The Great Atlas of Discovery (DK History Books).pdf

THE

/

^4tfi

GREAT

ATLAS OF

DISCOVERY by Neil Grant

•

illustrated

A PICTORIAL ATLAS OF

by Peter Morter

WORLD EXPLORATION

Property of: ROGER HOLZBERG

THE

GREAT

ATLAS OF

DISCOVERY by Peter Morter Written by Neil Grant

Illustrated

A it

-

Jk ALFRED

A.

KNOPF

•

NEW YORK

*

Contents

SI A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK

4

HOW TO FOLLOW THE MAPS THE URGE TO EXPLORE

ANCIENT EXPLORERS

ANCIENT CHINESE EXPLORERS

VIKING VOYAGES

Art Editor Rachael Foster Project Editor Anderley

Moore

Managing Art Editor Jacquie Gulliver Managing Editor Ann Kramer

12

Production Marguerite Fenn

MUSLIM TRAVELERS

First

American

edition,

14

1992

TRAVEL FOR TRADE

©

1992 Dorling Kindersley Limited. London. under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. Distributed by Random House, Inc., New York. First published in Great Britain in 1992 by Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. Copyright

All rights reserved

16

MARCO POLO

IN

CHINA

Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Grant, Neil.

The

great atlas of discover)- / written

by Neil Grant -

American ed. p. cm. Great Bntain by Dorling Kindersley

18

1st

Published in

Ltd..

THE POLYNESIANS

London.

Includes index.

Summary: Maps and

major areas and routes of 6000 B.C. to the present. ISBN 0-679-81660-7 - ISBN 0-679-91660-1 (lib. bdg.) text depict

exploration from about

1.

Discoveries in geography - Maps. [Discoveries in geography

Maps.)

20 -

NAVIGATION

1. Title.

G1036.G7 1992

91-29668

911-dc20

22 Manufactured in

Italy

0987654321

THE PORTUGUESE

tjA^ }

l'

f

J,.

^.,A^ -_

1

l\\^-

n

24

44

COLUMBUS AND THE NEW WORLD

COOK IN

THE SOUTH SEAS I

46

THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE

ACROSS AUSTRALIA

28

48

THE NORTHEAST PASSAGE

THE NATURALISTS

30

5C

ACROSS SIBERIA

DARWIN AND THE BEAGLE

32

52

AROUND THE WORLD

OCEAN EXPLORATION

GOLD AND GLORY

THE MYSTERY OF AFRICA 5i

NEW EMPIRES

LIVINGSTONE AND STANLEY 58

ACROSS NORTH AMERICA

TO THE NORTH POLE 60

THE HEART OF ASIA

TO THE SOUTH POLE

42

62

PACIFIC EXPLORERS

MODERN EXPLORATION

)

THE GREAT ATLAS OF DISCOVERY

How to Follow the Maps I HIS ATLAS TELLS

THE

story of exploration, from the

earliest travelers of the ancient

voyagers.

It is

world

to

modern space

organized in chronological order (as

far as

Most of the double pages feature a detailed map which shows the routes taken by various explorers and the places they visited. The routes are numbered so that you possible).

Where on earth? On each map there

is

can trace the explorers' footsteps and learn about their adventures along the way. The map and the information around it combine to give full details of important

and the explorers who made them. Although the atlas is made up mostly of maps, it also chronicles the history- of related subjects, such as navigation and trade. discoveries

a

The shaded area of the globe shows the location globe.

in the

world of the country

or continent featured

Compass map has

Each

a

compass

on it so you can which direction

see in the

explorers are traveling

Portrait dates

When

exact dates are

unknown,

1

c.

(circa

*

indicates that the date

given

is

approximate

Mapping

the

unknown

Old maps show how people thought lands

looked before explorers returned from their travels

with more information to

make

accurate maps.

Symbols Each explorer has a different style of symbol (e.g., circle, square, diamond). The symbols are numbered in sequence along the route so that you can read the captions in order.

Key box

Where an expedition begins, the number shown in a solid black symbol. (e.g.,fl ).

This provides the key to the map.

Each explorer's route has been given a different color, pattern, and symbol so that you can follow it across the map from start to finish. Dates are included

When

explorers make. more than one

expedition, or where two explorers traveling together split up, the start of the

for each expedition.

"new" expedition

black symbol

is

(e.g.,

also

shown

in a solid

QV

Guide to the Maps ISTANBUL ^{Constantinople

LAN D? V1N :~

"-.

<

Places in quotation

Rivers that are relevant to

When

the explorers are marked.

of a place

that referred to in

marks are those that no longer exist - for

Where

the old

a

that feature in the

explorers' journals, the

example, Christopher

differs

from the modern,

explorers' expeditions

modem name

Columbus's settlement of "Navidad," which is not there any more.

it is

Towns and

are

When

cities are

marked with a Only towns or

shown on

the

name

of a

dot.

place has changed from

cities

the maps.

first

is

:

_

is

given

and the old name

in parentheses.

name

given in parentheses.

the exact location

unknown. question mark follows is

the place name. This

shows

that

that this

place

is

was

it is

possible

where the

located.

The adventures of the explorers are brought to life

through beautifully

painted scenes.

is

THE URGE TO

Myths and mistakes

The Urge to Explore SlNCE THE EARLIEST TIMES, people have explored

Before people began

pans of the world th-: They found it hard to such an amazing beast as an e an eagle so large

their

Today, a

new adventure

in exploration

is

tell fact

its

claws 7 Early expk

fnghtening superstitions and

hundred years ago

plant

floor.

far

of the earth

Portuguese

sc

le

sailors fearec

across the ocea:

ship might disappt

We

beginning.

-

brave because they had to face

they sailed too

are finding out about the surroundings of the earth

and

who

itself.

;

The

fa

started to ex

the coast of A:

Already men have walked on the moon. Spacecraft traveling through the solar system have sent back news of other planets, and one day men and women

the 15th cer.

feared that

when

they

reached the equator the sun might turn them black and

may

fron

ii

unknown

and brought back weird creatures from the ocean

I

stones.

surroundings. They have crossed the hottest deserts, climbed the highest mountains, and sailed the widest seas. They have struggled through steamy jungles to find an

E>.

make

the sea boil.

travel to other planets too.

All explorers

have in

common

the

human

trait

of

T*

However, curiosity was not the only reason for many journeys of discovery. Explorers always had more practical reasons for setting out, for example to search for land or treasure. Others hoped to find valuable trade or new routes to countries that produced the

curiosity.

=/P y

goods they wanted. Some were missionaries, who felt a duty to convert people to

own

their

religion.

/r

Claiming new lands

When

Europeans began

world

in the

acted as

Some

to explore the

15th century, ihey often

When

belonged to them

if it

they reached a land where the people

were fishermen, or miners,

to them because they were not Chnstians. the Europeans took

or merchants, looking for

over the land on behalf of their

a better living.

king and country. The result was that centuries later a large pan of the world,

seemed pnmitive

including

all

of North

and most of AI colonies In

ir

own

and South Amc me European this had temble people

Trade There

when

is

a

saying that

explorers find

woi However, it follows trade' It was In other

trade follows ihc flag

new

lands, traders soon follow

would be more accurate to say that "the flag irch for trade and trade routes that resulted in Europn discovery ol all the world's oceans and continents during the -uch The famou L 5th and 16th centuries as I olumbus and Magellan, arose Irom the d< ast where valuable to lind a sea route to the markets ol the ai goods slk h as silk and spices could be bought Columbus did not -et out to discover a new continent He was hopir. reach China and Japan, and died insisting that he had doru Magellan did not intend to sail around the world He was hoping e Islands to lind a new route lor trade with the Molucc I

I

Mapmaking Most European maps from show the world as a flat disk I

Religion

many

hristianit)

continents are

claims to he universal Sincere Christians

Africa - as th.

Unlike

other religions,

therefore believed

it

was

convert other people to

c

c

hristianit)

ilem. the Holy

European expeditions included

pi tests,

u> the Americas w hose |oh was not only

uropean members

to

hold services

ol

the expedition, hut also 10

local

people Priests

in

the

I

(

omen

oi the lesuit

the

Ordei

1540) were especiall) active missionai ies, both in the Amerii as and laneis the ai East. One ol them, st

(founded as

fot

in

I

1

was the first European to visit |apan, and another, Fathei Marquette,

Xavici

,

discovered the Mississippi River.

On

-

and

was unknown The lop ol the ma and at the exact center of the woi

duty to

theii

shown

placed that

is

at

Cuv

|er.

the center ol the earth

where the

Bi

as these W

hooks and

are really mc

pictures than the)

Church taught Although the w as not - and

that the earth at

.

this

knov

died out - mos

without question that the

it

THE GREAT ATLAS OF DISCOVERY

ICELAND

V

TH U LE

?

Ancient Explorers FROM THE

EARLIEST TIMES,

human

beings

have been travelers. Prehistoric peoples traveled in search of better hunting grounds, or to escape the glaciers creeping down from the Arctic during the last Ice Age. But the real story of exploration and discover} began with civilization, as people began to settle colonies, build ships, live in cities, and 7

record their findings in books. With the growth of civilization

came

the

need

for trade,

reason for setting

sail to

and although trade was the main explore

new

lands, conquest of Pylheas

these lands provided another purpose for expeditions.

The ancient Egyptians made voyages down the Red Sea nearly 6,000 years ago, and the Phoenicians made even longer voyages, as far as Britain and Africa, becoming the greatest explorers of their age. Later, the Romans also pushed the boundaries of their empire into

unknown

sails

south across

the Irish Sea.

He

calculates

that the north oj Scotland is J,

045

/'

Massalia. (The real distance miles.)

is

He

..

from

miles

20

1,1

.-"'

sees tin/

miners on the Cornish coast.

Pythea..

/

fyassalfa r

\v

Pytheas follows the

territory.

European coast

until

reaches Britain.

He

3 Ships, 6.3SQ

He knows

he

.=

decides to sail around

b

the

latitude oj Massalia,

having measured

it.

it

by the angle oj the

moon's shadow'.

• MARSEILLES

Harmo leads a from Carthage

of 60 ships lookfor

fleet

to

places on the west coast

of Africa where they

The Phoenicians

might start colonies.

Phoenicia was a group of city-states occupying a small region of the Syrian coastal plain. By about 1000

B.C.

The Carthaginians

had become the greatest sailors of the Mediterranean. Their ships, which were powered by oars and a single sail, were short, broad, and strong. They were built from the best timber in the Mediterranean - cedar from the slopes of the Lebanon Mountains, which was also a valuable Phoenician export. the Phoenicians

traded with people living

deep inside Africa, exchanging textiles and other goods for gold.

Hanno

observes "silent

trading" on the coast of

o

West Africa. Buyers would leave gold on the beach in exchange for goods which had been placed there by

*

+

sailing merchants.

Hanno

sails

a short way

•up the Senegal River. where he sees animals

The pharaoh There

hires a Phoenician crew

H

that are strange to him.

by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus about the Egyptian pharaoh Necho 11. It tells how, in 600 B.C., is

a story told

make a voyage of exploration from the Red Sea, around Africa and back to Egypt via the Mediterranean - a distance of 15,500 miles. The voyage is said to have taken three years because the Phoenicians stopped every year to sow grain and reap the harvest. Many historians doubt this story, but how did Herodotus know it was possible to sail around Africa if no one had done it? N'echo hired a Phoenician crew to

KEY TO MAP VOYAGE TO PUNT

1493

B.C.

c.600

B.C.

HANNO

450

B.C.

PYTHEAS

325

B.C.

PHOENICIANS

V

V^*:

m^ 4 *

Hanno

Traders and colonists The Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon were conquered in the 7th century B.C., but by that time the Phoenicians had founded many colonies around the Mediterranean. The greatest was Carthage, which became more powerful than either Tyre or Sidon. The Phoenicians traded in many things They provided timber for Egyptian ships and for King Solomon's temple in Jerusalem. They sailed as far as Cornwall in England to buy tin from the Cornish mines. They also discovered the

sets out for Africa

The greatest Phoenician voyage that we know about is the voyage of Hanno, in about 500 B.C. He led a fleet from Carthage down the west

up

coast of Africa, sailing

the Senegal River

and

Gulf of Guinea. Hanno told of many strange experiences, including a meeting with some "people'' who were covered

perhaps landing

in the

with hair. These were

probably chimpanzees.

Tynan purple)

precious purple dye (called

which came from a type of shellfish called a murex. The Phoenicians were skilled in metalworking and glassblowing, and they developed one of the earliest alphabets.

I

Pytheas The Greek astronomer Pytheas was bom in Marseilles, which was then a Greek colony. He made a famous voyage - perhaps two voyages - into the north Atlantic in about 330 B.C., probably hoping to break into the Phoenician tin trade. He sailed all around the Bntish Isles and was the first to give an account of the people of those islands - he said they were friendly. From Scotland he sailed north to a land he called Thule. where, he claimed,

the sun never this

set.

No one knows where Thule

descnption suggests

it

was close

was. but

to the Arctic.

1

m

BYZANTIUM (JByzantium)

H

V;

Hie Phoenicians

hi

heb ships with

1% jM

ATHENS SICILY

j*j Mil. I

-•J*

CRI

J'4-JV

S

ivi

I

I

S

II

...'..-.••

C

WKl.S

The voyage

to Punt The ancient Egyptians preferred to live close to the Nile River, but they had to travel in order to trade About 3,500 years ago. in the reign of Queen

E A

fe

Haishepsui. the Egyptians

nude

a

voyage 10 the land of Punt (.which may have

They carried the materials they needed for building ships distance of about 155 miles across the desert from the Nile to the Ri The voyage, through waters filled with jagged reels and sharks, took a year or been made at least 500 years earlier, this more Although such v< one was described in words and pictures on the walls of Queen Hatshepsut s temple at Deir al-Bahn. near The been

east Africa)

I

CAIRO

The Phoenicians make •

EGYPT

:

theii

main trading centers

v ii

ml Sidon

A

v

)

'

-

-\

Riches from Punt

in H/vrsiu pstn's Tempi

From

their expedition to Punt.

the Egyptians brought hack

myrrh and other

plants, ivory,

ebony, gold, leopard skins, and live

animals such as baboons

and

pet slogs

(right), in

A

when

Egypl becomes a Roman province in the 1st century n i

Ronuin soldiers try the Nile upstream,

The

Punt start north oj rhebes Everything

C

I

returning with herbs and sp

expeditions to

to follow

has

to

desert

to the

Red Sea,

where

theii

inscription reads

Nevei

brought back to am monarch since the world began w.is the like

be dragged

in ross the

carving

temple, shows the Egyptians

The Egyptian

I

]'hc

Queen Hatsheps

c

->

ships

are launched.

Sx)

1

.

ypi

rhey are stopped

by the Sudd, a huge, reedy Tin

swamp.

*m H?< 1

A

®

THE GREAT ATLAS OF DISCO\T£ RY

Ancient Chinese Explorers ABOUT Romans and

the Chinese

2,000 YEARS

still

AGO

to a third center of ancient civilization

homeland of the

horses, later imported to

China, and wine

made from grapes.

witnesses the final

Issyh Kul, in a.d.

630.

Chang Ch'ien reaches Bactria. The

people have no interest in

an alliance with

China. to

He

returns --'

China a

\ear later

,4

SWIARKAND

the old Silk Road.

These routes across central Asia were explored by a great Chinese traveler, Chang Ch'ien, in 138 b.c. Ancient trade routes also led the

gathering ojthe Turks before they go their separate ways through the world, at

-

lived in separate worlds

were developing in isolation. Between them lay high mountains, thick forests, and vast deserts, as well as warlike tribes who guarded their lands fiercely. Nonetheless, the Chinese and Romans knew of each others existence: Silk worn by rich Romans came from China, passing through many hands on the way.

came overland, along

Hsuan Tsang

Fergana. He admires the splendid to

the ancient

their civilizations

It

Chang Ch'ien escapes

-

Hsiian Tsang sees

2 huge

statues of th Buddha at

India,

Bamian.

religion of the Chinese

Buddhists. Learned Buddhist monks, such as

Fa Hsien in a.d. 399 and Hsuan Tsang in a.d. 629, journeyed there to study and to visit the holy places where the

Buddha had

taught.

Chang Chien bom in about

150 B.C. He was an official at the court of the Chinese emperor Wu Ti and did more than any other person to bring the different ancient civilizations into contact. In 138 b.c. Wu Ti sent

Chang Ch'ien was

Chang Ch'ien west

to central Asia.

He was

to find allies

China fight against the marauding nomads, the Huns, who were threatening his empire. He reached Bactria, once part of the Greek empire of Alexander the Great. The people of Bactria did not want to join a war against the Huns, but Chang Ch'ien had succeeded in forming links between China, India, and the Middle East. to help

Hsuan Tsang saw

this gigantic

Buddha, which lies nestled in the cliffs of the Bamian statue of the

valley in Afghanistan.

Fa Hsien sails for China,

Buddhism Buddhism began in India in the 6th century B.C., movement within the older religion of Hinduism. It was an unusual religion because it had no god. Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism was a great missionary religion, and it spread through

with

much

many

manuscripts

as a

and

V KANCH1PURAM

religious

objects. in

He

Indom

of Asia, reaching China in about a.d. 100.

Chinese Buddhist monks like Fa Hsien wanted to learn more about their religion. Their holy books had been translated from Sanskrit (the ancient language

/

r¥

and parts were hard to understand. Buddhist monks and pilgrims made amazing journeys through Asia in order to leam more about it. Fa Hsien and others set off to find groups of Buddhists, more holy books, and better translations, and also to study in ancient Buddhist temples. of India),

SRI

LANKA

stops

Malaysia cfad

Hsuan Tsang

is

Hsuan

sent

i/m

king

sang

Fa Hsien was born in about ad. 370. He was a Chinese monk who traveled west to study Buddhism. He followed the Silk Road to Khotan, where he found many Buddhist monks. He stayed there for three months, wailing to see a religious festival in which the town was decorated with flowers and

<

•

losing

dt

way and

his

Turfan the lung nds him on his way laden with

nj

I

water

his

bag, but his elderly

i

""^»

journey

him

at last

to the oasis of

Hami.

bring?

supplies jor the

banners.

several years studying in

Lanka he saw

In Sri

138-1

i-

HSL7-

and spent monasteries along the Ganges River.

Then he crossed

:

KEY TO MAP ilEN FA H

the mountains into India

-

a very sacred relic

mouth

human

a

He has

tooth that

Buddha himself. improved Chinese greatly 15-year journey of his His account knowledge of central Asia and India.

was Tl V' TURFAN

*««,

come from

said to have

the

make

a final journey o\er\andio co

of

the Yangtze

J>

Hsuan Tsang

ft

N

..

^ANHSl

hires a local guide

" *

and a horse but

$%'

*^i> -

-

A.

lima. The Norwegians took over the Northern Isles ol Scotland .u\d founded cities such as Dublin, Cork, and Waterford in Ireland, Other Noise folk Bought land from the i

king

ol

I

word

i

,u

n e

settled in what became Normandy [he comes from "Northmen" oi "Norsemen."

and

NiiMiuiiis

11

'

["HE

GREAT ATLAS OF DlSCO\*ERY

Muslim Traveler; The

in in

RELIGION OF ISLAM, founded the 6th century, had spread as far as Spain and India only 200 years. In spite of their many different

Muslims, share many traditions, including the language and knowledge of the Arabs (the founders of Islam). Educated Muslims such as Ibn Battuta traveled through

nationalities, the followers of Islam, called

Mecca The desen ad. 570

Mecca

face

When

Tangier

onward, many Muslims left and what they had done, not only in Islamic countries but beyond. Some accounts contained improbable stories, but they were also full of fascinating facts. One Arab

to visit

power

is

the Ka'ba,

"cube." a sacred

directly touches the earth.

Arabia, 1325.

D r^

R * A

E

T

I

TANGIER

+

•

*

.

As

TAINS

description of a funeral in Russia.

Ibn Battuta weds his first of

n

Tim Battuta rejoins his

-^

lbn Batiuia sets oui

on

.inrril.

Tfcj

in

the

Muslims pray, they

Mecca. In the center of Mecca

the holv cities of '

traveler of the 10th century left a detailed

.-.•-•

It is

shnne older than Islam. It is supposed to have been built by the prophet Abraham, also revered by the Jews as the founder of their religion, and is believed to be a place where heavenly

Baiima leaves

Ibn

where was born

is

(in the Christian calendar).

meaning

Mecca. From the 9th century records of what the)- had seen

in Arabia

the founder of Islam,

holiest city in Islam.

huge region, and were welcome in many places. The Arabs were great travelers and seekers of knowledge. Except those who traveled as merchants, all Muslims this

tried to visit the holy city of

city of

Mohammed,

his last

jow

southward route at Sijilmassa, where he claims he encounters

MARRAKESH*

joining a caravan

p.

a snow

storn\.

He

crosses the

many

es in Tripoli.

"

D

TRIPOLI

>.

front Fez, 1352.

Atlas Mountains

SIJILMASSA'

and reaches

Fez, Sept 1353.

TAGHAZA Ibn Battuta passes through

Taghaza, a

salt

\

D

i.

even the homes of the salt workers are made of rock t.

with camel-skin roofs.

'^LrJ Ibn Battuta's party

TAKEDDA Arab scholars Scientific

Islam.

knowledge was well advanced

When

Christians

still

«V

in

believed that |

was flat. Muslim scholars knew was round. As well as traveling and studying science. Muslim scholars the earth

GAO

Walata. so he Along the route he nonces many

/ '

on the other side of the mountains.

v.

VfS

*

V /

ancient baobab trees. /

Ibn Battuta spends half a year

and founded

s

Timbuktu, a center of ire: with a fine, mud-walled mosque. He then joins a caravan to Takedda. in

ancient centers of

NULI

The astrolabe (.right was an early navigational aid. and probably an Arab learning.

Ibn Battuta

invention. Arabs were

\'&+

mistakes the great

accomplished navigators.

Niger River/or the as did

N

many other early He is astonished

travelers.

first sight of

J

by

water horses (hipp&&.

A'

wrote books, built

many

is in

territory

:

it

observatories,

Ibn Battuta

unknown

LAJ\

returns through the

x\

•

TIMBUKTU

WALATA

?

\

for travelers.

that Edrisi

even had

idea of the source of the Nile River.

:

O T

1

C

C

4^

KEY TO >UP IBN BATTUTA Travels

1324-32

Travels

1352-53

E

o B-

Ibn Battuta Ibn Batluta was born in Tangier, on the coast

The

of North Africa.

greatest of

he spent most of his

travelers,

all

Muslim traveling

life

or living in distant places. Altogether he

more than 75,000 miles. We know about him except what we leam from his writing, Travels, which he dictated after his return. Some tales, such as his claim that traveled little

he visited Christian Constantinople and saw

12,000 bishops

in the cathedral there, are

rather hard to believe.

Some

stories

may

have been added by someone else, perhaps the person who wrote down his words.

1304-1377

Ibn Battuta

=F= 400 Miles

300

200

,

.f

Ibn Battuta

visits

jnu-nkm

wen he admires great monument

the

architecture,

7tk