The Great Atlas of Discovery (DK History Books)
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The Great Atlas of Discovery (DK History Books)...
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THE
/
^4tfi
GREAT
ATLAS OF
DISCOVERY by Neil Grant
•
illustrated
A PICTORIAL ATLAS OF
by Peter Morter
WORLD EXPLORATION
Property of: ROGER HOLZBERG
THE
GREAT
ATLAS OF
DISCOVERY by Peter Morter Written by Neil Grant
Illustrated
A it
-
Jk ALFRED
A.
KNOPF
•
NEW YORK
*
Contents
SI A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK
4
HOW TO FOLLOW THE MAPS THE URGE TO EXPLORE
ANCIENT EXPLORERS
ANCIENT CHINESE EXPLORERS
VIKING VOYAGES
Art Editor Rachael Foster Project Editor Anderley
Moore
Managing Art Editor Jacquie Gulliver Managing Editor Ann Kramer
12
Production Marguerite Fenn
MUSLIM TRAVELERS
First
American
edition,
14
1992
TRAVEL FOR TRADE
©
1992 Dorling Kindersley Limited. London. under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. Distributed by Random House, Inc., New York. First published in Great Britain in 1992 by Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. Copyright
All rights reserved
16
MARCO POLO
IN
CHINA
Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Grant, Neil.
The
great atlas of discover)- / written
by Neil Grant -
American ed. p. cm. Great Bntain by Dorling Kindersley
18
1st
Published in
Ltd..
THE POLYNESIANS
London.
Includes index.
Summary: Maps and
major areas and routes of 6000 B.C. to the present. ISBN 0-679-81660-7 - ISBN 0-679-91660-1 (lib. bdg.) text depict
exploration from about
1.
Discoveries in geography - Maps. [Discoveries in geography
Maps.)
20 -
NAVIGATION
1. Title.
G1036.G7 1992
91-29668
911-dc20
22 Manufactured in
Italy
0987654321
THE PORTUGUESE
tjA^ }
l'
f
J,.
^.,A^ -_
1
l\\^-
n
24
44
COLUMBUS AND THE NEW WORLD
COOK IN
THE SOUTH SEAS I
46
THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE
ACROSS AUSTRALIA
28
48
THE NORTHEAST PASSAGE
THE NATURALISTS
30
5C
ACROSS SIBERIA
DARWIN AND THE BEAGLE
32
52
AROUND THE WORLD
OCEAN EXPLORATION
GOLD AND GLORY
THE MYSTERY OF AFRICA 5i
NEW EMPIRES
LIVINGSTONE AND STANLEY 58
ACROSS NORTH AMERICA
TO THE NORTH POLE 60
THE HEART OF ASIA
TO THE SOUTH POLE
42
62
PACIFIC EXPLORERS
MODERN EXPLORATION
)
THE GREAT ATLAS OF DISCOVERY
How to Follow the Maps I HIS ATLAS TELLS
THE
story of exploration, from the
earliest travelers of the ancient
voyagers.
It is
world
to
modern space
organized in chronological order (as
far as
Most of the double pages feature a detailed map which shows the routes taken by various explorers and the places they visited. The routes are numbered so that you possible).
Where on earth? On each map there
is
can trace the explorers' footsteps and learn about their adventures along the way. The map and the information around it combine to give full details of important
and the explorers who made them. Although the atlas is made up mostly of maps, it also chronicles the history- of related subjects, such as navigation and trade. discoveries
a
The shaded area of the globe shows the location globe.
in the
world of the country
or continent featured
Compass map has
Each
a
compass
on it so you can which direction
see in the
explorers are traveling
Portrait dates
When
exact dates are
unknown,
1
c.
(circa
*
indicates that the date
given
is
approximate
Mapping
the
unknown
Old maps show how people thought lands
looked before explorers returned from their travels
with more information to
make
accurate maps.
Symbols Each explorer has a different style of symbol (e.g., circle, square, diamond). The symbols are numbered in sequence along the route so that you can read the captions in order.
Key box
Where an expedition begins, the number shown in a solid black symbol. (e.g.,fl ).
This provides the key to the map.
Each explorer's route has been given a different color, pattern, and symbol so that you can follow it across the map from start to finish. Dates are included
When
explorers make. more than one
expedition, or where two explorers traveling together split up, the start of the
for each expedition.
"new" expedition
black symbol
is
(e.g.,
also
shown
in a solid
QV
Guide to the Maps ISTANBUL ^{Constantinople
LAN D? V1N :~
"-.
<
Places in quotation
Rivers that are relevant to
When
the explorers are marked.
of a place
that referred to in
marks are those that no longer exist - for
Where
the old
a
that feature in the
explorers' journals, the
example, Christopher
differs
from the modern,
explorers' expeditions
modem name
Columbus's settlement of "Navidad," which is not there any more.
it is
Towns and
are
When
cities are
marked with a Only towns or
shown on
the
name
of a
dot.
place has changed from
cities
the maps.
first
is
:
_
is
given
and the old name
in parentheses.
name
given in parentheses.
the exact location
unknown. question mark follows is
the place name. This
shows
that
that this
place
is
was
it is
possible
where the
located.
The adventures of the explorers are brought to life
through beautifully
painted scenes.
is
THE URGE TO
Myths and mistakes
The Urge to Explore SlNCE THE EARLIEST TIMES, people have explored
Before people began
pans of the world th-: They found it hard to such an amazing beast as an e an eagle so large
their
Today, a
new adventure
in exploration
is
tell fact
its
claws 7 Early expk
fnghtening superstitions and
hundred years ago
plant
floor.
far
of the earth
Portuguese
sc
le
sailors fearec
across the ocea:
ship might disappt
We
beginning.
-
brave because they had to face
they sailed too
are finding out about the surroundings of the earth
and
who
itself.
;
The
fa
started to ex
the coast of A:
Already men have walked on the moon. Spacecraft traveling through the solar system have sent back news of other planets, and one day men and women
the 15th cer.
feared that
when
they
reached the equator the sun might turn them black and
may
fron
ii
unknown
and brought back weird creatures from the ocean
I
stones.
surroundings. They have crossed the hottest deserts, climbed the highest mountains, and sailed the widest seas. They have struggled through steamy jungles to find an
E>.
make
the sea boil.
travel to other planets too.
All explorers
have in
common
the
human
trait
of
T*
However, curiosity was not the only reason for many journeys of discovery. Explorers always had more practical reasons for setting out, for example to search for land or treasure. Others hoped to find valuable trade or new routes to countries that produced the
curiosity.
=/P y
goods they wanted. Some were missionaries, who felt a duty to convert people to
own
their
religion.
/r
Claiming new lands
When
Europeans began
world
in the
acted as
Some
to explore the
15th century, ihey often
When
belonged to them
if it
they reached a land where the people
were fishermen, or miners,
to them because they were not Chnstians. the Europeans took
or merchants, looking for
over the land on behalf of their
a better living.
king and country. The result was that centuries later a large pan of the world,
seemed pnmitive
including
all
of North
and most of AI colonies In
ir
own
and South Amc me European this had temble people
Trade There
when
is
a
saying that
explorers find
woi However, it follows trade' It was In other
trade follows ihc flag
new
lands, traders soon follow
would be more accurate to say that "the flag irch for trade and trade routes that resulted in Europn discovery ol all the world's oceans and continents during the -uch The famou L 5th and 16th centuries as I olumbus and Magellan, arose Irom the d< ast where valuable to lind a sea route to the markets ol the ai goods slk h as silk and spices could be bought Columbus did not -et out to discover a new continent He was hopir. reach China and Japan, and died insisting that he had doru Magellan did not intend to sail around the world He was hoping e Islands to lind a new route lor trade with the Molucc I
I
Mapmaking Most European maps from show the world as a flat disk I
Religion
many
hristianit)
continents are
claims to he universal Sincere Christians
Africa - as th.
Unlike
other religions,
therefore believed
it
was
convert other people to
c
c
hristianit)
ilem. the Holy
European expeditions included
pi tests,
u> the Americas w hose |oh was not only
uropean members
to
hold services
ol
the expedition, hut also 10
local
people Priests
in
the
I
(
omen
oi the lesuit
the
Ordei
1540) were especiall) active missionai ies, both in the Amerii as and laneis the ai East. One ol them, st
(founded as
fot
in
I
1
was the first European to visit |apan, and another, Fathei Marquette,
Xavici
,
discovered the Mississippi River.
On
-
and
was unknown The lop ol the ma and at the exact center of the woi
duty to
theii
shown
placed that
is
at
Cuv
|er.
the center ol the earth
where the
Bi
as these W
hooks and
are really mc
pictures than the)
Church taught Although the w as not - and
that the earth at
.
this
knov
died out - mos
without question that the
it
THE GREAT ATLAS OF DISCOVERY
ICELAND
V
TH U LE
?
Ancient Explorers FROM THE
EARLIEST TIMES,
human
beings
have been travelers. Prehistoric peoples traveled in search of better hunting grounds, or to escape the glaciers creeping down from the Arctic during the last Ice Age. But the real story of exploration and discover} began with civilization, as people began to settle colonies, build ships, live in cities, and 7
record their findings in books. With the growth of civilization
came
the
need
for trade,
reason for setting
sail to
and although trade was the main explore
new
lands, conquest of Pylheas
these lands provided another purpose for expeditions.
The ancient Egyptians made voyages down the Red Sea nearly 6,000 years ago, and the Phoenicians made even longer voyages, as far as Britain and Africa, becoming the greatest explorers of their age. Later, the Romans also pushed the boundaries of their empire into
unknown
sails
south across
the Irish Sea.
He
calculates
that the north oj Scotland is J,
045
/'
Massalia. (The real distance miles.)
is
He
..
from
miles
20
1,1
.-"'
sees tin/
miners on the Cornish coast.
Pythea..
/
fyassalfa r
\v
Pytheas follows the
territory.
European coast
until
reaches Britain.
He
3 Ships, 6.3SQ
He knows
he
.=
decides to sail around
b
the
latitude oj Massalia,
having measured
it.
it
by the angle oj the
moon's shadow'.
• MARSEILLES
Harmo leads a from Carthage
of 60 ships lookfor
fleet
to
places on the west coast
of Africa where they
The Phoenicians
might start colonies.
Phoenicia was a group of city-states occupying a small region of the Syrian coastal plain. By about 1000
B.C.
The Carthaginians
had become the greatest sailors of the Mediterranean. Their ships, which were powered by oars and a single sail, were short, broad, and strong. They were built from the best timber in the Mediterranean - cedar from the slopes of the Lebanon Mountains, which was also a valuable Phoenician export. the Phoenicians
traded with people living
deep inside Africa, exchanging textiles and other goods for gold.
Hanno
observes "silent
trading" on the coast of
o
West Africa. Buyers would leave gold on the beach in exchange for goods which had been placed there by
*
+
sailing merchants.
Hanno
sails
a short way
•up the Senegal River. where he sees animals
The pharaoh There
hires a Phoenician crew
H
that are strange to him.
by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus about the Egyptian pharaoh Necho 11. It tells how, in 600 B.C., is
a story told
make a voyage of exploration from the Red Sea, around Africa and back to Egypt via the Mediterranean - a distance of 15,500 miles. The voyage is said to have taken three years because the Phoenicians stopped every year to sow grain and reap the harvest. Many historians doubt this story, but how did Herodotus know it was possible to sail around Africa if no one had done it? N'echo hired a Phoenician crew to
KEY TO MAP VOYAGE TO PUNT
1493
B.C.
c.600
B.C.
HANNO
450
B.C.
PYTHEAS
325
B.C.
PHOENICIANS
V
V^*:
m^ 4 *
Hanno
Traders and colonists The Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon were conquered in the 7th century B.C., but by that time the Phoenicians had founded many colonies around the Mediterranean. The greatest was Carthage, which became more powerful than either Tyre or Sidon. The Phoenicians traded in many things They provided timber for Egyptian ships and for King Solomon's temple in Jerusalem. They sailed as far as Cornwall in England to buy tin from the Cornish mines. They also discovered the
sets out for Africa
The greatest Phoenician voyage that we know about is the voyage of Hanno, in about 500 B.C. He led a fleet from Carthage down the west
up
coast of Africa, sailing
the Senegal River
and
Gulf of Guinea. Hanno told of many strange experiences, including a meeting with some "people'' who were covered
perhaps landing
in the
with hair. These were
probably chimpanzees.
Tynan purple)
precious purple dye (called
which came from a type of shellfish called a murex. The Phoenicians were skilled in metalworking and glassblowing, and they developed one of the earliest alphabets.
I
Pytheas The Greek astronomer Pytheas was bom in Marseilles, which was then a Greek colony. He made a famous voyage - perhaps two voyages - into the north Atlantic in about 330 B.C., probably hoping to break into the Phoenician tin trade. He sailed all around the Bntish Isles and was the first to give an account of the people of those islands - he said they were friendly. From Scotland he sailed north to a land he called Thule. where, he claimed,
the sun never this
set.
No one knows where Thule
descnption suggests
it
was close
was. but
to the Arctic.
1
m
BYZANTIUM (JByzantium)
H
V;
Hie Phoenicians
hi
heb ships with
1% jM
ATHENS SICILY
j*j Mil. I
-•J*
CRI
J'4-JV
S
ivi
I
I
S
II
...'..-.••
C
WKl.S
The voyage
to Punt The ancient Egyptians preferred to live close to the Nile River, but they had to travel in order to trade About 3,500 years ago. in the reign of Queen
E A
fe
Haishepsui. the Egyptians
nude
a
voyage 10 the land of Punt (.which may have
They carried the materials they needed for building ships distance of about 155 miles across the desert from the Nile to the Ri The voyage, through waters filled with jagged reels and sharks, took a year or been made at least 500 years earlier, this more Although such v< one was described in words and pictures on the walls of Queen Hatshepsut s temple at Deir al-Bahn. near The been
east Africa)
I
CAIRO
The Phoenicians make •
EGYPT
:
theii
main trading centers
v ii
ml Sidon
A
v
)
'
-
-\
Riches from Punt
in H/vrsiu pstn's Tempi
From
their expedition to Punt.
the Egyptians brought hack
myrrh and other
plants, ivory,
ebony, gold, leopard skins, and live
animals such as baboons
and
pet slogs
(right), in
A
when
Egypl becomes a Roman province in the 1st century n i
Ronuin soldiers try the Nile upstream,
The
Punt start north oj rhebes Everything
C
I
returning with herbs and sp
expeditions to
to follow
has
to
desert
to the
Red Sea,
where
theii
inscription reads
Nevei
brought back to am monarch since the world began w.is the like
be dragged
in ross the
carving
temple, shows the Egyptians
The Egyptian
I
]'hc
Queen Hatsheps
c
->
ships
are launched.
Sx)
1
.
ypi
rhey are stopped
by the Sudd, a huge, reedy Tin
swamp.
*m H?< 1
A
®
THE GREAT ATLAS OF DISCO\T£ RY
Ancient Chinese Explorers ABOUT Romans and
the Chinese
2,000 YEARS
still
AGO
to a third center of ancient civilization
homeland of the
horses, later imported to
China, and wine
made from grapes.
witnesses the final
Issyh Kul, in a.d.
630.
Chang Ch'ien reaches Bactria. The
people have no interest in
an alliance with
China. to
He
returns --'
China a
\ear later
,4
SWIARKAND
the old Silk Road.
These routes across central Asia were explored by a great Chinese traveler, Chang Ch'ien, in 138 b.c. Ancient trade routes also led the
gathering ojthe Turks before they go their separate ways through the world, at
-
lived in separate worlds
were developing in isolation. Between them lay high mountains, thick forests, and vast deserts, as well as warlike tribes who guarded their lands fiercely. Nonetheless, the Chinese and Romans knew of each others existence: Silk worn by rich Romans came from China, passing through many hands on the way.
came overland, along
Hsuan Tsang
Fergana. He admires the splendid to
the ancient
their civilizations
It
Chang Ch'ien escapes
-
Hsiian Tsang sees
2 huge
statues of th Buddha at
India,
Bamian.
religion of the Chinese
Buddhists. Learned Buddhist monks, such as
Fa Hsien in a.d. 399 and Hsuan Tsang in a.d. 629, journeyed there to study and to visit the holy places where the
Buddha had
taught.
Chang Chien bom in about
150 B.C. He was an official at the court of the Chinese emperor Wu Ti and did more than any other person to bring the different ancient civilizations into contact. In 138 b.c. Wu Ti sent
Chang Ch'ien was
Chang Ch'ien west
to central Asia.
He was
to find allies
China fight against the marauding nomads, the Huns, who were threatening his empire. He reached Bactria, once part of the Greek empire of Alexander the Great. The people of Bactria did not want to join a war against the Huns, but Chang Ch'ien had succeeded in forming links between China, India, and the Middle East. to help
Hsuan Tsang saw
this gigantic
Buddha, which lies nestled in the cliffs of the Bamian statue of the
valley in Afghanistan.
Fa Hsien sails for China,
Buddhism Buddhism began in India in the 6th century B.C., movement within the older religion of Hinduism. It was an unusual religion because it had no god. Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism was a great missionary religion, and it spread through
with
much
many
manuscripts
as a
and
V KANCH1PURAM
religious
objects. in
He
Indom
of Asia, reaching China in about a.d. 100.
Chinese Buddhist monks like Fa Hsien wanted to learn more about their religion. Their holy books had been translated from Sanskrit (the ancient language
/
r¥
and parts were hard to understand. Buddhist monks and pilgrims made amazing journeys through Asia in order to leam more about it. Fa Hsien and others set off to find groups of Buddhists, more holy books, and better translations, and also to study in ancient Buddhist temples. of India),
SRI
LANKA
stops
Malaysia cfad
Hsuan Tsang
is
Hsuan
sent
i/m
king
sang
Fa Hsien was born in about ad. 370. He was a Chinese monk who traveled west to study Buddhism. He followed the Silk Road to Khotan, where he found many Buddhist monks. He stayed there for three months, wailing to see a religious festival in which the town was decorated with flowers and
<
•
losing
dt
way and
his
Turfan the lung nds him on his way laden with
nj
I
water
his
bag, but his elderly
i
""^»
journey
him
at last
to the oasis of
Hami.
bring?
supplies jor the
banners.
several years studying in
Lanka he saw
In Sri
138-1
i-
HSL7-
and spent monasteries along the Ganges River.
Then he crossed
:
KEY TO MAP ilEN FA H
the mountains into India
-
a very sacred relic
mouth
human
a
He has
tooth that
Buddha himself. improved Chinese greatly 15-year journey of his His account knowledge of central Asia and India.
was Tl V' TURFAN
*««,
come from
said to have
the
make
a final journey o\er\andio co
of
the Yangtze
J>
Hsuan Tsang
ft
N
..
^ANHSl
hires a local guide
" *
and a horse but
$%'
*^i> -
-
A.
lima. The Norwegians took over the Northern Isles ol Scotland .u\d founded cities such as Dublin, Cork, and Waterford in Ireland, Other Noise folk Bought land from the i
king
ol
I
word
i
,u
n e
settled in what became Normandy [he comes from "Northmen" oi "Norsemen."
and
NiiMiuiiis
11
'
["HE
GREAT ATLAS OF DlSCO\*ERY
Muslim Traveler; The
in in
RELIGION OF ISLAM, founded the 6th century, had spread as far as Spain and India only 200 years. In spite of their many different
Muslims, share many traditions, including the language and knowledge of the Arabs (the founders of Islam). Educated Muslims such as Ibn Battuta traveled through
nationalities, the followers of Islam, called
Mecca The desen ad. 570
Mecca
face
When
Tangier
onward, many Muslims left and what they had done, not only in Islamic countries but beyond. Some accounts contained improbable stories, but they were also full of fascinating facts. One Arab
to visit
power
is
the Ka'ba,
"cube." a sacred
directly touches the earth.
Arabia, 1325.
D r^
R * A
E
T
I
TANGIER
+
•
*
.
As
TAINS
description of a funeral in Russia.
Ibn Battuta weds his first of
n
Tim Battuta rejoins his
-^
lbn Batiuia sets oui
on
.inrril.
Tfcj
in
the
Muslims pray, they
Mecca. In the center of Mecca
the holv cities of '
traveler of the 10th century left a detailed
.-.•-•
It is
shnne older than Islam. It is supposed to have been built by the prophet Abraham, also revered by the Jews as the founder of their religion, and is believed to be a place where heavenly
Baiima leaves
Ibn
where was born
is
(in the Christian calendar).
meaning
Mecca. From the 9th century records of what the)- had seen
in Arabia
the founder of Islam,
holiest city in Islam.
huge region, and were welcome in many places. The Arabs were great travelers and seekers of knowledge. Except those who traveled as merchants, all Muslims this
tried to visit the holy city of
city of
Mohammed,
his last
jow
southward route at Sijilmassa, where he claims he encounters
MARRAKESH*
joining a caravan
p.
a snow
storn\.
He
crosses the
many
es in Tripoli.
"
D
TRIPOLI
>.
front Fez, 1352.
Atlas Mountains
SIJILMASSA'
and reaches
Fez, Sept 1353.
TAGHAZA Ibn Battuta passes through
Taghaza, a
salt
\
D
i.
even the homes of the salt workers are made of rock t.
with camel-skin roofs.
'^LrJ Ibn Battuta's party
TAKEDDA Arab scholars Scientific
Islam.
knowledge was well advanced
When
Christians
still
«V
in
believed that |
was flat. Muslim scholars knew was round. As well as traveling and studying science. Muslim scholars the earth
GAO
Walata. so he Along the route he nonces many
/ '
on the other side of the mountains.
v.
VfS
*
V /
ancient baobab trees. /
Ibn Battuta spends half a year
and founded
s
Timbuktu, a center of ire: with a fine, mud-walled mosque. He then joins a caravan to Takedda. in
ancient centers of
NULI
The astrolabe (.right was an early navigational aid. and probably an Arab learning.
Ibn Battuta
invention. Arabs were
\'&+
mistakes the great
accomplished navigators.
Niger River/or the as did
N
many other early He is astonished
travelers.
first sight of
J
by
water horses (hipp&&.
A'
wrote books, built
many
is in
territory
:
it
observatories,
Ibn Battuta
unknown
LAJ\
returns through the
x\
•
TIMBUKTU
WALATA
?
\
for travelers.
that Edrisi
even had
idea of the source of the Nile River.
:
O T
1
C
C
4^
KEY TO >UP IBN BATTUTA Travels
1324-32
Travels
1352-53
E
o B-
Ibn Battuta Ibn Batluta was born in Tangier, on the coast
The
of North Africa.
greatest of
he spent most of his
travelers,
all
Muslim traveling
life
or living in distant places. Altogether he
more than 75,000 miles. We know about him except what we leam from his writing, Travels, which he dictated after his return. Some tales, such as his claim that traveled little
he visited Christian Constantinople and saw
12,000 bishops
in the cathedral there, are
rather hard to believe.
Some
stories
may
have been added by someone else, perhaps the person who wrote down his words.
1304-1377
Ibn Battuta
=F= 400 Miles
300
200
,
.f
Ibn Battuta
visits
jnu-nkm
wen he admires great monument
the
architecture,
7tk
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