THE FULANI OF WEST AFRIKA

FULA/FULA OF WEST AFRIKA

2010

Ambakisye-Okang Dukuzumurenyi, PH.D. UNTS 6/4/2010

1|Page

Fula people From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Fula, Fulani, Pulo, Fulɓe

Fula women.

Regions with significant populations Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroon, Senegal, Mali, Sierra Leone Central African Republic, Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Ghana, Chad, Mauritania, Sudan, Egypt, Togo, Côte d'Ivoire. Languages Fula language Religion Islam Related ethnic groups Wolof and Serer

person

Pullo

people

Fulɓe

language

Pulaar (west), Fulfulde (east)

Fula or Fulani or Fulbe (the latter being an Anglicisation of the word in their language, Fulɓe[1]) are an ethnic group of people spread over many countries, predominantly in West Africa, but found also in Central Africa and Sudanese North Africa. The countries in Africa where they are present include Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, The Gambia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Chad, Togo, the Central African Republic, Ghana, Liberia, and as far as Sudan in the east. Fula people form a minority in every country they inhabit, but in Guinea they represent a plurality of the population (40%).Total population 27 000 000.[2]

Contents    







1 2 3 4

Terminology Related groups Traditional livelihood History o 4.1 Origins and spread o 4.2 Rise to political dominance 5 Culture & Language o 5.1 Clothing o 5.2 Herding o 5.3 Music o 5.4 Food o 5.5 Houses 6 Notable Fulani people by country o 6.1 Nigeria o 6.2 Senegal o 6.3 Guinea o 6.4 Mali o 6.5 Sierra Leone o 6.6 Burkina Faso o 6.7 Cameroon o 6.8 Mauritania o 6.9 The Gambia 7 References o 7.1 Further reading o 7.2 External links



8 See also

Terminology

Men from the Wodaabe subgroup performing Yaake dance There are also many names (and spellings of the names) used in other languages to refer to the Fulɓe. Fulani in English is borrowed from the Hausa term, and it is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word "Fula" in their language, essentially meaning "little Fula". Fula, from Manding languages is also used in English, and sometimes spelled Fulah or Foulah. Fula and Fulani are commonly used in English, including within Africa. The French borrowed the Wolof term Pël, which is variously spelled: Peul, Peulh, and even Peuhl. More recently the Fulfulde / Pulaar term Fulɓe, which is a plural noun (singular, Pullo) has been adapted to English as Fulbe, which some people use. In Portuguese it's Fula or Futafula.

Related groups A closely related group is the Tukolor (Toucouleur) in the central Senegal River valley. These people are often referred to together with Fulɓe of the region as Haalpulaar'en (Pulaar-speakers). Fula society in some parts of West Africa features the "caste" divisions typical of the region. In Mali, for instance, those who are not ethnically Fula have been referred to as yimɓe pulaaku (people of the Fula culture).[citation needed] The Woɗaaɓe, also known as the Bororo, are a subgroup of the Fula people.

Traditional livelihood The Fulani are traditionally a nomadic, pastoralist, trading people, herding cattle, goats and sheep across the vast dry hinterlands of their domain, keeping somewhat separate from the local agricultural populations.

Young Fulani cattle herders circa 1967

History

Fula Girl from Mali

Origins and spread While some have speculated over the origin of Fulani people, current linguistic and genetic evidence suggests an indigenous West African origin

among the Peul.[3] The vast majority of genetic lineages associated with them reflect those most commonly seen in other west Africans. Their language is also of west African origin, most closely related to that of the Wolof and Serer ethnic groups.[1]. Historical and archaeological records indicate that Peul-speakers have resided in western Africa since at least the 5th century A.D. as well. Interestingly, rock paintings in the Tassili-n-Ajjer suggests the presence of proto-Fulani cultural traits in the region by at least the fourth millennium B.C. Scholars specializing in Fulani culture believe that some of the imagery depicts rituals that are still practiced by contemporary Fulani people.[4]

Rise to political dominance Main article: Fula jihads Beginning as early as the 17th and 18th centuries, but mainly in the 19th century, Fulas and others took control of various states in West Africa. These included the Fulani Empire, also known as the Sokoto Caliphate, founded by Usman dan Fodio (which itself included smaller states), Fouta Djallon, Massina and others.

Culture & Language

Popular illustration of Fula greeting ritual ca. 1910, in French it reads: Salutations among primitive people. The language of Fulas is called Pulaar or Fulfulde depending on the region, or variants thereof. It is also the language of the Tukulor. All Senegalese who speak the language natively are known as the Halpulaar or Haalpulaar'en, which stands for "speakers of Pulaar" ("hal" is the root of the Pulaar verb haalugol, meaning "to speak"). In some areas, e.g. in northern Cameroon, Fulfulde is a local lingua franca.

With the exception of Guinea (where the Fula make up a ~40% plurality of the population), Fulas are minorities in every country they live in (most countries of West Africa). So some also speak other languages, for example:            

Portuguese and Kriol in Guinea-Bissau French and Arabic in Mauritania Hausa and French in Niger French and English in Cameroon Wolof and French in Senegal Sango and French in Central African Republic Bambara and French in Mali English in The Gambia Liberian English in Liberia English, Hausa and Ghanaian languages in Ghana English and some indigenous languages in Sierra Leone, particularly Krio, the lingua franca. Other Nigerian languagess and English in Nigeria

Fulani women with traditional facial tattoos

Clothing

Two Fulani Men The traditional dress of the Fula consists of long colorful flowing robes, modestly embroidered or otherwise decorated. Also characteristic Fula tradition is that of women using Henna around the mouth, resulting in a blackening around the lips. Fula ethics are strictly governed by the notion of pulaaku. Men wear long robes to the lower calves with trousers of cotton. Herdsmen wear the distinctive conical straw hat and a turban. Women wear long robes and turbans. They decorate themselves with necklaces, earrings, nose rings and anklets.[5]

Herding Fula are primarily known to be pastoralists, but are also traders in some areas. Most Fula in the countryside spend long times alone on foot, moving their herds; they were the only major migrating people of West Africa, though most Fula now live in towns or villages. Wealth is counted by how large the herd of cattle is and how many cattle. Long ago fulani tribes used to fight over cattle.

Music The Fula have a rich musical culture and play a variety of traditional instruments including drums, hoddu (a plucked skin-covered lute similar to a

banjo) and riti or riiti (a one-string bowed instrument similar to a violin), in addition to vocal music. The well known Senegalese Fula popular musician Baaba Maal sings in Pulaar on his recordings. "Zaghareet" or ululation is a popular form of vocal music formed by rapidly moving the tongue sideways and making a sharp, high sound.

Food Traditional food The Fulani eat millet, milk and meat as staples. Millet is eaten in the morning, noon and night as a porridge with a sauce or stew which usually contains, tomatoes, peppers, bone, meat, onion and water. Meat such as goat is usually eaten at special occasions as well as beef. A thick beverage similar to the tuareg beverage eghajira, is made by pounding goat cheese, milk, dates and millet.

Houses Fula live in domed houses during the dry season. The domed house is supported by compact millet stalk pillars. During the wet season the house is covered by reed mats.

Notable Fulani people by country Nigeria             

Usman dan Fodio, founder, Sokoto Caliphate Nana Asma‟u, scholar and author, Sokoto Caliphate Umaru Yar'Adua, former President of Nigeria Shehu Shagari, Former Nigeria President Muhammadu Buhari, former Nigerian Head of State Ahmadu Bello, first Premier of Northern Nigeria Atiku Abubakar, former Vice President of Nigeria Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Nigerian politician and the brother of former Nigerian president Umaru Yar'Adua Dr.Aliyu Musdafa, His Royal Highness, Lamido of Adamawa. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Nigerian father and first prime minister Vice-Admiral Murtala Nyako, current Governor of Adamawa State,former Chief of Naval Staff Justice Salihu Moddibo Alfa Belgore, former Chief Justice of the Federation Sheik Dahiru Usman Bauchi,tijjaniya and islamic scholar



Professor Ibrahim Gambari, Under Secretary-General/Special Adviser Africa in the UN; former Professor and Chiarman (Head) of Political Science department & the International Studies program at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and Nigeria; former Minister of Foreign Affairs and also former Nigerian Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the United Nations.

Senegal 

       

           

Malick Daouda Sy (to not confuse with El Hadj Sayyid Malick Sy),Imam and founder of the Fulbe Islamic Kingdom of Bundu(French: Boundou)in 1690 in the est of Fuuta-Tooro Bubu Malick Sy,son of Malick Daouda Sy,king of Bundu Souleymane Baal, founder of Fuuta-Tooro Islamic state (circa 1750) Cheikh Abdul Karim Kane, successor to Souleymane Baal Cheikh Umar Tall, General Khalif (1850–1865) of the Tijaniyya suufi way (tarikh) for West Africa Ahmadou Bamba Ba, Marabout, Spiritual Leader Maba Diakhou Ba Almamy of Rip Malick Sy marabout Sheikh Hamidou Kane, writer, author of the autobiographical novel L‟Aventure ambiguë (1961; Ambiguous Adventure), that considers the African and Muslim identity Habib Thiam, former Prime minister of president Abdou Diouf Yaya Wane, sociologist, author of the milestone work Les Toucouleur du Fouta Tooro (Sénégal). Stratification sociale et structure familiale Daouda Sow, former head of the parliament Amadou Cledor Sall, former interior minister Baaba Maal Baaba Maal, composer, singer, international star, head of the band Daande Leñol (the voice of the race) Mariam Bâ, writer Une si longue lettre Oumou Sy, fashion modelist Ibrahim Ba, French-Senegalese former football player Moussa Ba Senegalese professional kickboxer Mamadou Niang Senegales football player almamy abdoul first almamy from appe lowre Issa Ba Senegalese football player

Guinea 

Alfa Ibrahima Sambegu (Karamoko Alfa mo Timbo] First ruler of the islamic state of Fuuta-Jalon, head of the Alfaya branch of the Seediyaaɓe dynasty of Timbo

 



  

   









Alfa Mamadou Sellu Diallo, Karamoko Alfa mo Labe, first lord of the Diiwal (province) of Labe, circa 1726. Mama Tofi, Zoubairou Diallo, Former chief of Binani (Solou Bombi, Kalia, etc..) Head of the branch of Tofiyabe or Tofiyanke in Binani, Gaoual, GUINEA. Ancestor of Thierno Sarafudine Diallo Chief of Kalia, Bougoume, Bombi, etc... Ibrahima Sori Yero Poore aka Ibrahima Sori Mawɗo (1730–1764). Second ruler of Fuuta-Jalon after Karamoko Alfa and the first to hold the Almaami title, head of the Soriya branch of the Seediyaaɓe dynasty of Timbo. Tierno Muhammadu Samba Mombeya, (1765–1850), author of Oogirde Malal, co-founder, with Usman ɓii Foduyee, of Pular [ajami] literature Boubacar Biro Barry Buubakar dit Bocar Biro The Last Almaami of Fuuta-Jalon, died at the battle of Poredaka in 1896 Alfa Yaya Diallo (1850–1912), Former Chef of Labé, arrested by french colonialist. The national anthem of the republic of Guinea was adapted by musicians Jean Cellier and Fodeba Keita, from the Alfa Yaya praisesong, composed by a Griot circa 1900. Tierno Aliyyu Ɓuuɓa Ndiyan (1855–1927). Author, theologian, Tijaniyya suufi. Thierno Diawo Pellel, (1900-1984), islamic theologist, scholar and poet, student of Thierno Aliyyu Ɓuuɓa Ndiyan Tierno Chaikou Baldé, (1902–1972), schoolteacher, researcher, author. Saifoulaye Diallo (1923–1981), former Guinean politician, first president of the national assembly (1958–1963) held various cabinet positions under the regime of Sekou Toure Diawadou Barry [2] (1917–1969), accountant, descendant of the Soriya branch of the former ruling family of Fuuta-Jalon, leader of Bloc Africain de Guinea political party, opted for the No vote in the 1958 French referendum. Executed secretely at [Camp Boiro] in May 1969. Barry Ibrahima aka Barry III, lawyer, politician, head of Democratie Socialiste de Guinée, arrested, tried and sentenced in absentia, hanged publicly on Jan. 25, 1971 in Conakry under the dictatorship of president [Sékou Touré]. Ousmane Poreko Diallo (1922–1961) [3]. Ethnographer and author ; his fieldwork documents various aspects of Fulɓe traditional and changing culture ; he worked successively at Centre IFAN-Guinée (under French rule) and at Institut National de la Recherche et de la Documentation (INRD) of the republic of Guinea. Afâ Ibrâhîm Sow (1931–2005), linguist, author of numerous articles, editor of several classic books on Fulbe tradition



  

                

Diallo Telli (or Boubacar Telli Diallo [4]), Lawyer, former Diplomat, First Sec. Gen. of the Organization of African Unity, died of starvation at [Camp Boiro][5] in 1977. Thierno Diallo. Guinean historian, author of Alfa Yaya, roi de Labé and Institutions politiques du Fouta-Djallon-19e s.. Boubakar Barry. Guinean historian, author of Bokar Biro, le dernier grand almamy du Fouta-Djallon. Tierno Monénembo, Tierno Saidou Diallo, acclaimed author and activist. He has published several novels, all steeped in Fulɓe history and culture as well as in African and Guinean contemporary history: The Eldest Orphan (2000), (Peuls (2004) and Le roi du Kahel (2008) deal respectively with the Rwandan Genocide, the Fulɓe's saga and Fuuta-Jalon. Cellou Dalein Diallo, Prime Minister of Guinea from 2004–2007 Bobo Balde, Guinean football star Katoucha, former haute couture model and anti-female circumcision activist Abdoul Salam Sow, former Guinean footballer Abdallah Bah, Guinean football star Ibrahima Diallo, Guinean football star Alpha Yaya Diallo, Guinean musician Almamy Schuman Bah, Guinean football star Amadou Diallo, young Guinean resident in the Bronx killed by police in 1999 Habib Diallo, former Diplomat and Minister,actually Mano River Union Secretary-General Saidou Diallo,former Diplomat and Minister, Amadou Poredaka Diallo,former Minister Thierno Samba Diallo,former chief of the Diwal of Bhouria Alpha Saliou Diallo,first chief of the canton of Poredaka Alpha Amadou Diallo,The last chief of the canton of Poredaka Boubacar Biro Diallo,former politician and head of the parliament General Bailo Diallo,former minister of Defense

Mali      

Cheick Ahmadou Barry, Emperor of Macina Ahmadou Cheickou Barry, Emperor of Macina Ahmadou Ahmadou Barry, Last Emperor of Macina Cerno Bokar Salif Taal, suufi theologian Amadou Hampâté Bâ, Malian researcher and author, student of Cerno Bokar Salif Taal Adame Ba Konaré, Malian historian and spouse of the former president Alpha Oumar Konaré

                     

Amadou Toumani Touré, Malian President Ahmadou Lam Djoulde Tall, Emperor of Segou Tidiane Ahmadou Tall,Emperor of Macina, cousin of Ahmadou Lam Djoulde Tall Mountaga Tall, King of Nioro du Sahel, son of Cheick Oumar Tall Thierno Hady Tall, Marabout of the Tidiania brotherhood, descendent of Cheick Oumar Tall Ahmadou Abdoulaye Souaidou Kane, Soufi Saint of Dina and Dilly Daouda Kane, Soufi Saint of Mopti Oumou Dilly Kane,Soufi Sainte of Dilly, The most famous soufi woman in Mali, daughter of Ahmadou Abdoulaye Souaidou Modibo Kane, Soufi Saint of Dilly, unique son of Oumou Dilly Kane Cheick Sidi Modibo Kane, Soufi Saint of Dilly, son of Modibo Kane Baba Modibo Kane,Soufi and great marabout of Dilly, son of Modibo Kane Ahmadou Modibo Kane,Soufi Saint of Dilly, son of Modibo Kane and brother of Sidi Modibo Bokar Sada Sy, former Malian Defense Secretary (Ministre de la defense) Ousmane Sy, Malian politician Sy Kadiatou Sow, Malian politician and spouse of Ousmane Sy Djibril Diallo, former Malian minister under the regime of General Moussa Traore Boubou Ardo Gallo, one the famous legendary heroes ever in West African, Chief warrior of Nene (Macina) Alpha Sillamakan Dicko, one of the famous heroes in Macina Moctar Ly, Malian politician General Sekou Ly, former Malian politician and military chief Ahamadou Coumba ketchel Sy, Lieutenant of Ahmadou Lam Djoulde Tall, Mali, Segou Ma Demba Sy, King of Sissany in Mali, under the French colonists

Sierra Leone Main article: Fula people of Sierra Leone       

Amadu Wurie, early Sierra Leonean educationist and politician Amadu Jalloh, Sierra Leonean politician Alimamy Rassin, Sierra Leonean chief during colonial period Minkailu Bah, Sierra Leone's minister of Education, Youth and Sports Sulaiman Tejan-Jalloh, Sierra Leone ambassador to the United Kingdom Abubakarr Jalloh, Sierra Leone Minister of Mineral Resources Alimamy Jalloh, Sierra Leonean football star

          

Mahmadu Alphajor Bah, Sierra Leonean football star Rashid Wurie, former Sierra Leonean international football star Saajo Bah, Editor of www.peeral.com , one of the few online magazines published in African languages. Umu Hawa Tijan Jalloh, Sierra Leone´s 1st Chief Justice Dr Abdulai Timbo, former Sierra Leone´s Chief Justice Mohamed Bailor Barrie, Businessman and Fulani Advocate Chernor Musa Jalloh, Football Consultant Abdulai Jalloh, former Sierra Leone's national footballer Mohamed Jalloh, former Sierra Leone's national footballer Ibrahim Bah, former Sierra Leone's national footballer Stanley Ibrahim Jalloh, Former Chief Police Officer

Burkina Faso   

Thomas Sankara, Former President of Burkina Faso Youssouf Sambo Bâ, Burkinabe politician Bénéwendé Stanislas Sankara, Burkinabe politician

Cameroon  

Ahmadou Ahidjo, first President of Cameroon Issa Hayatou, current President African Football Confederation (CAF)

Mauritania 

Mamadou Samba Diop Murtudo, writer, historian, Fulani educator

The Gambia           

Alhagi Habib Sallah, Marabout Hassan Musa Camara, 2nd Vice President of The Gambia, Former opposition Leader Kebba Nyaama Leigh, Gambian politician. Hamat Bah, Politician, Oppostion Leader Halifa Sallah, Politician, Writer Alpha Molloh, Father of Musa Molloh Musa Molloh Baldeh, King of Fulladou, Warrior Aja Isatou Njie Saidy, Current Vice President Assan Jallow, Former Attorney General, Lawyer Alhagi Cherno Jallow, Marabout Modou Musa Njie, Businessman

         

Omar Jallow AKA O.J., Politician Captain. Sanna Sabally, Former Vice President/No. 2 Man of AFPRC. Baba Leigh, Imam and preacher. Juldeh Camara, International master Riti playerP Paul L. Baldeh, Former Min ister of Education Michael Baldeh, Former Minister of Education Mathew K. Jallow, Journalist, Writer, Human Right Activist Saba Jallow, University Professor, U.S. Gainako Jallow, Warrior with Musa Molloh, Granddad of Mathew K. Jallow & Prof.Dr Saba Jallow Jay Saidy, Journalist/Sociologist, Late Husband of Vice-President Isatou Njie-saidy

References 1. ^ The letter "ɓ" is an implosive b sound. In the orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985), it was written bh, so one would have written Fulbhe instead of Fulɓe. Some people still use this spelling convention. 2. ^ People Guinea: People. CIA World Factbook. 14 May 2009 update. Accessed 2009-06-05. 3. ^ mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations 4. ^ The Fulani/Fulbe People | Thematic Essay | Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art 5. ^ Pulaaku Ethics  

 

Almanach de Bruxelles (now a paying site) Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Adamawa Fulfulde". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 25 June 2006. Ndukwe, Pat I., Ph.D. (1996). Fulani. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. Christiane Seydou, (ed.) (1976). Bibliographie générale du monde peul. Niamey, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humaines du Niger

Wodaabe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Wodaabe Woɗaaɓe

A group of traveling Wodaabe. Niger, 1997. Total population 45,000 in 1983 Regions with significant populations Niger, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Nigeria Languages Fula Religion Islam Related ethnic groups Fula

The Wodaabe (or Bororo) are a small subgroup of the Fulani ethnic group. They are traditionally nomadic cattle-herders and traders in the Sahel, with migrations stretching from southern Niger, through northern Nigeria, northeastern Cameroon, and the western region of the Central African Republic.[1][2] The number of Wodaabe was estimated in 1983 to be 45,000.[3] They are known for their beauty (both men and women), elaborate attire and rich cultural ceremonies. The Wodaabe speak the Fula language and don't use a written language.[3] In the Fula language, woɗa means "taboo", and Woɗaaɓe means "people of the taboo". "Wodaabe" is an Anglicisation of Woɗaaɓe. The Wodaabe culture is one of the 186 cultures of the standard crosscultural sample used by anthropologists to compare cultural traits.

Contents        

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Everyday life Religion, morals and customs Marriage Beauty ideal and Gerewol festival Documentaries and popular culture Works cited External links o 7.1 Photos and videos 8 References

Everyday life The Wodaabe keep herds of long-horned Zebu cattle. The dry season extends from October to May. Their annual travel during the wet season follows the rain from the south to the north.[4] Groups of several dozen relatives, typically several brothers with their wives, children and elders, travel on foot, donkey or camel, and stay at each grazing spot for a couple of days. A large wooden bed is the most important possession of each family; when camping it is surrounded by some screens. The women also carry calabashes as a status symbol. [3] These calabashes are passed down through the generations, and often provoke rivalry between women. The Wodaabe mostly live on milk and ground millet, as well as yogurt, sweet tea and occasionally the meat of a goat or sheep. This is a rarity for them as they don't often have enough animals to spare for meat.[5]

Religion, morals and customs Wodaabe religion is largely but loosely Islamic. Although there are varying degrees of orthodoxy exhibited, most adhere to at least some of the basic requirements of the religion.[6]Some academics have called them nominal Muslims due to elements of "non-Islamic" cultural customs which sometimes contradict Islamic belief.[citation needed] Islam became a religion of importance among Wodaabe peoples during the 16th century when the scholar alMaghili preached the teachings of Muhammad to the elite of northern Nigeria. Al-Maghili was responsible for converting the ruling classes among Hausa, Fulani, and Tuareg peoples in the region.[1][2] The code of behavior of the Wodaabe emphasizes reserve and modesty (semteende), patience and fortitude (munyal), care and forethought (hakkilo), and loyalty (amana). They also place great emphasis on beauty and charm.[7] Parents are not allowed to talk directly to their two first born children, who will often be cared for by their grandparents. During daylight, husband and wife cannot hold hands or speak in a personal manner with each other.[3]

Young suitors perform the Yaake dance in a Gerewol festival, Niger 1997

Marriage The Wodaabe are sexually liberal; unmarried girls may have sex whenever and with whomever they wish.[5] The Wodaabe practice polygamy. The first marriage is typically arranged among members of the same lineage by parents when the couple are infants (called koogal); later additional "love marriages" (teegal) are also possible, when a woman leaves her husband and joins another one.[8] A bride stays with her husband until she becomes pregnant after which she returns to her

mother's home, where she will remain for the next three to four years. She will deliver the baby at her mother's home and then she becomes a boofeydo which literally means "someone who has committed an error." While she is boofeydo, she is not allowed to have any contact with her husband, and he is not allowed to express any interest in either her or the child. After two to three years, she is permitted to visit her husband, but it is still taboo that she should live with him or bring the child with her; this only becomes permissible when her mother has managed to purchase all the items that are necessary for her home. [9]

A Yaake dance performed for tourists, Niger 1997

Beauty ideal and Gerewol festival Main article: Gerewol At the end of the rainy season in September, Wodaabe clans gather in several traditional locations before the beginning of their dry season transhumance migration. The best known of these is In-Gall's Cure Salée salt market and Tuareg seasonal festival. Here the young Wodaabe men, with elaborate make-up, feathers and other adornments, perform the Yaake: dances and songs to impress marriageable women. The male beauty ideal of the Wodaabe stresses tallness, white eyes and teeth; the men will often roll their eyes and show their teeth to emphasize these characteristics. Wodaabe clans then join for the remainder of the week-long Gerewol: a series of barters over marriage and contests where the young men's beauty and skills are judged by young women.[10]

Documentaries and popular culture The 1989 documentary Wodaabe - Herdsmen of the Sun by Werner Herzog describes the Wodaabe.

The Niger-based band Etran Finatawa is composed of Wodaabe and Tuareg members and creates their unique style of "Nomad Blues" by combining modern arrangements and electric guitars with more traditional instruments and polyphonic Wodaabe singing. In 2005 they recorded an album and toured Europe. Married Wodaabe women are mentioned in part four of the the BBC Series The Human Animal for having the right to take a different married man as a sexual partner.

Young Wodaabe women with facial tattoos

Two Wodaabe men

A young woman judging the beauty of men at a Gerewol

Works cited 1. ^ a b ""People of Africa"". "African Holocaust Society". http://www.africanholocaust.net/peopleofafrica.htm#w. 2. ^ a b ""Wodaabe People"". "University of Iowa ". http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Wodaabe.html. 3. ^ a b c d Carol Beckwith, Niger's Wodaabe: "People of the Taboo". National Geographic, October 1983 4. ^ Gabrielle Lyon, The Wodaabe 5. ^ a b Amanda Jones, Wodaabe of the Sahara - Niger 6. ^ ""Wodaabe religion"". "Africa.com". http://www.gatewayafrica.com/tribe/wodaabe_tribe.html. 7. ^ Beckwith, Carol, and Angela Fisher. African Ceremonies. New York: Harry N Abrams, 1999. 8. ^ Christine Nesbitt, The Wodaabe's Cure Salée 9. ^ ""African Marriage Ritual"". "African Holocaust Society". http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/africanmarriageritual.html. 10.^ Niger's dandy Gerewol festival, The Times, 4 July 2004

Hausa people From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to:navigation, search The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (December 2007) Hausa

Total population 30-35 million (Newman 2000, Schuh 2001) Regions with significant populations Nigeria, Niger, Ghana, Chad, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Sudan Languages Hausa Religion

Islam Christian Animist

The Hausa are a Sahelian people chiefly located in the West African regions of northern Nigeria and southeastern Niger. There are also significant numbers found in regions of Sudan, Cameroon, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Chad and smaller communities scattered throughout West Africa and on the traditional Hajj route across the Sahara Desert and Sahel. Many Hausa have moved to large coastal cities in West Africa such as Lagos, Accra, Kumasi and Cotonou, as well as to countries such as Libya. However, most Hausa remain in small villages, where they grow crops and raise livestock, including cattle. They speak the Hausa language, an Afro-Asiatic language of the Chadic group.

Contents [hide]         

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

History and culture Religion Clothing Food Population Hausa ethnic flag See also References External links

History and culture See also: Hausa Kingdoms Kano, north Nigeria is considered the center of Hausa trade and culture. In terms of cultural relations to other peoples of West Africa, the Hausa are culturally and historically close to the Fulani, Songhai, Mandé and Tuareg as well as other Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan groups further East in Chad and Sudan. Islamic Shari‟a law is loosely the law of the land and is understood by any full time practitioner of Islam, known in Hausa as a Mallam (see Maulana). Between 500 CE and 700 CE Hausa people, who had been slowly moving west from Nubia and mixing in with the local Northern and Central Nigerian

population, established a number of strong states in what is now Northern and Central Nigeria and Eastern Niger. With the decline of the Nok and Sokoto, who had previously controlled Central and Northern Nigeria between 800 BCE and 200 CE, the Hausa were able to emerge as the new power in the region. Closely linked with the Kanuri people of Kanem-Bornu (Lake Chad), the Hausa aristocracy adopted Islam in the 11th century CE.

Near East in 1200 AD, showing Hausa States and neighbors. By the 12th century CE the Hausa were becoming one of Africa's major powers. The architecture of the Hausa is perhaps one of the least known but most beautiful of the medieval age. Many of their early mosques and palaces are bright and colourful and often include intricate engraving or elaborate symbols designed into the facade. By 1500 CE the Hausa utilized a modified Arabic script known as ajami to record their own language; the Hausa compiled several written histories, the most popular being the Kano Chronicle. In 1810 the Fulani, another Islamic African ethnic group that spanned across West Africa, invaded the Hausa states. Their cultural similarities however allowed for significant integration between the two groups, who in modern times are often demarcated as "Hausa-Fulani" rather than as individuated groups, and many Fulani in the region do not distinguish themselves from the Hausa. The Hausa remain preeminent in Niger and Northern Nigeria. Their impact in Nigeria is paramount, as the Hausa-Fulani amalgamation has controlled Nigerian politics for much of its independent history. They remain one of the largest and most historically grounded civilizations in West Africa. The language of Hausa has more native speakers than any other language in sub-Saharan Africa, with an estimated 22 million native speakers, plus an

additional 17 million second language speakers. The main Hausa speaking area is northern Nigeria and Niger, but Hausa is also widely spoken in northern Ghana and northern Cameroon, and there are large Hausa communities in every major West African city. Most Hausa speakers are Muslims, and Hausa is often a lingua franca among Muslims in non-Hausa areas. There is a large and growing printed literature in Hausa, which includes novels, poetry, plays, instruction in Islamic practice, books on development issues, newspapers, news magazines, and even technical academic works. Radio and television broadcasting in Hausa is ubiquitous in northern Nigeria and Niger, and radio stations in Ghana and Cameroon have regular Hausa broadcasts, as do international broadcasters such as the BBC, VOA, Deutsche Welle, Radio Moscow, Radio Beijing, and others. Hausa is used as the language of instruction at the elementary level in schools in northern Nigeria, and Hausa is available as course of study in northern Nigerian universities. In terms of sheer numbers, Hausa thus ranks as one of the world's major languages, and its widespread use in a number of countries of West Africa makes it probably the single most useful language to know in that region. Hausa's rich poetic, prose, and musical literature, more and more of which is now available in print and in audio and video recordings, makes it a rewarding area of study for those who reach an advanced level. Aside from the inherent interest of Hausa language and its literature, the study of Hausa provides perhaps the most informative entree into the world of Islamic West Africa. Throughout West Africa, there is a strong connection between Hausa and Islam. The influence of Hausa language on the languages of many non-Hausa Islamic people in West African is readily apparent. Likewise, many Hausa cultural practices, including such overt features as dress and food, are shared by other Islamic communities. Because of the dominant position which Hausa language and culture have long held, the study of Hausa provides crucial background for other areas such as West African history, politics (particularly in Nigeria and Niger), gender studies, commerce, and the arts.

Religion Hausa have an ancient culture that had an extensive coverage area, and have long ties to the Arabs and other Islamized peoples in West Africa, such as the Mandé, Fulani and even the Wolof of Senegambia, through extended long distance trade. Islam has been present in Hausaland since the 14th

century, but it was largely restricted to the region's rulers and their courts. Rural areas generally retained their animist beliefs and their urban leaders thus drew on both Islamic and African traditions to legitimise their rule. Muslim scholars of the early nineteenth century disapproved of the hybrid religion practised in royal courts, and a desire for reform was a major motive behind the formation of the Sokoto Caliphate.[1] It was after the formation of this state that Islam became firmly entrenched in rural areas. The Hausa people have been an important factor for the spread of Islam in West Africa. Maguzawa, the animist religion, was practiced extensively before Islam. In the more remote areas of Hausaland Maguzawa has remained fully intact, but as one gets closer to more urban areas it almost totally disappears. It often includes the sacrifice of animals for personal ends, it is thought of as illegitimate to practice Maguzawa magic for harm. What remains in more populous areas is a “cult of spirit possession” known as Bori which still holds the old religion's elements of animism and magic.[2] Four Hausa gun carriers of the South Nigerian Regiment, 1902 photo by John Benjamin Stone.

Clothing The Hausa people have a very restricted dressing code due to the fact of religious beliefs. The men are easily recognizable because of their elaborate dress which is a large flowing gown known as Baba riga and a robe called a jalabia and juanni, see Senegalese kaftan. These large flowing gowns usually feature some elaborate embroidery designs around the neck. (See Grand boubou for more information). Men also wear colorful embroidered caps known as fullah, see kufi for more information. The females can be identified by their dressing codes in which they wear wrappers called abiah made with colorful cloth with a matching blouse, head tie and shawl.

Food The most common food that the Hausa people prepare consists of grains such as sorghum, millet, rice, or maize which are ground into flour for a variety of different kinds of food. The food is popularly known as tuwo in the Hausa language. Usually, breakfast consist of cakes made from ground beans which are then fried -- known as kosai -- or wheat flour soaked for a day then fried and served with sugar -- known as funkaso. Both of these

cakes can be served with porridge and sugar known as koko. Lunch or dinner are usually served as heavy porridge with soup and stew known as tuwo da miya. The soup and stew are usually prepared with ground or chopped tomatoes, onions, and a local pepper sauce called daddawa. While preparing the soup, most of the times spices and other vegetables such as spinach, pumpkin, or okra are added to the soup. The stew is prepared with meat, which can include goat or cow meat but not pork due to Islamic religion restrictions. Beans, peanuts, and milk are also served as a complementary protein diet for the Hausa people.

Population

Ethnic territories of the Hausa people in Nigeria (in yellow) Table of Hausa population by country[3] Country Population, 1000s Algeria 9 Benin 34 Burkina Faso 2 Cameroon 238 Central African Republic 29 Chad 158 Congo 8.1 Côte d'Ivoire 108 Equatorial Guinea 11 8.4 Gabon Gambia 7.3

Ghana Niger Nigeria Sudan Togo

202 5,598 21,000 550 14

Hausa ethnic flag A proposed Hausa ethnic flag is a banner with five horizontal stripes--from top to bottom they are red, yellow, indigo blue, green, and khaki biege.[4] There is no political entity which uses this flag.

References 1. ^ Robinson, David, Muslim Societies in African History (Cambridge, 2004), p141 2. ^ Adeline Masquelier. Prayer Has Spoiled Everything: Possession, Power, and Identity in an Islamic Town of Niger. Duke University Press (2001) ISBN 9780822326397 3. ^ "Joshua Project, Peoples Listing, Hausa". http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=103733. Retrieved 200703-04. 4. ^ Hausa ethnic flag:

Hausa-Fulani From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hausa-Fulani is a term used to refer collectively to the Hausa and Fulani people of West Africa. The two are grouped together because since the Fulani War their histories have been largely intertwined. For example, when the Fulani took over Hausa city-state of Kano during the Fulani War, the new emirs ended up speaking the Hausa language instead of Fulfulde.[1] The Hausa-Fulani are one out of Nigeria's three major ethnic groups. The Hausa-Fulani account for 28-30% of Nigeria's northern ethnic divide.

References 1. ^ "Caravans Across the Desert: Marketplace". AFRICA: One Continent. Many Worlds.. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Foundation. http://www.nhm.org/africa/tour/desert/030.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-06.

Fula language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Fula (or Fulani) Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular Spoken in Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gambia, Chad, Sierra Leone, Benin, Guinea-Bissau, Sudan, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo Total

10–16 million

speakers Niger-Congo

Language family 

Atlantic-Congo

o Senegal–Guinea  Senegambian  Fula-Wolof  Fula (or Fulani)

Language codes ISO 639-1 ff ISO 639-2 ful ISO 639-3 variously: ful – Fulah (generic) fub – Adamawa Fulfulde fui – Bagirmi Fulfulde

fue – Borgu Fulfulde fuq – Central-Eastern Niger

Fulfulde ffm – Maasina Fulfulde fuv – Nigerian Fulfulde fuc – Pulaar fuf – Pular language fuh – Western Niger Fulfulde Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

The Fula language is a language of West Africa, spoken by the Fulɓe (Fula or Fulani people) from Senegambia and Guinea to Cameroon and Sudan. It is also spoken as the first language by the Tukulor in the Senegal River Valley and as a second language by peoples in other areas. There are several names applied to the language, just as there are to the Fula people. They call their language Pulaar or Pular in the western dialects and Fulfulde in the central and eastern dialects. Fula(h) and Fulani in English come originally from Manding and Hausa, respectively; Peul in French comes from Wolof.

Contents  



1 Classification 2 Description o 2.1 Morphology o 2.2 Noun classes o 2.3 Voices o 2.4 Consonant mutation o 2.5 Pronouns 3 Dialects o 3.1 East Central  3.1.1 Fulfulde, Western Niger (Niger)  3.1.2 Fulfulde, Central-Eastern Niger (Niger)  3.1.3 Fulfulde, Nigerian (Nigeria) o 3.2 Eastern  3.2.1 Fulfulde, Adamawa, fub  3.2.2 Fulfulde, Bagirmi, fui o 3.3 West Central  3.3.1 Fulfulde, Maasina, ffm

3.3.2 Fulfulde, Borgu, fub 3.3.3 Pular o 3.4 Western  3.4.1 Pulaar Writing systems o 4.1 Latin alphabet  4.1.1 Sample Fula alphabet o 4.2 Arabic script See also References o 6.1 Works o 6.2 Notes External links  



4

 

5 6



7

Classification Fula belongs to the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family.

Description Fula has the reputation of being complex but very regular in the construction of verbs, with few exceptions or "irregular" forms. The plural forms of nouns, however, are highly irregular and often do not resemble their singular form.

Morphology Fula is based on verbo-nominal roots, from which verbal, noun and modifier words are derived. It also uses infixes (a syllable inserted in the "middle" of a word, actually following the root and before the ending) to modify meaning.

Noun classes There are about 25 noun classes (the number may vary slightly in different dialects).

Voices Verbs in Fula are usually classed in 3 "voices" : active, middle, and passive. Not every root is used in all voices. Some middle voice verbs are reflexive. A common example are verbs from the root loot-:

  

lootude, to wash (something) [active voice] lootaade, to wash (one's self) [middle voice] looteede, to be washed [passive voice]

Consonant mutation Another feature of the language is initial consonant mutation between singular and plural forms of nouns and of verbs (except in Pular, there is no consonant mutation in verbs, only in nouns). A simplified schema is as follows:       

w ↔ b ↔ mb w ↔ g ↔ ng s↔c r ↔ d ↔ nd f↔p h↔k y ↔ j ↔ nj

Pronouns Fula has inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns.

Dialects While there are numerous dialects of Fula, it is typically regarded as a single language. Wilson (1989) states that "travellers over wide distances never find communication impossible," and Ka (1991) concludes that despite it geographic span and dialect variation, Fulfulde is still fundamentally one language.[1] However, Bible translators estimate that at least 7 different translations are needed to make it comprehensible for all Fulfulde speakers, and Ethnologue treats several of the varieties as separate languages:

East Central Fulfulde, Western Niger (Niger) Fulfulde, Central-Eastern Niger (Niger) Fulfulde, Nigerian (Nigeria) 

1.700.000 in Nigeria (2000)

Eastern Fulfulde, Adamawa, fub   

700.000 speakers in Cameroon (1993) 128.000 in Chad (1993) 90.000 in Sudan (1982)

Adamawa Fulfulde is also used by non-native speakers as the regional lingua franca in Far North, North and Adamawa provinces in Cameroon. Fulfulde, Bagirmi, fui  

24000 speakers in Chad 156.000 speakers in Central African Republic (1996).

West Central Fulfulde, Maasina, ffm Main article: Maasina Fulfulde  

900.000 speakers in Mali (1991) 7000 speakers in Ghana (1991)

Fulfulde, Borgu, fub   

280.000 speakers in Benin (2002) 48.000 speakers in Togo (1993) also spoken in Nigeria

Pular Main article: Pular language

Alternative name is sometimes given as Pula-Fuuta, derived from the FuutaJalon region where it is spoken.    

2.550.000 speakers in Guinea (1991) 50.000 speakers in Mali (1991) 136.000 speakers in Senegal (2002) 178.000 speakers in Sierra Leone (1991)

Pular is an official regional language in Guinea, and many speakers are monolingual. The language has borrowed a lot from Arabic and French, but also from English, Portuguese, Maninka, Susu, Wolof and others.

Western Pulaar 

Mauritania, Senegal and The Gambia

Writing systems Main article: Fula orthographies

Latin alphabet When written using the Latin alphabet, Fula uses the following additional special "hooked" characters to distinguish meaningfully different sounds in the language: Ɓ/ɓ, Ɗ/ɗ, Ŋ/ŋ, Ɲ/ɲ, Ƴ/ƴ (i.e., implosive B, implosive D, velar N [sounds like "ng" in "king'], palatal N, ejective Y). The apostrophe (ʼ) is used as a glottal stop. In Nigeria ʼy substitutes ƴ, and in Senegal ñ is used instead of ɲ. Sample Fula alphabet

a, aa, b, mb, ɓ, c, d, nd, ɗ, e, ee, f, g, ng, h, i, ii, j, nj, k, l, m, n, ŋ, ny (or ñ or ɲ), o, oo, p, r, s, t, u, uu, w, y, ƴ The letters q, x, z are used in some cases for loan words. In the Pular of Guinea an additional letter, ɠ, is also part of the orthography.

Arabic script Fula has also been written in the Arabic script or Ajami since before colonization. This continues to a certain degree and notably in some areas like Guinea.

See also 

Macrolanguage

References Works 

Arnott, David W. (1970). The nominal and verbal systems of Fula. Oxford: Clarendon Press.



Wilson, W. A. A. (1989). Atlantic. In John Bendor-Samuel (Ed.), The NigerCongo Languages, pp. 81–104.

Notes 1. ^ "...malgré son extension géographique et ses variations dialectales, le fulfulde reste une langue profondément unie." Ka, Fary. 1991. "Problématique de la standardisation linguistique: Le cas du pulaar/fulfulde." In N. Cyffer, ed., Language Standardization in Africa. Hamburg: Helmut Buske verlag. Pp. 35-38.

Fula orthographies From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to:navigation, search

The Fula language is written mainly in a modified Latin alphabet today, but was and still is in some places written in a modified Arabic alphabet called Ajami script.

Contents [hide] 

 

1 Latin-based orthographies o 1.1 Background o 1.2 Writing Pular o 1.3 Alphabets by country  1.3.1 Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania  1.3.2 Guinea  1.3.3 Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia  1.3.4 Mali, Burkina Faso  1.3.5 Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad 2 Arabic-based (Ajami) orthographies 3 Other scripts

Latin-based orthographies Background The Latin alphabet was introduced to Pular-speaking regions of West and Central Africa by Europeans during, and in some cases immediately before, colonization. Various people - missionaries, colonial administrators, and later during the colonial period, scholarly researchers, devised various ways of writing the Pular language they encountered. One issue similar to other efforts by Europeans to use their alphabet and home orthographic conventions to write African languages with unfamiliar sounds was how to represent the implosive b and d, the ejective y, the velar n (the latter being present in European languages, but never in initial position), prenasalised consonants, and doubled vowels (the latter being as significant in Pular for meaning as tone differences are in other languages).

Major influences on the current forms used for writing Pular were decisions made by colonial administrators in Northern Nigeria and the Africa Alphabet. A major conference on African language orthographies held in Bamako in 1966 confirmed this trend. Nevertheless, orthographies for the language and its variants are determined at the country level. So while Pular writing uses basically the same character sets and rules (such as for doubling vowels) there are some variations.

Writing Pular This section requires expansion.

Some rules:  

Long vowels are doubled To accentuate a consonant, double the consonant or write " ' " before the consonant. Example, "temmeere" = "te'meere".

Alphabets by country Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania

a, aa, b, mb, ɓ, c, d, nd, ɗ, e, ee, f, g, ng, h, i, ii, j, nj, k, l, m, n, ŋ, ñ, o, oo, p, r, s, t, u, uu, w, x, y, ƴ Guinea

Version 1: a, b, ɓ, nb, d, ɗ, e, f, g, ɠ, ng, h, i, j, nj, k, l, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, o, p, r, s, t, c, u, w, y, ƴ Version 2 (with keyboard-ready characters): a, b, bh, nb, c, d, dh, nd, e, f, g, ng, gn, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, w, y, yh Matching the two versions: bh = ɓ (as in bheydugol); dh = ɗ (as in dhuytugol); q = ɠ (as in qaagnagol, or qermugol); gn = ɲ (as in gnaamugol); yh = ƴ (as in yhettugol). Note: As native speakers of Pular from Fuuta Jalon, we are unable, so far, to find words that use the ŋ and nj characters. Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia

a, b, ɓ, c, d, ɗ, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, mb, n, nd, ng, nj, ŋ, ñ, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y, ƴ, '

Mali, Burkina Faso

a, aa, b, mb, ɓ, c, d, nd, ɗ, e, ee, f, g, ng, h, i, ii, j, nj, k, l, m, n, ŋ, ɲ, o, oo, p, r, s, t, u, uu, w, x, y, ƴ Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad

a, aa, b, mb, ɓ, c, d, nd, ɗ, e, ee, f, g, ng, h, i, ii, j, nj, k, l, m, n, ŋ, ny, o, oo, p, r, s, t, u, uu, w, x, y, ƴ

Arabic-based (Ajami) orthographies The Arabic script was introduced into the West African Sahel with Islam several centuries before European colonization. As was the case with other languages such as Hausa, Muslim Fulas who went through Koranic education adapted the script to writing their language. This practice, while never formally standardized, followed some patterns of customary use in various regions. These usages differ on some details, mainly on how to represent certain consonants and vowels not present in the Arabic language.

Other scripts There has been at least one effort to adapt the N'Ko script to Pular of Guinea.

Fulfulde Language Family Report Author: Annette Harrison Cartographer: Irene Tucker SIL International 2003

1. Introduction 2. Maps 2.1 Fulfulde language continuum 2.2 Western area 2.3 Central area 2.4 Niger and Nigeria 2.5 Eastern Area 3. Bibliography

1 Introduction Fulfulde is a language of the Niger-Congo family, in the West Atlantic branch. In Senegal and Guinea the language is called Pulaar and Pular, respectively. Seventeen African countries from Senegal to Sudan are home to Fulfulde speakers. They are designated by names such as Haalpulaar‟en, Fula, Fulbe, Peul, Fulani, and Fellata. This is not the first attempt to map the location of Fulfulde speakers in West Africa. In 1952 De Lavergne de Tressan gathered information from various informants in what was then called the French Sudan. The CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique) mapped the Fulfulde language continuum and added the names of major dialect areas, information not included by De Lavergne de Tressan. In addition, research organizations in several West African countries have published atlases which include linguistic mapping of Fulfulde dialects within those countries. This latest effort at mapping the Fulfulde dialect continuum draws on these maps, library research, maps and database information from the Ethnologue, and data from field linguists working in most countries where Fulfulde is spoken. A bibliography follows. In addition to the wide geographic area, the great challenge to mapping this continuum consists more in the social dimensions and dynamism of the language. Roger Labatut writes, “...ce n‟est pas à la „géographie linguistique‟

qu‟on devra avoir recours mais à une „sociographie linguistique‟... (Labatut 1973:165) [we are not dealing with “linguistic geography,” but with “linguistic sociography”]. Fagerberg (1979) grouped the sixteen Fulfulde dialects spoken in Senegal into three major “dialect blocks,” which correspond to three distinct “cultures” and lifestyles. This idea of grouping the dialects by “linguistic sociology” and cultural-linguistic affinity seems a good one for a map like this. Instead of splitting the continuum into as many subdialects as can possibly be identified, we have attempted to group subdialects according to areas of clear communication and shared socioethnic identity. “Clear communication” relates to the linguistic concept of intelligibility which is based on the genetic relationship between speech varieties. The more closely related the speech variety, the lower the barrier to clear communication. This in turn allows for the use of one written standard shared between those closely related speech varieties. By “linguistic sociology” and “cultural-linguistic affinity” we mean that factors such as traditional homeland, cultural heritage, lineage, occupation, and religion strengthen bonds of self-identity, giving special cohesion to a particular group of speakers so that variation in speech becomes relatively unimportant to them. The ideal map of the Fulfulde continuum would be multidimensional, depicting more layers of “linguistic sociology” and “cultural-linguistic affinity” as well as the traditional map of “linguistic geography,” allowing for the reality that in most locations parallel dialects of Fulfulde are spoken. Several Fulfulde dialect areas on the continuum have names, locations, and general definitions that are more or less generally agreed upon by linguists, anthropologists, and others. These are the Pulaar of Senegal, Pular of Guinea, Fulfulde of Maasina, Fulfulde of Nigeria, and the Fulfulde of the Adamawa highlands in Cameroon. Historically these were areas of Fulani political dominance at some point; today they are part of modern West African nations where there are large Fulani populations. These are also the areas where the Fulani and their language are well documented resulting in a significant body of literature both about the Fulani, their language and providing educational materials for literacy programs. It is worthy to note that these materials are accessible to people living outside of Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, and Cameroon. In countries such as Burkina Faso, Benin, and Niger, the Fulani and their language have also been well documented, but in comparison the quantity of information and the body of literature available is not nearly as significant as in the first group. Documentation from countries such as Chad, the Central African Republic, and Sudan appears more sparse and difficult to locate. For the areas which are best documented, we hope we have done our homework well so that the Fulfulde dialect areas are represented according to and in agreement with the many scholars in these countries. For the remaining areas, particularly in

Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger, Chad, and the Central African Republic, most of the information comes from people currently working in those countries. Whenever possible we have followed the guideline of the "autonym" (what the speaker of the language calls his or her language), when labeling dialect areas. The difficulty is that when asked, most speakers simply say they speak "Fulfulde," whether a religious leader in a Senegalese urban locale or a nomadic herder in eastern Niger. We cannot label every division as "Fulfulde," so we have attempted to find some additional modifier used by Fulfulde speakers which often produces an autonym which is a derivative of historico-political identity or geographic location. For example, the name of the Fulfulde dialect spoken in the region where the towns of Dori, Burkina Faso, Tera, and Niger are found is derived from the historical name for that region, the Liptaako, to make "Liptaakoore." The Fulfulde spoken in northern Niger and parts of Chad, Cameroon, and the Central African Republic is identified by a name derived from the sociocultural class and heritage of its speakers, the Wodaabe, to make "Wodaande." The Fulfulde map is an abstract representation of where we believe the speakers of these varieties to be geographically located. We have done our best to represent boundaries as "fuzzy" without allowing the indistinctness of a perceived line of linguistic change to be unhelpful in its vagueness. We have attempted to represent the gradually changing nature of a language continuum through graduating shades of color; the precise points of change cannot be said to be exactly represented on the map. Special acknowledgement and thanks are due to Irene Tucker as coauthor and cartographer for this project. Special thanks for their important contributions to this map go to: Jean Baumbach, Ted Bergman, Sanni Brah, Ed Brye, George Cail, Kim Cone, Scott and Mary Crickmore, Aboubakar Diallo, Umar Djaouné, Keith and Lorraine Doust, Barrie Evans, Cameron Hamm, Jennifer Harper, Byron Harrison, Doug Higby, Kendall Isaac, Keith and Debbie Kanavel, Keejo Laabol, Isaac Matchoudo, Ron Nelson, Andrew Persson, Mike Rueck, Ken Satterburg, Juerg Stalder, René Vallette, Milton Watt, as well as Steve and Ann White. An important reason for publishing this map is to solicit further information from others knowledgeable in this area. We would appreciate receiving critiques so that the map can be updated and refined as our collective knowledge increases.

2 Maps 2.1 Fulfulde language continuum

2.2 Western area

2.3 Central area

2.4 Niger and Nigeria

2.5 Eastern area

Bibliography Adamu, Mahdi, and A. H. M. Kirk-Green, eds. 1986. Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Manchester: Manchester University press. Anderson, Stephen E. 1976. On the description of consonant gradation in Fula. Studies in African Linguistics VII(1):93-136. Alhassoumi Sow, Salamatou. 1986. La situation du Peul dans le Niger-Ouest: Problèmes et perspectives d'une enquête dialectale. Mémoire pour l'obtention du DREA. Niamey: Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales. Alhassoumi Sow, Salamatou. 1987. Quelques aspects du Fulfulde-hawsa (parlers peuls orientaux du Niger): Esquisse des différences dialectales avec les parlers occidentaux. Mémoire pour l'obtention du DEA. Niamey: INALCO. Alhassoumi Sow, Salamatou. 1989. Problemes de dialectologie peule: la designation des parlers. Papers on Fulfulde Language, Literature and Culture, 68-77. Kano: Bayero University. Arnott, D. W. 1966. The tense system in Gombe Fula. Afrika und Ubersee XLIX:1-3. Arnott, D. W. 1970. The nominal and verbal systems of Fula. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. Arnott, D. W. 1974. Some aspects of the study of Fula dialects. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 1:8-18. Arnott, D. W. 1986. Fula languages studies: present position and future prospects. In Pastoralists of the West African Savanna, 87-100. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Aubréville, A. d'. 1936. Les forêts de la colonie du Niger. Bulletin du Comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'A.O.F. 19(1)46-57 (noms des végétaux en peul). Azarya, Victor. 1993. Sedentarization and ethnic identity among the Fulbe: a comparative view. In Unity and diversity of a people, edited by P. K. Eguchi, and V. Azarya, 35-60. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.

Ba Amadou, Hampate. L'enfant peul. Oeuvre en 2 volumnes. Cahiers du Sud. Ba Amadou, Hampate. 1966. The Fulbe or Fulani of Mali and their culture." Abbia 14-15:55-87. Ba, Cheikh: 1986. Les peul du Senegal. Etude géographique. Dakar-AbidjanLomé: Les Nouvelles Editions Afriquaines. Ba, Oumar. 1968. Glossaire des mots mandigues passés en Pulaar. Ba, Oumar. 1972. Glossaire des mots etrangers passés en Pulaar. Ba, Oumar. 1980. La terminologie geographique du Poular, C.L.A.D., I.F.A.N. Dakar. Baumbach, Jean M. 1997. A brief linguistic sketch of Wodaabe Fulfulde, including consonant alternation. Unpublished Masters thesis. University of Texas at Arlington. Beckwith, Carol, and Marion van Offelen. 1983. Nomads of Niger. New York: Harry N. Abrahams. Beïdi, Boubacar Hama. 1993. Les Peuls du Dallol Bosso: Coutumes et mode de vie. Sépia Éditions. Bello, Ahmadu. 1962. My Life. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Bendor-Samuel, John, ed. 1989. The Niger-Congo languages. Chapter 4 "Atlantic" by W. A.A. Wilson, 81-104. Lanham: University Press of America. Bidaud, Lucien. n.d. Contribution à l'étude de la langue des Fulbe du Liptako. manuscript. Bidaud L., et A. Prost. 1982. Manuel de langue peule. Paris: POF etudes. Blench, Roger. 1990. FulBe, Fulani and Fulfulde in Nigeria: Distribution and identity. Working paper. Bocquené, Henri. 1981. Note sur le pulaaku. D'après le récit autobiographique d'un Mbororo du Cameroun. In Itinérances en pays peul et ailleurs, edited by CNRS-INALCO, 229-246. Paris: CNRS.

Bonfiglioli, Angelo. 1986. Dudal: histoire de famille et histoire de troupeau dans un groupe de Woñaaðe au Niger. Paris: Ecoles des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. Bonfiglioli, Angelo Maaliki. 1981. Ngaynaaka, l'elevage selon les Woñaaðe du Niger. Rapport préliminiare. Projet de gestation des pâturages, B.P. 270 Maradi, Niger. Botting, Douglas. 1961. The knights of Bornu. London: Hodder and Staoughton. Boutrais, Jean. 1994. Pour une nouvelle cartographie des Peuls. Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 133-135, 137-146. Brandt. 1956. Nomades du Soleil. Lausanne: Clairefontaine. Breedveld, J. O. 1995. Form and meaning in Fulfulde: A morphophonological study of Maasinankoore. Leiden: Research School CNWS. Brelvi, Mehmud. 1945. The Fulani of Northern Nigeria. Lagos: Government Printing Office. Churma, Donald G. 1988. Consonant gradation in Fula suffixes: the ugly truth. Studies in African Linguistics 19(1):35-74. De Leeuw, P. N. 1965. The role of Savanna in nomadic pastoralism: Some observations from Western Bornu, Nigeria. Netherlands Journal of Economic and Social Sciences 13:178-189. Delmet, Christian. 1994. Sur la route du pèlerinage : les Peuls au Soudan. Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 133-135, 473-481. De Wolf, Paul P. 1995. English-Fula dictionary: (Fulfulde, Pulaar, Fulani): a multidialectal approach. Sprache und Oralitat in Afrika 18. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Diallo, Thierno. 1986. Les sociétés et la civilisation des Peuls. In Pastoralists of the West African Savanna, 227-240. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Dieterlen, Germaine. 1965. Initiation among Peul pastoral tribes. In African systems of thought, edited by Meyer Fortes, and Germaine Dieterlen. London: Oxford University Press.

Duddles, Craig. 1992. Scratching the surface: Beginning to assess Bible translation needs for the Fulbe peoples in Nigeria. Draft. Dupire, Marguerite. 1962. The place of markets in the economy of the Bororo (Fulbe). In Markets in Africa, edited by Paul Bohannan, and George Dalton. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. Dupire, Marguerite. 1962. Peuls nomades. Étude descriptive des Woëaaºe du Sahel Nigérien. Paris: Institut d'ethnologie. Dupire, Marguerite. 1963. The position of women in a pastoral society. In Women in tropical Africa, edited by Denise Paulme. Berkeley: Unviersity of California Press. Dupire, Marguerite. 1970. Organisation sociale des peul. Étude d'ethnographie comparée. Paris: Librairie Plon. Eguchi, Paul Kazuhisa. 1986. An English-Fulfulde dictionary. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Ekwensi, C. 1962. Burning Grass: A story of the Fulani of Northern Nigeria. New York: Humanities Press. Evans, Barrie. 1996. Teaching grammar of Pular. Christian Reformed World Missions. Fagerberg, Sonja. 1979. A brief survey of Pular / Fulfuldé dialects in West Africa. United Bible Societies. Fagerberg-Diallo, Sonja. 1984. A practical guide and reference grammar to the Fulfulde of Maasina (Part 1: Dialogues, texts, and grammatical notes). JCMWA, 307 pp. Fagerberg-Diallo, Sonja. 1984. A practical guide and reference grammar to the Fulfulde of Maasina (Part 2: Glossary and grammatical summary). JCMWA, 124 pp. Frantz, Charles. 1986. Fulani continuity and change under five flags. In Pastoralists of the West African Savanna, edited by Mahdi Adamu and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, 16-39. Manchester: Manchester Univeristy Press. Fraternité-Woñaaðe. 1974. La tradition du habbanaae chez les Wonâaaðe. Abala, Niger. manuscript.

Gaden, Henri. 1908. Notes sur le dialecte foul parlé par les Foulbé du Baguirmi. Journal Asiatique 10ème série 11:67-70. Gaden, Henri. 1931. Proverbes et maximes peuls et toucouleurs. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie. Gaden, Henri. 1967. "Le Poular -- dialecte peul du Fouta Senegalais." Lexique Poulaar-Francais, Tome second. Gregg Press Limited, England. Gaden, Henri. 1969. Dictionnaire peul-francais. Fasicule I. Catalogues Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Dakar. Gaden, Henri. 1972. Dictionnaire peul-francais. Fasicule II. Catalogues Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Dakar. Galo, Buubu Ardo. 1969. La vie de l'éducation peul. Niamey, Niger: Centre Régional de Recherche et de Documentation pour la Tradition Orale. Gamble, David P., and Mary Umah Baldeh. 1981. Gambian Fula-English dictionary. San Francisco: Gambian Studies 12. Goddard, A. D. 1969. Are Hausa-Fulani family structures breaking up? Samaru Agricultural Newsletter 11:34-47. Greenberg, J. H. 1949. Studies in African linguistic classifications: Fulani. Southwest Journal of Anthropology 5:190. Grimes, Barbara F., (ed.). 1996. Ethnologue, 13th edition. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Hachette. 1994/1995. Les Bororos, Le guide du Routard - Afrique Noire, 225-226. Hachim, Alpha. nd. Commaissance des ancêtres et des apparentés se rapportant aux populations et aux tribus peules. ms. Hama, Boubou. 1968. Contribution à la connaissance de l'histoire des Peuls. Publication de la République du Niger. Paris: Présence Africaine. Harper, Jennifer A. 1997. Fulfulde dialect survey report. Unpublished manuscript.

Harper, Jennifer A. 1999. Recorded text testing of didactic and narrative texts from Deftere Allah among Fulani of the Central Area (Zone 2) of Nigeria. Unpublished manuscript. Hino, Shun'ya. 1986. Pilgrimage and Migration of the West Africans: A case study of the Fellata People in the Sudan. In Morimichi Tomikawa (ed.), Sudan Sahel studies II, 15-109. 4-chome Nishigahara, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA). Ibrahim, Mustafa B. 1966. The Fulani: A nomadic tribe in Northern Nigeria. African affairs 65:171-177. Jeffreys, M. D. W. 1944. Speculative origins of the Fulani language. Oxford: S.I. 47-54. Johnson, H. A. S. 1967. The Fulani Empire of Sokoto. London: Oxford University Press. Ka, Fary S. 1982. Le Pulaar au Sénégal (Etude Dialectologique). ms. Ka, Fary Silate. 1991. Elements de dialectologie Peule: Variations dialectales et problems de standardization. In Isa Alkali Abba. Ibrahim Mukoshi, and Giëaëo Tahir (eds.), Studies in Fulfulde Language, Literature and Culture. Nigeria: Triumph Publishing Company Ltd. Kirke-Greene, A. H. M. 1958. Adamawa, past and present. London: Oxford University Press. Kirke-Greene, A. H. M. 1965. Key to Fulani : Lawol fulfulde. Zaria: Gaskiya Corp. Klingenheben, August. 1929. Die Laute des Ful, Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen Sprachen. Beiheft 9. Berlin: Reimer. Klingenheben, August. 1963. Die Sprache der Ful. Dialekt von Adamawa. Grammatik, Texte und Wörterverzeichnis. (Afrikanische Forschunger, 1.) Hamburg: J.-J. Augustin. Labatut, Roger. 1982. La phrase peule et ses transformations. Universite de Lille. Labatut, Roger. 1979. La composition en peul. Afrique et Langage 12:5-27.

Labatut, Roger. 1973. Le parler d'un groupe de peuls nomades. Paris: SELAF. Labouret, H. 1952. La langue des Peuls ou Foulbé, Dakar: Memoire de l'IFAN 16: xi. Lacroix, P. F. Répartition des dialectes peuls dans l'Afrique de l'ouest. Lacroix, P. F. 1965. Poésie peule de l'Adamaoua. Paris: Julliard. Lacroix, P. F. 1962. Distribution géographique et sociale des parlers peuls du Nord-Cameroun. L'Homme II :75-101. L'archipel peul. 1994. Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 133-135. Lassibille, Mahalia. 1994. Les Woddabé, hommes de la danse: la cérémonie de Gerewol comme révélateur des transformations de la société des Wodaabe peuls nomades du Niger. Mémoire. Université de Bordeaux 2. Last, Murray. 1967. The Sokoto Caliphate. New York: Humanities Press. Laya, Diouldé. 1978. La voie peule: la tradition des animaux d'attache. Niamey: CELHTO. Lex, Gloria. 2001. Le dialecte peul du fouladou (Casamance - Sénégal): Etude phonétique et phonologique. Lincom. Lieber, Rochelle. 1984. Consonant gradation in Fula: an autosegmental approach. In Language and sound structure, M. Aronoff, and R. T. Oehrle, eds., 329-345. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Loyzance, A. n.d. Notes sur Peuls et Gourmanches de la Region de Say. Unpublished manuscript. Niamey: IRSH. Maaliki, Angelo B. 1984. Bonheur et souffrance chez les Peuls nomades. (Textes et civilisations.) Paris: Conseil International de la Langue Française. EDICEF. MAPE (Promotion des langues manding et peul). 1983. Dialectes fulfulde du Mali. Paris, Bamako: Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, DNAFLA. McIntosh, Mary. 1986. Fula lexicography. In Pastoralists of the West African Savanna, 113-126. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

McIntosh, Mary. 1984. Fulfulde syntax and verbal morphology. KPI, Boston, Melbourne and Henley. Mohammad, Abubakar B. 1989. Is Fulfulde really dying? Paper presented at the Linguistic Association of Nigeria. Mohamadou, Eldridge. 1969. Les Peuls du Niger oriental: groupes ethnique et dialectes. Camelang 2, Université Fédérale du Cameroun. Mohammadou, Eldridge. 1976. L'Histoire des Peuls féroBe du Diamaré: Maroua et Pétté. Yaoundé, Cameroun: ONREST. Mortimore, M. J. 1972. Land and population pressure in the Kano CloseSettled Zone, Northern Nigeria. In People and land in Africa South of the Sahara, edited by R. Mansell Prothero. New York: Oxford University Press. Mukoshy, Ibrahim. 1977. Fulfulde suffix morphophonemic changes. Harsunan Nijeriya 7:1-22. Mukoshy, I. A. 1991. A Fulfulde-English dictionary. Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council. Nelson, Ronald W. 1981. Fulbe cultural elements as contact points for the Gospel. Pasadena, CA: Fuller School of World Mission. M. A. thesis. Niang, Mamadou. 1995. "Syllable 'sonority' hierarchy and Pulaar stress -- A metrical approach." Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics 20. Niang, Mamadou. 1997. Pulaar-English English-Pulaar standard dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books. Noye, Dominique. 1965. Eléments de langue foulfouldé. Ngaoundéré, Collège de Mazenod. Noye, Dominique. 1968. Humour et sagesse peul: contes, devinettes et proverbes foulbé du Nord-Cameroun. Maroua (Cameroun): Mission Catholique. Noye, Dominique. 1970. Cours pratique de langue peul (Fulfuldé du NordCameroun). Grammaire 1. Maroua (Cameroun) : Mission Catholique.

Noye, Dominique. 1971 Un cas d'apprentissage linguistique: l'aquisition de la langue parles jeunes peuls du Diamaré (Nord-Cameroun). Paris: P. Geuthner. Noye, Dominique. 1974: Cours de foulfouldé:dialecte peul du Diamaré, Nord-Cameroun. Grammaire et exercises, textes, lexiques peulfrançais et français-peul. Paris: Paul Geuthner. Noye, Dominique. 1980. Propositions relatives et pronoms relatifs en fulfulde (peul). Handout. Communication presentée au 14e congrès de S.L.A.O. à Cotonou, Rép. du Benin. Noye, Dominique. 1989. Dictionnaire foulfouldé-français. Dialecte peul du Diamaré, Nord-Cameroun. (Geuthner Dictionnaires.) Paris: Geuthner. Osborn, W. Donald, David Dwyer, and Joseph I. Donoho. 1993. A Fulfulde (Maasina)-English-French Lexicon. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. Ogawa, Ryo. 1993. Ethnic identity and social interaction: a reflection on Fulbe identity. In Unity and diversity of a people, edited by P. K. Eguchi, and V. Azarya, 119-137. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. Paradis, Carole. 1992. Lexical phonology and morphology: The nominal classes in Fula. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. Paris, Patrick. 1997. Ga'i ngaanyka ou les taureaux de l'Alliance. Description ethnographique d'un rituel interlignager chez les Peuls Vod'aab'e du Niger. Journal des Africanistes 67 (2): 71-100. Peace Corps. 1978. Le fulfuldé essentiel pour le Niger. In cooperation with the African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin at Madison. Le Sahelien. Fulfulde language newspaper. B.P. 48, Gorom Gorom, Burkina Faso. Sapir, David. 1981. West Atlantic: an inventory of the languages, their noun class system and consonant alternation. In Current Trends in Linguistics 7. Mouton: The Hague. Schmitz. 1986. L'état géometre: les leydi des Peul du Fuuta Tooro (Sénégal) et du Maasina (Mali). Cahiers d'Études Africaines 103:349-394.

Seydou, Christiane. 1978. Bibliographie générale du monde peul. Etude Nigerienne 43. Niamey, Niger: IRSH. Seydou, Christiane. 1998. Dictionnaire pluridialectale des racines verbales du peul : Peul-français-anglais. Karthala. Skousen, Royal. 1972. Consonant alternation in Fula. Studies in African linguistics 3(1)77-96. Seignobos, Christian, and Olivier Iyébi-Mandjek. 2000. Atlas de la Province Extrême-Nord Cameroun. MINREST, INC: Editions de l'IRD. Smith, Richard W., ed. nd. Fulfulde reference grammar. Burkina Faso: SIM. Sow, A. I. 1971. Dictionnaire élémentaire Fulfuldé-Français-English. Niamey: OUA-Centre d'études linguistiques et historiques par tradition orale (CELHTO). Stennes, Leslie H. 1961. An introduction to Fulani syntax. Hartford, CT: Hartford Studies in Linguistics. Stennes, Leslie H. 1967. A reference grammar of Adamawa Fulfulde. East Lansing: Michigan State University. Stenning, Derrick J. 1957. Transhumance, migratory drift, migration: Patterns of pastoral Fulani nomadism. Reprinted. In Ottenberg, Simon and Phoebe, eds., Cultures and Societies of Africa, 139-159. New York: Random House. Stenning, Derrick J. 1959. Savannah nomads. London: Oxford University Press. Stenning, Derrick J. 1965. Household viability among the pastoral Fulani. In Peoples of Africa, edited by James L. Gibbs. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Stenning, Derrick J. 1966. Cattle values and Islamic values in a pastoral population. In Islam in tropical Africa, edited by I. M. Leis. London: Oxford University Press. Swift, Lloyd B., Kalilu Tambadu, and Paul G. Imhoff. 1965. Fula: Basic course. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute.

Sylla, Yero. 1982. Grammaire moderne du pulaar. Dakar: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines. Taylor, F. W. 1921. A first grammar of the Adamawa dialect of the Fulani language (Fulfulde). Oxford University Press. Taylor, F. W. 1932. A Fulani-English dictionary. Oxford C.P. Taylor, F. W. 1953. A grammar of the Adamawa dialect of the Fulani language. London, Oxford C.P. Thom, Derrick J. 1972. The morphology of Maradi, Niger. African Urban Notes (Michigan State), 8:1. Thompson, Virginia. 1966. Niger.In National Unity and Regionalism in Eight African States, edited by Gwendolyn Carter. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Trimingham, J. Spencer. 1968. The influence of Islam upon Africa. New York: Praeger. Vanderaa, Larry. nd. Fulfulde grammar. Mission Protestante au Sahel (CRWM). Weekes, Richard V., ed. 1978. Muslim peoples: A world ethnographic survey. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 133-138, 420-422. Wenek, Sophie. n.d. Champions de beauté et de courage. In Sciences et voyages, 15-20. Wenek, Sophie. n.d. J'ai laqué les ongles des magnifiques Bororodji du Niger. In Sciences et voyages, 7-14. Wilson, Wendy. 1984. Resource management in a stratified Fulani community. Ph.D. dissertation. Haward University.

Fula Greeting Ritual

Fulani War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to:navigation, search The Fulani War of 1804-1810, also known as the Fulani Jihad or Jihad of Usman dan Fodio, was a military conquest in present day Nigeria and Cameroon. Expelled from Gobir by his former student Yunfa in 1802, Islamic reformer Usman dan Fodio assembled a Fulani army to lead in jihad against the Hausa kingdoms of the north. Realizing the threat that Usman's forces posed, Yunfa assembled the other Hausa rulers to oppose him. The Hausa rulers dealt the jihadists a number of initial setbacks, most notably at the Battle of Tsuntua (December 1804), in which Usman lost more than 2,000 men, 200 of whom are said to have known the Koran by heart. The following year, however, Usman's forces seized Kebbi and established a permanent base at Gwandu. Building on popular discontent caused in part by famine and by Hausa taxation, the jihadists continued to advance, taking the Gobir's capital Alkalawa in 1808 and killing Yunfa. Usman united the conquered lands under his Fulani Empire. The success of the jihad inspired a number of later West African jihadists, including Massina Empire founder Seku Amadu, Toucouleur Empire founder Umar Tall, Wassoulou Empire founder Samori Ture, and Adamawa Emirate founder Modibo Adama.

References 

"Usman dan Fodio". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Fula jihads From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Fula or Fulani jihads, were a series of independent but loosely connected events across West Africa between the late 17th century and European colonization, in which Muslim Fulas took control of various parts of the region. It is also sometimes referred to as "Fulani revolution." A jihad state is a territory that was established by political and religious Muslim leaders who conquer a region by offensive war, invoking jihad ("struggle" in Arabic). The rulers often assumed honorific titles such as in the Fulani Empire, Emir, an Arabic title which can mean general as well as prince or governor, or a derivate in a local language. Another title was Almamy (from Imam) used by rulers of Kingdom of Fouta Djallon. These states are listed in rough chronological order below.

Contents       

1 2 3 4

Bondu Fuuta Jalon Fuuta Tooro Fulani Empire o 4.1 Fulani jihad states 5 Massina Empire 6 Toucouleur Empire 7 References

Bondu Main article: Bondu A small state in present day Senegal in which Muslim Fulas took control in the late 17th century.

Fuuta Jalon Main article: Kingdom of Fouta Djallon

The Fouta Djallon located mainly in present day Guinea as well as parts of Guinea Bissau, Senegal, Sierra Leone was a major state with a written constitution and ruling alternance between the 2 main parties: the Soriya and the Alphaya. The Fouta Djallon state was born in 1735 when Fulani Muslims decided to rise against the non-Muslim Fulanis and Djalonkes rulers to create a confederation of provinces. Alpha Ibrahima Sory Maoudho was elected as the first Almaamy in 1735 at the capital Timbo in present day Guinea. The Fouta Djallon state lasted until 1898 when the French colonial troops defeated the last Almamy (Ruler) Bokar Biro Barry, dismantled the state and integrated it into their new colony of Rivières du Sud, which became Guinea.

Fuuta Tooro Main article: Kingdom of Fouta Tooro Under the unifying banner of Islam, the Muslim Fulas revolted in 1776 under the leadership of Sileymaani Baal. The following Islamic revolution created the new kingdom of Fuuta Tooro under a government called the Almamate (a term derived from the Pulaar borrowing of the Arabic al-imaam). Before formal colonization this state was weakened by French incursions and the effort by El Hadj Umar Tall to carry his jihad eastward (see also Toucouleur Empire, below).

Fulani Empire Main article: Sokoto Caliphate At the beginning of the 19th century under Usman dan Fodio the Fulani became the leaders of a centralized Fulani Empire which continued until 1903 when the Fulani were divided up among European colonizers.

Fulani jihad states The term jihad state is historically used in reference to the 19th century Islamic conquests in Western Africa, especially the Fulani jihad or Fulbe (from Fulɓe) jihad, a phrase referring to the state-founding jihad led by Usman dan Fodio in the first decade of the 19th century in and around Nigeria. Most of these states were in colonial times brought into the British Northern Nigeria Protectorate around 1901-1903. The jihad states in the region controlled by the empire included:

                  



Abuja, replacing the former Zuba; the ruler's title was Sarkin Zazzau, from 1828 also Emir Adamawa (now partially in Cameroon), founded in 1809; title BabanLamido Agaie, founded in 1822; title emir Bauchi emirate, founded in 1805; title Lamido (laamiiɗo in Fula language), meaning "ruler" (similar meaning to Emir ) Gombe, founded in 1804; title Modibo Gombe. Gwandu, a major Fulbe jihad state, founded in 1817; title Emir Hadejia, replaced Biram (title Sarkin Biram) in 1805; new title Sarkin Hadejia, from 1808 also styled Emir Jama`are, founded in 1811; style Emir. Jema`an Darroro, founded in 1810; title Emir Kano replaced the old (Hausa) Kano state in March 1807; the old title Sarkin Kano is still used, but now also styled Emir Katagum, founded in 1807; title Sarkin Katagum, also styled Emir Katsina replaced the old (Hausa) Katsina state in 1805; the old title Sarkin Katsina is still used, but now also styled Emir. Kazaure, founded in 1818; title Emir, also styled Sarkin *Arewa (apparently imitating neighbours) Keffi, founded in 1802; title Emir Lafiagi, founded in 1824; new title Emir Lapai, founded in 1825; style Emir Mubi, founded in 18..; title Emir Muri, founded in 1817, style Emir; 1892-1893 de facto French protectorate, 1901 part of Northern Nigerian British protectorate Sokoto, the center of the Fulani jihad, established on 21 February 1804 by Usman dan Fodio, title Amir al-Mu´minin, also styled Lamido Julbe; on 20 April 1817 Sokoto was styled sultanate (title sultan, also styled Amir al-Mu´minin and Sarkin Musulmi), the suzerain of all Fulbe jihad states; in 1903 the British occupied Sokoto Sultanate Zaria, superseded the old Zazzau state (title Sarkin Zazzau) on 31 December 1808; new style first Malam, since October/November 1835 Emir, also styled Sarkin Zaria and Sarkin Zazzau

Massina Empire Main article: Massina Empire Located in what is now central Mali, this state lasted from 1818 until 1862. Inspired by the recent Muslim uprisings of Usman dan Fodio in nearby Hausaland, preacher and social reformer Seku Amadu led a Fula army in jihad against the Bambara Empire. The empire expanded rapidly, taking

Djenné and establishing a new capital at Hamdullahi. It was eventually defeated by Umar Tall and incorporated into the Toucouleur Empire.

Toucouleur Empire Main article: Toucouleur Empire El Hajj Umar Tall led armies east from his base in Futa Tooro and Dinguiraye to conquer Kaarta, the Bambara Empire, and Massina in the early 1860s. The Toucouleur controlled the region until French colonization, at which time the last leader of the state, Ahmadu Tall, fled to Sokoto.

mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations Human Biology, Feb 2006 by Cerný, V, Hájek, M, Bromová, M, Cmejla, R, Et al Abstract Despite the large size of the contemporary nomadic Fulani population (roughly 13 million people), the genetic diversity and degree of differentiation of Fulanis compared to other sub-Saharan populations remain unknown. We sampled four Fulani nomad populations (n = 186) in three countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Chad, Cameroon, and Burkina Faso) and analyzed sequences of the first hypervariable segment of the mitochondrial DNA. Most of the haplotypes belong to haplogroups of West African origin, such as L1b, L3b, L3d, L2b, L2c, and L2d (79.6% in total), which are all well represented in each of the four geographically separated samples. The haplogroups of Western Eurasian origin, such as J1b, U5, H, and V, were also detected but in rather low frequencies (8.1% in total). As in African hunter-gatherers (Pygmies and Khoisan) and some populations from central Tunisia (Kesra and Zriba), three of the Fulani nomad samples do not reveal significant negative values of Fu's selective neutrality test. The multidimensional scaling of F^sub ST^ genetic distances of related subSaharan populations and the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) show clear and close relationships between all pairs of the four Fulani nomad samples, irrespective of their geographic origin. The only group of nomadic Fulani that manifests some similarities with geographically related agricultural populations (from Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria) comes from Tcheboua in northern Cameroon.

The Fulani (also known as the Foulah, Peulh, Peul, Fulfulde, or Fulbe) are an ethnic group of sub-Saharan Africa who live in 17 states and number almost 30 million people. Although most Fulani now live settled lives, they spring

from an originally nomadic population. Both the settled and nomadic communities are collaborating. The settled communities cultivate the cereals (mainly sorghum) and raise a small number of domestic animals; the activities of the pastoral groups are concerned almost exclusively with animal husbandry. It must be stressed that cattle keeping is really the central point of cultural identity of all Fulani nomads. Because of the specific needs of this practice, more pronounced division of labor, resulting in longer time separation of the husband and wife, is encountered in Fulani society. Males deal with the pasture, and females sell milk and milk products in town markets. Nomadic Fulani are known from almost all localities of the West African savanna and the Chad basin. Archeological indicators date the origin of this nomadic population, on the basis of the rock art of the central Sahara, to about 5,000 years ago (Dupuy 1999); some indicators even suggest a Neolithic origin of the Fulani population (Ba and Dieterlen 1966). Some Fulani groups settled to form a number of important states: the kingdom of Tekrur on the lower Senegal River in the 11th century, the Massina Empire on the middle Niger in the 15th century, and the Sokoto Empire in the 19th century in northern and eastern central Nigeria. The modern Fulani, who live in sub-Saharan Africa between the Sahara and the tropical rain forests, can be divided into the settled Fulani (15 million people) and the nomadic Fulani (up to 13 million people), sometimes called the M'Bororo (or Bororo) or the Wodaabe. The nomadic Fulani live in the African middle savanna belt, from eastern Senegal to the Central African Republic, and are the most numerous nomadic group in this area. Linguistically, both Fulani groups (the herders and the agriculturalists) belong to the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family (Ruhlen 1987). Fulani nomads remain detached from the settled Fulani. Over the course of the year they practice seasonal migration; in the rainy season they move with their herds to the north, and in the dry season they return to the south. The northsouth line varies by tribe and family but is generally about 500 km long (Dupire 1962). In addition to these seasonal movements, there is largescale migration, by which the nomadic Fulani have spread across the West African savanna and the Chad basin (Mohammadou 1975). From an anthropological perspective the Fulani are rather heterogeneous; they show similarities to other sub-Saharan populations, but some characteristics-such as pale skin, a long, straight nose, and thin lips-link them to North African groups. In the 1930s it was assumed that the Fulani had migrated into the Lake Chad region and further into the West African

savanna from East Africa, and even Egyptian and Near Eastern origins were proposed (Tauxier 1937); on the basis of the Rh system, however, it has been possible to link these populations to West African groups (Excoffier et al. 1987). mtDNA Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa The mtDNA diversity of African populations is relatively well known, but not all regions and ethnic groups have been sufficiently sampled yet; indeed, the mtDNA data of people from such inaccessible areas as eastern Chad or the Congo basin have not been studied at all. From the phylogenetic point of view the mtDNA sequences from subSaharan Africa have been classified into L-type haplogroups (Chen et al. 1995, 2000; Watson et al. 1996, 1997; Rando et al. 1998; Bandelt et al. 2001; Pereira et al. 2001; Torroni et al. 2001; Brehm et al. 2002). About 30 sub-Saharan Ltype haplogroups have been identified, and their ethnic or geographic origins and coalescence times have recently been summarized (Salas et al. 2002, 2004; Kivisild et al. 2004; Rosa et al. 2004). It seems that the main diversifications originated in East Africa but that the West African regions also contributed to the recent, wide mtDNA diversity. The nomadic Fulani have not been studied with regard to mtDNA so far. The only samples (n = 61) from a Fulani-speaking population have been presented in research by Watson et al. (1996, 1997), who investigated a mixed sample of settled Fulani from Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria. Close relationships to the neighboring settled populations of West Africa (the Tuareg, Kanuri, Hausa, Songhai, Yoruba, and Mandenka) have been confirmed by other studies [e.g., Pereira et al. (2001) and Salas et al. (2002)]. This Fulani group cannot be separated from the other populations, even by the indexes of molecular diversity (Pereira et al. 2001; Trovoada et al. 2004). Rosa et al. (2004) has recently studied another group of sedentary Fulani (n = 77); these are Fulani from GuineaBissau, unique in their slight divergence from six otherwise similar populations in GuineaBissau. Their haplogroup profile shows high proportions of haplogroups L1b, L2a, and L3b in particular, although a few Eurasian haplogroups were also found among them. Study Aims The aim of this study is to present the HVS-I mtDNA sequences of nomadic Fulani groups from four different locations that have not yet been described in this way. There are four questions that we seek to answer: (1) What is the mtDNA profile of the sample-does it include haplogroups of East or of

West African origin? (2) Are the sampled Fulani genetically homogeneous, and do they reveal similar degrees of molecular diversity? (3) Are there genetic differences between the nomadic and sedentary Fulani populations? (4) What are the genetic relationships between the Fulani and their neighbors? Materials and Methods Sampling. Biological samples (buccal swabs) were collected from Fulani nomads at different places within their geographic range across the Chad basin and the West African savanna. The Chad basin samples come from the middle Logone River in Chad (Bongor area, n = 49) and from the territory of Cameroon south of the Benue (Tcheboua area, n = 40). A third sample set comes from the eastern part of Burkina Faso, south of the city of Fada Ngourma (Tindangou area, n = 47), and the fourth and final sample set was collected in the western part of Burkina Faso, south of the city of Bobo Diulasso (Banfora area, n = 50) (Figure 1). Camps were visited during the dry seasons (January-February 2002-2004), when the nomads rested at the southern extremity of their lines of migration. The only exception is the sample from Tcheboua (Cameroon), where the Fulani have recently settled. All possible measures were taken to avoid sampling individuals with a known common maternal ancestor. The samples were secured under conditions of informed consent, and with the authorization of the ministries of education of the countries concerned. Laboratory Methods. DNA was isolated from the buccal swabs using the method described by Cerný et al. (2004), and the HVS-I was amplified with the primers F-15971 (5'-TTA ACT CCA CCA TTA GCA CC-3') and R-16410 (5'-GAG GAT GGT GGT CAA GGG AC-3')- Products were purified using the QIA-quick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and then sequenced using the BigDye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California) with the F-15971 forward primer on an ABI Prism 3100 Avant Genetic Analyzer. Samples that contained length heteroplasmy (a homopolymeric tract of cytosines between positions 16184 and 16193) were also sequenced with the reverse primer R-16410. Data Analysis. The sequences were aligned using DNA Alignment 1.0.0.7. (Fluxus Technology Ltd., Germany) and BioEdit 5.0.9 (Hall 1999). Each sequence was compared to the Cambridge Reference Sequence between nucleotide positions (np) 16030 and 16370 (Andrews et al. 1999). Individual haplotypes were ranked into haplogroups according to the published phylogenetic literature (Watson et al. 1997; Rando et al. 1998; QuintanaMurci et al. 1999; Alves-Silva et al. 2000; Bandelt et al. 2001; Pereira et al.

2001; Torroni et al. 2001; Salas et al. 2002, 2004; Rosa et al. 2004; Kivisild et al. 2004) and controlled for possible new clades with the help of the Network software (Fluxus Technology Ltd.). Gene diversity, nucleotide diversity, and the average number of pairwise differences were calculated using Arlequin 2.000 (Schneider et al. 2000). Irregularities in the distribution of the average number of pairwise differences were tested using the raggedness index (Harpending 1994), which gives higher values for stable populations and lower values for expanding populations. Selective neutrality was analyzed using the methods of Tajima (1989) and Fu (1997). For the purposes of the mtDNA study some previously published HVS-I data have been taken from the literature (Table 1). The criteria of selection were geographic proximity to or possible genetic relationship with Fulani nomads, available sequences of np 16030-16370, and population samples with n > 20. To evaluate the genetic distances between the populations, we calculated F^sub ST^ (the pairwise difference method) using Arlequin 2.000. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis based on F^sub ST^ distances was carried out using Statistica software. The genetic structure of the populations and their different regional groupings were further evaluated by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) (Excoffier et al. 1992). Admixture proportions were calculated using the Admix 2.0 software (Dupanloup and Bertorelle 2001). Variations at np 16182-16185 and length polymorphic polyC regions were not taken into account in all analyzed samples. Results mtDNA Haplogroups. The total sample from the four geographically distinct Fulani populations (n = 186) yielded 58 haplotypes, which were classified into 14 haplogroups (see Appendix 1); as expected, a significant majority belonged to sub-Saharan type L. The most numerous haplogroups are L3b (determined by the motif 16124, 16223, 16278, and 16362) and L3d (determined by the motif 16124 and 16223); these two haplogroups could not be distinguished from each other when only the HVS-I sequence was available. However, because both share the same geographic origin in West Africa, the HVS-II motif and RFLP polymorphisms were not further studied for a more specific molecular determination. Together, the L3b and L3d haplogroups contain 62 sequences with 12 haplotypes. The second well-diversified haplogroup found in the Fulani nomads sample is L1b (50 sequences, 10 haplotypes), with the determining HVS-I motif

16126, 16187, 16189, 16223, 16264, 16270, 16278, and 16311, the origin of which also lies in West Africa (Salas et al. 2002, 2004). All the other haplogroups identified are represented by conspicuously lower numbers; the most numerous among them, comparatively speaking, are L2b and L2c, which are also of West African origin. It is interesting that the otherwise common L2a haplogroup (determined by mutation at np 16294) is not present to any great degree in the overall sample. The distribution of the haplotypes in each of the sampled Fulani populations is quite even-all the aforementioned (more numerous) haplogroups were present in each population sample at comparable frequencies. In addition, it is worth noting that 15 sequences (8.1%) of North African/Eurasian origin (U5, V, J1b, and one sequence corresponding to the Cambridge Reference Sequence) occurred. We have detected new mutations in the L1b haplogroup, which is otherwise well classified by HVS-I mutations at np 16126, 16187, 16189, 16223, 16264, 16270, 16278, and 16311 (Salas et al. 2002). The L1b network (Figure 2) shows that most of the Fulani mtDNA sequences fall within clade L1b1, which is determined by the presence of a mutation at np 16293 plus the aforementioned L1b motif. One haplotype with a mutation at np 16170, not yet reported elsewhere, was observed for one individual from Banfora (Burkina Faso), and two new haplotypes-one presenting a mutation at np 16093 (one Fulani from Bongor, Chad) and the other a mutation at np 16255 (one Fulani from Tindangou)-were also observed. Also, in the L1b* haplogroup there is a new haplotype with a mutation at np 16368. Molecular Diversity. The indexes of genetic diversity for all four Fulani samples are given in Table 2. The gene diversities reach values between 0.893 and 0.953 (for the merged population, 0.936). This measure, considered equivalent to heterozygozity in haplotype studies (Schneider et al. 2000), together with the nucleotide diversity and the average number of pairwise differences attains values similar to those known from other subSaharan populations (Cerný et al. 2004). On the other hand, the relatively low levels of the raggedness index are interesting; in one sample from Burkina Faso (Tindangou) this index even attains statistical significance. Tajima's D test of selective neutrality, based on the infinite-site model of the studied groups, was not significant in any of the samples. Fu's F^sub S^which is much more sensitive to population demographic expansions and is highly significant (p ≤ 0.001) in all agricultural populations [see Pereira et al. (2001, Table 3)]-is significant only for the Fulani sample from Bongor. Significant levels were obtained from merged Fulani groups in the Chad basin or when all four Fulani samples were merged (n = 97). However, the Fulani from Burkina Faso, when taken together, did not attain a statistically

significant value. Neglecting the hypothesis of selection, the nonsignificant values of the D and F^sub S^ statistics provide an indication of reduced demographic expansion hitherto observed mainly in hunter-gather populations such as the Pygmies or Khoisan (Excoffier and Schneider 1999). Comparison with Other Populations. The populations listed in Table 1 were compared using F^sub ST^ values. The most important finding was that none of the sampled Fulani groups were differentiated from the others. No F^sub ST^ distance between any pair of Fulani nomads is statistically significant (data not shown). Considering the actual geographic distances between the Fulani groups in the Chad basin and those in the West African savanna (about 2,000 km), this finding is extremely interesting. On the other hand, the sampled Fulani groups differ from all other neighboring settled populations, including the Fulbe (Fulani) reported by Watson et al. (1997); the only exception to this is the Fulani sample from Tcheboua (Cameroon), which is not differentiated from three populations of the Central Sahel (the Hausa, Fulbe, and Yoruba). The F^sub ST^ distances of 29 analyzed African populations were plotted on a graph using MDS analysis (Figure 3); populations of the Western Sahel group, except Mandenka, were not included because of their outlier position. The clear separation of three Fulani groups is evident at first glance; the only population not differentiated from the rest is the Fulani sample from Cameroon. It is worth noting the special position of the Mandenka, the only population from the Western Sahel, which is relatively close to the Fulani samples. Genetic Structure. Genetic structure was approached through AMOVA. When all the population samples were considered as a single group, 6.37% (p Admixture Analysis. The question of the maternal origin of the Fulani was investigated using Admix 2.0. This software was developed to estimate the contribution of parental populations to the population under study. Data were entered according to group C from the AMOVA (i.e., the Mandenka were not considered; see Table 3); the mutation rate was 0.00005 per year. Admixture coefficients (m^sub Y^) were calculated from allele frequencies without taking into account the molecular divergence between the alleles. Because the exact period of Fulani migration cannot be estimated from archeological studies, we selected 4,000 years rather intuitively as the time to the possible admixture event. Bootstrap estimates of the coefficients and their standard deviations were calculated using 1,000 replicates. The results are summarized in Table 4 and show that none of the selected groups made a dominant contribution to the mitochondrial pool of the sampled Fulani. The only weakly prominent parental populations are from the Nile valley.

Discussion HVS-I analysis of four Fulani populations revealed the different proportions of the mtDNA gene pool. A major role is played by West African mtDNA haplogroups, such as L1b, L3d, L3b, L2b, L2c, and L2d, which together make up 79.6% of the whole. The far from negligible presence of some haplogroups from western Eurasia (8.1%), such as U5, U6, and J1, is not particularly surprising in a sub-Saharan context because these haplogroups currently appear in North Africa. This may suggest an ancient origin of the nomads in the more northerly mountain massifs of the Central Sahara (Dupuy 1999). According to our own anthropological examination (data not shown), the non-sub-Saharan haplogroups are not carried by "West Eurasian-like" individuals, as might be anticipated, but were rather detected in common "Fulani type" peoples. The analyzed samples of the Fulani show levels of genetic diversity similar to those of their neighbors in the West African savanna and the Chad basin. However, like hunter-gatherers (Pereira et al. 2001) and some others (Cherni et al. 2005), the Fulani-particularly the groups from Burkina Pasoshow nonsignificant values of Tajima's D and Fu's Fs statistics, meaning that the signal of demographic expansion was lost by subsequent population events (Bandelt and Forster 1997; Excoffier and Schneider 1999). The Fulani's lower values of the raggedness index are also interesting in this regard. It can be hypothesized that the mating pattern is the main difference encountered between the nomadic and settled populations. Similar relationships have been observed in Africa between hunter-gatherers and farmers; Pygmies (as hunter-gatherers), for example, offer their girls to neighboring food producers but do not obtain any girls in return (Sebesta and Lebzelter 1933; Bailey 1991), and for this reason their mtDNA gene pool remains constant and is gradually reduced over time-Pygmies mainly have the haplogroup L1c (Destro-Bisol et al. 2004). An even more remarkable reduction of genetic diversity can be observed among the Khoisan, another African hunter-gatherer population; their mtDNA gene pool contains mainly the haplogroups L0d and L0k, which occur in virtually no other populations (Vigilant et al. 1991; Salas et al. 2002). These observations are probably not due to inconsistencies in the our field sampling strategy, because results consistent with the diversity levels of common African agricultural populations were obtained when the same field sampling strategy was used among sedentary Chadic-speaking peoples in northern Cameroon (Cerny et al. 2004). The samples of the studied Fulani groups differ from practically all the neighboring populations, the only exception being the recently settled (one

generation) Fulani of Tcheboua, where three nonsignificant comparisons were observed. There is no differentiation from the Hausa, Fulbe, and Yoruba peoples reported from Niger and Nigeria by Watson et al. (1997). Some differences of the maternal gene pool between the nomadic and sedentary Fulani populations are also apparent from research conducted in physiological characteristics, for example, lactase persistence; the incidence of this trait among sedentary Fulani is far lower than among their nomadic counterparts (Holden and Mace 2002). The genetic relationships of the sub-Saharan populations presented in this study, and particularly among the Wolof, Serer, Fulani, and Mandenka, are little different from those revealed by classic genetic polymorphisms (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994), where the Fulani of Senegal (described as Peuls, from the French) were differentiated from the Fulani of Nigeria. As far as we are aware, however, the samples of Cavalli-Sforza and colleagues come mainly from settled Fulani populations. It is worth noting that, according to protein polymorphisms, the Fulani of Senegal are closer to the Wolof and Serer and more distant from the Mandenka (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994, pp. 181-182), whereas the Mandenka are linked to the populations of northern Nigeria (such as the Hausa or Fulani). The similarity among the Fulani, Serer, and Wolof (all from Senegal) is so strong that these three groups even form a discrete cluster (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994, p. 169). This does not correspond to the results of this study, which show that the mtDNA gene pool of the sampled nomadic Fulani is conspicuously different from that of the Serer and Wolof. The samples obtained from herding groups in the southern part of the Chad basin (Chad and Cameroon) and the West African savanna (eastern and western Burkina Faso) display perhaps closer relationships to the samples of the sedentary Mandenka, as suggested by the MDS constellation; a similar finding has also been reported by Rosa et al. (2004).

Y-chromosome data of 22 African populations, including the Fulani from Burkina Faso and northern Cameroon, were analyzed by Cruciani et al. (2002). The main result of Cruciani's study is that different populations from northern Cameroon (Fali, Ouldeme, Daba, and some mixed samples) reveal traces of backmigration from Asia to Africa because of a high proportion of haplotype 117. However, the Fulani sample from northern Cameroon considered by Cruciani and colleagues shows a rather low frequency of this haplotype, and the Fulani, which have a high frequency of haplotype 43, are situated as outliers. Cruciani et al. (2002) also showed that the Fulani from Burkina Faso have reduced diversity, because only two Y-chromosome haplotypes were observed in their sample. In the introduction we mentioned several hypotheses for the origin of the (nomadic) Fulani. One well-known hypothesis is that the Fulani come from the Nile valley (e.g., Tauxier 1937). Analysis of F^sub ST^ distances, however, shows no close relationship between the sampled Fulani and the analyzed Nilotic populations. Admixture analysis, however, does not exclude

the possible parental role of the Nilotic populations because the admixture coefficient for these populations is high. It is necessary to state that the conclusiveness of this finding is rather low. Further geographic sampling, particularly from Niger and other parts of the Sudanic belt of Africa, is needed to acquire a deeper insight into the genetic structure of the nomadic people of the African Sahel. Acknowledgments We wish to express our gratitude to the volunteers for their confidence and their helpful participation in the study. We are indebted to Peter Forster for his mtDNA data proofreading of some of the samples. This project was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (grant 404/03/0318) and the Mellon Fellowship program (CAORC). Received 25 July 2005; revision received 23 November 2005. Literature Cited Alves-Silva, J., M. da Silva Santos, P. E. Guimaraes et al. 2000. The ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA lineages. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67:444-461. Andrews, R. M., I. Kubacka, P. F. Chinnery et al. 1999. Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge Reference Sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Nat. Genet. 23:147. Ba, A. H., and G. Dieterlen. 1966. Les fresques d'époque bovidienne du Tassili-n-Ajjer et les traditions des Peuls. J. Soc. Afr. 36:141-157. Bailey, R. C. 1991. The Behavioral Ecology of Efe Pygmy Men in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. Ann Arbor, MI: Museum of Anthropology. Bandelt, H. J., J. Alves-Silva, P. E. Guimaraes et al. 2001. Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial haplogroup L3e: A snapshot of African prehistory and Atlantic slave trade. Ann. Hum. Genet. 65:549-563. Bandelt, H. J., and P. Forster. 1997. The myth of bumpy hunter-gatherer mismatch distributions. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61:980-983. Brehm, A., L. Pereira, H. J. Bandelt et al. 2002. Mitochondrial portrait of the Cabo Verde archipelago: The Senegambian outpost of Atlantic slave trade. Ann. Hum. Genet. 66:49-60. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., P. Menozzi, and A. Piazza. 1994. The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Cerný, V., M. Hájek, R. Cmejla et al. 2004. mtDNA sequences of Chadicspeaking populations from northern Cameroon suggest their affinities with eastern Africa. Ann. Hum. BM. 31:554-569. Chen, Y. S., A. Dickers, T. G. Schurr et al. 2000. mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe and their genetic relationships to other African populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66:1362-1383. Chen, Y. S., A. Torroni, L. Excoffier et al. 1995. Analysis of mtDNA variation in African populations reveals the most ancient of all human continentspecific haplogroups. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:133-149. Cherni, L., B. Y. Loueslati, L. Pereira et al. 2005. Female gene pools of Berber and Arab neighboring communities in central Tunisia: Microstructure of mtDNA variation in North Africa. Hum. Biol. 77:61-70. Cruciani, E, P. Santolamazza, P. Shen et al. 2002. A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:1197-1214. Destro-Bisol, G., V. Coia, I. Boschi et al. 2004. The analysis of variation of mtDNA hypervariable region 1 suggests that Eastern and Western Pygmies diverged before the Bantu expansion. Am. Nat. 163:212-226. Dupanloup, I., and G. Bertorelle. 2001. Inferring admixture proportions from molecular data: Extension to any number of parental populations. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18:672-675. Dupire, M. 1962. Peuls nomades: Étude descriptive des Wodaabe du Sahel nigérien. Paris: Karthala. Dupuy, C. 1999. Les apports de l'achéologie et de l'ethnologie a la connaisance de l'histoire ancienne des Peuls. In Figures peules, R. Botte, J. Boutrais, and J. Schmitz, eds. Paris: Karthala, 53-72. Excoffier, L., B. Pellegrini, A. Sanchez-Mazas et al. 1987. Genetics and history of Sub-Saharan Africa. Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 30:151-194. Excoffier, L., and S. Schneider. 1999. Why hunter-gatherer populations do not show signs of Pleistocene demographic expansions. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 96:10,597-10,602.

Excoffier, L., P. E. Smouse, and J. M. Quattro. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: Application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131:479-491. Fu, Y. X. 1997. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking, and background selection. Genetics 147:915-925. Graven, L., G. Passarino, O. Semino et al. 1995. Evolutionary correlation between control region sequence and restriction polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome of a large Senegalese Mandenka sample. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12:334-345. Hall, T. A. 1999. BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 41:95-98. Harpending, H. C. 1994. Signature of ancient population growth in a lowresolution mitochondrial DNA mismatch distribution. Hum. Biol. 66:591-600. Holden, C., and R. Mace. 2002. Pastoralism and the evolution of lactase persistence. In Human Biology and Pastoral Populations, W. R. Leonard and M. H. Crawford, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 280-307. Kivisild, T., M. Reidla, E. Metspalu et al. 2004. Ethiopian mitochondrial DNA heritage: Tracking gene flow across and around the Gate of Tears. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75:752-770. Krings, M., A. E. Salem, K. Bauer et al. 1999. mtDNA analysis of Nile River Valley populations: A genetic corridor or a barrier to migration? Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64:1166-1176. Mateu, E., D. Comas, F. Calafell et al. 1997. A tale of two islands: Population history and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation of Bioko and Sao Tome, Gulf of Guinea. Ann. Hum. Genet. 61:507-518. Mohammadou, E. 1975. Le Royaume du Wandala, ou Mandara, au XIXe siècle. Bamenda, Cameroon: ONAREST, Institut des Sciences Humaines. Pereira, L., V. Macaulay, A. Torroni et al. 2001. Prehistoric and historic traces in the mtDNA of Mozambique: Insights into the Bantu expansions and the slave trade. Ann. Hum. Genet. 65:439-458.

Quintana-Murci, L., O. Semino, H. J. Bandelt et al. 1999. Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa. Nat. Genet. 23:437-441. Rando, J. C., F. Pinto, A. M. Gonzalez et al. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of northwest African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, Near Eastern, and sub-Saharan populations. Ann. Hum. Genet. 62:531-550. Rosa, A., A. Brehm, T. Kivisild et al. 2004. mtDNA profile of West Africa Guineans: Towards a better understanding of the Senegambia region. Ann. Hum. Genet. 68:340-352. Ruhlen, M. 1987. A Guide to the World's Languages. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Salas, A., M. Richards, T. de la Fe et al. 2002. The making of the African mtDNA landscape. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71:1082-1111. Salas, A., M. Richards, M. V. Lareu et al. 2004. The African diaspora: Mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic slave trade. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:454465. Schneider, S., D. Roessli, and L. Excoffier. 2000. Arlequin: A Software for Population Genetic Data. Geneva: Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, University of Geneva, Switzerland. Sebesta, P., and V. Lebzelter. 1933. Anthropologie stredoafrickych pygmeju v Belgickem Kongu [Anthropology of the Central African Pygmies in the Belgian Congo]. Prague: CSAV. Tajima, F. 1989. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123:585-595. Tauxier, L. 1937. Moeurs et histoire des Peuls. Paris: Payot. Torroni, A., C. Rengo, V. Guida et al. 2001. Do the four clades of the mtDNA haplogroup L2 evolve at different rates? Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69:1348-1356. Trovoada, M. J., L. Pereira, L. Gusmao et al. 2004. Pattern of mtDNA variation in three populations from Sao Tome e Principe. Ann. Hum. Genet. 68:40-54.

Vigilant, L., M. Stoneking, H. Harpending et al. 1991. African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA. Science 253:1503-1507. Watson, E., K. Bauer, R. Aman et al. 1996. mtDNA sequence diversity in Africa. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59:437-444. Watson, E., P. Forster, M. Richards et al. 1997. Mitochondrial footprints of human expansions in Africa. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61:691-704. V. CERNÝ,1 M. HÁJEK,1 M. BROMOVÁ,1 R. CMEJLA,2 I. DIALLO,3 AND R. BRDICKA2 1 Department of Anthropology and Environment, Institute of Archeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Letenská 4, 118 01 Prague 1, Czech Republic. 2 Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic. 3 Département de Linguistique et Langues Nationales, Institut des Sciences des Sociétés, CNRST, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso. Human Biology, February 2006, v. 78, no. 1, pp. 9-27. Copyright © 2006 Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan 482011309 Cerný, V "mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations". Human Biology. FindArticles.com. 04 Jun, 2010. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200602/ai_n17186281/ Copyright Wayne State University Press Feb 2006 Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights Reserved

The Fulani people, also called Fulbe (pl. Pullo) or Peul, are well known for the delicate decoration of utilitarian objects such as milk bowls that reflect their nomadic and pastoral lifestyle. The history of the Fulani in West Africa begins in the fifth century A.D. Islamized early on and traveling constantly, they did not develop a tradition of figural, sculpted art. The complex nature of art among this large and long-established group in West Africa is widely recognized but still understudied. A Long Itinerary Although the migrations of the Fulani cattle herders, as well as their physical appearance, have generated a variety of hypotheses about their origins outside the region, current studies demonstrate that Fulani culture belongs to the West African context. Their language, the Pular or Fufulde, onto which some pre-Berber components are grafted, is of the Niger-Congo group. The ancestors of the Fulani, among other groups, seem to have been pushed from the Sahara southward at the onset of its desertification around the third millennium B.C. Established in southern Mauritania at the beginning of the Christian era, Fulani people developed a strong presence in Futa Toro in Senegambia from the fifth to the eleventh century. From there, they migrated further east. Fulani people were among the first Africans to convert to Islam. Between the eighth and the fourteenth century, Fulbe-speaking people of Takrur had produced a class of Muslim clerics, the Torodbe, who would take on proselytizing activities across the entire western Sudan. Increasingly, the memory of their previous pastoral religion was lost, except in some subgroups such as the Bororo or Wodaabe (i.e., "Isolated"), who remained animists and nomads. Between the eleventh and the seventeenth century, the Fulbe gradually extended their grazing territory from over much of the West African savanna up to Borno. They usually took no part in the political life of the surrounding entities, and were sometimes subjected to heavy taxes. To resist taxation and military conscription or acquire more grazing land, Fulani waged religious wars in the nineteenth century. From these jihads, or holy wars, Muslim theocracies emerged, for instance, the Sokoto caliphate that became, under the leadership of Usman dan Fodio (cUthman ibn Fudi), the largest single West African state of the nineteenth century. Over the centuries, Fulani migrations have interacted with all the other

groups in western and central Sudan. Today, Fulani people live in nearly every country of the West African savanna, between Senegal and Cameroon. Traces of Fulani Culture in Tassili Examination of certain rock paintings in the Tassili-n-Ajjer suggests the presence of proto-Fulani cultural traits in the region by at least the fourth millennium B.C. Scholars specializing in Fulani culture believe that some of the imagery depicts rituals that are still practiced by contemporary Fulani people. At the Tin Tazarift site, for instance, historian Amadou Hampate Ba recognized a scene of the lotori ceremony, a celebration of the ox's aquatic origin. In a finger motif, Ba detected an allusion to the myth of the hand of the first Fulani herdsman, Kikala. At Tin Felki, Ba recognized a hexagonal carnelian jewel as related to the Agades cross, a fertility charm still used by Fulani women.

Department of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Citation Department of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. "The Fulani/Fulbe People ". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/fula_2/hd_fula_2.htm (October 2002)

The Hausa-Fulani is a culture common towards the north. Hausa and Fulani are two different ethnic groups, but have been combined together after the fulani war. The most common spoken language is Hausa Language, which is very similar to Swahili. Hausa is more commonly known for trade and their culture. The Fulani are traditionally known for herding cattle, goats and sheep across the country. Hausa has beautiful architecture, often bright and colorful, but is not well known for it. Fulani are mostly known to be more social and economic, but are also traders in certain areas. Most Fulani's spend long times alone on foot, moving their herds. As a tradition, the hausa-fulani people dress in long colorful robes, that are mostly embroidered or decorated with different fabrics cloths. Another tradition is that some women use Henna ink around the mouth to make their lips a darker brown, or maybe even black. The Hausa-Fulani are both Islamic, however they have no common king to worship.

Fulbe Bibliography Agriculture and Pastoralism Blench, Roger. "The Expansion and Adaptation of Fulbe Pastoralism to Subhumid and Humid Conditions in Nigeria." Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines (Paris) 34, no. 133-135 (1994): pp. 197-212. Bonte, Pierre. "La vache ou le mil: Peuls et Dogons au Séno (Mali)," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 385-404. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Boutrais, Jean. "L'agro-élevage des Peuls de Ngaoundéré (Adamaoua camerounais)," in L'ethnicité peule dans des contextes nouveaux: la dynamique des frontières edited by Youssouf Diallo and Günther Schlee, pp. 161-89. Paris: Karthala, 2000. Boutrais, Jean. "The Fulani and Cattle Breeds: Crossbreeding and Heritage Strategies." Africa (London) 77, no. 1 (2007): pp. 18-36. Breusers, Mark, Suzanne Nederlof, and Teunis Van Rheenen. "Conflict or Symbiosis? Disentangling FarmerHerdsman Relations: The Mossi and Fulbe of the Central Plateau, Burkina Faso." Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge) 36, no. 3 (September 1998): pp. 357-380. De Bruijn, Mirjam and Han Van Dijk. "Ressources vivrières de base ou élevage? Deux projets de développement chez les Fulbe éleveurs du Mali central," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 445-62. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Diallo, Youssouf. "Autour du puits: Paysans, pasteurs et politique de l'eau dans le Gondo-Sourou (Burkina Faso)," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 373-83. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Hagberg, Sten. "A l'ombre du conflit violent: règlement et gestion des conflits entre agriculteurs karaboro et agro-pasteurs peul au Burkina Faso." Cahier d'études africaines (Paris) 41, no. 161 (2001): pp. 45-72. Legrosse, Pascal. "Perception de redevances de pâturage et transhumance des Peuls au Maasina (Mali)," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 239-66. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Santoir, C. "Peul et aménagements hydro-agricoles dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal," in Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Selected Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar Held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 edited by M. Adamu and A. Kirk-Greene, pp. 191-213. International African Seminars, New Series 2. Manchester: University Press, in association with the International African Institute, 1986. Tonah, Steve. "State Policies, Local Prejudices and Cattle Rustling Along the Ghana-Burkina Faso Border." Africa (London) 70, no. 4 (2000): pp. 551-67.

Anthropology Adama, Hamadou. "Islam et relations interethniques dans le Diamaré (Nord-Cameroun)." Histoire et Anthropologie (Strasbourg) 18-19 (1999): pp. 280-309. Adama, Hamadou. "The New Naming System Among the Fulani of Northern Cameroon." Journal of Nomadic Studies (Kaduna) 3 (2000): pp. 99-100. Adama, Hamadou. "Les nouveaux prénoms des Peuls du Nord-Cameroun: Historique et essai d'interprétation." Islam et Sociétés au sud du Sahara: Revue de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) 11 (1997): pp. 67-84.

Adebayo, A. G. "Of Men and Cattle: A Reconsideration of the Traditions of Origin of Pastoral Fulani of Nigeria." History in Africa (Boston) 18 (1991): pp. 1-21. Arnott, D. W. "Far-Flung Fulani." Nigeria (Lagos) Vol. 75 (1962): pp. 15-25. Awogbade, M.O. "The Fulani of the Jos Plateau," in Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Selected Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar Held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 edited by M. Adamu and A. Kirk-Greene, pp. 214-24. International African Seminars, New Series 2. Manchester: University Press, in association with the International African Institute, 1986. Azarya, Victor, et. al. Pastoralists under Pressure? Fulbe Societies Confronting Change in West Africa. Social, Economic, and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia, 65. Leiden: Brill, 1999. Azarya, Victor. "Sedentarization and Ethnic Identity Among the Fulbe: A Comparative View." Senri Ethnological Studies (Osaka) 35 (1993): pp. 35-60. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté. Aspects de la civilisation africaine. Paris: Présence Africaine, 1972. Ba, Oumar. Le Foûta Tôro au carrefour des cultures: les peuls de la Mauritanie et du Sénégal. Preface by P. F. Lacroix. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1977. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté. "The Fulbe or Fulani of Mali and Their Culture." Abbia (Yaoundé) Vol. 14/15 (1966): pp. 55-90. Beïdi, Boubacar Hama. Les Peuls du Dallol Bosso: Coutumes et mode de vie. Saint-Maur, France: Editions Sépia, 1993. Bierschenk, Thomas. "Structures spatiales et pratiques sociales chez les Peuls du nord du Bénin," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 195-209. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Boesen, Elisabeth. "Pulaaku: Sur la foulanité," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 83-97. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Boëtsch, Gilles and Jean-Noël Ferrié. "La naissance du Peul: Invention d'une race frontière au sud du Sahara," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 73-82. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Bonfiglioli, A.M. "Evolution de la propriété animale chez les WoDaaBe du Niger." Journal des Africanistes 55, no. 1-2 (1985): pp. 29-37. Botte, Roger, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais. "Préface," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 7-50. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Boutrais, Jean. "Nderkaaku : la folle jeunesse chez les Foulbé de l'Adamaoua," Journal des Africanistes (Paris) 72, no. 1 (2002): pp. 165-82. Boutrais, Jean, et. al. Le Nord du Cameroun: des homes, une region. Mémoires ORSTOM, No. 102. Paris: Editions de l'office de la recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer, 1984. Bovin, M. "Nomades ‘sauvages' et paysans ‘civilisés': WoDaaBe et Kanuri au Borno." Journal des Africanistes 55, no. 12 (1985): pp. 53-73. Brackenbury, E. A. "Notes on the `Bororo Fulbe' or Nomad `Cattle Fulani'. Part One." Journal of the Royal African Society (London) 23 (April 1924): pp. 208-219.

Brackenbury, E. A. "Notes on the `Bororo Fulbe' or Nomad `Cattle Fulani'. Part Two." Journal of the Royal African Society (London) 23 (July 1924): pp. 271-277. Brandt, Henry R. Nomades du soleil. Lausanne (France): Editions Clairefontaine, 1956. Buisson, E. M. "Caractères descriptifs de quelques Foulbés nobles de Maroua (Haut Cameroun)." Journal de la société des africanistes (Paris) 3, no. 2 (1933): pp. 283-288. Burnham, Philip. The Politics of Cultural Difference in Northern Cameroon. International African Library 17. London: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute, 1996. Crozals, J. de. Les Peulhs: étude d'ethnologie africaine. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1883. De Bruijn, Mirjam. "The Hearthhold in Pastoral Fulbe Society, Central Mali: Social Relations, Milk and Drought." Africa (London) 67, no. 4 (1997): pp. 625-651. De Bruijn, Mirjam. "A Pastoral Women's Economy in Crisis: The Fulbe in Central Mali." Nomadic Peoples (Montreal) 36-37 (1995): pp. 85-104. De Bruijn, Mirjam. "Rapports interethniques et identité: l'exemple des pasteurs peuls et des cultivateurs hummbee[e au Mali central," in L'ethnicité peule dans des contextes nouveaux: la dynamique des frontières edited by Youssouf Diallo and Günther Schlee, pp. 15-36. Paris: Karthala, 2000. De Bruijn, Mirjam and Han Van Dijk. "Fulbe Mobility: Migration and Travel Into Mande." Mande Studies (Madison) 1 (1999): pp. 41-62. De Bruijn, Mirjam and Han Van Dijk. "Drought and Coping Strategies in Fulbe Society in the Haya (Central Mali): A Historical Perspective." Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines (Paris) 34, no. 133-135 (1994): pp. 85-108. De Bruijn, Mirjam and Han Van Dijk. "Changing Population Mobility in West Africa: Fulbe Pastoralists in Central and South Mali." African Affairs (London) 102, no. 407 (April 2003): pp. 285-307. Delavignette, Robert Louis. "Routes d'Afrique: la route des Peuls." Journal des Débats (Paris) Vol. 39 (1932). Delmet, Christian. "Les Peuls nomades au Soudan," in L'ethnicité peule dans des contextes nouveaux: la dynamique des frontières edited by Youssouf Diallo and Günther Schlee, pp. 191-206. Paris: Karthala, 2000. Delmond, Paul. "Essai de classification des Peul du Cercle de Dori." in Conferencia international dos africanistas ocidentais: 2a. conferencia, Bissau, 1947, Vol. 5, Pt. 2, pp. 27-52. Lisbon: Ministerio das Colonias, Junta de Investigacoes Coloniais, 1952. Diallo, O. "L'imposition du prénom au Fouta Djallon." Notes africaines (Dakar) Vol. 21 (1944). Diallo, T. "Les sociétés et la civilisation peul," in Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Selected Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar Held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 edited by M. Adamu and A. Kirk-Greene, pp. 227-40. International African Seminars, New Series 2. Manchester: University Press, in association with the International African Institute, 1986. Diallo, Youssouf. "Les Peuls et les Sénoufo de la savane ivoirienne: quelques modalités de leurs relations," in L'ethnicité peule dans des contextes nouveaux: la dynamique des frontières edited by Youssouf Diallo and Günther Schlee, pp. 65-91. Paris: Karthala, 2000. Diallo, Youssouf and Günther Schlee. L'ethnicité peule dans des contextes nouveaux: la dynamique des frontières. Paris: Karthala, 2000.

Diallo, Youssouf Martine Guichard, and Günther Schlee. "Quelques aspects comparatifs," in L'ethnicité peule dans des contextes nouveaux: la dynamique des frontières edited by Youssouf Diallo and Günther Schlee, pp. 225-55. Paris: Karthala, 2000. Dieterlain, Germaine. "L'initiation chez les pasteurs Peul (Afrique Occidentale)," in African Systems of Thought: Studies Presented and Discussed at the Third International African Seminar in Salisbury, December 1960 edited by M. Fortes and G. Dieterlain, pp. 314-327. London, New York: Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1965. Dognin, René. "L'installation des Djafoun dans l'Adamaoua camerounais: la djakka chez les Peul de l'Adamaoua," in Contribution de la recherche ethnologique à l'histoire des civilisations du Cameroun edited by C. Tardits, pp. 139-57. Colloques internationaux du C.N.R.S. Paris: C.N.R.S., 1981. Duhring, F. K. "Über den Ursprung und die Wanderungen der Fulbe." Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten (Berlin) Vol. 34 (1926-7). Dupire, Marguerite. "Contribution à l'étude des marques de propriété du bétail chez les pasteurs Peul." Journal de la société des africanistes (Paris) 24, no. 2 (1954): pp. 123-44. Dupire, M. Organisation sociale des Peul: étude d'ethnographie comparée. Recherches en sciences humaines 32, Serie jaune. Paris: Plon, 1970. Dupire, Marguerite. Peuls nomades: Etude descriptive des Wodaabe du Sahel Nigérien. Travaux et mémoires de l'institut d'ethnologie, Université de Paris, T. LXIV. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie, Musée de l'homme, 1962. Dupire, Marguerite and Marquis de Tressan. "Pharmacopée Peule du Niger et du Cameroun." Bulletin de l'institut français d'Afrique noire (Dakar) Vol. 19B, No. 3/4 (jouill.-oct. 1957): pp. 382-417. Engelbert, Victor. "Bororos: Cattle Herdsmen of Niger Meet in the Season of Dances," in Nomads of the World, pp. 172195. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1971. Fourrier, G. "Les Bororo, pasteurs nomades du Tchad." La Nature (Paris) Vol. 62 (1934). Froelich, Jean-Claude. "Le commandement et lórganisation sociale chez les Foulbé de l'Adamaoua (Cameroun)." Etudes camerounaises No. 45-46 (1954): pp. 3-91. Froelich, Jean-Claude. "Ngaoundéré: la vie économique d'une cité peul." Etudes camerounaises (Yaoundé) No. 43-44 (1954): pp. 3-66. Gaden, Henri. "Du nom chez les Toucouleurs et Peuls islamises du Fouta senegalais." Revue d'ethnographie et de sociologie (Paris) t. 3 (1912): pp. 50-56. Gale, Lacey Andrews. Home is Who You Make It: Place, Agency, and Relationships among Fula Refugees in Guinea. Ph.D., Brown University, 2005. Guébhard, Paul. Au Fouta Djallon: Elevage, agriculture, commerce, régime foncier, religion. Paris: Challamel, 1910. Guébhard, Paul. "Mythes d'origine des Peuls du Fouta Djallon." Revue des études ethnologiques et sociologiques (Paris) T. 2 (1909). Guichard, Martine. "L'étrangeté comme code de communication interethnique: les relations entre agropasteurs peuls et paysans bariba du Borgou (Nord-Bénin)," in L'ethnicité peule dans des contextes nouveaux: la dynamique des frontières edited by Youssouf Diallo and Günther Schlee, pp. 93-127. Paris: Karthala, 2000.

Guye, Gilbert. "Avec les hommes-Calao du Tchad." Balafon (Abidjan) 85 (Nov.-Dec. 1988): pp. 10-18. Hickey, Joseph V. "Shifting Marital Alliances Among the Bokkos Fulani." Ethnology: An International Journal of Culture and Social Anthropology (Pittsburgh) 17, no. 1 (Jan. 1978): pp. 25-37. Hopen, C. Edward. The Pastoral Fulbe Family in Gwandu. London, Ibadan, Accra: Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1958. Issa, Saibou and Hamadou Adama. "Vol et relations entre Peuls et Guiziga dans la plaine du Diamaré (Nord Cameroun)." Cahiers d'études africaines (Paris) 166, vol. 42/2 (2002): pp. 359-72. Jeffreys, Mervyn David Waldegrave. "Contribution à l'étude anthropologique de l'A.O.F.: Haoussas, Djermas, Peuls, Touareg, Maures." Archives suisses d'anthropologie générale (Geneva) Vol. 16, No. 1 (1951). Jeffreys, Mervyn David Waldegrave "L'origine du nom ‘Fulani'." Bulletin de la société des études camerounaises (Douala) No. 5 (mars 1944): pp. 5-23. Kintz, D. "Archetypes politiques des peuls." Journal des Africanistes 55, no. 1-2 (1985): pp. 93-104. Kintz, D. "Peul majoritaires, Peul minoritaires," in Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Selected Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar Held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 edited by M. Adamu and A. Kirk-Greene, pp. 319-25. International African Seminars, New Series 2. Manchester: University Press, in association with the International African Institute, 1986. Lebeuf, Jean-Paul. "Quelques types de poulaillers africains." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 12 (1942): pp. 33-47. Lhote, Henri. "Les Peul." Encyclopédie coloniale et maritime mensuelle Vol. 1, Fasc. 7 (mars 1951): PP. 66-69. Ligers, Ziedonis. "Comment les Peuls de Koa castrent leurs taureaux." Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire (Dakar) T. 20, Sér. B, No. 1-2 (1958): pp. 191-204. Loftsdottir, Kristin. "Bounded and Multiple Identities: Ethnic Identifications of WoDaaBe and FulBe." Cahiers d'études africaines (Paris) 185 (2007): ????. Loftsdottir, Kristin. The Bush is Sweet: Identity and Desire Among the WoDaaBe in Niger. Ph.D., New School for Social Research, 2000. Loftsdottir, Kristin. "The Place of Birth: Wodaabe Changing Histories of Origin." History in Africa: A Journal of Method (Waltham) 29 (2002): pp. 283-307. Ly, Djibril. "Coutumes et contes des toucouleurs du Fouta Toro." Bulletin du comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de occidentale française (Paris) T/ 21 (1938): pp. 304-326. Mizon, L. Les Royaumes Foulbé du Soudan Central. Paris, 1895. Mohammadou, Eldridge. "Les Peuls du Niger Oriental." Camelang (Yaoundé) No. 2 (1969). Monteil, Charles. Les Khassonké: monographie d'une peuplade du Soudan français Paris: E. Leroux, 1915. Monteil, Charles. "Réflexions sur le problème des Peul." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 20, no. 2 (1950): pp. 153192.

Moreira, Jose Mendes. Fulas do Gabú. Publicação do Centro de Estudos da Guiné Portuguesa, No. 6. Bissau: Centro de Estudos da Guiné Portuguesa, 1948. Morgan, Thomas Bruce and Hilke Hennig. The Ethnography of Pottery: a Fulani Case Seen in Archaeological Perspective. A McCaleb module in anthropology. Addison-Wesley modular publications 21. Reading, MA: AddisonWesley Pub. Co., 1972. Nassourou, Saïbou. "Le hiirde des Peuls du Nord-Cameroun," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 305-21. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Nomades. Quebec: Musée de la Civilisation, 1992. Pales, L. and J. Linhard. Raciologie comparative des populations de l'A.O.F. Vol. 4 - Paralèle anatomique...des Maures avec des Peuls et des Ouolofs. Dakar: Gouvernement général de l'Afrique occidentale française, direction générale de la santé publique, 1952. Pfeffer, Gulla. "Die Djafun-Bororo, ihre Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Sesshaftwerdung auf dem Hochland von Ngaundere." Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie (Berlin) Jahrg. 68 (1936): p. 150-196. Pondopoulo, AnnA. "L'image des Peul dans l'oeuvre du Général Faidherbe." History in Africa (Boston) 23 (1996): pp. 279-299. Reed, L. "Notes on Some Fulani Tribes and Customs." Africa (London) Vol. 5, No. 4 (1932): pp. 422-454. Regis, Helen. Fulbe Voices: Talk of Marriage, Islam, and Medicine in Northern Cameroon. Westview Case Studies in Anthropology. Boulder: Westview Press, 2002. Riesman, Paul. "Defying Oficial Morality: The Example of Man's Quest for Woman Among the Fulani." Cahiers d'études africaines (Paris) T. 11, No. 4 (1971): pp. 602-13. Riesman, Paul. Freedom in Fulani Social Life: An Introspective Ethnography. Forward by Paul Stoller. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1998. Riesman, Paul. Société et liberté chez les Peul Djelgôbé de Haute-Volta. Paris: Mouton & Co., 1974. Romier, Gérard. "Peuls Mbororo de Centrafrique: une installation récente, un avenir incertain," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 463-80. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Salamone, F.A. "Colonialism and the Emergence of Fulani Identity." Journal of Asian and African Studies (Leiden) 20, no. 3-4 (1985): pp. 193-202. Schlee, Günther. "Introduction: une ethnicité dans des contextes nouveaux," in L'ethnicité peule dans des contextes nouveaux: la dynamique des frontières edited by Youssouf Diallo and Günther Schlee, pp. 7-14. Paris: Karthala, 2000. Schlee, Günther. "Les Peuls du Nil," in L'ethnicité peule dans des contextes nouveaux: la dynamique des frontières edited by Youssouf Diallo and Günther Schlee, pp. 207-23. Paris: Karthala, 2000. Schmitz, J. "‘Le feminin devient masculin': politique matrimoniale des Haalpulaar." Journal des Africanistes 55, no. 1-2 (1985): pp. 105-25. Schultz, Emily A. "From Pagan to Pullo: Ethnic Identity Change in Northern Cameroon." Africa (London) 54, no. 1 (1984): pp. 46-64.

Scott, E.P. "Life Before the Drought: A Human Ecological Perspective," in Life Before the Drought edited by E.P. Scott, pp. 49-76. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1984. Seydou, C. "Ou tu me donnes une femme ou je reprends ma petite soeur." Journal des Africanistes 55, no. 1-2 (1985): pp. 127-43. St. Croix, F. W. de. The Fulani of Northern Nigeria: Some General Notes. Lagos: Government Printer, 1944 and 1945; 1st ed., reprinted, with a note by the author, Westmead, Farnborough, Hants (England): Gregg International Publishers Limited, 1972. St. Croix, F. W. de. "Some Aspects of the Cattle Husbandry of the Nomadic Fulbe." Farm and Forest (Ibadan) Vol. 5, No. 1 (1944). Stenning, Derrick J. "Household Viability Among the Pastoral Fulani." In The Development Cycle in Domestic Groups edited by John Rankine Goody, pp. 92-119. Cambridge (U.K.): Cambridge University Press, 1958. Stenning, Derrick J. Savannah Nomads: A Study of the Woaaa[e Pastoral Fulani of Western Bornu Province, Northern Region, Nigeria. Forward by Daryll Forde. London, Ibadan, Accra: Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1959. Stenning, Derrick J. "Transhumance, Migratory Drift and Migration: Patterns of Pastoral Fulani Nomadism." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (London) Vol. 87, Part 1 (1957): pp. 57-73. Stephani, F. "Legende über den Ursprung der Fulbe und der Bororo nach der Erzählung des Malam Ali Babali." Der Islam (Strassburg) Vol. 3 (1912). Temple, Olive Susan Miranda Macleod. Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates and States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria: compiled from official reports by O. Temple, edited by C. L. Temple.. Capetown: C. L. Temple, 1919. 2nd Ed. Lagos: C. M. S. Book Shop and London: J. Townsend, 1922, reprinted London: Frank Cass, 1965 and New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967. Traoré, M. "La condition de l'esclavage bawagandou dans l'ancien royaume peul de Sokoto." Notes africaines (Dakar) No. 40 (1948). Tressan, Michel de la Vergne de Tressan, Marquis de. "Au sujet des Peuls." Bulletin de l'institut français d'Afrique noire (Dakar) T. 14, No. 4 (1952): pp. 1512-59. Vallois, Henri Victor. "Recherches anthropologiques sur les Peuls et divers noirs de l'Afrique occidentale, d'après les mensurations de M. Leca (Mission Labouret, 1932)." Bulletins et mémoires de la société d'anthropologie de Paris Sér. 9, T. 2 (1941): pp. 20-74. Van Dijk, Han. "Régimes fonciers et aménagement des ressources dans un contexte pluriethnique et de plurqlisme juridique," in L'ethnicité peule dans des contextes nouveaux: la dynamique des frontières edited by Youssouf Diallo and Günther Schlee, pp. 37-64. Paris: Karthala, 2000. Van Santen, José. "Garder du bétail, c'est aussi un travail: les relations entre pasteurs peuls et agriculteurs du centre du Bénin et du Nord-Cameroun," in L'ethnicité peule dans des contextes nouveaux: la dynamique des frontières edited by Youssouf Diallo and Günther Schlee, pp. 129-59. Paris: Karthala, 2000. Vieillard, Gilbert. "Notes sur deux institutions propres aux populations peules d'entre Niger et Tchad: le soro et le gerewol." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 2, no. 1 (1932): pp. 85-93. Vieillard, Gilbert. "Notes dur le caractère des Peuls." Outre-Mer: Revue générale de colonisation (Paris) 4, no. 1 (March 1932): pp. 8-18.

Vieillard, Gilbert. Notes sur les coutumes des Peuls au Fouta Djallon. Publications du comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique Occidentale Française, Sér.A, No. 11. Paris: Librairie Larose, 1939. [Reviewed by D. P., review available in Journal de la Société des Africanistes 10 (1940): p. 199. Vieillard, Gilbert. "Les Peuls dans notre Afrique." Le monde colonial illustré (Paris) T. 174 (1937): pp. 288-9. Wane, Yaya. Les Toucouleur du Fouta Tooro (Senegal): stratification sociale et structure familiale. Initiations et etudes africaines, No. 25. Dakar: Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, 1969. Vicars-Boyle, C. "Notes on the Yola Fulani." Journal of the Royal African Society (London) Vol. 10, No. 37 (1910). Wilson-Haffenden, James Rhodes. "Ethnological Notes on the Shuwalbe Group of Bororo Fulbe in the Kurafi District of Keffi Emirate, northern Nigeria." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (London) Vol. 57 (1927): pp. 275-293. Wilson-Haffenden, James Rhodes. The Red Men of Nigeria: An Account of a Lengthy Residence Among the Fulani or ‘Red Men,' & Other Pagan Tribes of Central Nigeria, With a Description of Their Head-hunting, Pastoral & Other Customs, Habits & Religion, by J.R. Wilson-Haffenden, With a Foreword by Bronislaw Malinowski. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1930 and London: Seeley,1930.

Archaeology David, Nicholas. "The Fulani Compound and the Archaeologist." World Archaeology (London) Vol. 3, No. 2 (October 1971): pp. 111-131.

Art and Architecture Adepegba, Cornelius Oyeleke. Decorative arts of the Fulani nomads. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1986. Appia, Béatrice. "Le forgerons du Fouta-Djallon." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 35, no. 2 (1965): pp. 317-52. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté and G. Dieterlan. "Les fresques d'époque bovidienne du Tassili N'Ajjer et les traditions des Peul: hypothèses d'interprétation." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 36, no. 1 (1966): pp. 141-157. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté and G. Dieterlan. Koumen: Texte initiatique des pasteurs Peul. Cahiers de l'homme: Ethnologie, Géographie, Linguistique, N. Sér. 1. Paris: Mouton & Co., 1961. [Review by H. Deschamps available online in Journal de la Société des Africanistes 31, no. 2 (1961): p. 268. Bourdier, Jean-Paul and Trinh T. Minh-ha. Drawn from African Dwellings. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 1996. Bovin, Mette. Nomads Who Cultivate Beauty: Wodaabe Dances and Visual Arts in Niger. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2001. Delange, Jacqueline. "L'art peul." Cahiers d'études africaines (Paris) 4, no. 13, c. 1 (1963): pp. 5-13. Delange, Jacqueline. "Les Peul," in Arts et peuples de l'Afrique noire: introduction à une analyse des créations plastiques, pp. 101-15. Bibliothèques des sciences humaines. Paris: Libraire Gallimard, 1967. Dilley, R. "Tukulor Weavers and the Organisation of Their Craft in Village and Town." Africa 56, no. 2 (1986): pp. 12447. Dognin, René. Des calebasses et des vaches: notes sure la sémiologie du décor des calebasses peul (Cameroun). Bondy: ORSTOM-Latah, 1987.

Griaule, Marcel. "Plan du palais du Lamido de Garoua." Journal des Africanistes (Paris) 48, no. 2 (1978): p. 102. Imperato, Pascal J. "Kereka Blankets of the Peul." African Arts (Los Angeles) 9, no. 3 (1976): pp. 56-59. Imperato, Pascal J. "Wool Blankets of the Peul of Mali." African Arts (Los Angeles) 9, no. 3 (1973): pp. 40-47. Lebeuf, Jean-Paul. "Un campement mbororo dans le nord-Cameroun." Notes africaines 31: 24-26. Lhote, Henri. "L'extraordinaire aventure des Peuls." Présence Africaine (Paris) New Series 22 (1958): pp. 48-57. Loftsdottir, Kristin. "Commercializing Culture: Artisanry Production and the Wodaabe in Niger." The Journal of Cultural Studies (Ago-Iwoye) 3, no. 2 (2001): pp. 316-32. Moulinard. "Essai sur l'habitat indigène dans la colonie du Tchad." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 17 (1947): pp. 7-18. Patenostre, Dr. "La coiffure chez les Peuhls du Fouta-Djallon." Outre-Mer: Revue générale de colonisation (Paris) 3, no. 4 (December 1931): pp. 406-419. Prussin, Labelle. "Architectural Facets of Islam in the Futa-Djallon," in Islamic Art and Culture in Sub-Saharan Africa edited by Karin Adahl and Berit Sahlström. Figura Nova Series 27. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 1995: 21-56. Prussin, Labelle. "Fulani-Hausa Architecture." African Arts (Los Angeles) 10, no. 1 (October 1976): 8-19, 97-8. Prussin, Labelle. Hatumere: Islamic Design in West Africa. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1986. Seignobos, Christian. "Les relations entre habitations citadines et compagnardes dans le nord-Cameroun." Bulletin de la Société Languedocienne de Géographie (Montpellier) 16 (1982): pp. 169-75.

Archives Mohammadou, Eldridge. Catalogue des archives colonials allemandes du Cameroun: 1- Le service des archives nationals de Yaoundé/Katalog des deutschen Kolonialarchivs in Kamerun: 1 – Das Nationalarchiv in Jaunde. Yaoundé: Société camerounaise d'histoire/The Historical Society of Cameroon, 1972. Monteil, Vincent. "Contribution à la sociologie des Peuls (Le de L'IFAN." Bulletin de l'IFAN (Dakar) Vol. XXV, Sér. B, No. 3-4 (1963): pp. 351-414.

Bibliographies Bibliographie Fulfulde. Projet Mandingue - Peulh (MAPE). Bamako: Imprimerie DNAFLA, réalisé avec le concours de l'ACCT, 1982. Schrader, T. H. Man, Environment and Development: A Bibliography of the Extreme North of Cameroon. Studies in Environment and Development, No. 1. Leiden: Centre for Environmental Studies, Institute for Cultural and Social Studies, 1987. Seydou, Christiane. Bibliographie générale du monde peul. Etudes nigeriennes; no 43. Niamey: Institut de recherches en sciences humaines, Université de Niamey, 1977.

Biography Adama, Hamadou and Aboubakary Modibbo Amadou. "Modibbo al-Hâj Usmanu (1884-1970): The Life of a Muslim Teacher and Judge in Bogo (North Cameroon)." Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources (Bergen) 9 (1999): pp. 71-91. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté. Vie et enseignement de Tierno Bokar: le sage de Bandiagara. Points Sagesses; Vol. 23: Paris: Seuil, 1980. Baldé, Al-hadji Thierno Mouhammadou and Bernard Salvaing. Une vie au Fouta-Djalon. Brinon-sur-Sauldre, France: Grandvaux, 2008. Barry, Ibrahima. "Une figure de l'Islam dans le Soudan Nigérien: Tidiana Amadou, fondateur du Royaume de Bandiagara (1864-1893)," in Actes du colloque international tenu à Tombouctour sur: La culture Arabo-Islamique en Afrique au sud du Sahara: cas de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, pp. 69-76. Zaghouan: Fondation Temimi pour la Recherche Scientifique et l'Information, August 1997. Bocquené, Henri. Memoires of a Mbororo: The Life of Ndudi Umaru, Fulani Nomad of Cameroon. Translated by Philip Burnham and Gordeen Gorder. Cameroon Studies 5. New York: Berghahn Books, 2000. Bocquené, Henri. Moi, un Mbororo: autobiographie de Oumarou Ndoudi, Peul nomade du Cameroun. Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1986. Daniel, F. de F. "Shehu dan Fodio." Journal de la société des africanistes (Paris) Vol. 25, No. 99 (1926). Deschamps, Hubert. "Nécrologie: Henri Labouret." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 29, no. 2 (1959): pp. 291-292. Jungraithmayr, Herrmann and Wilfried Gunther. Sultan Saidu Bi Hayatu tells the story of his and his father's life. Abhandlungen der Marburger Gelehrten Gesellschaft, Jahrg. 1977, Nr. 2. Munchen : W. Fink, 1978. Mohammadou Aliou Tyam. La vie d'el Hadj Omar, qacida en poular: transcription, traduction, notes et glossaire par Henri Gaden. Université de Paris, Travaux et mémoires d'Institut d'ethnologie, Vol. 21. Paris: Université de Paris, Institut d'ethnologie, 1935.

Demography Abdullahi, A.K. An Economic Analysis of a Settlement Model for Fulani Pastoralists in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Ph.D., Nottingham (UK), 1985. Ndembou, Samuel. "Rapports de domination et extension de l'insécurité: les migrations kirdi en zone foulbé," in Le désarroi camerounais: l'épreuve de l'économie-monde edited by Georges Courade, pp. 219-34. Paris: Karthala, 2000. Pison, G. "La démographie de la polygamie." Population 41, no. 1 (1986): pp. 93-122.

Dictionaries Bonifaci, A. Dictionnaire de langue Peule. Yaoundé: Imprimerie du gouvernement, 1949.

Cremer, J. Dictionnaire français-peul (dialectes de la Haute-Volta) Précédé d'une notice sur la vie et les travaux du Jean Cremer et d'une introduction par M. Delafosse. Matériaux d'ethnographie et de linguistique soudanaises, T. 1. Paris, Geuthner, 1920 and 1923. Dauzats, André. Lexique francais-peul et peul-francais. Albi (France): Imprimerie Albigeoise, 1952. De Wolf, Paul P. English-Fula Dictionary (Fulfulde, Pulaar, Fulani): A Multidialectal Approach. 3 vols. Sprache und Oralität in Afrika 18. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1995. Eguchi, Paul Kazuhisa. An English-Fulfulde Dictionary. African Languages and Ethnography, Vol. XXI. Osaka: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (IlCAA), 1986. Eguchi, Paul Kazuhisa. "'Let Us Insult Pella': A Fulbe Mbooku Poem," in Africa 3 edited by Shohei Wada and Paul K. Eguchi, pp. 197-246. Senri Ethnological Studies 15. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 1984. Faidherbe, Gen. Louis Léon César. Dictionnaire de la langue Poul, Augmente par Quintin. N.P., 188-. Gaden, Henri. Le Poular: Dialecte Peul du Fouta Sénégalais. Vol. 2 - Dictionnaire Poular-Français. Collection de la Revue du monde musulman. Paris : E. Leroux, 1913-1914. Gajdos, Martina. Praktisches Wörterbuch: Deutsch-Fulfulde, Fulfulde-Deutsche. Veröffentlichungen der Institut für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 89. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 66. Wien: AFRO-PUB, 2000. Gamble, David P. Gambian Fula Verb List. London: Colonial Office, 1958. Gamble, David P. Fula-English Vocabulary. London: Colonial Office, 1958. Labouret, Henri. La langue des Peuls ou Foulbé; lexique français-peul. Mémoires de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire, No. 41. Dakar: l'Institut français d'Afrique noire, 1955. Niang, Mamadou. Pulaar-English/English-Pulaar. Hippocrene Standard Dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997. Noye, Dominique. Dictionnaire foulfouldé-français : dialecte Peul du Diamaré, Nord-Cameroun. Preface by Roger Labatut; Illustrations by Christian Seignobos. Geuthner Dictionnaires. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner and Garoua, Cameroun: Procure des Missions, 1989. Osborn, Donald W., David J. Dwyer and Joseph I. Donohoe, Jr. A Fulfulde (Maasina)-English-Frenchy Lexicon: A Root-Based Compilation Drawn from Extant Sources Followed by English-Fulfulde and French-Fulfulde Listings/Lexique Fulfulde (Maasina)-Anglais-Français: Une compilation basée sur racines et tirée de sources existantes suivie de listes en anglais-fulfulde et français-fulfulde. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1993. Seydou, Christiane. Dictionnaire pluridialectal des racines verbales du peul: peul-français-anglais/A Dictionary of Verb Roots in Fulfulde Dialects: Fulfulde-French-English. Collection Dictionnaires et Langues edited by Henry Tourneux. Paris: Editions Karthala and ACCT (Agence de la Francophonie), 1998. Taylor, Frank William. A Fulani-English dictionary. Oxford, The Clarendon press, 1932 and New York: Hippocrene Books, 1995. Taylor, Frank William. "Some English Words in Fulani and Hausa." Journal of the Royal African Society (London) Vol. 20 (1920/21). Tourneux, Henry and Yaya Daïrou. Vocabulaire peul du monde rural: Maroua-Garoua (Cameroun). Paris: Karthala and Garoua: DPGT (Développement Paysannal et Gestion de Terroirs), 1999.

Economics Grayzel, John Aron. "The Drought and Fulfulde-Speaking Herder: Farmers in Doukolomba (Mali)," in < I>Report Institute for Development Anthropology, pp. 43-48. Colloquium on the effects of drought on the productive strategies of Sudano-Sahelian herdsmen and farmers 1. Institute for Development Anthropology: Binghampton, N.Y. 1976. Grayzel, John Aron. "Markets and Migration: A Fulbe Pastoral System in Mali," in World of Pastoralism: Herding Systems in Comparative Perspective edited by John G. Galaty and Douglas L. Johnson, pp. 35-67. New York: Guilford Press, 1990. Grayzel, John Aron. "Libido and Development: The Importance of Emotions in Development Work," in Anthropology and Rural Development in West Africa edited by M.M. Horowitz and T.M. Painter, pp. 147-65. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1986. Riesman, P. "The Fulani in a Development Context: The Relevance of Cultural Traditions for Coping with Change and Crisis," in Life Before the Drought edited by E.P. Scott, pp. 171-91. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1984.

Education Adama, Hamadou. "L'école franco-arabe camerounaise: bilan et perspectives," in Cameroun 2001, pp. 89-136. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2001. Adama, Hamadou. "L'enseignement privé islamique dans le Nord-Cameroun." Islam et Sociétés au sud du Sahara: Revue de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (Paris) 13 (1999): pp. 7-40. Adama, Hamadou and Aboubakary Modibbo Amadou. "Itinéraires d'acquisition du savoir arabo-islamique dans le Nord-Cameroun." Annales de la Facultés des Arts, Lettres et Sciences Humaines de l'Université de Ngaoundéré (Ngaoundéré) 3 (1998): pp. 5-38. Balde, Aissatou MBambe. The Schooling Experiences of fulani Muslim Girls in the Fouta Djallon Region of Guinea: Forces Influencing Their Retention in a Rural Secondary School of Dalaba. Ph.D., Ohio University, 2004. Boyd, Jean. "Distance Learning from Purdah in Nineteenth-Century Northern Nigeria: The Work of Asma'u Fodiyo." Journal of African Cultural Studies (London) 14, no. 1 (2001): pp. 7-22. Brenner, Louis. Originality of Thought and Method in West African Islamic Teaching: A Fulfulde Example. Working Papers 31. Brookline, MA: African Studies Center, Boston University, 1980. Junaid, M.I. Education and Cultural Integrity: An Ethnographic Study of the Problems of Formal Education and Pastoral Fulani in Sokoto State, Nigeria. D.Phil., York (UK), 1988. Saikou, Balde. "L'éducation de la fille dans l'ancienne famille foulah." Outre-Mer: Revue générale de colonisation (Paris) 9, no. 4 (December 1937): pp. 322-330. Umar, A. The Planning of Radio for Adult Education Among the Pastoral Fulani: A Reconstructionist Approach. Ph.D., Aberystwyth (Wales), 1988. Usman, Lantana Martha. Analysis of Nigeria's Nomadic Education Policy on the Socio-Economic Development of Fulbe Women and Girls. Ph.D., University of Alberta, 2002.

Geography Boutrais, J. "Entre nomadisme et sédentarité: les Mbororo à l'ouest du Cameroun," in Le développement rural en questions. Paysages, espaces rureaux, systèmes agraires: Maghreb, Afrique noire, Mélanésie edited by C. Blanc-Pamard, et. al., pp. 225-56. Collections Mémoires 106. Paris: ORSTOM, 1984. Boutrais, J. "L'expansion des éleveurs peul dans les savanes humides du Cameroun," in Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Selected Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar Held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 edited by M. Adamu and A. Kirk-Greene, pp. 145-60. International African Seminars, New Series 2. Manchester: University Press, in association with the International African Institute, 1986. Schareika, Nikolaus. "Environmental Knowledge and Pastoral Migration among the WoDaaBe of south-eastern Niger." Nomadic Peoples: Commission on Nomadic Peoples, International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (Montreal) 5, no. 1 (2001): pp. 65-88.

Health and Nutrition Arensdorff, L. "La médecine chez les Peuls du Fouta Djallon." Revue d'ethnographie et de sociologie, No. 4 (1913): 2615. Castle, Sarah. "‘The Tongue is Venomous': Perception, Verbalisation and Manipulation of Mortality and Fertility Regimes in Rural Mali." Social Science and Medicine (Oxford) 52, no. 12 (2001): pp. 1827-41. Krönke, Frank. "hilfesuchverhalten und die Barrieren der Nutzung des öffentlichen Gesundheitswesens bei pastoralnomadischen FulBe im Tschad." Anthropos (Sankt Augustin) 99, no. 1 (2004): pp. 25-38. Ristorcelli, Michel. "Le traitement indigène de la trypanosomiase chez les Peuls du Fouta-Djallon (Guinée française)." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 9, no. 1 (1939): pp. 1-2. White, C. "Food Shortages and Seasonality in WoDaaBe Communities in Niger." IDS Bulletin 17, no. 3 (1986): pp. 1926.

History See Abd al-Zahir. al-Dawah al-Islamiyah fi Gharb Afriqiyah wa-qiyam dawlat al-Fulani. Abdul-Karim, L. Bashir. The Role of the Kanuri Traders in the Development of Fombina. BA Dissertation, Kano, 1973. See Abdullahi. On the Search for a Viable Political Culture. Adama, Hamadou and Thierno Mouctar Bah. Un manuscrit arabe sur l'histoire du Royaume de Kontcha dans le NordCameroun (XIXème - XXème siècle). Rabat: Institut des études africaines, Université Mohamed V, 2001. Adamu, M. "The Role of the Fulani and Twareg Pastoralists in the Central Sudan, 1405-1903," in Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Selected Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar Held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 edited by M. Adamu and A. Kirk-Greene, pp. 55-61. International African Seminars, New Series 2. Manchester: University Press, in association with the International African Institute, 1986. Albasu, S.A. "The Jihad in Hausaland and the Kano Fulani." Nigeria Magazine 53, no. 1 (1985): pp. 52-4.

Arnett, Edward John. The Rise of the Sokoto Fulani, Being a Paraphrase and in Some Parts a Translation of the Infaku'l Maisuri of Sultan Mohammed Bello. Kano: Emirate Printing Dep., 1922. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté and Jacques Daget. L'empire Peul du Macina. Abidjan, Dakar, Lomé: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1984. Ba, Oumar. "Des sites historiques au Tagant." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 43, no. 2 (1973): pp. 245-246. Bah, Thierno Mouctar. "Les armées peul de l'Adamawa au 19e siècle," in Etudes africaines offertes à Henri Brunschwig edited by Jan Vansina, et. al., pp. 57-71. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1982. Bah, Thierno Mouctar. "Islam et intégration politique en Afrique de l'Ouest: le Jihad peul du XIXe siècle." Al-Maghrib al-Ifriqi (Rabat) 1 (2000): pp. 7-27. Bassoro, Ahmadou. "Un manuscrit peul sur l'histoire de Garoua." Abbia (Yaoundé) No. 8 (1965): pp. 45-75. Bassoro, Ahmadou and Eldridge Mohammadou. Histoire de Garoua: Cité Peule du XIX° siècle. Traditions historiques des Foulbé de l'Adamawa, 3. Garoua: ONAREST – Institut des sciences humaines, 1977. Bernardet, Philippe. "Peuls en mouvement, Peuls en conflits en moyenne et haute Côte d'Ivoire, de 1950 à 1990," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 407-44. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Botte, Roger. "L'esclave, l'almami et les impérialistes: souveraineté et résistance au Fuuta Jaloo," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 101-39. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Bouché, P. and Raymond Mauny. "Sources écrites relatives à l'histoire des Peuls et des Toucouleurs." Notes africaines (Dakar) No. 31 (1946): pp. 7-9. Boutrais, Jean. "La vache ou le pouvoir: Foulbé et Mbororo de l'Adamaoua," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 347-71. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Brenner, Louis. "Three Fulbe Scholars in Borno." Maghreb Review (London) 10, no. 4-6 (July-December 1985): pp. 107113. Burnham, P. and Murray Last. "From Pastoralist to Politician: The Problem of a Fulbe `Aristocracy'." Cahier d'Etudes Africianes (Paris) 34, no. 133-135 (1994): pp. 313-357. Büttner, T. "The Jihad in Adamawa at the Beginning of the 19th Century: Some Reflections,” in African Studies: AfrikaStudien. Dedicated to the Vth International Congress of African Studies in Nigeria edited by G. Brehme and T. Büttner, pp. 97-109. Studies of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 33. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1983. Clark, Andrew F. "The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization." International Journal of African Historical Studies (New York) 29, no. 1 (1996): pp. 1-23. Clark, Andrew F. "`The Ties That Bind': Servility and Dependency Among the Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia), c.1930s to 1980s." Slavery and Abolition (London) 19, no. 2 (August 1998): pp. 91-108. Collard, Chantal. "Relations Between the Guidar of Northern Cameroon and the Fulbe (1800-1977)," in Image and Reality in African Interethnic Relations: The Fulbe and Their Neighbors, pp. 107-125. Studies in Third World Societies 11. Williamsburg, VA: Dept. of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, 1980.

D'Aquino, Patrick, and Saïdou Dicko. "Contribution à l'histoire du Djelgodji (Burkina Faso): Les bases historiques de l'occupation peule de l'espace," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 267-86. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Dauda, Saleh. Ethnic Minority Conflict and Violence in Tafawa-Balewa Area of Bauchi State. Kongo-Zaria: Tamaza, 1999. De Bruijn, Mirjam and Han Van Dijk. "Ecology and Power in the Periphery of Maasina: The Case of the Hayre in the Nineteenth Century." Journal of African History (Cambridge) 42, no. 2 (2001): 217-38. Djidda, Hamadjouldé. "Le Lamido Babbada Atikkou de Kontcha, 1896-1981." MA, University of Ngaoundéré, 1998. Delafosse, Maurice. Chroniques du Fouta senegalais, traduites de deux manuscrits arabes inedits de Sire-Abbas-Soh, et accompagnees de notes, documents annexes et commentaires, d'un glossaire et de cartes par Maurice Delafosse, avec la collaboration de Henri Gaden. Collection de la Revue du monde musulman. Paris, E. Leroux, 1913. Dupuy, Christian. "Les apports de l'archéologie et de l'ethnologie à la connaissance de l'histoire ancienne des Peuls," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 53-72. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. East, Rupert Moultrie. Stories of old Adamawa: a collection of historical texts in the Adamawa dialect of Fulani, with a translation and notes, by Rupert M. East. Lagos and London: West Africa Publicity Ltd., 1934 and Farnborough: Gregg, 1967. Eichtal, G. D'. "Histoire et origine des Foulahs ou Fellahs." Mémoires de la Société Ethnologique (Paris) Vol. 1 (1841). Fanchette, Sylvie. "Migrations, intégration spatiale et formation d'une société peule dans le Fouladou (haute Casamance, Sénégal)," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp.165-92. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Frantz, C. "Fulani Continuity and Change under Five Flags," in Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Selected Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar Held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 edited by M. Adamu and A. Kirk-Greene, pp. 16-39. International African Seminars, New Series 2. Manchester: University Press, in association with the International African Institute, 1986. Frantz, Charles. "Shifts in Power from Nomads to Sedentaries in the Central Sudanic Zone," in The Central Bilad alSudan: Tradition and Adaptation: Essays on the Geography and Economic and Political History of the Sudanic Belt: Proceedings of the third International Conference of the Institute of African and Asian Studies, University of Khartoum, held from 8 to 13 November 1977 edited by Yusuf Fadl Hassan and P. Doornbos, pp. 171-92. Sudanese Library Series 11. Khartoum: Institute of African and Asian Studies, 1979. Fremantle, S. M. "History of the Katagum Region Comprising the Division of Kano Province." Journal of the Royal African Society (London) Vol. 10, No. 39, 40 and Vol. 11, No. 41, 42 (1911-12). Gausset, Quentin. "Historical Account or Discourse on Identity? A Reexamination of Fulbe Hegemony and Autochthonous Submission in Banyo." History in Africa (Boston) 25 (1998): pp. 93-110. Girard, J. "Note sur l'histoire locale du fouladou." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 34, no. 2 (1964): pp. 302-306. Hansen, Ketil Fred. "Le califat de Sokoto, un état segmentaire: le segment de l'Adamaoua," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 287-301. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Hogben, Sydney J. The Muhammadan Emirates of Nigeria. London: Oxford University Press, 1930.

Jamburia, A. O. "The Story of the Gehad or Holy War of the Fulahs." Sierra Leone Studies No. 3 (1920). Jeffreys, Mervyn David Waldegrave. "Two Arabic Documents: Diyyâ es-Sultan and Tazyîn el'Waraqat." African Studies (Johannesburg) Vol. 9, No. 2 (1950). Joos, Louis C. D. "Note sur le traité entre l'Allemagne et le Lamidat de Tibati." Etudes Camerounaises (Douala) 53-54 (Oct.-Dec. 1956): pp. 18-19. Joos, Louis C. D. "Traité Germano-Peul de Tibati (11-9-1989)" Etudes Camerounaises (Douala) 51 (March 1956): pp. 42-3. Kamara, Cheikh Saad Bouh and Olivier Leservoisier. "A la quête d'une territorialité en Aftut de Mbout sous la colonisation française (Mauritanie)." Cahiers d'études africaines (Paris) 40, no. 158 (2000): pp. 187-213. Kane, M. and D. Robinson. The Islamic Regime of Fuuta Tooro: An Anthology of Oral Tradition Transcribed in Pulaar and Translated into English. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, 1984. Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. Adamawa Past and Present: An Historical Approach to the Development of a Northern Cameroons Province. London, New York, Toronto: Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1958. Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. "Maudo Laawol Pulaaku: Survival and Symbiosis," in Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Selected Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar Held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 edited by M. Adamu and A. Kirk-Greene, pp. 40-54. International African Seminars, New Series 2. Manchester: University Press, in association with the International African Institute, 1986. Lacroix, Pierre-François. "Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire des Peul de l'Adamaoua," Etudes Camerounaises 5, no. 3738 (Sept.- Dec. 1952): pp. 3-61 and 6, no. 39-40 (March - July.1952): pp. 5-40. Lauture, Comte Pierre-Henri-Stanislas d'Escayrac de. Mémoire sur le Soudan. Paris: A. Bertrand, 1855-6. Ly, Boubakar. L'honneur et les valeurs morales dans les sociétés Ouolof et Toucouleur du Sénégal: Etude de sociologie. 2 vol. Thèse de 3ème cycle, Université de Paris, Faculté des lettres et sciences sociales. N. D. Machat, J. Les rivières du Sud et du Fouta Djallon: géographie physique et civilisations indigènes. Paris: A. Challamel, 1906. Machat, J. Les rivières du Sud et le Fouta Djallon (Guinée française): essai de synthèse des documents imprimés concernant la géographie physique & les civilisations indigènes de ces pays. Paris: A. Challamel, 1905. Martin, B. G. "A Mahdist Document from Futa Jallon." Bulletin de l'IFAN (Dakar) Vol. XXV, Sér. B, No. 1-2 (1963): pp. 47-65. Meek, Charles Kingsley. The Northern Tribes of Nigeria, Together with a Report on the 1921 Decennial Census, by C.K. Meek ... District Officer and Census Commissioner, Nigeria .... 2 Vol. London: Oxford University Press, 1925 and New York: Negro Universities Press 1969. Mohammadou, Eldridge. "L'implantation des peul dans l'Adamaoua," in Contribution de la recherche ethnologique à l'histoire des civilisations du Cameroun edited by C. Tardits, pp. 229-47. Colloques internationaux du C.N.R.S. Paris: C.N.R.S., 1981. Mohammadou, Eldridge. Les lamidats du Diamaré et du Mayo-Louti au XIXe siècle (Nord-Cameroun). Les traditions historiques des foulbe de l'adamawa VI. African Languages and ethnography XXII edited by Shun'ya Hino. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), 1988.

Mohammadou, Eldridge. Peuples et royaumes du Foumbina. African Languages and Ethnography 17 edited by Morimichi Tomikawa. Tokyo: Insitute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), 1983. Mohammadou, Eldridge, ed. Ray ou Rey-Bouba: Tradition transmise par Alhadji Hamadjoda Abdoullaye. Traditions historiques des Foulbé de l'Adamâwa. Garoua: Musée Dynamique du Nord-Cameroun, ONAREST and Paris: Editions du centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1979. Mohammadou, Eldridge, ed. Les Royaumes Foulbé du Plateau de l'Adamaoua au XIX siècle : Tibati, Tignère, Banyo, Ngaoundéré. African Languages and Ethnography, Vol. 8. Traditions Historiques des Foulbé de L'Adamaoua, Vol. 4. Tokyo: Insitute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), 1978. N'Gaide, Adbarahmane. "Conquête de la liberté, mutations politiques, sociales et religieuses en haute Casamance: les anciens maccube du Fuladu (région de Kolda, Sénégal)," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 141-64. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Njeuma, Martin Zachary. Fulani Hegemony in Yola (Old Adamawa): 1809-1902. Yaoundé: Publishing and Production Center for Teaching and Research (CEPER), 1978. Nwabara, Samuel N. "The Fulani conquest and rule of the Hausa Kingdom of Northern Nigeria (1804-1900)." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 33, no. 2 (1963): pp. 231-242. Paden, J.N. Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Zaria: Hudahuda, 1986. Palmer, H. R. Sudanese Memoirs, Being Mainly Translations of a Number of Arabic Manuscripts Relating to the Central and Western Sudan, by H. R. Palmer. Lagos: Government Printer, 1928 and London: Cass, 1967. Palmer, H. R. The Bornu, Sahara and Sudan. London: J. Murray, 1936 and New York: Negro Universities Press, 1970. Pillet-Schwartz, Anne-Marie. "Approche régionale d'un îlot de l'"archipel peul": l'émirat du Liptako d'hier à aujourd'hui (Burkina Faso)," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 211-37. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Sa'ad, Abubakar. The Lamibe of Fombina: A Political History of the Adamawa, 1809-1901. London: Oxford University Press and Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1977. Salasc. "Le Bebenda: Formation du Lamidat du Bibemi." Etudes Camerounaises 31-32 (Sept.-Dec. 1950): pp. 201-206. Shimada, Yoshihito. "Dynamique politique des états traditionnels sous l'indirect rule: du pouvoir à l'autorité - étude de cas du Lamidat de Rey-Bouba," in Africa 3 edited by Shohei Wada and Paul K. Eguchi, pp. 289-359. Senri Ethnological Studies 15. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 1984. Smith, Michael Garfield. Government in Zazzau. London, New York: Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1960. Stapleton, J. "In the End is Their Beginning: A Fulani Crisis." Nigerian Field (Ibadan) Vol. 5, No. 1 (1948). Urvoy, Yves. Histoire des Populations du Soudan Central. Paris: Larose, 1936.

Language Abu-Manga, Al-Amin. "Length and Focus in the Fulfulbe Verbal System."Africana Marburgensia (Marburg) 17, no. 1 (1984): pp. 31-45. Alexandre, Pierre. "In memoriam: Pierre Francis Lacroix." Journal des africanistes 47, no. 1 (1977): pp. 127-129.

Alhassoumi-Sow, Salamatou "Grands et petits parlers peuls: représentation et hiérarchisation des différents parlers peuls par les locuteurs de l'Ouest du Niger," in Imaginaires linguistiques en Afrique. Actes du colloque de l'INALCO. Attitudes, représentations et imaginaires linguistiques en Afrique. Quelles notions pour quelles réalités? 9 novembre 1996 edited by Cécile Canut, pp. 61-9. Bibliothèque des études africaines. Paris and Montréal: L'Harmattan for INALCO, 1998. Alhassoumi-Sow, Salamatou "Synonymie, homonymie, polysémie: quelques cas en Foulfouldé, en Haoussa et en Zarma," in New Dimensions in African Linguistics and Languages edited by Paul F.A. Kotey, pp. 253-60. Trends in African Linguistics 3. Trenton and Asmara: Africa World Press, 1999. Arensdorff, L. Manuel pratique de langue Peulh. Paris: Librairie P. Geuthner, 1913. Arnott, D. W. "Fula Dialects in the Polyglotta Africana." Sierra Leone Language Review (Freetown) No. 4 (1965): pp. 109-121. Arnott, D.W. "Fula Language Studies: Present Position and Future Prospects," in Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Selected Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar Held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 edited by M. Adamu and A. Kirk-Greene, pp. 87-100. International African Seminars, New Series 2. Manchester: University Press, in association with the International African Institute, 1986. Arnott, D. W. "The Middle Voice in Fula." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (London) 18 (1956): pp. 130-144. Arnott, D. W. "Morphological Features in the Verbal System of Fula." The Journal of West African Languages (London) Vol. 2, No. 1 (1965): pp. 5-14. Arnott, D. W. "Nominal Groups in Fula," in Neue Afrikanistische Studien edited by Johannnes Lukas, pp. 40-60. Hamburger Beitrage zur Afrika-Kunde, Bd. 5. Hamburg: Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung, 1966. Arnott, D. W. The Nominal and Verbal System of Fula. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. Arnott, D. W. "Particles in Fula: their behavior and meanings," in Itinerances...en pays peul et ailleurs, pp. 33-77. Paris: Societe des Africanistes, 1981. Arnott, D. W. "Sentence Intonation in the Gombe Dialect of Fula." African Language Studies (London) Vol. 6 (1965): pp. 73-100. Arnott, D. W. "Some Features of the Nominal Class System of Fula in Nigeria." Afrika and Übersee Bd. 43 (1960): 244278. Arnott, D. W. "The Subjunctive in Fula: A Study in the Relation Between Meaning and Syntax." African Language Studies (London) Vol. 2 (1961): pp. 125-38. Arnott, D. W. The Tense System in Gombe Fula. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1960. Bello, G. The Classification of Verbs in Fula. M.Phil., London (UK), 1977. Böhm, Gerhard. Die Sprache der Ful: Grammatikgeschichtliche Grundlagen un Entwicklung. Veröffentlichungen der Institut für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 50. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 37. Wien: AFRO-PUB, 1989. Brackenbury, E. A. "Notes on the Fulfulde." Journal of the Royal African Society (London) Vol. 15 (1915): pp. 70-82. Brierley, L. Fulacunda Grammar. Casamance (Senegal): Mission évangélique de Kounkanné, 1950. Dauzats, André. Eléments de langue Peule du Nord-Cameroun. 2nd ed. Albi (France): Imprimerie Albigeoise, 1944.

Drexel, Albert. "Kan das Ful als hamitische Sprache gelten?" in Festschrift, publication d'hommage offerte au P. W. Schmidt; 76 sprachwissenschaftliche, ethnologische, religionswissenschaftliche, prahistorische und andere Studien; recueil de 76 etudes de linguistique, d'ethnologie, de science religieuse, de prehistoire et autres edited by Wilhelm Koppers, pp. 45-60. Wien: Mechitharisten-Congregations-Buchdr., 1928. Endresen, Rolf Theil. "Pre-Fula ‘Relative *N'," in New Dimensions in African Linguistics and Languages edited by Paul F.A. Kotey, pp. 233-42. Trends in African Linguistics 3. Trenton and Asmara: Africa World Press, 1999. Faidherbe, Gen. Louis Léon César. Essai sur la langue Poul. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1875. Faidherbe, Gen. Louis Léon César. Grammaire et vocabulaire de la langue poul à l'usage des voyageurs dans le Soudan, avec une carte indiquant les contrées où se parle cette langue.. 2nd Ed. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1882 Fligelman, Frieda. "Moral Vocabulary of an Unwritten Language (Fulani)." Anthropos (Vienna) Vol. 27, No. 1-2 (1932): pp. 213-248. Gaden, Henri. "Les alternances de consonnes initiales du Fouldé, dialecte Peul du Fouta Djallon." Outre-Mer: Revue générale de colonisation (Paris) 1, no. 3 (Sept. 1929): pp. 286-306. Gaden, Henri. "Note sur le dialecte foul parlé par les Foulbé du Baguirmi. Journal Asiatique (Paris) (Jan.-Fév. 1908). Gaden, Henri. Le Poular: Dialecte Peul du Fouta Sénégalais. Vol. 1: Etude morphologique. Collection de la Revue du monde musulman. Paris: E. Leroux, 1913-14. Gamble, David P. Firdu Fula Grammar. London: Colonial Office, 1958. Greenberg, Joseph Harold. "The Classification of Fulani." S.-W.J. Anthrop. Vol. 5, No. 3 (1949). Guiraudon, T. Grimal de Notes de linguistique africaine: les Peuls. Vienne, 1888. Heusing, Gerald. Aspects of the Morphology-Syntax Interface in Four Nigerian Languages: A Cross-Linguistic Study of Fulfulde, Igbo, Lamang, and Mupun. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 11. Hamburg: LIT, 1999. Homburger, Lilias. "Eléments dravidiens en peul." Journal de la société des africanistes (Paris) 18, no. 2 (1948): pp. 135-143. Homburger, Lilias. "Morphèmes africains en Peul et dans les parlers Bantous." Mémoires de la société de linguistique de Paris (Paris) Vol. 18, No. 3 (1913). Homburger, Lilias. "Le Peul et les langues Nilotiques." Bulletin de la société de linguistique de Paris (Paris) Vol. 37, No. 109 (1936): pp. 58-72. Homburger, Lilias. "Les peuls." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 32, no. 2 (1962): pp. 331-332. Homburger, Lilias. Les préfixes nominaux dans les parlers peul, haoussa et bantous. Université de Paris, Travaux et mémoires de l'Institut d'ethnologie, Vol. VI. Paris: Institut d'ethnologie and Macon, France: Protat Frères, 1929. Homburger, Lilias. "Les représentants de quelques hiéroglyphes égyptiens en Peul." Bulletin de la société de linguistique de Paris (Paris) Vol. 23, No. 5 (1930): pp. 277-312. Homburger, Lilias. "Le sérère-peul." Journal de la société des africanistes (Paris) 9, no. 1 (1939): pp. 85-102. Homburger, Lilias. "Le verbe en Peul et en Mossi." L'Anthropologie (Paris) Vol. 46 (1936): p. 525.

Houis, Maurice. "Du rapport entre les classes et le conditionnement de l'initiale radicale en peul." Bulletin de l'institut français de l'Afrique noire (Dakar) Ser. B, T. 21 (1959): pp. 167-178. Jeffreys, Mervyn David Waldegrave. "Speculative Origins of the Fulani Language." Africa (London) T. 17, No. 1 (1947): pp. 47-54. Johnston, Sir Harry Hamilton. "The Fulas and Their Language." Journal of the Royal African Society (London) Vol. 20, No. 79 (1920/1921): pp. 212-216. Jungraithmayr, Herrmann and Al-Amin Abu-Manga. Einführung in die Ful-Sprache. Sprache und Oralität in Afrika 1. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1989. Kassühlke, R. "Fultexte, von Matakamleuten gesprochen," in Neue afrikanistische Studien edited by Johannnes Lukas, pp. 137-43. Hamburger Beitrage zur Afrika-Kunde, Bd. 5. Hamburg: Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung, 1966. Klingenheben, August. "Die Diminutiv- und Augmentativklassen des Westful." in Afrikanistische Studien edited by Johannes Lukas. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Institut fur Orienorschung, Veroffentlichung Nr. 26. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1955. Klingenheben, August. "Zur Entstehung des Klassensprachentyps in Afrika." Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung (Berlin) Bd. 6, H. 1 (1958). Klingenheben, August. "Influence of Analogy in African Languages." Journal of AFrican Languages V. 1 (1962): pp. 30-42. Klingenheben, August. "Die Inversion im Ful." Afrika und Übersee (Hamburg) Bd. 45, H. 3 (1962). Klingenheben, August. "Die Klassenelemente der Zahlwörter des Ful." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (Wiesbaden) Bd. 99, H. 1 (1949). Klingenheben, August. "Die Laute des Ful." Zeitschrift fur Eingeborenen-Sprachen, Bd. 9. Berlin: D. Reimer (Andrews & Steiner), 1927. Klingenheben, August. "Eine neue Nominalklasse des Ful." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländeischen Gesellschaft (Wiesbaden) Bd. 105, H. 2 (1955). Klingenheben, August. "Die nominalen Klassensysteme des Ful," in Donum natalicium Schrijnen: Verzameling van opstellen door oud-leerlingen en bevriende vakgenooten opgedragen aan mgr. prof. dr. Jos. Schrijnen bij gelegenheid van zijn zestigsten verjaardag, 3 Mei 1929. Nijmegen-Utrecht (Netherlands): N.v. Dekker & van de Vegt and Chartres (France): Imprimerie Durand, 1929. Klingenheben, August. "Die Permutation des Biafada und des Ful." Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen (BerlinHamburg) Bd. 15, H. 3 (1925). Klingenheben, August. "Die Präfixklassen des Ful." Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen (Berlin-Hamburg) Bd. 14, H. 3 (1925). Klingenheben, August. "Zum Problem der Silbe in afrikanischen Sprachen." Afrika und Übersee (Hamburg) Bd. 37, H. 1 (1952). Klingenheben, August. "Die Pronomina o und i des Ful." Ethno-Glossica (Hamburg) Bd. 3 (1927). Klingenheben, August. Die Sprache der Ful. [Dialekt von Adamaua] Grammatik, Texte und Worterverzeichnis. Afrikanistische Forschungen, Bd. 1. Hamburg: Augustin, 1963.

Klingenheben, August. "Die Suffixklassen des Ful." Zeitschrift fur Eingeborenen-Sprachen (Berlin-Hamburg) Bd. 23 (1941). Koval, A.I., et. al. Morfonologiia i morfologiia klassov slov iazykakh Afriki: Imia mestoimenie. Moskva: Nauka, 1979. Labatut, Roger. Le Parler d'un groupe de Peuls nomades : les WoDaaBe Hoorewaalde Dageeja BiBBe Bii Siroma, Nord-Cameroun. Langues et civilisations à tradition orale, Vol. 6. Paris: Société d'études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France, 1973. [Review by Christiane Seydou available online in Journal de la Société des Africanistes 43, no. 2 (1973): pp. 282-283.] Labatut, Roger. "Parole à travers quelques proverbes peuls du Fouladou (Senegal)." Journal des africanistes (Paris) Vol. 57, No. 1-2 (1987): pp. 67-75. Labatut, Roger. La phrase peule et ses transformations. Thesis, University of Paris III, 24 juin 1976. Labatut, Roger. "Reflexions sur la numeration peule," in Itinerances ... en pays peul et ailleurs, T. 1, pp. 91-102. Paris: Société des Africanistes, 1981. Labouret, Henri. La langue des Peuls ou Foulbé. Mémoires de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire, No. 16. Dakar: Mémoires de l'institut français d'Afrique noire, 1952. Lacroix, Pierre Francis. "Distribution géographique et sociale des parlers peul du Nord-Cameroun." L'homme (Paris) T. 2, No.3 (1962): pp. 75-101. Lacroix, Pierre Francis. "Observations sur la 'Koinè' peule de Ngaoundéré." Travaux de l'institut de linguistique T. 4 (1959): pp. 57-71. Lacroix, Pierre Francis. "Observations sur les formes verbales 'd'habitude' dans les parlers peuls de l'Adamawa." Actes du second colloque international de linguistique Négro-Africaine, pp. 39-51. Dakar: Université de Dakar, 1963. Lacroix, Pierre Francis. "Remarques préliminaires à une étude des emprunts Arabes en Peul." Africa (London) Vol. 27, No.2 (1967): pp.188-202. Lacroix, Pierre Francis. "Review of August Klingenheben, Die Sprache der Ful." Journal of African Languages (London) Vol. 6, Part 1 (1966). Leith-Ross, Sylvia. A Fulani grammar. Lagos: Government Printing Office, 1921. Lex, Gloria. Le dialecte peul du Fouladou (Casamance - Sénégal): étude phonétique et phonologique. LINCOM Studies in African Linguistics 16. Munich: LINCOM Europa, 2001. McIntosh, Mary H. Aspects of Fulfulde Syntax and Morphology. Ph.D., London (UK), 1981. McIntosh, Mary H. "Fula Lexicography," in Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Selected Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar Held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 edited by M. Adamu and A. Kirk-Greene, pp. 113-26. International African Seminars, New Series 2. Manchester: University Press, in association with the International African Institute, 1986. McIntosh, Mary H. Fulfulde Syntax and Verbal Morphology. Boston, Melbourne, and Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul in association with University of Port Harcourt Press, 1984. Meinhof, Carl. "Das Ful und seine Bedeutung für die Sprachen der Hamiten, Semiten und Bantu." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländeischen Gesellschaft (Wiesbaden) Vol. 65 (1911).

Mischlich, A. "Über die Herkunft der Fulbe, Beilage Haussa." Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalischen Sprachen zu Berlin (Berlin) Bd. 34, H. 3 (1931): pp. 183-96. Mohamadou, Aliou. "Des marquers aspecto-modaux dans les noms peuls," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 337-43. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Mohammadou, Eldridge. Lexique fulfulde comparé: parler des Jallinko'en de l'Ader (Niger central). Yaoundé: Ministère de l'éducation et de la culture, Centre fédérale linguistique et culturel, 1970. Mohammadou, Eldridge. Lisez et écrivez le Foulfouldé. Yaoundé: Centré fédéral linguistique et culturel, Ministère de l'éducation, de la culture et de la formation professionnelle, 1971. Mukarovsky, Hans G. "Altmediterranes Wortgut in Westafrika." Wiener Zeitschrift für die kunde des Morgenlandes (Wien) Band 55 (1959). Mukarovsky, Hans G. Die Grundlagen des Ful und das Mauretanische. Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe des AfroAsiatischen Institutes in Wein, Bd. 1. Wien: Herder, 1963. Mukarovsky, Hans G. "Nominale und verbale Formen im Ful." Wiener Zeitschrift für die kunde des Morgenlandes (Wien) Band 58 (1962). Mukarovsky, Hans G. "Die Suffixkonjugation im Ful." Wiener Zeitschrift für die kunde des Morgenlandes (Wien) Band 53 (1957). Mukarovsky, Hans G. "Vorislamische Gottesnamen im Ful." Die Sprache (Wien) Band 4 (1957). Müller, F. Die Sprache der Ful-be: Grundriß der Sprachwissenschaft Vol. 3, Sect. 1 Wien: Holder, 1884. Niang, Mamadou Ousmane. Constraints on Pulaar Phonology. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1997. Noye, R. P. Dominique. Un cas d'apprentissage linguistique: l'acquisition de la langue par les jeunes Peuls du Diamaré (Nord-Cameroun). Paris: Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner, 1971. [Review by Geneviève Calame-Griaule available online in Journal de la Société des Africanistes 42, no. 2 (1972): pp. 236-237.] Noye, R. P. Dominique. Cours de foulfouldé: dialecte peul du Diamaré, Nord-Cameroun: grammaire et exercices, textes, lexiques peul-français et français-peul. Maroua (Cameroun): Mission catholique and Paris: P. Geuthner, 1974. [Review by Christiane Seydou available online in Journal de la Société des Africanistes 43, no. 2 (1973): pp. 282-283.] Noye, R. P. Dominique. "Diminutifs hypocoristiques en peul." Journal of African Languages and Linguistics (Dordrect) Vol. 2, No. 2 (1980): pp. 113-119. Noye, R. P. Dominique. Eléments de langue foulfouldé (Foulbé du Nord-Cameroun). Ngaoundéré, Cameroun: Collège de Mazenod, 1965. Noye, R. P. Dominique. "Pedagogie traditionnelle d'une langue africaine," in La Quete du savoir edited by Renaud Santerre and Celine Mercier-Tremblay, pp.312-325. Montreal: Presses de l'Universite de Montreal, 1982. Palmer, Herbert Richmond. "The 'Fulas' and Their Language." Journal of the Royal African Society (London) Vol. 22 (1923): pp. 121-130. Pamanta, Demba. "Les emprunts lexicaux peuls au français: analyse linguistique et sociolinguistique à partir du journal Kabaaru." Nordic Journal of African Studies (Uppsala) 9, no. 3 (2000): pp. 133-51.

Paradis, Carole. Lexical Phonology and Morphology: The Nominal Classes in Fula. Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics edited by Jorge Kankamer. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1992. Paradis, Carole. Phonologie et morphologie lexicales: les classes nominales en peul (fula). Ph.D., Université de Montréal, 1986. Pelletier, Corinne A. and A. Neil Skinner. Adamawa Fulfulde: An Introductory Course. Illustrations by Robert Cavey. Madison, WI: African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin, 1979. Rousseau, J. A. "Les migrations foulbes et la linguistique botanique." Bulletin de la société d'études camerounaises (Douala) No. 1 (1935): pp. 71-79. Royen, Gerlacus. "Die konzonatiese Intermutatie in het Ful," in Festschrift, publication d'hommage offerte au P. W. Schmidt; 76 sprachwissenschaftliche, ethnologische, religionswissenschaftliche, prahistorische und andere Studien; recueil de 76 etudes de linguistique, d'ethnologie, de science religieuse, de prehistoire et autres edited by Wilhelm Koppers, pp. 45-60. Wien: Mechitharisten-Congregations-Buchdr., 1928. Seydou, Christiane. Dictionnaire pluridialectal des racines verbales du peul (peul-français-anglais): A Dictionary of Verb Roots in Fulfulde Dialects (Fulfulde-French-English) Paris: Karthala-ACCT, 1998. Sow, Alfâ Ibrâhîm. "Remarques sur les infixes de dérivation dans le Fulfulde du Fouta Djalon (Guinée)." Journal of West African Languages (London) Vol. 3 (1966): pp. 13-21. Stennes, Leslie H. An Introduction to Fulani Syntax. Hartford Studies in Linguistics, No. 2. Hartford, Connecticut: Department of Linguistics, The Hartford Seminary Foundation, 1961.: Stennes, Leslie H. A Reference Grammar of Adamawa Fulani. African Language Monograph, No. 8. East Lansing, Michigan: African Studies Center, Michigan State University, 1967. Storbeck, Friedrich. "Fulsprichwörter aus Adamaua." Weitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen (Berlin) Bd. 10, Heft. 2 (1919/20): pp. 106-22. Storbeck, Friedrich. Metoula-Sprachührer der Ful-Sprache. Berlin-Schönenberg: Langenscheidt, 1917. Swift, Lloyd B., et. al. Fula Basic Course Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute, 1965. Sylla, Yéro. Grammaire moderne du Pulaar. Dakar, Abidjan, Lomé: Les nouvelles éditions africaines, 1982. Taylor, Frank William. A First Grammar of the Adamawa dialect of the Fulani language (Fulfulde). Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1921. Taylor, Frank William. "The Fulani and their language." West Africa (London) Vol. 5 (1921): pp. 434-5. Taylor, Frank William. A Fulani-Hausa phrase-book. His Fulani-Hausa series, 3. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1926. Taylor, Frank William. Fulani-Hausa readings in the native scripts : with transliterations and translations. Taylor's Fulani-Hausa series, Vol. 5. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1929. Taylor, Frank William. A Fulani-Hausa vocabulary. Taylor's Fulani-Hausa series, Vol. IV. Oxford, The Clarendon press, 1927. Taylor, Frank William. A grammar of the Adamawa dialect of the Fulani language (Fulfulde). 2d ed. His Fulani-Hausa series, Vol. 1. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1953.

Tressan, Michel Marquis de LaVergne de. "Du langage descriptif en Peul." Bulletin de l'institut français d'Afrique noire (Dakar) T. 14, No. 2 (1952): pp. 639-59. Tressan, Michel Marquis de LaVergne de. "Pour une transcription phonétique peule unifiée. Bulletin de l'institut français d'Afrique noire (Dakar) Vol. 13, No. 3 (1951): pp. 916-923. Westermann, Diedrich. Erzählungen in Fulfulde: Niedergeschrieben von Abdallah Adam, transkribiert, übersetzt und mit einem Nactrag: Erzählungen im Dialekt von Sokoto. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1913. Wolf, P.P. de. "Verbal Extensions in Nonaare Fulani: Causative, Dative, Celerative, Distantive and Simulative." Afrika und Ubersee 69, no. 1 (1986): pp. 45-60.

Literature Abdoulaye, Oumarou Dalil. Mbooku: Poesie peule du Diamare, Nord-Cameroun. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1988. Abu Manga, Al-Amin. "The Role of the Fulfulde and Hausa Islamic Verse in the Success of the Sokoto-Jihad," in Actes du colloque international tenu à Tombouctour sur: La culture Arabo-Islamique en Afrique au sud du Sahara: cas de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, pp. 19-34. Zaghouan: Fondation Temimi pour la Recherche Scientifique et l'Information, August 1997. Adam, Abdallah and Westermann, D. Erzahlungen in Fulfulde: niedergeschrieben von Abdallah Adam; transkribiert, ubersetzt und mit einem Nachtrag, Erzahlungen im Dialekt von Sokoto, von D. Westermann. Lehrbucher des Seminars fur Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin, Bd. 30. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1913. Adama, Hamadou. "Letters from Fulani Rulers in Northern Cameroon: lamido Muhammad Njidda of Bibemi (18701945)." Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources (Bergen) 11 (2000): pp. 35-51. Adama, Hamadou. "La production épistolaire au Nord-Cameroun: étude de quelques manuscrits arabes." NgaoundéréAnthropos (Ngaoundéré) 6 (2001): pp. 169-92. Austen, Ralph A. "From a Colonial to a Postcolonial African Voice: Amkoullel: L'enfant peul: Roundtable on Amadou Hampâté Bâ." Research in African Literature 31, no. 3 (Fall 2000): pp. 1-17. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté. L'étrange destin de Wangrin ou les roueries d'un interprète africain. Série "La Voie des autres". Paris: Union générale d’éditions, 1973. [Review by Robert Pageard available online in Journal de la Société des Africanistes 44, no. 2 (1974): pp. 199-200.] Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté. Kaydara. Abidjan, Dakar, Lomé: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1977. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté. Njeddo Dewal, Mère de la calamité: Conte initiatique Peul. Abidjan, Dakar, Lomé: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1985. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté. Petit Bodiel: Conte Peul. Abidjan, Dakar, Lomé: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1977. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté. "Poèsie Peule du Masina." Présence africaine (Paris) Vol. 8/9 (1950): pp. 169-84. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté and G. Dieterlan. Koumen: Texte initiatique des pasteurs Peul. Cahiers de l'homme: Ethnologie, Géographie, Linguistique, N. Sér. 1. Paris: Mouton & Co., 1961. [Review by H. Deschamps available online in Journal de la Société des Africanistes 31, no. 2 (1961): p. 268. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté and Lilyan Kesteloot. "Une épopée peul: Silâmaka." L'homme (Paris) T. 8 (1968): pp. 5-36.

Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté and Lilyan Kesteloot. Kaïdara: Récit initiatique Peul rapporté par Amadou-Hampâté Bâ. Classiques africains, no. 7. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1969. Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté, et. al. L'éclat de la grande étoile, suivie de Bain rituel: Récits initiatiques Peuls. Classiques africains, no. 15. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1974. Baumgardt, Ursula. "Littérature orale et identité," in Figures peules, edited by Roger Botte, Jean Schmitz, and Jean Boutrais, pp. 323-35. Collection Hommes et Sociétés. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Boyd, J. "The Fulani Women Poets," in Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Selected Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar Held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 edited by M. Adamu and A. Kirk-Greene, pp. 127-42. International African Seminars, New Series 2. Manchester: University Press, in association with the International African Institute, 1986. Eguchi, Paul Kazuhisa. Fulfulde Tales of North Cameroon. African Languages and Ethnography, 10. Tokyo: Insitute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), 1978. Kesteloot, Lilyan. "Le mythe de Tyamaba revisité." Notes africaines (Dakar) 196 (1999): pp. 26-7. Lacroix, Pierre-Francis, ed. Poèsie Peule de l'Adamawa. 2 Vol. Classiques africains, no. 3 and 4. Paris: Julliard, 1965. Mayssal, Henriette. "Poèmes Foulbé de la Bénoué." Abbia (Yaoundé) No. 9-10 (1965): pp. 47-90. Mohamadou, Aliou. "Nouvelles tendances en littérature peule: présentation des textes de cinq auteurs haal-pulaar (Sénégal et Mauritanie)," in Panorama des littératures africaines: état des lieux et perspectives. Actes de la journée d'études du 28 nov. 1998 edited by Ursula Baumgardt and Abdellah Bounfour, pp. 77-92. Bibliothèque des études africaines. Paris and Montréal: L'Harmattan for INALCO, 2000. Mohammadou, Eldridge. "Contes Foulbé de la Bénoué." Abbia (Yaoundé) No. 9-10 (1965): pp. 11-45. Mohammadou, Eldridge. "Introduction à la littérature peule du Nord-Cameroun. Abbia (Yaoundé) No. 3 (1963): pp. 6672. Mohammadou, Eldridge et Henriette Mayssal. Contes et poèmes Foulbé de la Bénoué, Nord-Cameroun. Yaoundé: Abbia avec la collaboration de Clé, 1965. N'Gaïde, Abderrahmane. "Stéréotypes et imaginaires sociaux en milieu haalpulaar Classer, stigmatiser et toiser." Cahiers d'études africaines 172 (2003): pp.????. Noye, Dominique. Contes peuls du Nord-Cameroun: le menuisier et le cobra. Contes et légends. Paris: Karthala, 1999. Pfeffer, Gulla. "Prose and Poetry of the Ful'be." Africa (London) Vol. XII (1939): pp. 285-307. Robinson, David. "Fulfulde Literature in Arabic Script." History in Africa (Boston) 9 (1982): pp. 251-261. Seydou, Christiane. "Aspects de la littérature peul," in Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Selected Studies Presented and Discussed at the Fifteenth International African Seminar Held at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, July 1979 edited by M. Adamu and A. Kirk-Greene, pp. 101-12. International African Seminars, New Series 2. Manchester: University Press, in association with the International African Institute, 1986. Seydou, Christiane. Contes et fables des veillées. Kocc-Barma Faal 1. Paris: Nubia, 1976. [Review by Veronika GörögKarady available online in Journal des africanistes 47, no. 2 (1977): pp. 231-232.]

Seydou, Christiane. Contes peuls du Mali. Paris: Karthala, 2005. [Reviewed by Paulette Roulon-Doko, review available online in Journal des africanistes 77, no. 1 (2007): pp. 185-186.] Seydou, Christiane. La geste de Ham-Bodêdio ou Hama le Rouge. Classiques africains 18. Paris: A. Colin, c1976. [Review by Emilio Bonvidi available online in Journal des africanistes 47, no. 2 (1977): pp. 232-233.] Seydou, Christiane. "Littérature peule," in Panorama des littératures africaines: état des lieux et perspectives. Actes de la journée d'études du 28 novembre 1998 edited by Ursula Baumgardt and Abdellah Bounfour, pp. 63-75. Bibliothèque des études africaines. Paris and Montréal: L'Harmattan for INALCO, 2000. Seydou, C. "Note sur le «mot-date» (Procédé mnémotechnique et littéraire utilisé par les écrivains peul et haoussa)." Journal de la Société des Africanistes 38, no. 1 (1968): pp. 15-18. Seydou, Christiane. "Poésie religieuse et inspiration populaire chez les Peuls du Foûta Djalon." Journal of African Cultural Studies (London) 14, no. 1 (2001): pp. 23-47. Seydou, Christiane, ed. Silâmaka & Poullôri: Récit épique Peul raconté par Tinguidji. Classiques africains, no. 13. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1972. [Review by Geneviève Calame-Griaule available online in Journal de la Société des Africanistes 42, no. 2 (1972): pp. 228-230.] Seydou, Christiane and Louis Brenner. La poésie peule du Mali. Tradition orale. Paris: Karthala, 2008. Sow, Alfâ Ibrâhîm. La femme, la vache, la foi: ecrivains et poetes du Fouta-Djalon. Classiques africains, No. 5. Paris: Juillard, 1966. Storbeck, Friedrich. "Fultexte aus Adamaua." Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen (Berlin) Bd. 11, Heft. 1 (1920/21): pp. 24-34. Vieillard, Gilbert, ed. "Le chant de l'eau et du palmier doum, poèm bucolique du marais nigérien: par Tiello Hamgourdo, Tionnadio et Signa Tiosoko." Bulletin de l'institut français d'Afrique noire (Dakar) T. 2, No. 3/4 (1940): pp. 299-315. Vieillard, Gilbert. "Douroel Bali Boulo et Fadia: Conte Peul du Kounair." Bulletin du comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique Occidentale Française (Dakar) T. 16 (1933): pp. 149-54. Vieillard, Gilbert. "Récits peuls du Macina et du Kounair." Bulletin du comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique Occidentale Française (Dakar) T. 14 (1931): pp. 137-56.

Music Brun, J. "Recueil de fables et de chants en dialecte Hal Poular." Anthropos (Paris) Vol. 15/16, No. 1/2/3 (1919/1920): pp. 180-214. Erlmann, Veit. "Daacol: Preisgesänge der Fulbe des Diamaré vorgetragen von 'Alhaji Buuba Gerdele." Anthropos (Sankt Augustin) 77, no. 5-6 (1982): pp. 775-830. Erlmann, Veit. "Marginal Men, Strangers and Wayfarers: Professional Musicians and Change Among the Fulani of Diamaré (North Cameroon)." Ethnogmusicology (New York) 27, no. 3 (May 1983): pp. 187-225. Estreicher, Zygmunt. "Chants et rythmes de la danse d'hommes Bororo: (enregistrements Henry Brandt)." Bulletin de la Société neuchâteloise de géographie. (Neuchatel) T. 51, Fasc. 5, N.S. No. 10 (1954-55): pp. 57-93. Gaden, Henri. "Chant de guerre toucouleur." Bulletin du Comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique Occidentale Française (Dakar) Vol. 1 (1916): pp. 349-51.

Haafkens, J. Chants musulmans en peul: textes de l’héritage religieux de la communauté musulmane de Maroua (Cameroun): Leiden: Brill, 1983.[Review by H. J. Fisher, "Singing the Lord's Songs in a Strange Land," Journal of African History 25, no. 2 (1984): pp. 213-219.] Labatut, Roger. Chants de vie et de beaute recueillis chez des Peuls nomades du Nord-Cameroun. 2nd Ed. Paris: Publications orientalistes de France, 1978.

Political Science Abdullahi, Shehu Umar. On the search for a viable political culture: reflections on the political thought of Shaikh Abdullahi Dan-Fodio. Kaduna, Nigeria: Commercial Print Dept., New Nigerian Newspapers Ltd., 1984. Mohamed Salih, M.A. Environmental Politics and Liberation in Contemporary Africa Environment and Policy 18. Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. Schmitz, Jean. "‘L'élection devise': la politique au village dans la vallée du Sénégal." Afrique Contemporaine (Paris) 194 (2000): pp. 34-46. Wilson-Fall, Wendy. "Conflict Prevention and Resolution Among the Fulbe," in Traditional Cures for Modern Conflicts: African Conflict "Medicine" edited by I. William Zartman, pp. 49-65. SAIS African Studies Library. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000.

Proverbs and Riddles Arnott, D. W. "Proverbial Lore and Word-Play of the Fulani." Africa (London) Vol. 27 (1957): pp. 379-96. Dupire, Marguerite and Marquis de Tressan. "Devinettes Peules et Bororo." Africa (London) Vol. 25, No. 4 (1955): pp. 375-392. Gaden, Henri. Proverbes et maximes Peuls et Toucouleurs: Traduits, expliqués et annotés. Travaux et mémoires de l'institut d'ethnologie, Université de Paris, T. 16. Paris: Institut d'ethnologie, 1931. Gaden, Henri. "Quelques proverbes et maximes Peuls et Toucouleurs." Revue officiers réserve (Sénégal-Mauritanie) No. 3 (1937): pp. 78-81. Issa, Adamou and Roger Labatut. Sagesse de Peuls nomades. Yaoundé: Editions Clé, 1974. Lebeuf, Jean-Paul et Pierre-Francis Lacroix. Devinettes peules, suivies de quelques proverbes et exemples d'argots (Nord-Cameroun). [Review by D. Noye available online in Journal de la Société des Africanistes 42, no. 2 (1972): pp. 234-235.] Lestrange, Monique de and the Marquis de Tressan. "Proverbes Peuls du Badyar et du Fouta Djallon." Bulletin de l'institut fondamental d'Afrique noire (Dakar) T. XVII, Sér. B, No. 3-4 (1995): pp. 433-76. Noye, Dominique. Blasons peuls: éloges et satires du Nord-Cameroun. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1976. [Review by Christiane Seydou available online in Journal des africanistes 47, no. 2 (1977): pp. 224-225.] Whitting, Charles Edward Jewel. Hausa and Fulani Proverbs. Lagos: Government Printer, 1940.

Religion Abd al-Zahir, Hasan Isa. al-Dawah al-Islamiyah fi Gharb Afriqiyah wa-qiyam dawlat al-Fulani. Madinat Nasr, alQahirah: al-Zahra lil-Ilam al-Arabi, Qism al-Nashr, 1991 Bâ, Amadou-Hampâté. Jésus vu par un musulman. Abidjan, Dakar, Lomé: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1976. Blanckmeister, B. and P. Heine. "Ethnizität und Islam in Nordkamerun." Afrika Spectrum (Hamburg) 18 (1983): pp. 171-5. Braukämper, Ulrich. Der Einfluss des Islam auf die Geschichte und Kulturentwicklung Adamauas. Studien zur Kulturkunde 26. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1970. [Review by Pierre-Francis Lacroix available online in Journal de la Société des Africanistes 40, no. 2 (1970): pp. 185-187. Camara, Mamadi Koba. "Processus d'implantation de l'Islam en Guinée," in Actes du colloque international tenu à Tombouctour sur: La culture Arabo-Islamique en Afrique au sud du Sahara: cas de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, pp. 77-112. Zaghouan: Fondation Temimi pour la Recherche Scientifique et l'Information, August 1997. Diallo, Hamidou. "Cheikh Abdoulaye Fodé Doukouré et l'islamisation des Peuls de Jelgooji," in Actes du colloque international tenu à Tombouctour sur: La culture Arabo-Islamique en Afrique au sud du Sahara: cas de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, pp. 127-134. Zaghouan: Fondation Temimi pour la Recherche Scientifique et l'Information, August 1997. Dieng, Samba. "El Hadj Oumar et le rayonement de l'Islam en Afrique," in Actes du colloque international tenu à Tombouctour sur: La culture Arabo-Islamique en Afrique au sud du Sahara: cas de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, pp. 135-59. Zaghouan: Fondation Temimi pour la Recherche Scientifique et l'Information, August 1997. Dronen, Tomas Sundnes. "Islam and Ethnicity in Northern Cameroon." SMT/Svensk missions tidskrift/Swedish missiological themes (Uppsala) 86, no. 1 (1998): pp. 45-68. Labatut, Roger. "Contribution a l'etude du comportement religieux des Wodaabe Dageeja du Nord-Cameroun." Journal des africanistes (Paris) 48, no. 2 (1978): pp. 63-92. Magassouba, Seydou. "L'implantation de l'Islam en République de Guinée-Conakry," in Actes du colloque international tenu à Tombouctour sur: La culture Arabo-Islamique en Afrique au sud du Sahara: cas de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, pp. 222-8. Zaghouan: Fondation Temimi pour la Recherche Scientifique et l'Information, August 1997. Mwadkwon, Simon Davou. "Religion, the Settler Question and the Emergence of Ethnic Conflicts in Nigeria: A Survey of Jos." SMT/Svensk missions tidskrift/Swedish missiological themes (Uppsala) 89, no. 1 (2001): pp. 55-73. Njoya, Njiasse. "L'Islam au Cameroun," in Actes du colloque international tenu à Tombouctour sur: La culture AraboIslamique en Afrique au sud du Sahara: cas de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, pp. 236-58. Zaghouan: Fondation Temimi pour la Recherche Scientifique et l'Information, August 1997. Tahir, Ahmad. "Islam and the Complex Nature of the Indigenous Beliefs and Customs of the People of Hausaland in PreColonial Nigeria." Hamdard Islamicus (Karachi) 23, no. 1 (2000): pp. 49-55.

Travel Texts Balfour, Patrick. Lords of the Equator: An African Journey. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1939. Passarge, Siegfried. Adamaoua: Bericht über die Expedition des Deutschen Kameroun-Kommittees in den Jahren 189394. Berlin: D. Reimer, 1895. Patenostre, Dr. Henri "La captivité chez les Peuls du Fouta Djallon." Outre-mer (Paris) 2, No. 3, 4 (1930).

Urbanism Delmond, P. "Dans la boucle du Niger, Dori ville peule." Mélanges ethnologique, pp. ????. Mem. IFAN 23. Dakar: IFAN, 1953. Kamdem, Michel Simeu. "Emplois et logement dans les villes du Cameroun septentrional: après l'Etat, les Alhadji?," in Le désarroi camerounais: l'épreuve de l'économie-monde edited by Georges Courade, pp. 117-29. Paris: Karthala, 2000.