

Pillars

city of

crossed

Gulfs.

India,

and

grew,

brought the wealth of every Arabia; ivory,ebony, and cotton and

Persian

In

seafaring times, till their

Beside

property.

their

Sidon

were

Sea; lead the

the

of

large import trade; what

others, partly was

Phoenician

common

a

trade

and

they

the

of Cornwall

coast

Nile.

Western

to

the

others

parties hired

the

the

to

Arabian

the

of Africa

the

was

Sea

the that

Thus

one

and

while

sea;

party founded

of

they

Being great

Strait of Gibraltar

the

site; and

ScillyIsles

its

at

that

era

beyond

went

of

One same

that

of

tant impor-

so

"

settlement. Cyprus, Islands,Cilicia3and Spain

even

entrance

the

on

trading-placeson

from it

or

the

the

at

Ocean.

Gades

Bay of Biscay

Canaries,

the

to

cityof

adventurous

most

stood

Atlantic

the

upon

ancient

the

which

rocks

men

interest

Mediterranean.

the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily,

by them, while

peopled

were

Sea

yEgean

main

government

during

was

of the

that

under

aristocracyor

the

Their

B.C., and

century

coasts

But

account.

others,

danger

any

of

up

the

among

of the

matters

made

was

or

lacked to try unknown parts of the navigators,they never courage so they went they planted a thriftyand enterprisingthat wherever

Rhodes,

valleysand

petty chief, while

or

members

the

manufacture,

enemies

invasion

king

a

either

judges

state, but

or

foreign

a

comparatively small

to

colonies

many

great forests, and

filled the

almonds

its allies

had

against

city body

who

"

eleventh

the

in

grew

independent

great

of which

was

a

was

were

"

cedars

citrons, and

one

unite

Each

commerce

Greeks

established

into

would

all

people

in

was

united

alike.

by the

and

sycamores,

colonies, each

him, there

World.

they did Sidon.

as

not

was

cities and

separate

Ancient

figs,olives,dates, pomegranates,

of

groves

the

of

or

Sidon. products,

principallywoods,

purple, which ancient

used

was

Sidon; it was the

near

in great

royal

called

in all

Mount

money-making

as

themselves markets

for

kidnapping for became

in

their and

riches

was

selfish and

we

would

say,

and

trade of

more

arrogant,

for

besides

and

It

was

IN

for

wares

to

sand

the

the

found

novelty and

a

their

than of

world in

prices.

the

Tyrian in

made

was

plentifulquantities luxury, and

a

was

Gathering wealth,

Phoenicians.

that; they explored

world

means

the

SYRIA.

using all the lawful

were

dyes, especiallythe glass in

great object of

arts, for

new

benefit

they

fine white

GATE

the

was

first

brought extravagant

CITY

manufacturing

wares,

slave

from

elegant cities,and

rich

The

Carmel.

ANCIENT

or

robes.

partly manufactured

headland

demand

fruits,glassware, and

border

to

237

markets;

finding

and

themselves, out

and

They

world

they

they knew.

means

to

the

new

did

even

Their

a

ness eager-

for, while

Other telling

fected per-

for

they

nations

Cities

238 important and

many

people with of

cloth

Sidon's

flax and and

able

important stand

for

a

glass-makers.

legacy

to

the

sound,

as

an

hieroglyphs, and alphabet,

from

and

wealth,

fair, gorgeous

bad

and

down

waist; and

and

Sidon

was

with

some

but

allegiance kept

a

The

but

of

bet. alpha-

our

from

came

The

them

as

people rolled

in

admire, but because

we

citywas its

provide; but and

gold

garments

were

a

vanity

people

silver ornaments,

were

and

rings without

from

the

most

elaborate

the

old-time

citywas

decked be-

number.

neck, and

falling

in material

Piraeus

were

of

the

never

the

site of

again which

great magnificence, and B.C.

with

Caesar, crowned built,and

Athens,

was

a

back

the

to

named

in honor

Era,

height within

the

of the

magnificent harbor,

formed.

Great

stones

it

were

by

up

der, Alexanthen

the

have sunk

emperor

Tower."

Augustus..

speedily A

to

rose

A

a

noble

theater, a circus,

been in

it

Csesarea;

Strato's

thousand.

citywalls.

said to

to

and

was

"

call

and by splendid games, hundred population of two

a

it

empire

it.

Christian writers

some

city owned

broken once

of

league

own

time

last

was

the Greeks

13, a

the

people yielded at

went

of

that

With

in

or

by its

from

prosperity,which

Syrians,then

the

beginning town

a

and

Persia.

to

by itself

conquered

was

instead

but Israelites,

either

that;

to

later the

years

possession of

importance

importance, to

of

score

celebrated,

was

great

aqueducts the

on

built with

completion of

then in great

city of Palestine, at

by Herod

foreign yoke

a

it

while

flourished

in the

was

a

Chaldsea, and

and

for the

against them,

arms

After

preferred to

named

Joshua in

enemies.

A

b.c.

350

temple, dedicated

to

large loose

often

deadliest

Sidon

great

built

position and

to

Egyptian

things; but, excepting

industry

could

most

sign

a

the

have

we

standing.

forehead, suspended

the

cities which

independence,

after which

Its

Their

made

bring, their great

wealth

builders ship-

degraded.

their

Assyria, then

to

in about

Romans,

the

Sidonians

the

of

sort

revolt

The

Romans,

material

low

a

would

they

all that

around

them, it was

to

their

of

Tyre,

was

with

the in

enterprise and

money

they

was

politicalimprovements

or

extravagantly fond

worn

of

one

belonging

a

great

wide. who

writing-language of

and

making

best

style.

ever

of

alphabet,

deal

the

were

far and

chains, bracelets,necklaces, anklets, and

with

the

the

were

were

to

ways.

for

Strings of coins even

spead

for

things they had

sometimes

ladies

themselves

that

the difficult

in

being great dyers, weavers, could give,they any nation

to

it

they

silver and

skilled

were

and

arts

a

Their

weavers

then

upon

world

the

beautiful and

Sidonian

the

was

her

Egypt;

and

and

upon,

in these

only

worldly, unhappy, The

world

gave

many

they pushed these

science

improve

Rome;

had

All

enterprising of

drinking-cups

times, beside

their

of

intellectual,moral,

such

and

Greece

spun

miners of

in

and

ingenious

Phoenician

which, through the Greeks

from

no

and

improvement

Phoenicians

The the

and

"

famous, and

were

grown

famous

develop

to

in brass

less

supplying

also their arts.

cotton

most

of

things, and

and

works

of

the

metalists, and were

articles

their

gold, and

of

useful

World.

Ancient

the

of

the

equal in harbor

extent to

the

C"zsarea.

depth

of

ships

from

and

city

some

first

OF

VALLEY

proud

murdered

the

in

as

history

that it

was

spread

the all

shore.

the

of

Syria, the

its

TOMBS

THE

Many

whom

in this

OF

also, Herod,

and

would

Roman

in

tyranny

in about

Crusaders;

magnificent

gladly middle

the now

work

it is of

a

Herod

and

JAMES

of

heap once

the of

Peter

There

the

.

first century half-buried stood

"

a

early

to

here

AND

a

and

of

made

Caesarea,

It is recorded

also.

revolt In

a.d.

superb

Paul,

ZACHARIAS.

come,"

ruins,

did

daughters,

that

founder

great

for

protect

Christians

his four

to

the

for

landing-place

a

was

judgment

the

within

entrance

with

ST.

murdered

Judea. of

the

It

grandson

have

of

city.

ABSALOM,

the

as

the

Philip

were

defend

to

as

chambers

at

tower

Caesarea.

convert

well

as

strong

among

first Gentile

Here

capital

over

of

here,

promenade

a

so

vaulted

it, having

upon

with

made

was

"righteousness, temperance,

Apostle James,

occupied by

Syrian

of

was

boast

WITH

tremble.

live where the

the

JEHOSAPHAT,

Felix

the

missionary

prisoner, preached the

which

harbor,

work

breakwater

built

were

quay

baptized

who

Peter,

towers

was

immense

an

beautiful

invasion,

from

of their

and

broad

a

This

merchandise. the

Lofty

gales.

sailors

the

and

fathoms,

twenty

239

and

Grecian

broke after

a

few

out

years men fisher-

city upon

MESOPOTAMIA.

about

This

was

by

a

mounds

these

have

archaeologists,

thousands

like

they

made

been

of

tell the

to

river

work

almost

of

the

of

dotted

story

Chaldean,

and

English ancient

mighty,

of

of

some

of

chapters

hidden

lay

When

French

full

the

waste,

people

banks.

some

Noah.

between

sandy

a

powerful

long-lost

patient

world

been

of

the

on

contain

to

the

by

it has

founded

probably

was

great-grandson

a

Turkey-in-Asia,

glories

hills

found

and

empire

now

years

the

natural

were

history,

is

what

of

villages, while

looked

earliest

The

flood, by Nimrod,

portion

For

opened,

were

lower

Arab

Babylonian

and

Assyrian,

and

which

mounds

few

a

cities

the

after

years

rivers.

Tigris

and

in Asia.

were

the

Mesopotamia,

small

few

world

hundred

two

in

Euphrates

in

of the

first cities

HE

7^

nations.

Assyrian

The

his

became

one

upon

empire

banks

of

careless

the

the

banks

the

of

conquests

Tigris

years

and

they

;

of

one

Euphrates that

great

so

river, and

king

of

Persians

set

the

up

the

which

of

powerful

most

Christ.

before

neglect

Babylonians rallied

Ninevites

be

to

grew

thousand

two

the

the

by

not

they "

city

great

fell, it

with

stood island

the

The

States.

for

stream

thousand

he

was

Nineveh

after

It

it

king, time

some

second

stood

in

declined, this

After

B.C.

Empire,

ished flour-

centuries,

many

gradually

800

Assyrian

all that

of

for

and quest con-

rebuilt

and

the

long.

portion,

longest

most

westward

curve

three

more

and

miles. side

of

than

The walls

"

which

was

irregular gradually southern and

half

a

in

made

this

and

time

the

later,

"

the

when

the

of

people

all the after

wall

crossing

was

a

the

the

The

three

sections

ramparts.

city

northern

exceeding did

country

than It

the

deep

thousand

ravine.

a

The

a

area

of

followed and

eastern

eighteen

the seven

to

the the

was

which

it

forced

length being

whole

long, connecting

line

United

gradually

ridge,

; the

a

on

the

straight rose

The

rocky mile

in

which

was

two

others.

of feet

wall,

first

skirted

is about

which

Washington

wall

the

;

first three-fourths three

of

its western

washed

higher

is now,

Mosul or

miles.

and

level of

"

River

Royal

was

where

Mediterranean,

the

and

two

B.C.,

centuries

two

Tigris, opposite in

the

It

that

so

606

been.

the

Cyprus

waters

feet

eastern

it had on

of

in

overpowered

forever,

was

where

know'

even

again

were

Nineveh

two

the

left

made

eastward,

capital. But

to

and

last, through

the old

this

wars

overcome

was

cities

who

Ashur,

by

going

and

capital.

between at

founded

was

Babel,

built

successful

By

but

of

He

king.

called

empire

Confusion

the

after

the miles

ends

of

the

inclosed

Nineveh.

by

these

walls

circuit

the

Khosr-Su, the

broad,

broad

about

was

whose

that

built of neat

was

finished with

coming The

chariots

could

blocks

battlements

of

high

slope of the three

paved

center

was

side

; but

colossal

by

human

heads, and in

enough

outworks

of

What is

ramparts

vineyards. living close

There

upon

In

the

led

the

gardens,

about

with

NINEVEH

hundred

one

its greatness.

of

two

vast

three

the

"

place

same

wall

Prophet Jonah and where

platform, covering about

the a

Sennacherib structures

and

mound

hundred and ever

FIGURE.

prophet called acres,

about

covers

The

of God

"

The

forty Tomb

cried

which

were

southern

of

further

Jonah

the

once

is

and

called stood

supposed

wickedness

north.

palaces

among

mound,

where

acres,

against the

Koyunjik stands occupied by the

Assurbampal, known.

people

most

equal parts.

" "

seventy-five thousand

magnificent part of Nineveh with fine buildings,stood plateaux,covered The

of Eseanhaddon. the

PORTAL

and

into

the

Assyrian kings richlyornamented

roadway

that there

walls,dividing it

palaces of Sennacherib

city."

within

days

the

here, upon

a

an

buildings,

Nebi

be

the

and

were

squares,

the

Yanus

which

the

portion,where

"

of

center

were

Moats

were

the

the

gates

except

and

in the western

was

portals,through

the

ways gate-

cattle,fields,trees

in

here

the

was

fine

for the

pasture

In

city.

unknown,

sculptures and

hundreds

apart many

city gates.

sun-dried

tured figures sculp-

walls

plan

streets

many

of

chambers, large

the

of the the

off,polished and

continuation

distances

short the

so

height

wings and

wood.

beyond

defense

a

and

the

either

on

massive

The

was

high

feet

the into

turned

One-half

top.

of

waters

;

good-sized body of

a

made

probably

were

arched

hold

lo

soldiers.

arches

Between

two

the

"

south

plain slabs

that had other

stone.

were

extra

the

in

that

;

with

bulls

the

the

great gate had

The

entrances

ornamented

of alabaster

stone

chief

the

hundred

a

across

At

guarded

of

off to

together, smoothed

the

above

and

stood*one

wall

capital.

of the

out

northern

abreast

the ramparts.

wall

the

than

masoned

stone,

abruptly cut Tigris,and by

northerly direction,were

a

more

driven

be

height of

the

were

gradines ;

or

surmounted

towers

walls

hewn

of

cityfrom

the

to

its apex

by the

surrounded

eight miles,

moat.

bricks,completing

trianglewith

a

waters,

deep three

"

like

shaped

was

241

Here

to

the

of was

a

temples of the

largest and

most

Cities

242

cityof

second

The

This, too, covered

was

about

on

the

a

thousand

The

the

empire

The

which

extended

of the

king

for

of

feet

mile

a

western

the

above

statelypalaces,magnificent temples, and and alone on silent,dismantled standing famous, base

it

a large square probably rose from arched hundred feet in height. Within were the tower for what knows was built,nor one

days

traces

of its

which

contained

and

the

having

the

the

mountains

was

the

among

the

of the

of the river

of other

owe

a

priestsand

two

bricks.

No

There

part of

was

the

with

are a

no

temple shrines,

entrance-

great

inscriptions. The

sculptured with

slabs

with

closets for the

At

religioussubjects,

bricks

bricks, enameled

fill

placed to paintingsof figuresor patterns on of cedar, brought from tower was were

with

of

have

to

the

been

the

on

Asshur,

empire, and

squares,

of the

like

was,

called

now

opposite banks

the

the the

ruins

the

Tigris.

It

at

the

was

others, surrounded

houses, palaces, pyramids

and

is said to have

the

and Assyrian cities,

been

temples. It capitalbefore

to

small

ancient

north-east

mile each

the our

of

the

; but

towns

the

which cities,

time

of former

century

own

all the

the

great

many traces

have

tower

great deal The

the

were

during

wealth

the

as

the rule.

country

of cities and

together,bit by

fitted

country On

the under

came

glory perished.

and

slightremains

gradually been

studded

Assyrian

But

towns,

not or

bit,till

a

the

nearly complete.

become a

there

within or

important,of

mountains

conquerors,

almost

and

of Khorsabad.

about

the

side

historyhas

the

said

Calah,

the most

few, and

Tigris and

singlepalace, temple

connected

of the

oldest

a

are

entirely;

from

below

large towns

the

sway

We

It

about

of Nineveh.

These

western

rude

Nimried

the

walls, inclosing streets,

days

between

of

roofing

Assyrian cityis

great

southerly

by strong

the

is still ancient

In

to

served.

tomb.

covered figures,

with

stories

or

it has

sacrifices.

making

sacred

usually decorated

was

Kileh-Sherghat, forty miles most

hide

not

a

for the

royal quarter, the buildings

pyramid, which

lined galleries

or

for

were

stages

purpose

not

Here

Syria.

of third

The

in

other

ornamented

were

plastering. The

wall

surely

used

with

did

interior

The

gaps.

instruments

slabs

use

any

"

the

Assyrian plain.

several

chambers what

miles around, and

was

or

vast

It

fications. forti-

with

city,covering sixtyacres

the

tower

the

by

galleries, apartments

animals

chambers

wherever

to

put and

and

colossal

and

hallways and

been

courts

garments

gates stood

the

the

its

with

was

part.

level of

capital.

surrounded

city

the

Nimried.

at

the

below

nearly seven

of

part the

along

raised

Nineveh,

ruins

the

as

and

high, were

handsomest

huge platform

a

upon

third

a

known

now

of

area

hundred

walls, a

World.

stream," thirty miles

arrow

acres, half the

twenty-fivefeet deep.

were

Calah,

was

"

Tigris,the

towered

Ancient

the

of

corner

way

;

the

discoveries

stream

of

among

Khoer-su,

the

which

ruins flowed

capital with the imperial residence of the city wall. It occupied a near

the

center

of the

north-west

near

the

into the of

little Arab village Tigrisat Nineveh,

Sargon,

square

side stood

about

nine

miles

platform, measuring the

great T

shaped

Cities

244

plunder

sacrifices and

given in

was

the

of

of their

they fought for the honor

and

offerings ;

predecessor,and by temples Rawlinson Professor seems says, religion his

built

the

World.

Ancient

to

have

held

aimed

gods, and

added

also

new

and In

ones.

extend

their belief

enlarged every

important place with

an

to

beautified

king

every

them

to

the

much

as

way,

people

;

their

as

dominions. "

These

fierce limbs

Their

Jews.

large. They hardy, so

they

up

; he

with

king,the

consisted

War-chariots

either side of

the

built

quite

from

the

or

square but

open,

the

car

heavily

ornamented.

whip.

Beside

their bows

from

head

In

Assyrian

which

as

in the

well

were

bare

from

The

horses

and their

was

metal

and,

arm,

soldiers

the

They

riders

necks,

by by

the

scales.

horseback,

have groom

were

Part been

coat

or

the

of

"

a

cavalry,

wonderfully

at their

The

heads,

as

A

were

pole

trappings and

bulkily

short

a

using

of the

This

battle."

was

kind

a

helmet, but

often

quite unprotected. important

next

were

embroidered

on

rear, which

across.

thick

mail.

wore

cavalry

wheel

horse, using

tunics,

completely clothed, except of

The

chariot, sometimes

chariot, his legs,were

on

tired the

shield

get into the

sometimes

He the

short

of

elbow.

no

a

to

and

usually fought

horses.

each

to

in the

rode

ple, peo-

wisdom

swords, heavy

from a

three

human in-

and

captives,

of destruction.

breastplate,rather reins

two

out

; others

must

and

tunic,or

or

and

warriors

used

entered

two

blood."

proud

a

a

earth

who foot-soldiers,

great, broad

a

were

pointed helmets,

wore

attached

above

drove

belted

a

small his

warfare

sword

upon

as

was

chariots.

the

bridle

with

drawn

two

or

were

chariots, and

by hanging

occasionallydismounting

here, and

shirt,covered

his

those

driver, one

of the warrior

dress

The

The

the

They

bridle, collar

charioteer

the

with

sometimes

was

magnificent, consisting of

were

in

wood,

also

they

his

gods, in

of the

instruments

other

rode

front.

closed

was

center, and

of

made

curved

They

favor

although

bow,

officers of state

were

the

made

the

to

spared

chariot-warriors,cavalry, and

of and

spear

down

forgave and

often

and

who

of hail and

altogethercruel

not

was

and other

many

men

tempest

a

and

brave

"bloody city,"or "city of

the

thoughtful care.

in rank

all others

the chief

and

nobles

them.

from

of

with

women

them

overflowing,cast

waters

might, but

as

the

broad

lion and

the

sport of the

which,

one,

made

wars

the

was

battle,the Assyrian

all his

the

strong

daggers, battle-axes,battering-rams,and

maces,

ran

This

called

capitalwas

with

the

a

shoulders

struggleswith

mighty

of

in

above

armies

fought mainly

was

a

helplessand

Their

valor.

flood

the

conquests

the

feelingthemselves in

as

and

their

; continual

of conquest

mighty

mercilessness

made

treated

and

passed

all his

with

But

sake

like

something

countenance

and

brawny,

in the country.

"a

was

hand," of which

the

and

for hand-to-hand

ready

abounded

which

destroying storm with

for the

in

Scriptureswere

of the

strong

were

which

nation

"

were

mainly

lived that

fierce animals that

people

and

the

a

arms,

to

belt

to

which

archers, part spearmen.

trained. in earlier

The

horses, with

days,

would

the

advance

1-2,

ASSYRIANS.

3-4,

COURT

OFFICERS.

8,

HIGH

5, PRIEST.

KING.

9,

6. ATTENDANT.

FAN

BEARER.

7,

ARMS

BEARER.

Khorsabad.

stand, while

or

hands

upon to

animals.

wild

scientific

as

piece

thread

they

that of

fastened

their

and

it

horses

aid on

of

skins.

the

skins

and

sometimes used

like

oars

and

a

helmsman.

For

the

while

nicians,but

they did

than

and

only

knew

how

to

into

work

plenty

of

indigo

clever

at

pushing

business

of Britain

or

metals,

Gold

the

"Tin

stones

appreciated by

the

at

countries.

the

and

a

their

by,

woof

barge,

ropes

drew

the

crafts

of

way

have

threads

for

Arabia

Islands gems

and

" "

from

Assyrians,but

now

sea

weaving tissues

of

countries.

themselves, and

parts of

so

through

came

the

through

world the

ready

They

were

and

largely,

not

were

the

on

had very

articles of

way

the

Phoenicians

understood

they

;

they

valuable

Cornwall the

receive

very

gold, the

neighbors. to

excelled

they

chieflyby

came

Africa, tin from "

their

to

more

manufacture

not

in other

ScillyIsles

obtained

kept

the

In and

Western

many

soldier.

Phce-

been

did

magnificentcapital usually

from

Assyrians the

of

They

commerce

rivers,and

across

wood,

sailboats,but

highly prized

silk

made

there

with

products.

colored

routes.

rowers

and

to

wares.

their

;

withstanding. not-

who

Stones

by seem

world,

were

rowers,

galleys

commerce

old

the

These

two

banks

and

a

used

now

transportation,the

of

or

are

with

dock

boats, covered

and

raft-like

the

their

and

cotton

always in demand other

on

near

the

as

warfare.

introduce

few

men

with

six

further

out

The

water

knfa

not

a

machinery

had

rowboats

send

to

exported

bull, and

navigation. They

war

the

the

cities

the

wild

the

in the

and

rowboat, which

upon

of

copied

and

articles

men

sake

lion,the

especiallyoverland

Beside

for

were

loaded

were

chariot

a

mallets.

navigation, leaving

Nineveh

both

people being conquest, called the peaceful arts

boats

bitumen.

coating of

a

hold

bottomed

which

attached, by

river

saddle, used

a

the

of are

afloat.

deeper

wickerwork

"

to

them

crossed

Tigris round,

These

brought by water,

the

manufacture

about

kufas, too, such

with

and

commerce,

much

keep

to or

long-handled

larger,flattish

to

used

large enough

a

for

contentedly on

aim

what

of

many

for trade

very

them

to

chief

The

lines of

sit

provisions,chariots,and

their

smeared

a

after

several know

They

was

along.

ran

streams,

and

Euphrates

the

with

the

in

center

not

skins

forded

folks,who

pin.

bent

a

neighbors

rafts to carry

inflated

fastened

hunting. Chasing

was

young

important

an

was

From

and

to

Assyrians did

The

barges

modern

some

behind

fell

Nineveh

yet

pad

a

beneath the king to kill gentle royal sports ; but it was taken mostly to supgoat or ibex,the gazelleand the hare, were ply The of the have to been seems fishing Assyrians as game.

with

table

royal of

than

more

were

ass,

stag, wild

The

pastime

the favorite

war, or

onager,

the

stirrup,or

his weapons.

Next the

warrior,without

the

245

and

enterprisingBabylonian

some

coast

; precious

well mer-

Cities

246

market

found and

made

if any

which

"

rich

wanted

excelled

in

them

Ancient

World.

wood, and

they

materials,which

this.

The

they

people well

have

and

weighing a

hundred

feet

mechanics

place,the

land

on

tons,

many

Great

high ;

long distances

over

as

these sure

of

Immense

ropes

swerving

chief

part of the work

by

used

their

hangings,

before

they The

of

country

own

artificialplatforms

safelymoved. armies

and

models,

in their

found

in

set

were

tion transportawooden

over

men,

pull the great burden

to

and

to

by the aid of strong pulleys

raised

were

being employed

thousands

men,

metals, ivory and

magnificent buildings,

placed on

small

Few

RELIEFS.

were

stones

fell upon

being

sledges,drawn

cables

falling. The

from

or

and

and

use.

with

here

not

was

to

about

beauty

thrones, stands, tables,

and

finely carved

were

of their

ASSYRIAN

rollers.

which

of

garments

of

found

who

round

fond how

made

rich

their vast

were

of stone

been

means

all

Egyptians,

masses

and

have

by

above the

brought

were

must

done

was

; but

equaled by

the instruction."

bettered

nearly

footstools

only been

were

knew

things they

Wonderful

countries

other

many

raise.

could

beautiful glassware,embroidered jewels ; manufactured consisted and upholstered splendid furniture,which

chairs, couches "

that

for the best

here

splendor. They

nations and

with

Syria suppliedthe country

chants.

the

of

on

it

keep

; but

the

singlepiece

a

of

work. The crops

plain of Assyria without

if well

there

was

dams

in the

a

The

fields

the

citywalls

capable

was

of

growing large

the whole Scarcely any rain fell in the country, so over territory of and network of canals. a kandks, underground aqueducts, Large system

Tigris,formed

smaller

filled wells

within

watered.

clamps, leveled them

and

or

the

stream

by great pieces of so

ditches

carried

cisterns

from

yielded

crops

that the

which of

the

canals

water

the

water

oh the

over was

wheat, barley,

either

sesame

bank

plains.

drawn

The

by hand and

together by iron

fastened

stones

square

were

filled ; and

underground When

millet,while

it

was

from

conduits wanted.

vineyards and

Khorsabad.

orchards

also dotted

other

fruits.

more

grains and

the

and

those

to

the knee

who

could

arranged in and many

rows

and wear

and

game

OF

at

the back

were

worn

men

crops,

of

AN

OF

Head

; these

of

trees

and

the

every

by those above

and

had

head rank. the

ASSYRIAN

feet

sandals ; the

vines

figs and they

;

tended

were

tunics,reaching

in short-sleeved

PALACE

fringed tunics

of stiff curls

ornaments

The

dressed

THE

elaborately arranged by

other

fish.

in at the waist.

belted the

supplied the people with pomegranates, raised the earth from Assyrians was

of the

laborers,who

ANTECHAMBER

neck

and

country

fruit than

people

common

the

principalfood

The

247

were

also.

ate

by

from

the

KING.

uncovered, except The

thick

long beard, too,

hair was

by was

fully care-

Armlets, bracelets, earringsand laboring class, botli

men

and

women.

Cities

248

robes

women's

The

fringed,

common

houses

substantial of

patterns

wealthy

and

fruits

of

some

"

records

rooms

fine

them lord too

of

great too

the

the

the the

The

gods.

kingdom, for

heavy

his

the

temples,

king

of

residence

carrying

out

the

;

his

probably be

souls

no

walls

famous and

demands

ambitious

of

has

acts

as

forever bodies too

plans

king

much

to

he

;

of

great of

his for

very

them the

people." his

conquest.

ruler No

pleasure,

language,

the

have

They and

upon

"

thin

and

fine

and

length,"

in to

terra

invocations,

religious

and

preserve was

key

of small

were

temples

and of

prisms the

of

a

was

cal, musi-

"chambers

formed.

been

palaces

the

eight-sided

worthy

the

to

was

the and

of

master

royal for

lining

six-sided

From

Assyrians

few

a

music

These

inches

nine these

harps,

and

being

mound "

peace,

upon

drum,

Besides

to

dancing of

Their

library.

inch

one

subjects. the

of

the

delicious

times

bands

musical.

Koyunjik

the

King's

from

many of

records of

corners

great

a

literature

These with

covered in

upon and

the

varying

tablets,

in

least,

At called

are

inscriptions

cylinders.

were

to

clay

writing

explain

to

hollow

set

with

science

customs,

which

in

kinds

called

figures,

which

especially

or

very vessels

food,

in

and

ceremonies.

religious

and

been

with

rich

amusement,

several

fairly

be

not

may

cithern,

or

with

separately

and

household

decorated

instruments,

played

literary.

were

of

sheath.

have

to

entertainments,

possible,

belt,

cross

patterned

or

The

often

of

as

different

enjoyment

found,

fond

kinds

many

guitar

the

and

shaped

a

sword

circular. not

tents.

or

and

the

striped, long

thought

pavilions

musicians

which

or

are

were

nine

or

were

sumptuous

and

Their

people

filled

helped

eight

peaceful

been

with

history,

and

these

have

had

trumpets,

for

partly

crowded

cotta

but

martial,

of

they

they

;

held

jewels,

mantle,

; a

gracefully

and

double-pipes,

particularly

others,

the

very

lost

like

wine,

deal

men's

girdle,

showy

a

with

like

people

elegant

with

robes

the

much

The

much.

cymbals,

and

lyres

not

They

music

enjoyed

garment

metals,

as

great

a

music.

and

made

citizens

than

outer

entirely

inscriptions.

or

World.

embroidered

scant

are

and

glass

pottery,

an

probably

were

fringed

long richly

less

were

having

and

had

often

sometimes

The

were

class"

shoulder,

left

the

from

"better

the

of

Some

Ancient

the

of

dedicate

to

as

of

all,

"

lavishness nor

any

"

the was

fices sacri-

Cities

250 armies

Immense with

on

all

"

the

and

hundred

it ;

upon

"deep

they

oetween

of the

rightangles

and

miles

a

two

inclosed three

and

of

up formed

four

fertile

artificial

mile

long.

with

iron

which

bridge. two, outer a,

and wall

third.

gates

were

the

one

of made

of

the

hills of

king

river

river

the

inner

brass,

two

vast

Within

walls

and

seven were

the

Media, might find

broad

no

of

out

a

fifty and

"

could

turn

the

broad

solid

and

in

below the

the

which

cause

hundred

lay within of

the

broad

it was

built,

the

landing places of

the

bridge was

palaces which

palace

of

a

stood

miles,inside

was

decorated

being

so

with

which

hunting

built that

pine for the

home

could

the had

the

of

ever

only come

her

ble mova-

of

a

together the

nected con-

river, of

the

larger

of

the

Its great

saw.

painted

famous

a

end

each

at

this inclosed

another, and

scenes,

they

of the palace were Amrytis, that she who to

under

Nebuchadnezzar, the world

by

gates, also

tunnel

magnificent structures of

the

and

green

fastened

were

cations fortifi-

eighth

an

of

country

the

town

and

miles

blocks

by

"great city"

at

measured

the

orchards

heart

city.

met

square

Beside

up.

the

the

of which

each

occupied

the

twenty-five of

was

made

Euphrates,

each

straight,which

two

built

river

had

cross-streets

and

the

of

ramparts

built for his queen,

the

though thirty feet

piersupon

was

them

of

Houses

the

ran

also

large part

crossed

was

between

bank

circuit of

and

twenty-five gates of

were

from

not

was

and

them

over,

passageway

most

clay, taken

great squares,

fields

even

of the

stones

a

over

measured

hundred

chariot

four-horse

empires

had

Parliament

These

the entire surface

while

roofed

eastern

a

These

the

Ferry boats, plying between

for

On

tained con-

buildings and

they

;

three

south,

to

walls.

hundred

parts of the city,while

two

by machinery. that

hewn

The

used

was

to

watered

was

square,

a

were

of

side

the

Babylon probably of the time, a

The

; it

clamps.

the

as

seven

But

parks,

where.

every

drawbridge

of

battlements

a

made

regularlyplanned streets,

streams

size,its

form

that

empire

many

for its

London

north

city,from

nearly of

world,

the

each

On

city,capitalof

They

story houses

houses, gardens and ;

the

quarter round.

by the walls

and

This

way. of

the

that

carried

history,"

of

door-post. thickness

same

him

the

brick

city.

the

by

father

description of Babylon, which might be doubted, but that the

above

broad

so

steps leading down

made

was

was

full

of the

tower

cemented

of

center

gates, and

Babylon

of

lintels and

the

quays

brass

top

surrounded

brass, with brazen

Through

the

;

a

walls, in the

Its

loftiest

the

built

were

which

ditch

wonders

the

wealth.

than

thick

eighty-sevenfeet

found

land

and

water

He

B.C.

story.

same

by

"the

wrote

regular distances city,fifteen miles each

the

higher

"

of

one

its vast

around

high

tell the

trade

Herodotus, 450

rising at

towers

sixty miles

Old about

country,

century

time, was

for

brisk

and

magnificence described

The

own

of

course

gardens,

feet

our

here

and great cities,"

of

all.

of

researches

the

World.

Ancient

world.

known

visit

to

number

them

surpassed in

parts

vast

a

the

of

Greece

from

came

garrisoned

were

the

of

brick

on

; the

opened or shut Hanging Gardens, be

from

childhood

the

fair green

in the

midst

Babylon.

floor of

bricks

moisture

kept

the

this

plan, arch

high

; when

upon

the

planted with

arch

out, bordered

mound

vast

and

trees

by shady summit

the

various

views

receive

to

freshet,or

of

the

of

built in

Babylon,"

Even

libraries

warlike

days

but

there

Babylonians

were

knew

materials very

much

or

cement,

they had like

some

;

so

Most

and of

it

royalty in

have

"silver, I

heaped

abode

of

my

collected,and

in those

reading and

writing ;

about did

not, and

The

knowing

not

the

perial im-

his

comfortable of

the

something

know, had

of was

priceless,objects

animals,called hieroglyphics.

cylindersof clay

us

the the

times

boasted

and

little of

was

early nations, you

the

was

surroundings.

house

himself

tower,

two

scratched

feet

the

another,

treasures, that

ornament

After

hundred

festivals,were

rich and

the

nameless

gems,

value, immense

together majesty."

and

"

king

the

its

machinery.

all the

above.

lakes

king

upon

under

of

sets

which

of

to

the

deep layer of earth pyramid, three

bitumen,

lead, which

itself massive

palace

one

brick,with

gold, metals, rare

brass,

of

and

and

and

The

done

certain

for

appropriateto

apartments

fine

river in

with

correspond

to

curious

by

the

sheets

From

were

Tigris.

he had

made

halls, used

constructed

opened

had

; he

with

and

over

gardens

was

terraces.

the

it into the

carry

beautiful

Three

of

of

covered

reeds

the

laid

which

magnificent city

overflow

spread with

arches

of

banquet-halls.

carefullybuilt canals

where

the

to

home and

it

were

reservoir

there

gardens

the

base

with fountains,

set

different

proud of all this work

very

was

the of

plains beyond, lay

and

large

the

upon

places in

extended

beds

the

terraced

a

completed,

; flower

handsome

a

the

of form

the

fountains

many

to

Euphrates by a screw, for watering the gardens and supplying

of

purpose

out

avenues,

and

was

kept filled from

down

and pillars

stone

up

were

together,and

raised was

shrubs

summer-houses,

Upon

was

These

slabs.

stone

flowing

from

set

height of seventy-fivefeet

a

laid,cemented

were

workmen

clever

At

ground.

by laying a

which

upon

of

acres

made

was

The

Babylonian plain.

of this vast

nearly four

251

the three

R's.

They

had

their

an

in

writingby a language Babylonians kept their records how

libraries up

NIMROD.

to

of

pieces

of

make

alphabet ; figuresof upon

some

birds

tiles and

books, paper, or parchment with look to" palace would

Nebuchadnezzar's tile and

bricks

out

of

a

pottery

shop.

Cities

252

it will be

pyramid,

temple

Bel,

square

at

the

base, with

each

smaller

toward

winding

ascent.

of which

by

containing statues,

story this

; upon

was

table

a

were

names

of

corresponded to those Jupiter or Bel, probably

a

golden

throne

corners

stage above

cylindershave

religionof the earth.

to

empire

be

all other

Above

meaning

"

both

and

the

The

gods

horrible

:

as

may

figuresof

latter

grasping

represented

was

silver.

of

a

as

The

a

square, the

to

dedications

of sun,

and

moon

would

several to

seem

to

heads us

not

"

to

devoted

the

Seven

bodies who

also

the

only

and

limbs

each

beneath

one

to

astronomy,

Planets."

called

forms,

many

and

hundred

The

their death

after was

have

of the

one

the gods, which

stars, and

the

supposed

with

edge of the

probably

was

with

to

Borsippa, the

at

with

measuring nearly three four cardinal points ;

the south-western and

temple,

ornamented

upon

Belus

which

of both

were

or

were

men

and

absurd, but repulsive,

very

cruel.

There

is

that

there

must

done

not

were,

in

no

record have

of the number been

many

only in the regular trade some

city,and

of that time

was

were

often

were

The

;

three

which deities,

serpents

similar

A

heavenly people worshiped Bel,

religiousceremonies

The

wicked

united

gods

Lord." and

monstrous

brutes.

"

in its ruins

worship

ings ceil-

one-third it

near

own

Juno

two

stories,each

or

Nimried,

women,

about

high, the

feet

other.

dollars.

little toward

the

was

and

men

of

stage

the Birs

as

astronomical

an

their titles.

all but

knee, and

corresponding

found

been

each

at

stages

lowest

and

kind, while

the

a

of

up

of Bel and other gods vessels, all of gold. On

sacred

forty

was

made

was

large halls,the

were

after their

in

in

by

city

worship

the

and

; it

It

Babylonian kings in plundering their neighbors,

the

seven

temple

Greeks

each

were

lions

placed a

was

is known

temple

the

Babylonians

millions

built in

its four

This

Baal

with

The

thought

day

one

of the

center

buildings.

crowned

richest

the

the

long

gold, forty feet long of

Rhea

six hundred

city,was

way,

the

cups

jeweled scepter

a

planetary colors.

feet each square

pieces

many that

sure

Nebuchadnezzar's.

than In

feet

top, and

censers,

from

temple, gained by

about

of the

seven

it.

and

this

worth

suburb

hand

one

of

treasures were

been

feel

wonderful

hundred

Within

vases

the

and

"

"

sitting on

six

the

beaten

have

we

have

in

of

goblets and

whose

statues

a

side

supported by pillars chapels for

were

topmost

serpent

have

smaller

statues.

of all those

"

shrines

altars and

golden

many

the most

grew

bronze

remarkable

of

observatory, reached

wide

handsome, though

contained

and Neriglissar,

to

which eight stories,

the

also very

oppositepalace was

belonged

"stood the

the

World.

discovered.

The

as

Ancient

key to the Babylonian language is not found, although there inscriptionspreserved,and scholars are patientlyat work who

The of

It

the

of

cases,

where is gone

built in

a

very

the foundations now,

and

the

of

people livingin

thousands of

"

even

dailylife,but

short

time.

West

millions in these

historywas

but great capital, "

from

the

great brick

of the

of the first settlement

Babylon of

the

river

were

the

was

laid. great

know

we

of work

amount

structures, which the oldest

Nearly city on

part of

every both

trace

sides

Babylon. river, with

the

of

its

253

trade, regular streets, extensive

busy

luxurious

and

buildings

living. with

white

handsome

a

Double

hanging

Surdones robes

and

Babylon

upon

and

working metals, for which petroleum the

in

lacked

country

they

Their

by.

near

the

and

miters

or

Oriental

hangings

furnace-fuel

abilityin using metals and

stone

wood.

placed.

were

kings imported made

fabric

cotton, linen

as

and

and

in

the

to

them

the

for

looms

of

splendor of coloring

woolen.

All

that

the

their

to

found

covered

colors, corresponding

delicacy of of

used

alone

not

was

such

according people,they knowledge. in weaving that they were but in the arts skillful,

supplied the

It

that

combined

furniture,made

tunics,and

woolen

finelyplaitedturbans

fine veils

were

under

worn

floors,with

beautiful

such

Here

of

head

their

walls,so

were

Borsippa.

in articles of dress

country

the

feet,were

the

covered

Nowhere

of state.

On

cloak.

triplecarpets

and

the

to linen,falling

of fine

Robes

of

machinery

and

in the

plentifulsuppliesof naphtha

did

great deal

a

make

to

Mathematics, astronomy

for

up

and

what

painting they

and

also

understood. the necessities and

For the

world

in

wanted

they

and

fine wool har

called

was

and

upon.

shawls

Cashmere, Cobi.

they with

with

immense

the

settlements

wealth

unlimited

were

hundred

on

Babylon

to

people had large in manufacturing

in

the

Red

carried

than was

the

those

of

Bahrein

India, and

reached, India

timber

lacking in

the

spices

had

for every

Islands

that

and her

the

annual

the

pearlsin

Ceylon.

own

festival

by the luxurious

city,where

they

valued

could of

here not

most

These

were

were

the

get,

Indian

highly for

land for

the

Below

shores

than

of country

trees

nothing

dogs, too, some

to

unknown

tons

of

were

three

where of

of the

the

these, broad

pearl oysters, and finer material

Gulf

the

take

the

even

Indian

Ocean

place of the

cinnamon

pearls, sugar-cane,

twenty-five say

the

; from

found

with

producing

plants "

frankincense

and must

quantitieswanted

taken reason,

of

; there

routes

more

;

trade

a

great capital,the

lined

were

send

to

always occupied in taking care

more "

Orient,and

had

Ethiopia,also

but

now

ranean Mediter-

the

the

nations

into fertile districts

the world

Jupiter,to

people.

of

Babylon

Here

country,

people

privateuse

were

lay rarest

the

their cotton

;

Canda-

as

Desert,

to

thingsof

rare

mines

arts.

Gulf, whose with

westward, carrying

newer

were

and

Persia

and

known

Bactrian

navigated the Euphrates

cities and

trades

yellow river flows into the Persian in which

on.

Boats

perfumes,

now

the

from

that

which

times.

own

the

from

harvests, and

learning

our

came

best

Sea

countries

the

in

country

every

India

northern

the frontier,

European the

dye-stuffsand

East, from

sailed

also

and

was

flocks,rich or

"

the

furs

rich

from

caravans

important

many

the

great cities of

beside.

water-ways

miles,past

from

desert

and

valuable

supply for themselves,

not

glitteringgems

the

Minor

with

could

precious stones,

to the

are

other

"ship of

colonies,Asia while

they

brought in

were as

The

returning laden

Gold,

came large quantities,

Emeralds, jaspers called

luxuries

in

this way

all be for

to

the

being ugly creatures,

Cities

254 in half-tiger

half-dog and

its trade

centered

world."

the

The

He as

many

to

work

their

daughters choice, no

but

buyers, but divided

was

a

;

a

could

slave

a

be

taken

It is not

World Not

the

rejoicein

securityfor

the

brazen the

river

in the

gates where

balance

and

king

even

strictlyenforced. unlimited

nothing could if

they

great City.

said, and

the

Lock

the

opened

a

city? the

at

gates

festival

and

reconnoitered, considered, reconnoitered

the

drunken of the hosts

king, his Euphrates

of the

carelesslyleft they found

slew

the

enemy open,

wanting."

turned

were

marched

they

last of the

his

and

court

guards

into

the

entered

the

Babylonian

city,even kings, who

of the

king, no,

lake

the had

it

were

midst

in the

bed,

let

revelry.

Yes,

and

and

us

The sible," pos-

of their canals.

finding

the

halls

of

banquet been

?

encamped

full,and "

it

use

her

the

of

moats

its

also

overcome

armies

overflow

stealthilyover

to

sure

of gayest

were

he

slaves

or

Mistress

the

again.

parents,

mother,

lands

could

the

others

Assyrian empires

and

all their

feast

had

state, which

the

not

who

The

parents'

and

his

houses,

recklessness

keep

;

their

is almost

: was

Persian, with

Cyrus "

other

any

;

; he

power

injureBabylon

provoked

were

his brother

of the

to

ing buy-

men

the sale of the

by

Babylonian

laws

sers-by pas-

how

good looking

denying

could

or

sick,

the

them

children

for

fined

was

to

and have

to

badly wished

will

were

with

by

or

from

about

; but

His

of

advise

not

were

fund

were

The

powerful beyond

and

of the

waters

mustered

Palace,

and

security,"he

carousing, the Then

a

felt that

Medes,

while

debt.

he

the

times fined

slave

a

when

understood

for

even

Mede

walls

our

used

when

was

will

own

had

He

bargaining for.

were

that

Some

the

they some

places,thronged

of their

them, of

When

ever

compelled

were

city,that

they

king.

customs.

royal will.

"

marry

father, he

his freedom

as

warrior-kingwithout and

who

for

laws

his

buy

well

the

found Other

to

warlike

the

Darius

highest bidder.

to

his

do

goods

world

the

of

Babylon

obeyed.

wanted

foreigners might

girls that

young

the

were

well

often

were

was

by

customs.

market

for

honored

while

he

for

especiallyher

even

of the

squares

educated

allowed

to

master

be

to

not

denied

son

beautiful,rich

outside

it

public

or

time

a

mistress

or

:

was

greatest despot

to

singular

many

and

worshiped

way,

it

for "

the

export

mostly

subjects as

other

any

the

to

squares

them.

Belshazzar

wrongly.

not

sold

widely studied,

were

in

sure

were

husbands

If

banished

allowed

be

many

or

the

world

called

water

code,

any

state,

his

of

had

them

These

among

slaves, etc. was

them,

were

Babylon

must

for

be

to

by

the

as

as

people, who

troubles.

of

well

as

and

carried

unlimited

law,

was

selling; sometimes

and

all the

they

; but

caravans

chance

a

gave

church

of whom

many

"

cure

of the

servants

which

traffic

land

to

this way,

In

palaces,her splendor loving people,

palaces for

laws

or

of

center

World.

Babylon,

at

transferred

wished

he

as

upon

friends

was

will

of the

head

wives

the

made

the

here

and

monarch's

the

was

be

temples

articles

Babylonian government

the

saw.

some

disposition.

and

looks

rarest

it

ships to

her

for itself,

Him,

To

in

brought

in the

Ancient

the

of

"

weighed

OF

LIST

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Italy

:

PAGE

Greece:

"

"

The

Eagle

Roman

....

Roman

Forum

Augustus The

Appian

Interior

of

Way the

Pantheon

7

Acropolis

9

Interior

of

Athens

77

....

of

the

Parthenon

83 .

of

13

Market

15

Themistocles

Athens,

.

Agora

or

'ig .

91

Pericles

21

93

...

Julius

Caesar

Roman

Villa

Nero Macenaes Baths

of

Caracalla

Coliseum

from

the

23

Athens

27

Demosthenes

29

Parthenon

31

Greek

Male

^^

Greek

Female

36

Street

East

95

....

99 at

the

of

time

Pericles

Heads .

.

.

.

.

107

.

109

105

....

of

Athens

Tombs,

of

a

Roman

House .

Roman

Garden

Roman

and

Roman

Matron

.

Scene

Arch

of

Constantine ....

Constantine

the

Great ...

Virgil

43

Piraeus,

44

Mycenae

45

Sparta

47

Market

rg

Roman

Consul 57

Cleopatra's

Journey

61

.

in

the

of

Port

Athens .

Laocoon

Homer Roman

Types

and

Costumes .

Greece

:

Types

123

place, Sparta

.

.

Costumes ....

127 129

"

Ancient

Vase in

Gallery Temple

131

Cheops

the

of

Pyramid

.

67

69

Mummy

73

Sphinx

Isis

and

137

Coffin

139

....

of at

Amenophis Karri

133 135

Temple

Rock

The

Statue and

.

.

Egypt:

63

"

113 119

....

The

.

Miltiades

52

Cicero

.

Socrates

42

...

Toga

Monument

Lysicrates'

39

103

.

Heads

.

Interior

101

ac

.

.

.

.

141

143

:*.

Illustrations,

256

PAGE

Egypt:

Syria.

"

Interior of the Burial

Temple

Bust

of Rameses

Costumes

Types

and

Water

Carriers

LightHouse, Old

II

Coins

Ancient

.

.

Alexandria

.

.

.

.

Alexandria

Needle Cleopatra's The

Great

Types Colonies

....

Pyramid

and

Costumes

and

Islands

.

.

....

of

Sea Alexander

.

.

147

SyrianTypes and Costumes Bridgeof Jacob's Daughters

149

Ancient

151

Antioch

151

SyrianSeaport

153

Great

at

Karnac

213

215

157

A

159

Bethlehem

161

Mountains

161

The

.

Moabite

Cedars

Stone

of Lebanon

171

Ancient

Patmos

175

Valley of Jehosaphat

Arabia

of Alexander

.

"

Types

and

Costumes

.

.

.

.

179

"

Types

and

Costumes

Hall of Xerxes Rock

Shechem

Grave

in

.

.

.

Persepolis

of Darius

.

.

.

.

.

227

....

.

.

.

.

Jerusalem

Nineveh

229 231 233

....

237 .

.

.

.

239

"

Portal

Figure

Soldier

195

AssyrianReliefs

197

Antechamber

205

Nimrod

.

.

.

and Costumes

.

241 244

245

246

of the Palace of

Assyrian King

"

Damascus

225

235

191

:

219

CityGate

AssyrianTypes

:

217

Sidon

Mesopotamia:

:

Persia

Syria

the Great

.

....

Pools, near

Hannibal

Medal

.

223

of Moab

Valley of

....

.

221

165 167

the Great

.

.

Fallen Pillar

Solomon's

"

209

.

211

155

:

207

.

Aqueduct

Colonnade,Palmyra Temple at Baalbec

terranean Medi-

the

"

an

247

251

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