The floral cabinet and magazine of exotic botany (1837)
Short Description
The floral cabinet and magazine of exotic botany (1837)...
Description
Ex Libris Quos INSTITUTION! SMITHSONIANAE
Anno
MCMV
Accesio N.
Donavit
.
LEATHER DRESSING APPLIES 7}
~sl^
THE
FLORAL CABINET, AND
MAGAZINE OF EXOTIC BOTANY. CONDUCTED BY
G.
B.
KNOWLES,
Esq.,
M.R.C.S. F.L.S.,
&c.
(CORRESPONDING MEMBER OP THE MEDICO-BOTANICAL SOCIETY, AND PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE BIRMINGHAM ROYAL SCHOOL OF MEDICINE),
AND
FREDERIC WESTCOTT,
Esq.,
HONORARY SECRETARIES OF THE BIRMINGHAM BOTANICAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
VOLUME
LONDON
WILLIAM SMITH, AND
J.
M.
113,
III.
:
FLEET STREET
KNOTT, BRIDE COURT. MDCCC7CL.
!
LONDON BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.
MoT
INDEX TO VOLUME THIED.
.... .... ....
51
Link.
Whitened Acacia
Aristolochia hyperborea
HoRT.
Northern Aristolochia
Astragalus virgatus
Pall.
Begonia Meyeri
—
Barkeri
PAGB
ENGLISH NAMES.
LATIN NAMES.
Acacia dealbata
.
Otto Kn. et West.
167
Twiggy Astragalus
I
Meyer's Begonia Mr. Barker's Begonia
161
179
55
Iris-leaved Billbergia
Billbergia iridifolia
LlNDL,
Cheiranthus ochroleucus
Kn. et West.
Pale yellow Wall-flower
Chorozema varium
LlNDL.
Cirrhsea viridi-purpurea, var. Fryana
Kn. et West.
Various-leaved Chorozema Mr. Fry's greenish-purple Cirrhsea
Cytisus triflorus
L'Herit.
Three-flowered Cytisus
Kn. et West. Lk. et Otto
Miss Barker's Dahlia Scape-bearing Dahlia
Lindl.
Fimbriate Dendrobium
Dahlia Barkerise
—
scapigera
.... .... ....
Dendrobium fimbriatum amoenum
—
Diplacus puniceus
.
.... .
.
•
Lovely Dendrobium
Wall.
.
NtJTT.
.
Scarlet Diplacus
Erysimum Perowskianum
Perowski's
Gilia coronopifolia
Pers.
Raven-footed Gilia
Hoitzia cocci nea
Cav.
....
•
.
Hypericum hyssopifolium
VlLL.
Impatiens picta
Kn. et West.
165 .
49 147 lit)
71
....
l
nQ O/
163
Doubtful Echinacea
Kn. et W^est. Fisch. et Mey.
Echinacea dubia
117
79
Hedge Mustard
3 qt
Crimson Hoitzia Hyssop-leaved St. John's Wort . Painted Balsam
I 1
A
Q
Leontice chrysogonum
Lin.
Golden-flowered Leontice
33
Lathyrus Armitageanus
Kn. et West. Gay. Kn. et West. Batem.
Mr. Armitage's Lathyrus
81
Linaria delphinoides
Lupinus
Barkerifle
Mormodes pardina Odontoglossum cordatum Rossii, var. acuminatum
Paementier
Onosma setosum
Ledeb.
var.
.
Meyer
Kn. et West.
Dr. Darwall's Oxalis
Petrea volubilis
Lin.
Twining Petrea
Hoary Osbeckia
.
.
Lindl.
White-flowered Phaius
Sims
Styrax-leaved Podalyria
Potentilla hsematochrous
Lehm. Thunb.
Blood-flowered Potentilla
triflora
.
.
.
Three-flowered Rafnia
.
i
.
.
131 5
69
.
Podalyria styracifolia
Rafnia
151
Henchmann's var. of the lurid Oncid. 21 183 Mr. Bateman's Oncidium 83 . Bristly Onosma
Oxalis Darwalliana
.
39
Heart-shaped Lipped Odontog. Acuminated var. of Ross's Odontog.
Osbeckia canescens
Phaius albus
87
Leopard-spotted Mormodes
Kn. et West. Kn. et West.
.
129
Mrs. Barker's Lupine
Lindl.
— Henchmanni Oncidium luridum, — Batemannianum
99
Delphinium-like Linaria
135
53 115 .
97
INDEX TO VOLUME THIRD.
....
ENGLISH NAMES.
LATIN NAMES.
Lin.
Hoary Sage Rush-like Sisyrinchium
Tradescantia spicata
Kn. et West. Kn. et West. Kn. et West.
Tricopilia tortilis
Lindl.
Twisted Tricopilia
Umbilicus sempervivum
Decand.
Sempervivum-like Navelwort
Veronica diosmaefolia
ClJN.
Diosma-leaved Veronica
Salvia argentea
Sisyrinchium junceum
Stanhopea maculosa
New
.
Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et Kn. et
.
Daphnoides
Crotalaria undulata JLv
aUIICl
L.\>\J
\ LKZCLllCL
•
Epidendrum crispatum
—
—
•
.
stenopetalum tridactylum, var. pallidum
Leochilus (gen. nov.)
....
Lissanthe stellata
Lobelia multiflora
Nemaconia graminifolia Oncidium carinatum
—
85 17
Spotted Stanhopea
119
Spike-flowered Tradescantia
133
.
37 101
65
Plants described exclus ively, but not figured, in this Work.
Acacia semiverticillata Billardiera
PAGE
unicornutum
.
Passiflora hispidula
Pleurothallis villosa
....
Polypodium glaucum Solanum Rossii
Sutherlandia frutescens, var. subca|
nescens
West. West. West. West. West. West. West. West. West. West. West. West. West. West. West. West. West.
Vol. 2,
fol.
27
Vol. 2,
Fol.
fin
Vol. 2,
fol. IOCS
Vol. 3,
fol.
Vol. 2,
fol.
79
Vol. 2,
fnl 101.
I/O
2, fol.
186
Vol.
loo 1 fit?
Vol. 2,
fol.
143
Vol. 3,
fol.
79
Vol. 3, fnl
Vol.
Kn. et West.
2, fol.
127
Vol. 2,
fol.
31
Vol. 2,
fol.
143
Vol. 3,
fol.
126
Vol. 2,
fol.
78
Vol. 2,
fol.
176
Vol. 2,
fol.
141
Vol. 2,
fol.
76
BOTANICAL AND GARDENING COMMUNICATIONS. PAGE
On the cause of Canker in Apple-trees On the culture of Phalocallis plumbea Reflections on the approach of spring
On On On On
the Order Myristacese
.
the irritability of Plants
.
the Order Palmaceffi
.
.
the progress and principle
mental gardening
9
& .
.
On
10
On preserving the beauty of flowers On Tropasolum tuberosum On the cultivation of several kinds
10
.12 .
from
warm
.25
of orna-
climates
.
New
.
.
Phlox
.
On On
the love of flowers
the culture of the Vine
.
.
.
.
sexes of Mosses
.
44
On On
.
75
The
the Order
.
.
.
Nymphseacea Autumnal Walk
.
Naturalist's
Plants, 14, 29, 45, 61, 77, 94, 109, 124, 141, 157, 173
Monthly Gardening Operations,
.
89,105 92 109 .
.
of
.137 .138
the development of the Theca and the
41, 57, 73, 107, 121
the excretions of the roots of plants
Botanical Notices of
the exhalation of vegetables
23
Suggestions for the transportation of seeds
On
PAGE
23
16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160,
176
.
1
69
.173 .153 .
156
JT°91
——
HYPERICUM HYSSOPIFOLIUM. (Hyssop-leaved Hypericum.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
,
T No. 91.
POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA,
HYPERICACE^E.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Capsula membranacea.
Hypericum. (Linn.)
Stamina numerosa basi polyadelplia,
Herbse aut
plus minusve coalita et insequalia.
Styles 3-5, in
Petala 5.
(Decand.
variable" in
— Herbs or undershrubs.
vol.
p. 544.)
i.
Stamens numerous,
number.
polyadelphous at the base, rarely somewhat definite in number. or less united and unequal at the base.
variabiles.
Sepala 5, basi
Folia opposita, saepe pellucido-
suffrutices.
some
quibusdam numero
subdefinita.
Flores varie dispositi.
punctata, aut margine nigro-punctata.
Capsule membranaceous.
Styli 3-5 in
numero
rare-
Petals five.
Sepals five,
more
Leaves opposite, often marked
Flowers variously disposed.
with pellucid dots, or dotted with black on the margin.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
H. Hyssopifolium
Caule suffruticoso recto tereti sub-ramoso
;
calyce ovato
;
foliis oblongo-lanceolatis
margine revolutis pellucido-punctatis in axilla
utrinque attenuatis
subobtusis
subobtuso apice serrulato-glanduloso
;
corolla glandulosa
;
8
stylis
fasciculatis
;
liberis diver-
gentibus.
Stem somewhat shrubby,
erect, round,
somewhat branched
obtuse, narrowed at each end, revolute in the margin,
;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather
marked with
pellucid dots, clustered in
the axilla
;
calyx ovate, rather obtuse, minutely serrated, and glandular at the apex
glandular
;
styles three, free, divergent.
Hypericum hyssopifolium.
Descr.— Stem from from half
—
;
Delph. 3, p. 305,
petals obovate,
somewhat
as it blossoms freely,
is
vol.
i.
is
corolla
p. 552. ;
leaves narrow, ;
panicle lax,
reflexed.
is
a native
is
of the South of France, in the collection of the
a desirable acquisition to the flower border,
for
some time.
extensive, containing not less than 130 species, which
arranged by Decandolle in
" Perforaria," and
two
It
and endures
The genus Hypericum
section,
Decand.
Our drawing was made from a specimen
Birmingham Botanic Garden.
are
44.
an inch in length, sprinkled with pellucid dots
This handsome and interesting plant Tauria, &c.
t.
a foot to a foot and a half high, moderately branched
to three quarters of
many-flowered
Till.
;
five
sections, of
which the fourth
is
termed
characterised chiefly by the pellucid dots of the leaves. This
which contains by far the largest portion of the
species,
is
arranged in
subdivisions, one with the sepals entire, the other with the sepals toothed,
frequently glandular
j
in the latter subdivision
is
has the sepals minutely serrated and glandulose at their apex. VOL.
III.
NO, XXV.
MAKCH, 1839.
and
the station of our plant, which
B
—
;
HYPERICUM HYSSOPIFOLIUM.
2
The
several species of Hypericum., or St. John's
many
flowers,
Wort, have handsome yellow They are
of which are exceedingly ornamental in shrubberies.
resiniferous in their properties,
and have, for the most part, a strong disagreeable
odour when bruised, and an astringent, bitter
Hence some
taste.
been used for medicinal purposes from an early period.
common, though handsome is
—
.
Fuga Dcemonum
species, is the
a plant formerly held in great estimation for
jurations
and enchantments
Germany, even
and
formerly carried
of old herbalists,
said that the peasants of
is
it
it
and
France and
ceremony on
St.
John's
In Scotland persons
to be a preservative against thunder.
it
them have
supposed influence in con-
in the present day, gather it with great
Day, believing
The
;
its
of
Hypericum perforatum, a
about their persons as a charm against witchcraft.
following lines, alluding to a custom which prevails in
were originally translated from a German Almanac
Lower Saxony,
:
JOHN'S WORT.
ST.
The young maid stole thro' the cottage door, And blush'd as she sought the plant of power ;— Thou silver glow-worm, oh lend me thy light, I must gather the mystic St. John's Wort to-night; The wonderful herb, whose leaf will decide, If the coming year shall make me a bride. And the glow-worm came, With its silvery flame, And sparkled and shone !
Thro' the night of
And
John,
St.
soon has the young maid her love-knot tied
With noiseless tread To her chamber she sped, Where the spectral moon her white beams
sheds
:
" Bloom here, bloom here, thou plant of power,
To deck But
it
And And
the young bride in her bridal hour
droop'd
died the
its
head
—that plant of power
mute death
of the voiceless flower
a wither'd wreath on the ground
More meet
And when
it
lay,
for a burial than bridal day.
a year had pass'd away,
All pale on her bier the young maid lay
And
" !
the
!
glow-worm came,
With its silvery flame, And sparkled and shone Thro' the night of
And they Fig.
1,
germ, with
its
the arrangement of seeds.
St.
John,
closed the cold grave
three styles
;
on the maid's cold
2, vertical section of
clay.
the capsule, showing
ir?9z
———
—
;
GILIA CORONOPIFOLIA. {Raven-footed Gilia.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER,
^,
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
POLEMONIACEJi. JuSS.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Gilia.
Calyx campanulatus, 5-fidus, margine et sinubus membranaceus.
Limbo
subcampanulata.
dibuliformis vel
faucem vel vix intra tubum
5-partito, laciniis
obovatis
Stamina ad
Capsu Ice loculi polyspermi.
Antherce ovato-subrotundse.
inserta.
Corolla infun-
integris.
Benth.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5 divisions, having the margin sinuses membranaceous.
Limb
shaped, or somewhat bell-shaped.
Cells of the Cap-
Anthers roundish, ovate.
in the throat of the corolla, scarcely in the tube. sule
Corolla funnel-
Stamens inserted
5-parted, divisions obovate, entire.
many-seeded.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. G. Coronopifolia. pinnatis
;
strictis paniculatis
laciniis filiformibus apice
oblongis acutis.
Stem
Caulibus
Foliis pectinatim
glanduloso-pubescentibus.
Corollis elongatis tubulosis limbi patuli laciniis
setaceis.
Lindl. Bot. Reg. p. 1691.
erect, paniculate, glandularly
downy. Leaves comb-shaped, winged
divisions filiform,
;
Corolla lengthened, tubular, limb spreading, divisions oblong, acute.
bristly at the apex.
Pers.
Gilia coronopifolia.
Ipomopsis elegans. Ipomopsis picta.
Lin. Ex. Bot. Hort. Gallic.
This plant was called Ipomopsis, and was considered by Dr. Lindley as a
genus distinct from Gilia
:
Mr. Bentham, who decides
H. Ipomopsis a
section,
however, it
it
has lately undergone an examination by
to be essentially the
same as
under the following character
natisected, or pinnatifid.
Flowers
:
Gilia,
— " Leaves
Tube
axillary, or glomerate.
and making
alternate, pin-
of the corolla
elongated, longly protruding."
The above writer
also separates the
North-west American species from that of
Carolina, in consequence of the following differences.
present plant,
is
pubescence,
leaves have very
its
a native of Carolina;
narrow
it is
covered
divisions,
Gilia coronopifolia, all
which taper
the segments of the corolla are not refiexed, but spreading, b 2
our
over with glandular off to fiat,
a fine point
and with
slight
4
GILIA CORONOPIFOLIA.
points.
On
the contrary, Gilia pulchella
no glands on the stem, to the point,
is
a North-west American plant, has
narrow segments, which do not taper and the corolla has the segments almost triangular and reflexed. its
leaves have flat
Our present species is a half-hardy biennial. The seed should be sown in a gentle heat in August or September, and potted off in one or more small pots for the winter, during which time they should be kept in an airy part of the greenhouse, near to the glass. pots, containing a mixture of
may either be
In spring they should be shifted into larger-sized
loam and sand.
As
they advance in growth they
shifted into flowering pots, to be kept in the greenhouse, or planted
J une into the open ground, in rather a shady situation. The genus Gilia was dedicated by Ruiz and Pavon in compliment
out in
Spanish botanist.
,
to Gilio, a
A
;
.
5
OXALIS D A R V A LL I A N A (Dr. Darwell's
Oxalis.).
NATURAL ORDER.
LINNEAN SYSTEM. 9
DECANDRIA PENT A GYNI
oxalide^e.
— (Decand.)
GENERIC CHARACTER. sepalis liberis aut basi coalitis.
Calyx 5-sepalus,
Oxalis (Lin.)
liformes aut capitati.
Styli 5 apice pennicil-
Herbse perennes, caules-
Capsula pentagona oblonga aut cylindracea.
centes stipitatae aut acaules,
sed
foliis variis
nunquam abrupte
Stamina 10
Petala 5.
filamentis basi breviter monadelphis, 5 exterioribus alternis brevioribus.
pinnatis.
(Decand. Prod. vol.
i.
p. 690.)
Calyx five-sepaled, sepals free or joined at the base.
Stamens
Petals five.
shortly monadelphbus at the base, five exterior ones alternately shorter. or capitate at the apex.
Capsule five-sided, oblong or cylindrical.
ten, filaments
Styles five, brush-like
Herbaceous perennial plants,
caulescent stipitate or stemless, having various-formed leaves, but never abruptly pinnate.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. O. Darvalliana
;
radice tuberosa repente
nibus glanduloso-punctatis emarginatis
;
;
foliolis ternis late linearibus sparse hirsutis,
floribus solitariis albidis margine
pallide
margi-
coccineis
stylis longissimis glanduloso-hirsutis.
Root tuberous, creeping rounded
at the
a margin of pale crimson
Descr.
leaflets
;
margin with glandular ;
styles
notched at the end
dots,
;
flowers solitary, whitish, having
very long, glandularly hairy.
—Root tuberous, creeping.
leaves from the nodi.
in threes, broadly linear, scattered over with hairs, sur-
Stem about four inches high, smooth, having numerous
Leaves in threes.
Leaflets broadly linear, notched at the end,
and
scattered all over with white hairs, the margins bordered all round with dark glandular dots. Petioles
somewhat sheathing
leaves, others shorter.
at the base, of
Flowers
than the leaves, pubescent.
solitary.
unequal lengths, pubescent, some longer than the
Peduncle arising from the axil of the
Calyx hairy, lanceolate, acute, surrounded with a crimson margin.
margin surrounded with crimson, in the same manner as the calyx. in
two heights,
five,
and
five,
and longer scarlet.
Petals whitish, having their
Claw yellow.
Filaments
glandularly hairy, both of which are shorter than the styles.
glandularly hairy, longer than the filaments, thickened at the apex.
smooth.
in
five
leaf,
Bracts two, situate a quarter of an inch below the flower,
Ovarium
Styles
five-celled,
Ovules numerous.
This is a very delicate plant, but shy in producing flowers, and still more shy expanding them than the other species of the genus. It approaches very near
OXALIS DARVALLIANA.
f>
0. versicolor (Lin.), but differs from that species in having the leaflets broader,
and surrounded with glandular dots at their apex.
for its shyness in flowering. late
;
the leaflets of 0. versicolor having
It differs also in its creeping root,
We
which
may
them only
probably account
have named this plant in compliment to the
Dr. Darwall, with whom, and the late Mr. Armitage, the Birmingham
Botanical and Horticultural Society might be said to have had
its origin.
We
have also complimented Mr. Armitage in a similar manner in a Lathyrus from
South America, and we trust we
shall
be able to publish a figure of
it
in
an early
number.
The geographical page 21 of the
first
distribution,
volume.
and other remarks on
this genus, are given at
;!
7
FRYANA.
var.
NATURAL ORDER.
LINNEAN SYSTEM. No. 94.
GYNANDRIA MONANDKI A.
ORCHID ACE^E.
§
VAKDEjE.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Perianthium patens.
Cirrhaea (Ltndl.)
Columna erecta
angustis intermedia minore.
Anthera dorsalis
cirrhato.
ro'stello
!
Gen.
et
Perianth patent.
;
Folia plicata.
epiphytse, pseudo-bulbosse.
— {Lindl.
Petala multo angustiora, ;
laciniis
clavata, teres, stigmate subquadrato, horizon'tali
membranacea, subunilocularis.
oblonga, compressa elastice prosilientia
lati.
Sepala libera, asqualia.
Labellum longe unguiculatum, columna continuum tripartitum
linearia, flexuosa.
Pollinia
2
parallela,
caudicula brevi cornea glandula incurva.
Racemi penduii,
Heroes
Flores macu-
multiflori, radicales.
Spec. Orchid, page 141.)
Petals
Sepals free, equal.
much
narrower, linear, flexuose.
Labellum
longly clawed, continuous with the column, three-parted, divisions narrow, the intermediate one
Column
smaller.
erect, club-shaped,
parallel, oblong,
compressed
elastically, shooting out.
Leaves
Epiphytic pseudo-bulbose plants. arising
round, stigma somewhat square, horizontal, with a cirrhous
Anthera placed at the back of the column, membranaceous, one-celled.
beak.
from the base of the pseudo-bulb.
Pollinia 2,
Caudicula short, horny, gland incurved.
Racemes pendulous, many-flowered, scape
plicate.
Flowers spotted.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Foliis lanceolatis
;
petalis carnosis linearibus fuscis sepalis duplo
sepalis lutiscentis revolutis
Leaves lanceolate revolute
;
petals fleshy, linear, brownish, as small again as the sepals
labellum three-parted, acute, fleshy, parts
;
Descr.
minoribus et brevioribus
labello tripartito acuto, carnoso, partibus subagqualibus.
;
—Pseudo-bulbs ovate, furrowed.
somewhat
Leaves lanceolate,
;
sepals yellowish,
equal. solitary.
Scape compressed, two-
edged. Sepals thin, of a yellowish green colour, unspotted, bent back at the margins, twice as broad,
and longer than the
acute, the upper of other, are
Petals linear, fleshy, delicately coloured with fine spots of reddish
petals.
brown, shorter than the
sepals.
which
is
Labellum fleshy, divided into nearly three equal
more fleshy and yellow,
tinted in the centre with orange,
is
marked
in a similar
stigma
is
celled,
with two fleshy appendages inside
concave
;
each part
and at the union there
fleshy protuberance, the claw of the labellum is longer than the lobes, the
centre of the labellum, and
parts,
banded with dark purple, the two other parts are parallel with each
in the shape of a horse-shoe oblique, ;
manner
to the petals but
and then fixed
beak very
column reaches
at the
finely subulate.
more
distinct.
is
a
to the
The
back of the column, onePollen-masses compressed,
gland hooked.
The genus
Cirrhcea
is
singular,
and curious
in the structure of its flowers,
which hang in beautiful tresses over the sides of the pot, but unfortunately they
CIRRHiEA VIRIDIPURPUREA;
8
var.
PRY ANA.
are but of short duration, seldom lasting more than a few days, when they lose their colour, and as it were dissolve such was the character of our species as :
regards structure. it differs
This plant very
chiefly in its
markings.
much
We
resembles C. viridipurpurea, from which
are disposed therefore to consider
it
merely
a variety.
The genus Cirrhoea is South American, and all, we believe, that are at preknown are natives of Brazil. Our plant was received at the Birmingham Horticultural Society in the autumn of 1835, from Rio, forwarded by E. W.
sent
Fry, Esq.
It requires to
in a
dormant
The
soil
be kept in a humid stove while growing, and, when
state, should
be kept in a cool house, and have but little water. should be rough sandy peat, using plenty of drainers in the bottom of
When
the pots.
increase
is
wanted, the pseudo-bulbs should be separated some
time before dividing.
The generic name Cirrhsea is derived from to the colour of the flowers of the species Fig.
column; gland.
1, lateral
2,
first
kl PP os
yellow, or fulvous, in allusion
described.
view of a flower, showing the labellum continuous with the
the three-lobed labellum;
3,
the pollinia, with their caudicula and
;
9
ON THE CAUSE OF CANKER BY
CAMERON,
D.
APPLE TREES.
IN
A.L.S.
Soon after the establishment of the London and Caledonian Horticultural
was directed towards devising a cure
Societies, the attention of horticulturists
the Canker in Apple Trees. the evil is not
much lessened,
and more particularly
In orchards, the canker
in gardens.
consequence of a spot in which the suitable
:
is
is
.
and situation being selected which are
soil
but in gardens, however small or unfavourable the situation
most common.
•
not so prevalent, in
there are almost invariably apple trees, and consequently in such
canker
for
many recipes have been given, but still if we may judge by the appearance of many orchards,
Since that time,
may
be,
gardens the
That some of the recipes produced from the above
source were of considerable service there can be no doubt
:
the error with some
appears to have been in considering the canker as a primary disease, instead of being produced by a vitiated or deficient state of the juices, occasioned by various causes; such as
soil,
situation, &c.
ever be found for the canker.
gated by ascertaining to
It
not likely that an effectual cure
may
a corresponding degree.
by which means the
;
Some
will
be considerably miti-
cause in the particular locality, and
its
remove the cause as much as possible
will cease in
is
Its effects, however,
when
ascertained,
effects of the
canker
much more
varieties of apples are
subject to the canker than others, but the age of the variety does not appear to
be of so much consequence as an unfavourable pippin will canker as well as the golden pippin. far, it
may be
my own
well for
mild,
situation.
The Downton
my
opinion thus
most
likely
means of remedy, leaving
is
to others
soil is naturally cold and damp, or made so The growing season commences with warm,
where the
in the spring.
and cloudy weather, forcing the trees into blossom, and into
the roots from the chilly state of the of their tops.
come under
it
and what has come under their own observation.
cause of canker
by excessive rains
and
Having stated
to point out a few of those causes that have
observation, with the
to supply deficiencies,
One
me
soil
soil
can emit fibres
leaf,
sufficient for the
before
support
All seems going on well, until either a few days of clear sunshine,
or a dry parching wind comes on.
When
this happens,
by looking over the
trees,
many clusters both of blossoms and buds, and also leaf-buds, will be found on many trees drooping and withering every one of which, if not cut out with a knife ;
into the sound wood, are the seeds of future canker,
and
will sink
deeper into
the branches of the trees, until they will frequently cause, in the course of time, total decay of all that part
of the
canker commences.
c
branch situated above where the
«
»
REFLECTIONS' ON THE APPROACH OF SPRING.
ON THE CULTURE OF PHALOCALLIS PLUMBEA. Herb. Bot.
Mag.
3710
t.
;
Syn.
CYPELLA PLUMBEA,
Until
;
and
MARICA
CCELESTIS, Lehm.
BY DAVID CAMERON,
AX.S.
This pretty and singular plant was raised in the Birmingham Horticultural
Gardens about
Society's
six years ago,
under the name of Marica
ccelestis,
from seeds received from Mr. Hunneman
Lehm.
It has
proved to be perfectly hardy,
having been out in the border in the front of the houses during the winters of 1836-7-8 without the least protection, and sustained no injury; in which situation
flowered both seasons, and perfected seeds in the
it
As
1838.
it,
the autumn to take up the bulbs and pot them, and place
during the winter and the spring
May
ing.
In
much
earlier,
more
of the year
;
by
this
them
means the bulbs
is,
in
in the greenhouse will
be set grow-
turn them into the open border, where they will come into flower
and continue sending out a considerable number of flowers at
from the same scape, and
intervals
autumn
however, flowers so very late in the season, the best method
desirable, as
it
will frequently also ripen seeds,
does not appear to give
much
increase
by
which are the
bulbs.
The seeds vegetate freely in heat, and the plant generally flowers the second The soil for potting the bulbs in should be loam, sand, and a little peat. seems to succeed well in common garden soil when planted out of doors.
year. It
With
us the flowers open about two o'clock, and close about three o'clock
in the afternoon.
REFLECTIONS ON THE APPROACH OF SPRING. How
sweet,
how
refreshing
is
the breath of spring,
warmth around, and whispers cheering rays the coming of its summer splendour,
first
sheds
its
genial
when
—when
drops that
lie
the morning sun
in the brightness of those
the glistening dew-
enfolded in each opening bud, and the young spring flowers, and
tell of those radiant glowing days when the warm smile of How pure how grateful are beam again upon the face of nature the feelings we experience in gazing upon the first few blossoms of the early We know that the cold icy blasts of winter are now pouring forth their spring terrors over other lands, and our own sweet valleys are again reviving in their
the wild bird's note,
summer
shall
!
!
!
wonted freshness and beauty, under the cheering influence of milder
Again the pale snowdrop and the glowing crocus the lowly violet breathes forth
its
delicious
rise
gales.
from their frozen slumber,
odour from some sheltered lane or
mossy bank, and each succeeding day we are greeted by some new smiling face
REFLECTIONS ON THE APPROACH OP SPRING. that the gloom of winter had almost driven from our memory.
1]
Among
many
the
pleasing forms that meet our view on a bright sunny morning in March or April, 11 This none is more graceful or more simple than the pretty " Draba verna. little
plant
is
when
often,
in full flower, not
more than half an inch high, and yet most gaudy exotic. The lover of
as perfectly symmetrical in structure as the plants, indeed, fails
who
is
accustomed to notice the
productions of spring, never
first
to welcome the appearance of this simple flower with
more than ordinary
interest.
For even
in this early season of the year,
when nature has unfolded but a
small portion of her charms, unnumbered objects in the vegetable world present
The
themselves to our notice, and claim the admiration of every reflecting mind.
bud informs us that the
swelling
tree
no longer dormant
is
—that
the sap has
—
begun to flow preparatory to the expansion of the leaves that the roots are in a state of activity, imbibing from the soil such substances as may be suitable to their economy,
and conveying them upwards
demanded and
carried to the extremity of every branch
periodical increase
The
some
a circumstance of peculiar interest catkins,
bud.
The
and every
leaf, till
is
the
completed.
is
early period at which
their
The
for the purposes of nutrition.
commenced, a continual supply of sap
process of vegetation being once
trees put
;
on their mantle of inflorescence,
the nut and the poplar are
elegantly pendulous, before a single leaf has
earliest of the willow tribe are also
is
now adorned with started from
its
decorated in a similar manner
with their catkins, which emerging from their silky coverings, unfold their golden
stamens to the breeze.
Among
the trees whose inflorescence
one of the earliest
is
displayed in
more
attractive colours,
the almond-tree, which forms one of the most lovely orna-
is
ments of the shrubbery, the branches being covered with their blushing blossoms before any leaves
make
their appearance.
These early beauties cannot but furnish the lover of nature with ample sources of the purest delight.
But should the
spirit of
gladness be the only one which animates our thoughts
Should there not be a deeper, a holier springing again into of death
\
Oh
!
life,
amid
fallen
feeling,
when we view the young
stems and scattered leaves
—the
t
flowers
desolation
we should indeed remember that by the same hand which their appointed seasons, we also must meet our doom and spring raises them again unto life and beauty, we also may
yes,
felled the flowers in
that as the voice of
;
hope to be raised from the dark sleep of the grave, and welcomed by the voice of Divine Love into the realms of eternal
life
volume of nature, one glorious display of
most
insignificant of flowers bears
must excite
upon
it
!
There
infinite
is,
indeed, in the whole
wisdom.
The
smallest, the
the impress of the Almighty hand, and
in every heart emotions of gratitude
and admiration.
Who
can
gaze upon the green pastures of our native land, studded with the wild flowers of c
2
—
MYBISTICACEiE.
12 spring, its
and not
emotion
feel this
snowy fringe and golden
joy,
;
;
Who
?
crest,
— THE
NUTMEG
TRIBE.
can look upon the modest daisy, with
without some thought swelling in his bosom of
and hope, and love ?
Mason Good has
Dr.
alluded to this feeling in some elegant
lines,
which we
subjoin,
THE DAISY. Not worlds on worlds in phalanx deep Need we to prove a God is here
The
daisy, fresh
from winter's
sleep,
Tells of his hand in lines as clear.
who but He who arch'd the skies, And pours the day-spring's living flood, Wondrous alike in all He tries, For,
Could rear the
Mould
its
green cup,
its
wiry stem,
Its fringed border nicely spin
And
cut the gold-embossed
That,
And
set in silver,
fling
O'er
;
gem
gleams within ;
and
dale,
and desert
sod,
That man, where'er he walks, may In every
step, the
stamp of God
MYRISTICACEJ5. — THE The Nutmeg,
laurels,
see ?
NUTMEG
TRIBE.
some kindred genera, were formerly united
Myristica, with
the same order with the
I
unrestrain'd and free,
it,
hill,
bud
daisy's purple
on account of their dioecious flowers and other points of
much-branched
tropical, leaves,
with
trees,
in
from which they were separated by Dr. Brown, exstipulate,
difference.
alternate,
simple,
devoid of pellucid dots, coriaceous in substance, and, when
They are undivided
grown,
full
downy beneath. The flowers are axillary or terminal, racemose or The fruit is fleshy, the seed nut-like, erect (the nutmeg), and inverted panicled. by a many-cleft arillus (the mace). Of the genus Myristica there are several
generally
species,
but Myristica moschata
fruits of all of
is
them are more or
the most valuable and the best known.
less
aromatic
;
and
it
is
said that
are not unfrequently mixed with the genuine nutmeg, although containing less essential oil,
as a spice.
and consequently being
far less aromatic,
The
some of them
and very
much
inferior
MYRISTICACEJE.— THE NUTMEG TRIBE.
The Banda
isles,
world, and were
IS
though very small, were formerly the nutmeg gardens of the colonized
first
by the Dutch, who,
in 1602,
to secure to themselves the entire trade
having reduced to
means
subjection the original inhabitants, endeavoured, by every
in this valuable spice
in their power, ;
with this view
they confined the cultivation of the nutmeg tree to a few of the islands, and it is
said they contrived to have all the trees in the other islands destroyed.
During the period they remained possessors of the spice
mace and nutmegs exported from no
less
than 250,000
lbs.
islands, the quantity of
their colonies appears to have been
immense
having been sent annually to Europe alone.
;
After
these islands were taken by the British, which was in 1796, there were imported
England alone by the East India Company,
into
and 286,000
12.9,723 lbs. of nutmegs,
lbs.
two succeeding years,
in the
When
of mace.
the crops were super-
abundant, the Dutch, in order to prevent a reduction in the market price, are reported to have been in the habit, occasionally, of burning prodigious quantities of their various spices, by which the air for miles around has been perfumed
with their aromatic scent. "Within the last forty years the nutmeg has been extensively cultivated in
many of our tropical settlements, particularly at Bencoolen, in Sumatra, and in the West India islands their culture in the former place is attended with com;
plete success, the crops being abundant,
and of
fine quality
;
in the latter country
they are not found to succeed.
Nutmegs are found, by analysis, to contain two distinct oily principles, one a by expression, the other an essential oil obtained by distillation. The knowledge of this fact has led to the fraudulent practice of puncturing and
fixed oil obtained
boiling
them
in order to extract the aromatic
oil,
the orifices being afterwards
carefully stopped to prevent discovery; but the cheat having been detected,
now
The nutmeg-tree best
is
rarely practised.
;
yields three crops annually
the second in August, and the third in
require nine months to ripen
it.
The
;
the
in lime-water,
it is said,
of preserving
and the mace
is
;
April, which
yet the fruit
is
is
the
said to
external coverings being separated, the
nut and the mace are carefully dried in the sun
immersed
first in
December
;
after which, the nuts are
sprinkled with salt-water, with the view,
them from the attacks
of insects.
14
NEW
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF
PLANTS.
DICOTYLEDONES. ZYGOPHYLLACEiE. Guaicum Officinale. worthy of
stove plant, and
of a light bright green,
Whether some doubt,
its flowers,
to
which are abundant, are of a
which produces the Lignum
50 feet high, as that of Lignum Vitse
grow more than 12
its taste
:
The
fragrant smell.
S.
wood
centre of the
larger proportion of resin
feet high.
is
the outer layer or sap
;
may
admit of
form a
will
it
Dr. Macfadyen expressly
reported to be.
an obscure green, and is
more yellow,
a
brilliant blue colour.
Vitae, as is asserted,
The wood
is
Its leaves are
hard and heavy, so as to
is
and inodorous, but when ignited, gives out a
slightly bitter,
is
is
This
9.
t.
be seen in collections.
of extremely slow growth, so as scarcely to be believed that
it is
states that it does not
sink in water
to
N.
Bot. Reg.
Vitae.
and but seldom
cultivation,
this is the species
for
from 40
tree
and
Common Lignum
Lin.
is
slight
the part which contains the
lighter,
and contains very
little
of the resin.
The gum
gum
known by
resin,
name
the
of
Gum
with
is
performed in May, and the juice which flows out
It
Lignum
Vitae
is
manner
singular
compact as
to
Guaicum peat, but like
The
and can never be
which the woody tubes
in
Officinale requires to be
grown
most other stove and greenhouse
In selecting them, a
and they will
little
strike root in a
S.
a walnut.
and
it
This
10.
t.
This
treating
the latter operation
sun.
its
specific gravity
latter property is
being
owing to the
mass
so
in a high temperature, with plenty of water to
is
It is
is
when
early in the spring,
the plant begins
of the ripened of the previous year should be left upon off.
They may be plunged
few weeks.
in bottom heat
under a
bell-
Bot. Reg. Lindl.
Tuberous Geranium, branched
bamosum.
var.
mixture of rich loam and
plants, prefers being planted out.
GERANIACEiE.
Gebanium tuberosum, N.
known,
It succeeds well if potted in a
its leaves.
them, which prevents them damping glass,
is
The
split.
;
by
cross each other diagonally, forming a
best time to take cuttings for propagation
to grow.
by the
concreted
tree.
obtained
is
have no cleavage,
and showers over
its roots,
is
the hardest and heaviest wood that
is
It breaks like a mineral,
1.333.
produced from this
is
Oxalic acid
obtained either by spontaneous flow, or by incisions
it
nitric acid.
Guaicum,
and partially in water.
dissolves entirely in alcohol,
variety.
Bot. Reg.
a curious, hardy, herbaceous Geranium, with fleshy roots, about the size of
met with
in the
kingdom of Naples, which seems to be its most western limits, it was met with in abundance by
occurs as far to the eastward as the Euphrates, where
Col. Chesney.
common
;
In the
fields
a,nd it occurs to the
of Greece, and some of the islands of the Archipelago,
The
north as far as the Crimea.
plant
now
figured
was
it
is
collected
It differs from G. Tuberosum, by being by the Hon. W. F. Strangways, near Potenza. branched down to the very base, on which account Dr. Lindley has given it the name of
Ramosum, grow well
to distinguish it as a peculiar in
any good garden
greater part of the roots.
summer.
soil.
It
may
It is a
branched variety.
It bears
hardy perennial, and will
an abundance of pink flowers, which continue the
either be increased
by
seeds, or
by the
division of the
Bot. Reg.
HYDROPHYLLE^I. Eutoca div abic ata.
Benth.
Straggling Eutoca.
Bot.
Mag.
t.
3766.
This
is
a pretty
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF
NEW
PLANTS.
L5
hardy annual, bearing racemes of large bluish purple flowers, and introduced into our gardens
from
California,
by the
late
humble growth, both the
It being of
Mr. Douglass.
flowers suffer from the rain washing the soil over
them.
Bot.
and
foliage
Mag.
PLUMB AGINACEiE. Statice arborea.
Tree
Willd.
N.
Bot. Reg.
Statice.
This
S. t. 6.
a stately and
is
magnificent plant, the brilliancy of whose blue neither precious stones nor metallic preparations
can approach. It
who
was introduced by P. B. Webb, Esq., from the Canaries
visited that place,
extinct in
its
he found
native place
;
Teneriffe
by some
to
Von Buch,
it is
the most local and rare of
which seem
of Burgado,
broken
as if
violent convulsion of nature, that this rare plant
known
all
it
to be It is
plants.
from the coast of
off
found, surrounded on every
is
by the ocean.
The temperature
of the climate in which
air being cooled
there
rain, except in
is little
composed of volcanic
it
grows
described as varying between
is
by breezes from the N.N.W., E.N.E.
86 Fahr., the
is
islets
and according
;
only in gardens about Orotavia, and he believed
and, in truth,
only on a few rocks, called the
side
it
November and January, when
tufa, basalt, scoria,
although the quantity of rain that
the air of the
the sky in
it falls
and sheets of lava, in a
falls is small,
:
is
heavy showers: the
state of decomposition.
islets
Society,
of this species
was exhibited
at one of the meetings of the
soil
But
sea.
London Horticultural
from the establishment of Messrs. Luccombe, Pince, and Co., of Exeter, which was
six feet high, and covered over with large clusters of flowers, and such
excited
and
inhabited by Statice Arborea
must be constantly moist, in consequence of evaporation from the surface of the
A plant
(30
seldom overcast,
by the beauty of this
plant, that
it
was rewarded with a gold medal
was the admiration :
an unusual mark
of distinction. It is well adapted for planting in the bed or borders of a conservatory,
an equal mixture of loam and peat, and cuttings of the
young
shoots.
it
flowers from April to June.
and thrives well in
It strikes freely
from
Bot. Reg.
MONOCOTYLEDONES. ORCHIDACEiE AND VANDEjE. Maxillaria tenuifolia. is
Lindl.
Bot. Reg.
an exceedingly pretty Maxillaria, bearing crimson and yellow
Mexico, in the neighbourhood of Vera Cruz, where naturalist
The
it
cultivation,
and
it is
stove in a pot, with a block of
when
thrust into the
S.
t. 8.
This
as a collector in that country.
out of flower
one of the easiest to manage.
wood
N.
It is a native of
flowers.
was found by Mr. Theodore Hartwig, a
employed by the London Horticultural Society,
freshness and greenness of the leaf
worthy of
it.
Lindl.
Slender-leaved Maxillaria.
soil,
is
make it warm damp
so striking as to
It succeeds in a
and the long branching rhizoma
tied to
Bot. Reg.
Oncidium Forbesii.
Hook.
Mr. Forbes' Oncidium.
certainly a most beautiful species of Oncidium, discovered
Bot.
Mag.
t.
3705.
by Mr. Gardner
This is
in the
Organ
Mountains in the year 1837, and sent by him to his patron, his Grace the Duke of Bedford,
Woburn Abbey.
It bears a large panicle of flowers, resembling in shape those of
O. crispum,
but instead of being of a brown colour, the petals and sepals are of a deep scarlet orange bordered
with yellow, with white disc spotted with the plate above referred
to.
Its specific
scarlet, at least
name, Forbesii,
is
such are the markings according to
in
compliment
to his Grace's gardener,
Mr. Forbes, who has been very successful in the cultivation of numerous plants which have been sent to this country by Mr. Gardner.
Bot.
Mag.
16
CALENDAR OF GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR MARCH. In the plant stove,
all
tuberous-rooted plants, such as the Gloxinias, Gesnerias,
Hedychiums, Zingiber, &c, that have remained dormant during the winter, require to have the soil shaken from their roots, and repotted, into fresh soil. All other plants, requiring larger pots,
may be now also
shifted,
will
and the other
plants fresh surfaced.
The
stove
may now
be kept at from 65 to 70 degrees of heat during the
night.
The
must now
plants in the greenhouse
that require
it,
and fresh surfacing
Give plenty of air every
weather proves
fine,
all
fine day,
the plants
also
be looked over, shifting those
others.
and towards the end of the month
may have
;
if
the
a watering overhead, once or twice, so
as they get perfectly dry before evening.
Sow
for the
main crop of Balsams, Browallias, Gomphrenas, Capsicums, and
other tender annuals.
Sow
seeds of stove and greenhouse plants, either in a hotbed or in the hot-
house. .
Cuttings of
many
stove and greenhouse plants
particularly those of a soft
woody
may now be
put
in,
more
nature, and such as will be wanted for turning
out into the open ground in May, for flowering during the
summer and autumn
months.
Sow hardy annuals if the month proves favourable, but may be left until next month. Carnations may be shifted into their flowering pots. Pink beds should be
lightly forked
over,
and a
little
if
cold
and wet, they
fresh soil added,
if
necessary.
Cucumber and Melon must be
frames,
carefully attended to,
cutting winds frequently cool
and
others, requiring a strong, steady heat,
and be fresh lined when necessary, as sharp
them
rapidly.
—
17
SISYRINCHIUM JUNCEUM. (Rush-like Sisyrinchium.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
__
No. 95.
TRIDACEiE.
MONADELPHIA TRIANDRIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Perianthium sex-partitum regulare.
Sisyrinchium (Lin.)
Stigmata simplicia.
Stylus 3-fidus.
tincta.
Filamenta infra connata vel
dis-
Brown, Prod. Flor. Nov.
Capsula subglobosa.
Holl. p. 304.
Filaments joined together or separate.
Perianth in six regular divisions.
Style divided into
Capsule somewhat globose.
Stigma simple.
three parts.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
junceum
S.
sima
medio
caule simplici cylindraceo sulcato,
;
floribus stipitatis numerosis incarnatis
;
infiatis
;
numerous, pink
somewhat round, Descr. below the
;
folio fistulosp
;
spathd longis-
ovariis subglobosis hirsutis.
Stem simple, cylindrical, furrowed, one-leafed tate,
monophyllo
pedunculis longissimis ; filamentis connatis in
;
;
;
;
leaf hollow
spathe very long
;
;
flowers stipi-
filaments joined, inflated in the middle
;
ovaria
hairy.
—Bulbous. leaves.
peduncles very long
Stem
Leaves
two
cylindrical, furrowed, about
fistulose, solitary.
feet
and a half high, sheathed
Spathe very long, half as long as the stem.
Flowers with tortuous stalks issuing out of the spathe, at the top of which are three lanceolate scales
(involucre?) with scarious edges, which enclose a portion of the peduncles.
of a pleasing pink colour, having green spots at the base.
Peduncles very long, smooth, having at the base of each a scarious bract one-
late, apiculate.
third the length of the peduncle. subsagittate, of
an orange
colour.
Filaments joined, inflated in the middle.
Stigma minute,
entire.
anth, being triangular, three-celled, each cell containing
This species of Sisyrinchium
and indeed deviates
;
imagine that
it
Anthers not joined,
Pollen composed of oblong cylindrical grains.
into three portions towards* the top.
acquainted
Perianth
Divisions of the perianth six, lanceo-
differs
two
from
Ovarium
seeds.
situate
Style divided
below the peri-
Seeds roundish.
others with which
all
we
are
some respects from the genus, although we ought not to be separated. It differs from all the Sisyrinchia
we have examined,
in
in having stipes issuing out
of the spathe, on which are
arranged numerous flowers, and also in having three scales (which we have before described) situated at the base of the flowers.
never before seen in the genus VOL.
III.
N 0# XXVI.
;
This formation we have
on the contrary, the flowers are decidedly those
APRIL, 1839-
D
SISYRINCHIUM JUNCEUM.
IS
The perianth
of Sisyrinchium.
is
six-parted,
and
equal, the filaments are con-
nate, the anthers are free, the fruit three-celled and inferior, the style
into three parts in the upper part,
and the stigmas are
is
divided
entire.
From the above description, we conceive that it cannot be well separated from the genus, but may probably form a sectional division. It is a native of Chili,
and was discovered by Mr. Cuming.
Our drawing was made from a specimen
Birmingham
in the collection of the
Horticultural Society, and was raised from seeds presented to that establishment in the year 1832.
its
and
It is certainly a beautifully-delicate plant,
root resembles S. grandiflomtm.
From
its
beauty
it
in habit
and
merits extensive cultivation,
blossoms being abundant, and continuing for at least two months. It should be potted in a
cold frame.
It
mixture of peat, sand, and loam, and protected in a
may be propagated by
offsets,
and probably by
seeds,
but as yet
those have not been perfected in the Society's gardens.
This tribe of plants
is
species only are described
for the
most part peculiar to the
by Dr, Brown,
in his
New World
;
two
Prodromus of New Holland
Plants, as peculiar to that country.
The generic name
name from juncus, a
is
formed from
avs, a pig,
rush, in reference to
its
and
pt>yx°s,
a snout
rush-like appearance.
;
the specific
;
19
ERYSIMUM PEROWSKIANUM. (Perowski's Erysimum.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
Nq
TETRAD YNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
CRUCIFER.E.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Erysimum (G^bt.) (Be Cand. Prod. vol. i. p.
Cotyledons
Calyx closed.
Siliqua four-sided.
Calyx clausus.
Siliqua tetragona.
Cotyledones planse,
oblongae.
196.) flat,
oblong.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. E. Perowskianum siliquis arcuatis.
Annual
:
armuum
;
:
foliis petiolatis lanceolatis
Stigmatibus subglobosis
leaves petiolate, lanceolate,
remote
Petalis obovatis,
serratis.
crassis.
remotely toothed
;
petals obovate
;
bowed
seed-vessel
stigmata somewhat globose, fleshy.
Erysimum Perowskianum, Fisch Descb.
—Stem
close appressed hairs
with forked hairs entire,
;
;
flat,
p. 36.
leaves alternate, petiolate, lanceolate, remotely toothed,
flowers large, yellow, capitate, shortly pedunculate
unguis as long as the calyx
smooth,
Meyer, Ind. Quant. Sem. Petropol.
et
annual, about eighteen inches high, slightly branched, covered over with
;
;
minutely covered
petals obovate,
calyx greenish, covered with appressed hairs
the longest reaching to the apex of the stigma
;
sided,
somewhat pubescent ;
;
seeds oblong, covered
It
is allied,
with a brown
From E.
robustum.
altaicum
canescens,
and ochroleucum
somewhat
siliqua four-
;
pellicle.
according to Fischer and Meyer, (from
name,) to E. altaicum, ochroleucum,
style
stigma large capitate, fleshy
This species belongs to the third section {Erisyma strum) of system.
margin
filaments
anthers greenish, linear, joined to
the filaments nearly at the base, and affixed in a nearly upright position ; pubescent, one third of the length of the siliqua
;
whom
De it
Candolle's
received
its
Andrzejoskianum, exaltatum, and it
differs in
its
duration, being
only annual, and the unguis of the petals not exceeding the length of the calyx, also in having the hairs
By
on the
almost the same characters
Andrzejoskianum, and exaltatum.
siliqua forked,
being forked, not three or four parted. the seed to
list
and the
style
more elongated.
may be distinguished from E. canescens, From E. robustum it is separated by its hairs it
Such are the
of the St. Petersburgh Garden,
distinctions published in
some of which we think are
entitled
little notice.
This
is
a pretty, hardy annual, bearing a profusion of orange- coloured flowers,
which are of a
size
much
larger than are usually found in this genus.
d 2
It is a
ERYSIMUM PEROWSKIANUM.
20 native of Palestine, and
is growing in the Birmingham Botanic Garden, where it was raised from seeds sent to that institution, by Dr. Fischer of St. Petersburg.
It requires
no care
This genus
is
in cultivation,
any
soil
and situation being
suitable.
almost exclusively European, and contains about
fifty species.
Their properties are pungent and acrid, having also the power to inflame and blister the skin.
They
are of no use as articles of food or medicine.
The generic name, Erisymum, in reference to the in
power
it
is
formed from the Greek
possesses of producing blisters.
compliment to Mr. Perowski, a Russian botanist.
kpvoi (eryo),
The
specific
to draw,
name
is
21
ONCIDIUM LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER. No. 97.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA,
ORCHIDACEjE
§
VANDEJS.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Oncidium (Swartz). nunc sub
Perianthium explanatum.
Sepala ssepius
continuum, varie lobatum, basi tuberculatum vel cristatum. utrinque
Anthem
alata.
Columna
Folia coriacea.
lateralibus
cum columna
libera, semiteres apice
nunc abbreviate, nunc
semibilocularis, rostello
Pollinia 2, postice sulcata, caudicula plana, glandula. oblonga. bulbosse.
undulata;
Labellum maximum, ecalcaratum,
Petala conformia.
labello connatis.
Herbse
elongate- rostrato.
nunc pseudo-
epiphytes,
Scapi paniculati vaginati, rarius simplices.
Flores speciosi, lutei,
ssepius maculati, raro albi.
Perianth explanate.
beneath the labellum.
Sepals
more frequently undulate
Petals similar in form.
the lateral ones sometimes connate
•
Labellum very large,
the column, variously lobed, tuberculated or crested at the base. the apex winged on both sides. elongated, beaked.
sheathed,
more rarely
free, semiterete,
with
with
Anther half 2-celled, rostellum sometimes short, sometimes
Pollen-masses two, furrowed behind, with a
Epiphytic plants sometimes with pseudobulbs.
gland.
spurless, continuous
Column
caudicula and an oblong
flat
Leaves leathery.
Scapes panicled,
simple. Flowers handsome, yellow, most frequently spotted, rarely white.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. O. luridum
;
foliis oblongis acutis rigidis carnosis
scapo paniculato multifloro
;
lisque undulatis obovatis, superioribus obtusis inferioribus acutis
obtusis intermedio undulato transverso emarginato
intermediis callisque tribus cruciatis a fronte
;
;
;
labelli
;
sepalis peta-
lobis lateralibus nanis
crista tuberculis 2 ad basin, 2 majoribus
columnce
alis
unguiculatis rotundatis brevibus.
Lindl.
Leaves oblong, acute,
rigid, fleshy
;
scape panicled, many-flowered
obovate, the upper obtuse, the lower acute
late,
intermediate one undulate, transverse, emarginate larger ones intermediate, and late,
;
;
;
sepals
and
petals
undu-
lateral lobes of the lip small, obtuse, the
crest
with two tubercles at the base, two
three callosities cruciate in front
;
wings of the column unguicu-
rounded, short.
Such
is
the character of O. luridum, compared with which this very handsome
variety appears to present so
expected to find
more
fleshy
it
many
striking features of difference, that
a distinct species.
than those of O. luridum
;
The
leaves are shorter,
more
we
fully
obtuse,
and
and much more resemble those of O.
Ian-
;
ONCIDIUM LURIDUM;
2-2
var.
HENCHMANNI.
ceanum, except that they are of a more lively green, and not spotted. is
much
more
shorter,
richly
sepals
and more pendulous.
marked
;
the
lip
The
flowers,
The
scape
though smaller, are much
being of a fine crimson, with a yellow border
;
the
and petals of a reddish purple, edged with yellow, and marked with
blotches of crimson. It is in the collection of Messrs.
we
Low and
Co., of Clapton nursery, to
whom
are obliged for the loan of a very accurate drawing from the pencil of Mrs.
Withers.
A
*
plant communicated by Messrs.
Low and
Co. to Messrs. Loddiges flowered
and (although separately imported) quite maintained its character and we are informed by Mr. Henchmann, that Mr. George Loddiges, who had an
last season,
opportunity of seeing both specimens in flower, considers tinct
it
to be decidedly dis-
from luridum, which we think by no means improbable.
We
are, however,
obliged to confess that, after the most careful examination of its flowers,
unable to
fix
upon any point of structure
warrant us in considering It is a native of
del Monte,
it
we
are
from luridum to
a distinct species.
Mexico, and was received from the neighbourhood of Real
by Messrs. Low and
It requires the
sufficiently different
Co., of Clapton nursery, in 1837.
same treatment
as O. luridum
and
its allies.
;
2?
ON THE CAUSE OF CANKER BY
D.
CAMERON,
IN
APPLE TREES.
A.L.S.
(Continued from p. 9.)
The
best,
and indeed the only remedy
ground where the
for Canker,
trees are planted, so as to
by which means the trees send out their roots at an also
is
make the
carefully to drain the
soil drier
and warmer,
earlier period.
be advantageous to plant the trees on a raised mound.
It
may have
they ought also to be kept thin of wood by pruning, so that the roots fewer branches to support.
Another cause of canker, even
would
In such situations
in favoured situations,
upon a dry and warm bottom, sometimes arises from severe late frosts, after the sap is in motion when the sudden transition from a cold frosty night, to the ;
clear sunshine of the following day, often causes a bursting of the rind, in
parts of the trees.
Such injured portions should be immediately cut In orchards, the
to prevent their ending in canker.
effects will
some
out, in order
be confined, in
a great measure, to those trees growing on the south-eastern side
each tree
;
breaking, in a considerable degree, the rays of the sun from those behind, and
thus receiving the injury which the others would otherwise sustain.
It
is
evident,
some tall fast-growing trees were planted at a sufficient distance from the apple-trees, upon the south-eastern side, so as to break the force of the sun's rays in the morning, this injury might in a great measure be prevented therefore, that
if
but no such remedy can be applied to apple-trees growing in kitchen gardens, standing
detached from each other.
Canker may
also
be produced by the
presence of iron, or some other pernicious ingredient, in the districts,
necessary supply of sap.
As
this is
most frequently caused by the
should be taken to prevent the roots from penetrating into
got into
soil
of particular
which corrodes the roots in various places, and thus prevents the
it,
the tree should be taken up, and have
lightening the tops at the
all
it,
sub-soil, care
and when they have
the cankered roots cut
off,
same time before replanting, by pruning out some of
the branches.
my own many other circumstances, arising from which may tend to produce the same injurious
These are the chief causes of canker, which have come under observation;
but there are probably
peculiarity of soil
and
situation,
effects.
ON THE IRRITABILITY OF PLANTS. One
of the
most prominent features indicative of the existence of a
ciple in plants, is the
vital prin-
remarkable property they possess of being acted upon by
external stimuli, a property which seems to approach, in
manifested by the animal creation.
its
character, to that
This curious and interesting subject has
ON THE IRRITABILITY OF PLANTS.
14
occupied the attention of
many
distinguished vegetable physiologists, particularly
The obvious
Desfontaines, Smith, Sprengel, Marcet, Macaire, and Dutrochet.
movements
from what
in plants, resulting
is
usually termed their irritability,
be excited by atmospheric causes, such as light and heat
The expansion
tact of other bodies.
;
of the flowers of the
common
the influence of the sun, and their speedy closure when that influence the shutting up, at the approach of night, of return of morning
;
many
these and
many
flowers,
is
leaflets itself in
on the slightest touch. the
Dionma
Mimosa
artificial stimuli,
Another and no
besides these
or actual contact,
two kinds of
and detain the
there are other
irritability,
fly
or other insect,
its
animal a prisoner.
little
movements observed
which are apparently independent of any direct stimulus, and which,
being actually spontaneous, are in their character
Many instances
excitability.
still
more analogous to animal
of this spontaneous irritability might be mentioned,
but the more immediate object of the present paper
is
to notice especially the
movements of the sexual organs. The stamens of a great number of plants are found to manifest movement about the period of fecundation it may be observed :
plants, in the different species of Saxifraga,
at this time approach the
bend down and
its
less curious instance presents
muscipula, (Venus's Fly-trap,) the leaves of which are so sensi-
sides instantly collapse like a steel trap,
But
as illus-
striking and well-
pudica, which shrinks and folds up
should the centre of one of them be touched by a
tive, that,
in plants,
by
of the excitability of plants
afforded by the sensitive plant,
withdrawn;
which re-open on the
A
trations of the effect of atmospheric or natural stimuli.
known example
crocus under
is
may be regarded
other similar facts
may
or by the actual con-
pistil.
power of
in Liliaceous
and Parnassia, the stamens of which
In the Geranium and the Kalmia, the filaments
upon the stigma.
for the purpose of laying the anthers
in the Sue, the
this
stamens approach the stigma successively
;
In the Pink
commencing with
those which are opposite- to the petals, and terminating with those which are
In the Nasturtium the eight stamens incline towards the stigma, each
alternate.
in its turn, with a sort of regularity, during eight hours.
the action
is
different
all
:
In the Tobacco plant
the stamens approach the stigma at the same time.
The stamens of Amaryllis aurea, at the period of fecundation, are oftentimes so much agitated as to resemble an automaton movement. In some instances a movement of these organs may be readily excited by mechanical stimuli, as in Berberis vulgaris, the common Barberry, the stamens of which, when touched near their base by the point of a needle, spring up stigma.
The same
tube of the anthers sexual apparatus of
elastically
and
strike the
may be observed in some species of Chenopodium ; in the of many thistles ; and in the filaments of the opuntice. The many orchidaceous plants also offer striking instances of irri-
fact
tability, as in Cirrhcea,
Myanthus, and Catasetum.
This movement or irritability
stamens of flowers, although
it
is
less
apparent in the stigma than in the
may be observed
in
many
instances.
The stigma
;
PALMACEjTS.
25
of the Passijlora, the Lily, and the Epilobium, incline against the stamens
those
;
of the Tulip, the Martynia, and the Gratiola, dilate and become open in a very-
remarkable manner
the stigma of the Mimulus also opens, but, on the least
:
mechanical irritation,
The same movement may be observed
again closes.
it
when the stigma has been recently separated from the style. The Stylidium presents a kind of excitable movement, which This singular plant has the style joined
remarkable.
filaments of the stamens
the appearance of this column
:
also very
is
whole length with two
its
is
unique, being termi-
nated by a glandular stigma surrounded by the four lobes of the two anthers.
In the young state of the flower, when the anthers are not opened, the column
is
not excitable, but when the flower has arrived at perfection and the anthers are open, the column its
is
singularly irritable
column (which in
for
;
natural state
its
is
on shaking the
flower, or irritating
bent to one side of the corolla),
instantly springs to the opposite side, from which after a certain time
to
its
original position,
and may be again excited
it
manner.
in a similar
it
returns It is
found to be most sensitive when exposed to the rays of the sun. This movement of the stamens appears to be designed for the purpose of facilitating
and
effecting
with certainty the discharge of the pollen from the anthers
and consequently to add to the number of causes which tend to ensure fecunThe stigma concurs in the same object, either by approaching the dation. anthers, or in dilating
and
offering a
more extended surface
anthers of which are already in contact with the stigma
have
less
for the reception of
Such explanation however can scarcely apply to the Stylidium, the
the pollen.
;
and no plant appears to
Mr. Salisbury away insects which may attempt
use for any particular precaution to ensure fecundation.
suspects that the use of this
movement
is
to drive
to insinuate themselves into the flower.
movements are under the
Mr. Hensel has remarked that these
influence of external circumstances
made wet, the movement be interrupted. But in admitting the the flower be
will
not take place
;
he states that
:
and
if
truth of this observation,
it
begun,
if
it will
by no means
militates against the theory of excitable vitality.
PALMACEiE. Among
the various natural orders of plants, the Palmacece appear to stand
pre-eminent.
Linnaeus, in the
of the vegetable
kingdom
;
warmth
of his admiration, called
and, assuredly,
when we take
them the
princes
into consideration the
grandeur of their towering, and generally simple stems, the beauty of the tered,
and usually gigantic
foliage,
which crowns their summits, and the
magnificence with which they stamp the tropical landscape, they
be said to form a noble and distinguished family. E
may
clusair of
with justice
But, independently of their
—
;
PALMACEiE. lofty
and majestic
port, they are of
immense importance to mankind, and more countries in which they grow.
especially to the inhabitants of the
Their stems,
their leaves, and their fruits, are all applied to innumerable purposes
affording
;
food, raiment, shelter, and supplying materials for the construction of weapons,
implements, and various other articles both of comfort and
They
are, as
Dr. Lindley observes
by which they are distinguished,
*,
utility.
very uniform in the botanical characters
especially in their fleshy, colourless,
flowers, enclosed in spathes, their
minute embryo lying
in the
six-parted
midst of albumen
and remote from the hilum, and their arborescent stems with
rigid, plaited or
pinnated, inarticulated leaves, called fronds, but their aspect and habits are
extremely various. length,
Some
are slender, as the reed,
Calamus rnde?itum,
others acquire a considerable thickness.
stand singly.
Some grow
naturally in groups, others
Some, with a stem not exceeding three or four inches in diameter,
attain a height of 60 feet
200
and of an extraordinary
the cable-cane, having been seen 500 feet long
feet in height.
Some
as slender in proportion, are seen 150 and
others,
;
delight in valleys and the banks of rivers, while others
present themselves in mountainous districts at very considerable elevations.
They form a very numerous family, the species being supposed by Von Maramount to no less than one thousand. This, however, is mere conjecture, the number at present known does not exceed one hundred and seventy-five.
tius to
as
Of this number one hundred and nineteen have been found
in
South America,
to have existed at a very early period.
In reference to
forty-two in India, and fourteen in Africa.
Palms are supposed
work already quoted, remarks, that " if palms
this opinion Dr. Lindley, in his
were not, as some globe,
say,
among
none of their remains
old coal formations,
it is
the earliest plants that clothed the face of the
existing,
of the present Flora of the globe. exist at the
mixed with the ferns and calamites of the
at least certain that their creation dates long before that
most remote periods,
But
it
is
probable that they actually did
for the Noggerathia foliosa of Sternberg,
the coal-fields of Bohemia, seem really to have been a palm. niart refers
two other
of the
fossils
same epoch to
duced in the Fossil Flora proofs of their
No
the old coal formations.
fruits
this family,
from
Adolphe Brongand
I
have pro-
being traceable in the shale of
one doubts that they appeared immediately after
the development of Cycadacece ceased in European latitudes, and that of Coniferce
took a more decided form
;
as
we
find unquestionable traces of
them
in those
deposites above the plastic clay which Brongniart calls marno-charbonneux.
The natural productions
of the Palmacem are so various
and important, that
a brief notice of some of the more remarkable species cannot but prove interesting to those
who
are unacquainted with the nature and properties of this family.
Phoenix dactylifera
is
a lofty palm, with leaves, when fully grown, from six * Natural System of Botany.
«
PALMACEiE.
The
to eight feet long. so
common an
Persia
inhabitants of Egypt, Arabia, and
among the
of which the quantity borne
this fruit,
well-known date, which forms
fruit of this tree is the
article of food
stated indeed by Dr. Clarke, that they subsist almost entirely on
is
it
;
27
by each tree
A
prodigious.
is
single
date-palm will bear more than a hundred-weight, and not unfrecraently between two and three hundred-weight, of dates in a season. They begin to bear fruit
when about seven years
and are said to be
old,
fruitful for
upwards of two hun-
dred years.
Corypha umbraculifera, the majestic talipot palm, is a most remarkable and is thus described by Knox, in his History of Ceylon, of which
species,
country
The
it is
a native
:
— " As big and
to thirty or forty
men
;
as tall as a ship's mast,
these are of great use, for being,
and limber, though very broad when open, yet they cut into triangular pieces for use
The
soldiers there all
and to keep them dry tents for
leaf-spread
is
make
and
round, but
them
way through thickets. them from the march, but when set on-end, their
to
in case of rain lie
on their
A magnificent
under.
crown of these
leaves, as is
usual with palms, terminates the stately column, 100 feet in height, which
The
formed by the trunk.
it
when
carry these umbrellas, not only to shade
sun,
make
twenty
dried, very strong
these the natives lay upon their heads
;
they travel, with the narrow end foremost, to
to
when
straight.
fifteen or
will fold close like fans,
The whole
are then no bigger than a man's arm. is
and very
some capacious enough to cover from
leaves are very large,
talipot bears
no
fruit until the last
year of
is
its life,
and then yellow blossoms, most lovely to behold, but smelling very strong, come out on the top, and spread abroad in great branches. The fruit is in such abundance, that one palm will yield seed enough to stock a whole country ; the berries are round
and hard, the
The trunks when young are in mortars, and cakes made white bread. for writing
The
size of
of
our largest cherries, but not good to
of a mealy pith-like substance, which
full
it,
that have very
much
the taste of ordinary
leaves are used instead of thatch for roofing houses,
on with an iron
style.
Most of the books shown
Egyptian papyrus are made from the leaves of
eat.
beaten
is
in
and
Europe
also
for the
this palm.
There are other species of Corypha which are also plants of great importance
;
as
C.
Taliera, "a magnificent
growing in Northern India, and
species
applied by the natives to various economical purposes for the
amylaceous food (a kind of sago) which
of Brazil, yields a wax-like matter, to which
;
C. rotundifolia
it
produces
its
specific
;
is
valuable
C. cerifera, a native
name,
cerifera
(wax-
bearing), refers.
The genus tries in
which
Cocos it
is
grows.
one of immense importance to the inhabitants of the coun-
There are several
indeed the most valuable, vated extensively
in,
is
many
species,
but the most remarkable, and
C. nucifera, the cocoa-nut palm, a native of,
tropical countries.
to a great height, crowned at the top with e 2
aud
Its simple, cylindrical trunk,
its
fine,
culti-
grows
clustered leaves, which are
;
PALMACEiE.
28
often ten, twelve, and even fifteen feet in length. in large clusters
The
flowers are also produced
around the top of the stem, succeeded by large nut-like
or twelve together.
fruits,
ten
These nuts are too well known to require any description
they afford an abundance of food, and the milk contained within the hollow kernel considered a most refreshing beverage.
is
the nut
also of
is
immense value
it is
;
The pericarp or husk which
invests
about an inch thick, of a fibrous texture,
the fibres of which, being tough and readily separable, are manufactured by the natives into cords, cables,
and various kinds of
well as of those of the leaves, they fabricate
Of
cloth.
these fibres also, as
mats and carpets of a beautiful and
The shells are converted to various useful purposes by the natives, who form them into cups, bottles, boxes, and other articles both of ornament and utility. The kernel, when ripe, yields abundance of oil, which during the last few years has become an important article of commerce. The mid-ribs of the costly quality.
leaves are converted into oars
fencing
;
they are burnt as
the leaves themselves are used in thatching and
;
and from the residue
fuel,
unexpanded buds are esteemed as a delicacy quantity of sap exudes, which
name
the
is
:
when
and
carefully collected,
sold in the bazaars
This juice, when fresh and unfermented,
of toddy.
wholesome beverage
but as
;
it
is
distillation
in various
contains a large proportion of sugar,
it
when young
:
it
becomes exceedingly hard, and
It
is
is
is
it
readily
obtained
is
rendered useful
yields a nutritious, farinaceous food
Swords and arrows made of
&c.
cuirasses.
Lastly, the stem
a spirit called Pariah arrack.
ways
;
when
it
old
converted into a variety of utensils, weapons,
this wood, will,
pierce through iron
is said,
it
used as timber for building and other domestic purposes
transverse sections of
under
a grateful and
undergoes fermentation and produces an intoxicating liquor, from which
by
The
obtained potash.
is
these buds are removed a
and
;
There
are frequently employed for constructing drums.
are other species of cocos, which are also converted to various useful purposes.
The genus Areca
contains several species, one of which, A. catechu,
sively cultivated in the
East Indies.
A
by the natives as a masticatory.
is
exten-
It produces the betel-nut, so generally used ^
slice of betel-nut,
leaf of the betel-pepper, is very generally
chewed
whose mouths and teeth are deeply tinged by the
wrapped
like
in the aromatic
tobacco by the natives,
practice.
It
is
said
however to
preserve the teeth, to render the breath sweet, and to act as a tonic and stomachic.
From
the fleshy part of the fruit an astringent extract
kind of catechu. acquired
Areca
its specific
oleracea, the
name from
cooking them like coleworts the loftiest of the American
even 200
or
procured, and sold as a
the practice of cutting off the young buds and
as such they are esteemed a great delicacy.
palms, rising occasionally to the height of 160
It is
and
feet.
The genus oil
;
is
cabbage-palm of the West Indies, has
olive.
Elais, the oily-palm, derives its
name from a Greek word, meaning
Elais Guineensis yields the well-known palm-oil, large quantities of
which are imported from Africa.
This substance
is
expressed from the fleshy
;
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF NEW PLANTS. pericarpial covering of the fruit, in the
the
It
olive.
is
same manner as
29 obtained from
olive-oil is
of a solid consistence, of a rich orange yellow colour,
and has an
agreeable odour, not unlike that of the Florentine orris-root
The genus Sagus well-known
is
valuable as producing largely, though not exclusively, the
When
article called sago.
the trees have acquired sufficient growth,
they are cut down, divided into convenient lengths, and the feculent pith in the centre carefully washed out with water ; the water is allowed to stand for a while the feculent powder subsides, and
granular form in which
it is
when dried
In this form
passed through a kind of sieve.
To
constitutes sago.
usually sold in the shops, it
it is
made
give
it
that
into a paste
and
often called " pearl sago."
is
of the finest sago of Molucca is said to be obtained from Sagus lavis. Large quantities are stated to be procured from Sagus farinifera, but of inferior According to Dr. Hamilton, Saguerus Bumphii produces remarkably quality.
Some
Indeed there are very few species of the palm tribe which do not
fine sago.
yield
more or
less of this nutritive substance.
would however take up too much space to enumerate and describe all the It must suffice, therespecies of this noble family which are useful to mankind. It
fore, to state that their productions
sugar,
salt,
But even
and other
this
comprise wine,
oil,
articles of food of various kinds,
butter, milk, cream, flour,
and
in prodigious quantities.
compressed account must tend to show the value and importance
of the Palmacese.
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF
NEW
PLANTS.
DICOTYLEDONES. COMPOSITE. Dracopus amplexicaulis.
Cafs.
Amplexicaul Dracopus.
an annual possessing no beauty
for the
ornamental flower-garden.
and was raised from seeds sent
to this country
It blossoms in
July and August.
Bot.
Bot.
Mag.
t.
It is a native of
This
8716.
is
North America,
by Mr. Drummond, who gathered them
at Texas.
Mag. TROPEOLE^l.
Tropeolum tuberosum. 3714.
Ruiz
Tuberous-rooted Indian Cress.
et Pav.
This interesting species of Indian Cress has large tuberous
roots,
Bot.
Mag.
t.
which arc eaten daily
In 1836, tubers were sent from John M'Lean, Esq. to Mr. Murray, of the by the Peruvians. Glasgow Botanic Garden ; and by whom they have been extensively cultivated. It proves quite hardy, but our summers are not long enough to
nipped by the
frost.
make
it
flower freely, for the flowers are mostly
It will therefore require a little forcing to bring the flowers to maturity.
The specimen from which the drawing was In the first volume of 1838. Bot. Mag. observations on this plant,
taken, flowered in the Belfast Botanic Garden, in
the Floral Cabinet,
we
some important
inserted
which were supplied us by Mr. Cameron, Curator of the Birmingham
Horticultural Society, and to which
we wish
to refer
our readers.
LABIATE. Torenia cordifolia.
Roxb.
Heart-leaved Torenia.
pretty annual bearing bluish lilac flowers.
Bot.
Mag.
According to Dr. Roxburgh,
t.
it
3715. is
This
is
a
a native of the
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF NEW PLANTS.
30
moist pastures about Samulcottah, in the Northern Circars.
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, in October, 1838.
by Mr. Falconer.
It flowered in the
stove of the
were sent from Saharampoor
seeds
Mag.
Bot.
CARYOPHYLLEiE. Ue Dianthus ferrugine us. plant bearing yellow flowers It is allied to
The
SELENACE^
C.
Lin. Yellow Pink.
a colour rather
;
D. Carthusianorum, but
Bot. Reg.
Lindl.
This
15.
t.
is
a pretty herbaceous
uncommon, the usual colour being pink
or white.
having squarrose bracts, and the smooth edge
differs in
of the leaves, as well as the colour of the petals.
Whether
it
to their intermixture
is
with
this,
or the
known D.
little
ochroleucus of the
Levant, that some of the more precious varieties of Piccotees and Carnations owe their yellow,
is
unknown.
The
from which
seeds
W.
by the Hon.
this plant
was
raised
were brought from the Botanic Garden, Florence,
F. Strangways.
This plant grows from twelve to eighteen inches high in any light rich
J uly and August.
situation, flowering about
by
spring, or
pipings in
autumn ; but
like
may
It
Dianthus Libanotus
from the wet
entirely destroyed, if not protected
and rather a dry
soil,
be increased either by seeds sown in the
very much, and
suffers
it
is
autumn and winter by a hand-glass. of the kingdom of Naples. It is also
often
in
a native of Calabria, the Abruzzi, and other parts
It is
said to
be a native of the Apennines.
MONOCOTY LEDONES. IRIDEiE.
Marica
Herb.
gracilis.
Slender Marica.
plant, bearing flowers of a whitish blue colour.
from the noble collection at Woburn, where Brazil,
being
by Mr. Forbes, who grows
much
it
it
Mag.
This
3713.
t.
was received
It
distinct
is
is
a very delicate
Glasgow Botanic Garden,
at the
has long been cultivated.
in the greenhouse.
It
was imported from
from
M.
Northiana in
slenderer in every part, the partial spatha particularly long, narrow, and acu-
minated, and the outward sepals narrower.
Mr. Herbert observes that
lobes to each division of the stigma, whereas
having only two erect lobes to each.
Alstromeria Ligtu.
Linn.
characterised
by
its
Bot.
Mr. Ker represents and
this exhibits three erect
describes
M.
Northiana as
Mag.
AMARYLLIDACEJE. Juss. The Ligtu. Bot. Reg. t.
species of a lilac colour, having the is
Bot. It
This
13.
is
a very handsome
upper petals marked with crimson and yellow.
This species
long branched peduncles, obovate or obcordate sepals, which are also but
little, if at all, serrated.
It has the
name
of Ligtu, because
Lindley, " probably exists in
The
or pulchra.
peduncles It
:
many
it
is
former," says the above author, " differs in
the latter in
its
" This plant," says Dr.
called Ligtu in Chili.
gardens, although not distinguished from either A. pelegrina its
short, one-flowered, rigid
shorter flowers, and spathulate rather than obcordate serrated sepals."
was figured from a plant in the possession of Charles Barclay,
Esq.,
Bury
Hill
;
and was
exhibited at one of the great meetings in the Gardens of the Horticultural Society, where conspicuous,
among many
beautiful species, for the delicacy of
its
flowers and
it
was
its
large size.
is
a Brazilian
Bot. Reg.
ORCHID ACE^E AND VANDEiE. Maxillaria Vitellina. Epiphyte
allied
to
M.
Lindl.
Yellow Maxillaria.
racemosa, which
differs
Bot. Reg.
in having
t.
12.
This
an undivided labellum, hairy
NEW
BOTANICAL NOTICES OP column, &c.
;
from that
and colour of the sepals and a structure so evident in it
M.
It is also related to
few numbers back
M.
it differs
petals.
PLANTS.
31
which was figured
aiireo-fulva,
in the Floral Cabinet, a
in not having an acuminate lip, as well as in the
Dr. Lindley does not state whether
it
It is in the collection of Messrs. Loddiges,
areo-fulva.
form
has a double caudicula,
with
whom
flowered in June, 1888. It requires the
temperature and humidity of the moist stove.
pseudo-bulbs for the season,
moved
convenient,
it
After
has perfected
it
should be kept dry for a considerable length of time
to a cooler house.
By
these
means
it
when it is brought back to the moist stove. Bot. Reg. Huntley a meleagris. Bateman. Speckled Huntleya.
will
grow and flower more
Bot. Reg.
most beautiful Epiphyte, bearing solitary flowers of orange,
;
14.
t.
This
and yellow,
red,
its
and
if
freely,
certainly a
is
tessellated
with
It is also one of the rarest of Epiphytes,
purple, and which are about three inches across.
having only been seen in the collection of Messrs. Rollison, Tooting, and from which Dr. Lindley's drawing was made.
This charming plant
is
in the district of Bananat. It thrives well in is
found in gloomy damp woods, on the banks of the Rio de Pirapitinga, It is scentless,
and flowers in June.
an atmosphere saturated with moisture, where in winter the temperature
60 to 70, and in the summer, from 70 to 90.
The house
requires to be shaded from bright rays of the sun,
and from having fleshy roots
should be frequently syringed with water.
Oncidium luridum, var. guttatum. Lindl. Mr. Boyd's Oncidium. Bot. Reg. t. 16. is a very handsome Oncidium, not very much unlike O. intermedium., published in
This
the Floral Cabinet.
O. luridum, var. guttatum has orange-yellow sepals, petals, and labellum,
spotted wtih orange-red
;
the disc of the labellum
crimson, the column and wings appear to
is
be white. It
was imported from Jamaica by Messrs.
Rollison,
and
to be cultivated in a moist stove heat, either suspended
surface of the pot, and
its
roots frequently syringed.
Maxillaria stapelioides. This
is
Link, et Otto.
is
in their possession.
from the
It requires
roof, or elevated
above the
Bot. Reg. Stapelia-like Maxillaria.
Bot. Reg.
t.
17.
a very singular and pretty Maxillaria, having a ground of a greenish colour, tinted with
purple.
It
Stapelioides. It is also
is ,
in consequence of the singular markings that
It is
a native of the Organ Mountains, where
found in Brazil, whence
it
was sent
it
to the Berlin
it
has received the
name
of
was discovered by Mr. Gardner.
Garden
;
where
it
was named.
Bot. Reg.
EPIDENDREiE.
Cattleya intermedia, var. angustifolia. Hook. Narrow-leaved intermediate Cattleya. Bot. Mag. t. 3711. This is, like all the species ajtd varieties of the genus Cattleya, beautiful. It is
very nearly
allied to Cattleya
intermedia, from
which
it
is
said to differ in
particular, although sufficiently distinct as a variety to warrant a plate.
Bot.
Mag.
no
essential
;
3v
CALENDAR OF GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR APRIL. Stove plants ought now to be looked over, and those shifted that require
Some
put into smaller pots until they
Many
it.
of the plants in large pots will require their balls reduced, and to be
make
fresh roots.
of the greenhouse plants will
particularly those that
they should
now be put
different genera
:
and
into pots of a larger size,
—sandy peat
loam and rotted dung and sand sand, will suit
also require shifting into larger pots,
have been kept during the winter in sixty-sized pots
for Ericas, Epacrises, for
in soil suitable for the
and kindred genera
most of the Pelargoniums.
many Cape and New Holland
Loam,
;
peat,
rich
and
plants.
Fumigate the houses wherever the green syringe over head occasionally in the greenhouse
fly if
makes
its
appearance,
and
the weather prove clear.
Attend to transplanting Balsams, Cockscombs, and other tender annuals, and when established and the pots filled with roots, they must be shifted into largersized pots. The peat of the hotbeds, where they are placed, must be kept up by fresh linings when necessary, much of the success of having them fine depending upon keeping them growing luxuriantly, without check,
either for
want of heat
or pot room.
Pot
off cuttings of
established,
greenhouse plants put in
last
month; and
after being
harden them gradually for removal into the greenhouse or cold
frames.
Many
Alpine plants in pots
will
now
require fresh shifting, and the pots of
those that do not must be fresh surfaced.
Layer American plants into smaller patches,
;
dig herbaceous beds, reducing the luxuriant kinds
and divide those that are wished to be increased.
Attend to the starting and propagating Dahlias. Continue to sow annuals in the open ground, to keep up a succession of their flowers through the season.
— —
LEONTICE CHRYSOGONUM. (Golden-flowered Leontice.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
no No. 98. XT
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
BERBER AC EjE.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Leontice.
Semina in fundo capsulse inserta globosa.
vesicaria 2-4 sperma.
varie sectis.
Calycibus ssepe coloratis.
two
(Decand. Syst. vol.
;
foliis
p. 23.)
Seeds globose, inserted at the base of the capsule.
to four seeded.
Capsule blad-
Herbaceous plants,
Calices frequently coloured.
Leaves variously divided.
tuberous-rooted.
ii.
Capsula
Herba, radice tuberosa
Petals 6, internally bearing a scale at the base.
Sepals 6, externally naked. dery,
Petala 6, intus basis quammulam gerentia.
Sepala 6, extus nuda.
(Lin.)
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. L. Chrysogonum
;
foliis pinnatisectis
bracteis parvis scariosis
Leaves pinnatifid small, scarious
;
;
;
segmentis
segments
Leontice chrysogonum.
sessile,
ovate-oblong, three to five toothed at the apex
Flowers yellow, solitary.
Petals six, in colour and form similar to the sepals.
summit of the stamens.
their base to the one-celled, conical,
and containing about four pear-shaped
is
worthy of a place
collection of the
Anthers two-celled, joined at
Ovarium bladdery,
stipitate seeds.
which, from
its
elegant foliage and rich
in every choice collection. is
Birmingham Horticultural
sent to that establishment
This genus contains
Society, which
by Dr. Fischer, of
five species,
Its root is also
St.
MAY, 1839.
in the
was raised from tubers
Petersburgh.
of Siberia and North America. NO. XXVII.
Persia
three of which are natives of the Eastern
hemisphere, and inhabiting Greece, Candia, and Tartary
III.
Sepals six, obovate,
six, situate opposite to
much esteemed by the natives of Our drawing was made in the year 1837, from a plant
valuable as an article of food, and
and the Levant.
;
Stamens
Stigma crested.
Style short.
an exceedingly pretty plant
yellow flowers,
Peduncles simple or branched,
Bracts scarious, situate at the base of the
the petals, and arranged on the torus, longer than the styles.
VOL.
bracts
Leaves blotched, pinnately divided, each segment three-
Scape about eight inches high, branched.
peduncles, bracteolse at the base of the pedicels.
is
;
Lin.
about three inches long, pedicels about one inch long.
This
ovali-oblongis, apice 3-5 fidis;
Bunge.
—Root tuberous, stemless.
toothed at the apex.
yellow.
sessilibus,
stamens almost the length of the petals.
Bongardia rawolfi.
Dbscr.
;
stamina petalis fere secmalia.
F
;
the others are natives
LEONTICE CHRYSOGONUM.
34
This
a frame perennial, and should be potted in loam and sand, using plenty
is
of drainers.
may be
It
placed out of doors amongst the Alpine plants during
the summer, and. have the protection of the cold frame during the winter.
ought to have but better
The order
Berberacece comprises six genera, of
which property
B. Nepalensis
it
so esteemed
is
fruit,
which the genus Berberis
from
its
It
is
by
B. vulgaris
species.
containing a small portion of oxalic
often preserved.
is
The
fruit
of B. aristata
by the mountaineers of India, that they dry
tinctoria affords
a valuable yellow dye, which
The bark
dyeing either leather or cotton.
properties, in consequence of which
excitability.
If
it
it
and and
used for the purpose of
has been received into the
and astringent list
of medicinal
worthy of attention from their
touched on the inside with a needle, or any other hard substance,
they will bend to the stigma, but recover themselves
when they may be experiment
is
flaccid,
if left
excited again in the same manner.
on a
fine
sunny day.
by corrosive or narcotic poisons and
is
also possesses bitter
of this genus are also
The stamens
plants.
soft
It
would be
into the plains for sale.
The B.
this
it
plant to cultivate.
most grateful acid
acid, for
it
difficult
most important, and contains the greatest number of
affords a
send
or perhaps
;
the tubers were taken up and kept dry for two or three months.
if
appears to be a
far the
water during the dormant state
little
;
some time,
at rest for
The
best time to perform
This peculiar property
is
destroyed either
the one makes them hard and brittle, the other
thereby producing an
effect
on vegetable
life
analogous to that
on the animal kingdom.
The generic name Leontice is from the Greek Kzovtikt], wild name Chrysogonum applies to the golden colour of its flowers. Fig.
anthers
x
chervil
its specific
a flower with the sepals and petals removed to show the filaments and 4, section of a 2, shows the orbicular stigma ; 3, germ, with the seeds
1, ;
;
seed-vessel.
;
——
35
HOITZIA COCCINEA. (Scarlet-flowered Hoitzia.)
^
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER. POLEMONIACE^E.
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Corolla infundibuliformis
Hoitzia (Juss.) Calyx tubulosus, quinquefidus sequalis.
Stamina quinque sequalia exserta.
quinquepartito subsequali.
Frutices
Kunth, Lyn. Plant. JEquinoct.
coccineis aut viplaceis.
Calyx tubulose, divided into five-parted.
Stamens
five equal parts.
equal, projecting
vol.
Corolla funnel-shaped, limb
beyond the
corollis
;
somewhat equally
Capsule three-celled, three-
corolla.
Seeds compressed, naked, exter-
Cells few-seeded.
persistent calyx.
solitariis bracteatis
p. 258.
ii.
Shrubs with alternate leaves, solitary, serrated.
nally mucilaginous. bracteate.
five,
by the
valved, crowned
Floribus axillaribus
solitariis serratis.
alternis
foliis
limbo
Semina compressa nuda externe mucilaginosa.
loculis oligospermis.
calyce persistente tecta;
•
Capsula trilocularis trivalvis,
Flowers axillary,
solitary,
Corolla scarlet or violet.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
H.
coccinea
foliis sessilibus ovatis
;
;
floribus axillaribus solitariis brevissime pedunculatis
;
bracteis lanceolatis subserratis venosis hirtis.
Leaves nearly
sessile,
somewhat
lanceolate,
Hoitzia coccinea.
Descb.
Lam.
— Willd.
—Shrubs covered with a white glandular pubescence.
silky, shining,
from three
to four feet high.
veined, hairy, sharply serrated,
Stem a
little
each serrature furnished with a point.
hairs, divided into five parts, each part furnished
rib,
and acute.
peculiarly twisted just below the anthers.
Stamens
five,
longer than the
Anthers brownish, versatile.
stamens, and of the same colour, divided at the top into three parts.
with viscid
form
hairs.
to a disc.
Ovarium angular, pubescent, having
Seeds ?
F 2
at the base
Flowers
solitary,
Corolla funnel-shaped,
about an inch long, of a pinkish red colour, having the interior of the tube divided into five roundish lobes.
sessile,
Bracts lanceolate,
Calyx whitish, covered with viscid
with a green
disposed in a long paniculate raceme of from two to three feet long.
is
branched, round,
Leaves alternate, ovate, lanceolate, nearly
nearly entire, white at the margin, green in the centre.
limb
bracts
Cav.
Mexicana.
Cantua Hoitzia.
ovate; flowers axillary, 'solitary, very shortly pedunculate;
serrated, veined, hairy.
much
coi'olla,
lighter
;
the
pinkish, and
Style longer than the
Stigmas three, covered
an appendage similar in
HOITZIA COCCINEA. This
The
is
certainly a very splendid species
colour of the flowers
is
when grown
so peculiarly delicate
and
well
and
beautiful,
standing our artist has taken every pains to obtain the right
succeeded exactly to our satisfaction
;
nor do we conceive
the transparent and delicate hue of these flowers.
which
are known.
five species
H.
coccinea
and H.
This
it
is
a Mexican genus, of
ccerulea inhabit
have been introduced in the year 1824
that
it
he has not
tint,
possible to imitate
a considerable elevation, but the habitat of the other three species It appears to
in full flower. that, notwith-
mountains at is
not stated.
but we are not aware
;
has been figured in any English botanical publication.
This genus has no known medicinal properties. Hoitzia coccinea will succeed well either in a cool stove or house.
The
soil
should be loam mixed with a
increased by cuttings of the young is
to
inclined to
make
it
grow rather
bushy.
tall, it
wood
at
warm
peat and sand.
It
any season of the year.
is
greenreadily
This species
ought therefore to be frequently stopped, so as
This operation should be performed previous to November,
for the purpose of allowing the plant to
produced
little
in the winter
and spring months.
Our drawing was taken from a
make good
flower-spikes,
which are
»
finely-flowered specimen in the collection of
Mrs. Willmore, of Strawberry Vale, near Birmingham, whose collection of healthy plants
The coccinea,
Fig.
is
generic
fine
deserving of notice.
name
is
from
Hoitzit,
its
name
in
Mexico
;
the specific name,
has reference to the scarlet colour of the flowers. 1, corolla laid
germ invested by the
open, to show the insertion of the stamens
calyx.
;
2, style
and
—
.
37
ODONTOGLOSSUM CORDATUM. (
Cordate-lipped Odontoglossum.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
XT
NATURAL ORDER.
„
No. 100.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA..
ORCHID ACE.E
GENERIC CHARACTER. Odontoglossum. (Hums, et Kunth.)
columnse continuo, lamina, patente basi utrinque alata.
Perianthium explanatum sequale
;
sepalis petalisque
Labettum indivisum ecalcaratum unguiculatum unque
angustis acuminatis liberis.
cristata.
cum
basi
erecta membranaceo-marginata apice
Pollinia 2 solida caudicula lineari glandula. hamata.
Anthera bilocularis.
Herbce epiphytes pseudobulbiferas.
Columna
Folia plicata.
Scapus terminalis vaginatus.
Flores speciosi.
Kunth. Perianth explanate, equal.
Column
base.
Leaves
erect,
plicate.
Labellum undivided,
with a membranaceous margin, winged on each side at the apex.
Pollen-masses
two-celled.
Sepals and Petals narrow, acuminate, free.
claw continuous with the base of the column, lamina spreading, crested at the
spurless, clawed,
caudicula linear, gland hooked.
2, solid,
Anther
Epiphytes pseudobulbous.
Flowers showy.
Scape terminal, sheathed.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. O. Cordatum
;
scapo ascendente
conformibus longioribus bicristata
radicali
columna pubescente clavata.
;
;
sepalis
lineari lanceolatis
Scape ascending from the root
;
Lindl. Bot. Reg.
N.
sepals linear, lanceolate,
;
Descr.
petalis
S. p. 50.
;
apex two-lobed, two-crested
column pubescent, club-shaped.
Odontoglossum cordatum. 1
;
acuminate; petals of the same form,
but longer ; labellum cordate, acuminate, scale of the unguis fleshy at the base
acuminatis
cordato acuminato unguis lamella carnosa. apice biloba basi
labello
;
—Pseudobulbs
lanceolate, acute, soft
pseudobulbs on each
Flowers distant.
Lindl.
ovate oblong, compressed, smooth, bearing at the apex one leaf.
and
side.
thin, scored
with light transparent
lines, their base
Scape simple, somewhat flexuose, ascending, sheathed.
Pedicels long.
Leaves
sheathing the
Raceme
Bracteas acuminate, equal in length to the pedicels.
lax.
Sepals
and petals linear-lanceolate, exceedingly acuminate, undulate, of a greenish-yellow, marked with brown. Lip cordate, acuminate, white, the margin minutely spotted with brown,
This elegant species of Odontoglossum, a native of Mexico, of Geo. Barker, Esq., of Springfield,
plant our drawing was
made
in the
by
whom
summer
it
is
in the collection
was imported, and from whose
of last year.
ODONTOGLOSSUM CORDATUM.
38
This species should be kept in a hot and humid stove during the growing season,
cooler
When
and have plenty of water. and dryer house.
It should
dormant
it
ought to be placed in a
be potted in rough sandy peat, mixed with
plenty of drainers, using a large portion of them near the bottom of the pot.
Increased by division.
The generic name,
Odontoglossum,
is
derived from obovs, a tooth, and ykaxraa,
a tongue, alluding probably to the crest of the labellum.
Cor datum, refers to the heart-shaped form of the labellum.
The
specific
name,
—
TRICHOPILIA TORTILIS. (
Twisted Trichopilia.)
NATURAL ORDER.
LINNEAN SYSTEM. GYNANDRIA.
ORCHIDACE^.
'
GENERIC CHARACTER. Labellum
Trichopilia (Lindl.) Sepala et petala sequalia patentia angusta.
cum columna
loideum convolutum
Columna
intus nudo.
;
Pollinia 2 postice sulcata,
tenui
caudiculce
Pseudobulbi carnosi vaginis maculatis supertecti mono--
glandula minima.
Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 2nd. edit. p. 446.
Flores solitarii axillares.
phylli coriacei.
peta-
Clinandrium cucullatum 3-lobum villoso-fimbriatum.
teres clavata.
Anthera 1-locularis compressa, antice convexa. cuneatae adherentia
magnum
parallelum trilobum, lobo intermedio subbilobo planiusculo
Sepals and petals equal, patent, narrow.
Labellum
large, petaloid,
convolute, parallel with
the column, three-lobed, the intermediate lobe somewhat two-lobed, smoothish, inwardly naked.
Clinandrium cucullate, three-lobed, villosely fringed.
Column round, club-shaped. celled, compressed,
convex in
caudicula, with a small gland.
Flowers
coriaceous leaf.
T.
solitary, axillary.
Flowers
of a brownish red colour.
solitary, axillary.
Leaves
Sepals and petals patent, narrow, twisted,
Labellum convolute, obsoletely three-lobed, the central lobe divided,
with two deep
cavities in the
or less dark.
Column
middle
parallel
;
its
coloUr
is
white, beautifully spotted with purple,
and continuous with the labellum, round and clavate.
cucullate, obsoletely three-lobed, fimbriate.
slender, cuneate.
weak
Pseudobulbs fleshy, covered with spotted sheaths, bearing one
Pseudobulbs oblong, furrowed, sheathed, sheaths spotted with brown.
Tortilis.
thick, ovate-lanceolate.
drium
Anther one-
Pollen-masses two, sulcate behind, adhering to a
front.
Gland minute.
celled, compressed, apiculate.
Caudicula
Stigmatic cavity egg-shaped.
Pollen-masses pear-shaped, sulcate posteriorly.
Ovarium somewhat bowed,
clavate, deeply
more
Clinan-
Anther one-
furrowed on each
side.
This
is
a very beautiful Epiphyte
Oncidium group, in less
lobed
;
its
;
in structure it approaches near to the
labellum being continuous with the column, and more or
as well as in having the caudicula cuneate,
and the gland minute.
It differs, however, in the convolute state of the labellum, in the absence of
wings on the column, in the fleshy crest on the labellum, and in the singular structure of the clinandrium, from which latter character It is
it
has received
its
name.
a native of Mexico, and was imported in the year 1835, by George
Barker, Esq., of Springfield, from whose plant our drawing was taken.
;
TRICHOPILIA TOETILTS.
40
In cultivation drier
when
requires a moist stove heat
it
The
at rest.
best
soil
is
when growing, but should be
good sandy peat, which should be broken
into pieces of about the size of a walnut
;
and when potted the
soil
and the
plant should be elevated in the middle above the rim of the pot.
The generic name
is
derived from
the hairy appearance of the clinandrium
hair, ;
and mAos, a
the specific name,
cap, in allusion to tortilis,
has refer-
ence to the twisted state of the sepals and petals. Fig. 1, column
;
2, lateral
4, pollinia, caudicula,
view of the anther
and minute gland,
;
3, internal
view of the same
41
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING.
The
art of ornamental gardening has been studied earliest periods of
from the
lised nations,
The " hanging gardens "
more or
among
less
civi-
which we have any detailed records.
of the palaced terraces
of Babylon,
—the
minutely-
described pleasure-grounds of the villas of Pliny, so carefully recorded by their vain possessor,
—the architectural melange of
art
and nature at
Versailles,
—and
the landscape gardens of more recent date in England, give us very distant and
however
which called them respectively into existence character,
in
different
to have been produced
not only in
ornamental
by the peculiar character of the state of
art, influenced
distinct phases of the civilisation
its
;
for,
we may
safely
details, beautiful
wherever in art a true principle governs a design,
would produce one common result
still
For
be equal.
minds
its
its
However opposite
They would
borrow an
to the one under discussion, architecture,
following out
minor and
may be
principles
any design of art with equal
talent,
in effect, the
please differently prejudiced or
in different degrees, but the abstract
instance, to
each in their purest period)
its
Two
must be produced.
—beauty.
be, in beauty, equal.
differently constituted
all
combinations must be evolved, and results agreeable
totally opposite in character, followed out in
would
yet in each phase,
general conception but in the working out of
to the reason and pleasing to the eye
result
;
imagine equally beautiful results
illustration
beauty would
from an art nearly related
—the Grecian and Gothic styles (taking
said to be equally beautiful
principle of a combination of horizontal lines,
;
the Grecian,
and the Gothic
reverse principle of a combination of perpendicular lines, have each arrived
at beauty
by opposite roads
" taste," or criticism in
art,
;
and hence
it
would seem that what
is
called
should consist, not in preferring beauty under any
particular form or influence, but in appreciating beauty in the abstract, let the
forms under which
it
be what they may.
is .
presented, and the principles by which
Without a governing
principle,
it is
and that
produced,
principle in
harmonious accordance with time, place, and circumstance, true beauty cannot and hence it appears also, not only that be produced in artistical combinations ;
" taste," or criticism, consists in the equal appreciation of beauty produced by opposite principles, but that works of combination in art, produced without a
governing principle, are devoid of taste, and beneath criticism. It is
common
to hear persons,
speaking from prejudice, or feelings which
have at some time or other received their colouring from peculiar circumstances, speak of the " gardens of the
stiff
last
rustic bridges,"
and unmeaning"" or " century
&c,
;
of the
frightful " taste of the
Dutch or French
others equally decry the " stupid serpentine walks,
more modern landscape garden: G
— each
is
equally
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING.
42
wrong, and
speaking from a mere instinct or impulse, and not from a rea-
is
soning process
the fact being that either of those opposite styles
;
is
capable of
producing an equal degree of positive beauty. It
my
is
object here to note
down
briefly,
but in order as regular as space
admit, a few of the general principles which ought to govern ornamental
will
gardening under various circumstances, particularly such as are applicable to every-day practice, and which have been suggested to me at different periods in
rambling through some of the most beautiful gardens of Europe.
We
can know but
little
of the style of gardening that prevailed in the earlier
ages of the world, but doubtless in every age of high civilisation
men were found
to apply true principles to every art, and beauty was produced in gardens as perfect as in other works of art (of which the
monuments still remain to attest and beauty, perhaps of a novel and singular character, of which we can form no idea, unless better acquainted with the details of the their magnificence)
civilisation
which called up those combinations of earth and trees and flowers
into their beautiful existence.
The style of
earliest period at
which we can form a tolerably correct idea of the
gardens in use among the ancients,
is
Roman
that of the
the minute descriptions of Pliny and other writers leave desire
;
among
the
would appear, that a pleasure garden or
it
that gird the
hills
stands the " eternal city," was
Roman
of a
those
when
empire,
to the curious to
but in this case no extraordinary novelty rewards the research, for from
these records
villa
little
hills
(the
Campagna, or
much
villa,
at Tusculum,
the centre
plain, in
of which
the same thing in the days of Pliny as the
noble of the present day
;
and those who have wandered among
favourite site for the villas of the
modern
as well as ancient
Romans), and compared the ruins of the gorgeous gardens of the artist * emperor Hadrian, with those of the neighbouring villas of Este, of the Borghese, or Chigi, created within the last
same
two
centuries, will
principles of arrangement, the terraces, fountains,
acknowledge that the statues, temples,
&c,
pervade both.
A still stronger proof modern singular
Italy I noticed
of the similarity of the gardening taste of ancient and
upon the painted
memoirs of the
walls of the houses of Pompeii (those
and customs of the people of a Roman provincial
lives
town eighteen centuries ago), where there is a
painting,
still
in perfect preservation,
which might pass as well for the representation of a garden in the reign of the present Pope Gregory
XVI.
as in that of Augustus,
which
it
accurately repre-
sents.
* The Emperor Hadrian spent many years in embellishing, from imitations of the his vale of
most remarkable objects he had seen in
Tempe,
his
Egyptian tomb, and
to the scale of his celebrated villa.
the arts occupied as
much
many
his
own
plans, his villa at Tivoli, with
his travels in Greece, Egypt, Syria, &c.
&c.
He had
of the most striking features of the then civilised world reduced
Several public buildings in
of his time as the empire.
Rome were
also erected after his design
;
in short,
—
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING.
43
In searching for causes for this similarity, the most probable would seem to
though the character of the
be, in the first place, that
periods
is
civilisation of the
different as far as political influences are concerned, yet that
two
many
other circumstances continued the same, and many, both of climate and social
custom, continue their influence over agricultural and horticultural pursuits, in
modern villa
as they did in ancient Italy,
and
so
still
impart a similar character to the
* or pleasure-garden.
Secondly, that neither ancient nor
modern
Italy advanced farther than those
periods of civilisation, where art arrived progressively at perfection, abuse, and decline
;
and
in neither
had the degree of prosperity necessary to the stimula-
tion of art continued long
nature and leads,
first
enough to reach that epoch when a necessary return to
principles takes place, producing a
embellished, but
not encumbered by art
new combination, where nature a combination more nearly
;
attained in the best examples of landscape gardening in England than perhaps in
The
any other ornamental gardens ever attempted.
and modern
style of ancient
and temples, which may be called architectural
Italy, that of terraces, fountains,
gardening, for even the trees were constrained by the shears to form straight lines or arcades, found
its
way from
Italy to France,
where
highest pitch of perfection and abuse under Louis Versailles, for
it
XIV.
was carried to in the
its
gardens of
which the famous Boboli gardens of Florence served as the model.
This taste soon afterwards began to be practised in England, but not upon a large scale until imported from the Continent by William the Third, from which
circumstance
it
was erroneously
called the
Dutch
style.
It reigned supreme,
however, for but a short time, when the increasing prosperity of the nation
brought us to that period when certain impulses of art having passed through the phases of their highest perfection, abuse, and decline, are again resorted to, by which,
if
—
first principles
and nature
the stimulation of prosperity continue, the most
beautiful results are effected.
The
first
attempts at ornamental gardening must be deviations from nature
squaring, levelling, &c. &c.
forms
—
;
in short, art applied in its simplest
and most obvious
impetus of deviation from nature once given, must go on increasing
this
to a certain point, and^ in a regular and progressive advance from the squaring
and
levelling of the first gardener, arrive eventually at a state similar to that of
its progress many new elements of effect Then comes the decline, and then, naturally, the return to the first simple principles, which had given the original impetus to the work yet not with the paucity of means possessed by the first squarer and leveller, but with a mass of principles and rudiments which enables the newly-inspired artist to
the Italian or French style, evolving in
and beauty.
:
recommence the race at a point very
The return * In Italy a
to simpler
and purer
villa does not
mean
so
much
far in
advance of his original predecessor.
principles of beauty in this country the residence as the
garden or promenade, without any residence.
G 2
garden,— the Villa Reale
was doubtless
at Naples,
is
a public
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF SEEDS.
44
accelerated by the aspect of our beautiful parks of England.
As
international civilisation
—a feature peculiar to the scenery
and courtesy increased about the begin-
ning of the last century, the spirit of travel grew stronger in our islanders
though struck at
first
and
;
with the magnificence of the foreign residences, and their
statue-peopled gardens, which they beheld in their travels, yet on their return, the
and luxuriant uncropped
beautiful repose of the natural slopes,
own finely-timbered
parks, received a value from the
which they had never possessed before
;
means
foliage of their
of strong comparison,
and this new appreciation of the peculiar
beauties of our park scenery, with other collateral causes, led to the establishment
of a
new
style,
which has here been appropriately termed landscape gardening,
but on the Continent, where the new style soon became known and admired, gardens laid out upon
its
principle were called,
and are
still
called, in
compliment
to the country that originated them, English gardens (Jardins Anglais).
that I have already occupied so principles
much more
and remarks applicable to every-day
another paper, in which I
will
practice,
—
I find
my
space than I intended, that
list
of
must form the subject of
endeavour to show that no
style
ought to be
dis-
carded entirely, to make room for a newer fashion, but that the principles of any style,
may
under proper modification,
cumstances,
be advantageously applied to present
— more particularly both the architectural and
landscape
style,
cir-
which
to residences of any extent are both necessary, each in its proper place, to that
union of art and nature which soften
it
into the scenery
required as
is
by which
it is
{To
it
were to frame a residence, and
surrounded.
be continued.)
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF SEEDS TO THIS COUNTRY, COLLECTED FOR THE MOST PART IN HOT CLIMATES. BY DAVID CAMERON,
A.L.S.
Every person who has been in the habit of receiving seeds from tropical and more particularly those collected in the East Indies, must have observed how small a proportion of the more rare and valuable kinds vegetate, climates,
in consequence of
their
perforated by insects as
being so
to
destroy their
vegetating properties.
Various means have been tried to remedy this
Some have
success.
tried sealing
them up
evil,
but hitherto with
in bottles, or soldering
tin cases, but this appears nearly to destroy
them
little
close in
them, as they seldom vegetate.
Others have recommended them to be wrapped up in very coarse brown paper,
and
this
insects,
also
method seems
to be beneficial in
many
instances, as
and prevents them from breeding among the
worthy of
trial.
Wheat
that
is
grown near
in sea water previous to sowing, a plan
seeds.
to the coast
is
it
keeps out the
Salt
and water
is
frequently soaked
which has been found beneficial
;
but how
BOTANICAL NOTICES OP
NEW
PLANTS.
45
long other seeds will retain their vegetating power after being immersed in salt
and water, water or
is
it
worthy of
may be
It
trial.
favour of this practice, which
many
;
water, afterwards drying
paper, so that countiy,
and therefore immersion in sea them and wrapping them up in brown might be ascertained how they vegetate when they reach this
perhaps, not yet ascertained
is,
"salt
came under
mention one circumstance in
well to
my own
observation.
Having received
years ago a rare assortment of seeds collected in the Mauritius,
intrusted to the care of a passenger
;
and
while on board they were so wetted by a
storm, that the papers in which they were wrapped were destroyed, in conse-
quence of which when they came to hand the seeds were notwithstanding
them
this,
several which
all
mixed together
most of them when sown vegetated
well,
;
but
and amongst
had never before been made to vegetate.
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF
NEW
PLANTS.
DICOTYLEDONES. CACTEiE.
Epiphyllum Russellianum.
Mag.
t.
3717.
from which
Gard.
Juss.
Duke
of Bedford's Epiphyllum.
This beautiful species of Epiphyllum
is
Bot.
very near to E. truncatum,
however, distinguished by the inner circle of the monadelphous
it is,
stamens, which also vary in colour
;
those of the latter being white, whereas the
former are pink. It
was found by Mr. Gardner, on the Organ Mountains, at an elevation of
nearly six thousand feet, at which height
it is
alone to be found.
E. truncatum he
has never observed to grow at an elevation greater than four thousand dred.
Its brilliant flowers are
produced
in
COMPOSITE. Callichroa Platyglossa. t.
3719.
This
is
May.
Bot.
hun-
Juss.
Fisch. et Meyer.
Golden Callichroa.
a pretty annual, bearing yellow flowers, and having
appearance of the genus Ohyura, Lathe?iia,
five
Mag.
etc.,
but from which
it is
Mag. much the
Bot.
sufficiently
distinct.
New California, and was raised from seeds sent by Dr. F. Glasgow Botanic Garden, at which establishment the plant was drawn.
It is a native of
to the
EPACRIDEiE.
Epacris impressa, B. parviflora. Bot. Beg. 2 S.
t.
19.
This
is
Lindl.
Small-flowered pitted Epacris.
a pretty variety, resembling E. impressa, but
having smaller blossoms, and apparently, according to the plate, not of so brilliant
a colour.
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF NEW PLANTS.
46
This plant was sent by Mr. James Backhouse to York, under the russifolia,
E. impressa ; but whether E. he
is
name E.
but which Dr. Lindley considers as nothing more than a variety of russifolia of
Brown be anything more than a
variety
uncertain.
Mr. Gunn, who has accurately observed the Botany of Van Diemen's Land, has lately sent over numerous wild specimens, which he considers only varieties of
one species, varying in colour from a deep red, through blush, to pure white
all
the paler shades of
so that colour constitutes no distinction.
;
The natural season for the flowering of these plants is our winter, beginning August and continuing till March. On this account they are par-
to blossom in
ticularly well suited for the
ornamental greenhouse, as they produce an abundance
of flowers during the winter.
Bot. Reg.
SCROPHULAPJNEiE.
Pbntstemon barbA-TUm, Bot. Reg. 2 S.
stemon.
t.
high.
It flowers
This
21.
and was raised from Mexican Fred. Dickson, Esq.
carneum.
var.
It is a
Lindl.
Flesh-coloured bearded Pent-
a flesh-coloured variety of P. barhatum,
is
seeds, presented to the Horticultural Society
hardy perennial, growing from two to three
from July to August, and
suffers injury
by
feet
from excess of moisture
during the winter.
Some
uncertainty has existed as to what should constitute the distinction
between Chelone and Pentstemon, whether
it
should consist of the hirsute anthers,
the form of the corolla, or the winged appendage to the seeds. tinction has, however, been fixed
species at present
known
The
latter dis-
upon by Mr. Bentham, who has referred
all
to the genus Pentstemon, with the exception of Chelone
Lyonii, glabra, obliqua, and nemorosa.
Bot. Reg. \
LABIATE.
is
Large blue Mexican Sage.
Cav.
Salvia, patens.
This
said to be the
most beautiful
large deep azure-blue flowers.
The
Bot. Reg. 2 S.
t.
28.
species of this extensive genus, bearing very
first
time this species was seen in this country,
appears to be one exhibited at a meeting of the Truro Horticultural Meeting, Cornwall, 1838, by It
is
John Penberthy Magor,
Esq., of Penverton, near Redruth.
a native of Mexico, from Whence roots of
it,
in a dried state,
were forwarded
to this country in the Spring of 1838, one of which shortly afterwards produced its
magnificent flowers in Mr. Magor's garden, and has continued to do so in an
airy greenhouse ever since.
Messrs.
Lowe and
It is also in the extensive nursery collection of
Co., Clapton.
Bot. Reg.
ACANTHACEiE.
Ruellia ciliatiflora. This
is
a
handsome Bot.
Fringe-flowered Paiellia.
species, bearing lilac flowers,
to the Glasgow Botanic in September.
Hook.
Bot.
Mag.
Garden by Mr. Tweedie, from Buenos Ayres.
Mag.
t.
3718.
and was raised from seeds sent It flowers
NEW
BOTANICAL NOTICES OP
PLANTS.
47
THYMILEiE.
Mr. Henderson's Pimelia. Bot. Mag.
Pimelea Hendersonii. Hook. This
is
a pretty and delicate species, bearing pinkish blossoms, and
between P. decussata and P.
t.
3721.
intermediate
King George's Sound, and to them by Captain
It is a native of
rosea.
is
was raised by Messrs. Eagle and Henderson from seeds sent
The plant was about eighteen
Cheyne, in May, 1837. with flowers.
It
is
inches high, and covered
one of the most ornamental of the genus.
Mag.
Bot.
BEGONIACEiE. .
Begonia parvifolia.
This
is
Begonia.
Small-leaved
Schott.
Bot.
Mag.
t.
3720.
a delicate species, bearing white flowers, which are produced in abundance.
Its country
is
not mentioned, nor
height
its
is
the Birmingham Horticultural Society
is
;
but a plant in the collection of
from eighteen inches to two
feet high.
This plant was received at the Edinburgh Garden from the Berlin Garden, in the year 1836. Mills,
Dr.
It flowered profusely in the collection of
Neill, at
Cannon
and at the Botanic Garden, throughout the summer. AS CLEPI AD ACEiE.
Hoya species
coriacea.
Thick-leaved Hoya.
Blume.
Bot. Reg. 2 S.
was sent to Messrs. Loddiges from Manilla, and flowered,
time, in August, 1838.
Its flowers are yellowish- white.
and but imperfectly known Blume adds nine more.
t.
This
18.
for the first
This genus
is
Indian,
Dr. Wight mentions twenty, and Dr.
to botanists.
MONOCOTYLEDONES. ORCHIDEjE.
Brassabola cuspidata. This species
and it
is
is
allied to
Spear-lipped Brassavola.
B. cucullata and B. angustata.
in the collection of
from the above
Hook.
EPIDENDREiE.
§
John Moss, Esq.
place, with
about
fifty
•
It
is
Bot.
of Otterspool, Liverpool,
other species.
Mag.
t.
3722.
a native of Trinidad,
who
received
This species has also
flowered in the collection of George Barker, Esq., Springfield, near Birmingham. §
Dendrobium crumenatum. Reg. 2 S. is
t.
This
22.
is
MALAXIDEiE.
Lindl.
Sweet club-stemmed Dendrobium.
a handsome species, bearing yellow- whitish flowers.
a native of the islands of the Indian archipelago, where
Dr. Blume procured
branches of trees. coast of the
little
Stamford Raffles
is
It
found upon the
it in Java, near Batavia, and on the Nusa Kambanga and it was found by the late Sir Sumatra. The specimen figured by Dr. Lindley is a native
island of
in
it
Bot.
;
CALENDAR OF GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR MAY.
48
and
of Ceylon,
in the collection of
Sion-house, where varies with white
it
His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, at According to Dr. Blume,
flowered in August, 1837.
and pink
flowers,
and with more or
less
it
oblong coriaceous leaves.
It is easily cultivated.
Dendrobium aureum, Bot. Reg. 2 S.
variety.
orange-tinted flowers.
It
This too
20. is
uncommon
in collections.
It
is
a pretty species, bearing white and
where
it
was found by Mr.
January.
It is not
The drawing was made from a specimen
in the col-
lection of Messrs. Loddiges.
and primrose.
is
also a native of Ceylon,
Macrae, growing upon trees near Nuera
Dendrobium, pale
Golden-flowered
var. pallidum.
t.
Ellia, flowering in
It has a delicate scent, intermediate
as easily propagated as
D. crumenatum.
between
violet
Bot. Reg.
CALENDAR OF GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR MAY. The
the plant stoves
fires in
may
be discontinued
The
about the middle of this month.
thermometer reaches about 75 degrees
noon and sprinkling the cient to keep the house
The time ground
is
floors, it will
for planting out greenhouse latter
previously,
suffi-
and half-hardy plants into the open end of the month, being somewhat
to be gradually hardened before planting out,
week or ten days
in the after-
that ought to be
in the morning.
earlier or later, according to the state of the weather.
for a
the weather prove mild
and by shutting up early
;
make a moist heat
up to 60 degrees
from the middle to the
if
stove should have air early, as soon as the
These and Dahlias ought
by being placed
in frames or pits
where the sashes can be drawn
off
during fine
weather.
Transplant hardy and half-hardy annuals into their flowering stations, taking •
advantage of cloudy or showery weather for that purpose.
Ridge out Cucumbers
Attend to ought to be they
for fruiting in the
shifting Balsams,
finally
may be ready
open ground.
Cockscombs, and other tender annuals.
These
got into their flowering pots by the middle of the month, that to be put into the greenhouse
when the
plants are turned out
of doors.
Rose
trees,
when attacked by the green
fly,
ought to be watered with a
mixture of water and tobacco liquor in the evening.
Look over the peach
trees
upon the
walls,
and pick
off all blistered leaves as
they appear, and thin out the wood shoots so as to give strength to those wanted to
make wood
for the next year's crop.
Prepare beds of Neapolitan
made
violets in
a sheltered border of good
soil.
If
of a size for covering with frames, they will flower fine during the ensuing
winter.
Jf? 10Z
—
:
49
CYTISUS TRIFLORUS. (Three-flowered Cytisus.)
NATURAL ORDER.
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
No. 102.
MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA
'
LEGUMINOSiE, TRIBE LOTEyE.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Cytisus.
(Decand.) Calyx
bilabiatus, labio superiore ssepius integro inferiore subtridentato.
Stamina monadelpha. Carina obtusissima genitalia includens. Vexillum ovatum amplum. Legumen plano-compressum polyspermum eglandulosum. Frutices habitu genistarum trifbliolatarum. Floribus fere omnium flavis. Foliis omnium 2> foliolatis. (Decand. Prod. vol. ii. p. 153.) Calyx two lipped, upper ovate, large.
lip oftentimes entire,
lower
lip
flatly compressed,
many-seeded, glandless.
Flowers of almost
all
Standard
somewhat three-toothed.
Keel very obtuse, concealing the sexual organs. Stamens joined in one
set.
Legume
Shrubs having the habit of the three-leaved broom.
Leaves always in threes.
yellow.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. C. triflorus;
(L'Her.) Hirsutus ; ramis teretibus,
floribus axillaribus pedicellatis ternis apice
Hirsute, branches round; pedicellate, in threes,
petiolate,
somewhat racemose
Cytisus triflorus.
L'Her.
villosus.
Pourr.
Descr.
leaves
— Stem about
stirp.
ramorum
184.
at the
foliis petiolatis
:
foliolis obovato-ellipticis
subracemosis.
leaflets
obovate
elliptical;
—Desf. Fl.
atl.
—non Lam.
three feet high, branched, branches hairy.
Leaves petiolate, arranged Flowers pedunculate,
Leaflets obovate, pointed, covered with soft silky hairs.
in threes.
flowers axillary
apex of the branches.
yellow, arranged in threes, growing from the axils of the leaves, peduncles about a quarter of
an inch long, covered with the keel, obtuse.
soft hairs.
Keel, very obtuse.
Standard ovate, large, yellow.
Stamens united into one
indented in the centre, and covered with long soft hairs.
This pretty free-flowering Cytisus cultural Society, and
is
Wings nearly
set.
as long as
Seed-vessel compressed,
Seeds about eight in each seed-vessel.
in the collection of the
Birmingham Horti-
from a plant in the greenhouse of that establishment our
drawing was made. It
is
a half-hardy shrub, and a native of Spain
introduced about the year 1640.
;
winter, or to be planted against a south wall, where
may be had VOL.
III.
during severe weather.
NO. XXVIII.
from which country
It requires the shelter of a
JUNE, 1839.
was
some temporary protection
It flowers freely
H
it
frame during the
from April to May.
It
—
:
50
;
CYTISUS TRIFLORUS.
may
be increased by cuttings, and also by seeds, which appear to be produced in
abundance.
It
may
also
be grafted on the Cytisus Laburnum, or any other showy
The soil should be light. The wood of the Tree-Cytisus, or common Laburnum, is much valued by cabinet-makers, and is known among them by the name of French or Alpine ebony. The Cytisus scoparius is much
species of the genus.
sought after, from
its
beauty for veneering.
It
is
also thought to be the flowering
Cytisus mentioned by Virgil " Florentem cytisum sequitur lasciva capella." Its
Vibg. Eel.
ii. 1.
64.
young branches are frequently given as fodder, and are sometimes used
instead of hops for brewing. leather
;
The
and the
The bark
fibre capable of
seeds of Cytisus
is
also said to be useful for tanning
being manufactured into cloth.
Laburnum are
poisonous, and serious consequences have
occurred both in this country and in France, from children swallowing the flowers or seeds.
The
deleterious effects have been found,
by Chevalier and Lassaigne,
to reside in a proximate principle to which they have given the
and so powerful
is
it,
that
when
name
Cytisine
small quantities are given to any animal,
it
invariably produces vomiting, and generally death.
The
generic
Cyclades, where
name it
was
Cytisus, is said to first
found;
flowers being arranged in three.
be derived from Cythnus, one of the
and the
specific
name
triflorus,
from the
—
—
;
51
ACACIA DEALBATA. (
Whitened Acacia.')
NATURAL ORDER.
LINNEAN SYSTEM. °'
POLYGAMIA MONCECIA.
LEGCJMINOSjE, TRIBE MIMOS.E.
GENERIC CHARACTER. in corollam 4-5 fidam coalita.
Petala 4-5, nunc libera nunc
Calyx 4-5, dentatus.
Flores polygami.
(Neck.)
Acacia.
Legumen continuum exsuccum
Stamina numero varia 10-200.
Flores
flavi, albi
aut rarius rubri, capitati aut
spicati,
decandri aut polyandri, eleuthe-
randri aut monadelphi, petalis 4-5 liberis coalitisve constantes.
Flowers polygamous.
Calyx from 4 to 5 toothed.
joined into a four or five divided corolla. juiceless,
and two-valved.-
stipulares, sparsaj aut
Spina
Frutices aut arbores, habitu et foliatione valde varise.
bivalve. nullse.
{Lecand. Prod.
vol.
ii.
p. 448.
Petals 4 or 5, sometimes free, sometimes
Stamens varying from 10
Shrubs or trees both in habit and
Legume continuous,
to 200.
foliation
very various.
Spines
Flowers yellow, white, or rarely red, capitate or spiked,
either stipulary, scattered, or none.
decandrous, or polyandrous, free or united, petals 4 or
5, free or joined.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. A. dealbata
:
inermis, ramis subangulatis petioliscpie pube brevissima subvelutinis, pinnis
15-25 jagis;
foliolis
omnes pinnas
;
Without
30-35 jugis linearibus confertissimis pubescentibus, glandula fere inter
capitulis pedicellatis secus
prickles
;
very short somewhat velvety hair linear,
pedunculum axillarem racemosis.
branches somewhat angular, and together with the petioles covered with ;
pinnce from 15 to 25 pairs
crowded together and pubescent, having a gland
;
leaflets
from 30
to 35 pairs,
most part between the pinna?
for the
heads pedicellate or racemose.
Link. Enum. p. 445. Descr.— Stem about twelve feet high, glaucous, smooth, and
Acacia dealbata. '
brown anastomosing with a delicate
soft
petiolulse covered
veins,
white velvety down.
which
late gland
more
Pinnce about twenty-five pairs, pubescent
secretes a sweet honey-like juice.
or less obtuse.
Leaflets
;
at the base of each is
This
is
(?)
little
an urceo-
on the pinna? about thirty
pairs,
as the petioles. Bracts thick, woolly, of various
Petals ovate, acute.
smooth, articulated in a similar manner to those of the genus Tradescantia.
Legume.
large
Flowers axillary and terminal, deposited in globular heads, peduncles
Sepals brownish at the margin, pubescent.
two-celled.
marked with
Leaves alternate, about four inches long, petiole and
and pedicels covered with the same velvety down lengths.
beautifully
Branches about one foot long, covered
with the same velvety down as the branches, and having at the base a
fleshy enlargement.
linear,
naked below, branched above.
Stamens numerous, Anthers roundish,
Seeds. (?)
unquestionably the most beautiful of
come under our observation.
all
the Acacias which have yet
Its panicle of inflorescence is
h 2
about two feet long,
;
ACACIA DEALBATA.
52
of a soft and delicate yellow, differing from that of any other species we know,
and harmonising which
is
In the specimen
insects.
We
delightfully with the pale
and elegant
The sweet
foliage.
fluid
secreted by the glands at the base of the pinnae proves very attractive to
now
before us,
we
an insect
find
in almost every gland.
observe also that the leaf possesses the power of contracting upon the
application of stimuli, although in a very
The minute and
Dioncea muscipula.
much
less
degree than Mimosa pudica, or
arranged
closely
leaflets, their
glaucous, or
rather whitened hue, together with the fine panicle of inflorescence, give this
shrub a very striking appearance.
Our drawing was made from Willmore
a magnificent specimen in the collection of Mrs.
Cultivation.
—This
is
a greenhouse plant, and
border of a conservatory where
in the
Birmingham.
of Strawberry Vale, Edgbaston, near
it will
at the top of the leading shoots so as to
some appearance.
It flowers in spring.
is
well adapted for planting out
have room, and
if
occasionally stopped
make it bushy, it will have a very handThe soil most suitable for it is a mixture
of loam, peat, and sand, either for pot culture, or for the border of the conservatory. It
may be
increased by cuttings planted in sand, and placed in a gentle bottom
The best plants are abundance when planted out. heat.
raised from seeds, which are ripened in tolerable
Being one of the hardiest of the Acacias,
does well planted against a south wall, where the severity of the winter.
may
It
also
can have a
it
little
it
also
protection during
be planted out in the open ground, as a
standard, in the south of England, and in sheltered situations in Scotland upon the sea-coast, with every probability of success.
The genus Acacia
From
this
from several
contains about three hundred species, which are, for the
New
most part, natives of genus
is
Holland.
obtained the gum-arabic of commerce, which
is
procured
but chiefly from A. vera, A. arabica, A. Ehrenbergii, A.
species,
many others. The bark of many of the species
tortilis
and, perhaps,
which latter property renders leather.
that
it
In
fact,
it
of Acacia
powerfully tonic and astringent
the bark of some of the species contains tannin in such quantity
has become an object of commercial speculation
Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, bark were imported into tanners.
in
of
;
and, according to the
1824 some tons of the extract of Acacia
this country
from
New
South Wales for the use of
Since that time a preference has been given to the bark
large quantities are regularly shipped at
wood
is
valuable as an article in the process of tanning
commerce
is
Hobart Town
for
said to be the produce of a species of
of which
itself,
England.
The
Mimosa found
rose-
in the
Brazilian forests.
The
generic
name
is
formed from
to sharpen, the specific
alludes to the whitened appearance of the leaves. floret
with the germ and calyx.
The
name
dealbata
dissection shows a single
;
58
PODALYRIA STYRACIFOL1A. (Styrax-leaved Podalyria.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
Nq Jq^
LEGUMINOS^
DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
§
P APILIONACE^E.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calyx 5-fidus,
Podalyria (Lam).
lobis
alis
sessile
ventricosum polyspermum.
Stigma capitatum.
Frutices capenses saepius sericei.
Legumen
Stipulce angusta? adpressse.
Bractea caduca?.
Pedunculi axillares imi aut pauci-flori.
Folia simplicia alterna.
Corolla vexillo majore,
ineequalibus, basi intrusa.
Stamina 10, persistentia basi subconnata.
obtecta.
carina
Corolke
purpurea? roses aut albse.
Calyx 5-parted,
unequal, thrust in at the base.
lobes
keel covered by the wings. tate.
Legume
sessile,
Stamens 10,
persistent,
Stipules narrow, pressed
to
the stem.
Stigma capi-
Leaves simple, alternate.
Corolla of a purple, rose, or white
Bracts caducous.
Peduncles axillary, oneor few-flowered.
at the base.
Shrubs natives of the Cape, most frequently
swelling, many-seeded.
covered with silky hairs.
Corolla with a large standard, the
somewhat joined
colour.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. P. styracifolia
pedunculis 1-2
:
foliis ovalibus
floris folia
vexillis reflexis latis
obovatisve mucronatis pubescentibus subtus subreticulatis
asquantibus;
emarginatis
;
calyctbus ferrugineo-tomentosis
;
lobis
acutis reflexis
; •
floribus roseis.
Leaves oval, or obovate, mucronate, pubescent underneath, somewhat reticulately veined peduncles one to two-flowered, equal in length to the leaf ; calyxes covered with a kind of
brownish tomentum
;
lobes acute, reflexed
;
standard reflexed, broad, notched at the end
;
flowers
rose-coloured.
Podalyria styracifolia.—-Sims, Bot.
Descr.
—Shrub
pubescence.
;
Stem about four
t.
1580
Decandolle Prod. vol.
;
ii.
feet high, branched, covered all over
p. 102.
with a
soft silky
Leaves shortly petiolate, ovate, alternate, mucronate, beautifully reticulated when
held to the light, and covered
all
Stipules minute, subulate, silky.
of the leaf.
Mag.
over with a soft silky pubescence, similar to that on the stem.
Bracts caducous.
Peduncles about two inches long, the length
Calyx unequally five-parted, brownish on the
on the outside. Flowers
solitary, of
inside,
covered with soft silky hairs
a delicate and elegant rose colour.
Standard large, reflexed,
margin elegantly undulated, deeply notched in the centre, about an inch and a quarter in diameter, the base of which is whitish ; wings longer than the keel, and concealing it ; apex obtuse,
waved
at the
margin, similar to the standard
;
unguis incurved.
Keel small, enveloping
the stamens and anthers, obtuse, having the apex and the claw more deeply tinted with pink.
Stamens
ten, persistent,
somewhat joined
at the base, situate
on a fleshy torus and tightly
PODALYRIA STYRACIFOLIA.
54 pressing the ovarium. tudinally.
Anthers adnate, roundish angular, two-celled, bursting inwardly, longi-
Pollen oblong, smooth.
base of which
is
Style persistent, smooth.
arranged a circle of
Stigma capitate, round, at the
Ovarium
soft silky hairs.
sessile, ventricose, densely covered with silky hairs, which, owing to the pressure of the stamens, have the appearance of being arranged in bands. Seeds numerous, reniform, attached to the dorsal suture.
This is a very handsome plant bearing numerous delicate rose-coloured flowers near to the apex of the branch, and forming a conspicuous ornament in the greenhouse. The flowers are not always solitary as described by Decandolle
m his
sectional character
there
were
deviation,
;
for
on the plant from which our drawing was taken
twin blossoms in several
it is
evidently nothing
instances.
more than P.
But notwithstanding
this
It is a native of the
styracifolia.
Cape of Good Hope, and was introduced about the year 1792. Cultivation.
— This plant requires
a greenhouse, and
ought to be frequently stopped when in a young
is
of easy culture.
state, so as to cause it to
It
become
bushy.
The and by
soil
should be loam, peat, and sand.
It
may be
increased by cuttings
seeds.
This is exclusively an African genus, of which all the species hitherto known, (and which amount to about fourteen,) are inhabitants of the Cape of Good Hope. They are not remarkable for the possession of medicinal or any other
important properties.
The generic name Podalyria is from Podalirius, a son name styracifolia refers to the general appearance very much resemble those of the plant which yields the gum specific
Fig. 1, the stamens persistent, attached to the calyx
ment of the
seeds to the dorsal suture of the legume
legume, showing the rows of silky hairs.
;
;
of /Eseulapius
;
the
of the leaves, which
storax. 2,
shows the attach-
3, exterior
view of the
——
35
BILLBERGIA IRIDIFOLIA. (Iris-leaved, or drooping Billbergia.)
_
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
No. 105.
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNI A.
BROMELIACE^E.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Billbergia.
(Thunb.)
Calyx superus, 3-partitus, unibracteatus.
Stamina
in tubo convoluta, basi squamis appendiculata.
lorum
inter
squamas
Ovarium
inserta.
Stigmata
filiformis.
3,
3-loculare
cum
paniculati,
polyspermum
foliis
rachi manifeste articulati.
at the base of the sepals
and
Stigmas
Ovary
petals.
Stylus
Semina (ex Martio) nuda. Flores
nunc
sessiles,
spicati
Petals 3, longer than the sepals, rolled
3-celled,
Stamens
between
6, free, inserted
many-seeded
Capsule berried
3, linear, convolute.
3, sepalis longiora,
ovulis minutissimis.
siccis lepidotis.
and having scaly appendages at the base.
thread-shaped.
Petala
basibns sepalorum et peta-
(Lindley.)
Calyx superior, 3-parted, with a single bractea. into a tube,
:
Capsula baccata 1
linearia, convoluta.
Herbse epiphytes (America? aequinoctialis)
nunc
6, libera,
:
ovules very minute.
up
scales
Style
Seeds (according to Martius)
?
naked.
Epiphytic plants (of equinoctial America) with dry leaves, covered with leprous scales.
Flowers
sessile,
sometimes spiked, sometimes panicled, manifestly articulated with the rachis.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. B.
iridifolia
multiflora
;
;
foliis lanceolato-ensiformibus undulatis
floribus solitaries
;
acuminatis subspinosis
bracteis integerrimis coloratis
Leaves lanceolate-ensiform, undulate, acuminate, somewhat spinous flowered
;
flowers solitary
Billbergia iridifolia.
Bromelia
Desck.
iridifolia.
;
spied pendula
florum longitudine. ;
spike pendulous,
Lindl. Bot. Reg. vol.
Nees
—Leaves from a
et
xiii.
Martius.
foot to a foot
and a half long, sheathing and spiny towards the base,
the upper surface of a dark rich green, and covered beneath with white leprous scales. spicate, terminal, red, pendulous, flexuose, clothed distant, solitary, sessile, half invested
sions ovate-oblong,
as the corolla.
many-
bracteas very entire, coloured, the length of the flowers.
;
by the
with deep red, inflated bracteas.
rich, red, inflated bracteas.
Scape
Flowers
Calyx superior ; divi-
membranaceous, of a yellowish green, tipped with blue, scarcely half
Petals linear, yellowish green, with a blue, obtuse, revolute apex
base two fimbriated, nectariferous scales.
Anthers versatile.
Ovary
inferior,
;
as long-
having at the
smooth, 3-cornered,
3-celled.
This plant, which
is
no
less singular
than beautiful in
introduced to this country severaly ears ago, but
is
its
appearance, was
by no means common
in
BILLBERGIA IRIDIFOLIA.
56 collections.
may be
It
is
a native of Rio J aneiro, where like other epiphytic plants
seen growing upon the trunks and branches of trees
and odours not their own.
climates, are thus frequently adorned with hues
The genus
was
Billbergia
;
it
which, in tropical
founded by Thunberg, and has been
originally
adopted by Dr. Lindley, as embracing some species formerly included in Bromelia, but which appear to
differ
The natural order
from that genus
in certain peculiarities of structure.
which Billbergia belongs, contains
Bromeliacece, to
gether about twenty genera, one of which Jnanassa, the Pine Apple, able for
its
well-known, rich, fleshy
peculiar in habit
;
many
fruit.
The
of the species have the
is
alto-
remark-
plants of this order are very
power of existing without water
and even without soil; hence it is not unusual for the inhabitants of South America to suspend in their apartments such of the species as are remarkable either for the brilliancy of their colours, or the delicacy of their fragrance.
Cultivation.
heat to grow
— Billbergia
it fine,
winter months.
a stove perennial
iridifolia is
The
soil
it
requires a strong
should be loam, well-rotted dung, and sand, with plenty
of drainers in the bottoms of the pots.
It is readily increased
being the best season for that purpose. ensure fine plants,
:
and should have a rather limited supply of water during the
it will
almost
live in
a
by
dividing, spring
Although requiring a strong heat to
warm
greenhouse.
w
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. (Continued from page 44.)
On
resuming
my
article
on Ornamental Gardening commenced in the
number of the " Floral Cabinet,"
I
very general love of flowers and taste for gardens which pervades
our nation to so
much
England
down
it
me
which
before I proceed regularly with
crowded with flowers that decorate village mechanic, or the larger villa or
flower-garden
much more than
my
;
and
of the
grow,
will
is
destitute of
this at once proves the nationality of the taste,
the great gardens of the rich, which would form a luxurious like a
French cook or any other
luxury, as a matter of course, whether the taste were national or not.
In France,
and Germany, may be seen sumptuous gardens attached to the royal
palaces and the residences of the most wealthy nobles countries do
we observe
affords such facilities,
;
but in none of these
as a national feature flower-gardens attached to the
houses of the peasantry or poorer classes
—not
in Italy,
where the splendid camellia
thirty feet unprotected in the open air,
will
where the genial clime
grow
and the American
to the height of
aloe shoots
towering spike of flowers spontaneously in the neglected thickets, national taste for the cultivation of flowers
and
;
nursery ground, I believe, until the French, effected,
gardens
country box of the trader or merchant.
appendage to every residence of importance,
Italy, Spain,
;
In
subject.
little
alike the cottage of the peasant,
In short, no residence however humble, where flowers its little front
classes of
think somewhat novel,
I
are particularly struck with the neat
foreigners
all
all
greater an extent than in most neighbouring countries
and as a view of the subject has occurred to I cannot help noting
last
have been led to investigate the cause of the
is
up
its
there a
all
Italy did not contain a single
among
the numerous improvements
during their occupation of the country, established one in the Farnesi
gardens of the Palatine in Spain,
Hill,
among
the ruins of the palace of the Caesars
where the feathery palm waves
its
;
not
beautiful foliage luxuriantly in the
southern breeze, and beautiful flowers, that in our climate expand their delicate petals
bloom
only under careful in early
their culture. land.
It
management and watchful
May upon the
mountain
Similar remarks
may be
side,
care,
may be made
of Germany, France, or Switzer-
argued, that where nature produces so
spontaneously, there
is
no need
for their culture
where the vegetable necessaries of
and luxuriance, agriculture
is
life
gush into glorious
—does there exist a national taste for ;
many
beautiful flowers
as in the southern countries,
are produced in the greatest abundance
the most neglected.
But
this
comparison
will
not
hold good, for we find the same thing occurring in the northern portions of
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING.
58
France, where the climate
some respects worse, does with us of climate,
:
we must
and gardening
now
not at
better than that of England, indeed in
all
common
therefore find
laurel will not there stand the winter as
is
solution of the question.
innate with us
so general,
and
am
I find
;
I
know,
as a probable and, as far as I
cannot find that the love of flowers
no very early traces of the passion which
induced to consider
it
not so
much a part
of the
national character as a result of certain national habits and circumstances. find
it
it
some other cause than the mere influence
and I give the following hypothesis
somewhat novel
is
is
for the
I
to have been a gradually increasing taste for three or four centuries, and
find that its increase has been about in the
same
ratio as the increased con-
sumption of coals for domestic and manufacturing purposes
draw the following
inferences, viz. that in the large
;
from which
fact I
towns the trees and other
vegetation in the open places were gradually injured and disfigured,
if
not totally
destroyed, by the sulphuric acid gas emitted in the combustion of coals in large
and increasing
quantities
:
an
back as the reign of Henry animal as vegetable
life,
effect
II.
which was early observed
an alarm
lest
it
;
and even so far
might prove as injurious to
led to the issuing of an edict by which the burning of
was prohibited. The advantages
coal in London,
and
I believe other large towns,
however of coal
fires
were not thus to be extinguished by a royal mandate
;
the
order was soon disregarded, and despite of that and other oppositions the consumption of coal
went on increasing.
The consequence
eventually was, that
all
healthy
vegetation within the limits of the thickly populated parts of large towns was
prevented, as any one
who has seen a
of the narrow
smoky
streets of
geranium or more wretched pot
luckless
of mignonette struggling into, or rather out
of, its
miserable existence in any one
London or Birmingham,
will easily
admit
very unpleasant would be the contemplation of such an object were the strong conviction that an early release must soon put
From
it
out of
;
and
it
not for
its
misery.
we may trace the delight experienced by the cockney at the sight of green fields and waving trees, and his ecstacies at the bare idea of the existence of such places as Hampstead or Highgate the next step was to obtain the means of possessing, if but in the smallest proportion, some of the objects these circumstances
;
rendered so desirable from being beheld but occasionally at perhaps long intervals. This was effected by renting a small patch of ground for a garden at a sufficient distance to ensure the success of vegetation
;
and at one period scarcely any
As
inhabitant of a large town was without his garden in the suburbs.
and wealth increased, a house was added to the garden, not
luxury
for the sake of the
house, for better were to be had within the town, but that the garden (a luxury
impossible to be had in the coal-burning city) might be
Thus originated with us will
more constantly enjoyed. and as all
as I imagine the national taste for gardening
;
acknowledge that the fashions of the towns govern those of the country, the
suburban gardens of the great towns
it
may be supposed were soon
copied around
the cottages of the peasantry, and a taste so uncostly, and capable of yielding
so-
—
—
;
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OP ORNAMENTAL GARDENING.
many
pleasurable and innocent emotions each returning summer,
is
.59
not likely
when once fairly engrafted ever to be eradicated and, at all events, as long as the same circumstances which originated the taste continue, will the flowergardens of our villas and cottages continue the admiration of the European ;
traveller.
This view is
is
borne out by the circumstance that in other countries where coal
common, and
taste
Liege
I instance the
is
well
Having
neighbourhood of Liege, in Belgium, gardening
England
as prevalent as in
is
:
the horticultural celebrity of the district of
known.
am
as clearly as I
able in so small a space noted
down my hypothesis
respecting the origin of our nationality as gardeners, I will proceed, as I proposed, to enumerate a few general
maxims suggested
to
me by observation and
experience
which ought to govern the planning and execution of ornamental gardens premising at the same time, that I do not pretend to lay down any complete or general system (for which purpose, studies for which I have no leisure would be necessary), but only a few ideas
my own
upon such points as have been suggested
to
me
in
limited sphere of observation.
First then, a cottage built in the rustic style, thatched, or the general effect
of which
is
devoid of architectural pretensions
of the landscape character, modified in for to
— should be surrounded by a garden
plan by the extent of ground occupied
its
attempt rocks, lakes, cascades, and sometimes mountains, in a
back
little
garden " Des cascades, et des montagnes, sur un arpent de terre,"
as
De
Lille * expresses
Lille's
it,
produces a most vulgar
effect
and yet
;
imitations of the grandest objects in nature, such u jar din Anglais.'''' in France of
Simon
a
advertisement
account of
a residence
is
still
in his tour
in
the
the general conception
humorously describes an
suburbs of
temptingly represented as possessing a "jardin Anglais, avec rustique, et sa
Paris,
which
ses roches, son
rustic cottage, or
pleasure- garden,
all
things to be avoided
;
and in surrounding a
one without any architectural pretensions, with an appropriate I
would observe the following general principles
:
—A
gravel walk should on two or three sides surround the building, following :
is
pont
cascade.''''
These absurdities are above
outline
De
in spite of
denunciation against crowding into a small space a number of paltry
on the other
side, the
broad
its
own
lawn might slope directly up to the windows of
the drawing-room or boudoir, opening to the ground
;
and
in this part of the
lawn, the flower-beds should be planned either in regular or irregular figures,
according to the taste of the possessor
•
but on no account to be decorated with
pedestals or vases, or anything of an architectural character. *
De
Lille's
poem i
Les Jar dins'
2
The walk
to the
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OP ORNAMENTAL GARDENING.
60
principal door should,
if
the ground be
flat,
be a direct
line
utterly tasteless than serpentine walks
upon a perfect
or
;
unless the turns are
flat,
caused by a mass of shrubbery, a large tree, or some natural cause. is
approached by a carriage
near the road, such as I
drive, the usual
method
am
viz.,
describing,
is
otherwise,
if
Nothing can be more
be guided only by the natural sinuosities of the ground.
the best
;
If the building in a small place
a semicircle starting from the
two entrance-gates, and passing the principal door.
Any
walks about the lawn
or shrubbery, should be governed by the same principles I have described in
In a
speaking of an approach walk, and no unmeaning serpentines allowed.
garden of such small dimensions as those generally attached to residences of the character of the one described, any urns or vases are inadmissible of the planner
is
;
but
if
the taste
strongly in favour of such things, he might, perhaps, introduce
an object of that description at the end of the longest straight shrubbery walk, as a termination to the vista
;
but
I
must caution him against dotting them about Rock-work is also
indiscriminately, as productive of the worst possible effect.
to be avoided in most cases in gardens of this
size,
as producing a patchy
disagreeable effect, unless exceedingly well managed, which without
almost impossible
;
but at any rate
it
must not be near or even
and
space
is
in view of the
house, as its rugged outline would be exceedingly discordant with the regular lines of the building.
If introduced at
distant part of the shrubbery its
;
and
all, it
must be
in the
after a few principles
construction, I shall refer the reader to
my
most secluded and
which ought to govern
remarks upon the
subsequently speaking of gardens of a more extended description.
subject,
when
If there
is
a
kitchen-garden, the ground of the pleasure-garden should be raised with a gradual slope in that direction,
shrubs.
By this
and the slope planted with ornamental but thick-growing would the vegetable ground be screened from view,
plan, not only
but by planting the slope with low shrubs at the base, and gradually with those of a higher growth towards the top, each individual would distinctly exhibit its variety of foliage and inflorescence, instead of concealing each other
advantage of a variety of foliage would be obtained without
it
would require much more means and space.
as a novelty, for I have frequently seen for the information of such as I
have
by
little
more
may
it
I
its
and the
do not give this plan
successfully executed, but
not have observed
;
arrangement, which
this
mention
it
advantages.
to say respecting the planning of a
garden attached to a
cottage residence of no architectural pretension, and that little will, I think, be better said in my remarks upon the planning of gardens of larger dimensions,
which I find must form the subject of another paper.
{To
be continued,)
61
NEW
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF
PLANTS.
DICOTYLEDONES. CACTEiE.
Broom
Echinocactus scopa.
Juss.
Bot. Beg. N.'S.
Cactus.
a native of Brazil, from whence
name
of the
Broom
it
This
24.
t.
an inch
species bearing bright yellow flowers, which are about
a pretty
is
in diameter.
It is
It has received the
has been sent to Prussia.
Cactus, in consequence of having long
stiff hairs,
so as to
resemble a broom. in the collection of
was figured from a plant
It
Thomas
Harris, Esq., of
Kingsbury. Dr. Lindley suggests the propriety of separating the genus Echinocactus from Cereus,
by their ribbed and round oblong stems, without regard to
considering that
the long flowered species
all
may be
their flowers,
placed in Cereus, and those
with short flowers in Echinocactus, without regard to habit. It seldom sends out shoots
from
its sides,
pagate by cuttings; but where propagation
and therefore is
of
it is difficult
to pro-
more consequence than the
should be cut across, when the top part will form one plant,
specimen plant,
it
and the bottom
will
send out shoots from
all sides
Bot. Beg.
of the cut.
LABIATjE.
Salvia confertiflora. This
Bot. Beg. N. S.
Close-flowered Sage.
Pohl.
t.
29.
a brilliant species bearing whorls of numerous compact flowers of an orange
is
red colour, which are so bright and numerous, as to render the plant a conspicuous object during the
autumn months,
at
which time
it
The
blossoms.
leaves have
rather a disagreeable smell, similar to a mixture of the dead nettle and sorreL It
is
a native of Brazil
;
and was found near Rio Janeiro, by Mr. Macrae, while and in other parts of the empire by ;
in the service of the Horticultural Society
Sellow,
and Pohl.
It
may be
cultivated as a greenhouse plant, or be planted out
of doors in a rich border during the greatest beauty,
stove
;
that
is,
when grown
summer months.
in a house intermediate
where the temperature
is
never below
It
is
however seen
in its
between a greenhouse and fifty-five
degrees. Bot. Beg.
GESNERIACEiE.
Gesneria Elongata, This species
grows
is
var.
Elongated Gesneria,
not equal in beauty to
five feet high,
var.
Bot.
many which we have
and bears red orange
flowers,
Mag.
t.
3725.
in cultivation.
It
which are about three quarters
of an inch long, and are produced freely and in long succession.
The plant was
received at the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, in September, 1836, from Messrs.
Young, of the Epsom Nursery, under the name of G. allied to
G.
mollis,
oblongata.
It is nearly
and may probably be the means of connecting together, as
varieties, that species
with the G. elongata.
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF NEW PLANTS.
62
URTICE^E.
Galactodendkon Bot.
Mag.
t.
Humb.
utile.
et
which are supposed to be small and
flowers,
Indians in
native country
its
Cow Tree
Kunth.
of the Caraccas.
This extraordinary tree, although not remarkable for
3724.
whom
to
;
insignificant,
its
highly valuable to the
an abundance of nourishing
affords
it
much resembling the milk of the cow. Humboldt says "Its leaves are oblong,
is
fluid,
:
pointed, coriaceous, and alternate,
about ten inches long, and marked with lateral nerves, that are
The
fleshy,
parallel,
and project
we had no opportunity of seeing the fruit is somewhat and contains two kernels. Incisions made in the trunk of the tree, are
beneath.
followed
flower
;
by a profuse flow of gluey, and thickish milk, destitute of
exhaling a very agreeable balsamic odour.
It
though we drank large quantities of
it
experienced no uncomfortable
The
effects.
rather unpleasant to those
who
people soak their bread in
it,
was offered to us
acridity,
and
in calabashes,
and
both at night and in the morning, we viscidity of this fluid alone renders it
are not accustomed to
it.
and are stated to become
The negroes and
free
visibly fatter at
that
season of the year that the tree yields the most milk.'"
When
exposed to the
air, this fluid
becomes covered on the
surface, probably
from the absorption of oxygen, with membranes which are yellowish and thready, like those of cheese,
but when separated from the
elastic as caoutchouc,
and exhibit the same tendency to putrefaction as
Tlie people give the
name
Sir
forde
;
it
sour,
W.
J.
gelatine.
of cheese to the curd which thus separates
brought into contact with the to turn
fluid beneath, are nearly as
air,
and say that a space of
five
when
or six days suffices
which appears to be correct.
Hooker received a quantity
of the milk from Sir
Ralph Wood-
some of which was presented to Dr. Thomson, Professor of Chemistry
the Glasgow University.
He
has discovered in
it
a
new substance he
at
calls
which he has arranged among the solid oils. " The milk," he says, " is white, opaque, and of the consistence of cream.
galactine,
It
has a sour smell, owing to a small portion of free acetic acid, and reddens vegetable blues.
Its specific gravity
is
1.01242.
" It contains a peculiar substance which Bousingault and Mariano de Rivero considered as fibrous
When
but
:
its
characters appear to be similar to those of cork.
evaporated to dryness by a gentle heat, and the dry residue digested in
alcohol, a substance
is
ingredient of the milk.
dissolved which constitutes
When
opaque, and deposits an abundance of white flakes.
may be
collected
and dried on a
This valuable tree
is
by
far the
the alcoholic solution cools,
it
most abundant
becomes white and
These are galactine, which
filter."
a native of the Cordillera of the shore, especially from
Barbula to the lake of Maracaybo. grows at an elevation above the
According to Sir R. K. Porter's account, level of
the sea, of about 4000
feet,
it
and the
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF NEW PLANTS. temperature, at eight o'clock under
63
spreading branches, was seventy degrees
its
Fahrenheit.
The
soil
year round.
which these trees inhabit,
The trunk grows
is
dark and
to sixty feet
about twenty feet in circumference, about perfectly naked,
and
is
and must be damp
rich,
and upwards
high,
from the
five feet
the
The stem when
root.
The
not interrupted by either leaf or branch.
all
and measures
;
leaves,
is
in
a fresh state, are of a deep dark, and polished green, similar to those of the Laurel tribe, ten to sixteen inches long,
and from two to three inches wide.
AMARANTHACEiE. Trichinium alopecuroideum. This
is
Lindl.
Lindl.
Foxtail Trichinium. Bot. Reg. N. S. 28.
a half-hardy annual, bearing pinkish flowers, and although
much
appear by the plate to be of
Mag.
Bot.
beauty,
is
does not
it
said to be sufficiently striking to
The flowers are glossy, like those of a cockscomb. This remarkable for the great quantity of delicate knotted hairs, with which
deserve cultivation.
genus
is
the densely spiked or capitate flowers are covered. received from the
Swan
It
was raised from seeds
River, by R. Mangles, Esq., Sunning Hill.
Bot. Reg.
MONOCOTYLEDONES. ORCHIDEiE. L^elia furfuracea.
This
is
to L.
Lindl.
Lindl.
EPIDENDRE^.
Scurfy-stalked Lselia.
Bot. Reg. N. S.
a handsome species, bearing delicate rose-coloured flowers.
It
autumnalis, but differs in having the pseudo-bulbs ovate,
and
furrowed, instead of having along neck, and being deeply furrowed.
have
little
or no smell
;
the petals are so
but they are distinctly rhomboidal
;
and,
much
finally,
t.
is
26.
allied
slightly
The
flowers
undulated, as to appear lobed,
the ovary
is
closely covered with
black mealy glands. It
was imported by George Barker, Esq., from Mexico
Lindley received
it,
in
November, 1838.
Karwinski, near Oaxaca, and
is
It has also
probably not
quantities having been received from
uncommon
Mexico by
;
from
whom
Dr.
been found by Count in collections;
several persons,
and
large
especially
by the Horticultural Society of London. This species should be cultivated in a cooler house than orchidaceous plants.
LiELiA Autumnalis. is
a
is
generally used for
Bot. Reg. Lindl.
much more handsome
Autumnal
Lselia.
species than the former.
Bot. Reg. N. S.
The
flowers are
t.
27.
much
This
darker,
and it also exhales a delightful perfume. A considerable number of plants have been distributed by order of the Council of the Horticultural Society of London,
among the Fellows. The figure was taken from a specimen Duke of Bedford, at oburn.
the
W
in the collection of
In the cultivation of this species in the Garden of the Horticultural Society of London, the treatment
is
extremely simple.
When
plants are received, they
CALENDAR OP GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR JUNE.
64
are tied to a block of wood, and kept perfectly dry until they begin to send out roots,
They are then
and manifest other signs of growth.
three times a day, and
this practice is continued until the
freely syringed
Here they are
they are removed to a cooler house with a drier atmosphere.
when the
allowed to remain during the winter, and
treatment
is
renewed.
brown
VANDEiE. Yellow Brown Cirrhsea.
Lindl.
name
a delicate species, and as the
is
It
flowers.
cold season
is
over, the above
Bot. Reg.
CiBBHiEA fusco-lutea. This
implies, bears a
Bot.
is
Mag.
t.
3726.
raceme of yellowish-
was imported by Messrs. Loddiges, who sent a plant to the
Glasgow Botanic Garden, from which the drawing was taken. June, and
two or
growing season, when
a native of Brazil.
It flowers in
Mag.
Bot.
CALENDAR OF GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR JUNE Finish planting out Dahlias early in the month, securing them well with stakes;
and
if
the weather prove dry, give
them a copious supply
of water in the evening.
Likewise plant out Verbenas, Petunias, Pelargoniums, Lobelias, Salvias, and every other free-flowering greenhouse or half hardy plant to decorate the flower
These
borders.
will
become much more luxuriant and flower better than if much to the gaiety of the flower-garden both by their
planted in pots, and add
beauty and novelty.
Turn greenhouse plants they have done flowering, cut into a
For the
good form,
summer
into their off all
first
station
out of doors, and as
straggling branches so as to bring the plants
week,
if
the weather be clear, they ought to be
protected from the sun, and afterwards set as thin as possible, so that they enjoy a free circulation of
Remove Balsams, and
Many of the be done when
other tender annuals into the greenhouse as they come
some plants which may be
into flower, also
stove
may
air.
in flower
and greenhouse plants
they are rather dry, for
if
from the
stove.
will require re-potting.
the bulbs are wet the
This should
soil is
apt after-
wards to get sour.
Take up hardy bulbs as Attend to the watering
their leaves decay.
of Alpine plants overhead two or three times a day
in dry weather, so that they
may
frequently have their leaves wetted
the rose on the watering-pot be very
Some month. to
and
let
fine.
early flowering Pinks will be ready for piping towards the end of the
They are ready
show that the
Put
:
in
for that purpose as soon as the first flowers
open
so as
varieties are correct.
Pansy cuttings
occasionally,
and cut
in those
exhausted by flowering.
—
;
65
VERONICA DIOSM^FOLIA. (Diosma-leaved Speedwell.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
AT
No. 106.
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA,
SCROPHUL ARIACE^E.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Veronica. (Linn.) Calyx 4 raro 5 partitus, campanulatus vel compressus.
Corolla tubo
brevissimo, vel rarius elongato, limbo 4-partito, laciniis omnibus integerrimis patentibus planis
supremo
Stamina
latiore.
nulla.
vestigia
2,
ad latera
latinise corollinse
supremsa
sita,
divergentia, inferiorum
Stigma
Antherae biloculares, loculis apice confluentibus.
incrassatum.
vix
Semina nuda.
Capsulce valvulae medio septiferse vel bipartibiles.
Herbce, suffrutices, fruticesve. Folia opposita, alterna vel verticillata. Inflorescentia axillaris,
Benth, Scroph. Indie, p. 44.
Flores ssepius coerulese vel albee.
racemosa vel spicata.
Calyx 4 rarely 5 parted, bell-shaped, or compressed.
Corolla with a very short tube, or
rarely elongated, limb divided into four parts, all the divisions entire, spreading
upper division the broadest.
Stamens
2, affixed to the side of the
flat,
diverging, no remains of the lower ones. Anthers 2-celled, cells confluent at the apex. incrassate, valves of the capsule septiferous in the middle, or divided into
Herbaceous
two
corolla,
Stigma hardly
parts. Seeds,
naked.
or whorled.
Leaves opposite, alternate,
or shrubs.
plants, or suffruticose,
having the
upper divisions of the
Flowers most frequently blue or white.
Inflorescence, axillary, racemose, or spiked.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. V. diosmsefolia margine
recurvis
?
fruticosa, caule ramosissimo, pubescente floribus
;
;
foliis decussatis lanceolatis glabris
racemosis lateralibus et terminalibus
;
ccerulea
corolla
;
calyce
ciliato.
Shrub very
much branched, pubescent
flowers racemose, lateral and terminal
Veronica diosmsefolia
Descr.
—Shrub
;
?
;
;
leaves decussate, lanceolate,
corolla blue,
calyx
smooth, margin recurved
ciliate.
Cunn.
Stem round, very much branched, growing about three
feet high, clothed with
a soft hairy pubescence. Leaves decussate, lanceolate, smooth , tapering into a short ciliate petiole.
Flowers pedicellate, arranged' in a raceme which length of the corolla, very finely pubescent.
blue, (a frequent colour in the genus) varying in
somewhat
corolla. line.
either lateral or terminal
;
pedicels about the
its tint,
which
is
sometimes
lighter,
Calyx 4-parted, about one-fourth the length of the corolla, pubescent.
darker. ciliate,
is
Corolla smooth, about four lines long, of a pleasing
less
than half the length of the peduncle. Stamens about half the length of the
Anthers confluent.
Pollen elliptical, in the centre of which
Style about the length of the stamens
hirsute.
Ovarium
III.
ovate, compressed, divided into
NO. XXIX.
JULY, 1839.
is
a longitudinal transparent
and anthers, minutely pubescent
two
parts.
reniform, papillose, sessile, verrucose.
VOL.
sometimes
Bracts linear,
K
;
stigma capitate,
Placenta central, seeds numerous,
VERONICA DIOSM^FOLIA.
66
This species
is
in the collection of the
Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural
and was raised from seeds which were received from Van Diemen's Land, and presented to that establishment by J. W. Crompton, Esq., in 1835. It is a very neat and upright-growing shrub, and well adapted for growing against a as a specimen, planted out in the garden of the south wall, being nearly hardy Society,
;
Society in an exposed situation, was not killed by the winter of 1837-8.
The
plants raised from the above seeds produced a few flowers in the spring of last in the April of the present year they were beautifully covered with blossoms, year ;
and are now perfecting their
The
soil
seeds.
most congenial to
which compost
it
its
growth
should be potted.
It
is
a mixture of loam, peat and sand, in
can be readily increased by cuttings from
the young wood, which should be subjected to a
little
bottom heat.
It
may be
safely protected by the cold frame during the winter.
The
generic
name
is
of doubtful origin.
The
specific
name
to the form of the leaves, which resemble those of a diosma.
diosmcsfolia alludes
—
G7
DIPLACUS PUNICEUS. (Crimson Diplacus.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL OEDER.
DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMI A,
'
'*
SCROPHULARIACE^E.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Diplacus. (Nutt.)
Calyx prismaticus apice
plerumque emarginatis.
jequalibus
5-fidus.
Corolla ringens 5-fida, lobis sub-
Stigma bilamellatum.
Capsula lineari-oblonga, bilocularis.
Placenta (sive receptaculum seminis)
lata,
Mimulo proximse.
Frutices Californicse,
demum bipartita,
Calyx prismatic, divided into parts at the apex.
mostly unequal, emarginate.
Semina utrinque subulata.
adnata.
Folia opposita plerumque viscosa.— Nutt. Corolla gaping, divided into five parts,
Stigma formed of two plates.
Capsule linear, oblong, 2-celled.
Placenta, or the receptacle with the seeds, broad, afterwards divided into 2 parts, adnate.
on each
side,
subulat e.
opposite, for the
Shrubs inhabitants of California, and near to the genus Mimulus.
Seeds
Leaves
most part clammy.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. D. puniceus ; fruticosus ramosissimus viscosus pubescens; serratis
subacutis
;
Calycis
laciniis
insequalibus
foliis lineari-lanceolatis subconnatis
acuminatis
ciliatis
;
corollis
puniceis lobis
emarginatis.
Shrub much branched,
somewhat
viscid,
pubescent; leaves linear, lanceolate, subconnate, serrated,
acute, divisions of the calyx unequal, acuminate, ciliate
;
corolla crimson, lobes
notched
at the end.
Diplacus puniceus.
Descb.
Nutt.
Stem shrubby, round, 3
very clammy, pubescent,
serrated,
feet or
more high.
somewhat connate
Leaves opposite, narrow, lanceolate,
at the base.
Flowers
solitary,
axillary.
two inches long, of a beautiful bright crimson, but which soon fades it is divided into five parts, which are somewhat unequal, each division is notched at the end. Calyx angled about half the length of the corolla, clammy, divided into five unequal parts, ciliate, the upper Corolla about
:
part the largest. in,
Stamens 4, two long and two
the throat of the corolla.
the base.
Pollen smooth, circular, having a transparent point in the centre.
the corolla (exserted), pubescent. side of
short, pubescent, acuminate, joined to,
which
is
very hirsute.
and included
Anthers 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise, connective thickened at
Stigma composed of two thin heart-shaped
Style longer than plates, the
Ovarium narrow, oblong, smooth, two or many
seeded.
upper Seeds
linear, oblong.
This
may be
truly said to be an exceedingly
flowers freely, which are of a deep
and
handsome
brilliant crimson.
k 2
,
plant, producing its
It
may
be considered
DIPLACEUS PUNICEUS.
6S as half hardy,
and
planted into the open ground during the summer, will con-
if
tinue flowering in all probability until destroyed
by
young wood, which
cuttings of the
The
moderate bottom heat.
loam and
peat.
soil
by the
frost.
strike freely in sand
most suitable
Our drawing was taken from a
for its fine
It
may be increased
when placed
growth
is
specimen in the collection of
Harris, Esq. of Kingsbury, whose skilful gardener, Mr. Beaton, believe, the first
thinks
it
who has succeeded
orange of the
The
in flowering it in this country.
is,
we
Mr. Beaton
probable that beautiful hybrids might be raised between this species and
Diplacus glutinosus fine
in a
a mixture of
generic
;
and that the deep
latter,
name
to the seed having
is
two
scarlet tint of the former,
might produce a variety superior to formed from
placentae.
hts two,
and wAaxows
mixed with the
either.
placenta,
in reference
Puniceus refers to the colour of the flowers.
;
PETREA VOLUBILIS. (Twining Petrea.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
-j^g
DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA.
VERBENACE/E.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Petrea. (Linn.) Calyx campanulatus, coloratus; limbo duplici; exteriore quinquepaiiito, longo, patente, aequali, scarioso
;
interiore quinquedentato, brevissimo.
tubo brevi; limbo quinquefido, subaequali, patente.
Stamina
Capsula (ex Jacq.) bilocularis, calyce persistente inclusa Folia simplicia,
scandentes.
frutices
opposita,
4,
loculis
;
integerrima.
Corolla calyce brevior
inclusa.
monospermis.
Spicce
;
Stigma capitatum.
axillares
Arbor es aut terminales.
et
Flores pedicellati, suboppositi, bracteati. (Kunth.)
Calyx campanulate, coloured scarious
limb
;
;
limb double
the interior 5-toothed, very short.
o-cleft,
somewhat equal, spreading.
(according to Jacquin) 2-celled, enclosed
climbing shrubs. pedicellate,
;
the exterior 5-parted, long, spreading, equal Corolla
Stamens
by the
4,
included.
the calyx
;
tube short
Stigma capitate.
persistent calyx; cells 1-seeded.
Leaves simple, opposite, very entire.
somewhat
shorter than
Capsule
Trees or
Spikes axillary and terminal.
Flowers
opposite, with bracts.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. P. volubilis; foliis ovato-oblongis acutis scabris; spicis pendulis racernosis.
Leaves ovate- oblong, acute, scabrous Petrea volubilis.— Linn. Hort.
Descr.
— Shrub;
several feet.
touch.
;
Cliff.
spikes pendulous, racemose.
319.— Spec.
Plant.
873.— Jacq. Americ.
180.
Stem climbing, acquiring considerable thickness and attaining a height of
Leaves opposite with short footstalks, of a dark dull green, and scabrous to the
Racemes long, pendulous,
opposite, many-flowered.
corolla, of a greyish or lavender blue
;
corolla of a rich
delicate white blotch at the base of the upper segment.
Calyx
star-like, longer
than the
and most intense blue, with a small
Stamens didynamous, inclosed by the
tube of the corolla.
This splendid climber, although introduced to this country as early as 1733,
and by no means unfrequent native of
Vera Cruz.
in collections,
is
not often seen in flower.
Our drawing was made from a magnificent specimen
It is
a
in the
collection of
Harris, Esq., of Kingsbury, where it has flowered profusely under the management of Mr. D. Beaton, the zealous and intelligent gardener,
who has
obligingly furnished us with some valuable remarks on its treatment. This delightful climber, observes Mr. Beaton, ought to be refigured in our modern works, in order to bring such a floral treat more prominently before the
PETREA VOLUBILIS.
TO
The plant ought
public.
distributed
all
to be spurred like a grape vine, in order to get spurs
over the plant
previous year's growth.
I
;
the flowers being produced
on spurs of the
ought to remark, however, that the pruning of
all
ornamental plants, whether climbers or otherwise, must be guided, in a measure,
by circumstances.
The Petrea may be
round four or
sticks in a pot
five
;
trained over a
or
may
it
trellis,
standard rose, by disbudding the stem up to three or four at
the top, and
furnished with two eyes, will throw out four shoots first
season,
rafter, or
feet, leaving
two
joints
these two joints being each
stopping the leading shoots:
allowed every indulgence the
up a
be formed into the shape of a
these shoots ought to be
;
and to be pruned back according to
their strength the following season, just as they are beginning to grow.
The
formation of a regular round head being once obtained, the plant must be
more severe system of pruning; the leading shoots must be every second joint, in order to make them produce laterals all over
subjected to a
stopped at the shoots shorter
if
When stopped If
they
if
the plant
is
trained up a rafter, the leading shoot should not be
the plant throws out laterals at every joint.
good
will
these lateral shoots are stopped at the third or fourth joints (or even
:
they are not vigorous) and will then become flowering spurs.
friable
loam can be procured for this and most of the woody climbers,
be found to grow and flower more freely in
than when mixed with
it
one-third peat, the universal compost of writers, though given up long since by
the best cultivators. little
peat
is
If the
loam
is
too
stiff,
absolutely necessary to keep
it
or
is
open
layer of peat and loam on the top of the pot
;
is
apt to get hard in the pots, a
but in nine cases out of ten a quite sufficient.
grows freely from cuttings of the young or old wood,
if
The Petrea
placed in a brisk bottom
heat under a hand-glass.
in
The generic name Petrea was given to this plant by Houston, its discoverer, honour of Robert James Lord Petre, a great patron of botany, who died of
small-pox,
when
a young man, about the year 1742.
to Linnaeus, published
by the
Peter Collinson, in a letter
late Sir J. E. Smith, in the
Linnean correspondence,
speaks of the death of this young nobleman, as the greatest loss that botany or
gardening ever
The
specific
felt in this island.
name
volubilis refers to its
climbing habit.
71
D END ROB U M FIMBRIATUM. I
(Fringed Dendrobium.')
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
_
No. 109.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.
ORCHID ACE/E §
;
TRIBE MAtAXIDE^E.
DENDROBIEA
GENERIC CHARACTER. Dendrobium. (Swartz.)
cum
obliquis
Sepala membranacea, erecta vel patentia, lateralibus majoribus
basi producta columnae connatis.
minora, semper membranacea. indi visum
sessile,
Labellum
vel trilobum,
semiteres, basi longe producta. epiphytes,
venosa.
nunc
caulescentes,
Flores
saepius
Petala sepalo supremo ssepius majora, nunc
cum pede
columnae articulatum vel connatum, semper
membranaceum, nunc appendiculatum.
Anthera bilocularis.
nunc rhizomate repente pseudobulbifero.
solitarii, fasciculati
Columna
Pollinia 4, per paria collateralia.
Herba?
Folia plana,
sajpius
vel racemosi, speciosi. (Lindley).
Sepals membranaceous, erect, or spreading, the lateral ones larger, oblicpie, and connate
with the lengthened base of the column.
column, always
4,
sessile,
Column
appendiculate.
collateral, in pairs.
more frequently
Petals
sometimes smaller, always membranaceous.
Lip
larger than the upper sepal,
articulated or connate with the foot of the
most commonly membranaceous, sometimes
undivided or 3-lobed,
semiterete, with a lengthened base.
Anther 2-celled.
Pollen-masses
Epiphytic plants, sometimes caulescent, sometimes with a creeping
rhizoma bearing pseudo bulbs.
Leaves plane, most commonly veined.
Flowers
solitary,
fasciculated or racemose, handsome.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. D. fimbriatum ; caulibus teretibus pendulis
;
multifloris; sepalis oblongis undulatis patentissimis
foliis ;
ovato-lanceolatis
;
racemis lateralibus
petalis majoribus undulatis ciliatis;
labello
indiviso cucullato rotundato fimbriate, fimbriis laceris. (Lindl.)
Stems
terete,
pendulous; leaves ovate-lanceolate; racemes
oblong, undulated, widely spreading
;
many-flowered; sepals
lateral,
petals larger, undulated,
ciliated
;
lip
undivided, hooded,
rounded, fringed, fringe torn.
Dendrobium fimbriatum.—Wall.
Duscr.— Stems from two racemes
lateral, arising
brownish
buff,
to
MSS.— Hooker,
Exot. Fl.
—Lindley, Gen.
three feet in length, pendulous;
et Sp. Orchid.
leaves striated, bifarious;
near the extremities of the branches ; sepals and petals of a very dilute exceedingly thin and membranaceous; lip convolute, with a broad,
striated,
spreading limb, of an intense golden yellow.
This elegant species of Dendrobium
whence
it
was imported some years ago.
of orchidaceous plants,
we think
it
is
a native of Nepal, in the East Indies,
Though
probable that
have seen the plant, and on that account we give
it
known to the cultivators many of our readers may not
well
a place in the Floral Cabinet,
DENDROBIUM PIMBRIATUM.
72
that
its
beauty and elegance
made from a fine specimen
may be more
generally known.
in the collection of
Our drawing was
George Barker, Esq., of
Springfield,
near Birmingham. Cultivation.
growing in
;
— It
requires to be kept in a
warm and humid
but more cool and dry during the period of
rough peat and broken pots.
It
may be
rest.
stove while
It should
be potted
increased by dividing, like
many
others of this tribe.
The generic name, Dendrobium,
is
derived from Sevhpov, wood, in allusion to
the habit of the species of growing upon trees tortuous stems and beauteous portion of
them are found.
fringed margin of the
lip.
;
and thus ornamenting, with their
flowers, the forests of India,
The
specific
where the greater
name fimbriatum has
reference to the
73
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. (Continued from page 60.)
Before entering upon any of the
my
be more convenient to conclude
details of Architectural
do by treating of the application of that
I shall
my
extent than the one supposed in
Gardening,
it will
observations upon the Landscape style, which style to a place of
But
last article.
much
greater
I shall still confine
myself
Landscape by supposing the building, though of much increased
exclusively to
dimensions, to be devoid of
architectural pretensions, of any description, being
all
constructed in the simplest cottage style.
I have selected such a building in order to avoid speaking of fountains, terraces, &c, &c, which would be equally
inapplicable in this as the former instance, until I treat of another
style of
We will imagine,
residence, to which they will form necessary adjuncts.
then, a
cottage residence of some extent, but rustic character, situated upon a gentle
hundred yards from the public road, and in the midst of a For a building of this character, surrounded with grounds such as those about to be described, a like situation is of the greatest acclivity,
full
five
finely undulating country.
advantage.
In the
to be attained,
very
little
is
first place,
the savannah-like
effect,
which
is
the great point
nearly sure to result from such a disposition of ground, with
assistance from art
;
in the second place,
such inequalities afford
natural causes for avoiding straight lines in the walks and approaches
the last place, such a country
is
;
and
in
generally intersected with numerous brooks and
streams, which may, with great facility and small expense, be pent into rapids,
conducted to abrupt
falls,
or spread out into a lake
—advantages of the
first
import-
ance in forming a landscape garden or small park.
Another natural advantage to be sought for
is,
where new plantings alone are to furnish
plenty of fine full-grown timber, all
the foliage
effects,
many
years
must elapse before the place arrives at a moderate degree of fullness and richness of effect, and full half a century or more before the fine effects of full-grown trees can be expected.
Without much gardening
science, the
advantages of fine timber were
fully
appreciated by the attendants of Catherine of Russia, who, previous to a projected visit of
grown in the
the Empress to a castle in the desert part of the country, caused
naked domain
;
to find a park and gardens,
expected an empty waste. ful I
full-
and carried a great distance, to be planted so that the Empress, on her arrival, was much surprised
trees to be carefully taken up,
have no means of knowing
an experiment
crowded with luxuriant
Whether the ;
foliage,
where she had
transplanting was permanently success-
but, at all events,
it
would be far too expensive
any but a royal exchequer, and therefore such advantages ought to be secured by selecting an already well-tempered piece of ground. I for
t ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING.
74
would
select
away
a wood, clearing
clumps, and detached groups,
my
open spaces, and leaving
What
or single trees.
might be cut out of the American forests
Having
!
my
masses,
magnificent garden-parks
well weighed the advantages
of these natural aids in the selection of the ground, the next point to be considered
the application of art for
is
improvement
its
and the great point to be aimed at
;
that a certain extent of cultivation, rather than artistical arrangement, should
is,
be the impression conveyed at
first sight.
In the most distant plantations, none but forest trees should be admitted,
and the greatest degree of wildness consistent with the health of the in the
undergrowth
;
trees allowed
now and
here, too, a solitary poplar should be introduced
then at a judiciously-selected point, and occasionally a group of three or
which
will greatly relieve
by their upright and aspiring
monotonously rounded masses of the general without poplars, produces in
my mind
foliage.
lines,
five,
the otherwise
Looking over a landscape
a somewhat analogous
effect to
looking
over a large town without steeples, where the prevailing horizontal lines of the
house tops are unrelieved by any varying perpendiculars. great care must be taken not to dot
effect,
would completely defeat the object salient I
in
them about
view
would avoid a regular belt of plantation, as
effect
in attempting this
the points thus to be rendered
;
and marked, must be as carefully selected as in an architectural elevation. is
too usual, all round the grounds
for such a ring, unless of very great extent indeed,
whole
But
indiscriminately, as they
when seen from any elevated spot which would allow the eye circuit.
I
;
must produce a disagreeable to embrace the
would have the exterior plantations in large masses, leaving
openings sufficiently wide to connect the grounds with the surrounding country,
which ought to be one of the fundamental principles of landscape gardening also it
be cautious not to
let
with the adjacent scenery, for this would give the residence and
appearance of a patch in the country, an
by a patch of an ill-matched colour
its
in a garment.
The
effect to
produced
be given
more
is
not
carefully
and where the prevailing characteristics of the surrounding landscape
have been more concentrated, .rendering eye to rest upon. its
and
grounds the
effect as disagreeable as that
that of a spot of country different in character, but merely a spot cultivated,
;
the interior distributions be so elaborate as to disconnect
would of
I
all
it
thus the most interesting point for the
things avoid completely detaching a place from
surrounding landscape. In the farthest part, too, of grounds not exceeding
five
or six hundred yards
,
in a straight line,
managed
;
the house.
in
any direction from the residence, the water should be
for a sheet of
water should be at least
five
hundred yards distant from
In the present instance, I have supposed an available stream, which
should be spread into a lake-like pool, at a point seen to advantage from the
windows of the principal apartments. great in the present instance, extremities, which
is
easily
it
As
its
must be made
extent could not in reality be very to appear large,
by concealing the
done by taking advantage of the inequalities of such
ON THE EXCRETIONS. OF THE ROOTS OF PLANTS. a piece of ground as
have selected, aided by a few judicious plantations.
I
make
should be taken also to
the water at the lowest
an unreal and consequently disagreeable and a dry hollow
level,
to account for
it
still
which
;
75
effect to see
level, as it
Care
would produce
a sheet of water at a certain
lower, unless some' great natural barrier was present
only likely to occur in abrupt mountainous scenery.
is
Approaching nearer the residence the plantation ought gradually to assume a
more regular
character, and lower ornamental
introduced in those irregularly
—round
— the front of the shrubs, whose foliage would
ground to the bright patches.
and evergreen shrubs should be
the lawns large showy flowers should be planted
colours,
In the front
I
and prevent
form a rich dark back-
gaudy and inharmonious
their forming
would have no nearer approach to flower gardening than
this.
At
fence,
surmounted by a low stone
the back I would, at the distance of forty or wall,
fifty
yards, have a sunk
about two feet high, upon which I would
place large simple jars or vases, at long distances, which should contain trailing plants, to prevent a too neat
and architectural
Between
effect.
this fence
and
the house should be the flower-garden, arranged in any bold square plan the fancy
may
must here be angular, and no attempt
suggest, but all
at landscape or
serpentine must be made. (
To
be continued.)
ON THE EXCRETIONS OF THE ROOTS OF PLANTS. Perhaps there
no subject more interesting or more valuable to the agriculthan this, inasmuch as upon a knowledge of this fact depends
is
turist or horticulturist
the judicious arrangement of a rotation of crops really less understood.
It
is
well
grow wheat or any other vegetable standing the
soil
may be
known
:
and perhaps few subjects are
to agriculturists,
successively
annually well manured
;
it
sidered to arise from an impoverished state of the
now known
therefore cannot be consoil.
But the cause
is
to originate in a peculiar excretion of the root, which varies in
This peculiar excretion was
different vegetables.
who placed a
that they cannot
on the same ground, notwith-
first
discovered by Brugmans,
plant of Viola arvensis in a clean transparent vessel.
tion he found that
it
had during the night dropped very small
extremity of the roots.
examina-
Since that time he has often found small grumous
matter at the extremities of the roots of
many
species
Cichorium, as also of Scabiosa arvensis, Inula: helenium, &c. particles appeared to
On
particles at the
him not
;
of
Euphorbia,
and
and as these grumous
to be the result of accident, he considered
them
to
be excretions of the root. In 1805, Decandolle called the attention of botanists to this subject, and frequently solicited
many
chemists to investigate the properties of this matter.
In 1831, Mr. Macaire, a distinguished chemist at Geneva, and friend of Oceania
2
ON THE EXCRETIONS OF THE ROOTS OF PLANTS.
76
undertook to investigate chemically the nature of these excretions, the
dolle,
.
particulars of which, have been published in the Transactions of the Physical
On
Natural History Society at Geneva.
the
commencement
he obtained no result either by examining the roots taken from the the analysis of the pure
which the plants had grown
silica in
and
of his experiments,
.
;
or by
soil,
but he found very
curious facts on the removal of plants by washing the roots of different speciesclean of
all
hours.
A
foreign matter,
and placing the plants
some
in clean pure water for
plant of Chondrilla muralis, which had been placed in pure water for
about eight hours, excreted a small quantity of matter analogous to opium, which
was bitter and greenish
this substance, dissolved in water, gave a precipitate in
;
by the action of subacetate of lead, and acetate of lead. This matter, mixed with a solution of gelatine and submitted to a gentle heat, left a
brown
flakes
residue of a reddish-brown colour.
A
similar result has been observed in the kidney-bean.
of the kidney-bean,
and
after well
He
took two plants
washing the roots, he placed one in a bottle of
water to stand during the day, the other he placed in a bottle of water to stand
On
during the night.
examining the bottles, there were evident signs of the
presence of excretory matter, but the plant which stood during the night contained the larger quantity.
placed in
before-mentioned. different
to
matter
;
The same thing occurred when the
These
dark.
the
facts
confirm
the
Mr. Macaire further observed that
—that which
gum, and contained a
little
were
plants
observations of
Brugmans
different plants excreted
he obtained from the Leguminosce was analogous
He
carbonate of lime.
found that grasses deposit
a small quantity of matter which contains muriated and carbonated alkalies,
and earth, but very
little
dance of matter, which
is
gum
:
that the succories exude by their roots an abun-
brown,
contains tannin, a brown,
bitter,
gummy,
and analogous to opium, and which
extractive substance,
and some
salts
:
also
that
poppies appear to exude a similar matter to the preceding, and the Euphorbias a
gum-resinous matter, of a whitish yellow colour, and very acrid.
These excretions are evidently designed for the purpose of freeing the plant from matter which is not congenial to it, and which must be injurious to its
Mr. Macaire has moreover ascertained, by experiments, that plants
health.
may, by
this process, discharge a .portion of such noxious substances as they
may
have absorbed.
He
placed a plant of Mercurialis annua, (after having well washed the roots,)
in such a
manner that one portion rested
other in pure water.
a quantity of acetate of lead, sensible to that
it
in a solution of acetate of lead, the
The water he found,
was absorbed by the 'root
at the
tests,
end of some days, to contain
and which, he
in the acetate of lead,
the plant, was discharged into the pure water.
considers, proves
and being rejected by
According to the same observer,
which were placed for some days in a mixture of water, chalk, or acetate of lead, or nitrate of silver, or marine salt in small quantities, were different plants
:
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF NEW PLANTS.
77
afterwards carefully washed, and then placed in pure water, in which their excreted the disagreeable matter with which they were gorged.
x'oots
The
near the willow, the
and
die, in
excretions on vegetation have been investigated by
of these
effects
vegetable physiologists,
who have found that
the Lythrum salicaria be planted
if
near the oak or the hornbeam, they become unhealthy
truffle
consequence of the excretion from the' roots being noxious to them.
These observations have been confirmed by Macaire
— He
On
other plants of the same species.
the' roots of
maimer
examining them he found
that, instead of affording the plants nourishment, they
He
in the following
placed kidney-beans in water in which was mixed some excretions from
became languid and
died.
placed other Leguminos® in the same solution mixed with the same excre-
ments, and they were observed to flourish luxuriantly.
These the same
sowing of grain, &c, repeatedly on
facts sufficiently prove that the soil
poverty of the
where soil,
it
becomes languid and unhealthy, does not
arise
from
but from excrementitious particles exuded by the root.
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF
NEW
PLANTS.
DICOTYLEDONES. RANUNCULACEiE. P^eonia
This
Brownii.
Douglas's
Californian
Bot. Reg. N.
Paeony.
S.
30.
an extremely rare and curious plant, introduced several years ago by the
is
London Horticultural Society, to which establishment it was sent by Mr. Douglas. The petals are of a brownish red colour, according to the plate of the Bot. Reg., but reddish purple according to Nuttall, and the sepals a brownish The diameter of the flower is about two green. Its carpels are five in number. It is not showy,
inches.
curious appearance.
It
but
is
deserving of cultivation, from
was considered,
until this species
in the
was exclusively Asiatic new world has extended its limits.
It
was found by Douglas, near the
the genus Pseonia
subalpine range of
Mount Hood,
in
Zoorey and Gray, Mr. Nuttall found
its
singular and
was discovered, that
or European, but this species found /
limits
of
on the
perpetual snow,
North West America; and according it
east of the Blue
to'
Mountains of Oregan,
not in a subalpine situation. It
much
is
hardy, with tuberous roots similar to those of the
smaller.
may be
It
grows
little
more than a
foot high,
common
and flowers
Paeony, but in
May.
It
increased either by seeds or by division of the root.
GERANIACEjE.
Geranium cristatum, This
is
Stev.
Crest-seeded Geranium.
Bot.
Mag.
t.
3732.
a very pretty prostrate species of geranium, growing in the Glasgow Botanic
Garden, where
it
was received from
St. Petersburg!!.
It is a native of
Wakari,
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF NEW PLANTS,
78
.
and Jiicharibusch, since that time
where
in Iberian Albania,
was discovered by Steven
it
and
;
has been found by Dr. Charles Ant. Meyer, in the province of
it
Talusch, inhabiting the borders of the Caspian Sea, growing in mountainous Its at an elevation equal to 3,600 feet above the level of the sea. which are purple, are produced freely in the month of July. This species is also in the collection of the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society, where it has been raised from seeds received from Dr. Fischer of St.
districts,
flowers,
Petersburgh.
It
perennial,
is
and flowered very
freely last
year,
that
in
establishment. LEGUMINOS.ffi
Lupinus Hartwegii. This
is
AND
PAPILIONACEiE. Bot. Reg. N. S.
Mr. Hartweg's Lupine.
certainly a very beautiful and showy species, related to L. plumosus
from which
it differs
green leaves, and
growing in in
Lindl.
May
31.
t. ;
but
in its brilliant blue flowers, its annual duration, its obtuse
much
It is a native of
longer hairs. It
corn-fields.
grows two or three
Mexico, and was found
feet in height,
and flowers
freely
The Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society are
and June.
indebted to Mr. Barker for seeds of this species, from which plants were raised which gaily decorate many parts of that establishment. Indeed it is a charming
and
species,
be found, by those who are fond of lupines, a valuable addition
will
to this favourite genus.
PHILADELPHACEiE. Philadelphus Gordonianus. t.
32.
This
is
Lindl.
Gordon's Philadelphus.
Bot. Reg.
N. S.
a hardy shrub, growing from eight to ten feet high, and
slender side -shoots present a weeping appearance.
It
its
was found by Mr. Douglas
on the banks of the Columbia River, in which situation it forms underwood. It was raised many years ago by the Horticultural Society, and by them has been extensively circulated.
The
flowers are large
in close bunches of from it
may be
readily
five to nine,
scentless
and are produced
;
they are arranged
in such abundance, that
considered as one of the handsomest of our hardy shrubs.
known from
fruit, its
and pure white, and nearly
its
congeners, by
It
broad spreading calyx, and by the compact manner in which It
are arranged.
is
suitable for
any
may be
deeply serrated leaves, nearly superior
its
soil,
and may be increased by
cuttings of the half-ripened shoots about August.
its
flowers
by
seeds, or
Bot. Reg.
BEGONIACEiE.
Begonia Sinuata. Grah. Sinuated Begonia. species with white delicate flowers.
Botanic Garden, to which establishment This species
is
also in the
Bot.
Mag.
t.
3731.
It is in the collection of the it
was sent by Dr.
collection
of the
Neill, in
This
is
a
Edinburgh
1836.
Birmingham Botanical and
Horticultural Society, having been received from Mr. Otto, of the Berlin Botanie
Garden.
It
is,
however, by no means equal in beauty to
many
in cultivation.
;
BOTANICAL NOTICES OP NEW PLANTS.
n
EPACRIDEiE.
Lissanthe pubescenti
stellata.
albis axillaribus
Caule
nov.)
(sp.
sparsis oblongis breviter petiolatis glaucis mucrohatis
foliis
;
Star-flowered Lissanthe.
solitariis
breviter pedunculitis unibracteatis,
minute
;
floribus
limbo 5-partito
apice fusco.
Descb. colour,
Stem about 18
Shrub.
inches high, of a rigid habit, of a bright brown
and minutely clothed with
petiolate, oblong lanceolate,
soft
downy
hairs.
Leaves scattered, shortly
and covered with a glaucous hue, beautifully striated on
the under surface, and mucronate, the mucro and the upper margin of the young leaves are of a bright
brown
colour, resembling the colour of the stem, but in the
older leaves this becomes less conspicuous, and
it
assumes a more dull appearance.
Bract, one ovate of a bright brown colour, and very deciduous, falling off before,
the limb of the corolla ciliate,
is
expanded.
whitish, about four lines long
a
little refiexed,
from
Calyx 5-parted, greenish at the base, minutely
and arranged at the base
in
an imbricate manner.
and having each
division at the
end tipped with brown, which,
arrangement, colour, and centre, with the stamens, give
its
appearance
:
in the throat also,
between the anthers, are arranged
which are deflexed, and about the length of the anthers. brown, dehiscing longitudinally. the centre pellucid dots.
Stigma form,
Corolla pedicellate,
limb divided into 5 parts, which are extended and
;
when
in a
young
a starry
Anthers
five, sessile,
Pollen smooth, spherical, or angular, having in
Style smooth, shorter than the tube of the corolla.
Ovarium covered with a mealy down,
tipped with brown.
entire,
it
tufts of hairs,
state, oval,
and divided
its
into five cells: disc cup-shaped,
obscurely divided into five parts.'
The genus Lissanthe and Leucopogon come
so near to each other according to
Dr. Brown's generic character given in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandke, doubtful in our opinion whether they should be kept distinct as genera.
that
it is
The
distinction
and the
we can
observe,
divisions of the limb are
both Lissanthe and Leucopogon
is,
that in Leucopogon the leaves are not striated,
bearded lengthwise, for the limb of the corolla in is
patent, as
may
be seen in the Leucopogon
Juniperina and Lissanthe Daplmoides, although this fact
Brown fore
in the
genus Lissanthe, but only in Leucopogon.
is
which we can perceive between Lissanthe and Leucopogon'
striated leaves,
and that
in the throat of the corolla
hairy appendages which are deflexed
;
not noticed by Dr.
The only is,
difference there-
that Lissanthe has
between the anthers are found
the other parts of the character, in our
opinion, will suit either genus.
This species, like those of both genera, the flowers are of
a.
is
more singular and neat than handsome
white colour, and of a tough nature, and when removed
from the stem, in the course of a very short period, become withered and brown, similar in colour to the stem.
tural Society,
It is in the collection of the
Birmingham Horticul-
and was raised from seeds which were collected
and presented to that establishment
in the
year 1836.
in
New
Holland,
CALENDAR OF GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR JULY.
80'
MONOCOTYLEDONES. MELANTHACEiE. Asagrjea Officinalis. This
Spike-flowered Asagrgea.
Lindl.
Bot. Reg. S.
t.
33.
a pretty plant, bearing a spike of small white flowers about six inches
is
long. It
is
bulbous and half hardy, and was sent to the London Horticultural Society
from Mexico by their collector in that country. of
Vera Cruz, where
it
name
has received the
grows in the neighbourhood
It
of Sabadilla.
Bot. Reg.
LILIACEjE.
Bessera Elegans.
Lindl.
Bot. Reg. N. S.
Elegant Bessera.
t.
This
34.
is
a charming, indeed a beautiful plant, bearing an umbel of about twelve pendulous
orange-red flowers, and having the anthers green.
was found by Karwinsky at Saltepee
but
This,
is
and another
it
It is a native of
was
first
Mexico, and
sent to this country by her
The plant from which the drawing was John Rogers, Esq., jun,,
John Parkinson, Esq.
Majesty's Consul,
taken for the Botanical Register, of Sevenoaks.
;
in the collection of
species, are all that are at present
known
of
the genus.
As
yet
little is
known
Bot. Reg.
of its habits or cultivation.
CALENDAR, OF GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR JULY.
A
few of the more delicate free-flowering sorts of greenhouse plants that would
may now
not bear the cold of last month
beginning of this month will
grow
rapidly,
most of them
month with
and
if
will flower
stakes,
be planted out into the borders in the
and even some may be brought from the
;
the selection
much
finer
is
judiciously
than in pots.
made
stove.
They
of free- flowering kinds,
Secure those turned out last
where they require that support.
Secure Dahlias well to their stakes from time to time.
Make
a general shifting of the stove and greenhouse plants, and cut them into
form as they have done flowering. Strike Pinks by pipings, and towards the end of the month layer Carnations.
Sow
biennials for flowering next season.
Plant fresh beds of Pansies
;
cut in those that have done flowering, and also
put in cuttings to keep up a succession of young plants. Look over the more rare kinds of herbaceous plants, either dividing or putting in cuttings of those
worn
out,
Many
which are in danger of being
and which could not be divided of the
lost
from getting too old and
in Spring.
more rare Alpine plants may
also
be divided and re-potted after
they have done flowering.
Annuals may It
is
now
still
be sown for flowering late in the Autumn.
a good time for laying the young
that root best from the young wood.
wood of Clematises and other plants
—
—
—
LATHYRUS ARMITAGEANUS. (
Mr. Armitages
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
Lathyrus.)
NATURAL ORDER.
_
No. 110.
DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
LEGUMINOSvE.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calyx campanulatus, 5-fidus, lobis 2-superioribus brevioribus.
Lathyrus. (Linn.)
Stamina diadelphous.
papilionacea.
Stylus
Legumen oblongum polyspermum
pubescens.
Herbce saepius scandentes.. Foliola 1-3 juga.
complanatus apice bivalve, 1-loculum.
Stipules semisagittse.
Pedunculi axillares.
Petioli apice in
{Decand. Prod.
vol.
ii.
antice
dilatus,
Stamens in two
sets,
Legume
or pubescent in front.
9 and
cirrhum ramosum abeuntes.
p. 369.)
branched at the apex.
Leaflets
rest.
Style flattened, dilated at the apex,
Stipules half arrow-shaped.
from
1 to 3.
Corolla papi-
and either
oblong, many-seeded, two-valved, one-celled.
Herbs mostly climbing.
angular.
1.
aut
Semina globosa aut angulata.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, having the 2 upper lobes shorter than the lionaceous.
Corolla
villosus
villous
Seeds round, or
Petiole passing into a tendril
Peduncles axillary.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. L. Armitageanus.
Suffruticosus, ramosus, glaucus
foliis unijugis, foliolis ovatis sessilibus
;
mucronatis venosis marginibus cartilagineis ; stipulis sagittiformibus venosis vel latioribus ; floribus pedunculatis racemosis cseruleis foliis
;
pedunculis
foliis
foliolis
sequalibus
coaequalibus
cirrhis
;
longioribus ramosis.
Suffruticose, branched, glaucous
margins cartilaginous
;
;
leaves one pair
;
leaflets ovate, sessile,
stipules arrow-shaped, veined equal or broader
pedunculate, racemose, blue
;
peduncles equal in length to the leaves
;
mucronate, veined,
than the
leaflets
tendrils longer
;
flowers
than the
leaves, branched.
This raised
is
certainly a very beautiful and
distinct species of Lathyrus.
by the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society
cuttings which were presented to that establishment
by the
It
in 1834,
was
from
late Charles Cope,
who received them from the Brazils, of which country it is a native. We have named it after the late Treasurer of the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society, Mr. Armitage, whose well-known devotion to the study of Botany entitles his memory to this respect. To the exertions of this gentleman, together with the late Dr. Darwall, and a few other individuals, the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society may be said to have owed its origin. Esq.,
VOL.
III.
no. xxx.
august, 1839.
M
LATHYRUS ARMITAGEANUS. The
following remarks on the treatment of this species are from the pen of
the skilful and intelligent Curator of the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society,
Mr. D. Cameron
:
— " After
several years' experience this proves
only to be a half-hardy shrub, at least in exposed situations, as vived some mild winters against a wall.
when
cultivated in pots
it
It will thrive in
requires to have plenty of room.
and sometimes ripens seeds
:
it is
readily increased
by
it
has only sur-
any loamy
soil
It flowers in
cuttings.
For the etymology of Lathyrus, 2,
stamens;
3,
see vol.
germ.
ii.
p.
178.
but
May,
The same plant
has been raised from seeds obtained from other parts of South America.
Fig. 1, Calyx;
;
,'
JfpJJl
—
—
83
ONOSMA SETOSUM. (Bristly Onosma.}
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
__
NATUEAL ORDER.
„ „ „
No. 111.
PENTANDRIA MONOGYNTA.
BORA GIN AC E^E.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Onosma. (Linn.) Achenia 4 tubulosa, clavata, fauce pervia.
Achenia 4,
distincta, lapidea, basi imperforata.
a hard stony nature, imperforated at the base.
distinct, of
Corolla tubular, clavate, throat not closed.
parts.
Calyx 5 partitus.
Corolla
Antherce sagittate, basi lobis nexse.
Calyx divided into 5
Anthers arrow-shaped, having the lobes at
the base joined.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. O. setosum latis
tuberculato-hispidum
;
ad costam hispidis
Tubercular-hispid
mid-rib
;
i.
bristles
flowers yellow,
Onosma vol.
;
setosum.
;
setis patentissimis
floribus luteis sub-glabris
;
spreading
i. e.
Flor. Alt.
t.
j
196.
;
foliis lineari-lanceo-
acheniis reticulato-rugosis.
;
on the
seeds reticulately rough.
Page 27, in the same volume.
Flor. altaica,
p. 181.
Descr.
— Stem about a foot high, round, branched, covered over with strongish
manner
before flowering,
somewhat smooth.
with the teeth of the corolla
;
Calyx divided into
reflexed at the apex, one fourth as long again as the calyx.
the tube of the corolla, and nearly as long.
tudinal
slit
from the base
and thus giving
Stamens
Anthers brown,
arranged side by
smooth
bifid at
the apex.
and the
size of
and
each part alternate
broad,
flat,
adhering to
having a transparent
side, dehiscing internally
by a
memlongi-
with each other at the base,
when arranged
in the corolla.
Achenia quadrangular.
exceedingly pretty species of Onosma
allied to O. Echioides
five,
linear,
to the base of the anthers a forked appearance
A new and of the achenia
five parts,
to the apex, each cell of the anther joined
Style longer than the corolla,
is
cells
Leaves
Corolla gamopetalous, five-toothed, teeth obtuse,
lobes linear-acute.
branous apex, incumbent, two-celled,
hairs.
Flowers yellow, numerous, arranged in a circinate
sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, scattered.
bour,
;
leaves linear-lanceolate, hispid
style projecting
;
ramosa
caule
;
stylis exsertis
stem branched
;
somewhat smooth
Led.
;
:
which, according to Lede-
tinctorium, but differing
from them in the form
the flowers.
It is also allied to O. Gmelini, but
from that
it is
distinguished by
its
branched
stem, and by having the anthers included, not exserted, as well as by the deeper colour of the flowers.
This plant
is
growing
in the
Birmingham Botanic Garden, where
m
2
it
was raised
ONOSMA SETOSUM.
84
from Russian seeds in the spring of 1838. time,
it
during the winter
;
only biennial.
It
may be
It will thrive in
is no doubt of its being perfectly hardy. by Ledebour to be perennial, but it probably may be
increased by seeds, which
the Onosmas
all
only one plant vegetated at that
but there
Its duration is stated
good plants of
As
autumn, and protected in a cold frame
in the
was taken up, divided
any common
The generic name
is
though
;
soil,
and
it
is
the best
will flower in
Fig.
1,
calyx
of obtaining
June and July.
derived from ovos, an ass, and
00-^7),
supposition that these plants are grateful to that animal. setosum alludes to
way
might- also he increased by cuttings.
smell,
The
from the
specific
name
its bristly appearance. ;
2,
corolla,
laid
open to show the stamens
ovarium, deeply divided into four lobes.
;
3,
pistil
;
4,
;
$5
SALVIA ARGENTEA. (Hoary
Salvia.)
NATURAL ORDER.
UN. KAN SYSTEM, \"
No. 112.
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
lamiacejE, Lindl.
labiate, Juss.
;
GENERIC CHARACTER. Salvia. (Lin.)
Calyw ovatus, tubulosus, vel campanulatus bilabiatus
vel tridentato, inferiore bifido, fauce intus nuda.
ventricoso vel ampliato, intus
nunc piloso-annulato, nunc nudo
processibus vel dentibus 2 instructo
;
limbo bilabiato
recte vel falcato, integro vel breviter emarginato
;
labio superiore integro
Corolla tubo incluso vel exserto,
labio superiore erecto vel rarius patente
;
inferiore patente, breviore vel longiore, lobis
;
medio plerumque
lateralibus oblongis vel rotundatis patentibus reflexis, vel contorto-erectis, latiore integro vel emarginate. fertilia (inferiora)
erecta,
apice
cum
Staminum superiorum rudimenta nulla
2 prope faucem tubi inserta
aequali
vel ad basin in latere inferiore
vel parva, claviformia
filamenta brevia, sub horizontalia, vel rarius
;
anthera articulata et supra articulationem plerumque breviter producta,
rarissime subcontinua.
Antheree dimidiatse.
Connectiva elongata, linearia,
transverse
cum
filamento articulata, antice sub labio superiore corolla? adscendentia, et apice loculum fertilem
linearem adnatum vel versatilem
ferentia,
postice deflexa vel erecta
subconformem minorem polliniferum vel difformem cassum
ferentia,
nunc loculum alteram
nunc
dilatata vel i-arius
brevissemc acuta, libera, vel ssepius variis modis inter se connexa vel connata. antice glandulifer, glandula lobis subaequali. sequalibus, vel superiore longiore,
nunc
Ovarii discus
Stylus adscendens, apice bifidus lobis nunc subulatis
inferiore vel utroque rotundato dilatato complanato,
stigmata plerumque minuta, terminalia, vel in majore parte loborum styli decurrentia. ovoideo-triquetra, sicca, glabra,
plerumque
Calyx ovate, tubulose, or campanulate, two-lipped
lower one divided, the throat inwardly naked.
Achenia
Benth. Labiat. p. 190.
lasvissima.
;
upper
lip entire
or three-toothed, the
Corolla with the tube included or exserted, equal,
ventricose or ampliate, sometimes with a hairy ring within, sometimes naked, or possessing at
the base of the inferior side two processes or teeth. patent, straight or falcate, entire or shortly notched
;
Limb lower
two-lipped, upper lip erect, rarely
lip patent, shorter or longer,
the side lobes oblong, or rounded, patent, reflexed, or contorted-erect broader, either entire or notched.
shaped
;
the
somewhat
fertile
The rudiments
;
having
the middle lobe mostly
of the upper stamens none, or small, and club-
ones (inferior) 2, inserted near to the throat of the tube.
horizontal, or rarely erect, articulated at the
articulation generally shortly elongated, very rarely
Filaments short,
apex with the anther, and above- the
somewhat continuous.
Anthers dimidiate.
Connective elongated, linear, transversely articulated with the filament in front ascending under
the upper lip of the corolla, and bearing at the apex a fertile linear
cell,
which
or versatile, behind duplexed or erect, sometimes bearing another small cell
same form,
less,
bearing pollen, or sometimes of a different form and
sterile,
Disc of the ovarium bearing glands in the
Style ascending,
front, glands
either adnate
sometimes dilated,
or rarely very short, acute, free, or frequently connected, or joined in various other.
is
somewhat of the
ways with each
somewhat equal
to the lobes.
divided at the apex, lobes sometimes subulate equal, or the upper one the
—— —
—
SALVIA ARGENTEA. longest,
sometimes the
inferior, or
both rounded, dilated, complanate. Stigmas oftentimes minute,
terminal or decurrent in the greater part of the lobes of the style.
Achenia of a three-sided oval
shape, dry, glabrous, generally very smooth.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. argentea; arachnoideo-pubescens, viscosa, ramosa; foliis ovatis eroso-crenatis petiolatis basi subcuneatis verticillastris 6 10, distantibus, floralibus cordatis magnis acuminatis concavis S.
—
•
apice subspinosis !
calycibus campanulatis striatis villosis, superiore labio tridentato subaquali,
;
inferiore bidentato
dentibus subspinosis
;
maximo
labio superiore
;
Corollis calyee subtriplo-longioribus, fauce ventricosa
falcato compresso, inferiore lobis lateralibus oblongi erectis.
Covered over with an arachnoid pubescence,
somewhat cuneate
crenate, petiolate,
teeth
having the upper
somewhat spiny
corolla
;
large, falcate, compressed, the
Lin.
Sclarea Argentea.
Mill.
Salvia Candidissima.
Descr.
— Whole
somewhat
lip three- toothed,
et
Sm. Flor. Grcec.
Guss. S. iEthiopis, Brot.
with a
soft
and from 4
the veins
;
distant, containing
2-^
what
the tube
spiny.
linear,
feet high, square, angles obtuse,
Leaves and the lower ones on the stem 6
more
or less closely crenate,
and beau-
is
have also a singularly delicate white appearance. Verticillasters
about 6 flowers, which have a peculiar effect from their erect position.
is
;
contracted in the centre.
pollen ovate,
the upper lip assumes at the point a purple
;
the lower tip
is
tinted on the lateral divisions with
Calyx striated, pubescent,
Stamens and style longer than the
corolla, incurved
smooth, without any transparent
mark
in
stipitate, teeth
within the flower.
some-
Anthers
Stigma in the
the centre.
somewhat
Floral-leaves concave, as long as the calyx, acuminate, and
divisions equal.
Desf.
more abundant on the under side of which are young and do not flower, it forms
Corolla whitish, three times as long as the calyx
;
S. patula.
feet long, usually divided into three parts.
appearance arising from a purple pubescence
yellow
;
lip
Pers.
S. atlantica,
to 6 broad, rugose,
the leaves of the flowering plants, or the plants
Panicle branched, from 2 to
floral
equal, the lower lip two- toothed
—Benth. Lab. p. 226. —
arachnoid pubescence, which
a very conspicuous feature
;
apex; calyx campanulate,
at the
Stem about 4
covered over with a long pubescence, branched root.
tifully covered
ovate, closely
to 10, distant
lower with the lateral lobes oblong, erect.
plant more or less viscid.
to 8 inches long, petiolate,
leaves
from 6
about thrice as long as the calyx, throat ventricose, the upper
— Jacq.
Salvia Argentea.
Verticillasters
somewhat spiny
leaves cordate, large, accuminate, concave striate, villous,
and branched;
viscid,
at the base.
spiny.
Achenia smooth, surrounded by an evident gynobasis.
This interesting species of Salvia
is
growing in the gardens of the Birmingham
Botanical and Horticultural Society, where received from the late biennial,
and
although
first
in collections.
is
Mr. Hunneman
perfectly hardy.
It is
it
introduced into this country in the year 1768, It will
grow
in
present appearance, that
any common
it will
appears to be
soil
;
exceedingly rare
is
begins to flower at the end of
There
is
reason to believe, from
ripen plenty of seeds.
This species, according to Mr. Bentham,
For the etymology
It
a native of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and
June, and will continue to flower for some time. its
was raised from Russian seeds
in the year 1838.
of Salvia, see vol.
i.
is allied
to S. spinosa,
under that head.
and
S. tingitana.
Argentea (silvery)
has reference to the whitened appearance of the leaves. Fig.
1,
a flower
;
2,
the stamens and appendages
;
3,
style
and
bifid stigma.
X"!i:'
—
87
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
No. 113.
GYNANDRIA MONANDBIA.
ORCHIDACEjE
VANDEJI.
§
GENERIC CHARACTER. Perianthium subpatens vel connivens.
(Lindl.)
Morrnodes.
Petala latiora, conformia.
creta.
cum columna connatum. acuminatum. adhserenti.
Sepala eequalia, basi subcon-
Labellum sellaeforme, ascendens, subcuncatum, trilobatum,
Columna
semiteres, subtorta
gynizus longus
;
;
clinandrium postice
Pollinia 4, per paria connata, caudiculse crassse affixa, glandulae carnosse crassae
—Habitus
Cataseti.
Perianth somewhat patent, or connivent. broader, similar in form.
connate with the column. posteriorly acuminate.
Sepals equal,
somewhat concrete
at the base.
Petals
Lip saddle-shaped, ascending, somewhat wedge-shaped, three-lobed,
Column
heres to a thick fleshy gland.
somewhat twisted ; gynizus long
semiterete,
Pollen-masses
4,
united
by
;
clinandrium
pairs, affixed to a thick caudicula,
which ad-
—Habit of Catasetum. SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
M. Pardina bus
;
:
pseudobulbis fusiformibus subcompressis
racemo recurvo multifloro
foliis
foliis lineari-lanceolatis
3-plo breviori-
breviore, sepalis petalisque subeequalibus ovato- lanceolatis
acutis conniventibus, labelli trilobi lobis lateralibus acutis decurvis, intermedio elongato acuminato.
Pseudo-bulbs fusiform, somewhat compressed, three times shorter than the linear-lanceolate leaves
;
raceme recurved, many-flowered, shorter than the leaves
equal, ovate-lanceolate, acute, connivent
;
;
sepals
and petals somewhat
lateral lobes of the 3-lobed labellum acute, decurved,
the intermediate lobe elongated, acuminate.
Mormodes Descr. the leaves.
pardina.
Bateman. Orchid. Mew.
— Pseudobulbs about
et
Guatemala, tab. 14.
eight inches long, fusiform, covered
by the sheathing
Leaves numerous, about 18 or 20 inches long, an inch and a
two inches wide, with an acute (almost acuminate) apex.
half,
bases of
and occasionally
Roots tortuous, fleshy.
Scape re-
curved, about a foot long, with from 12 to 15 flowers, crowded, of a rich yellow colour, copiously
covered with dark reddish brown spots.
Sepals ovate-lanceolate, rather acuminate, nearly an
inch and a half long ; the petals similar in form, rather shorter, but somewhat broader than the sepals.
Lip somewhat
fleshy, deeply 3-cleft, the lateral lobes deflexed
than the middle lobe, which
is
on the
sides, acute, shorter
considerably acuminate, and nearly as long as the petals.
somewhat twisted ; the stigmatic cavity extending
to its base.
Column
Anther and pollen-masses precisely
similar to those of Catasetum.
to
F or an opportunity of figuring this new and interesting species we are indebted George Barker, Esq., of Springfield, near Birmingham, by whom it was
MORMODES PARDINA.
38
imported.
who found
men
It it
a native of South America, whence
is
it
was sent by Mr. Ross,
in the wildest part of the Cordillera range.
Mr. Bateman's
speci-
appears to have been discovered by Baron Karwinski, in Oaxaca, and com-
municated some years since to the collection at Knypersley, where it flowered last year. It has been recently figured in Mr. Bateman's splendid work on the orchidaceous plants of Mexico and Guatemala
;
though the specimen
gentleman's collection differs from ours in some few points. is
now in
flower for the second time at
clear primrose-yellow without spots.
perfume, however,
is
peculiar,
in that
A remarkable variety
Mr. Barker's, the flowers of which are of a The flowers are highly odoriferous their ;
and too powerful
The genus Mormodes was named and the
to
be generally agreeable.
first
species
described by Dr. Lindley from a plant in the collection of
(M. atropurpurea)
John Willmore, Esq.
of Oldford, and subsequently figured in the 1st vol. of the Floral Cabinet. It has been suspected that Mormodes would share the fate of Myanthus and Monocanthus, and merge in the genus Catasetum : we are, however, inclined to regard the twisted column in it
Mormodes
as a
marked
peculiarity that will always distinguish
from other kindred genera.
For the etymology of Mormodes,
vide vol.
i.
The Latin
adjective pardina
has reference to the panther-like spots of the flowers. Fig.
]
.
Germ
with twisted column and 3-lobed
lip.
pollen-masses, one of which shows a horizontal section.
same.
4.
Anther-case.
2. 3.
Anterior view of the Posterior view of the
89
ON THE AQUEOUS EMANATION, OR EXHALATION OF VASCULAR VEGETABLES.* Every one
is
aware that fresh vegetables exposed to the
air
yield to
Mariotte appears to have been the
notable portion of their humidity.
He
endeavoured to account for this phenomenon. closed vessel, and, in two hours, he collected
it
a
who
first
placed a leafy branch in a
two spoonsful of water deposited on
Hales has measured with greater exactness the tran-
the sides of the vessel.
He
spiration of the Helianthus annuus, or annual sunflower.
planted one, three
feet high, under a vase, the orifice of which was closed by a metal plate pierced
with two holes, through one of which the stalk passed, and through the other the
The pot and plant 'were weighed morning and evening, The result of this observation was, that the plant lost by evaporation a quantity equal to twenty ounces daily. A Cabbage of moderate Plenk admits that a size, lost, under the same circumstances, nineteen ounces. Cabbage 23 oz. a of water day a seven ounces a stalk of Maize exhales
plant was watered.
during fifteen days.
;
Heliotrope 24 oz. &c.
weighing
drachms and a
five
half,
;
calculates that a branch of the
and Guettard
;
plunged at
its
Dog-wood,
base into water, exhales in
twenty-four hours a quantity of water equal to one ounce, three drachms, and three quarters.
From
very complicated calculations, Hales has proved that this
evaporation of the Sunflower, or the Cabbage,
Were
from insensible perspiration.
in
is,
an equal measurement of
than that which the human body experiences
surface, seventeen times greater
it
possible that this calculation could be
contradicted, there can be no doubt but that vegetables evaporate a great quantity
of water
but upon a nearer examination of the
;
that there are various
facts, it
may be
clearly perceived
phenomena connected with them which must be
necessarily
distinguished. 1st.
If fleshy fruits are placed in the
tubercules, such as potatoes,
it
open
air,
such as apples or grapes, or
perceptible, at the termination of a longer or
is
shorter time, that they have lost something of their weight, and deposited a
humidity on the sides of the cavity which encloses them slow,
and may continue many months before the It takes place in a very gradual
sensible.
than from gradually
all
any other cause.
;
but this
loss (deperdition)
manner, and
is
more
little
effect is
very
becomes very
active
from heat
This slow operation, which tends to deprive
the cellular parts of vegetables of water, and which works through
their tissue without visible pores,
is
what
perhaps a phenomenon independent of
life,
I call the insensible deperdition.
act an important part in the vital phenomena.
This deperdition
is
From Decandolle's " Physiologie V^getale."
N
is
explained by
the permeability of the tissue, and the tendency of water to evaporate *
It
or which at least does not appear to
when
it is
ON THE AQUEOUS EMANATION OF VASCULAR VEGETABLES.
90'
near the
Its exact
air.
appreciation
is
rendered complicated by the small
we
quantity of carbon, which, in certain cases, as of the air draws from the vegetable tissue.
shall see presently, the
oxygen
In the cases to which I here allude,
the parenchymatous parts are surrounded by a cuticle, or an epidermis, without stomata or evaporatory pores, which being but very slightly permeable, retain the
humidity, and only suffer a very minute portion to escape.
2nd.
If the organs, or vegetables, deprived of their true cuticle, be exposed
to the fresh air, such as the leaves of plants
immersed
cellular vegetables, the
seen to be very variable in
deperdition of water
is
in water, or those of
intensity, according to the kinds selected for experiment.
which
live
its
leaves of plants
habitually in water, lose in general, with great rapidity, that which
their parenchyma contains
;
which M. Ad. Brongniart attributes to the absence
This phenomenon presents
of the cuticle.
cryptogamic aquatics
itself
even in the greater part of the
but in some of these, and in
;
the deperdition
plants,
The
is
extremely slow, as
is
more
sea-weeds, in the leathery mushrooms, and
many cryptogamic
aerial
seen in the mosses, in certain particularly in the lichens.
This slowness of deperdition, notwithstanding the absence of
real cuticle,
all
appears to be caused either by the cellules of cryptogamous plants being more intimately joined together than those of the parenchyma of ordinary leaves,
and thus allowing a exterior layers in
less
many
free passage for the water to evaporate
of the cuticle or epidermis
office
;
by the
or,
cases being arranged sufficiently close to perform the ;
or, finally,
by some hygrologic disposition of
the tissue. 3rd.
— If leaves are placed in the same circumstances,
Finally
those organs invested with a cuticle
more or
less furnished
more active phenomena are observed that is to immense quantity of water in a very short time. ;
exercises itself evidently
by the stomata, which
aqueous exhalation, in order to distinguish
it
say, the
It
is
I designate
or, in general,
with stomata, then exhalation of an
this
function which
under the name of
from the preceding.
It
is
very
probable that the parts of the foliaceous organs which have stomata, are also susceptible of the insensible deperdition, results of these
two causes
enters into the
phenomenon by
without inconvenience.
and that consequently, we confound the
in the experiments cited
;
but the
so small a fraction, that
We will now confine
insensible deperdition it
may be
neglected
ourselves to the examination of the
circumstances of this important function, in order to deduce from
it its
physio-
logical action.
All the parts of a plant do not exhale water in the same quantity, and every
experiment tends to prove that (except the facts which relate to the two preceding cases, and everything besides being equal) the emanation of each part direct accordance with the
number
of
its
stomata.
Thus the surface of the
is
in
leaves
which are furnished with stomata, exhale more than those which are deprived of
them
;
the green bark which
is
furnished with stomata
more than those which
ON THE AQUEOUS EMANATION OP VASCULAR VEGETABLES. want them
;
and on the contrary,
and
roots, grains,
in general all organs without
If vegetables are com-
stomata, are only subjected to the insensible deperdition.
pared with each other, we arrive at the same general results that have few stomata exhale but
appear only submitted to the
little
petals
;
91
and fleshy
thus, fleshy leaves
:
fruits
which have none,
insensible deperdition.
All these facts are the results of experiments
made by Guettard,
St. Martin,
Bonnet, and Senebier, before even the existence of stomata was known. Mr. Knight confirmed them, in showing that a leaf of the vine exhaled minute drops of water only from the inferior side, that
is
to say, the side supplied with stomata,
and not
the superior side.
Those outward circumstances, which might have influence over menon, are ordinarily heat and
light
;
this
pheno-
but heat, which seems to act sensibly upon
the deperdition, appears on the contrary to have very
The very little augmentation in the weight lost by rature more or less great (provided that the degree
little
upon the exhalation.
vegetables exposed to a tempeof heat sufficient to disorganise
their tissue be out of the question) might indeed be attributed quite as well to
the acceleration of the insensible deperdition, as to that of exhalation.
appears to be, on the contrary, of
still
to absorb for
ceases suddenly to transpire, although
it
some time
;
Light
the exterior causes, that which acts most
Senebier has observed that when a plant
intensely in exciting exhalation.
placed in total obscurity,
all
so that its weight augments a
is
continues
it
Hales had
little.
already noticed that plants only transpired during the day, and that they
augmented a little in weight during the night. This phenomenon depends either upon the cessation of exhalation or upon the external air becoming more humid and depositing small drops of water on their surface or, finally, upon the green ;
;
parts absorbing a
little
oxygen during the night.
Guettard and Senebier have
enclosed leafy branches in flasks, and have placed them, some in the light, the others in obscurity
than the second.
;
I
the
first
have given out a much greater quantity of water
have observed that the light of lamps produces the same
result as that of the sun, as regards their relative intensity. light is indeed in proportion to the intensity of the light
by the interposition of a linen cloth or a sheet of paper
is
;
and the
This effect of effect
well known.
produced
Gardeners
and vendors of bouquets. know very well that they preserve their branches of trees longer fresh in an obscure situation than in a well-lighted one. If living
much
plants are kept too long from the influence of the solar rays, as they will cease to
and continue to absorb, they will acquire by degrees a state of dropsy, which disposes to the disarticulation of the leaves from the stalk, and announces a state of feebleness, owing to the too great abundance of water. will return, transpire
We
elsewhere, to the subject of the influence of obscurity plants which develop themselves therein.
I confine
upon plants or the parts of
myself here to the rendering
evident the extreme influence of light in exciting transpiration. (
To
be continued.)
N
2
92
ON PRESERVING THE BEAUTY OF FLOWERS. Besides the culture of flowers, which includes propagation, nursing, and
them up
rearing
to a perfect flowering state, other cares are necessary, in order
that the blossoms be not tarnished or destroyed by scorching sunshine, dashing rain, or
by withering winds
ruin or disfigure those
expected with so
much
and, above
;
may
that insects
all,
gems which have been nurtured with
not be allowed to
much
so
labour,
and
anxiety.
In glass structures of any kind or dimension, the enclosed atmosphere completely under control
humidity
;
—neither the want of
as assailants
;
and
if
air or light
—or these
insects appear, they are so
in excess,
much
manipulation of the manager, that the plants need never plants in the open
air,
need be dreaded
within the reach and
But
suffer.
able extent of surface, neither unceasing care, nor the utmost vigilance,
are led to
from various attacks to which they are
make
Variety, are here in the greatest profusion
possible as well
way
:
as creepers
upon elegant wire
of south wall.
The
;
available
upon the ground, all in
and in which the
known
species
and
planted, managed, and trained in every as standards in every kind of device,
trelliage as without,
rose-trees were
;
These, of every
a distinguishing feature.
is
is
liable.
these observations from having not long ago visited one
of the finest flower-gardens in the vicinity of the metropolis collection of roses
as regards
and which are most commonly distributed over a consider-
in defending favourite plants
We
is
neither too high or too low a temperature, dryness, or
and
also
upon a considerable length
the highest health, and covered with the
most exuberant display of promising buds.
The very prospect of such a magnifiBut the prospect was clouded
cent bloom of roses was delectable even in idea.
by what we
clearly foresaw
would be an unavoidable sequence
—the
trees,
and
shoots, and buds, were literally enveloped in myriads of aphides, which had then
seated themselves on almost every plant, particularly those on walls, and such as
were trained as round-headed standards, and which would most certainly mar the beauty of the general bloom.
Now what remedy
can be provided against
pleasures of the flower-garden
\
Were
pots, they could be enclosed in a glazed frame
and the
insects speedily banished.
this serious
drawback on the
the trees in a house, or
But
:
in the
open borders, on
single standards, there is difficulty in applying fumigation effectually
think the difficulty
Every
florist
in forcing-houses
of a
is
walls, ;
and as
and yet we
really not insurmountable.
knows the use of the fumigating and frames.
sufficient size,
they were in
if
there they could be fumigated
Now
bellows,
a fumigating-cloth,
would answer well for walls
;
and how useful they are
made
of light canvas
and
and the same cloth supported
over a bed, or single plant, by a light moveable skeleton frame of eitherwood orwire, would be quite effectual for confining smoke long enough to prove mortal to the
—
ON PRESERVING THE BEAUTY OF FLOWERS.
And
insects.
with respect to standard trees, we presume that a hand-glass
with smoke and held for a few
minutes over the closely
those beautiful tufts of blossom from the It
may
insects, its application
them
is
noxious and most fatal to the
would deprive the flowers of half their value, by tainting,
But that this may not happen, the smoke bud and which would give time
of their fragrance.
when the
should be applied
filled
pruned head, would protect
common enemy.
appear, that as the smoke of tobacco
or robbing
93
flowers are only in
;
for the tobacco taint to escape before they blow.
Sprinkling the trees with water previous to fumigating, as
more
likely to arrest the
is
considered advisable
;
smoke, as well upon the plants as upon the sensitive
organs of the insects.
Many bud
other flowers
pinks often require such defence to
the attack of aphides, when in the
may be defended from
Both carnations and
by the fumes of tobacco timeously administered.
state,
grow well
;
and even the common
China-asters, so difficult
were their seedlings pricked into a close
for several years past,
them proof
frame, or under hand-glasses, and frequently fumigated, might render
against that minute aphis or other insect to which they have been so subject of late years.
In seeking remedies for such disasters, the old proverb constantly recurs yes, surely; and as we are pretty would not " prevention be better than cure
V
certain that the eggs of the aphis, as well as those of
the plants in the
—
autumn
with some offensive preparation, to disgust, those plants for their nurseries which
which has often been suggested sary perseverance
;
many other insects, are
laid
on
that season should be chosen to dust or drench the plants
;
if
we wish
possible, the
mothers from choosing This
to preserve.
is
an experiment
but never followed up, perhaps, with the neces-
nevertheless there can be no doubt but that the
autumn
is
the best season for protecting plants against their being pitched upon by the
provident mothers as stations, and to furnish food for their young of the next spring.
Supposing then that a rosarium were intended to be seizure of the aphides, tortrices, or other insects
fortified
must provide himself with a large water-butt
of soap-suds from a laundry.
full
This should be strongly impregnated with flour of brimstone
two of tobacco liquor be added, the mixture would be liquid should be applied with a
against the
which beset rose-trees; the manager
still
and
;
more
garden engine, in order that
it
if
a gallon or
efficacious.
may
This
be distributed
equally and so forcibly as to lodge on every crevice of the bark, and in every
hollow or
cleft
The
about the buds and branches.
in August, or as soon as the principal
bloom
is
first
over
;
application
may be made
and should be repeated
in
month till Christmas. And if, to make doubly sure, a drenching were given when the buds have pushed about a quarter of an inch, and also then every following
fumigated, would go for
one season at
far,
least.
we
think, to secure rose-trees
from the attack of aphides,
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF
94
NEW
PLANTS.
Besides the strong taint which would remain on the exposed parts of the trees, the rank effluvia ever rising from the ground, will together operate to keep the off, or drive them to some more agreeable locality. Amateur and professional florists may object that this plan of prevention will entail upon them a serious addition of labour but where it is determined to
insects
;
have and keep a flower-garden in the highest state of perfection, neither expense will be grudged by the owner, nor any additional labour be unwillingly rendered
by the manager,
what
to accomplish
will
redound so much to his own credit, and
the owner's satisfaction.
NEW
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF
PLANTS.
DICOTYLEDONES. LEGUMINOS^S.
Edwardsia Macnabiana. t.
This
3735.
a very handsome shrub (the height
is
Whether
profusion of deep-yellow flowers. variety of
E.
Mr. MacNaVs Edwardsia.
Grah.
grandiflora,
is
doubtful
;
but
it
it
is
a species, or only a seedling
is
instantly recognised
is
Mag,
Bot.
not given), bearing a
from that
by the wide separation of the petals of the keel, and by its flowering when in full leaf. It had been planted as a standard, and also against the south wall in the Edinburgh garden. It did not blossom as species
by
nearly equal petals,
its
a standard, but blossomed against a south wall. destructive to trees
and shrubs,
this suffered
Judging from the plate
or mycrophylla.
In the
much
Magazine,
in the
last winter, so signally
than either E. grandiflora
less
it
would appear to be
a desirable plant to place against a south wall as an ornament.
PHILADELPHACEiE.
Philadelphus laxus. N. of
S.
t.
39.
This
is
Weak- branched
Philadelphus, Bot. Reg.
a hardy shrub, bearing large white flowers.
North America, and
Elliott,
Schrad.
The
Flora Carolina.
It
is
a native
by Dr. Lindley supposed to be the P. grandiflora of
is
leaves of this species are smaller than
what usually
occurs in this genus, very sharp-pointed, and the toothing unusually sharp
:
the
uppermost leaves become gradually narrower, until those immediately below the flower are linear and entire
their upper surface
;
white hairs, and the under side
The height
nearly scentless.
space on the ground by
young shoots are
its
liable to
is
much more
of this species
slender branches.
be killed by the
is
about
It
frost.
shoots that the blossoms appear in this genus.
is
bright-green, with a few
closely covered. five feet,
comes into It
is
The
flowers are
covering a large
leaf early,
and the
from the end of the
lateral
Bot. Beg.
COMPOSITE. rindelia inuloides.
Dun.
Flea Bane-like Grindelia.
Bot.
This plant bears yellow flowers, which have a showy appearance. of Texas, where
it
Mag. It
is
t.
3737.
a native
was detected by Mr. Drummond, and whence seeds were sent
;
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF NEW PLANTS. by him to the Glasgow Botanic Garden, open border
September, 1835.
in
Bot.
S>5
which establishment
in
it
flowered in the
Mag.
GESNERIEiE.
Hook.
Gesneria stricta. Gesneria
is
Upright Gesneria.
t.
This
3738.
The flowers, however, judging from the plate in the many of the species. Roots of it were sent by
extend for a foot and more. Magazine, are not so
brilliant as
Mr. Tweedie from Rio Grande, and
Mag.
Bot.
stated to be upwards of five feet high, and the flowering portion to
in
South Brazil, to the Glasgow Botanic Garden,
in the stove of that establishment it
G. Sceptum in
It resembles
its
habit
produced
curvature on the upper side, and following geniculated at the bore
are exserted.
Bot.
;
its
flowers in 1835.
but the flowers are remarkable for the
;
the upper, too,
is
its
direction
much
the style
:
longer
:
is
singularly
the style and anther
Mag. BORAGINEiE.
Cynoglossum Ccelestinum. Reg. N.
S, t. 36.
This
is
Lindl.
Bot
Blue and white Hounds-tongue.
a pretty plant, but only biennial, and said to inhabit
the north part of India.
was raised at the gardens of the London Horti-
It
cultural Society,
from seeds which were presented to that establishment by John
Nimmo,
Bombay, and flowered
differs
from
Esq., of
from C. uncinatum
in its fruit,
C. microglochin, longiJZorum,
and
for the first time in August, 1838.
and grandijlorum,
in having the cauline leaves
not rounded at the base, and from C. glockidiatum in hairy flowers, as well as
its
It
in its leaves not being at all acuminate,
its
smaller,
broader and more cordate leaves.
and much
less
Bot. Beg.
ASCLEPIADACEiE. Ceropegia t.
3740.
Vine^efolia.
This
is
Hook.
Periwinkle-leaved Ceropegia.
Bot.
Mag.
a very handsome climbing plant, bearing dark-purple petals,
and was received at the Glasgow Botanic Garden from Bombay, through J.
Nimmo, Esq. month
in the
It requires the stove,
of September.
Bot.
and
its
flowers are produced in abundance
Mag.
MONOCOTYLEDONES. Lilium Thunbergianum. t.
38.
This
is
Roem.
Thunberg's Orange Lily.
Bot. Beg. N. S.
a noble plant, and was drawn at the establishment of Messrs.
Rollisons in June 1838, and is one of those which have been introduced into Europe from Japan by Dr. Siebold. It was originally found by Thunberg, who first referred it to L. Philadelphicum, although its sepals and petals are sessile afterwards to L. bulbiferum, although it had no bulbs, and is also destitute of
the papillae, which render the inside of the flower of that species scabrous. In the cultivation of this handsome species (which grows about three feet high, and flowers from the beginning of July to the end of September, if properly treated), the bulbs should be fresh potted, or planted in a pit that
is
well protected
from
wet, late in the autumn, or very early in the spring, in a mixture of sandy-peat
;
CALENDAR OF GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR AUGUST.
96
The
loam, and a portion of well-rotted dung.
when
bulbs,
potted, should be kept
dry until they begin to grow, when they should have water sparingly at to be increased as
its
vigour
is
ORCHIDACEiE Dendrobium Jenkensii. Wallich. Reg. N. S.
t.
This
37.
is
and
MALAXIDEiE.
§
Captain
Jenkins'
Dendrobium.
Bot.
a small pretty species (not above six inches high), has.
been distributed by Dr. Wallich to many
therefore by no
means uncommon. It was originally received It was figured from specimens in 1836.
bearing yellow flowers; collections,
first,
Bot. Reg.
developed.
is
it
by Dr. Wallich from Captain Jenkins
Bot. Reg.
in the collection of Messrs. Loddiges.
EPIDENDREiE.
Bletia Pabkinhoni.
Mr. Parkinson's
Hook.
Bletia.
Bot.
Mag.
t.
3736.
This appears to be a very distinct and delicate species of Bletia, which was sent to Woburn Abbey by Mr. Parkinson, H. M. Consul-General at Mexico,
and
in
the stove of that establishment
it
flowered in January
last,
affinity.
column beautifully variegated with yellow and purple.
Bot.
The
1839.
much more narrow than B. reflexa, which is considered its The flowers are of a most beautiful rose colour, having the
flowers are
nearest tip
and
Mag.
CALENDAR OF GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR AUGUST. In this month such Pelargoniums flowering
;
and cuttings put
plants should also of the pots,
in if
will
wanted
require to be cut
be re-potted, by reducing their
and re-potting
in light
sandy
down
as are past
for late flowering next season. balls of earth,
and
The
also the size
soil.
Stove and greenhouse plants ought also to be re-potted where it is necessary. Layer American plants, that require being struck from the young wood several other shrubs, such as require
common
soil,
ought also to be layered.
Prick out rooted Pink Pipings to strengthen them before they are
finally
transplanted into the flowering beds. Collect seeds of the Annuals and other plants as they ripen.
Stake and
Hoe and
tie
up mostly
keep neat
all
all
plants requiring that care.
beds, borders,
Sec.
Set out glasses and other traps for destroying wasps, destructive to the ripening
flies,
&c. which are very
fruit.
Saxifrages and other Alpine plants will require dividing, to enable them to
withstand the ensuing winter.
Sow Annuals
for early flowering
next season, of such as are known to be
perfectly hardy, and particularly Californian plants.
Sow Mignionette Put
in Pansies
in pots for spring flowering.
and double wall-flower cuttings
in a
shaded border.
if.
Mills, del.
—
— ——
S7
RAFNIA TRIFLORA. (Three-flowered Rafnia.}
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
'
_
,
NATURAL ORDER.
,
No. 114.
MONADELPHIA DECANDMA.
LEGUMINOS^E.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calyx ad medium 5-fidus, lobis 4 superioribus latioribus nunc
(Thunb.)
Rafnia.
nunc
inter se varie subconnexis,
Stamina monadelpha, vagina
subrotundo.
vexillo
infimo setaceo acutissimo.
demum
superne
fissa.
Legumen
nigrescentes.
Folia simplicia integra non amplexicaulia alterna, floralia
Flores
(Decand. Prod. vol.
ii.
interdum opposita.
p. 118.)
Calyx divided into 5 parts to the middle, the 4 upper lobes broader, sometimes times variously joined
the last division setaceous, and very acute.
Stamens monadelphous, sheath afterwards
standard roundish.
Legume
;
lanceolate, compressed, many-seeded.
floral leaves
;
some-
distinct,
Corolla smooth, keel obtuse, splitting
on the upper
side.
Shrubs natives of the Cape of Good Hope,
smooth, in drying frequently becoming blackish. alternate
lance-
Suffrutices Capenses glabri, exsiccatione ssepius lurido-
olatum compressum polyspermum.
flavi.
distinctis,
Corolla glabra, carina obtusa,
Leaves simple,
entire, not
amplexicaul,
Flowers yellow.
sometimes opposite.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. R.
triflora.
Glauca;
foliis
vel
ovatis,
obovatis;
ramis angulatis; pedunculis in
axillis
superioribus, ssepius ternis unifloris bibracteolatis.
Glaucous ; leaves ovate, or obovate
branches angular
;
;
peduncles situate in the upper axils of
the leaves, oftentimes in threes, one-flowered, and two bracts.
Rafnia
triflora.
Thunb.
Crotalaria triflora.
Berg.
Borbonia cordata.
Andr.
Descr. nate,
—The whole
either ovate
-
plant glaucous.
or obovate,
acute
;
Stem about three
arranged in threes (but only one flower opening at once)
wings the length of the keel either the wings or standard.
axis.
Pollen smooth,
;
apex acute and incurved.
III.
veins
Leaves alteranastomosing.
;
standard ovate; margin reflexed;
Calyx divided in 5 parts, unequal, the two upper divisions broader
Stamens arranged in one
spherical.
NO. XXXI.
•
Keel obtuse, of a paler yellow than
set, filiform.
Stigma capitate.
Anthers dehiscing towards the
Ovarium compressed, smooth.
kidney-shaped.
VOL.
;
Pedicels about an inch long, situated in the axils of the leaves,
Flowers yellow, pedicellate.
than the two lower ones.
feet high, angular.
midrib strong, feather- veined
SEPTEMBER, 1839.
O
Ovules
RAFNIA TRIFLORA.
98
This
is
a plant of great beauty when properly cultivated.
be stopped to prevent
grow bushy, otherwise It should
it
becoming
it will
tall,
The shoot should is made to
by which means the plant
only be one-stemmed.
be potted in loam, peat, and sand.
from cuttings, and therefore care should
It does not appear to strike readily
be taken to impregnate the blossoms to ensure the formation of seeds, which' readily vegetate.
good
Although introduced
It flowers in
J une and
It is a native of the
the
in 1786, it
is
a very rare plant even in
collections.
July.
Cape
of
Good Hope
;
but the plant in the collection of
Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society (from which our drawing
was taken) was raised from seeds received amongst many others from
New
Holland.
The
generic
name Rafnia, is in compliment to Mr. C» G. Rafn, a Dane, and The specific name triflora, alludes to the circumstance of the
a botanical author.
flowers being arranged in threes in the axils of the leaf.
Fig. 1, standard
;
2,
keel
;
3,
wing
;
4,
germ, stamens, and
style.
Miss CLowes, del 1
—
99
LINARIA DELPHINOIDES. (Delphinium-like Linaria.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
11 k
AT
SCROPHULARINEiE.
DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMA.
GENERIC CHARACTER. (Tourn.) Calyx 5-partitus.
Linaria.
Corolla personata, tubo abbreviate inflato basi calcarato,
Stamina basi
palato ad faucem prominulo, interdum depresso. vel bifidus
;
stigmate emarginato vel bilobo.
Stylus apice incrassatus
pilosa.
Capsula operculis circumscissis vel plurimis valvse-
formibus vel dentiformibus debiscens. Folia altema, opposita vel verticillata, integerrima, lobatave.
Herbee, vel rarius suffrutices.
ramorum
Flores ad summitates
racemosi, seu spicato-racemosi, vel solitarii axillares. Corolla personate
Calyx divided into 5 parts.
tube shortened, inflated, spurred at the base
;
Stamens hairy at the base.
palate prominent at the throat, sometimes depressed.
ened at the apex, or divided lids cut
;
stigma notched, or two-lobed.
many by valviform
roimd, or in
Capsules dehiscing
or dentiform dehiscings.
;
Style thick-
by means of Leaves
Herbs, rarely shrubs.
Flowers arranged at the top of the branches
alternate, opposite or verticillate, entire or lobed.
either in racemes, or spiked racemes, or solitary axillary.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Caule
L. delphinoides. racemosis purpureis
gracili
lobis superioribus obtusis, mferioribus emarginatis
Stem
slender,
very
purple-striped spurs
much
branched, smooth
bowed very long
obtuse, the inferior ones notched
Descr.
—Biennial it
;
;
notched
;
striated.
upper
Spur
leaves alternate, subulate
lip bifid," divisions obtuse, entire
much
seeds,
is
;
eorollce
flowers racemose,
;
;
smooth, except at
the lower lip
and delicately bowed, or gracefully curved.
Calyx pubescent, divisions reflexed.
Stigma
Flowers
Corolla purple-striped, twotrifid,
divisions obtuse
paler than the other part of the flower, and
Style thickened towards the apex.
This
;
Leaves alternate, subulate.
Pedicels pubescent.
Anthers dehiscing longitudinally, and towards the axis.
ham
floribus
;
calices reflexed.
Stem about 12 inches high, very much branched
?
slender,
subulatis
alternis
foliis
calycibus refiexis.
;
begins to bear flowers, then pubescent.
palate inflated,
three lines long.
;
pedunculis et calicibus pilosis
peduncles and calices hairy, upper lobes of the corolla
pedicellate, arranged in racemes, purple.
lipped, the
;
;
Gay.
Linaria delphinoides.
that part where
glabro
ramosissimo,
striatis calcaribus arcuatis longissimis
Stamens
4,
more
Tube of the
and
delicately
corolla about
two long and two
shorter.
Pollen yellow, minute, opaque, oblong.
entire.
an exceedingly pretty plant, growing in the collection of the Birmingit was raised from
Botanical and Horticultural Society, in whose garden
which were received at that establishment in 1838, from o 2
St. Petersburgh,
LIN ARIA DELPHINOIDES.
100
through the late Mr. Hunneman.
Out of the whole packet of seed only one
plant was produced, and that was preserved in the cold frame during last winter,
from which cuttings were struck
in the spring,
flowers for the last three months.
common garden
The plant has the appearance of being only many capsules of seeds, but it may be readily
soil.
appears to perfect cuttings,
and which have- been covered with
They have been growing out of doors
which strike
Being a very
biennial.
in It
increased by
freely.
free flowerer,
and of low growth,
it
is
well adapted for orna-
menting the flower beds or borders.
The authority
for the specific
of the St. Petersburgh
name
is
Mr. Gay,
as stated in the fourth index
Garden; but of what country
it
is
a native
we
are
unable to say.
The etymology of the name delphinoides,
specific
Delphinium.
generic
name
Linaria,
is
given in vol.
i.
page 50
;
the
alludes to the resemblance of the flowers to those of
—
.
—
—
—
101
UMBILICUS SEMPERVIVUM. {Sempervivum-like Navelwort.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
^
DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
(Decand.)
CRASSULACE^E.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Umbilicus. (Dec.)
Corolla gamopetala cairspanulata 5-fida, lobis ovatis
Calyx 5-partitus.
acutis erectis tubi circiter longitudine. pella 5 apice attenuata, stylis subulatis.
Stamina 10
Squamce 5
obtusse.
Car-
Herbce Europse australis aut orientis indigense.
Folia
rosulata aut alterna integerrima aut subdentata.
corollas inserta.
Flores albidi aut
flavi,
ramosi nec cymosi.
Corolla gamopetalous, campauulate, 5-cleft, with ovate, acute, erect lobes
Calyx 5-parted.
about the length of the tube.
Stamens 10 inserted into the
5 attenuated at the apex, with awl-shaped
corolla.
Scales 5, obtuse.
Carpels
Herbs natives of southern or eastern Europe.
styles.
Leaves arranged in a rose-like manner, or alternate, very entire or somewhat toothed.
Flowers
whitish, or yellow, branched, not cymose.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. U. sempervivum loso-pubescentibus denti
;
;
foliis radicalibus rosulato-aggregatis carnosis cuneatis
ciliatis,
emarginatis glandu-
caulinis sparsis oblongo-rotundatis convexis sessilibus
;
caule depen-
paniculd laxa multiflora.
Radical leaves aggregate, arranged in a rose-like manner, fleshy, wedge-shaped, emarginate, clothed with glandular pubescence, ciliated
convex,
sessile
;
stem dependent
Cotyledon Sempervivum.
;
those on the stem scattered, oblong-rotundate,
;
panicle lax,
many- flowered.
Bieb. casp. p. 176
app. n. 46
;
;
ann. bot.
ii.
p.
444 ;
fl.
taur.
i.
p. 351
Descr.
—Whole plant clothed with short, glandular pubescence.
the offsets of Sempervivum tectorum is
(common
well expressed by the term rosulatus
;
house-leek), a
cauline leaves
flowered panicle.
scattered,
and
Stem from eight to ten inches
Calyx red, deeply 5-parted, the segments acute,
and equal in length
to the
tube of the corolla.
red, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, lobes spreading, or rather reflexed (not erect), in
not accord with Decandolle's generic character.
Corolla of a pale
which respect
one of which
it
does
Carpels 5, slightly pubescent, with an elon-
gated apex terminating in short awl-shaped styles with minute simple stigmas scales truncate, slightly emarginate,
tufts, like
of arrangement which
upper portion pubescent, and terminating in a lax many-
Flowers shortly pedicellate.
slightly reflexed at the apex,
mode
few in number,
clothed like the radical ones with short glandular pubescence. long, the lower part glabrous, the
Radical leaves of a bright,
and disposed in compact circular
lively green, broadly cuneate, slightly emarginate,
is
;
nectariferous
placed at the base of each carpel.
UMBILICUS SEMPERVIVUM.
102
This very scarce and interesting plant
where
it
is
is
a
native of Eastern Caucasus,
found in mountainous and stony places.
It
is
in the collection of
the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society, in whose garden raised from Russian seeds received in 1837, through the late It should be in the
grown
in pots filled with
bottoms of the pots.
the severity of our winters, its
succulent leaves
;
for
Although it
is
which reason
it
their
1,
calyx
hypogynous
;
2,
may
probably be capable of enduring
be rotted
off
by damp, on account of
ought to have the protection of the cold
— It may be increased by
gamopetalous corolla laid open
scales.
was
loam and sand, using plenty of drainers
likely to
frame in winter, and be kept rather dry. Fig.
it
it
Mr. Hunneman.
;
3,
offsets.
the 5 carpels, with
—
—
103
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
No. 117.
MALAXIDE.E
GYNANDBIA MONANDRIA.
DENDROBIEJ5,
§
Litldl.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Sepala membranacea, erecta vel patentia, lateralibus majoribus
Dendrobium (Swartz.) obliquis
cum
basi producta columnse
minora, semper membranacea.
connatis.
Labellum
indivisum vel trilobum, saepius
sessile,
semiteres, basi longe producta.
epiphytae,
nunc
caulescentes,
Flores
venosa.
cum
Petala sepalo supremo ssepius majora, nunc
pede columnse articulatum vel connatum, semper
membranaceum, nunc appendiculatum.
Anthera bilocularis.
nunc rhizomate repente pseudo-bulbifero. racemosi, speciosi.
solitarii fasciculati, vel
Columna
Pollinia 4, per paria collateralia.
Herbce
Folia plana, saepius
(Lindl.)
Sepals membranaceous, erect or spreading, the lateral ones larger, oblique, and connate, with
Petals most frequently larger than the upper sepal, some-
the lengthened base of the column.
times smaller, always membranaceous.
always
sessile,
Column pairs.
'
Lip
undivided, or 3-lobed, most
articulated or connate, with the foot of the column,
commonly membranaceous, sometimes
semiterete, with a lengthened base.
—Epiphytic
plants,
Anther 2-celled.
sometimes caulescent, sometimes with a creeping rhizoma, bearing
Leaves plain, most commonly veined.
pseudo-bulbs.
appendiculate.
Pollen-masses 4, collateral, in
Flowers solitary, fasciculated, or race-
mose, handsome.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. D. amcenum acutis
;
;
caulibus pendulis gracilibus nebulosis floriferis aphyllis
floribus geminatis
oblongis obtusis
;
racemum spurium formantibus
petalis obtusis sepalo
;
foliis lanceolatis
longe pedunculatis divaricatis
supremo paulo majoribus
:
labelli
;
sepalis
cucullati limbo ovato
obtuso crenulato leviter ciliato ; disco villoso.
Stems pendulous, slender, clouded, flower-bearing,
leafless
;
leaves lanceolate, acute
in pairs, forming a spurious raceme, with long peduncles, divaricate petals obtuse, a little larger than the
slightly ciliate
;
upper sepal ; limb of the hooded
Wallich.
Dendrobium aphyllum.
Roxb.
—Flowering violet.
flowers ;
lip ovate, obtuse, crenulate,
MSS.
stems entirely
leafless,
very slender, and slightly clouded with brown.
Flowers of a delicate white, with obtuse segments, each of which
apex with
;
sepals oblong, obtuse
disc villous.
Dendrobium amcenum. Descr.
;
Lip
cucullate,
marked
is
beautifully tinged at
its
internally towards the base with greenish-yellow.
This elegant species of Dendrobium has recently flowered in the collection of
George Barker, Esq., of Springfield, where our drawing was made.
The
flowers
DENDROBIUM AM(ENUM.
104
exhale a most delightful, though by no means a powerful, fragrance. to Dr. Wallich,
it is
According
found upon trees in Nepal, flowering in the months of April
and May. It requires a strong,
humid
heat,
genus, should have a period of rest, after forming its stems.
It
may be
when growing
;
and, like others of this
by being removed into a cool, dry house,
either potted in rough, sandy peat,
mixed
with drainers, or grown in baskets suspended from the roof of the house. plant from which our drawing was made, was trained to
known that
its
grow
erect, before it
The was
stems are naturally pendulous.
Fig. 1, portion of a flower, showing the connexion of the lip with the lower sepals
:
2,
pollen-masses
;
3 and
4,
anther case.
105
ON THE AQUEOUS EMANATION, OR EXHALATION OF VASCULAR VEGETABLES.* (Continued from page 91.)
The
state of the atmosphere appears also to exercise
phenomenon
dry than in a humid
one
;
but
I
know more
an influence on
this
the facts altogether tend to prove that plants exhale more in a
;
am
air,
and probably more
not aware of any proofs at
especially in
all
in
a rarified than in a condensed
precise on this subject
;
nor do I
what exact degree we can distinguish from these
facts,
what belongs to the deperdition or to the exhalation. Independently of exterior causes
;
the age of the parts of vegetables destined
for exhalation, influences considerably the intensity of this function
:
thus, in
an
equal light and temperature, leaves exhale more in spring than in summer, and
more
summer than
in
in
autumn.
exhalation of evergreen trees
Guettard has observed that in winter the extremely feeble
is
exhales during two days of summer, as
Senebier has relation
which
made
exists
a great
receiver
of
;
knew
;
months
in winter.
of experiments, in order to determine the
To
effect this,
he steeped a branch in water, the weight
he introduced the extremity of the branch into a spacious
weighed the water which was found
some hours, and compared
vessel
number
according to him a laurel
:
as during two
between the quantity of water absorbed and the quantity
exhaled in a given time. of which he
much
in the receiver at the termination
quantity with that which was deficient in the
its
from which the branch absorbed
its
These experiments
nourishment.
left
always something to desire, because of the water which remained in suspension in the receiver, or which was deposited on the leaves
;
variations with respect to the surfaces of the branch, intensity of the light, &c.
the water absorbed
is,
The
result of a
number
they offered also some
and the
leaves,
and
in the
of trials tends to prove, that
to the water exhaled, as three
is
to two, or in other terms,
that one third of the water absorbed remains in the plant, and that the two other thirds exhale in the air.
The same
physiologist has also sought to
compare the nature of the water
He
exhaled, with that of the water absorbed by the plants.
branches in infusion of cochineal
steeped some
the colour of the injection penetrated even to
;
the summit of the plant, but the water exhaled was perfectly transparent.
Having steeped some branches acid, the
in water,
mixed with a
little
sulphuric or muriatic
water exhaled has been sometimes perfectly pure
presented some traces of the acids
which resulted from liquids exhaled
its
by the
progress. vine,
;
;
sometimes
it
has
which may be attributed to the disorganization Hales and Duhamel have remarked that the
the apple, the peach, rhubarb, parsnip, and even by
rue and cabbage, do not offer any difference of taste, and only differ from
common
water, in having a slight colour, which might have been communicated while in
p
ON THE AQUEOUS EMANATION OF VASCULAR VEGETABLES.
106
the receiver with the plant.
Duhamel
waters corrupt sooner than the
observes, however, that these exhaled
common water and ;
Senebier
that in fact the water exhaled by vegetables
analysis,
Having placed
different plants in
exhaled, he found in
a
vessel,
and
is
little
gummy and
a
little
which they
in 11.520 parts of the
:
water exhaled by the vine, he detected 1.25000 of foreign matter.
appeared to contain a
assured from
not perfectly pure.
collected the water
a portion foreign to the water
it
is
This analysed,
resinous matter, and the residue,
which was neither soluble in water or alcohol, was supposed to be a mixture of
and sulphate of lime.
lime,
plant remains in
its tissue,
Thus not only one third
of the water absorbed
by the
but nearly the whole of the substances dissolved in the
absorbed water, do not escape with the water exhaled, but remain in the vegetable.
We here perceive, in a manner sufficiently clear, one of the sources of nutrition. The water absorbed by the roots, arrives charged with the substances dissolved in it it deposits them in the vegetable, and a portion of the water itself remains ;
with these substances, the rest escapes in the form of water, and nearly in the
same
state of purity as distilled water.
Hedwig has compared excrements of animals, and
evacuation of water to the evacuation of the in this sense that
Hales has compared
excrements. of animals,
this it is
he says, plants have their liquid
phenomenon
this
to the insensible perspiration
with which, indeed, exhalation has evident relations, particularly as
to the nature of the substance exhaled,
the opinions of
and to the manner of exhalation.
Hedwig and Hales appear
to
me
pursue the comparison of the two kingdoms,
correct,
and
if I
Both
were inclined to
should willingly admit that the
I
exhalation of vegetables, represents at the same time the evacuation of the excre-
ments, and that of the insensible perspiration of animals. that I designate
it
by a
The connexion with view
;
thus,
it
specific
It is for this reason
name.
this last function
is still
perceptible in another point of
happens sometimes, that the transpiration of vegetables, when
it is
very abundant in a given place, becomes visible like perspiration in the form of small drops.
It
is
thus, that drops of water are frequently observed,
which are
formed on the summit of the leaves of corn, and of many other graminaceous plants on receiving the
first
rays of the sun.
on the serratures of certain plants leaves of the monk's-hood.
It
;
These small drops are also perceived
they are arranged with regularity on the
was thought formerly that these small drops of
water, very visible at sunrise, were deposited there by the
dew
;
but Mussenbroeck
to ascertain, that they were found also on plants which were sheltered
was the
first
from
and that they must be attributed to the action of the
Must
it,
these facts be attributed to exhalation
?
Must
this
living vegetable.
water be considered as
a true excretion, or rather as the water which exudes from the extremity of the leaves of certain arums, or
from the summit of the spathes of the palms
should they be considered similar to the exuding of the tears of the vine
would be useful to
institute
some new observations on
this subject.
—or
I
It
107
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. (Continued from page 75.)
In order to introduce harmoniously a geometrical flower-garden, I have, in addition to the sunk fence which separates the back lawn from the open park, raised a low wall, thus forming a strongly
marked
the base of further geometrical operations
;
I
line
of considerable length as
propose marking
at regular
it
by vases or some such ornaments, in order to conduct the imagination another step towards symmetrical arrangement; and having by this simple distances
may
expedient prepared the eye by a few regular forms, we
proceed with a
geometrical plan for the flower-garden, without shaking the principles of
which form the basis even of the preparation as the
most uncultivated
line described,
taste.
harmony
Without some such a
a formal flower-garden in the midst of lawns
and shrubberies of a landscape character would have the most harsh and discordant effect and without perhaps knowing exactly why, most people would
—
pronounce in
which
I
it
bad
to be in
taste.
Having given some general idea of the manner
would manage the distant plantations, the approach, the disposition
and a geometrical flower-garden at the back,
of water, the front lawns,
of the dimensions supposed, I will, to prevent repetition, reserve
say upon other subjects connected with such a residence, for
in a place
what
my
have to
I
observations
upon grounds surrounding a house of some architectural pretension, where they will
form more necessary appendages. Let us then now suppose a handsome house
in the Grecian, Gothic, or Italian
Italian, for instance, as
perhaps more felicitously adapted
style of architecture
to receive aid
;
from architectural
effect
in gardening
than any other.
It does
not suit the space allotted to an article of this description to enter into archie tectural detail, which
is
moreover to a certain extent foreign to the subject, but I
would recommend that modification of the Italian style which Mr. Barry has introduced in his improvements at Trentham Hall. of style which characterises the great Italian
villas,
It possesses all the floridness
with a
much purer
taste in
the decorative accessories.
To begin
at the beginning, I will
commence with the entrance
lodges, which
should be of the same style of architecture as the house, but simpler in character
—every entrance might each, but they should
should in
my
be sufficiently varied to give a degree of individuality to
all
partake of the same style to a certain extent
;
in fact
opinion, in order to give that impression of singleness of purpose
which would add dignity to the domain, be conception of one mind
;
sufficiently similar to
at all events of one period.
It is
by
far too
appear the
common
to
run riot in architectural vagaries at the present day, and in no instance perhaps is
this
abuse of knowledge carried to greater excesses than in park lodges.
? 2
I
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OP ORNAMENTAL GARDENING.
108
name a
could
park, and there are
many
in a similar predicament, entered at one
point beneath a Gothic gateway, at another between Grecian temples of miniature dimensions, at the next a Swiss cottage forms the lodge, farther on an Egyptian
tomb
the sombre entrance, and at another point
is
pagoda— this that
its
place
is
taken by a Hindoo
a sort of playing at architecture, which makes us almost regret history and progress were ever studied for any simple style arising out is
—
its
of purpose and circumstances, would be preferable to this jumble of distant and
unconnected periods and
My
styles.
experience suggests
little
more
to
me on
the subject of lodges, except that they should, when possessing an architectural character, be supported
by a
some
line of wall to
form an appropriate terminus.
The
distance, to
which they should
lodges of any architectural pre-
effect of
tension without this support would be spotty and bad, the masses being too small
an isolated position; a mere rustic lodge might derive sufficient support from a shrubbery-paling or a mere cropped hedge but lodges of the character for
;
described must be supported by a line of well-finished wall, which might be termi-
nated
if
fence
substituted.
desirable at
some distance from the
Extreme
entrance lodges, even bordering on severity natural beauties should,
if
they
exist,
lodge,
and another description
;
and too great luxuriance, even of
be subdued by
art, so
the house should at every turn increase in attraction
entrance would produce a very unsatisfactory effect
;
— for
that the approach to
a
falling off after the
to prevent which, I would
not allow any flower-garden or ornamental shrubs round the lodges, or at events
if
lodges,
it
a
little
all
flower-garden was thought desirable for the inhabitants of the
should be at the back, screened by shrubbery or some other object.
this rejection of flowers
about an entrance to a park
rather harsh, I will suggest to those
manner
of
should always govern the design of
simplicity
of introducing
sion I wish to convey.
them with the I
who
may
As
be considered by some
are anxious for their introduction, a
least possible injury to the general impres-
would not on any account allow patchy flower-beds to
be distributed about so as to form detached objects
;
but merely dig a border not
exceeding two feet wide close round the building, in which large showy flowers
might be planted, those of the
tallest
growth on either side of the door, or
creepers to climb over the portico or any ornamental frame-work with which the
door happened to be decorated. I
But
this
would prefer sowing the border quite
arrangement
full
is
rather too fanciful, and
either of mignonette or sweet-peas,
which would have the advantage of greater simplicity of design, and at the same time diffuse an agreeable odour, and thus create a pleasing sensation on entering the gates.
Either plan would have the advantage of making the flowers group
with the lodge, and not form detached features. (
To
be continued.)
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF NEW PLANTS.
109
TROP^OLUM TUBEROSUM. BY
CAMERON,
D.
Amongst many hundred plants growing
A.L.S.
in the
Birmingham Botanic Garden
from tubers planted in April, a very distinct variety has appeared, of which there are only four plants
much weaker
they are
;
siderably smaller leaves, but
plants than the others, with con-
what makes them of most value
covered with a profusion of flowers, while
that they are
is
the other plants around
all
them do not be most
If they retain their present habits, they will
even show flower-buds.
desirable plants for ornamenting the flower-garden.
NEW
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF
PLANTS.
DICOTYLEDONES. BERBERIDEiB.
Morren
Epimedium Musschianum.
Wort.
Bot.
Mag.
This
3745.
t.
is
was received at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, from
pale yellowish flowers.
It
Mr. Young of Epsom,
in the year
that establishment, for the
open ground, and
is
White-flowered Barren
et Decaisne.
a delicate species of Epimedium, bearing
first
1838; and
a native of Japan.
flowered in the greenhouse of
it
March 1839.
time, in
It will probably bear the
Mag.
Bot.
LEGUMINOSiE.
Bauhinia Foeficata. is
a
fine species,
Link Forcipated Bauhinia.
Bot.
Mag.
numerous white spreading
flowers,
a native of Brazil, and appears to have been
is
the Prince de Nieuwied,
who
sent seeds of
it
first
first
This
3741.
and bearing
;
whose petals are narrowly lanceolate.
the stove of the Glasgow Botanic Garden, and flowered for the It
t.
and appears to be a plant of straggling growth
It
is
in
time in 1837.
introduced into Europe by
to the Royal
Garden of Berlin.
Mag.
Bot.
Inga Hakrisii.
Mr. Harris's Inga.
Lindl.
certainly a beautiful species, bearing long
with bright yellow anthers.
Bot. Reg. N. S.
t.
This
41.
is
and beautiful crimson stamens, and tipped
It is a native of
Mexico, and was imported by Thomas
Harris, Esq. of Kingsbury, a most zealous collector of rare plants, in compli-
ment
to
whom
from
all
hitherto-published species approaching
has
much
Dr. Lindley has named
Dr. Lindley states that
it.
larger leaves, shorter peduncles,
/. canescens in
and smaller
silken tassels of the stamens are very graceful
it is
character
flowers.
distinct ;
but
it
The crimson
and pretty.
The drawing was made in Mr. Harris's collection in February last. Like many Mexican plants, this species grows best in a house where the temperature rich fresh
is
soil,
a
little
which
higher than in the
may be
best time to strike cuttings,
is
common
greenhouse.
It delights in
found with a mixture of loam peat and sand.
when the plant begins
to
grow
vigorously.
a
The
Bot. Beg.
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF NEW PLANTS.
110
Gompholobium Versicolor. N. S.
This
43.
t.
Swan
It is a native of the
flowers.
Changeable Gompholobium.
Lindl.
River, and was introduced by R. Mangles,
Esq., of Sunning Hill, from whose plant the drawing
be
It appears to
by that zealous
more angular
allied to
King George's Sound. petioles,
but
its
It agrees with
branches are
much
the leaves are distinctly rising on the upper side, and those near
;
much
the bottom of the branches are
from G.
versicolor differs
from G. sparsum in the It strikes readily
most congenial loam.
in
dark flowers and short
its
was made.
G. sparsum of Allan Cuningham, which was found
and botanist
collector
the above species in
Bot. Reg.
a handsome species, bearing numerous large reddish-brown
is
leaflets
not being at
and racemose dark flowers
veiny,
all
from cuttings taken either
for its growth,
young plant
If the
shorter and broader than the others.
tenue in its short petioles,
is
is
in
and
all
autumn
G.
and
;
of equal sizes.
The
or spring.
soil
peat and sand, and about one fourth of good
tipped,
it
will
send out lateral shoots, and
form
will
a handsome bust.
PQLYGONEiE.
Polygonum amplexicaule. N. S.
This
46.
t.
is
Don.
flowers about six inches long.
common.
It
is,
Stem-clasping Polygonum.
It is a native of Nipal,
in consequence of describing
where
it
this plant
was
raised,
appears to be
from dried specimens, under various
The
names, P. speciosum, ambiguum, oxyphyllum, and petiolatum.
which
Reg.
Bot.
a showy Polygonum, bearing spikes of reddish-crimson
seeds from
were received by the Horticultural Society of London
from Dr. Falconer, the superintendant of the Botanical Garden of Saharunpur.
No
Dr. Lindley observes, were seen amongst the seedlings, and
varieties,
probable
the
that
differences
specimens, were produced by local causes. feet,
and
is
It
its
root
may
increased by division, or by seeds.
Bot,
Reg
and
be
It should
reach the water
therefore, well adapted for planting on the margins of pools
may be
is
grows to the height of about four
a hardy perennial, and flowers in July and August.
treated as an amphibious plant, so that
It
it
which have been observed among the dried
and
;
is,
lakes.
t
ERICINEiE.
Clethra Tomentosa.
Lam.
Downy
Bot.
Clethra.
Mag.
t.
This
3745.
is
a small handsome shrub, which bears racemes of white and fragrant flowers in the
end of autumn. he
is
Dr.
certain that
to Dr.
Graham
Graham doubts whether
it is
it is
distinct
the middle and northern states of America sent to the gardens of this country, Bot,
is
;
but
;
C. alnifolia inhabits
C. tomentosa the southern
by the
late
;
and was
Mr. Drummond, from
New
Mag.
Gesnera Marchii. This
C. alnifolia
C. alnifolia appears
only to differ in the total absence of down, C. tomentosa having
the under surface of the leaves and young branches hoary.
Orleans.
from
the true plant of American authors.
said to
SCROPHULARINEiE. Mr. March's Gesnera.
Wailes.
Bot.
Mag.
t.
3744.
be a very handsome and distinct species of Gesnera, bearing
;
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF reddish- pink flowers,
of Brazil
Wailes
;
and of erect
habit.
It
NEW
is
PLANTS.
Ill
a native of the
Organ Mountains
and was sent from thence by George March, Esq., to
whom
compliment of
of Newcastle, in
it
has been
Mr.
his friend
named by Mr. Wailes.
This Gesnera was accompanied by a great number of Epiphytes, and about It flowers in October.
thirty bulbs of Amaryllidea.
Bot.
Mag.
ARISTOLOCHIACE.E.
Mag.
t.
This
3746.
is
Asarabacca-like Heterotropa.
Morr. et Decaisn.
Heterotropa Asaroides. Bot.
a very singular and rare plant, and was brought to
Europe by M. Von Siebold from Japan; and the Edinburgh Botanic Garden is indebted for the specimen here figured, to Mr. Young of the Epsom Nursery. It blossoms in the greenhouses
towards the end of February, and continues in
flower for several days in great perfection. It is separated
from the genus Asarum, on account of the arrangement of the
stamens, the structure of the anthers, and also because of the nearly superior position of the ovary.
Bot.
Mag.
MONOCOTYLEDONES. ORCHIDACEjE
Cattleya Citrina. This
is
§
EPIDENDREiE.
Yellow-flowered Cattleya.
Lindl.
Bot.
Mag.
A native
and singular Cattleya.
certainly a very distinct
8742.
t.
of Oaxaca,
Mexico, from which place H. Smith, Esq., sent pseudo-bulbs to the collection at
Woburn Abbey,
in the year
The bulbs and
1839.
flower of this species
1828
foliage are
is
and
;
W.
Sir
colouring.
whose
collection
it
flowered in April,
The we have hitherto seen, being we now refer to be correct in
very different from any that
of one colour, and that a bright gold; its
in
remarkable for their very glaucous hue.
Hooker
J.
if
the plate
states that its size, form,
and
colour,
is
so
much like that of Tulipa sylvestris, that he was for a moment deceived by it. The flowers are scentless. The plant is of easy growth, and is a valuable addition It does not appear to have been known to European botanists, to our stoves. except in a dried state
but in Mexico
;
attention of the natives.
Bot.
We are glad to have the have watched
Birmingham, see that
we
it
it
months
for the last eighteen
it
§
and
a very
tall
Lindl.
it ;
to
and,
Bot. Reg. N. S.
t.
42.
spreading Oncidium, bearing a panicle eight or nine feet long
It
however
differs
lobe the largest, not the smallest
i
hoping every time we visited
flowering,* but without success
VANDEiE. Cushion Oncidium.
in its disposition, colour, structure,
O. divaricatum.
;
shows no signs of inflorescence.
Oncidium Pulvinatum. is
We
George Barker, Esq., of Springfield near
had made some progress towards time
beauty seems to have attracted the
pleasure of recording a notice of this species.
in the collection of
believe, at this
This
its
Mag.
;
and
size of
the flower, approaches near to
from that species in
its lip,
having the middle
in the cushion at its base being
much more
112
'
CALENDAR OF GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR SEPTEMBER. The
villous,
and equally convex, not divided into equal quarters.
the
are also crisp in this species, and not plain as in 0. divaricatiim.
lip
It
is
a native of Rio Janeiro, whence
it
lateral lobes of
was sent to Mr. Richard Harrison of
Aighburg, in the year 1834, by his brother, Mr. William Harrison. different treatment
from the others.
Burlingtonia Maculata. t.
44.
This
is
Loddiges, with
It requires
Bot. Reg.
LindL
Spotted Burlihgtonia.
Bot. Reg. N. S.
a sweet-scented Epiphyte obtained from Brazil, by Messrs.
whom
it
May, 1838.
flowered in
with cinnamon colour, and the labellum
Its flowers are yellow spotted
stated to be white at the base.
is
The
horns, on each side the apex of the column, are of a crimson colour.
This species
is
said to decide the point of the propriety of the separation of
Burlingtonia from Rodriguezia.
Bot. Reg.
CALENDAR, OF GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR SEPTEMBER. Early in the month
finish shifting greenhouse-plants.
Frequently reset greenhouse-plants placed out of doors, to prevent their getting rooted in the ground
:
otherwise they will receive a check upon being placed in
the houses for the winter, which should be done sometime from the beginning to the end of the month, according to the state of the weather.
Camellias that have been placed, out of doors should, be housed early in the
month, otherwise many of their leaves
Chrysanthemums, where there
is
will get
yellow and unsightly.
convenience of early vineries or cold
pits,
should also be housed early in the month, so as to retain their foliage in good condition.
Saxifrages should
now be
re-potted in order to get good flowering plants for
the next season.
Layers of hardy Ericas, that are rooted, should now be taken
off
and trans-
planted.
Attentively examine the capsules of Balsams for seed
and disperse them as soon as they are
;
as the capsules burst
ripe.
Pink Pipings should now be transplanted
into store beds, or flowering beds,
according to the strength of the plants.
Dahlias will require
much
care this
month when
flowers should also be shaded from the sun
in staking
and tying up.
fine flowers are
The
wanted.
Layers of Carnations, Picotees, Jand Cloves, should now be taken
off
and
planted into pots.
Sow
Californian and other annuals, that are hardy enough to endure our
winter, for early planting next season
;
also collect seeds of annuals
and other
plants as they ripen.
Put
in cuttings of such Ericas
and Epacrises as are most
difficult
choosing cuttings of fine wood, and they will be rooted by next spring.
to root,
—
—
113
DAHLIA SCAPIGERA. (Scape-bearing Dahlia.)
•
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
^
SYNGENESIA SUPERFLUA.
^
COMPOSITE
—ASTEROID E^.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Capitulum radiatum, floribus radii ligulatis fcemineis neutrisve, disci
(Cav.)
Dahlia.
tubulosis 5-dentatis.
Involucrum duplex, exterius squamis
foliaceis 1-serialibus circiter
5 patulis
reflexisve, interius,
squamis 12-16 subbiserialibus longis apice membranaceis basi crassiusculis et
inter
se
Receptaculum planum paleaceum, paleis membranaceis oblongis
Styli
rami
coalitis.
aut subincurvi crassi extus
erecti
Achamium oblongo-obovatum obcompressum epapposum Meocicanae grandes.
elongati nudi 1-cephali. flavo.
De
Head
bicorne.
— Herbse
cylindricis, aliis oblongo-tuberculatis.
aliis
Capitula versicolora, disco
nempe
Rami
apice
purpurSo roseo albo aut
luteo, radio
Cand.
;
Involucre double, exterior one of about 5 leafy scales in a single
the interior one consisting of from
membranaceous flat,
obsolete
radiated, flowers of the ray ligulate, female, or neuter, those of the disk tubular
5-toothed. reflexed
apice
Folia opposita pinnati-partita- rarius bipinnati-partita, segmentis ovatis
Radices fasciculatae,
acutis serratis.
indivisis.
Antherce ecaudatae appendiculatse.
piliferi.
at the apex, a little
chaffy, scales
1
2 to
1
series,
spreading or
6 scales arranged rather in two
series, long,
thickened at the base, and united with each other. Receptacle
membranaceous, oblong, undivided.
Branches of the style erect or somewhat
Anthers ecaudate, appendiculate.
incurved, thick, externally hairy.
obcompressed, without pappus, obsoletely 2-horned at the apex. opposite, divided in a pinnate,
more rarely
Heads various
plants.
Leaves
in a bipinnate manner, segments ovate, acute, serrated.
Roots fasciculate, some cylindrical, others oblong-tubereulate. naked, 1-headed.
Seed oblong-obovate,
— Fine Mexican
in colour
;
Branches elongated at the apex,
namely, with a yellow
disc,
and purple,
rose, white,
or yellow rays.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. D. scapigera; caule glabriusculo basi insequalibus
;
striate
;
ligulis foemineis fertilibus
;
Stem rather glabrous, unequal
striated
;
foliis pinnati-partitis
leaves divided in a pinnate
at the base; florets of the ray furnished
Georgina scapigera.
Link
with
most destitute of pubescence.
Leaves variable in form
segment ovate, while in the upper ones
it is
NO. XXXII.
;
segments ovate, toothed,
peduncles, slender, very long.
throwing up numerous stems, for the ;
the lower ones having the terminal
generally long, narrow, and linear.
long, slender, glabrous, sometimes standing singly, III.
;
et Otto.
feet high, of slender habit,
VOL.
manner
styles, fertile
—Plant about two
Descr.
segmentis ovatis dentatis
;
pedunculis gracilibus longissimis.
OCTOBER, 1839.
more frequently
Peduncles very
in pairs, but generally in
Q
DAHLIA SCAPIGERA.
114 threes, placed collaterally,
and bearing occasionally one or two distant bractes.
two inches or more in diameter, with a yellow
disc,
Flowers about
and a ray of the purest white.
Florets of
the ray lanceolate, somewhat acute, with two, and occasionally three minute teeth at the apex.
External involucre rather spreading, not reflexed.
Of
the favourite genus Dahlia, only three species have,
till
lately,
been known
to botanists, the first of which was introduced about the year 1789. species of Dahlia, therefore,
is
a novelty, which, although
it
may be
A
new
inferior in
beauty to our well-known favourites, cannot be viewed without sojne degree of In
interest.
predecessors
;
all
probability, however,
when
which,
first
much
to our present plant, although of
habit
resembles another
it
it
will
improve by cultivation,
new
species,
larger
size.
In
its
slender and dwarf
Dahlia Barkeries, of which we gave a
character with a brief description in Vol. II. of the Floral Cabinet,
we purpose
of which
like its
introduced, were single, and not superior in beauty
giving a figure in an early
fol.
28,
and
Number.
The recorded species of Dahlia, therefore, are only five in number viz. D. variabilis, D. Cervantesii, D. coccinea, D. Barherice, and D. scapigera. Although we have adopted the specific name of the latter, we are by no means satisfied :
with the correctness of the term scapigera, scape-bearing
;
the flower-stalks being,
according to correct botanical language, peduncles, not scapes, the latter term
being applied to such flower-stalks as arise from the root and
A
more appropriate
specific
name would have been
It is in the collection of the
variable form of the leaves.
and Horticultural Society, by
whom
it
clo
not bear leaves.
diversifolia, in allusion to
the
Birmingham Botanical
was received from the Royal Garden at
Berlin.
The
beautiful varieties of Dahlia obtained from the three original species, are
almost innumerable years ago
The
;
afc
;
upwards of 1500 were named
in a catalogue published
some
this time they probably exceed 2000.
generic
name
Dahlia, was given by Cavanilles in honour of Dahl, a
botanist of considerable celebrity.
Fig.
1, floret
of the disc, showing the rami of the style, hairy externally,
and
the same cut open, showing the attachment of the
fila-
somewhat incurved
;
2,
ments to the tube of the incurved rami.
corolla
;
3,
the achoenium, or seed, with the style and
——
—
115
POTENTILLA HiEMATOCHROUS,
Lehm.
(Blood-coloured Potentilla.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
-q^
ROSACEA.
POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Potentilla
(Nest.)
/Stamina innumerabilia.
Petala 4-5.
vol.
adnatis.
petiolo
extus 4-5 bracteolatus.
fidus
Carpella innumerabilia stylo laterali donata, in receptaculo
Semen appensum.
procumbenti persistente ex succo capitato. compositis, stipulis
IAmbus 4-5
Calycis tubus concavus.
Floribus
albis
luteis
Herbce aut suffrutices,
Foliis
(Decand. Prod.
rariter rubris.
p. 571.)
ii.
The
tube of the calyx concave.
Limb divided
into
4 or 5
lying in the persistent, juiceless, capitate receptacle.
lateral style,
Herbaceous plants, and
Seed pendulous.
Leaves compound, stipules joined to the petiole.
shrubs.
and having externally 4 or 5
parts,
Stamens innumerable. Carpels innumerable, furnished with a
bracteolse. Petals 4-5.
Flowers white, yellow, rarely red.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. P. hsematochrous ; Ccespitosa, molliter subvelutina tibus erectisve sessilibus
;
;
foliis septenato
—
radice crassa lignosa.
;
ternato-digitatis, radicalibus petiolatis
foliolis elliptico-oblongis, obtusis, basi
paululum attenuatis ambitu
dentato, nervo venisque primariis subtus prominentibus
quam
rubris,
lacineaj
calycinse
compresso-ovoideis laevibus. Caespitose soft,
ovatae acuminata? longioribus
leaflets
elliptical,
oblong, obtuse, a
little
whole of the circumference crenately notched, and underneath
;
petals notched, of
divisions of the calyx
;
;
and
more in
somewhat
villous,
;
carpellis
;
1836.
somewhat
sessile in
;
the
attenuated at the base, having almost the
also
having the nerve and
Hamb.
The
plant
a yellowish hoary appearance, which renders
first
veins prominent
1836, et Linnea, 1839.
is
it soft
and velvety
but the hairs are more spreading.
Leaflets large,
from 1
to
to
have been seen six
covered with short, somewhat appressed
height, erect, or ascending, and with few leaves.
sometimes 4 inches long. broad
stern-leaves
;
—Root thick, tortuous, black, simple, (and stated in the Linnea
calyces
Hamb.
carpels ovoid, compressed, smooth.
Lehm., Ind. Sem.
inches in length, and abrupt at the apex). hairs, of
receptaculo piloso
an obscurely brown red colour, longer than the ovate acuminate
receptacle hairy
Potentilla ha?matochrous
Descr.
;
fere toto crenato-
emarginatis obscure fusco-
and woody ; stems ascending or erect
root thick
;
leaves septenate or ternate-digitate, radical ones petiolate
stipules;
petalis
;
Shlectendahl in Linnea, Lehm., Ind. Sem. h.
and somewhat velvety
caulibus adscenden-
;
caulinis in stipulis sub-
;
to the touch.
Petioles
Stems from 8 to 24 inches or Petioles of the leaves 2-3,
3^ inches long, and from G
and
to 9 lines
apex obtuse, margin deeply and somewhat obtusely toothed, having the terminal tooth
the smallest.
Stem-leaves small, and placed on a short petiole joined with the stipules, which
are obliquely ovate, acuminate, and generally entire.
Q2
Flowers from 2 to 20 on each stem, and
POTENTILLA H^MATOCHROUS.
116 of the usual bracteolae,
size, divisions
of the calyx ovate, acuminate, 3 to 4 lines long, alternating with the
beneath which they are much narrower and smaller. Petals longer than the calyx, and
of a brownish-red colour. pressed, and
keeled,
Receptacle covered with white hairs.
marked with an elevated
line
Fruit ovoid, somewhat com-
on the dorsal side ; on the ventral
somewhat obtuse under the apex, and
side
it is
almost
slightly notched.
This very distinct herbaceous species
is
a native of Mexico, where
it
was found
Our drawing was made from a fine plant now growing the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society, to which
by Scheide and Ehrenberg. in the gardens of
establishment
1838. it
It will
it
was presented by the curator of the Berlin Garden,
probably require frame protection during the winter
:
in the year
at least, so
has been treated in the Birmingham garden, with great advantage.
therefore, evident, that
the plants are
much
it
too scarce to risk
many
of
them
in the experiment.
however, was turned out into the open border in May, where
about two feet high. divisions, or
The
by
seeds.
It
is,
would soon become perfectly hardy, though at present
It flowers in July
The
soil
it
is
One,
now growing
and August, and may be increased by
should be loam and peat.
generic name, from potens " powerful," has been adopted in consequence
of the powerful virtues supposed to be contained in the tribe. hcematochrous,
is
The
specific
derived from eujua— ros, " blood," and xpoa, " colour."
name
;
117
CHEIRANTHUS OCHROLEUCUS. (Pale yellow Wall-flower.)
LINNE AN SYSTEM.
__
,
„
NATURAL ORDER.
No. 120.
TETR ADYNAMIA SILIdUOSA.
CRUCIFER^E.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Cheiranthus (Brown.)
Siliqua
teres
aut compressa.
Stigma bilobum aut capitatum.
Calyx basi bisaccatus. Semina 1-serialia ovata compressa (o=). (Decand. Prod. Siliqua round or compressed.
Stigma two-lobed or capitate.
Seeds arranged in one row, ovate, compressed.
vol.
i.
p. 135.)
Calyx bisaccate at the base.
Cotyledons accumbent.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. C. ochroleucus.
Suffruticosus adpressis pilis vestitus
capitatis breviter pedicellatis
Suffruticose, clothed
— Suffruticose.
appressed white hairs.
;
foliis linearibus
unguibus longissimis
petals roundish, entire, claws very long
;
Leaves numerous,
lengthwise.
linear,
stigma two-lobed.
;
closely
entire, scattered, of a palish-green colour,
Flowers shortly pedicellate,
all
smooth and
flat,
the longer ones the length of the claws
Calyx half an inch long, tipped with brown.
Ovarium
longer stamens.
floribus ochroleucis
Petals of a pale yellow colour, roundish, delicately veined, longly clawed.
Stamens four long and two shorter, of the petals.
;
stigmate bilobato.
Stem angular, about twelve inches high, covered with
covered over with the same kind of pubescence as the stem.
arranged in a head.
;
with appressed hairs; leaves linear; flowers of a pale yellow colour,
capitate, shortly pedicellate
Descr.
petalis subrotundis,
;
four-sided, which, together with the style
Anthers two-celled, dehiscing
and stigma,
is
the length of the
Stigma two-lobed.
Style short.
This
is a very delicate and sweet-scented species, now growing in the gardens Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society where it was raised from Russian seeds received through the late Mr. Hunneman, in the year 1836. Mr. Cameron, the curator of the above establishment, believes that it was sent
of the
;
under the name of Cheirinia it is
doubtful under what
it is
not a Cheirinia
sessiliflora ;
name
it
— which genus
for the cotyledons are accumbent, It has
been published, we
tenuifolius
plant in
if
systema,
present species, the stem
is
is
It
is,
lost,
and therefore
however, certain that
considered as synonymous with Erisymum
—
and not incumbent, as they are in Erisymum.
believe, in this country,
by LTHeritier; but
De CandonVs
but the tally has been
was introduced.
under the name of Cheiranthus
we may judge from the it is
detailed character of this
certainly very different from ours.
certainly not
In the
round and slender, but angular and
stiff
CHEIRANTHUS OCHROLEUCUS.
118
and the
leaves, instead of being only
inches.
We might mention several other points of difference, but these we
an inch in length, measure at
least three
think
are sufficient to establish a material distinction between the plants in question.
To
find out
under what name
it
came, has been
have given the above name, Ochroleucus.
garden
soil,
and flowers
freely in
yellow flowers, and delicate scent,
borders of an ornamental garden. in the usual way, or
The
generic
avOos a flower
;
by
name
June and July.
it
fruitless
;
and
therefore,
It is perfectly hardy, will thrive in
may be
From
its
dwarf habit,
we any
soft
considered quite an addition to the
It can be easily increased, either
by cuttings
seeds. is
its specific
said to be derived from kheyry,
name
its
Arabic
title,
and
Ochroleucus relates to the colour of the blossoms.
119
STANHOPEA MACULOSA. {Spotted Stanhopea.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
AT
,
_
NATURAL ORDER,
No. 121.
GYNANDRIA MONANDRIA.
ORCHIDACE^E
§
VANDE^.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Peranthium membranaceum, patentissimum vel reflexuni.
Stanhopea. (Hooker.) libera, subundulata,
mole sua ruentia.
Petala conformia angustiora.
ecalcaratum, carnosum, utrinque cornutum; (Jiypochilio)
excavate
2, elongata, fissa, caudicula.
Folia plicata.
dimidio superiore
Columna longissima, petaloideo-marginata.
quam
Elores
spurless, fleshy,
Pseudobulbous epiphytes. large,
more or
Lip
cleft,
somewhat undulate,
free,
placed anteriorly,
the upper half (epichilium) convex, the lower half
side,
Column very
(hypochilium) excavated.
Pollen-masses 2, elongated,
Epiphytes pseudobulbosee.
Sepals free,
Petals similar in form, narrower.
horned on each
convexo, inferiore
maximi magis minusve maculati.
Perianth membranaceous, widely spread open, or reflexed.
pendent from their own weight.
{epichilio)
Anthera 2-locularis. Pollinia
glandula biloba stipitata breviore.
Scapi radicales, vaginati, pauciflori.
Sepala
Labellum liberum, anticum,
long, with
a petal-like margin.
Anther 2-celled.
with a caudicula shorter than the 2-lobed
Leaves plaited.
Scapes radical, sheathed, few-flowered.
stipitate gland.
Flowers very
less spotted.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. S.
Maculosa ; hypochilio rotundato saccato intus verrucis glandulosis antice obsito
brevi constricto
comua 2
falcata
;
metachilio
porrecta gerenti; epichilio oblongo obtuse 3-dentato
apice
subreflexo.
Hypochilium rounded,
saccate, the anterior portion studded internally with glandular warts
metachilium short, constricted, bearing 2 falcate, projecting horns 3-toothed,
Descb.
somewhat reflexed
;
at the apex.
—Pseudobulbs pyriform, furrowed, somewhat curved, each bearing a leaf
and invested
at the base
with ovate-acuminate membranous sheaths.
veined, with a long, furrowed petiole.
membraneous
at the apex,
Leaves lanceolate, strongly
Scape pendulous, few-flowered, invested with sheathing
bractes, which, as well as the ovaria, are covered
with minute elevated
Sepals and petals of a pale brownisb-buff, tinged towards the base with crimson, and
with numerous rich dark -red blotches. to
some extent
at the base.
;
epichilium oblong, obtusely
Lateral sepals large, oblong, somewhat rounded, concrete
Upper sepal
lanceolate, acute, reflexed at the apex.
dots.
marked
distinct ovate-oblong, obtuse.
Lip nearly
sessile,
Petals narrow, linear-
the lower portion {hypochilium)
rounded, hollow, extending beneath the metachilium,
its inner surface thickly studded anteriorly with glandular warts, arranged in a radiated manner, and exhaling a powerful and most agreeable
odour, posteriorly smooth, with a large red blotch on each side short, contracted,
from each
side of
which
is
;
the middle portion {metachilium)
given off a fleshy, incurved, pointed horn, grooved
STANHOPEA MACULOSA.
120
externally, and extending to the extremity of the lip
rounded of the
at the base, obtusely 8-toothed,
lip,
;
the anterior portion (epichilium) oblong,
and somewhat refiexed at the apex.
both of which are minutely and delicately spotted.
Column the length
Pollen-masses and gland like
those of the other species.
This handsome species of Stanhopea of Springfield,
by whom
figured by Mr.
it
Bateman
is
was imported.
much
smaller size of the flowers, in
George Barker, Esq.,
It resembles, in several points, S. tigrina,
in his splendid " Orchid.
Dr. Lindley, in the Botanical Register. the
in the collection of
Mex.
its
Guatem." and by
et
It differs, however,
from that species
in
general markings, in the warty (not
lamellated) inner-surface of the hgpochilium, and, judging from the plates above-
mentioned, in the broader apex and more obtuse teeth of the epichilium.
The
inner surface of the hypochilium, although not broken up into lamella, has the
warts arranged in a radiated manner, in which respect S. tigrina ; this radiated structure,
however,
is
it
may be
said to approach
not peculiar to these species, it being
equally evident in S. insignis.
Fig.
1,
interior view of hypochilium
;
2, epichilium,
terminating in three teeth.
121
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. (Continued from page 108.)
The approach should be
so
managed
very large portion of the grounds at once
as not to allow the spectator to view a
and
;
this should be
done by conducting
the drive through plantations, so arranged as to
make
road to pass through them
more formal and
;
for nothing has a
it
appear necessary for the artificial effect
than planting an obvious screen on either side of the road just where required,
what
is still
or,
worse, planting a regular belt along the road for the greater part of
the distance.
The water should be advantageously seen once
or twice from the
approach, and the road should eventually lead to the lateral extremity of one of the wings of the mansion where the principal entrance should be constructed in
such a way as to allow a carriage to drive beneath and set down under cover.
The main advantage, however,
of having the entrance here, would be the leaving
the ground in front and at the back perfectly private. so placed that the
considerable distance.
This would enable
me
esplanade in front of the house, which never effect unattainable
I
would have the house
ground should slope down gradually from the front to a
A space
by other means.
from the house should be
to construct a wide terrace or
fails
to
to produce a magnificence of
an extent of at
gravel, accurately levelled,
with pedestals supporting groups of statuary
;
least forty feet
which might be ornamented
but in our climate I would confine
myself to two or three marble basins symmetrically placed, from the centre of
which should
rise
handsome marble
which should throw up a spreading
itself
tazze of at least six feet diameter, each of
jet of water,
which
falling
back into the tazza and
over the moulded border in thin sheets as
it fell
to the basin
below, would -produce one of the best effects that can be obtained from fountains.
Beyond the gravel
I
would have a stripe of turf from twenty-five to thirty
feet
deep, and then a flagged terrace-walk about twelve feet broad, guarded by a
balustrade of a design in accordance with the architecture of the main building.
From
this terrace the
most beautiful views of the grounds should be obtained
at different points, but not seen all at once
;
it
should terminate at each end with
a bold flight of marble or stone stairs leading to a lower portion of the grounds,
where the turf to a distance of terrace should be kept continually
five
or six hundred feet from the base of the
mown, and
this space should terminate with a wide gravel- walk running parallel with the flagged terrace -walk, and be like it guarded by an open balustrade, but of a bolder and more rustic character.
Massive groups of ornamental shrubs should be arranged at the foot of the steps from the upper terrace, whose tufted heads rising above the balustrade, occasionally diversified
by a forked cypress or towering poplar, would produce a good R
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING.
122
At
from the windows of the house.
pictorial effect
should commence diverging right and
terrace-walk, which would consequently be
much
longer than the upper one.
would be thus produced.
fine artificial perspective
these points, too, plantations
arriving at the line of the lower
left till
The space
A
of turf left open in
the centre should be sparingly diversified with a few groups of luxuriant orna-
mental shrubs, kept in
sufficient
order to produce the effect of careful cultivation
but not formality.
The I
lake
is
supposed to sweep up against the wall of the lower terrace, which
would make to terminate at each end with a
on one
pavilion, of bold design,
side a flight of steps should conduct to the lake,
place should be constructed
;
and on the
from which
where a handsome landing-
other, to a walk at first
by the
side of
the lake, but diverging to that portion of the grounds most carefully laid out in
At
the landscape and romantic character.
the foot of the stairs of the lower
terrace, the architectural features should terminate, as I consider those proposed sufficient to
frame the building and harmonise
its
features with the surrounding
scenery.
Having descended the •the lake, it will finish the
ing to the house.
stairs
from the lower terrace to the walk at the side of
arrangement for
this part of the
grounds before return-
First, then, the exterior portion of the plantations occasionally
approaching and bordering the lake should, particularly near the base of the lower terrace, possess an admixture of handsome evergreen shrubs, and present a general effect of cultivation sufficient to harmonise ,
ground above
;
it
with the finest of the
this feature, however, should gradually disappear as the terraces
are left at a greater distance, and eventually nature should apparently be
Following the path by the side of the lake, I would soon make
itself.
it
left
to
plunge
into the depths of the plantations, which in their interior should assume as
much
wildness of character as possible, and the path should be carried through the
most rugged
parts, occasionally passing
tunnel, or be carried over a
chasm by a
through the spur of an abrupt viaduct, with its line of tall
arches, but constructed of stone of a dark colour so as not to
scenery.
Part of the Birmingham railway
is
hill
by a
and slender
make a patch
in the
a cutting through an immense
stratum of red sandstone, the blastings of which are
left
untrimmed, and the
passage through this rugged avenue of rock has in English travelling a novel and beautiful effect.
If the grounds of our imaginary villa contained a similar forma-
tion near the surface, a
chasm might be formed
traversed above as that of the
The skew
same way, and is,
by a
single
it
might be
skew arch.
principle in such a situation gives a degree of wildness to the beauty of
the architecture, well in keeping with
its
should spring at once, as in the instance
appear cemented, as of the
in the
Birmingham railway
it
rocky abutment, from which the arch I
am
quoting, and to which
were, by a bold and simple moulding
;
it
should
and the arch being
same stone as the rock, would produce a beautiful mingling of art and
nature most agreeable to the eye.
ON THE PROGRESS AND PRINCIPLES OP ORNAMENTAL GARDENING.
123
Suppose the situation to possess the advantage of such a substratum of stone,
a
fine
what
piece of
called "
commonly
is
excavating and blasting, which,
when
rock-work" might be formed by
by beautiful creeping
partially covered
plants allowed to run nearly wild, would produce a far different effect to the
pottering and unmeaning piles of heterogeneous materials studded over with
and other matter, usually the component parts of a piece
sea-shells, spars, bones,
of " rock-work.
1
Rock-work
'
of this description
so unnatural, that
is
must,
it
In some parts of the
to a cultivated taste, be absolutely distasteful and disgusting.
country masses of rock are natural features, which have been taken the greatest
advantage of in forming a rocky scene such as
mention more than one place
in the
I
have recommended
and
;
I
could
neighbourhood of Tunbridge Wells and at
the Undercliff in the Isle of Wight, where beautiful effects have been produced
But
with their aid.
in places
where none such
and of which
imitations I have seen,
during a recent
I extract a short
"
that place.
to
visit
Here
one of the best imitations of a natural scene that all
same
of the
description,
which
is
would follow the mode
exist, I
adopted at the Botanic Garden at Manchester, where
is
I
one of the best managed
is
account from a journal kept
also
a rocky walk, which
have yet met with
:
is
the stones,
absolutely necessary to give unity and a
probability of effect, are piled together in the most natural manner, and here and
there cemented with invisible stucco, so as to form large solid masses, such as could
not have been removed entire ; for forty miles.
all
the stone was brought from a distance of
The whole has been allowed
to
become
partially covered, just as
accident willed, by ivy, and other creeping plants, and the effect
now produced
that of a romantic rocky valley, very like wild nature
A
managed on one
side
stream
is
is
also
but they have not been able to get slope enough to give the
;
make
current sufficient activity to I
itself.
it
attractive."
Such
is
the style of rock-work
would recommend, and which, remedying the defect alluded
in the present instance
;
and
to,
might be adopted
I conclude this portion of the subject
with a protest
against the piles of heterogeneous rubbish usually called rock- work.
Returning for a brief space, we must proceed to the back of the house, where I will suggest a I
few ideas upon the situation of the flower-garden. In this instance
would not, as in the former one of a place on a smaller
arrangements by a low wall or any such feature
;
scale, contract the
on the contrary,
I
would
let
the
lawns and shrubberies sweep away to a considerable distance in undulating and irregular variety, relieved occasionally, near the house,
showy
To
the right and
left,
by a few masses of large
but on no account in detached patches.
flowers, planted in front of the trees,
near the house, I would, connected with the main building,
construct an ornamental arch of stone or stucco, either of a highly wrought character,
and
finished with statuary, or, of a
covered with ornamental creepers.
A
more
rustic style, to be partially
straight walk through a well-trimmed
shrubbery should conduct on one side to the flower-garden, and on the other to the conservatories, &c. &c.
;
and the preparatory features of the arch, and straightr 2
J BOTANICAL NOTICES OF
124
NEW
PLANTS.
cropped walk, would prepare the eye for the geometrical figures of the one, and the semi-architectural effects of the other, while the surrounding shrubberies would them from the rest of the grounds and prevent their destroying the general
screen
character.
The domes
of the conservatories might, however, if ornamentally be allowed to be seen peeping above the trees from certain points of view, and would, with the lower parts concealed, form good distant .
and
finished
gilded,
Having so far exceeded my originally intended limits, I must now conclude recommending " Repton's Landscape Gardening," as a most excellent work for such as wish to enter more deeply and scientifically into the subject. objects.
abruptly,
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF
NEW
PLANTS.
DICOTYLEDONES. BERBERIDEiE.
Epimedium violaceum.
Mag.
t.
375
1 .
Morren
This species, which
Decaisne.
et is
Purple Barrenwort.
rendered handsome by
its
Bot.
profusion of
delicate pink flowers, It
was imported into Europe from Japan by M. Von Siebold. blossomed very freely in an open border in the Nursery Establishment of Mr.
Cunningham, of Comely Bank, Edinburgh,
The
in
the beginning of April, 1839.
plant continues to flower for a considerable time, but whether
half-hardy
not stated.
is
Bot.
it is
hardy or
Mag. OXALIDEiE.
Oxalis Barrelieri. Jacq. a suffruticose plant about
J
Barrelier's Oxalis.
Mag.
Bot.
t.
3748.
This
is
2 inches high, of no great beauty, and bearing a head
of yellow flowers on long peduncles.
It was received from Messrs. Booth, of Glasgow Botanic Garden. It differs in some slight degree from the description which is given by Jacquin, as in the length of the stamens and styles, and also in the colour of the flowers, which are yellow, instead of a whitish
Hamburgh,
at the
but Sir
flesh colour;
W.
polymorpha of Zuccarini,
J.
for,
Hooker
is
convinced that
having compared
it
it is
identical with O.
with authentic specimens of that
author, received from the Berlin Herbarium, the observations which he was thus
enabled to stove,
make proved it to be the same plant. in March and April. Bot. Mag.
It requires the heat of the
and flowers
LEGUMINOSjE, §CASS1E^.
Bauhinia corymbosa. N.
S.
t.
flowers. all
47. It
This is
is
1838,
when
it
Corymb-flowering
Bauhinia.
Bot.
Reg.
a very showy and delicate species, bearing a profusion of pink
a native of China, and has long been introduced into this country
attempts to flower
sent
Pvoxb.
it
;
had, however, proved unsuccessful, until September
blossomed in Mr. Wells's greenhouse at Redleaf.
by him to Dr. Lindley
for publication.
It
is
Specimens were
stated that the Chinese
drawings of this plant, which are in the collection of the Horticultural Society,
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF NEW PLANTS. represent
it
when it must indeed have a most now beginning to mature its fruit, it
as completely covered with flowers,
As
showy and beautiful appearance.
may be
125
it is
considered that the plant will bear blossoms in greater abundance in a
future season.
Dr. Roxburgh describes this plant as being a very delicate species scarcely anything, he says, that deserves the
name
it
;
many
of stem, but its
has
slender
branchlets and branches climb and spread in every direction to an extent of
many
fathoms, running over high trees. It succeeds best in a house
a damp stove.
The
in
soil
where the temperature
which
something below that of
is
potted should be fresh and rich, and
it is
composed of a mixture of loam, peat, and decayed manure out in the border, where convenient, pot-room.
It
may be propagated by
Chorozema varium. This
is
River.
and
layers
it
;
should be planted
should be allowed plenty of
or, if otherwise,
Bot. Reg.
cuttings.
Various-leaved Chorozema.
Lindl.
Bot. Reg.
t.
another and a beautiful addition to our knowledge of the Flora of the It
was introduced by Mr. Smart,
in the year 1837,
sented by him to the Horticultural Society, in whose garden
49.
Swan
and seeds were pre-
Two
was raised,
it
or three varieties were produced, one of which was almost destitute of the spiny toothing, but not different in any other respect.
Mr. Drummond's
collections
It has only
from that country, and even
only in small fragments, with pods adhering to them.
been observed in
in that
herbarium occurs
may
therefore be con-
It
sidered a plant of great rarity.
Mr. Fortune, to whose care
London Horticultural observations on
its
culture
It soon vegetated,
:
— He
was sown
this beautiful plant
its
management was
Society, has
in light soil,
It
and regularly
shifted into a larger pot, as
treatment
grew
it
composed of about one-third of
was afterwards placed
it
seemed to require
and was covered with
in
it.
a cool
Under
pit,
this
beautiful flowers for several
its
in the early part of the present year.
The only air,
freely,
and placed in a frame nearly exhausted.
in fresh soil,
loam and sand, and two-thirds of peat.
months
following
" that in the autumn of 1837, the seed of
states,
and was potted
intrusted in the garden of the
furnished Dr. Lindley with the
essential point in its cultivation
and not too much water, otherwise
flowering.
It
is
easily
Zichya tricolor.
it is
is,
that
apt to
propagated by cuttings. Lindl.
it
must always have plenty of
damp
off at its
neck soon after
Bot. Reg.
Bot. Reg.
Three-coloured Zichya.
t.
52.
This
is
a handsome climbing shrub, having the appearance of the Kennedyas, from which it
has been separated by Baron Hiigel.
From
its
very well adapted for the ornamental greenhouse.
graceful twining habit,
a plant sent to Dr. Lindley by Mr. Young, of the Milford Nursery. only seven species,
all
by seeds or cuttings
of which are natives of the
in the usual way.
it is
The drawing was made from
Swan River.
It
There are
may be
increased
This species requires to be in a cold pit or
greenhouse during the winter } where the temperature
is
kept just above freezing,
BOTANICAL NOTICES OF
126
and
air
admitted every
PLANTS.
Artificial heat is injurious,
fine day.
to begin to grow at a season
NEW
when the sun has but
little
because
it
causes
them
power on the vegetation.
Bot. Reg.
BIGNONIACEiE.
Tourrettia lappacea. This plant
is
Bur-fruited Tourrettia.
Willcl.
Mag.
Bot.
the only species of the genus at present known, and
is
able from the curious structure than for the beauty of the flowers.
before expansion it is
is
The
green.
of a bright vermilion colour
when
;
it
becomes
t.
3749.
more remark-
The calyx
fully
expanded
corolla resembles that of a Pedicularis deprived of its lower lip.
The germen is clothed with deflexed, red tubercles, and is succeeded by a pretty membranous inflated capsule, clothed with long but softish prickles, strongly
large
hooked at the extremity.
it
It is an annual and a native of Peru, and was found there by Dombey. By him was introduced into the Paris Royal Garden, but was afterwards lost to Europe.
In 1837, J. M'Lean, Esq. sent requires a greenhouse, where
winter destroys
It
flower in the autumnal months, and until the
Mag.
Bot.
it.
from Lima to the Glasgow Botanic Garden.
it
it will
PASSIFLORACEiE. Passiflora hispidula. ciliatis basi
apiculatis
;
(sp. nov.)
Foliis
membranaceis
cordato-sinuatis subdentati apiculatis'; petiolis hispidis infra
simis 2-3 bracteatis
Flowers in
;
biglandulosis
;
about an inch in diameter.
Pedicels very short, with
filiform, hispid, scattered bracteas.
10-lobed, with a very short tube
exterior lobes
;
series
membranous, and of a yellowish white.
Calyx
Involucre none.
somewhat
fleshy towards the
base, externally of a pale green, internally of a yellowish white
lobes small,
obtusis
pedicellis geminis brevis-
ovario elliptico glabro.
pairs, small,
2 or more generally 3
medium
hispidulis trilobatis
subsequalibus
lobis
;
inner alternate
Crown arranged
in three
the outer one consisting of filiform spreading rays spotted with purple
;
;
the middle one formed of an erect, undivided purple membrane, closely and regularly plaited, with a crenate inflexed margin,
ance of a series of hooded processes
membrane, purple, of the calyx,
erect,
whence
it
It
and thus presenting the appear-
the inner one consisting of a simple
spreads over, and forms a lining to the bottom
and terminates by uniting with the base of the
This new species of Passiflora small.
;
is
shaft.
exceedingly pretty, though the flowers are
was raised at the Birmingham Botanic Garden from seeds presented
to that establishment by George Barker, Esq.,
by whom they were imported.
LOBELIACEiE.
Lobelia mtjltiflora.
(sp. nov.)
Caule erecto herbaceo basi ramoso
ovato-oblongis subacuminatis hispidulis obsolete dentato-glandulosis silibus
;
;
foliis
ciliatis ses-
spica elongata. terminali multiflora foliata.
Calyx
hispid,
segments linear-awl-shaped, erect
;
tube of the corolla
slit
on
the upper side, limb 2-lipped, upper lip with 2 narrow linear segments, lower
BOTANICAL NOTICES OP NEW PLANTS.
Filaments membranous, united into an angular
3-lobed, lobes narrow, lanceolate.
tube
127
anthers of a dusky blue, bearded at the apex, more especially the inferior
;
Style the length of the filaments
one.
stigma somewhat globose, surrounded by
;
a ring of hairs, 2-lobed, expanding at length into 2 spreading
Ovarium
lamellae.
many-seeded.
2-celled,
This distinct species of Lobelia Botanical and Horticultural Society,
the
in
is
who
the Birmingham
collection of
are indebted for
it
Mr. Knight, of
to
King's Road, Chelsea.
MONOCOTYLEDONES. ORCHIDACEiE
Coryanthes maculata, Coryanthes.
Bot.
Mag.
t.
handsome Esq.
variety. It
It appears
Mr. Parker's variety of
differs
a native of Demerara, and was imported by C. S. Parker,
is
One-coloured Oncidium.
Hook.
concolor.
\
It
flowers.
3752.
t.
yellow
in the year 1837,
W.
Hooker
property of the
Duke
an Oncidium or
not,
though
from that genus, which has an entire
it differs
of Bedford.
and
Sir
states that in
J.
is
some respects
Ross's Odontoglossum.
Odontoglossum Rossi i. is
Mag.
brilliant
Organ Mountains of Brazil, where it was found by and sent by him to the Woburn collection, the
a native of the
is
Mr. Gardner,
Bot.
raceme of
certainly a very beautiful plant, bearing a
is
merely in having the
from the specimen figured to be a
Mag.
Bot.
Oncidium This
Hook.
This variety
3747.
labellum marked with purple.
VANDEiE.
§
Parkeri.
vav.
doubtful whether
it
lip.
it
be
agrees with Miltonia, Bot.
Mag.
Bot. Reg. N. S.
t.
48.
This
a pretty species, though, according to Dr. Lindley, inferior in beauty to several
which have been discovered before.
We
may
hope, however, that other species
of this beautiful genus will soon be added to our collections, as Mr.
now
actively
the head- quarters of the tribe, and from which
and
Hartweg
is
engaged in exploring Oaxaca, a country which may be regarded as
beautiful varieties.
The
flowers of
we
shall
probably derive
some of the plants
being remarkable for their colouring, frequently attain a considerable the Odontoglossum nebulosum produces flowers which are as circumference.
The 0.
many
rich
in this genus, besides
much
size.
Indeed,
as nine inches in
Cervantesii resembles Rossii, but the flowers are larger,
and
the eolours more beautiful. O. Rossii was found in Mexico by Mr. Barker's collector, Mr. Ross, after
whom purple.
it
has been named.
The
The sepals are of a dark green colour, spotted with marked also with purple. The labellum is white,
petals are white,
having a yellow claw, and the contrast of the different colours produces rather a singular and beautiful appearance. It requires to
be cultivated
in a
in the usual way, or suspended
warm damp
stove,
where
it
may either be potted It may be mul-
from the roof on a piece of wood.
tiplied as plants of this tribe usually are.
Bot. Reg.
128
CALENDAR OF GARDENING OPERATIONS FOR OCTOBER. Alpine plants requiring frame protection, should now be selected from amongst the others and fresh surfaced, divided
necessary,
if
and placed
in the frames
towards the end of the month.
Many of the Alpines that are to remain particularly those that are
dividing;
as without this precaution they often
damp
off in
many herbaceous
Divide also and transplant fresh
out during the winter, will also require
becoming strong, and are
difficult to preserve,
wet winters.
plants, particularly such as require
soil.
The greenhouse
will
now
require to have abundance of
air,
both night and
day.
Plants at this season should be sparingly watered, and when watered take care not to wet the leaves of the plants.
Chrysanthemums '
They should
may be
will
now
The
havoc.
picked
much
occasionally watered with liquid
attacked by a grub, which •
require
off.
is
The flower-buds
Stove plants
may
both sides
may appear
alike
:
they
Sometimes the leaves are
manure.
nearly the colour of the leaves, and makes great
leaves, therefore, should
be watched, and these insects carefully
also at this season should be frequently examined.
be frequently syringed and steamed this month, and should
have air daily, when the heat of the sun
Bed
care in watering, staking, and tying.
also be frequently turned, so that
is
such as to admit of doing
so.
out rooted Pansies for Spring flowering, also bed out pinks.
Pot carnations,
piccotees,
and
cloves, layers
two
in a pot,
and place them
in
a
cool place for the winter.
Cover beds of Neapolitan
violets with frames, those in pots
ought also to be
placed in frames for the winter.
Pot Queen and Brompton stocks
for spring flowering,
and place them under
shelter.
Many
evergreen shrubs
may now be
transplanted.
Dahlias ought to be taken up as soon as the leaves are cut by the the
soil
frost, taking,
carefully from the tubes, and storing them away perfectly dry.
ERRATA AT PAGE For "in thoee— round
the lawns large showy," &c.
&c,
7-5.
read, "in those round the lawns; and large
showy," &c. &c.
For " irregularly For " in the frout
the front of," &c. I," &e.
int.
&c.,— read, "
— read,
irregularly in front of," &c. &c.
"in the front of the house I," &c. &c.
1
129
LUPINUS BARKERLE. (Mrs. Barkers Lupin.)
^
LINNEAN SYSTEM. MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
NATURAL ORDER.
-^2
LEGUMINOSJS
§
PAFILIONACEiE.
GENERIC CHARACTER. Calyx ssepe bracteolatus, profunde bilabiatus, sepalis in utroque
Lupinus. (Lin.) plus minus
coalitis.
Corolla papilionacea
;
vexillo lateralibus reflexis
externe foveolato-plicatis, postice superne conglutinatis
prsecocioribus
;
;
alis antice infra
fere
Calyx frequently bracteolate, deeply two -lipped
;
Legumen
Stigma barbatum.
petalis oppositis subreniformibus serioribus.
;
antheris sepalis oppositis oblongis
•
oblongum compressum, teretiusculum, torulosum, intus isthmis Agardh. syn. Generis, Lup. p. vi. Cotyledones crassse stomatibus ornatae.
ceum,
labio
medium
carina acuminata, genitalia includente
Stamina monadelpha, vagina integra
petalis ejus basi liberis.
;
sepals in each lip
coria-
cellulosis interceptum.
more or less joined.
papilionaceous, having the standard reflexed at the sides; wings in the fore-part
Corolla
below the
middle externally, enwrapping each other, in the upper part conglutinated behind ; keel acumiStamens monadelphous, ; its petals free at the base.
nated, concealing the organs of reproduction
sheath entire to the petals
anthers opposite to the sepals oblong, arriving earlier at maturity, those opposite
;
somewhat reniform, and arriving
later at maturity.
Stigma bearded.
ceous, nearly oblong, compressed, roundish, beaded, intercepted inwardly
by
Legume coria-
cellular divisions.
Cotyledons thick, possessing stomata.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. L. Barkerise sericeis
;
foliolis
;
7
fructicosus, sericeus erectus
— 10
;
foliis
longe petiolatis superne subglabris, subtus
lineari lanceolatis basi attenuatis mucronulatis
subulatis pubescentibus
;
floribus purpureo-cseruleis,
labio supcriore-obsolete dentato inferiore, acuto integerrimo
Shrub covered with silky surface silky
;
leaflets
hairs, erect
from 7
lip of
;
stipulis petiolo adnatis
calycibus bracteatis,
;
pedunculis calyce brevioribus.
leaves longly petiolate,
upper surface smoothish, under
to 10, linear-lanceolate tapering into a base,
joined to the petiole, subulate, pubescent
upper
;
;
racemis elongatis
;
flowers purplish blue
;
mucronate
racemes long
the calyx obscurely toothed, lower lip acute and entire
;
;
;
stipules
calyces bracteate
peduncles shorter than the
calyx.
Lupinus Barkerige. Descb.
—Shrub about four
feet
high (the height
it
has made this season), branched,, having
the young branches closely covered with appressed hairs.
long as the
leaflets,
silky, closely-appressed hairs.
Leaflets
from 7
a kind of petiolule, mucronate at the point. is
Leaves petiolate, petioles twice as
upper surface smoothish, under surface canescent, being covered with white, to 10,
narrowly lanceolate, tapering at the base into
Stipules about five lines long, half of
joined to the petiole, the remainder subulate and pubescent.
whorls of about six in a whorl, of a purplish blue colour, pedunculate.
VOL.
III.
NO. XXXIII.
NOVEMBER, 1839.
which length
Flowers arranged in scattered Peduncles shorter than S
LUPINUS BARKEPJjE.
130 the calyx, about three lines long. canescent,
and tipped with brown
Bracts very fugaceous, longer than the peduncles, and very
Calyx deeply divided, the upper part obscurely notched at the end, the lower part acute and entire. Standard orbicular, entire, and prominently at the end.
keeled, the centre purple, the side blue
;
the wings blue, longer than the standard, obtuse, shortly
Keel as long as the wings, acuminate, the upper side
unguiculate*.
of a dark purple.
ciliate,
the tapering portion
Filaments 10, united into one set shorter than the style, smooth.
Anthers
Pollen very abundant, orange, composed of oblong smooth granules, having a trans-
linear.
parent line in the centre.
white hairs.
Style longer than the stamens, smooth.
Ovarium compressed, covered with long white
Stigma tufted with long Ovules about 10,
silky hairs.
orbicular, compressed.
This is certainly a very handsome species of Lupine, and was raised from seeds, which were imported from Mexico by G. Barker, Esq., by whom they were presented to the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society in
many
approaches in
respects the Lupinus Barkeri, figured in the
Register of last month; but from which whilst the former
Out plant.
of It
all
is
837.
It
Botanical
distinct in being decidedly shrubby,
stated to be annual.
the seeds presented, only one vegetated, which produced the present
was preserved
open ground
it is
J
in the
in the house during the winter,
summer
of 1838.
and planted out
into the
In that situation the plant showed spikes
of flowers, but they were cut off by the frost without expanding.
It was then taken out of the ground and placed in the frame the whole of the winter. This
summer grown
it
was again planted out
vigorously,
and flowered
young wood plunged
Not being
open ground,
in the
freely.
It
may be
in
hardy to stand the winter,
it
has
should, during that period,
If planted out of doors, as before stated,
ornamental, and continue flowering until prevented by the generic
it
in a gentle heat.
sufficiently
have frame protection.
The
which situation
increased by cuttings of the
name
is
said to be derived
devouring the fertility of the soil in which
it
from
it will
be very
frost.
Xvkos, a wolf, in reference to its
grows
;
but which must be regarded
as a very doubtful explanation.
The Barker,
specific
who
name Barkerim we have given to this plant in compliment to Mrs. much attention to, and takes great interest in, the splendid
devotes
collection at Springfield.
Fig. 1,
stigma.
germ
invested by the monadelphous stamens
;
2,
germ,
style,
and
—
—
131
OSBECKIA CANESCENS, (Hoary
^
LINNEAN SYSTEM. OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Meyer.
Osbeckia.)
^
NATURAL ORDER. MELASTOMACE^E.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
4-5 persistentes aut decidui
Ovarium
basi breve biauriculato.
Tube
;
lobi
breve rostratis connectivo
glabris, antheris subsequalibus
apice setosum.
(Decand. Prod. vol.
iii.
Semina cocbleata.
Capsula 4-5 locularis.
Herbce aut ssepius suffratices, Americani, Africani, aut Asiatici. Flores terminales.
stellata vestitus
appendices inter lobos extus ortse forma et magnitudine varise.
;
Stamina 8-10 filamentis
Petala 4-5.
pube
Calycis tubus ovatus ssepius setis stellatis, aut
Osbeckia. (Lin.)
Folia integerrima, 3-5 nervia.
p. 138.)
of the calyx ovate, frequently clothed with starry bristles, or a starry pubescence,
divided into 4-5 lobes,
which are
either persistent or deciduous,
externally appendages which vary in
and form.
size
and having between the lobes Stamens 8-10, filaments
Petals 4-5.
smooth, anthers somewhat equal, shortly beaked, and having the connective shortly two-eared
Ovarium
at the base.
bristly at the apex.
Capsule 4-5 celled.
Seeds shell-shaped.
baceous plants, or frequently suffruticose ones, inhabitants of America, Africa, or Asia. leaves are entire, from 3 to 5 nerved.
Her-
The
Flowers terminal.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. O. Canescens;
caulis
suff'ruticosus,
5- nerviis basi cordiformibus natis;
Stem
end ;
;
;
ifoliis decussatis
subsessilibus ovatis
appendicibus subulatis
integerrimis
connectivis
;
curvatis
luteis.
suffruticose
at the base
quadrangularis
floribus racemosi-paniculatis, petalis purpureis obcordatis emargi-
persistentibus,
calycis lobis
p urpureis basi
;
and square
;
leaves decussate,
flowers paniculately racemose
lobes of the
;
somewhat
sessile
ovate 5-nerved heart-shaped
petals purple, inversely heart-shaped, notched at the
calyx persistent, appendages subulate entire
;
connective curved purple, yellow
at the base.
Osbeckia canescens.'
Descb.
— Stem
Meyer.
somewhat shrubby, square, unbranched, about two
covered thickly with a stellate pubescence, giving touch.
it
a roughness which
feet
and a half high,
very perceptible to the
Leaves ovate, heart-sharped at the base, opposite decussate, shortly petiolate and densely
covered on each side with the same stellate pubescence which
from 5
is
to
7 nerved.
is
found on the stem, prominently
Flowers shortly pedunculate, large and showy, of a delicate and pleasing
purple colour arranged in a paniculate raceme.
Bracts large, pinkish, half the length of the
calyx, pubescent, concave, half enclosing the alabastrum, very deciduous.
heart-shaped, notched at the end, of short duration.
divided into four parts, each part regular ovate acuminate, persistent
s2
Petals four inversely
Calyx covered with a ;
stellate pubescence,
alternate with the divisions
OSBECKIA CANESCENS.
132
are found subulate appendages which are pubescent, similar to the other parts of the calyx.
Filaments yellow, deciduous, 10, attached to an elevated rim situate at the base of the divisions of the calyx.
Connective a
little
longer than the filaments, curved, bifid at the base, smooth of a
bright purple colour tipped with yellow at the base.
half the length of the connective.
the centre.
Style twice as long as the stamens,
situate at the
Anthers of a purplish blue, smooth, about
Pollen whitish, minute, smooth, having a transparent line in
extreme apex, moist.
and anthers, curved, pinkish, smooth.
Ovarium
5-sided, covered with a
stellate
Stigma
pubescence,
Seeds numerous, cochleate, attached to placentae, arising from the centre
5-celled.
of the
ovarium, and situate in the centre of each valve.
This
is
handsome
certainly a very
species, belonging to the second section
of (chcetolepis) Decandolle's Prodromus, to which division
The
it
makes a second
species.
handsome appearance, and are more durable than some
flowers have a very
of the species, lasting about two days.
Our drawing was made from
Birmingham
a plant in the collection of the
Botanical and Horticultural Society, and for which the Society
is
Royal Botanic Garden, Berlin, from which establishment
was sent by Mr.
it
indebted to the
Otto, in the year 1838.
been treated as a cold stove plant, but probably
It has
planting out into the open ground during the summer.
it
may be
It flowers
suitable for
from August
to September.
For
its
cultivation
requires to be potted in loam
it
increased by cuttings, which
may be
and peat.
It
may be
placed in bottom heat, and also by seeds,
but as yet they have not ripened in the above establishment.
The
generic
Mr. P. Osbeck
;
name
is
given in honour of a Swedish clergyman and naturalist,
the specific
name
canescens (the Latin participle, signifying hoary)
has reference to the hoary appearance given by the stellate pubescence. Fig.
1,
calyx clothed with stellate pubescence
anthers and connectives seed-vessel.
;
4,
germ,
style,
;
2 and 3, stamens with their
and stigma
;
5,
transverse section of
;
133
TRADESCANTIA SPICATA. (Spike-flowered Tradescantia.)
LINNE AN SYSTEM. HEXANDRIA— MONOGYNI A.
NATURAL ORDER.
AT , a JNo. 124. .
COM MELINACE.3E.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Stylus simplex.
pilis articulatis.
Semina pauca dorso vel parallelis.—Bot. Reg.
latere
Corolla 3-petala, sequalis.
Stigma tubulosum. Herbce
embrionifera.
basi
folia
Stamina
Capsula supera trilocularis. alterna, nervis
vaginantia,
482.
t.
Corolla 3-petalled, equal.
Calyx 3-leaved, equal, persistent. the filaments articulated. few, bearing the
sequalis, persistens.
Calyx 3-phyllus
Tradescantia (Lin.)
filamentorum
embryo
either
on the back or the
Stamens having the hairs of Seeds
Capsule superior three-celled.
Stigma tubulose.
Style simple.
Herbaceous plants, leaves sheathing at
side.
the bases, alternate, with parallel veins.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. T. spicata
;
foliis alternis lanceolatis acuminatis, vaginantibus, vaginis ciliatis
axillaribus glomeratis
;
;
floribus spicatis
fetalis ovatis obtusis calycibus pedunculisque villosis.
heaves alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, sheathing, sheaths ciliate ; flowers arranged in spikes, petals ovate, obtuse, calices and peduncles villous. ;
axillary, glomerate
Tradescantia spicata.
Dbscr.
—
— Perennial.
Flor. Cab., vol.
Stem about two
ii.,
feet
p.
159.
Flowers of a purplish blue colour,
alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, sheathing, sheaths ciliate.
axillary,
numerous (12-15),
situate within the sheaths of the leaves,
sheaths to have a gibbous appearance. covered with villous hairs, edges scarious. obtuse.
Sepals three,
much
Bracts scarious.
Stamens
the base of tbe ovarium, and clothed with ^purple articulated hairs. Style smooth.
style.
six, situate
around
Anthers yellow, shorter
Ovarium densely covered with
Stigma obsoletely lobed.
villous white hairs, angular, three-celled,
and thus causing the
smaller than the petals, obtuse,
Petals three times as large as the sepals, smooth,
Peduncles about an inch long, villous.
than the
Leaves
at the joints.
and a half high, enlarged
and three-valved.
Seeds one in each
cell,
soft
globular,
smooth.
This
is
a pretty species, but surpassed in beauty by
introduced, as T. Virginica for instance, which
its
flowers
many of those previously much resemble in colour
but they are smaller and paler. It is a native of
Esq., in
1837
;
Mexico, from which country
it
was imported by G. Barker,
and presented by him to the Birmingham Botanical and Horti-
cultural Society,
from a plant
in
which establishment our drawing was made.
It
TRADESCANTIA SPICATA.
134
appears to have been hardy enough to have survived the winter of last year, at Mr. Barker's residence at Springfield ; but it may be as well to treat it as a hardy Trarae plant, and to place it out in the open ground in May, where it will flower freely
from September to October.
It requires off
no particular
soil
or attention.
It
may be
increased
by cutting
the young offsets at the root in the autumn.
The
generic name, Tradescantia,
is
given in honour of Mr.
John Tradescant,
a distinguished traveller and naturalist in the reign of Charles the First, and to whom he was appointed gardener. Through the liberality of the nobility of that period he was enabled to form an extensive museum, an account of which he published under the it
to the University
The
specific
name
of
Museum
Tradescantium.
At
his death
he bequeathed
of- Oxford.
name
spicata
is
given in reference to the disposition of the
inflorescence.
Fig. 1, a stamen with pollen 5,
;
3,
The ovarium,
its
style,
hairy filament
and stigma
magnified view of an articulated hair.
;
4,
;
2,
magnified view of a grain of
Transverse section of the capsule
;
——
—
—
:
135
PHAIUS ALBUS. {White-flowered Phaius.)
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
NATURAL ORDER.
AT K No 125
GYNANDKIA MONANDRIA.
ORCHID ACE.3£
§
EPIDENDREjE.
GENERIC CHARACTER. (Loureir.)
Phaius.
cum
cucullatum,
Sepala et petala
basi columnse
Columna
carinatum lamellosum vel cristatum. elongata. Anther a 8-locularis.
erecta,
Scapi radicales.
somewhat
patentia,
cum
Labellum
libera.
ssepiiis
ovario continua, semiteres, marginata,
Herbce terrestres(Asiaticse), caulescentes,
Pottinia 8, subsequalia.
vel acaules, foliis latis plicatis.
Sepals and petals
subsequalia,
adnatum, calcaratum, integrum vel trilobum, ssepius supra
Flores speciosi.
equal, spreading, free.
Lip most frequently hooded, adnate
with the base of the column, spurred, entire or 3-lobed, more frequently keeled, lamellose or
Column
crested above.
erect, continuous
Pollen-masses
Anther 8-celled.
8,
with the ovarium, semiterete, bordered, elongated.
somewhat
stemless, with broad plicate leaves.
equal.
Seapes radical.
Terrestrial (Asiatic) plants, caulescent or
Flowers handsome.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. P. albus
;
Caulescens, foliis
oblongo-lanceolatis acutis subtus glaucis
oblongo-lanceolatis acutis subsequalibus disco
calcare
5-cristato,
rectiusculo
labello
;
sepalis
petalisque
emarginato
;
cucullatis
bracteis
;
herbaceis persistentibus
(Lindl.)
imbricatis floribus a?qualibus.
Caulescent, leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, glaucous beneath lanceolate, acute,
;
oblongo cucullato denticulato apice rotundato
somewhat equal
;
lip
;
sepals
and petals oblong-
oblong, cucullate, denticulate, with a rounded apex
;
disc 5-crested, spur rather straight, emarginate; bracteas hooded, herbaceous, persistent, imbricated,
equal to the flowers.
Phaius albus
Descr.
Lindl., in Wallich Plant.
—Plant
upper ones
largest.
and handsome, the pink veins.
from one and a half
Raceme lip
to
As. Rar. vol.
two
ii. t.
feet high.
198.
Leaves sheathing at the base, the
terminal, from 3 to 5 flowered, nodding.
convolute or hooded, with a yellow
disc,
Flowers white, large,
the limb richly marked with
Bracteas large, herbaceous^ concave, oblong-lanceolate, in length almost equal to
the flowers.
This
is
a delicate and most elegant species of the genus Phaius, our drawing
of which was
made from a
Springfield, near
plant in the rich collection of George Barker, Esq., of
Birmingham.
It
is
a native of the East Indies, and appears to
have been originally found by Dr. Wallich upon Mount Chandaghiry, in Nepal
PHAIUS ALBUS.
136 it
was afterwards discovered
collect plants for the
It requires
in Silhet,
by Francis de
Silva,
who was employed
to
Botanic Garden of Calcutta.
a hot and moist stove when growing, but should be kept
more dry when dormant.
The
soil
cool,
and
should be rough sandy peat mixed with small
potsherds. It
may be
The
increased by division in the spring, just before
generic
name Phaius
species being of that colour. flowers.
labellum.
The
is
derived from
The
specific
View more...
Comments
