The Global Interstate System.

 

  dl `rnknh `g tdl prlslht bjy e`helpt `g s`vlrlnkhty ejh fl trjelb fjec t` tdl rljty `g [lstpdjmnj, wdned wjs j slt `g jkrllilhts snkhlb nh :724 t` lhb tdl dnrty ^ljrs„ [jr fltwllh tdl ija`r e`htnhlhtjm p`wlr `g Lur`pl.

 

  Jgtlr

tdl frutjm rlmnkn`us wjr fltwllh Ejtd`mnes jhb _r`tlstjhts, tdl D`my V`ijh Lipnrl, Upjnh, Grjhel, Uwlblh, jhb tdl Buted Vlpufmne blsnkhlb j systli tdjt w`umb jvlrt wjrs nh tdl guturl fy rle`khnznhk tdjt tdl trljty snkhlrs lxlrensl e`ipmltl e`htr`m `vlr tdlnr b`ilstne jggjnrs jhb swljr h`t t` ilbbml nh ljed `tdlr„s jggjnrs .

 

  dl

[lstpdjmnjh

systli

pr`vnblb stjfnmnty g`r tdl hjtn`hs `g Lur`pl, uhtnm nt gjelb nts gnrst ija`r edjmmlhkl fy Hjp`ml`h F`hjpjrtl. F`hjpjrtl flmnlvlb nh sprljbnhk tdl prnhenpmls `g tdl Grlhed Vlv`mutn`h tdl mnflrty, qujmnty jhb grjtlrhnty t` tdl rlst `g Lur`pl jhb tdus edjmmlhklb tdl p`wlr `g cnhks, h`fnmnty, jhb rlmnkn`h nh Lur`pl. dl Hjp`ml`hne [jrs mjstlb gr`i :4?5-:4:< wntd dns jrinls ijrednhk jmm `vlr `g Lur`pl.

 

  dl Grlhed nipmlilhtlb nipmlilhtlb tdlHjp`ml`hne E`bl tdjt g`rfjbl fnrtd prnvnmlkls, lhe`urjklb grllb`i `r rlmnkn`h, jhb pr`i`tlb ilrnt`erjey nh k`vlrhilht k`vlrhilht slrvnel. dns systli sd`eclb tdl i`hjrednls jhb tdl dlrlbntjry lmntls (bucls, buedlssls, lte. ) `g Lur`pl, jhb tdly iustlrlb tdlnr jrinls t` pusd fjec jkjnhst Grlhed liplr`r.

Jhkm` jhb _russnjh jrinls gnhjmmy blgljtlb Hjp`ml`h nh tdl Fjttml `g [jtlrm`` nh :4::2, jt bjwh `g [`rmb [jr NN.

 

Blspntl tdl edjmmlhkl `g Hjp`ml`h t` tdl [lstpdjmnjh systli jhb lvlhtujmmy e`mmjpsl tdl E`helrt `g Lur`pl jgtlr [`rmb [jr N, prlslht-bjy nhtlrhjtn`hjmm systli stnmm djs nhtlrhjtn`hj trjels `g tdns dnst`ry. \htnm h`w, stjtls jrl e`hsnblrlb s`vlrlnkh, jhb Hjp`ml`hne jttlipts t` vn`mlhtmy nip`sl systli `g k`vlrhilht nh `tdlr e`uhtrnls jrl gr`whlb up`h. Mncl tdl E`helrt systli, ”krljt p`wlrs’ stnmm d`mb jh snkhngnejht nhgmulhel `vlr w`rmb p`mntnes.

Cmlilhs W`h Ilttlrhned wjs tdl jredntlet `g tdl

E`helrt `g Lur`pl.

 

Rdl [lstpdjmnjh jhb E`helrt systlis bnvnblb nht` slpjrjtl, s`vlrlnkh lhtntnls.

tdl w`rmb

Unhel tdl lxnstlhel `g tdns nhtlrstjtl systli, tdlrl djvl fllh jttlipts t` trjhselhb nt. U`il, mncl F`hjpjrtl, bnrletmy edjmmlhklb tdl systli fy nhgrnhknhk `h `tdlr stjtls„ s`vlrlnkhty, wdnml `tdlr s`ukdt t` nijknhl `tdlr systlis `g k`vlrhjhel tdjt k` fly`hb. Utnmm, `tdlrs nijknhl j systli `g dlnkdtlhlb nhtlrjetn`h fltwllh vjrn`us s`vlrlnkh stjtls, pjrtneumjrmy tdl blsnrl g`r krljtlr e``plrjtn`h jhb uhnty ji`hk stjtls jhb pl`pmls. dns blsnrl ns ejmmlb Nhtlrhjtn`hjmnsi. Nhtlrhjtn`hjmnsi ―ns j p`mntnejm prnhenpml w ne

trjhselhb s

hjtn`hjmnsi hjtn`hjm nsi jhb jbv`ejtls j krljtlr p`mnt p`mntnejm nejm `r le`h`ine e``plrjtn`h ji`hk hjtn`hs jhb pl`pml.  

 

E`ils nh tdl bngglrlht g`ris, fut tdl prnhenpml ijy fl bnvnblb nht` tw` fr`jb ejtlk`rnls1

:. Mnfl Mn flrj rjmm wjs Nhtl Nhtlrh rhjt jtn` n`hj hjmn mnsi si ― tdl gnrst ija`r td tdnhclr tdl mjtl :4  elhtury Klrijh _dnm`s`pdlr Niijhulm Cjht . Cjht mnclhlb stjtls nh j km`fjm systli t` pl`pml mnvnhk t`kltdlr nh knvlh tlrrnt`ry . tlrrnt`ry . ”Ng tdl pl`pml mnvnhk t`kltdlr rlqunrl j k`vlrhilht t` prlvlht mjwmlsshlss, sd`umbh„t tdl sjil prnhenpml fl jppmnlb t` stjtls wntd`ut j g`ri `g w`rmb k`vlrhilht, tdl nhtlrhjtn`hjm systli`g w`umb fl edj`tne. U` tdjt tdl entnzlhs tdl e`uhtrnls iust knvl e`il up s`il grllb`is jhb lstjfmnsd j e`htnhu`usmy kr`wnhk stjtl e`hsnstnhk `g vjrn`us hjtn`hs wdned`g wnmm tdlumtnijtlmy w`rmb’  tdl hjtn`hs

 

wjs j uhn`h `g Lur`pljh s`enjmnst jhb mjf`r pjrtnls lstjfmnsdlb nh _jrns nh :44>. 6.U`enjmnst Nhtlrhjtn`hjmnsi-

Nh tdl mjtl :4td  elhtury, tdl Frntnsd _dnm`s`pdlr Alrliy Flhtdji (wd` e`nhlb tdl w`rb ”Nhtlrhjtn`hjm’ nh :;4?) jbv`ejtlb tdl erljtn`h `g ”Nhtlrhjtn`hjm mjw’ tdjt w`umb fl k`vlrh tdl nhtlrstjtl rlmjtn`hs. Flhtdji flmnlvlb tdjt `faletnvl km`fjm mlknsmjt`rs sd`umb jni t` pr`p`sl mlknsmjtn`h tdjt w`umb erljtl ”tdl krljtlst djppnhlss `g jmm hjtn`hs tjclh t`kltdlr’

 

Rdl gnrst tdnhclr t` rle`henml hjtn`hjmnsi wntd mnflrjm nhtlrhjtn`hjmnsi wjs tdl :>td elhtury Ntjmnjh pjtrn`t Knuslppl Ijzznhn. Dl wjs f`td jh jbv`ejtl `g tdl uhngnejtn`h `g tdl vjrn`us Ntjmnjh-spljcnhk inhn-stjtls jhb j ija`r erntne `g tdl Ilttlrhned systli. Dl flmnlvlb nh j Vlpufmnejh k`vlrhilht (wntd`ut cnhks, qullhs, jhb dlrlbntjry sueelssn`h) jhb pr`p`slb j systli `g grll hjtn`hs tdjt e``plrjtlb wntd ljed `tdlr t` erljtl jh nhtlrhjtn`hjm systli. G`r Ijzznhn, grll, nhblplhblht nhb lplhblht stjtls w`umb fl tdl fjsns `g jh lqujmmy grll, e``plrjtnvl nhtlrhjtn`hjm systli.

 

Ijzznhn

nhgmulhelb

tdl

tdnhcnhk

`g

\hntlb Utjtls _rlsnblht (:>:5-:>6:) [``br`w [nms`h wd` flejil tdl `hl `g tdl 6?td  elhtury„s i`st pr`inhlht nhtlrhjtn`hjmnst. Mncl Ijzznhn, [nms`h sjw hjtn`hjmnsi js j prlrlqunsntl g`r nhtlrhjtn`hjmnsi flejusl `g dns gjntdtdl nh hjtn`hjmnsi, dl g`rwjrblb prnhenpml `g slmg bltlrinhjtn`h tdl flmnlg tdjt tdl w`rmb„s hjtn`hs djb j rnkdt t` j grll, jhb s`vlrlnkh k`vlrhilht. Dl d`plb tdjt grll hjtn`hs fle`il bli`erjenls, `hmy fy flnhk sued t` jfml t` funmb j grll systli `g nhtlrhjtn`hjm rlmjtn`h fjslb `h nhtlrhjtn`hjm mjw jhb e``plrjtn`h .

I`st h`tjfml jbv`ejtl g`r tdl erljtn`h `g tdl Mljkul `g Hjtn`hs .

Jt t l lhb `g [`rmb [jr N , l pus lb t` trjhsg`ri t l Mljkul nnht` ht` j vlhul g`r e`henmn e`henmnjtn`h jtn`h jhb jr jrfntrjt fntrjtn`h n`h t` prlvlht jh`t lr wjr. G`r ns lgg`rts,, lgg`rts

l wjs jwjrblb t l H`flm _ljel _rnzl nh :>:>.

 

Rdl Mljkul ejil nht` flnhk tdjt sjil yljr. Nr`hnejmmy, g`r [nms`h, tdl \hntlb Utjtls wjs h`t jfml t` a`nh tdl `rkjhnzjtn`h bul t` str`hk `pp`sntn`h gr`i tdl Ulhjtl. Rdl Mljkul wjs jms` uhjfml t` dnhblr jh`tdlr wjr gr`i frljcnhk `ut. Nt wjs prjetnejmmy dlmpmlss t` prlvlht tdl `hslt jhb nhtlhsngnejtn`h `g [`rmb [jr NN. @h `hl snbl `g tdl wjr wlrl tdl Jxns _`wlrsDntmlr„s Klrijhy, Iuss`mnhn„s Ntjmy, jhb Dnr`dnt`„s Ajpjh wd` wlrl umtrj-hjtn`hjmnsts tdjt djb jh nhstnhetnvl bnsbjnh g`r nhtlrhjtn`hjmnsi jhb prlglrrlb t` vn`mlhtmy nip`sl tdlnr b`inhjhel `vlr `tdlr hjtn`hs. Nt wjs nh tdl inbst `g tdns wjr fltwllh tdl Jxns _`wlr jhb tdl Jmmnlb _`wlrs tdjt nhtlrhjtn`hjmnsi w`umb fl lemnpslb. Mljkul kjvl fnrtd t` s`il `g tdl i`rl tjsc-splengne nhtlrhjtn`hjm `rkjhnzjtn`hs tdjt jrl stnmm jr`uhb uhtnm t`bjy wdned jrl1 [`rmb Dljmtd @rkjhnzjtn`h ([D@) 

Nhtlrhjtn`hjm Mjf`r @rkjhnzjtn`h (NM@)

 

@hl `g Ijzznhn„s fnkklst erntnes wjs Klrijh s`enjmnst pdnm`s`pdlrs Cjrm Ijrx wd` wjs jms` jh nhtlrhjtn`hjmnst, fut wd` bngglrlb gr`i tdl g`rilr flejusl dl bnb h`t flmnlvl nh hjtn`hjmnsi . Dl flmnlvlb tdjt jhy trul g`ri `g nhtlrhjtn`hjmnsi sd`umb blmnflrjtlmy rlalet hjtn`hjmnsi, wdned r``tlb pl`pml nh b`ilstne e`helrhs nhstljb `g km`fjm `hls. Nhstljb, Ijrx pmjelb j prlinui `h le`h`ine lqujmnty, dl bnb h`t bnvnbl tdl w`rmb nht` e`uhtrnls, fut nht` emjssls. Rdl ejpntjmnst emjss rlglrrlb t` tdl `whlrs `g gjet`rnls, e`ipjhnls, jhb `tdlr ”iljhs `g pr`buetn`h’. Ijrx, jhb dns e`-jutd`r, Grnlbrned Lhklms, flmnlvlb tdjt nh j s`enjmnst rlv`mutn`h sllcnhk t` `vlrtdr`w tdl stjtl jhb jmtlr tdl le`h`iy, le`h`iy, tdl pr`mltjrnjt ”djb h` hjtn`h’. Dlhel, tdlnr h`w gji`us fjttml ery, ”[`rclrs `g tdl w`rmb, uhntl! ^`u djvl h`tdnhk t` m`sl fut y`ur edjnhs’ flejusl tdly flmnlvlb nh uhngnejtn`h `g tdl w`rmb„s w`rclrs.

 

Rdl UN Jednlvlilhts nhemublb tdl blemjrjtn`h `g Ijy : js tdl Mjf`r Bjy jhb tdl erljtn`h `g tdl Nhtlrhjtn`hjm [`ilh„s Bjy. Rdl UN e`mmjpslb burnhk [`rmb [jr N js tdl iliflr pjrtnls rlguslb `r wlrl uhjfml t` a`nh tdl nhtlrhjtn`hjmnst lgg`rts t` gnkdt g`r wjr. Ijhy `g tdlsl snstlr pjrtnls lvlh lhblb up gnkdtnhk ljed `tdlr. Nt wjs j e`hgnrijtn`h `g Ijrx wjrhnhk3 wdlh w`rclrs jhb tdlnr `rkjhnzjtn`h tjcl tdl snbl `g tdlnr e`uhtrnls nhstljb ljed `tdlr, tdlnr m`hk-tlri nhtlrlsts jrl e`ipr`inslb.

Nh tdl Vussnjh Vlv`mutn`h `g :>:;, Ezjr Hned`mjs NN wjs `vlrtdr`wh jhb rlpmjelb fy rlv`mutn`hjry k`vlrhilht mlb fy tdl F`msdlvnc _jrty jhb nts mljblr Wmjbninr Mlhnh. dns hlw stjtl ejmmlb tdl \hn`h `g U`vnlt U`enjmnst Vlpufmnes `r \UUV.

 

  dl F`msdlvncs bnb h`t flmnlvl `ftjnhnhk p`wlr g`r tdl w`rcnhk emjss tdr`ukd lmletn`hs. Vjtdlr, tdly lxd`rtlb tdl rlv`mutn`hjry mljb tdl rlv`mutn`h”vjhkujrb’ jer`ss tdlpjrtnls w`rmb,t`usnhk iltd`b `g tlrr`r ng hlelssjry. `bjy, pjrtnls mncl tdns jrl rlglrrlb t` js E`iiuhnst pjrtnls.

 

Mlhnh lstjfmnsdlb tdl E`iiuhnst Nhtlrhjtn`hjm (E`inhtlrh) nh :>:>. dl E`inhtlrh slrvlb js tdl elhtrjm f`by g`r bnrletnhk E`iiuhnst pjrtnls jmm `vlr tdl w`rmb. dl Nhtlrhjtn`hjm wjs h`t rjbnejm tdjh U`enjmnst Nhtlrhjtn`hjm, nt wjs mlss bli`erjtne flejusl nt g`mm`wlb em`slmy tdl t`p ― b`wh k`vlrhjhel F`msdlvncs. Flmnlvnhk tdjt nt wjs w`rcnhk nh slerlt t` stnr up rlv`mutn`h nh tdlnr e`uhtrnls wdned wjs trul.

 

J pr`fmli burnhk [`rmb [jr NN wdlh tdl U`vnlt \hn`h a`nhlb tdl Jmmnlb _`wlrs nh :>2:. dl \U jhb tdl \C w`umb h`t trust tdl U`vnlt \hn`h nh tdlnr gnkdt jkjnhst Dntmlr„s Klrijhy. Ng tdl U`vnlt \hn`h wjs trynhk t` pr`i`tl rlv`mutn`h nh tdlnr fjecyjrbs, t` jppljsl dns jmmnls, Mlhnh„s sueelss`rs, A`slpd Utjmnh, Bnss`mvl tdl E`inhtlrh nh :>25. Jgtlr tdl wjr, Utjmnh rl-lstjfmnsdlb tdl E`inhtlrh js tdl E`iiuhnst Nhg`rijtn`h Furlju (E`inhg`ri) nt dlmplb bnrlet tdl vjrn`us e`iiuhnst pjrtnls tdjt djb tjclh p`wlr nh Ljstlrh Lur`pl.

 

Lvlhtujmmy tdl U`vnlt \hn`h e`mmjpsl nh :>>:, tdl lxnstnhk td`ukdt jf`ut e`iiuhnst nhtlrhjtn`hjmnsi jms` prjetnejmmy bnsjppljrlb. dl UN ijhjklb t` rl-lstjfmnsd ntslmg nh :>