The Farmers Guide Book 1000013826
Short Description
farming...
Description
The
Guide
Farmers' A
Book
Ready Reference and
Rules
of Useful
American
for
Book Farming
By
B. L.
C. S. PALMER, Teacher
PRICE,
THE
and
Practical
ONE
Farmer
DOLLAR
HAMMOND BUFFALO,
PRESS NEW
Facts
YORK
550\ T2^
COPYRIGHTED
1915
By THE
HAMMOND BUFFALO.
PRESS N.
Y.
FEB 25 1916
"CLA420908
PREFACE
S: 1^
;^
In
o
S
venient
THE
compiling
in
had
mind
the
been
free
and
The
book
who
having
of
of
least
at
fact
a
He
of
some
the
has
and
cou-
cultural agri-
current
and
less
tion inclina-
better
might
his
wants
for
;
that
have
information
2.
1.
classes:
two
The
boiled
ners begin-
who,
not
college training, wishes
information
the
The
farmer
average
agricultural
an
writer
literary verboseness.
or
right
start
to
by
little time
has
for
primarily,
advantages
himself
farmer
sentence.
designed,
more
a
the
condensed
is afforded
technicalities
anxious the
many
pages
single
a
from is
are
had
avail
four
for
than
average or
in
expressed
down,
to
three
BOOK
GUIDE
information
The
works. read
to
of
demands
of
source
FARMERS'
which
stitutions in-
those
teach.
The
of expression
method
convey,
in
several
volumes.
small
one
will be
of
be
have
will
writer
hereby
Backus, of
from
the
the
chapter
Beatty,
of
the
firm
Rivers, Michigan, Root
Company,
of
the
to
his
he of
University
Kellogg
Medina,
on
for
the
the
Doctor
; to
contributed
growers,
and
many wered ans-
Rural L. S. most
E.
to
F.
of
Three
the
to
"Bees
on
tegrity In-
freely
so
Remedies;"
chapter
It is
tion. considera-
any
to
drawn
strawberries;
firms
all
especially to The
who
the
reliable listing. Un-
a
have
Co., strawberry
chapter Ohio,
Their
of
reliable.
indebtedness
freely
and
"
for for
Missouri,
Troubles
the
required
press,
has
;ind
but
who
will
dropped.
ineluded
stations
agricultural
columns
"Cow of
is
be
experiment
whose
for
that
all
acknowledges
and
State on
are
knowingly,
be
complete,
ters chap-
they
feature
published;
questionable
Crops,"
agriculture.
of
will
tilizers," "Fer-
These but
to
occupy
as
of
farmer,
important
are
only
such
"Rotation
students an
editions
list not
not,
colleges
Yorker, of
found
the
his questions; New
later
dealing
square
concerns
agricultural
as
make
to
and
and is
ordinarily,
treated.
the
to
him
enabled
farming,
carefully
value
firms, which
been
would,
Orchard,"
fully and
all teachers
to
of
enlarged
purpose
"The
of inestimable
assistance
dealings
The
been
be
directory
book, will
the
"Alfalfa,"
only
great The
whose
that modern
topics
has
writer
of
live
etc., have not
by the
book, information
The
''Lime," "Cement."
used
and
A.
I.
keeping. Bee-
' '
Criticisms
and
suggestions
for
future
editions
will
i)e
gratefully
received. C.
S.
PALMER.
is
nation
"The
destroyed
or
peace,
only
conditions
these
by
by
fed
not
war;
it.
influence
exercise
temporary
It
on
a
is
builds
which
soil,
the
that
dispersing
together,
society
humane
holding
in
instrumental
is
home,
his
man
on
it,
and
or
and
nations
causing
to or
become
empires
to
powerful."
pear, disap-
Liehig. "
in
FACTS
USEFUL
ADVANTAGES What
well
revel
city
man.
low
are
cares
stocked
well
a
anxieties
and
and
boss
own
may
ordinaryweek off, at
a
or
his
of
fear
farm
of the
to
rent
pay, taxes in his domain.
factor
partment S. De-
U.
the
of
first place, the farmer, if he is at all successful, has his own time and leads being displaced. He commands
"In
the
of
fear
of
owner
the
LIFE.
life?
take a day can He has no job. losing occasional is only an the bill collector and Speaking on this subject, W. J. Spellman, of Agriculture, says : is his
He
time, without
any
The
"
from
in his freedom
FARM
OF
of farm
of the advantages
INDEPENDENCE.
1.
FARMING
FOR
DISADVANTAGES
AND
some
are
RULES
AND
no an
himself independent life. In the second place, if he is wise, he may maintain his for He all food the family. produce nearly necessary may and a good garden, an orchard, a flock of poultry, keep a few cows If of his the most bread. wife and own daughters pigs, and grow know
how
how
be
prepare frugal, the
be
to
with
wealthy people
health
happiness by
and
water,
been
known
staunchest
men,
still
are
blossoms
the
There
does
vice
There
alert
the
for
and
uplifting
and
to
are
help
instincts What
the
are
1.
man
the
preservation of
of the
OF in the
The
conducive
to
to
pure
physical
CHILDREN."
It ablest from
has and the
farm. Nature upon in the running brook," there the
and
woods,
the
on
in
young,
which
tend
the
hand,
every
life
wanting.
the
among
buds,
To
or
than
country and
liml).
Nor
be
among and possess
to to
develop
the
in
need
one
the
not
are
generous
city. ever
broadening
domestic associate
be
animals
with and
pets mane hu-
child.
A
STEADY
crops
INCOME." will miss
the
life? While, usual
no
doubt,
the
envelope every pay in mind be borne that he already has his and stock that will later be ready for the
country
it should
growing
farm.
a
on
are
spent
chief disadvantages of farm
Saturday night, in
the
factors
LACK
city-bred
and
beckon
for their
of the
some
from
restored
majority, of our professional life,are
were
not
influences
care
wreck
been
has
a
"books
are
temptations
fewer
are
life
UP
and
years
meadow
possible
fruit.
the
and
business
early
the
in
more
shop,
or
BRING if not
many,
If there
ideal teacher.
an
a
TO
in
whose
of those
ranks
that both
an
physical
a
surroundings long life.
PLACE
GOOD
A
3.
long
equipoise and
mental
vigor,
man,
a
office
active, out-door
an
is
than
higher
much
Many
"
in
healthful
air and
fresh
be
living may of living,
city."
in the
work
applicationto
understand
and
manner
for the farm expense time the standard same
money
HEALTH.
BETTER
2. close
too
pay
actual
appetizing
an
small, while at the very the standpoint of food, may
from
on
in
made
even
is
food
to
back
in
his
farm
had
little
a
so
knew
he
short
no
LACK
and,
farming.
The
the
of
use
farms.
to
gas
But
his
the
"At
the
is
now
one
to
mail
has
the
for
of
feature serious
the
convenient and
well
as
air,
and
pianolas
table
of
or
farm
local
the
taken
has
for
power
of
:
By thorough just about
neighbors, and what
whether
careful the
from
distance
tramps,
investigation
he
to
will
make
or
fire and
of
weigh
conditions
;
and
be; the
well can
then
change.
dining city
the
groaning! often,
and.
other
less
poses." pur-
on
police all
own
cation lo-
and
schools
determine his
past. Pianos
on
physicians,
lack
the
the
the
more
should
it is best
wood-stove
of
lamps
lights
life, depending
farm are
place
do
oil
electric
flows
water
things; not
of
its rarity;
for
and
and
of
handle.
delivery
while
does
growing
farm-house.
a
from
it is growing
city
melodeon,
good
the
is
thing
a
mobiles auto-
quote
we
kitchen
the
and
the
Rural
up.
many
food
back-to-the-lander
The
decide
with
that
conditions,
uncongenial etc.
must
gas
heat
many
difficult to
more
on
washer, on
and
the
pail is remarkable nigh disappeared
doleful
the
groans
furnishes
disadvantages
and
things.
girl miracle
gasoline
stream
Other
churches;
a
in
spruced
to to
telephone
a
water,
replaced
country it's
girl's table Acetylene
have
and
objections bathroom,
country
rapidly becoming
is
hot
even
the
life
country
found
The
while
Reliance
gravity.
cooking
as
and
steam
the
by
;
crowded
in
in
life folk
well
has
pump house
country
heat
at
diately imme-
power
conditions
its way.
on
being
is
door-yard water Carrying
come.
Hot
the
is
home
the
day
the
hard-working
the in
of her
the
to
things
of
order
present
country
sale
and
city
the
refrigerator
reconciled
be
to
and
the
for
property
in
engagement
This
pleasanter for the women bewilderingly complex, more
easier
he
opportunity,
roads state being made are delivery have come, In this connection distances. annihilating are Island Agronomist, the following: Long
rural
In
an
often
income,
farm.
extent,
some
new
a
grasping personal
city wife, accustomed and electricity, her
it hard
find
would
steady
CONVENIENCES."
OF
been
has
the
and
after
up
another
purchased 2.
; so,
money
advertised
cancelled
he
time,
a
fixed
the
the sale, he was surprised to find that above what his and $3,000, cash profit, over decided him and This set to thinking; having to accumulate $3,000 in easier quicker method or
cost.
of
the
than
more
had
equipment
without
figuring
On
auction.
that
at
in
caught
farm a and, for three years, purchased and intelligence that he had displayed
he
and
cost
being
who,
man
a
energy missed
same
BOOK
GUIDE
mind
in
movement,
city office. But almost entirely
being
he
the
it with
the
sold
land
the
to
worked
' '
S'
B
E
has
writer
The
market. * '
ARM
F
TEE
8
tection, pro-
these
forehand be-
ment judg-
FACTS
USEFUL
BUYING Hoiv
find
I
may
Watch
of the
some covers
ten
in which
large This
If for
depends
a
dairy farm,
one
size of the
farm
by
it up,
buy
to
75 it better
get
or
of
replies.
in
one
farm
high
a
farm
the
be
is to
used
for
a good start. large enough be needed. will fifty acres up and what wish to do. capital you
your
down
run
a
which
hundred
from
the
Gauge
paper
some
to
that
advertisement
An
locate.
many
you
for purpose will be acres
the
upon
farm, twenty
truck
a
for
you
or
to
write
papers,
in
advertise
shall I buyf
farm
a
wish
bring
will
fifteen words
or
How
If
listed in this book,
dealers section
the
farm
daily and
in the
advertisements
the
FARM
A
for sale'^
farm
a
FARMING
FOR
RULES
AND
at
and
of cultivation
state
try to bring
price and
low
a
more?
pay
but not the farmers only in money, resources, depends upon live to has capital enough on in knowledge and ability. If a farmer will follow the rules and income much without for a couple of years farm, in this book, he may profitablystart with a run down laid down This
he
provided
Always
1.
the
during
should
Do
paid
be
machinery
that
the land
accept
work
the
them
If
2. attorney
to
of
amount
is
make
be
by actual
determined the
is stony,
Attention
owner. so
The
made.
farm kinds of hilly, so that many fields whether the venient conare advantage, it is broken impossible by ditches that up
are
so
advisable
thought the
should
He
for
transaction in
see
purchase, employ
to
any
that
determining
you,
the
case,
should
seller
not
in
a
the
advance
exceed
furnishes
reliable
twenty-
abstract,
an
deed; also that there showing a clear title, and a full warranty should The deed no legal claims against the personal property. recorded 3.
as
soon
Do
not
as
failure
and for.
his
are
be
it is executed.
purchase
on
terms
first year's crop a failure. prove first his the wall because crops and
is
plowing
that
to
charges, which,
his
dollars.
profitably of
conditions
in different
seen
be
advantage.
to
it
or
this land
examinations
Several
it.
it is
l)e used
barn
estimates
the
whether
to
as
may should
farm
the
be
may
farm?
a
buy
you
moisture, in
not
cannot
to
five
so
difficult, whether
made
to
before
land
tillable
measurement.
buying
in
farm
excessive
and of
amount
be observed
price.
low
correspondingly
a
a
see
summer,
drouth
at
sJiould
cautions
What
of
get it
can
expenses markets poor
were
may
that
Many were
you a
less
can
not
meet,
profitablethan
correspondingly more. always be expected and
should has
would-be-farmer
he
had
Drouths, should
your
gone
to pected ex-
crop ])e vided pro-
30
FARMERS'
THE
If
4.
by renting
start
he
has
man
a
work
can
only
such
justified in giving the farm vegetables,and by keeping started Hoiv
a
desirabilityof
the
may
and
cow
a
pig
for which definitely in mind the purposes then its the farm adaptability to these study ; special attention to the following particulars:
Is it clay, sand,
Soil.
for
suitable
and
gravel?
or
It is crops. it is too cold, too
farm
general
early cultivated crops, difScult and also, more
as
unsatisfactory
treatment requiring just the proper The the of soil should depth lumps.
of
crops,
possible, have
If
soil.
the farm do
so
with
this with 2.
and
you no
farm
the
in
wet
If
Water. be
put down find
a
4. fences
unruly in
New
the
farm
dairy
a
York
chase pur-
giving
purposes,
and
wet
work
than
It is
hard.
too
soil,
other
is any
avoid
to
at
baking and
hard
Many
soil is
the
because
loss
a
for
gotten in early enough could
land
drained
to
be
made
be
to
a
by
improved
Go
pay.
in
exactly its condition
determine
and
farm
convenient
expensive
wells
does not
need
is
wanted,
for both on
and
summer
without install
make
a
this.
sure
that
there
and
winter.
Let
the
pumping
ing Dairy-
other
plant.
is
You
man can
them.
dairying, look well to the pasture and the usually are bought here and there of farmers bounds. As pastures usually run difficult to keep within to pasture cow about five one required acres are State,
Pasture. and
be
be
profitablycarried
that
around
run
all farm
must
season
plenty of living water, cannot
to
particular.
this important 3.
to
wish
you
be carefully determined.
cannot
crops
farms a
have
who
many
Clay is good grass land not, however, suitable for
in order
are
Practically
many
poultry and
you.
farms
spring that
drainage and over
to
Many
profitablemarket.
feels
shallow be raised profitably on cannot is one, bureau the farm agent of that county go over is He advise you. paid by the county and will
expense
Draitiage. in the
wet
alfalfa
which
he
he determined?
farm
Have
1.
help
With
two,
or
may
little hired
successful.
very
a
a
attention.
entire
his
With
he
$1,000,
or
his city job until
still retain
been
have
this way
in
near
place and
a
$500
capital, say the city.
small
a
farm
small
a
BOOK
GUIDE
it.
If
for
Cows
makes the most Barbed wire, which popular and during the summer. Three $1.75 per spool of eighty rods. cheapest fence, costs about be should which The fence. strands posts, required for a good are from cents six to ten placed not farther than one rod apart, will cost
each.
buildings ample and suitable for your purposes, farm ? Many build at once must new repair, remodel or or you and frames above ground, but sills so rotten buildings have excellent will lapse. colthe that be have walls buildings to repaired or so they poor roofs and sound See that the floors are whether, or not, the their often wish to sell because need buildings shingling. Farmers 5.
Buiklings.
Are
the
FACTS
USEFUL
just about
are
that
writer
man,
away,
6. and
if it
the
house
winter
Well
and
ever
goes
Are
more,
on
possible,in
is
good
Do
?
not
immediately
Find
where are
well
in the
cellar under in
freezing
the
hundred
a
dollars, or
be serviceable.
it may
If there
in
Is the
yourself be surprised
let
spend
chores
hole?
Is the
?
do
easily do
water
from
the
ings build-
weather.
wet
cleaned
of
the to
could
disagreeable mud
been
ever
that
hours
two
if there
open
which
markets
your
long, steep hills
and
are
to
go better
climb,
loads up steep hills is costly heavy horses or with trucks.
locality. Drawing
Timber.
8.
with if there
See
is
furnish
wood
on
would
be
enough
quantity of good, first-growth timber
A
farm
arrangement,
a
repair them.
convenience
and
protect vegetables
to
Roads.
dangerous, whether
and
it
Has
must
them.
to
other
some
Determine
and
the roads
try
Cellar.
cellar in order
Market
7. over
men
if
barnyard
you
a
three
11
able to
not
are
mind
convenient
cellar drains
the
the
on
now
buildings,
the
they
in
it takes
more
dry. enough
warm
?
has
FARMING
FOR
arrangement
is the
or
finding that
into
a
See
hour.
an
drainage
the
that
with
and
down, to
as
unhandy
so
one
half
study
The
buildings. are
tumble
to
careful
Make
RULES
AND
the a
fuel.
for
farm
valuable
asset,
as
building and repairs. Do not, however, for the place to pay is enough timber be led to believe that "there on it." is a difficult and costly task Getting out and marketing lumber and the returns are rarely what are expected. Unless there is a good local market, the owner cannot usually dispose of timber to any great advantage. it would
If
I have
only
lumber
part of
a
Writing
the
price and
the
owyier,
this subject in the Rural
on
wants
all
cash,
E.
S. Brigham
where
the remainder?
I horroiv
can
for
New-Yorker,
says: ' '
bankers of
value
farm
the hands of
use
amount
the laws
property
of good
the
probably The
usually
interested
also
are
prospective purchaser will do
The
because
land.
find
in
have in
a
the
having
desirable
territory
the
farms
to
which
in
visit the
their
banker,"
local
conservative
and
idea
of the
Bankers
they serve. community
fall
into
respectablepeople who will make the best possible If the purchaser needs he will to borrow money
it necessary to appeal loan a banker can
which
of the
very
well
fair
State.
Bankers
to on
the a
banker
local farm
usually consider
is a
for
a
loan.
usually limited farm
mortgage
by as
who has a good moral security and a person character, show a reputation for meeting his bills promptly and who good can a in for using the would trouble no probably have money purpose The interest in borrowing 60% of the value of the farm. vary may different States under different conditions, but will probably be 6%. should be made Payments a can only in this way promptly, because farmer other person or gain a reputation which will enable him to any for doing business. credit necessary A poor it of whom secure man a
very
THE
12
can
FARMERS'
said
be
'his
word
business
easily where hampered. '
What
is a
good
as
rich
bond'
his
as
of whom
man
BOOK
the
be
will
opposite
he
the
equipment
for
moderate-sized
a
bull
100
horses
350
harness Heavy Light harness Heavy wagon Light wagon
40
(single)
20
70 35
Plow
11
Mower
43
Cultivator
Grain
7
drill
85
Reaper
and
Spring
harrow
binder
125 15
Disk
23
rake
Hay
20
Roller
20
Manure
spreader
100
Weeder
8
Heavy bob sleds Single buggy
25 35
Cutter Milk
25 small
and
cans
tools
25
hens
16
Horse
sprayer
60
Four
pigs
20
Twenty
may
be
$400
thoroughbred
Two
How
do
farm?
Cows
One
to
will
able
is tnie
'
would 10
GUIDE
farmer
the
get
outfit at
an
a
small
pricef
By
buying at auctions. Although stock usually sells at auctions the writer's at the top figures, it has been experience that farming tools are struck off low at usually price. In buying second-hand a them first and tliat they are make tools, however, always examine sure not
out
worn
useless.
and
DON'TS.
Don't
be in
Don't
expect
Don't
forget that help is scarce
farm
; that
Don't corner
Don't
may vears.
think
grocery
others
are
have
a
get
hurry to
buy.
get rich
in
it takes and
one a
are
year,
are
the prices you what the farmer
frightened he
if must
saying this
to
the know
or
deal
great
wages
that
after it and been
to
two.
of
work
hard
to
run
a
at
the
high.
paying for vegetables is receiving. are
owner
your
of
the
decision
farm in
prospective purchasers
tells a
few
for
you
days.
the
past
that He ten
USEFUL
Don't
the farm
while
sold
is
Don't
't
will
think
he
Don't
be
one
Don't
run
Don't
let
Don't
fail
of
any
want
mile
a
to
for
much
only
risk
the
real
to
examine
fail
Don't
take
talk
to
too
good
may
say.
grind.
Even if
bonus,
the
such
a
of
value
would
family
as
If
the
happy. un-
oil
railroad,
a
farm.
the
be
or
lieved be-
owner
sell.
farm
six
miles
from
a
railroad
as
you
away.
of
title.
imperfect
an
agent
estate
inside
the
with
much
to
ax
a
your
hurry of
you. the
vermin.
Don't
an
development, the
enhance not
as
neighbors
promised
where
new
some
would
pay
for
full
that
may
13
there.
neighborhood
a
greatly
soon
this
would
in
the
have
been
have
FARMING
FOR
that
they
may
is
he
buy
Don
gas
farm
the
on
man
remember
but
them,
RULES
everything
granted
for
take
with
Talk
AND
FACTS
the risk.
local
banker.
house
thoroughly;
it
may
TH^
14
ARM
F
BS'
E
GUIDE
BOOK
DRAINAGE.
farmer? of drainage important to the average to consider. There is no more important subject for the farmer of that three-fourths all unprofitablefarming is due to It is safe to say This subject is only just beginning to receive the lack of drainage.
Is the subject
attention
its
which
Farmers
are
their land
must
demands.
importance
what the expense, matter realize that, no in order to yield satisfactory profits. drained
Mention
of
some
1.
By
2.
It
drainage?
benefits resulting from
the
it
the water
removing
beginning to be properly
gives a greater depth for plants
to
feed. makes
and
soil mellower
the
tends
to
prevent
baking and
cracks.
helps
Drainage
3. for
roots
to
useful
and
ventilate
the soil.
bacteria,
but
Air
is absolutely necessary into soil penetrate
it cannot
that is full of water.
Contrary
4.
available
moisture
land
drained
general belief,drainage increases
to
are
crops. finer; thus
soil
15"
was
6.
lessens
Drainage
A
warmer.
that
the
than
warmer
9.
Drained lands
What
helps
erosion
1.
Large, flat
2.
Bogs
3.
Lands
4.
Depressions
5.
All land
areas
are
and
the
from
land
larger
of
amount
crops
some
too
water
wet
because
than
stands
Fruit
is intermittently wet
2.
Corn
3.
Heaving
missing, singly
trees
weak
and out
undrained
most
too wet or
coming
water
for
two
land.
in blocks.
patchy.
of crops
of the
of the overflow
tliat hold
of the visible signs of
1.
plant food
and
getting sour.
time. Mention
inches, the drained
heaving.
where
in hillsides
that
peat bogs of
in the
soils.
having clay subsoil.
swamps
that
7
of drainage?
in need
most
and
keep
yield much
soils
are
to
particles in
undrained.
Drainage increases the available promotes the growth of useful bacteria. Drainage
test
of
depth
at
7.
8.
soil
the
increasing capillary attraction. soil
the Drainage makes showed Lancashire, England, 5.
is because
This
for
of
the amount
during the winter.
or
summer.
of streams. from
three
above.
days
at
a
FACTS
USEFUL
4.
Grass
supplanted
5.
Hard
soil and
unsatisfactory
FOR
15
FARMING
large, blotchy
in
by plantain
of drainage
methods
What
RULES
AND
areas.
crops.
used?
are
of Boring holes, sinking wells, or blasting holes by the use to fields where These methods impervious an are applicable dynamite. a deep, layer of hard clay, shale or rock, separates the top soil from beneath. layer porous 1.
Surface
2.
This is the cheapest method. Ditches are only to their own depth. They are unsightly and work. the general farm
ditches.
effective,however, with
interfere
This is the modern and effective method. Tile drainage. most is in than often increased value more drained by this method
3. A
farm
hundred
two
Do
2.
The
carried
should
drain than
larger
not
at
draining?
"
all. the lowest
occupy lateral
the
in
earlier
drains,
of the field.
portion
if much
is to
water
be
away.
3. is
main
be
should
It
well, or
be worked
can
surer.
in tile
he observed
the work
1.
farms
drained
better and
are
crops
rules should
What
Well
cent.
per
the spring and
fall of two
A
feet in
one
of
ditches
will be
thousand
if sufficient,
tile
the
properly laid. 4.
very
bottoms
The
carefully with laid may 5.
Care
6.
The
How
deep
of the main
from
it will not
In to
a
land
sandy depth
a
of four
foot in
feet.
the drains
increase
an
each
of drains
four
or
not
to
of
of
tile laid
piece
one
tile when
displacethe
do damage
ounce
that
properly im-
line.
covering.
after with
be looked
should
the
and
even
Remember
some
care,
washing and that animals prevention in this last particular in
cure.
tile he laddf
depth
half
An
pounds
many
should
"The and
be exercised
into it.
will be worth
the entire
up
be
should
together.
close
outlet
crawl
not
ends
block
should
that the water can
the
in
depth.
feet
will range
The
about
twenty
inches
is two
depth
to
feet.
Up
be placed deeper clay in the depth of the drain between
In clay land
tile will usually not permit drains." Cornell Leaflet.
an
an
of
drains
increase
increase
in the
in the
about
two
depth
of
interval
three
land.
will mit perrods for
increase
the interval
to
three
in
than
may an
from
commonest
laying the
between
the
"
How
may
ditches for tile draining he
They may cheapest way The from
cost
$30
is
of tile per
dugf
be dug with a pick and by the special machines
draining, when
acre.
machines
shovel that are
; are
but
by far the best and
made
for
this purpose.
used, will average
not
far
16
TEE
How
far
distance
depend hard
upon
porous
The
Use the
tile
of
of
amount
be
to
Don
be
a
to
near
through
4,
use
too
without
drain
5-inch
or
from
bottom.
the
tile,
size
the
depending
upon
DON'TS.
main
forget
that
the
Don't
forget
that
drainage
spoil
laterals
it
very
fall.
tile.
small
Don't
if
in
while
rods;
joints
the
some
join
benefit,
five
If
removed.
Don't
Don't them.
't
try
or
course,
land.
the
enough.
DEAINAGE
Don't
four
of
slope
of
will,
lines
the
used?
3,
water
the
tile?
the tile
be
of and
as
be
into
hard-burned
the
close
may
should
placed?
soil
the
as
the
enters
water
kind
What
be
get
water
he
arrangement of
feet
BOOK
GUIDE
tile
of
and
should
seventy
the
does
lines
structure
they
soil,
RS'
E
apart the
clay,
How
should
opart
The
ARM
F
to
the
more
right
at
fall,
the
more
does
not
remove
angles. will
water
any
water
be
removed.
that
would
remained.
your
drain
by
knocking
the
tile
apart
when
you
cover
in
USEFUL
FACTS
AND
RULES
FOR
17
FARMING
FERTILIZERS. is
What A How
fertilizer?
a
fertilizer is anything
f classified fertilizers
are
Into What
? fertilizers
natural
Natural
fertilizers
with
artificial fertilizers.
fertilizers and
natural
are
sources
supplies plant food.
that
those
are
that have
special treatment;
no
been
as, stable
derived and
from
natural
barnyard
manure,
ashes, leaves, etc. What
f artificialfertilizers
are
Artificial fertilizers of supplying What
those
are
definite elements
some
plant foods
necessary
Nitrogen, phosphorus How
the
may
in
a
The
amounts
commercial amounts
are
is meant One
by
a
are
and
to
been
have the
with
prepared
potash.
on
the labels
Nitrogen 2-5%"
containing 2%
view
supplied by artificialfertilizers?
always stated
"2-7-12
a
soil.
of avaHahle nitrogen, phosphorus and fertilizerhe determined?
Thus, "Available nothing more. What
that
means
the
on
of
2%
potash
bags. nitrogen, and
fertilizer?"
of nitrogen, 7%
of
phosphoric acid
and
12%
of potash. How
may
of fertilizersin large quantitiessave
users
By buying Are
the ingredients and
home-mixed
They What
are,
fertilizers as
Nitrate
are
used
to
of soda, ammonium
fish,etc.
What
is nitrate
doing the mixing as
notwithstanding reports
substances
dried
good
on
those
to
purchased
the
cost?
themselves.
tories? from the fac-
the contrary.
furnish the nitrogen in artificial lizers? fertisulfate,cottonseed
meal, dried
blood,
of soda?
Nitrate of soda is a chemical compound, found in great quantities in the dry, mountainous of it is often regions Chili, and for this reason called "Chili about saltpeter." As purified for market, it contains It is easily soluble and 16% nitrogen and costs about $50 per ton. becomes
available
for
On sandy, porous land it is plant use. easily lost by bleaching. It is the only artificial fertilizer that should be used as a top dressing. at
once
FARMERS'
TEE
18
is ammonium
What
sulfatef sulfate
Ammonium
but
tendency with
in connection On
part of
what
foliage.
is the
What
make
to
plant
the
is
about should
and
sour
of illuminating
of nitrogen, 20% always be used
it
excess,
the
of
source
its principal effect?
nitrogen have
does
Nitrogen causes
a
gives
rich
the
rank
too
green
color
to
growth.
of fertilizers?
phosphorus Thomas
Bones, phosphate rock and What
manufacture
the
It contains land
the
stalks.
and
in
Used
by-product of
a
lime.
leaves
the
On
is
bone-black.
and
coke
gas, has a
BOOK
GUIDE
slag.
rockf
phosphate
animal origin, is found rock, thought to be of marine and in South Florida the Carolina, South, notably parts many sold under the and rock is fine The Tennessee. dug out, ground very further In this form it is ready to apply without of "floats." name When the available. but is ground rock is only slowly treatment, much more quickly available as treated with sulphuric acid, it becomes is known In condition it acid this food. or as phosphate, plant phosphate, superfrom of contain phosphoric acid. and may 14% to 20%
Phosphate
in
of
substances
What
potash, sulfate of and the sulfate 48%
50%
Kainit
is
Germany. to buy
What
of the
one
It contains the
as
is considered
the
gives
sulfate
the
materials
The
muriate
potash.
It
great potash mines
the
potash,
but
it is not
so
It is said
to
destroy
the
of
able profitwhite
plants.
some
is the
400
.16
best
to
=2500
1600^.14=11429 2000
.50= the
for
most
crops,
although
the
tobacco.
on
he needed
determine
one
may
from
13%
to
cheapest potash fertilizer?
would,
20,000+. 02= 400; 20,000+.08=1600; 20,000+. 10=2000;
of
results
best
salts
sulfate.
or
roots
of potash.
Muriate
12%
muriate
upon
prey
potash
from
the
lice that
How
kainit.
and
potash of actual
is kainit?
What
What
furyiish the potash for fertilizers?
to
of
Muriate contains
used
are
most
4000
equal
ten
pounds pounds pounds
tons
of 2-8-10 fertilizer?
of
sodium
of
acid
of
nitrate
;
phosphate; muriate of potash.
profitable fertilizerto buy?
which That proved only be answered by actual test. suitable for be not neighbor, two miles away, profitablefor your may The experience of others may, value, hence however, have some you. diana from made tests obtained by the Inwe append the following results
This
can
station "On increase
:
clay and yield.
in
loam But
a
the greatest soils,the complete fertlizer made smaller yield with potash and phosphoric acid
20
THE
What
RS'
E
GVIDE
in general, of the
he said
may
ARM
F
BOOK
of commercial
use
fertilizershy
farmers? In
said
be
it may
general,
fertilizers.
attention
More
of green
turning under should be kept up
in order
get into the habit
of turning
the
as
clover, rye,
soon
be done
Mention
profitfrom
most
few
a
the
away
of
the
and
crops
the
nitrogenous fertilizers;
crops,
soil
turnips,potash.
to
yield crops?
always lacks potash and will not produce good often called by the farmers Many other black soils, be improved by potash.
soil
it. ' '
in order
potash
always needs
Muck
without
will
are
of the conditions upon fertilizersdepend?
some
commercial On
the
seasons
the land
When
;
applied.
be
What
and
for each.
be said that well rotted stable manure, which general, it may all the plant foods that are needed, is the best fertilizer that
contains
lands,
such
year,
fertilizers usually needed
Grass
What
Once
for artificial fertilizers will
need
;
In
each
crops
green
Alfalfa, lime
Potatoes
the land.
with.
Corn, phosphorus
can
under
and
artificial
much
too
use
given to drainage, tillage and in the soil The supply of humus
be
crops. get the
buckwheat,
or
some
to
farmers
that
should
is
(whether
wet
what
element
sour
profitfrom the
dry), drainage and is usually
fertilizers to
made
of
use
cultivation.
lacking? lime.
DON'TS.
FERTILIZER
Don't
expect
Don't
buy fertilizers and
let your
Don't
expect
get much
benefit
to
the
is usually associat-ed with
which
Phosphorus,
or
which
crops ' '
take
place of
the
manure.
green
piles go
manure
to
fertilizers
from
on
waste.
that
land
is
poorly drained. 't expect
Don
fertilizers to take
't forget that, if there be increased of fertilizers must
is
Don
Don't sure
that
Don't needs.
are
needed
and
to
get the unless
result.
same
you
amount
are
reasonably
good drainage
are,
probably,
more
portant im-
fertilizers.
't pay use
year
soil,that the
vation. culti-
will pay.
forget that lime and
than Don
each
in the
humus
heavily in debt for fertilizers
run
they
Don't
no
the place of good tillage and
for fancy fertilizers
names.
blindly, determine
by
test
what
your
soil
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
FARMING
FOR
21
MANURES.
Distinguish
between
Barnyard contains
haryiyard is from
manure
is free from
manure
mixed
droppings
the
manure.
feeding stalls and the yards and stalks,etc. Stable hay, corn
the with
straw, refuse.
external
the value
and
of barnyard fertilizers.
Compare
stable
and
stable
not and stable manure only are Barnyard supplying nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, which is always needed. humus
Is the practice of
putting the
later, a good
in
uneven
When
land
plant food, they also supply
but
in
piles to be spread
by
a
process to be
the crop
causes
ripening. applied
be
This
It also
is lost
to the landf
the
saves
If
full value
directly after making, of the
so
manure.
ordinary dairy farm with thirty to forty cows season by not properly caring for the manure?
an
ficial of arti-
direct
a
the value
possible after making.
as
better.
the
much
one-half
denitrification.
in
manure
soon
about
as
and
growth
should
As
On
the chemist
to
the
on
that
onef
No; by this method known
manure
with
manure
how
is lost
much
each
Nearly the
to
the
pay
of
wages
a
good
hired
through
man
summer.
Give
rules for the
some
1.
the
enough
It should and
sun
barn.
lose about Save
2.
pit.
cement
On
the A
they to
liquid
If left in
four
for
spent
of
only
not
posed ex-
of
eaves
the
be
may
exposed the
seen
pile
manure
months.
by using absorbents
manure
little money
influences
the
manure piles are the directly under of black, rich water
waste.
its value
from
away
the
are
streams
going
one-half
cover,
farms
many but
shower
every and
away
manure?
kept under
weather,
After
rimning will
rain.
the
to
be
of
care
these
catch
or
would
purposes
it in be
a
well
invested. Can
anything be applied
to
Acid
"floats,"
phosphate
the latter,will help.
and This
fertilizer, since, when For How
should
use
the
one
also makes used
of land-plaster, see manure
manure
pile to prevent loss? part the
of the
manure
former a
under
of
two
evenly nitrogen in
more
alone, it contains answers
to
anced balcess. ex-
lime.
be spread?
Always from the wagon, preferably with a field each light dressing of manure a over year heavier applications at longer intervals.
manure
is much
spreader. better
A
than
22
TEE
is the
Why
manure
spreads the
It
R
spreader
an
A
S'
GUIDE
BOOK
advantage?
evenly, makes of manure spread
ton
times
four
is worth
made
E
manure
quickly available. as
ARM
F
much
as
finer
it
with
thus
spreader
a
more soon
as
perfectly im-
fall and
left until
when
as
and
spread. the
does
How
milk,
with
fed
their
hence
food,
correspondingly richer
a
Pigs, fowls, sheep, horses, $30
about
obtain
sheep $2. To best advantage. a
How
When heats
it will be
out
What
is green
By
hard
very
run
on
is meant
manure
plant food
and
Don't
expose
Don't
put
out
pile limbs
the
as
Don
put
Don't food
and
any
the
to
floors under In
it
and
sheds
spring when
the
little of its value
very
in
manure
lost.
mix
under
turned
are
DON'TS.
the
to
the
action
land
the
piles on
around
manure
that
crops
green
piles
manure
trunks
to
of the
be
and
sun
rain.
spread later.
of trees; spread
it
as
far
go.
horse
clear
accumulate
manure
in hills in
manure
forget that liquid should
Don't
manure
is
;
contact
it will heat
with
immediately
and
spoil.
seeds. available
as
plant
be saved. lime
with
manure:
land
use
plaster,acid
phosphate
"floats."
or
Don't the
leave
manure
in the stables
to
scent
up
the barn
and
taint
milk.
Don't is
the
't let your
Don't
used
produce and
humus.
MANTJBE
Don't
a
is excluded
cement
on
it all winter.
preserved and
well
air
the
is put
manure
to
hog $12,
be
must
manure
will
manure?
green
furnish
to
allowed
cattle
the
manure.
horse
$19,
cow
; a
year
a
of their
heating?
packed
Often
little.
very
drawn
is
manure
the
and
kept from
he
manure
may
values
these
manure.
1,200-pound
A
cows.
of fertilizer in
worth
richness
to the
according
stock
the farm
Grade
is of less value.
manure
feed, produce
rich
uct, producing a rich prodthoroughly digest their Animals in good condition
poor
those
or
differ in value.
animals, and those doing hard work, more
animals,
Young as
of differentanimals
manure
one
forget that
of the
props
that
rightl}' used properly cared for and the of farm. the prosperity keeps up
manure
THE
IMPROVING
methods
WJiat
of course,
WITHOUT
OR
BARNYARD
us(el
barnyard to
FARMING
23
IZERS FERTIL-
MANURE.
improve
to
soil without
the
eommercial
f The methods crops. green If is land and wet conditions. soggy, nnder
turning
conform
FOE
COMMERCIAL
manure
and
Draining, liming
RULES
SOIL
he
may
fertilizersor must,
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
the
accomplished without drainage. If the owner make afford tile drain, to not they will deep surface ditches where can if the soil needs lime. do the most good. After draining determine and the field has been drained When limed, turn under green crops. hardly anything
What
soil is very
If the other a
crops
second (lid
How
He
the of
rate
to
be grown,
land
two
per and
using three
rye,
hay
when
soil.
poor of rye.
all For
crop
from
crop
practically
to the acre?
tons
in the
tons
his
grow
on
another
or
increase
three
than
more
plowed
the
sowed
to
will
This
rye.
to raise clover
attempt
may
Illinois farmer
an
nothing it at
buckwheat
crop,
soil?
poor
begin with
poor, Do not
fail.
will
for
hest
the
are
crops
green
be
can
fall and
spread
air-slaked
lime
over
it very thoroughly and to the acre. bushels During
harrowed
acre,
one-half
plowed under, the field sown thoroughly beans, two and one-half again soy In September the plants were turned to the acre. bushels under, a chain and having to be used on the plow, the field harrowed again of three bushels at the rate to the acre. The next to rye sown spring, turned of May. the second of about the middle was under, rye crop and seeded the field again thoroughly harrowed to a grass mixture red clover and two of containing ten quarts of timothy, six of mammoth red top. The growth was rapid and in August the young plants were The stood the timothy next clipped high. season as high as the horses' backs with a fine clover bottom. three The field yielded over of cured hay to the acre. tons the
latter
part
of
the
May
next
Under
what
conditions
commercial When
organic
What
What
are
the soil lacks is not
been
The from
turned
Soil
humus.
benefitted
supplied, fertilizers a
lack
the soil is light colored
plants
was
to
crops
much
indicaticms point to When
rye
under
than
valuable
more
f fertilizers
matter
has
humus
the
and
harrowed
are
valuable
as
a
of
so
may
be
humus
and
that
out
worn
by commercial
tends
used
in the
it contains
with
profit.
soil?
to become
hard.
fertilizer,besides supplying
legumes, clover, alfalfa,soy beans, the air and decaying give it up to
etc.
the
no
fertilizers. After
They
soil.
take
humus up
f gen nitro-
What
he
always
must The
land
but
weeds, of
FARMERS'
THE
24
when
done
be
must
it
a
bringing
E
D
BOOK
landf
poor
Good
brings
and
moisture
I
up
tilled.
thoroughly
conserves
TT
tillage food
new
destroys
only
not
within
the
reach
plants.
How
in
Plow
usually should
marked
plowed
clay
should
be
lime
and
as
soon
to
at
as
possible
harden action
the If
land.
such
to
humus. down
on
tends
leave
and
harrowed
effect land
fall
the
needs
that
land
plowed Tile
once.
Unless after
in
the
plowing.
in
clods
of
the
in
the
draining fall,
always
be
treated?
Such
frost.
spring, should harrow
land
the
clods have
newly
a
FACTS
USEFUL
AND
RULES
FOR
25
FARMING
LIME. What
the functions of lime
are
in
the
soilf
Corrects the growth of useful soil (1) sour soil; (2) promotes to liberate bacteria; (3) helps plant food; (4) helps to soften hard clay; (5) enables sandy soil to retain more moisture; (6) renders some of the soil less injurious; (7) acts of the toxic substances direct as a of the clover family. other members plant food for alfalfa and some What
are
of the indications
some
(1) When of
presence
the succession Discuss
soil will turn
moist
moss
litmus
be
tested
that
conditions, however,
of coloring matter For sour. actually only a few minutes.
the
and
a
two
when should
paper
ways;
If, on ably reason-
Under
decompose
may
color
a
lime.
of
in need
red
litmus
in
tested.
drying, it is
soil solutions
the
on
paper soil to be
after
sour
leaving
reason
the
the soil; (4)
litmus the
paper red color
the
paper,
this
in
the soil is
(2)
red;
soil.
sour
blue
with
(1) Bury a piece of the litmus its removal, the paper shows a indication
for
test
paper
soil?
the
paper
sorrel; (3) failure of red clover of timothy by red-top.
Soil acidity may
certain
litmus
blue
in
of lime
and
the blue
sure
of the need
the
the soil is not remain
buried
be tested with sample of the soil in a fruit jar, shake twice its bulk of water thoroughly and let settle. If the clear liquid above blue litmus red, the soil is sour. turns
(2) Place
a
TEST
NEW
A
to
FOR
ACID
SOIL
satisfactory test for soil acidity has ment Truog. of the Agricultural Departrecently It is somewhat of the University of Wisconsin. more complicated is than the litmus special, though simple, apparatus test, and paper A
much
needed.
The
Place
in
devised
test
a
by Prof.
is conducted
300
zinc sulphide and the
and
reliable
more
been
c.c.
50
E.
as
follows
flask
Erlenmeyer of
grams
:
neutral
5
grams
calcium
dihydrate, CaCU 211.0, or 75 grams HgO, exactly 9 c.c. of soil and add 250 minute over (alcohol or a steady flame
of
.
.6 one over
the
mouth
solution
of the flask lead
a
filter paper,
the hexahydrate,
CaCL
Boil for of pure water. then Bunsen burner), place
c.c.
that
dried, hydrogen
has and
been
moistened
boil for
with
exactly two If soil the minutes is sour, sulphide, an ill smelling more. phide off and will be driven will discolor the paper, forming lead sulgas, A bulletin has been prepared by the university with the acetate. with a color chart representing different degrees of acidity. The exact basis for of amount of soil and time of boiling form measurements a determining acidity in different degrees. a
10%
of chemically pure chloride, consisting of
of
acetate
and
26
THE
Discuss
the
Most
of
use
of are
for
and
hard
Mention
cause
crops
loss of
a
fertilizers hasten
its
single
a
in the
lime
removal, The
year.
should
cultivation
proper
in their order
Mention
impossible. "
of the
some
plants
some
tJiat
Corn, millet, golden plants
that
crops
Economics.
Farm
benefited hy lime.
are
are
and
indifferent
are
the
carrots.
cranberries, huckleberries,
limetsone,
cautions
the
should
be
of
oxide.
about
red-top
$11.00
What
are
per
the relative
Chemically, hydrated
lime
56
and
and
third
lime?
huying
per
lime
all the
is recorded
ton,
added
at
$11.00
of the lime of
pounds of
it and
to
ton. per he added.
which
a
man
sold
it
him
This
gave
74
pounds
of be
compounds?
quick lime of
in
water
that
water
therefore, that it will require about
limestone
lime.
hydrated
instance
An
values
100
in
fertilizers?
as
'^
pounds to
and
used
are
variety of lime you are buying and pay has the highest lime value, is also sold lime lime, caustic lime, lump lime, stone is applied to it it and slakes" comes bewater lime with water known also cultural agriadded, as lime, calcium hydrate, precipitated lime
When
for
that
which
burned
ton
lime
ohserred
which
Quick lime,
names
calcium
quick he
sure
of lime
varieties
hydrated lime, e. g., lime, water-slaked and other by fancy names. bought quick lime for $4.50 under of hydrated the name
seen,
and
to lime?
potatoes and
rye,
strawberries,
of
some
Always accordingly. under
seed
sorrel.
Ground What
onions, celery most
injured hy lime?
are
Watermelons,
What
mal ani-
more
fruits.
stone
and
sometimes
be
Beets, alfalfa, cantaloupes, clover, peas, beans, Kentucky blue-grass, timothy, wlieat, oats, barley and
What
soil, but
lime apply, the more you of leguroots replaced. The minous not the use can decay properly without they decay, the nitrates stored by the bacteria lime Without comes the following crops. the land be-
unless
available
not
do
out, and this turned under
crops ; and
lime
and
successfully unless the soil contains the land, the more heavier lime will be injured by using gravelly soils may
1,000 pounds in manure fertilizers,or green
manure,
BOOK
raised
of
extent
will take
you
GUIDE
the soil.
commercial
some
the
to
even
8'
R
The
lime. supply Light, sandy lime. Not only
much
the
in be
not
can
E
of
be needed. too
M
of lime
need
crops
ample
an
AR
F
equal
are
ground twice lime
to
limestone.
It
will
the
of
ground weight
amount
hydrated same The fineness of lime is an mining quick lime. important factor in deterthe comparative values of its different forms. Unless ground will not fine, limestone give satisfactoryresults, especially the very of
first year.
a
more
to
ecpial tlie
FARMERS'
THE
28
Will
appreciable
lime
applied
he
While
Yes.
it
directly
to
desirable
is
soil
unplowed
when
the
ground
is bare.
What
is
important
in
it
to
absolutely
are
How
much
500
sh"uld
other than
to
apply
is
What
800
to
varieties.
It
Land
it is
lime, and
for
floors gas
the
especially
the
upon
roosts
will
It
escaping.
in
pay
horse
lime.
expect
Don't
buy
Don't
use
Don't
store
Don't
pay
lime of
lime
of
crops
lime.
or
of
amounts
three
it for
the
rather
years,
some
rock be
not
wherever
upon
the
found
used
liquid
liberally
it
and
less, odor-
whitish,
natural
a
should
Use
throw
a
absorbing
houses,
poultry
is
It
ammonia.
as
a
manure
the
upon
ammonia
piles,
manure
manure.
DON'TS.
LIME
I"on't
two
grinding
by
to
green
benefit
gypsum.
known
well
of
used?
While
of
escape
or
intervals.
for
now
under
equivalent in
it
is
places.
winter
of lime?
benefit
or
once
obtained
substance the
under
lime,
name
apply
to
fall,
acre?
per
what
thoroughly
as
practicable
continued
the
be
summer,
turning
longer
at
for
full
fore be-
plowing?
often
is
any
nitrogen.
their
should
late
in
apply
to
other
best
it
the
quick
another
and
preventing
and
is
the
of
powder
Scotia
Nova
applied
without
to
manures
or
lose
to
lime
the
get
be
and
non-corrosive in
the
receive
amounts
is
plaster
that
to
lbs.
land-plaster
soil
and
better
is
large
to
manure
essential
lime
From
order
of
addition
The
the
preferably
land,
the
them
cause
fertilizers
on
fertilizers
with
possible,
as
act
not
mixed
is will
the
with
incorporated
will
it
land,
the
to
of fertilizers?
lime
lime
If
extent.
applying May
action
the
separately,
applied
If
with
interfere
lime
BOOB
GUIDE
to
take
unreliable
of
fertilizers.
dealers. it is
when
place
the
quick
lime.
more
for
not
hydrated
needed.
lime
than
you
would
for
quick
FACTS
USEFUL
AND
RULES
FOR
FARMING
29
ALFALFA. is alfalfa?
What
Alfalfa
in known (Arabic, best-fodder ; French name lucern) was Asia 490 B. C. It is a deep-rooted, long-lived perennial belonging clover to the feet high reto four family (Legiirainosfe); stems one sembling sweet clover; flowers purple, rarely white, leaves slender and toothed It is the most valuable of the forage crops. near apex.
Where
alfalfa be
can
Alfalfa
part
some
1. for
is
crop
flourish
not
2.
The
by
3.
the
then
4.
be
must
tender a as
often 5.
they
The and
inches
seed
under
No
this
or
the
to
try
in
coat
on
a
of
prepare
Alfalfa
will
raise it only
very
wet
lime,
from
season.
1,000
necessary,
By
this
is meant
supplying to It is plant growth. already be in the may
for
necessary
from
particular,
weeds. the
as
It is well
out.
fallow
summer
start
a
very
weak,
puny
and
Thorough
young to
precede
kill all the
preparation
alfalfa the
weeds
plants alfalfa
are
with
by dragging
up.
bed
be
must
mellow
alfalfa be
specificrule
free
be
mixed, moist
should
are
good
to
to
way
drainage.
do
to
firmy packed.
soil is well
When
in
crop,
as
usually
be inoculated.
easily choked
cultivated
and
die.
made
and
A
sour.
which
soil should
The
system
safest
tile
this, as the bacteria there, the plants will make
always necessary If they are soil. not and
be is
bacteria
The of
A good rule is good crop of com
a
not
not
start
States
United
soil.
acre
per
drained.
well
grow
soil should
The
soil those
the
for grotving alfalfa?
thorough
a
soil must
2,000 pounds
to
be
must
would
as
of
all parts
necessary
wet, soggy
on
soil
such
on
are
soil
The
the
in
farm.
every
conditions
What
raised
be
can
of
raised?
well
supplied
A
with
humus,
layer of dry lumps or dry manure surface would See spoil the crop. and fine down to the solid ground.
rowed har-
well a
that
few
the
sown?
be
given
when
alfalfa, as it depends a general rule, it should be sown upon in the spring, about of May, in the North, and the middle in the fall in the South. If the ground is weedy, it is generally better to keep it harrowed and the seed in That the during summer sow August. in the fall,however, seeded must the chance run of insects and dry weather. Should be very late September and October dry, sowing would Alfalfa needs probably be disastrous. plenty of moisture, live in undrained soil. although it cannot the
season
and
can
the
soil.
As
to
sow
How
of
free its
sufficient to inoculate
be
Soil
3.
the
15
and
sJwidd
he
directions
full
clover
for
grown
several
successfully.
acref
per 10
;
has used
be
may
East
15
to
West.
in the
pounds
hest?
the
are
alfalfa
successful
any
acre.
sown
in the
pounds
of alfalfa
varieties
What
25
to
one
sweet
bacteria
same
alfalfaseed
From
where
ground
from
contains much
of soil from
pounds
to 400
hundred
Two
2.
How
will supply,
C,
D.
use.
field would
years
ohtainedf
he
of Agriculture, Washington, Department with tubes of the culture sealed charge,
The
1.
for
for inoculating
bacteria
may
BOOK
GUIDE
FARMERS'
TEE
30
only two varieties that are hardy the Turkestan The in the North, imported from Turkey under was Grimm The of States the United Agriculture. Department auspices of introduced and was by the County, Minnesota, originated in Carver the
are
Station.
Experiment
Minnesota the
Turkestan
and
Grimm
It
be
to
seems
a
little hardier
than
and
leaves,
Turkestan.
What
of alfalfa?
the enemies
are
Dodder, is about
with
parasiticplant
a
only
the
that
enemy
dodder
is the
Foxtail How
worst
It cannot your
experiment
How
may
seed
seed.
Should
alfalfa
seed
he
sown
to
and
destroy the
often
set-back.
temporary
submit
them
to
practicallyall
the
and
acre,
and,
crop, be should
f
wire
will
alone
or
with
a
alone.
sow
in
hot
very
six
about
crop?
nurse
results
good
oats
This
furnishes
protects the
high
in
order
been
have
barley, five
beardless
or
milk.
seasons,
inches
remove
Very
sowing it with in cutting when
and
forage alfalfa
samples
34
to
by
obtained, however,
pecks
Get
No.
of
It is usually safer the
no
North
ohtainedf
he
removed
he
sieve
20-mesh
A
a
the
station.
dodder
dodder
in
will
sheep only
or
alfalfa
be obtained.
always
stem
alfalfa
in the West.
enemy
alfalfa
good
may
slender
upon
preys horses
Very close cropping by plant, while giving the
East.
long
a
a
alfalfa. withstand
to
able valuThe
the
winter. is
What
striking peculiarity of alfalfa?
a
Its roots out
of
the
is not
soil and When
go
reach
should Cut
alfalfa he ten
as
per
soon
the
into
other
any
affected
alfalfa
said, "when
deep of
by dry
soil and crop. weather.
take
For
this
up
plant food
reason
it needs
entirely deep a
cut? as
cent,
the of
red
the
blossoms
plants
are
or, appear, in bloom."
as
it has
been
may
to
way
the
mow
If
silage.
only
the
same
31
timothy, during
as
matures
crop
it into the
it is to put
save
it with
over
the groivth of
to hasteyi
he done
may
Gro
it
or
the
silo
or
a
This
harrow.
disc
thin
a
often
alfalfa crop? give the
to
seems
crop
lease of life.
new
Why
FARMING
for soiling.
What
a
put into the
silo for the
about
season,
FOR
cured?
and
It may be cured be put into the
rainy uii"
alfalfa he
should
How
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
is
alfalfa valuable is best
This
Journal:
Alfalfa
is the best
Alfalfa
increases the
Alfalfa
is
Grow
soil
doctor,
liuraus to the
it adds
and
soil.
flow.
milk
high in feeding value, don't buy it. protein
your
erbs" Prov-
"Alfalfa
following
the
by quoting
answered
the Farm
from
f
balances
and
the
ration.
corn
"
Alfalfa
sod
is the
Alfalfa
larger
grows
corn
all
of
greatest
crops. has
subsoilers,and
equal
no
as
a
hog pasture. Alfalfa farm
every An
is the
Alfalfa and
means
feed
Alfalfa it always
does
things, and good.
fills the
Alfalfa
insures
Alfalfa
protein
Alfalfa
for
better
loafs
is the
what
you
for pays cattle.
and
beef
and
the ton
than
agricutural
the
clover
job
with
;
i\
fair
privilege; it
the
that
crops
follow.
ch.-ince
is the
It
tains con-
corn.
or
of
wonder
Raise
homes.
the
on
larger yields from to
on
of heaven.
and
never
haymow
best feed
cheapest and
grown
farming.
money raise.
you
be
of alfalfa.
enemy
is good more
what
makes
more
greatest
alfalfa
Growing
should
grown.
hog's idea
a
and
condition,
good
be
can
alfalfa tield is
Foxtail
feed
it
where
in
stock
keeps
the
twentietli
century.
It
_
yields from more
two
valuable
three
to
than
times
much
as
AiFALFA sow
alfalfa
on
wet
Don't
sow
alfalfa
on
weedy
Don't
neglect
Don't
turn want
clover
or
tiuiothv
and
is
DON'TS.
Don't
you
as
hay.
to
the
inoculate cows
to lose them.
into
or
sour
soil.
ground.
the soil. the
alfalfa when
the
dew
is
on
it
less un-
32
FARMERS'
TEE
Don't
let
Don't
alfalfa
the
neglect
get
write
to
to
BOOK
ripe.
too
station
experiment
your
their
for
tins bulle-
alfalfa.
on
rank
GUIDE
Don't
cover
Don't
get first
at
;
alfalfa
the
seed
if
frightened give
it
time,
deep. alfalfa
the
especially
if
does
the
not
right
come
up
conditions
thick
and been
have
provided. Don't it to
get
be
afraid
You
started.
rid
of
that
vt^ill your
not
best
you want
cow.
cannot to
get
get rid
of
rid
it,
of
any
alfalfa, more
once
than
you you
get want
USEFUL
RULES
AND
FACTS
FOR
33
FARMING
POTATOES. What
potatoes?
are
enlargements of the underground potatoes are Sweet potatoes are the enlarged roots.
Irish
plant. On
kind
what
Potatoes the
kind
do
supplied with Hoiv
clover
sod
Other
for potatoes. harrow or
the fall and
good
a
well
and
of potatoes?
crop
(alfalfa,cow-peas,
legumes
PIom'
for
deep
and
rye
and
liarrow
soy
profitable
are
the
to
If the
spring-tooth drag. a the spring, so much again in
Acme
drained
well
loam,
for
soil is the best foundation
well drained
on
under
the
same
ground
better.
a
good
beans,
peas,
to
crops
turn
depth, using in is plowed do
Potatoes
best
soil.
it is not
be
potatoes?
rich, sandy
a
vetches), buckwheat
in mellow
to
the soil be prepared
should
and
//
it contains
soil,provided
any
humus.
beans
an
almost
on
best in
the
of potatoes.
crop
raised
of soil is best adapted
Potatoes
A
be
may
he raised?
potatoes
can
plant food.
proper
What
of soil
the
of
stems
feasible
to
under
turn
green
crops,
what
rotted
stable
manure.
fertilizersmay
used?
Commercial
fertilizers
is very
manure
thoroughly rotted, it
Commercial
crop.
well
or
fertilizers should
should never
Unless
the
be applied to the previous be applied directly to the
potatoes. What
brand
In
general
contains
Are
fertilizersis the
of commercial
for
This
will depend, as it has been found
large
a
ashes
wood
Wood
per
a
ashes
cent
of
other
any
best
crop,
on
that the best potato
for potatoes? what
the
soil lacks.
fertilizer is
one
that
potash.
good fertilizerfor potatoes? should
be
never
used
on
potatoes,
as
they promote
scab.
Eoiv
should
the
Opinions cut
the
Is there
differ
any
do
better choice
end
as
The
seed-end
stem-end.
widely
lengthwise
potatoes
seed-pieces
seed-pieces
regards
than
between
for planting?
be
cut
on
this
and small the
point ; but it is, probably, best to piece in a hill. Large put only one ones.
seed-end
of the potato
and
the stem-
seed?
sprouts
sooner
and
will give
a
better
vield
than
the
34
THE
What
FARMERS'
affect does
of
GUIDE
early sprouting
in
BOOK
cellar have
the
the
upon
value
the seed?
early sprouts in the cellar sap off before planting, numerous broken are from the injured eyes. The
Is it advisable Small
small
plant
to
if
potatoes,
the life of the weak
and
If
tubers.
useless shoots
they grow
potatoes? from
planted
hills
that
produced
only
small
similar crop. to produce When selected sure a potatoes, are almost from good hills, small potatoes will do very well, but the general be discouraged. practice of planting them should How
Uncut
seed, 10
should
When
is required per
seed
much
12
to
seed
the
acre?
bushels
; cut
potatoes he
seed,
8 to
10
bushels.
cut?
Ordinarily it does not matter; but the seed pieces should not be heat and left in piles,as they would soon spoil. In a cold, wet season been has much more quickly than that which freshly cut seed rots to dry. If a cold wet allowed spell is expected, better plant whole potatoes. is the best time
When
to
plant potatoes?
Plant
early potatoes of May. the middle
about
soon
as
the
as
Late
ground should
potatoes
probably
is warm,
be
about
planted
a
after.
month Mention
good varieties
some
of early potatoes.
Early Rose, Early Early Ohio, Six Weeks, Bovee, Michigan, Early Trumbell.
Salzer's
Andrus,
Earliest Mention
good varieties of late potatoes.
some
No.
Yorker
3, Sir Walter
No.
Carman
are
potatoes
New
planted?
very
four
the
potatoes
inches
The
deep.
the seed pieces; hence apt to get sunburned
little deeper than
the surface
near
be
be planted about
should
Potatoes
formed
Rural
Mountain,
2.
deep should
How
Raleigh, Green
are
potatoes
planted
when
unfit for
and
cooking. How
far apart should Plant in
apart How
much
in the
rows
covered
about
three
feet apart
and
from
15
to
18
inches
rows.
should
Cultivate season
potatoes be planted?
is very with
escaping and
every
potatoes be cultivated? ten
days until
dry, cultivate a
thin
insure
dust a
shallow
mulch.
good
the
crop.
This
tops
often will
cover
enough prevent
the ground. to
have
the
the
moisture
If the
ground from
36
The
is much
and
the
Warm, How
Potato inches
high, before
Use
a
machine
The
plants
Various to
How
may
in
the
potato
scab
but Soak
1.
at
2.
not
plant
4.
Do
not
use
live
These
in.
Which
This
to
Hotv
did
red This
The
force.
scab
has
more
or
yet been less effective :
covered, dis-
not
dry. sunlight before
scab-infested
on
ground
ashes
planting
until
ground. or
barnyard
and
the wet
rot
by bacteria which infected fields,or from
caused the
and
disinfected
moist
warm,
affect
has no crops six years. about
rot
cellar
before
so
often
the
new
crop to
seen
their
All
bins.
fertilizer.
scab
on
have
may
favorable
is very
for
manure
green
bins
fungus
when
origin should
of potatoes the development
rots.
better, tiillculture of
considerable
or
depends
course
a
on
flat culture?
somewhat
commercia]
upon
the
season
flat culture .scale,
;
but, if potatoes
is the
onl}^ method
recommended.
1. of
the
cleaned
to be raised be
to
the
in
A
the
is
potatoes
of
are
rot
be thoroughly of
to
of the dry in storage?
are
rots
stem
is put
out
under
in
cause
potatoes in the
with
f
spread
lime, wood
plowing
is the
persistent spraying with the six about plants are ten days. repeat about every
green,
Do
What
are
be
3.
will
controlled
he
become
which
by
assigned for scab, but it is,probably, be either planted with the potatoes may which been potatoes have planted.
which
soil in
the
Expose
outsides
The
prevented
the potatoes before cutting,for two hours, in a solution If not formalin to 30 gallons of water. planted
pint of 40% they must once, 1
the
plant.
prevented?
preventive of potato following methods are
the
the
been
have
absolute
kill
potatoes?
on
causes
lives
An
of
be
irregular-shaped,brown
as
rapidly and soon to late blight.
Begin spraying and blight appears, will give a fine spray thoroughly covered.
fungus growth
a
which
or
parasitic plant (Phytophthora the first blight, as it causes
a
the
scab
causes
BOOK
than
when
that
must
he be
may
mixture.
spread
is favorable
weather
blight
Bordeaux
due
These
potato Mights
may
What
more
leaves.
moist
by
serious
It is at first noticed
decay.
to
potatoes spots on the
GUIDE
is also caused
blight
late
infestans)
BBS'
FARM
THE
potato
one
He
plowed
the
field in the
his yield
more
300
than
fall,turning under
a
per
cent?
heavy growth
clover. seems
Wisconsin
different
increase
grotver
to
be
about
the
experiinent
fertilizers
with
best
station
the
method
of fertilizingfor potatoes. (Bulletin 117) reports a test of
following
result:
Green
clover,
241
bushels
174 He
2. and
six
Few
about ten
for
to
husbandry. which yielded
3. about
When of lead
at
hills each,
50
potatoes
as
almost
made
was
Did
of seed
field.
The
using for one from they run
next
the
difference
bin.
A
from
the
with
row
When
dug from
obtained
were
seed
selected
stocky.
more
planted
he
year
row
the
start, that
the
tion selec-
kept separate good tubers, finding only
seven
vigorous and good potatoes as the selection pay?
l)eing much yielded as many
seed
a
the potatoes
once
least
from
field hand-dug hills which yielded at
over
yet, the importance
as
soil.
sandy
on
tilizer, fer-
no
acre;
per
acre;
per
mixture the tops were when began spraying with Bordeaux times six inches during the season. sprayed seven high, and 3 pounds of arsenate he added the striped bugs began to appear, mixture. for every 50 gallons of the Bordeaux He
as began cultivating about ground, at first deeply then more of fine dry dirt on the surface
He
4. the mulch
the life liisforij of tlie Colorado
Give
bushels
by going only those
writer
half-acre
a
noticed
nine.
other
in
dozen
was
row
one
the
realize, The
others
selected
this
seem
about
the
foliage
the
a
farmers
of
rows
and
from
tubers
potatoes.
half
a
bast
test
seed
his
merchantable
in potato all hills
from
of
the
The
acre.
per
bushels
197
manure,
37
FARMING
FOR
fertilizer,192
obtained
had
selecting
least
in
bushels
stable
of
tons
commercial
of
pounds
700
10
acre;
per
RULES
AS'D
FACTS
USEFUL
The
eggs
laid
are
the
on
soon
the
as
and
more
the
during
tops
out
were
shallow, keeping dry season.
hcctle. side
under
of
leaves
the
almost
soon
as
dark-reddish
hatch out slugs slugs, or larvae, attain their full three weeks after which they go into the ground growth in about month There beetles about after hatching. to pupate, a becoming four sometimes, generations a year. are,
as
the
potatoes
whose
main
What
is
are
"potato
These
up. is to
business
canker"
soon
The
eat.
f
flower cauli"black scab," "warty, as or canker," also known in 1896. It has in Hungary its appearance disease," first made in is now and getting a foothold spread through Europe upper Canada, having been brought to that country in imported potatoes. It begins in the eye The disease is not indicated by the potato vines. of the in brown which small, quickly grow, nodules, potato, rusty a shapeless assuming a cauliflower-like form, until the potato becomes odor. with an unpleasant, rotten mass "Potato
What
may
See stock.
he done that
your
If canker
to own
appears
"potato
prevent seed
and
is sound
in the
field,do
for at least six years. No remedy disease; and only eternal vigilance most our important crops.
canl-er"? not
plant
use more
yet, been prevent it from
has, can
do
not as
any
imported
potatoes there found
for
ruining
one
the of
38
THE
FARMERS'
GUIDE
POTATO
Don't
plant
Don't
expect
Don't
neglect
Don't
use
Don't
plant
Don't
plant
Don't
let
't
Don
Don't
Don't rotten
potato.
cut
wait
fail
raise
to
potatoes from
seed
until
go
the
and
the
through
soil
same
poor
sprout
seed
your
soil
on
that
contains
no
humus.
potatoes.
on
on
seed
to
potatoes
sulphur
the
soil.
cultivate.
to
lime
DON'TS.
drained
poorly
on
BOOK
in
then
blight
year.
hills.
the
cellar, leave
it
bins
if
in
before
appears
the
after
year
now
and
you
prevent
can
piles
you
then
to
it.
spoil. begin and
to
remove
spray.
every
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
RULES
FARMING
FOR
39
CORN.
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,Iowa, Nebraska In
and
In
the
in
parts of
How
entire
of
climate
are
there?
he raised?
corn
may
south,
and
north
extreme
States.
soft.
sweet, pod and
suited
is best
requires
Corn
"Western
corn
Six, dent, flint,pop, What
the
Missouri.
and
the
half, except
eastern most
types of
many
States
parts of the United
other
what
Spates f
of the United
Belt"
"Corn
comprise the famous
states
What
corn?
for
during the growing season, high temperature nights and plenty of moisture. warm
a
long days of bright sunshine,
profitablevariety of
is the most
What
largest
The
determine
earliness
their West.
will
that
A
raised
are
of the
few
What
is
good
a
Clover
A
and
East
the
the
varieties
dent
dent now
are
varieties
of
beginning
in the to
place dis-
precede
A
grass.
clover
corn?
sod
which
on
soil is best
suited,
for
barnyard
rotted
well
spread during the previous winter
or
spring is ideal.
corn?
drained, sandy or gravelly loam, well supplied with humus. of soil,provided it has kind be raised however, on any
well may,
sufficient How
of
must
of the East.
to
crop
been
kind,
What
Corn
or
has
manure
in
farmer
Each
section.
your
general, the flint varieties,because
In
early
the flint varieties
in
ripen
this for himself.
plant?
to
corn
should
richness.
and
depth land
be prepared
for
corn?
Plow First, select good soil. Corn is not a poor land crop. deep A harrow obtained both be cannot thoroughly good crop ways. unless mistakes the ground is mellow. One of the common of farmers is that their land it thoroughly. Going over they do not prepare and
once
The
with
more
the harrow
finer the soil,the is
What
one
of the
more
most
will often
increase
plant food
it will
the
crop
ten
per
cent.
give up.
important factors in securing
a,
good
corn
crop? Selected
seed.
through the field stalks, cut, and when in a pile by themselves. Go
well-leaved
vigorous and place the ears save only from Give
rides for Select
rounded
at
stalks that
yielded
at
Select cutting time. husk cured, thoroughly
at
If there
least
two
is sufficient
good
ber, num-
ears.
selectingears?
medium both
ears,
ends.
well The
filled with
color
should.be
straight rows bright and
and the
well
kernels
40
FARMERS'
THE
firm
the
on
should and
cob.
taper
The
should
ears
IDE
hollow
not
Save
gradually.
very
V
G
from
in that
ears
0
B
K
O
butt
tip, but
to
uniform
are
in
size
shape.
What
should
care
in
heat
been
selected?
to
freeze; then
to
extremes
of
cold. sJiould
Test
determine is the
corn
planted not only
with
be done
to
of
crop
after they have
ears
dry thoroughly before being allowed dry place where they will not be subjected
a
or
What
to
should
They store
be given
causes
if the
a
seed
he
will grow. It is estimated
$4.00.
of
just before planting?
seed
stand.
poor
loss
kernel
every
the
The will
plants
One
but
also
poor
a
ear poor knows today
every
of
expert
corn
grow,
of
cause
that
that
its vitality is
strong. How
can
seed
Prof.
P.
be tested?
corn
G.
the following method ''Make
of
Holden,
Iowa
the
Agricultural
College, suggests
:
inches in size; fill it Rule with a brick. firmly tamp off a piece of good cloth into squares board checker 21/2x21/: inches fashion, and number the squares Place the cloth, which 1, 2, 3, etc. should be the size of the germination box, on the sawdust and tack it sides and of corn to the ends of the box. to be tested Lay the ears side by side on the table or floor. Remove six different six kernels from No. 1 in the germinain square places from ear No. 1 and place them tion Then side up, and crown box, germ pointing from remove you. in a like manner 2 and in six kernels from No. No. 2 ear place square in the germination box, and When the squares in the germination so on. box all of cloth and the kernels filled, are lay a piece good over Place this a cloth it. erably considdampen by srinkling water over over larger than the box and fill the box M^th moist sawdust, tamp with a brick or board and firmly pack on top of the corn. Keep the about
in
box or
box
three
side
inches
down, days
thus for
the stem
sprouted kernels "The may
be
above described
firmly
in the
squares; kernels
then and
will then to
read
germinate. containing the cloth as carefully
in each box
the
when
the
three
root
It requires about of
that
time
possible and
as
or
sprouts five back
roll
top layer of sawdust.
completed follows
as
of the
kernels
end
point,
and
up
test.
the
side of the box,
Now
examine
move re-
the
six
square.
briefly
bottom
grow
the
At
cloth
second
raise the upper of the kernels
;
crowns
to
corn
the
remove
sprouts
30x30
and
freeze
the
it easier
making
the
the
which
and
deep
sawdust
it will not
toward ;
inches
moist
place where
the
four
and
a
half full with
box.
laid
in
:
On
and Two
away
inches
tbis is laid the
squares,
dampened, then a third which is placed two of inches more of the larger cloth may folded be,
set
cloth
the
second
cloth cloth
ruled laid
off in on
the
larger than the box, on packed firmly. The edges
much
sawdust over
germination of sawdust packed for
on
top of the sawdust.
Soak
sawdust
the
least
at
hours
two
better
"
Use
night.
over
41
FARMING
FOR
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
good quality
a
and also for the sheeting for the cloth that is ruled ofiFin squares, Do not grade cloth, cheap, porous cloth covering the kernels. use a the work. interfere with and it the sprouts will grow greatly through as
of
"Leave
the
stem
all
out
Describe
accurate
and
of the best tested ears fifty to one hundred the ear ; number the half kernels from each, using on what determine remaining half-ears so that you may will
found
be
that
Use prolificthan others. for the next produced the rows not fertilized,would being cross should, Plant How
shotiJd
great each way,
a
true
frost
of
is
planted and
he
three
in
kernels
silage, it
for
rules
row
a
and
rows
each
row
the
ear
duced. pro-
stronger
and
the
that
from
The
ears
of the
ears
rows,
seed.
to
may
kernels
many
If
the
planted closer
hillf
a
in
more
it is
or
Use
hill.
a
if
feet
3i/"
rows,
is small,
planted;
is
acreage
in
variety and
in
warm.
i/jto II/2 inches.
from
Plant
deep.
is
ground
the
moisture,
hill.
a
be
and
nvei-
how
deal
planter if any hand a planter
horse
Go to
breed
plant
the
much
seed
remaining year's crop.
considerable
amount, Give
danger
corn
be
the
just deep enough to obtain of corn is planted too
Plant A
planted
all
when
deep
ears
be planted?
seed
corn
will
rows
some
more
When
the
as
corn.
Select
It
examined.
when well
of obtaining seed
method
row"
''ear and
the
insure
two
weak
thoroughly reading,
without
once
To
inches long germination, as
least
at
than
more
clotlis.
the
fail to grow."
kernels
whose
and
show
that
ears
the box be
should
sprouts
Throw
the
Make
drying out. freezing and Never use 21/2x21/2inches. the sawdust scalding both
the edges of the box to prevent receive the kernels to squares
around
margin
two-inch
a
only
a
smnll
be used.
may
for cultivating. the field with
over
kill the
that
weeds
four
inches
close
to the
weeder
a
three
or
just starting.
are
four
When
after
times the
planting
is three
corn
or
be cultivated at least six inches it may deep and the roots begin to spread, only shallow but later, when
high hill
;
their crop from farmers lessen 10% permissible. Many the roots .that fine food-seeking are to 15% by cultivating so deeply is inches after and one-half deep enough injured or destroyed. Two with shovel Never the plants get well started. a go through the corn plow.
cultivation
is
flow
should
often Often
least :ibout
enough
twice two
moisture
penetrate successful
a
week,
inches and
be
to
kill the
weeds.
often
enough
or
thick
give
cullivatcd?
corn
on
it to
fine, dry dust. growing. corn
If the
The
dust
mulch
is
season
keep a of the ground. top the growing plants. to
dry, of
This
will
is
Water one
the
not
at
dust the
conserve
does
of
cultivate
fine dry
mulch
easily
secrets
of
42
TEE
What
FARMERS'
fertilizersare
iest
GUIDE
for
BOOK
?
corn
Well is the best. rotted barnyard manure Commercial fertilizers, especially those rich in phosporus. will pay ; but they should be sown handful of fertilizer broadcast, rather than placed in the hill. A compact harm than placed in the hill of any plant will do more good. What
is the Corn
of
cause
smut?
corn
affect any fungus that may part of the The carried plant above ground. ripened spores of smut fungi are and when the wind fall the moist surface of they on by part of any ; Soft li";.sue, caused the plant, not too mature they take root and grow. by injury to the plant, is a fruitful field for smut spores.
fieldsof
What
Corn and
from
tender
at
least three
may
be
controlled
should
When
Leave
It should to
circulate
now
may
weather
rapid growth
effective.
be
to
season
this method
but
all the
field should
The
them.
the
Gather
crop.
is not
be The be
to
posgone smut
mended. recom-
the
as
until
the
of
husked
piled loosely in the
fed
be
of
uses
to
corn
an
open sides and
cribs ; this not
corn
lower
to
husks
glaze ; if for the corn, white. begin to turn
cured.
well
taken
begin
ears
to
crib, which
the
on
all kinds
of
makes
the
will allow
the air
A special wire is air,but is rat proof.
bottom.
only admits
corn
prevent it from spoiling?
the
farm?
poultry. During the work, will do nicely on timothy stock
and
not at horses, when of corn tened be fatthree times a day. good ears Hogs may than other is kind food. of It on corn cheaper on sary necesany for poultry, especially during the cold weather. It is not a hot a
dozen
weather
food. an
corn
food
he
of the
some
Corn with
soon
freely through
for
made
Mention
cold
be
a
he cut?
corn
should
care
old
the
bum
during by spraying,
in the field until
What
from
times
silage,cut as little longer, or
a
makes
corn
surface.
stalks
If for
leave
smut?
corn
Such
soil.
field and
new
over
liable to
he controlled?
smut
the
a
rich, moist
on
all affected
Burn
by
most
are
much corn
may
tules
corn
grown
exposes
How
is caused
smut
when
A
ration
excellent the
on
of
mixture
to
ear
for
CORN
Don't
use
Don't
plant
Don't
neglect
seed.
poor too
to
The
cows.
Corn
cows.
balanced
properly
part of
one
close. cultivate.
with
corn
writer
stalks
other
DON'TS.
meal
are
to
does
two not
valuable
rations.
of oat
advise as
a
meal
ing feedcoarse
THE
44
Oats
On
is
There
acre.
What
Whole
to
Wliat
Oats are
even
as
yield
from
forty
stage,
ripe, the
dead
the
straw
will
to
sixty
bushels
of
be
per
in varieties.
food?
stock
a
feeds
for
grains, make
other
horses
;
while
ground oats, for nearly
feed
excellent
an
for stock
is better
Its straw
than
that
of any
sown?
bushels
of
oats
The
better.
that
moisture
good
a
oats
be
From
sown.
crop? nurse
the
cover
should
acre
per
nurse
a
as
considered
are
This
of sowing oats. satisfactory method thoroughly covered. depth and they are more most
one-half
be said,
may
much
be
is the
and
two
and
of the best
one
with
oats
Drilling gives them an two
oats
If left until
bushel
milk
the
passed
the
to
soil oats
has
cereals.
other
should
Flow
much
of stock.
kinds
all other
grain yellow.
one-half
so
of
mixed
especiallyif of the
is
oats
BOOK
GUIDE
the
as
great difference
no
he said
may
just
cut
weigh
not
S'
R
E
cut?
quality. well prepared
poorer
M
field is about
the will
grain
be
should
when
R
A
be
sJiould oats
When
or
F
crop,
ground
the seeding is often
ley and baralthough wheat and too thickly require so
killed
out.
WHEAT.
different types of
What
wheat
raised?
are
winter wheat, winter wheat, hard wheat, semi-hard hard The wheat. macaroni and wheat hard soft spring wheat, spring braska, in flour is made, is raised Kansas, Nethe best which wheat, from
Soft
winter
northern
the
softer varieties
soil
What
loams
are
same
as
for
fitted the
than
oats,
needs
so
When
and
a
how
should
States
United humid
more
The
Canada.
and
of the
section
East.
?
best for wheat-raising.
Wheat,
oats.
richer
in many
abandoned
been
raised
clay
the
in the
is bf.'iffor wheat
Heavy be
are
of
part
soil.
sections
wheat
The
is
however,
raising
of
ground
The a
"finer
wheat
has
should feeder"
largely
of the East.
be sown?
early in the spring as the ground can be sown early enough in the fall to get a good in drills,and usually it will stand Wheat before winter. is best sown six to eight from in phosphorus. Sow to apply a fertilizer rich pay of the seed. size the pecks to the acre, depending upon
Spring
worked
wheat
winter ;
is
sown
wlieat
is
as
FACJ\s
USEFUL
AND
RULES
FARMING
FOR
45
BUCKWHEAT.
WJiat
be said
may
is
Buckwheat of soil.
kind
huekwheat
raise,
to crop it must
easy
its blossoms
that
in order
an
fact that
The
the
favor of
in
be
it does
as
in cooler
well
on
than
later
sown
"set"
may
cropf almost
any
the other
crops, vantage ad-
is often
weather,
an
Buckwheat busy farmer. always finds a ready market It makes excellent feed, price advancing every a most year. profitableto sell it and buy something although usually it is more be not cheaper. Tt is an excellent crop to precede potatoes, but should It is both and useful catch followed a cover by oats or corn. as a crop the
to
is
the
and
crop.
should
How
Buckwheat to the
be soum?
huchwheaf
be drilled
may
It
acre.
responds readily
THE
is the
best
meadoiv
Timothy timothy makes clover, it is an
is
by far
When
timothy he
What
should
Cut
begins woody,
bushel
one
CROP.
meadow
for
roughage for
feed
cattle
tor
grass
North.
the
horses;
and,
Clear
mixed
with
sheep.
or
cut?
the
the pollen it begins to blossom; i.e., when heads. If allowed to get too ripe, it becomes
for
the
unpalatable rule also applies
This
best
the
just on
appear
about
fertilizers.
HAY
excellent
an
broadcast,
sown
or
to
eirass?
excellent
timothy
to
in
as
to
stock
and
the
which
clover
succeeding be
should
is injured.
crop
cut
as
soon
as
it is
in bloom.
THE
What
the
are
White, Describe
It
other
clover
Describe Red
for
low
is
a
is red
low
and
for
the
farmer?
northern
sweet.
trailing perennial with
meadows,
it spreads
as
feed
clovers
clover.
white
is too
important
red, alsike,crimson
White
mixture,
most
CLOVERS.
lacking.
but
rapidly and Its blossoms
should
found
be
will often
supply
small
the
in the
white
blossoms.
every
pasture
ground best h.oney for
cover
where bees.
clover.
and (medium mammoth) is, with the exception of It farmer. alfalfa, the most important legume for the northern its the roots furnish to humus, supplies nitrogen and, as a soil, long nutritive too wide feed, it helps to balance timothy which has a much ratio. Red it a favorite with clover ripens with timothy, which makes It lasts about farmers. two and, if sown alone, will yield two years;
clover
46
TEE
in
crops
Alsike
is
is
not
will
often
It
works
finer
a
Its
hay
the
will
spring.
variety
do
the in
varieties
other
red
the
when
varieties,
red
lie
to
seems
the
than
disadvantage
its
to
than
merits
crop
the
will
fact
not
but
that
it
grow.
when
and
heat
or
as
for
a
It crop
cover
early
pasture.
requires
It
south
best
fall.
the
alone.
sown
does
in
sown
valuable
used,
is
acre
be
potatoes
very
proves
the
to
early
after
considerable
needs
should
which
annual
an
sometimes
pounds
soil,
in
slender
more
which
where
catch
a
as
15
good
is
clover
sown
About
seed
a
farmer
progressive
clover?
orchards.
in
makes
soils
on
crimson
Crimson is
and
yielder.
a
succeed
is
What
the
makes
clover
manure,
No
Sow
it.
earlier, It
good
so
often
green
purchased.
shorter
a
somewhat
timothy.
with
sown
is
clover
and
clovers
can
for
BOOK
clover?
alsike
is
What
GUIDE
under be
without
along
get
to
attempt
it
than
S'
R
E
Turned
season.
a
fertilizer
better
M
AR
F
of
Ohio
the
River.
What
Sweet is for
Its
roots
Cattle
fifteen
may
Barton,
fed
be
pounds had
it
on
from
Falmouth,
a
to
be
and acre.
per A.
Ky.
A.
in
a
better
or
as
cows
many
It
bloat.
alfalfa Seed
Berry
will
and
Seed
further
Co.,
as
on
Sow
in
forming
other
soil
under the
at
for
Iowa,
spring
any
poor
seed
feed
a
the
will
directions
Clarinda,
as
nitrogen
acre
grow
fail.
North,
the
and
early
starts
per
would
builder for
harbor
It
of
sections
many
soil
alfalfa.
never
clover
where
wild
twice
for
clover?
sweet
remarkable
as
clover
feed
afford
conditions
seem
either
of
growing
popular
than will
merits
the
found
clover,
stock.
crop.
of
of
becoming
now
bacteria and
said
be
may
rate
growing or
of
E.
CULTURE.
STRAWBERRY Mention If
to
develop
a
heavier
plants.
other
not
only prevents
the
fruitfulness
increases
it also
of soil is best adapted
kind
dency tena plants which and fruit-producing organism
system
crown
This
show
mother
the
varieties
of
the
will
will produce flowers, vegetables kinds Certain produce strawberries.
also
iorating, deter-
from
variety.
to strawberries?
soil that
Any
it is the
culture
strawberry
successful
plant selection,using
but
crops
of
secret
of
than
What
of successful strawberry culture.
secrets
is any
there
secret
the
of
some
47
FARMING
FOR
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
farm
common
or
of
soils
not
are
If I were in which the soil is prepared. important as the manner I would mellow of select to have a preference clay soils, sandy loam, or better strawberries, but because loam, not because these soils will grow easily worked. they are more
so
How
sJioidd In
in
manure,
of
used
manure
In
the
depending this
spring
by discs, spring
soil
the
for strawberries?
preparing soil for strawberry plants it should be plowed late with it should be covered fall,and during the winter months of fifteen the at rate to twenty tons the quanusing tities per acre,
the
soil.
field be prepared
a
the'present
upon
be
should
manure
tooth
harrow
and
condition
thoroughly
such
tools.
of
mixed If
the
the
with soil is
in
deficient
phosphorus, it should have an application of 400 pounds of bone meal applied to each acre and thoroughly worked into the soil in connection with the manure. Phosphorus is the element which aids other m plants ingredients which they could not use assimilating the without also aids in bringing plants phosphorus. This element full maturity. About into the only way farmer a intelligently may determine
whether
by the crops yields, it is more
is
to
Mention
well
m
those
up
than
is
likelythat it
satisfactory crop
a
of the desirable
some
There do
build
soil requires an application of'phosphorus If his soil has been it produces. factory giving satishis
not
or
contains
sufficient phosphorus
of strawberries.
varieties of strawberries.
of varieties of strawberries, all of which large number particular locality. The most dependable varieties
a
some
which
have
been
tested States and throughout the United satisfactoryin all classes of soil and under all climatic conditions. These varieties are Warfield Glen Early Ozark Wilham Belt, Senator Dunlap, Haverland, Brandywine, Sample Mary
are
been
have
found
to
Chesapeake.
and
from and
the very
This
list of
varieties
earliest to the latest.
should best
The
strawberries
They
are
berries give the grower all productive varieties
time
to
set
be set?
strawberry
_
spring
will
universally popular.
are
When
be
as
soil
will permit.
During
plants is just as early the early spring months
in
the
straw-
THE
48
FARMERS'
GUIDE
BOOK
condition ; the roots calloused and are berry plants are in a dormant properly pruned will send out feeding roots and begin growing Fall for the simple fact that immediately. planting is undesirable dition during the fall months plants are in a green, succulent, growing conwhen
and
perfecting their fruit-bud
are
at
this time
if
they
is
directions
Give
greater shock
a
transferred
were
plants should
of
should
roots
the
should
plants
in the soil for
roots
very
above
surface
the
extend
The
are
What
care
the
be
dormant
case
period.
down
it is from
this
of fillingin the
way
opening
the
which
is
be pressed up against the of the plant should extend just
body
or
into
soil should
the
given the plants
he
should
the
soil,as
in the
important
which
would
their
them
plants.
straight
crown
of the
than
transfer
be pruned before setting. The tip ends The roots shears or a sharp knife.
and
them,
firmly.
to
off with
be cut
niade
plants
spring during
for setting strawberry
Strawberry of the
the
upon
in the
and
system,
crown
row
form,
runners
to suit
the grower.
firstyear?
liave thorough cultural first year plants are set they should after should be methods. The first cultivation given immediately week be repeated every plants are set, and these cultivations should
The
or
days throughout
ten
done
as
a
rain
after each
soon
dry
and
season, as
the is preferable, because and it isn't good surface
cultivation
soil will
the
of
roots
Shallow
permit.
plants
strawberry
be
always should
tion cultiva-
work
near
practice to break any of these feeding These plants are set they begin to blossom. going underwhich will relieve should be the from flowers picked off, plant of pollen secretion. the To allow strain a plant to fruit it weakens and often has the after been set causes soon greatly plant In a few it to die. after plants are set weeks runner plants will These runner begin to form. plants should be allowed to set directly in line with the original row and until along each side of the rows which of plants is about 12 or 15 inches each wide. Runners row form after the row has been be pulled off and treated made, should the same continue Cultivation until late in the fall, weeds. should as the plants should be mulched and with straw during the early winter the
or
some
What
weeks
Two
roots.
material.
coarse
After
plants
off and with or
he
should
care
mowed
after
weather
the
plants the
fruited
have
foliage
should
which
may
spores
conditions
I refer it will
second
year?
first crop
their
conditions
if weather
the old
fungus
given
are
favorable
be
burned.
be
present.
to
such
vines
the
should
mulching, destroys any
the
This When
conditions But
I as
speak will
should
of
be gether to-
sects invorable fa-
permit it rain
quickly. off,it would prevent the burning for in this case the plants would be sending up a new several dnys, and In which would be the mulchthis event ing injured by burning. growth, into piles and hauled and old foliage should be raked away.
the
foliage
soon
after
to
dry,
the vines
so
are
that
mowed
burn
Is it necessary
working
are
the
to
should
of lead
arsenate
to
49
FARMING
FOB
strawberry
spray
foliage. Should
the
upon
of lead
arsenate
RULES
straivherry plants?
to spray
It isn't necessary of
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
applied
be
fiftygallons
or
seven
insects
some
present,
using
once,
of water,
three ounces
a
spraying pounds of of Paris
quantities of spraying green material insecticides the use according to the amount required for Should the patch of plants which is to be sprayed. the plants be such leaf affected by any fungus spores, as spot, blight or mildew, Bordeaux be sprayed with is known mixture, using what they should to
as
the 4-4-40
How
a
must
of
water.
smaller
solution.
the
may
If
he
fifty gallons
For
be
insects at
unless
plants
farmer
farmer
wishes the
grow
get
kind
good price for his strawherries?
a
to
the top-notch price for strawberries, self in a class by himwill put him
secure
of fruit
that
to accomplish this is to set a strain of plants only way that are so perfectly developed in their fruit-producing organisms as berries of the fancy kind. it possible for them to make to produce In picking the berries they should be picked so that each berry will This and the of stem. stem retain its full calyx and piece calyx a which will prevent the berry, will aid it in air from getting into holding its shape and color nicely. The berries should be graded when picked, putting fancy berries and second-grade berries by themselves.
and
Then
the
arrange
simple getting he
the
a
could
Hoiv
top
of each
box
in
are followed, the farmer price for his berries that will
get from
any
often should
new
other
attractive
an
should
rules
give him
have a
way. no
larger
If
return
stratvherry plants
he
profitahleto raise Only
a
few
farmers
your
and
than
set?
seasons.
Is it
in
crop.
be allowed not to fruit for more Strawberry plants should field of plants should be set every Therefore, a new When plants are allowed to fruit for three or four years, year. and conditions become made favorable greatly deteriorated are insects and In districts where some fungi. strawberry plants been of years allowed to fruit for a number insects are doing alarm. damage and causing much two
these
trouble
own
than other
they for have siderable con-
plants?
fruit
growers
find it
profitableto
grow
stock of strawberry plants and nursery work and which all kinds is a requires deep thought and great care is carried on unless this work along scientific lines it isn't profitable. I certainly would advise anyone not to grow strawberry plants from allowed bad the plants which This is very to fruit. are practice and when the always results in a loss, because plants are taken up from of the plants which left for fruiting are fruiting bed the roots are interfered loss of fruit. with, which naturally causes a their
own
plants.
Growing
50
What
should
care
When
plant or
FARMERS'
THE
plants
be
and
removed
conditions
providing day or two
when
from
first received
are
should
crates
cave,
given the plants
he
BOOK
GUIDE
they
the
the
into
set
the
cellar
cool
a
f
the
lid from
the
nursery
crate
permit
will
firstreceived
are
plants the plants cannot should be dug set
to
grower
receipt. If for any reason be set for several days after they arrive, a trench should be done in. This work in a shad}^ place and the plants heeled in the cool of the evening, and the soil where the plants are heeled be thoroughly soaked, and the plants should be watered in should every the field. be to transferred until evening they can
^thin
a
hij "male"
is meant
What A
male The
organs.
of their
a')id
''female"
plants?
strawberry both
which have variety develops Mowers of the flowers center pistil cones
female
and
male
with
surrounded
are
When
filled with
these
pollen. are organs, the over ripe they burst and the pollen is distributed which into the ovaries, carried and causes at the receiving point pistils which is formed the fleshy part of of seeds, around the development varieties produce flowers of a strictly female female The the berry. The flowers of these which develop only the pistil cones. character, from varieties. male receive their pollen Therefore, varieties must anthers'
or
become
anthers
all
and
farmers
should
varieties mistake
fruit be
distance
The the
upon
for or
rows
system
be
should
small
made
yield
of
will
apart
The
is known
Where
this system
row.
female
the
varieties.
A
fruit, but
set?
propose is what
strawberries
that
male
ends.
following.
growers
narrow-matted
of
a
plants he
strawberry
mind
in
rows
not cause only hard, undeveloped
rows
growing
depend entirely popular system the double-hedgerow
most as
is followed
the
rows
feet apart and plants set two feet apart in the to make to fill These be allowed enough runners plants should between to the original plants and vacancies enough runners be made
should rows.
the
form
between
this point will
at
far apart should
How
in
bear
should
growers
set
of ill-shape with
berries
in
which
male
on
both This
wide.
Mention
three
sides of the
system
some
until the
rows
rows
requires 7.250 plants
1.
Neglecting
2.
Starting new
3.
Lack
4.
Failure
to
5.
Failure
to spray
6.
Neglect
to
to
keep
the weeds
out
fields from
12
to
15
and
plants taken
raising. grass. from
worn-out
fruiting
beds. of thorough burn
prepare
and
systematic the
over
old bed
properly, a
cultivation.
before
starting
if necessary.
rich, mellow
inches
acre.
per
of failure in strawberry
causes
about
are
seed
bed.
it
anew.
52
TEE
How
FARMERS'
should
black
Black
GUIDE
raspberries
he
set
be
set
the
raspberries may bend tips which
from
the
this
tips should
the
cared
same
and
over
be
and
BOOK
for? red
as
take
They
ones.
in
root
gate propa-
soil.
the
To
vent pre-
off when
pinched
three about they are Some and varieties one-half feet high. of black have the raspberries These habit, the first year, of trailing on the ground. long vines should when and the be kept in the rows; tips begin to spread out and look
yellow
they
old
be
kept
in
as
soon
as
be
may
stalk
the
may
As
hills. the
for
covered
be
crop
They will take root plants. Black spring. raspberries away wood with the reds, the bearing be cut may All old is gathered. should wood be piled new
in
cut
the
and may out
and
burned. What
Black
Gregg, How
much If
good
realized What
from
an
is
Plum
and
of black
As
ones.
Farmer.
raspberries?
field, black
the
red
leading varieties Snyder,
Kansas
raspberries
high
$500
as
has
may
been
exceptional.
of blackberries?
Eldorado,
Lawton,
Mersereau.
Erie
Rathbun.
Ward.
and
How
should Set
blackberries
and
five old
remove
What
disease Often
be set
six
or
wood
attacked
by its resemblance and
die.
well
cultivated
suckers
out
and
same
as
pinch for
reds
bearing.
blackberries
are
for?
Keep Thin
through
often attacks
pale, wither
cared
high.
feet
when
blackberries
recognized
and
raspberries.
red
as
same
off tips when
turn
of
than
this
but
acre,
raspberries?
acre
an
taken
profitable
the
are
from,
been
has
more
Blowers,
be
be realized
care
of black
Cumberland,
Diamond,
may
even
prove
leading varieties
the
are
by
to
a
There
is
how
and the
red no
known
which
rust,"
"red
dust.
it be eradicated?
may
The
leaves
cure
for
may
and this
stalks disease.
.
Dig
the
diseased
plants
and
up
bum
them.
EASPBEERY
Don't
use
Don't
employ
Don't
set
Don't
wait
until
the
Don't
spoil
your
market
Don't
neglect
soiled
out
baskets.
poor more
to
DON'TS,
pickers. than buds
fertilize
you
can
start
by and
take before
putting
care
of.
setting poor
cultivate, if
out
berries you
want
in
the the
on a
spring. bottom.
good
crop.
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
RULES
53
FARMING
FOR
CURRANTS. What
the
are
varieties
best
Red
Cherry, general
Wilder,
of
currant
sf
Prolific
Fay's
Cross, Pomona,
tion. Perfec-
and
prefei^s the Wilder currant, purpose is It to all other varieties. large, a good yielder, of good flavor and do not dwindle after ripening. The bunches hangs well on the bushes fruit at the point, as is a characteristic of several other to small down For
a
writer
the
varieties. What
do
care
require
Currants need
be expected
not
fertilized. What
do
all sickly and
Bow
dead
Currants
as
raspberries. Grood
crops
cultivated
and
been
have
well
six feet apart
rows
each
way.
should
soon
canes
they
the leaves
as
and
burn
may
be
each
in the
start
them.
kept
during year spring cut out are probably in
be removed Borers
in check.
propagated?
currants
are
bushes
require f
currants
in this way
care
same
the
be set in
period. As
the dormant
them,
the
part of the old wood
small
and
about unless
should
They
pruning A
need?
currants
by layering or by cuttings. To propagate by layering, bend down, in the spring, strong, vigorous branches and them Roots will start at the with dirt. points. partially cover In the fall the branches the parent be separated from plants may and a new set of roots. plant started for every What
enemies
Stalk
borers,
propagated
are
borers, and
cut
the currant
upon
prey
currant
burn
and
worms
how
white
stalks
all dead
sprinkle with
worms
and^
currants
as
fresh
they
may
lice.
soon
as
powdered
he
destroyed?
To
prevent
they
appear.
hellebore
the stalk To
in the
kill
ing morn-
closely for the appearance of worms. If not killed as soon as they appear, they will of their leaves and If there soon strip the bushes destroy the crop. bushes too many be sprayed to be dusted are conveniently, they may of of the with solution a hellebore, using one ounce powder to ten while
the dew
lice,which
The red
or
with
be
Currants
on.
must
be
watched
of water.
quarts
in
is
spots, a
necessary
be
may
dilute to
work
the
of
let the
worms
and
wliale
spray
CURRANT
Don't
the leaves
destroyed by spraying
solution shoot
under
get the
them
cause
with
a
oil soap. For these under the leaves. up
DON'TS.
start
of you.
to
tobacco insects
puff
up
solution it will
FARMERS'
TEE
54
GARDENING.
MARKET What
should market
Be
when
firstprecaution gardening? he
the
will
there
that
sure
BOOK
GUIDE
be
starting for
market
a
the
in
what
The
raise.
you
of
husiness
portance and finding markets getting good prices ranks equal in imbeen has It often with the ability to grow good vegetables. does not said of a gardener: "He how to raise good stuff,but knows be sent how all produce may to commission While know to sell it." with in nearby hotels, cities, the alert producer will contract men the wholesale for considerable above and restaurants boarding houses
of
art
prices. kind
What
soil is
of
adapted
gardening
market
to
?
In th" south. Deep, loamy soil, well drained and sloping toward known what is have must market as "early gardener words, a in which be plowed land land" that can early in the spring and before ordinary agricultural land seeds will germinate and can grow other
"
be worked. should
How
be
It should before Give
planting of
some
Always a
horse
rich
he
Deep
fittedfor crops?
plant
in
necessary
fight
If he
weeds.
with
market
In
order
what
with
he
vegetahles
may
for
distances
a
should
be
not
his
on
it will
The
horse.
plants will
the
tion direc-
mature,
working.
planted?
Lettuce, onions, cabbages, radishes and beets may of the ground will permit. Beans, the condition as
soon
is
convenient
the most
not
crops.
either with
done
be
may
be cultivated be best to plant so that all can distances at which seed packages give on
but
garden
gardener will have has plenty of land,
market
The
thorough tillage
success.
cultivation
that
so
rows
cultivator.
and
plowing for
general rules for planting
the
constant
a
land
mellow.
and
absolutely
are
hand
or
hands
gardener's
the market
planted until the ground
is
and
warm
be
planted
vines
all
and
as
com
danger of frost
over.
gardener?
is the hest fertilizerfor the market
What As
stable
with
If this
nitrogen should directions
Give
Sow
or
not
be
had,
for raising heets for hand
with
red
well
the best with
do
rotted in
fertilizer rich
commercial
about
about
two
inches
high,
When
the beets
to
2 to 3 inches
at least
rows
one-half thin
market.
turnip varieties.
drills in
covered
arc
a
used.
be
be
should
can
only the early
by hand
vegetables
all crops,
nearly
manure.
an
three
inch
seed
inches
deep.
inches.
in diameter
20
The
the
are
the
sown
The
seed
plants
are
apart.
When
Keep they
be
may
weeds
down.
ready for market.
and
Pull, wash
to
from
and
season
Use
bundles the
30
to
Tie
cents
in bundles dozen
per
55
of three
each.
ing bunches, accord-
work
for market.
rows
20
in the
row.
roots, pull off the
apart, half
inches
about the price ranges much is for market preparing
of
deep and
market,
same
cut
for
as
off
tie in
and
sheath
discolored
outer
inch
an
for
ready
When
The
beets,
less.
planted?
he
sliould cucumbers
Ilo\r
in
apart
four.
of
while
plant
inches
fibrous
the
leaves.
cents
FARMJXCr
FOR
supply.
and
sets
tw^o
15
for raising onions
(live directions
abont
JWLEti
all dead
remove
price ranges
The
AND
FACTS
USPJFUL
two in one or Dig a hollow, throw of phosphate, mix shovelfuls of rotted manure, or a couple of handfuls with fine dirt and plant 15 or 20 seeds coverwell with the earth, cover ing and started safe from 14 inch deep. After the plants are well bugs, thin to four or five of the best plants in a hill. This rule may for squashes and melons. be followed
hills six feet apart
In
Tlow
vines
may
he
each
way.
kept free from striped hugs?
out raised, get soap or craker boxes, knock and the bottoms, cover with mosquito netting or wire door screen place the hills. Boxes over alone, by shutting off the cold wind, w411 cause If boxes than the vines to make a better growth they otherwise would. of lead arsenate be sprayed with not be used, the vines an can may dust. road slaked old with lime, or common solution, or sprinkled
If
only
a
few
a
garden
should
How
Keep and
a
corn.
tendency harm
more
WJ(at
are
tine dry mulch
of dirt
Do
the
not
water
bring the roots practice is kept than good.
some
are
for in
he cared
to
the
unless
vines
of the directions
dry
very
season?
the surface, same vegetables. Artificial
for potatoes watering has a
on
toward up
a
the
moisture and
constantly
on
as
the
surface
thoroughly,
;
and
it will do
for raising cahhages?
in a seed be started bed as early as the Early cabbages be worked. When ground can they are five or six inches high they be transplanted in rows three 20 inches apart in feet apart and may the rows. This gives ample space for cultivation in with horse; a fact, many plant as close as two feet. Cabbages are heavy growers the ground should feeders and be rich to get good results. Late cabbages be sown later than three or four weeks the early ones. may should
What
must
Dust the or
may
worms
three be
he done the are
times
to
protect the cahhages from cahhage
cabbages with hatched.
''Slug
It will
be
during the season. purchased of any seed firm.
Shot"
or
necessary
Devices
"Bug to
for
go
worms?
Death" over
applying
as
the the
soon
as
field two
powder
TEE
56
F
is club
What
Club
how
S'
R
E
BOOK
GUIDE
it he
may
prevented? known
hrassicae), also
{Plasmodiophora foot," is a disease
root
"clump
and
and
root
M
AB
foot"
"club
as
of cabbages causing
affects the roots
tbat
ally plant graduTurnips, cauliflowers,brussels sprouts, kale, and rutabagas are often affected by club root, but radishes, kohl-rabi by a micro-organism not badly as cabbages. The disease is caused so is no mold. There a slime is not a bacterium nor which a fungus, but recommended: but the measures are following preventive, sure to swell
them
Be
1.
small
On
2.
the
to start
sure
The
bunches.
and
of the
leaves
die.
then
and
wither
in knots
up
seedling
young
plots sulphur
be
may
in unaffected
used
often
soil.
with
factory satis-
very
results.
Quick lime
3.
before,
will
infected
Don't
5.
raise
Never
6. on
If
should
roots
be
successively on great vitality and
collected the
cabbages have
feed
the
diseased
parts
to
and
burned.
field.
same
live in the
will
animals
whose
The
ground is
manure
soil.
the
7.
and
leaves
of the disease spores from five to ten years. used
applied the fall
the acre,
to
beneficial.
be
All
4.
of 75 bushels
the rate
at
purchasing stable
that it is free from
see
manure,
the
spores
of the disease. What
quick-growing fruit
he set to add
may
to
from
the income
the
garden? Peaches, plums, dwarf
What
and
varieties:
Early Early
Crawford.
Later
varieties
and
Greensboro,
("raves,
f
Rivers.
Early
Champion,
Elberta, Fitzgerald, Niagara,
:
North
the
Late
rants. cur-
Crawford,
Hale. is leaf curl
What
Soon to
of peaches for
of the hest varieties
some
are
raspberries,gooseberries and
pears,
curl
Leaf
and
up is caused
curl
dormant, with
after
the peach become twisted
may
Dig
of the
mixture
of failure:
(2) it is as
done
not
late to
thoroughly How
it he controlled?
may
leaves
bordeaux
it is too
how
in
out
come
into almost
the
spring they
shapeless
are
The
massses.
apt dition con-
in the inside of the leaves. by a fungus which works controlled be satisfactorily by spraying the trees, while can with lime-sulphur solution, diluted at the rate of 1 to 10, or
causes
and
and
spray
to
peach out
with
be
borers
hole.
Spray around
which
arsenate
There
two
are
mon com-
the has
on
all sides.
controlled?
sharp knife,
of lead
formula.
(1) The spraying is not done early enough, When the buds begin to break, thoroughly. must be done The for leaf curl. so spraying the branches
cover
a
5-5-50
base been
of
or
kill
the
added.
by thrusting
tree
with
a
bordeaux
wire
into
the
mixture
to
FOR
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
57
FARMING
FLOWERS. What
for fall planting? Lilies,nareissus, tulips, jonquils,seyllas, snowdrops, best bulbs
the
are
and
crocuses
anemones.
these
should
When
Set How
bulbs
bulbs time
any
bulbs
deep should
Lilies,12 inches 12
6 to
narcissus, 3 inches deep;
flowers
be set and
December.
far apart?
hoiv
apart each way, top of bulb to be 6 inches apart, 4 inches deep ; tulips, 4 inches
deep
;
apart!
inches
apart, 2 inches
2 inches crocuses, 1 inch deep.
What
September and
between
jonquils, 6 inches apart, 3 inches deep; seyllas, 3 inches deep ; snowdrops, 2 inches apart, 2 inches deep ;
apart, 2
inches
be set?
be
may
raised
deep
;
profitably by
apart'
4 to 6 inches
anemones,
'
farmers
for
commercial,
purposes?
Asters, gladioli,peonies, (rive directions for Asters about
the
in
When
be transplanted in the open
may
results.
before.
the year How
shoidd
They lower
others.
all
18
about
ground,
inches
is loam, containing plenty of humus be spaded should Barnyard manure
sandy
warm,
best
few
a
house, the seeds being planted they danger of frost is over
green
a
of March.
middle
and
peas
raising asters.
be started
must
sweet
Do
put
be cut
should
tie in
and
with
for
necessary
the
under
plowed
or
in the hill.
manure
for market?
be prepared
asters
leaves
not
Rich,
apart.
long stems as possible. Pull off the of twenty-five each. Begin packing
as
bunches
the blossoms which on by making pillow of crushed a newspapers box. of the are laid, the stems Begin the next resting on the bottom layer a little farther back, and so on until the box is full. Put in the
of
top
Where
may
They listed
box, before
nailing
and
the number
asters
be sold and
address
name,
are
the
may in
be
shipped
this
bunch, according large hotels
with
to
on
the
a
cover,
with
paper
your
of bunches. at ivhat
price?
the flower
bring
book.
to
They quality and
to
supply their
commission Often
season.
tables
10
from with
whose
men
cents
to
contracts
bouquets
cents
a
be made
may
for
names
25
the
summer
season.
What
variety of For
best
;
Only should
asters
are
early asters, queen
for late varieties,any white or pink asters be full,showing
no
salable?
most
of
the
of the
should
yellow
market
and
break
large branching be
raised
centers.
for
of day
varieties
market.
are
The
are
the
good. heads
58
Look
They
hills
and
they
are
do
ten
inches
for
and up
trellice
a
this
around
them
When
shoidd
cream,
stems
and
ends are
be
cut not
What
pests
poisoned controlled solution.
bran, by
to
Good
need
peas
peas
ideal
is
strings
or
should
mulch
a
the
brush
stout
this inch
one
Before
netting
wire
may
filled
be
in
moisture
much
the
or
be
should
keep
be
and
of
out
times
picked
The
stems
other
will
peas,
have
around,
every
vines
sweet
fresh,
each.
seven
the
of
perfectly
twenty-five six
is
f
varieties
colored
must
frost
the
as
soon
early. market
for
of
develop
as
too
light
thread,
explained
spraying
just
planted
stop
day
long are
the
and
they
if
;
blooming.
peas?
soft-bodied
help as
about
row
a
inches of
top
f
They
sweet
upon
will
On
dirt.
Sweet
out.
bunches
will
and
Lime
hand,
trellice,
the
blossoms
pods
Cutworms peas.
a
prey
at
prepared
pink.
white
The
even.
not
be
he
in
tied
picked,
peas
the
spring
the
only
light
with
tied
usually
can
use
or
in
four
place
firmly.
mellow them.
planted
not
peas
markets
white,
in
peas
siveet
City
he
peas
They
shoidd
wide,
Dig
day.
all
sun
freely.
sweet
ground.
Horv
the
for
drying
prevent
sweet
is
climb
watered
be
Plant the
if this
vines
to
should
made
the
pack
with
crowded,
too
die.
and
foot
a
;
the
in
manure
if
peas?
and
deep
be
but
;
the
As
and
put
crop.
knocking
by
or
boxes
receive
will
peas
not
stems
the
destroy
shot,
the
stvcet
bottom
inches
should
purpose
the
soil, plant
mellow
four
cover
used.
and
of
inches
two
are
be
manure
the
in
of
deep
in
Do
many
for
the
slug
water.
directions where
about
apart
base
location
well-rotted
place
the
at
cultural
a
trench
of
wither
teo
often
with
hot
start
alters?
which
bugs
dusting or
BOOK
raising
in
aster
by
to
try
to
the
Select
observed
black
GUIDE
8'
E
E
kerosene
not
apt
are
he
the
of
pan
a
M
controlled
be
into
What
for
out
may
off
a
should
cautions
Wliat
AR
F
TEE
lice the under vines
the
are
cutworms
away,
or
"Insecticides." with
a
tobacco
of
enemies
worst
they The
or
a
may
lice
whale
sweet
be may
oil
fed be soap
FARMERS'
THE
60
fruit
growing the
cross
and
the
fertilize a
great
there
course
are
BOOK
exceptions
many
is grown
tried
be
may
to
this
prove
Cover
:
a
of
branch
will
blossoms
just prevent mosquito netting which that the blossoms through, and it will be found bear not fruit, even though the netting is removed
coarse
will
this in
to
ever, this connection, how-
In
extensively. a necessity in a fruit might be well to state that bees are their aid the blossoms do not set, that is locality,for without is It is that other insects not true fertilization accomplished. the distribute wind and thus pollen to a certain extent if there bees at all the blossoms, but at the same are time, no A fruit. of the blossoms will not bear simple experiment many
localities where it
of
but
secured,
supply
GUIDE
the
with
from
bees
ting get-
this branch
on as
soon
as
the
petals fall. hees work
Do
If or
the
skin
the
ripe fruit and
on
of
the
spoil itf
fruit has
been
punctured
by birds, it is true that the bees will work fruit thus exposed, but such fruit would the
hence alone
all do
from carefully guarded This by the bees. again.
colonies
many
of hees
This depends definitely answered
and
man
any
other
this
question
could
one
and
over
over
fort
care so
than
more
Sound
fruit.
of
demonstrated
man
one
by themselves fruit, if be unwill insects, touched Bees
be
not
can
positively say
how
with a man However, one little help in the busiest for as can usually care part of the season if five hundred is Colonies of colonies, he as experienced. many be properly taken bees, in order to produce good results, must care A thousand colonies in good condition of. weak not for producing honey-fiow opens, will not prosurplus honey by the time the main duce many
acres
as
best
of land
can
the
on
been
has
insect
be unfit for
harm.
and
other
some
the pulp and juice of market way, any-
on
skin
the birds
kept
Mow
real
no
possibly puncture
not
can
after
bees
by
much
condition
one
as
ten
at
the
Is it possible to
farm.
could
man
colonies
that
the
main
time
hees
remove
are
from
in
and
strong
very
flow
the
very
begins.
Jiollow
trees
the
or
walls
of
a
huildingf Yes,
this
be
done
may
be
without
is to trouble, but the easiest way down the tree cut of the siding of the building, as or r"move some but if the case is this bee be; impractical a device known may as a be will allow the opening or entrance which placed over escape may the bees to pass out but them will prevent from going back again. If a hive containing comb is arranged close to the opening on the outside, them
all the
bees
except
the
introduced the
may
various
to
queen.
the
processes
bees.
secured A
new
Most
in queen
of
the
this way, will have
who hives, so that one particular difficulty.
is desirous
to
start
from in
trees
this
be
to
books
modern
of transferring bees
practically all of
or
on or
way
on
bees
hand
and
describe
buildings into need
have
no
much
As
61
FARMING
FOR
reasonably he expected?
profit can
What
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
$10.00
as
the
above
has
colony
per
$2.00
average.
this is
secured, but $3.00 a colony
been to
would
siderably con-
be
a
safe figure. Hoiv
increase
much If
is allowed, a fifty per swarming be allowed No colony should average. the parent colony is too greatly reduced
for
normal
one
their
make
into
tin
heating
Will
No. cluster
a
Almost
convenient
is inclined
swarm
to
cluster
good drenching so until they can dry kind
What
There
and
of
are
the
not
as
many
if
yard they
the
same
bee
be
bee
keepers
the
good
a
be
to
spray
How
kinds
many
During
no
pump
they
will
knows.
one
the
bees
is at
hand
forced
are
soon
ings. get their bear-
once,
soon
of hees
bees
are
although are
also
there
in
as
are
of
bees
to
parentage
varieties
a
of the not
can
of bees
can
for
cluster
up
Carniolan
the
Caucasians.
poultry, queens be controlled,
kept in mongrel majority of ning beginare
were
and the
preferred by the
of
as
mating
the
be hopelessly mixed
Italian
somewhat,
used
at
varieties
of different
this country,
in
it issues bees
etc., started
that
different
would
The
result.
is beyond
this
course
hest?
number
a
a
ordinary
an
sivarms?
woods
instance, owing to the fact that since drones takes place in the air, the male hence
fact, three-
off.
hees
are
the
wings
their
wets
a
if
quickly
very
pans,
for
make
to
size of
until the
point tin
beating
of
can
after
immediately
swarm
at some anyway How the custom
be made
for
ringi^ighells, etc., stop
every
In
increase
ficult dif-
a
amateur.
average
pans,
all
at
year.
a
of
fall, but
by
in
the
one-third
size colonies
of the
it is not
favorable,
are
only about
is
full
ten
reach
the
If
which
nucleus
colony
conditions
all
when
expert,
frame
strength if more keepers usually
in
colonies
of
number
the
than
more
swarm
bee
and
artificially, however,
double
to
to
is perhaps
increase
cent
Professional
issues.
swarm
increase
matter an
yearf
a
natural
an
once, than
in
he expected
can
bees
a
colony f
the
normal early part of the summer a colony consists of one in the hive several the only perfect female hundred queen, thousand and drones to from or (the male bee) anywhere twenty thousand worker which The female. the undeveloped fifty bees, are of is ruler the hive the not as was formerly supposed, but is queen mother the A in the the she lays simply good prolificqueen eggs. four will lay from thousand two to height of the season eggs per tinual Conweight in twenty-four hours. day, or nearly twice her own drone bees enables her to do this. The feeding by the worker with and is the male bee suitable tongue he has no sting nor any "
"
"
which is
to
lazy
work
but
;
hence
because
the
he
drone
has
no
does tools
no
work,
to
work
not
with
so
much nor
because
weapons
he with
62
FARMERS'
TEE
which
The
indicates, they do
name
pollen, nectar, Can
hive.
the
defend
to
their
GUIDE
stunted
are
field work
all the
and
females,
such
as
bringing
as
in
etc.
takes
who
one
workers
BOOK
of hees keep from
care
being stung
f
one can so Yes, if necessary, protect himself with a good veil, is that there no practically danger of receiving a sting; gloves, etc., but practical bee keepers after they have been stung a very few times the stings lose their for much in this bothered not are way, very the to immune is the becomes poison and no bad affect,that system follow. affects,whatsoever
7s there
is
There
of bees stinging neighbors
danger
any
danger,
some
cattle
sweaty
or
but
at
the
time
same
if allowed
horses
their cattle?
or
to
little.
very
in
get
that they may so flight of the bees, will irritate them the usual not such instances after all, thing. If are taken, neighbors need not be annoyed in any are
the
Comb is sold
just
thrown
out
extractor
as
in
bees
left it.
small,
The
For
this
tions precau-
way.
and
boxes
square
extracted
need
to
the
reason
build
profitableto produce,
more
proper
f
is,the liquid honey is thrown and it is put back good as ever
comb
is the
the
bees
line
is the
honey
fugal filled by the bees, in a centriof large combs works somewhat the which on principle of a
as leaving filled again by the bees. cheaper as the bees do not
Which
the
honey
That
separator. the
''extracted"
and
produced by
is
honey
in this way
liquid honey honey cream
by ''comb"
is meant
direct
be stung, but
of
What
sionally, Occa-
comb
new
comb
or
of the
out
in
the
extracted
each
cells,
hive
and is
honey time.
extracted
honey
f
who has but circumstances. One a largely upon quired reproduce comb honey, for the equipment the for extracted honey production is quite expensive and for only a very few colonies. outfit would usually not be warranted at least,produce Professional bee keepers, the majority of them tracted exbe of the latter can honey largely. Nearly twice as much it about but the time comb at of only same brings honey, produced as in the market comb half as much as honey.
This
few
When
depends
colonies
had
extracted adulterated
better
honey with
crystallizesis
sugar
that
an
indication
that
it
was
f
kind of pure will No, for almost granulate or honey every in time. of in the south will Some kinds crystallize honey produced two to crystallize in only two or three days time, but usually from is required. The be returned to the liquid six months honey may For best results the the very state by heating it gently in hot water. should be no hotter than 140 water surrounding the dish of water if much than A this kept up very long higher degrees. temperature flavor. will give the honey a burnt
kind
WJiat
of
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
is the
hive
a
FOR
RULES
6:{
FARMING
best?
definitely. Complicated patent the cheap wooden boxes hives are sold to that they are supplies sell a standard hive that is preferred by the majority of honey producers, ten-frame but if comb honey is to be produced the upper part of the hive should for extracted be of a different style than if the bees are run honey. This
What
question can usually very
answered
little if any better than in bee replace. Dealers
the different parts of
are
A
be
not
bee hive?
a
regular bee hive consists
of
tloor
bottom
board; a brood frames the contains the comb; that surround that holds sections for the surplus honey, and the square the super is a plain box The brood chamber cover. or usually with notched to give added dove-tailed corners strength, and with the ends of the of the at the top to hold the projections of the top bars box babbeted which
chamber
frame
that
combs
in
surround
were
they might
and
bunches
the
enable
to
used
not
The of
by means suspended
is
that
pattern
a
comb.
the
clusters,
or
bees
sheet
a
bees
build
to
the
build
it would
the comb
as
frame, which
combs
of the
impossible
to
acts
If
straight.
crosswise be
build
to
is known
what
of each
their
comb
induced
are
of
in tlie middle
that
so
a
ten
frames
these
foundation as
the
frame
this in
or
separate
one
of inspection. The or super purposes upper that from the fact it holds the superabunpart of the hive gets its name of honey. bee kpeeper does not rob his bees ; that is The modern ance from
comb
he
does
but much
for
another
from
take
not
simply removes as they could do
bees
When
If there in
honey enough Such over,
is
the
in
often
brood
nest
and
change How
ca7i
The there
was
chances
in
is often
the super
in
what
must
that
are
condition
good not
no
would
also
still the
bees
the
not
are
old
get
some
as
be done
to
storing
the
colony strong honey-flow opened.
when
the
in
trouble,
cause
for
the
empty
room
the
the bees to store
finished honey way
food,
times
not
was
honey there rather they get into the habit of storing below they do in the super. store the honey above tempts
the
own
ten
good shape until the main If the surplus honey is then produced.
do
course
prolificthis when
be
to
is not
and
properly
the
super,
of
there
themselves.
good honey-fiow and
a
bees
colonies
and
work
which
of
for their
they require
difficulty?
the
correct
honey the surplus
possiblyuse
not
that
them
was
to set
burning
take the honey out with above, does not remove
be
removed
the
not
is
queen in the
above, readily
hive?
and
in which hole in the ground the all after bees were killed to
The
modern
the hive
sulphur, spade. the honey
a
from
than
flow
over
the
a
bees
beekeeper need
but
as
mentioned
simply takes the tween surplus. A board containing what is called a bee escape, is placed bethe super and and the brood chamber the bees go down through into the lower not they are get up again. In a few hours part and can all out of the super and the surplus honey can then be removed without
TEE
64
F
of
knowledge
the
and
from
is
this and
for
that
mention
Do
hees
such
of
have
is
negligent anything
What
is done
put
the
If
brood,
the
may
in
the
bees
be
American
may
be
these
is
the
yard
of
plenty
forbids
space
dysentery, but
;
bee
the
most
European keeper
or
unless
become
to
the
bee
diseased
before
he
same
winter?
the
covered
be with
ice.
the
winter
in
and
stand
the
after
may
new
ture. temperait
hives
walled
the
the
swarms
tered win-
however,
It does
unless
snow,
be
in
put
water
a
may
double
weather.
cold
with
may
states, in
space be
which
even
northern
the
the
case
colonies
the
dark
summer
for
a
or
reasonably of
winter
put
thing;
hives
walled
leaves,
or
part
on
double
in
material
whole
kept
harm
no
entrances
next
season
hives?
same
die
not
starved
reduced
as
easily cured
whole
nothern
solid
did
simply
in
swarms
the
through
die
but
family)
such
packing
and
hives
get stopped
put
human
shavings
winter
to
the
though
be
sively conclu-
are
of
as
the
especially packed
hives
such
bees
brood
already
not
which
safer
of
adult
the
his
with
over
in
the
during
are
hive
cellar
// colonies
loss
hees
filled
is
is usually
impossible,
sembled re-
person.
There
a
The
shows
lack
but
for
nearly
so
money,
market.
honey,
it.
with
Except
should
of
allow
to
as
about
cover
even
of
paralysis those
are
regular
a
comb
average
this
the
show
to
$1000.00
that
chinery ma-
to
order
in
of
machinery
the
on
be
diseases
like
being
in
offer
claim
to
article
Ohio,
the
by
statements
here.
colonies
the
by
deceive
to
able
would
These, however,
does
the
such
few
a
(not
brood.
between
made
made
been
manufactured
as
standing
a
as
been
feat
a
diseases
other
told
he
diseases?
foul
or
fusion con-
no
to
not
as
never
Medina,
thing
had
honey
them
are
paralysis
proof
so
newspaper
many
of
such
years,
no
of
Company no
ever
is
there
There
over
stings,
no
uproar,
has
honey
spite
product
has
one
why
the
If
no
machinery
hy
Comb
in
is
comb
natural
no
that
so
there
of
the
be
thirty
section
serious
BOOK
kind.
any
I. Root
that
nearly
reasons
is then
manufactured
will A.
The
contrary.
fact
GUIDE
S'
There
impossible.
never
conclusively single
R
E
genuine?
No,
has,
of
he
honey
M
bees.
the
trouble
no
comb
Cfl/n
AB
or
hives. to
a
very
because
of
the
chilled, there By
careful
small
per
result
is
no
attention cent.
of harm
the in
however,
foul
disease
putting the
new
winter
USEFUL
AND
FACTS
THE How
the
orchard
proper
pnmmg,
can
By
should
When
It has
he
made
pay?
to
drainage.
he pruned? is the time to pnine in the year time when during the winter
month that every safest to prune
it is the
orchards, but
65
FARMING
spraying, cultivating,fertilizingand
said
been
FOR
ORCHARD.
orchard
the
RULES
dormant. Station, Experiment are Hendrick, of the Cornell which fruit and Facts gives the following "General Principles," every the trees
should
grower
know
:
1.
Winter
2.
Summer
3.
Root
pruning
4.
Prune
weak
increases
pruning
decreases
the
vigor of
varieties
growing
the
the vigor of
decreases
pruning
vigor of
the
plant.
the
plant.
plant.
a
in
heavily
winter; strong
the
sorts, lightly.
growing 5.
Suckers
6.
Heading-in
Checking fruitfulness, but 7.
8.
Heavy
9.
All
watersprouts
or
thickens
often
are
the effect of over-pruning.
the top.
growth
by girdling, notching the expense of vigor.
at
pruning
pnming
of young
induce
may
delays fruiting.
trees
take into
must
twisting
or
the
account
habit
of
growth
of the
tree.
Some
10. and
year,
bearing wood How
should Do
more
from
the
into old
not
than
tnd
fruits
still others
too
prune
of
limb
What
care
should
When
cuts not
cut,
are
more
saw
should
at
one
limbs is
than
one
2.
When of
to
the
the age
of
the
the
may
in
close
cut
and
rot
cause
diameter,
and
are
ivhat
leaf buds
pink of
year
sun
enter
blossoms
to
the
wT.tersprouts
all
cross
limbs
freely. Cut
a
the
in
the
shoidd
open,
main
hollow.
they should
out
way.
trunk.
If surfaces be painted. If they must
If of Do
be
he used?
using commercial
phur, lime-sul-
water.
show,
Add forty of water. of solution. fiftygallons to
and remove
little
remove
another.
eight gallons of
lime-sulphur
of lead for every
of last
pruning?
will
inch
first year
The
next
removed,
are
left,it
that
in
spraying hegin
gallon
take
must
injured limbs The
rubs
or
time.
one
and
so
he taken
Spray before
1.
gallon
much
off large limbs unless they the under side first. on
cut
When
touches
limb
a
pruning
that
on
he pruned?
branches
entire
of
growths;
large limbs.
small
out
every
stub
on
others
account.
orchards
that
a
this year's wood,
on
older
the dead, diseased trunk
thin
bear
spray two
again, using one pounds of arsenate
66
THE
When
3.
weeks
FARMERS'
later 4.
of
How
two-thirds use
should As
solutions
so
be
too
Mention
applied f
considerable
It will readily be
pressure.
must apple raising profitable,the orchard purchase of effective spraying apparatus for the easy and convenient tanks mixing of
justify the of
of the pests that infest the orchard.
some
codling moth, San Jose moth, canker worm, shell scale,scrufy scale,blister mites, tent caterpillar,and Describe
the
The
San
Jose
San Jose
scale has
in
is darker
It
color.
is carried
scale
with
from
it must
appearance the thrives on
lime-sulphur,
to
others.
many
them
bark
tree
of
rough,
a
the
on
oyster shell,
minute
a
if not
trees, and, brown
appearance. Trees
of
feet
birds.
thoroughly and persistently.Besides excellent spraying mixtures are
sprayed
be
of
the
tree
commercial
of the
some
scale, oyster
scale.
checked, will kill the trees, giving affected
Care
strong.
Bud
The
ite favor-
fluids.
spraying
but
two
make
to
to
construction
the
and
fallen, repeat,
good, Bordeaux being the effective as lime-sulphur.
are
the solutions
use
under
order
be large enough and
to
not
spraying
that, in
seen
have
petals
the
spraying solutions It is, however, not
fine spray
a
of
BOOK
again,
same
Other many. be taken
should
GUIDE
preventives. lifestory of
the
Give
codling
The
of the of the
moth
wormy
When
fruit.
poison
and
the
why
the arsenate
hatched be
must
the Paris
or
it remains apple where the apple, crawls leaves the
under
cocoon
cocoon,
a
broods
are
moth,
the
The
in
one
on
of
eggs.
or
of the
end
is the
portion pro-
skin fruit
reason
the lime-sulphur into
its way
spring
large
leaves
This to
until
trunk
next
again begins laying
and
hatched
feeds
the
the blow
is added
green
down
bark.
loose
are
a
causes
its first meal.
and
of the then
that
laid
killed, it bores
is not
worm
moth
enters
worm
for
ready
of lead
If the
Bordeaux.
codling moth. is a small, gray apples. The eggs the
it is full
the
or
center
It
grown.
the tree and a spins from it emerges the In some sections two
year.
the orchard. for plowing and harrowing shallow in the spring, as soon Plow the condition of the soil as After putting the soil in good cultivate thoroughly. will permit, and often enough down and a good dust to keep the weeds tilth,harrow is essentially manmulch the surface. "Remember that cultivation ure." on the Go over it again after each as rain, or as soon ground is in of July and the middle condition Cease to work. cultivating about
Give
sow
rules
a
What
cover
may
crop. be
Buckwheat, or
turnips.
for
sown
cover
crops
oats, field peas,
These
should
be
f
crimson
allowed
to
clover,
ripen
rye,
and
soy
rot
on
beans, the
rape,
field.
TEE
68
Give
n
A
F
M
rules for setting the
2.
Dig
enough The depth
the
in the
3.
Spread
4.
See
5.
Tramp
6.
Remove
for the
inches
two
tree
BOOK
nursery
of roots.
ends
large enough
hole
a
to set
GUIDE
trees.
off all broken
Trim
1.
8'
B
E
roots
deeper by
it
the
color
be noted
may
fine loamy
soil
the
in
was
small
the
over
lay straight and
to
than
nursery.
bark.
of the
and
roots
deep
it
press
down. that
no
the roots
the soil above
since nearly all the roots
are
the
down, but of the
three-fourths
least
at
left under
air-spaces are
open
it loose
leave
of
top
the
top.
on
wise, tree, other-
leaves will dry the
the
gone,
roots.
tree
to
death. roots
what
should
age
One-year
How
long does it take
ripen early sometimes
come
differs with
bear
known
Multiply the distance trees to
apart in the
are
the
The
acre.
the
as
dip
them
to
transplanting
vice
As
will
Bismarck
The
versa.
that
rule, apples
a
planting, while the Northern before fruiting. Trees grown
years
those raised
than
sooner
of
to the
trees
the
and
the product gives the number
rule
two-
hearing?
into
come
varieties.
nnmher
than
soon.
in feet between
rows
same
18
much
bear
ride for computing
a,
tree
different
wait
to
will
well-tilled land
Give
just
into bearing early and the second after year
come
Spy has been on
apple
an
from
shock
less
into bearing
trees,
time
happen)
never
planted?
receive
trees
and
he
trees
year
The
(which should
dry
are
setting.
before
in water At
the
If
7.
on
sod.
acre.
the
by the distance
rows
of trees
the number
will be
of plants
hills to the
or
acre.
is the
What On All
north
a
planted
favorahle location for
most
on
south
a
orchard
northeast
or
land
slope
and
slope, the orchard should
be
an on
orchard?
high ground. suffer in dry seasons.
rather
is liable to
thoroughly surface
drained
and
If
under-
drained. Mention
of the leading commercial
some
Baldwins, What
are
For
Fameuse Mcintosh
:
kitchen Red
for late fall.
Red and
use
and
Astrachan
20-ounce
of
Duchess
Sweet, Sweet
Golden
and
and
Wealthy.
of the early varieties?
some
Red Astrachan, Transparent, Pameuse.
Sweet
of apples.
Spys, Kings, Greenings, Gravenstein
Sour: Yellow
varieties
Bough.
eating "out make
Oldenberg, Striped Harvest,
a
of
hand"
combination
Pippin would
make
the that a
Sweet is hard
valuable
Bough, to
beat.
addition
is used
method
What
is young,
the
above
on
into
grow
the
the
on
tree
be with
and
eggs
larvae
all the
the
of and
the
limbs
a
in
apple pests f others.
few
a
Encourage
in the orchard.
the
disinfect
wood,
rotten
of
has
tree
to
with
fill with
and
water, 1,000 parts corrosive sublimate solution, common and stones If the cavity is large, use 1 part
In
place.
a
spot
rotten
in
limhf
or
Remove
in
distance
fruit.
fire a gun
Never
short
a
will hold
and
may
further decay he prevented, if
trunk
of
When
braces.
wood
firmly held
brace
strong
a
for you.
to work
may
trunks
the
prevent
branches
of the
hatch, chicadee, woodpecker
Nut
How
sides
the
grafted together and
loaded
birds feed
the birds
to
together by living
held
are
are
they
place, however What
69
FARMING
FOR
orchardists
some
sprouts
crotch
titme
short
limbs
main
The tree
hy
RULES
f from, splitting
the trees
the
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
fillin with
hogs or sheep benefit the orchard? Hogs will benefit the orchard, unless Sheep, turned into they uproot the trees. is harvested, will improve it.
In
mixture
Bordeaux
sublimate,
corrosive
cement.
cement
lieu
of the
be used. may around them.
Will
What
care
Care The in
should
taken
be
be taken
should
year's this regard. next
crop
neglect
Don't
to
be
prune,
spray
while
prune
old orchards
Don't
try
Don't
prune
Don't
cut
Don't
leave
Don't
use
to
the trees
grubs,
the
crop
the
are
in
full bloom.
much
first year.
the
soil.
wet
on
cultivate.
limbs.
lower
stubs.
dull
tools.
Don't
climb
Don't
fail to cut
Don't
omit
Don't
prune
Don't
prune
Don't
leave
Don't
prune
the trees, use a ladder. the highest branches.
painting all
wounds
over
limbs
that
expect
young to do
Don't
hurry
in
Don't
let
Don't
fail to cut
Don't
omit
Don't
allow
tree
one
too
long and
cold.
hard.
year
what
has
been
neglected for
pruning old trees. be lop-sided. the under
pruning the
trees
in
are
rub.
and
cross
in diameter.
inch
an
in the fall if your winters is frozen. the wood when
Don't
a
and
too
raise apples with an axe.
off the
after
DON'TS.
spray
Don't
orchard
pick
for
search
apples'! the short fruit-bearing twigs. to break almost totally destroyed by carelessness
ORCHAED
Don't
their
the
who
those
by not
may
in
side of large branches of the tree.
first.
the center
prunings
to
stay in the orchard,
burn
them.
ten.
70
FARMERS'
THE
BOOK
GUIDE
WEEDS. What
is
weed?
a
There
place"; **Any time
same
with
Why useful
or comparatively crops."
2.
They
use
3.
They
shade,
4.
They
increase
5.
They
may
6.
Some
weeds
7.
Milk
is often
Stink
or
8.
9.
of all
tainted
plants
useful
plants,
supply
for
need.
operations. of crops.
stock.
to
by
useful
profitablerotation
the
poisonous
are
out
the
eating
cows
such
weeds
as
Wild
harbor
favor
and
the
development
of injurious
diseases.
seeds
Weeds farm
weedy
decrease
the
1.
By
he
of seed
value
grain, clover, grass
and
wind.
the
get
can
clean
a
of
value
the
one
a
at
farm. the
No
one
will
buy
price.
same
distrihuted?
seeds
the
that
so
from
detract when
weed
are
them
choke
with
interfere
which
lessen
seed.
10.
How
and
the cost
often
Weed
alfalfa
crowd
soil and
the
the plant food
up
fungus
and
from
Weed.
Weeds
insects
a
useless,
injurious? They absorb water plants.
Garlic
a
weeds
are
1.
plant out of weed, viz.: "A unsightly plant that is at the or so"; "A plant that interferes
of
injurious,troublesome
farmer's
a
definitions
several
are
Many
wind
seeds catch
can
have
them
to light silky hair attached easily; as, dandelion, Canada
thistle,etc. 2.
By
water.
without
water
Ragweed
are
injuring often
3.
all
Some
or
cleaved
may in
animals. possess
be
vitality.
their
distributed
By birds and flowering plants
barbed
seeds
processes."
To
The
a
thousand
miles
Speedwell
common
by and
this way.
"It
seeds
carried
is estimated that
are
this class
that
about
10%
of
of dispersed by means belong the Beggar Ticks,
Saffron, Meadow Mistletoe and Other as Burdock, plants, and Seeds often animals. that cling to birds exude sticky substances without birds animals digested the stomachs of being or pass through or having their vitality impaired. 4. By man. Along railroad tracks, in all kinds of packing, in weed seed barnyard and stable manure are lodged and distributed. take When Where flourish. root animals fed weeds and are ments implefrom field to another transferred are one they frequently carry seeds in dry dirt. This is dislodged and the seeds take root and grow. of America weeds came Many of the most injurious and troublesome with seeds from foreign countries. etc.
such
How
FACTS
weeds
classified?
are
germinate, bloom, fruit and
which
Annuals,
1.
fruit the second
Biennials, which
2.
Perennials, which annually. How
Quack
with
Those
and
Plantain.
Do
not
let
weeds
3.
Sow
4.
Be
field.
the
farm.
only
in fence
Cut
ground;
those
as.
ory Chic-
to
the
on
roadsides,
in pastures.
and
corners
time
best
the
get rid
of
weeds
is before
with harrowing weeds perennial underground not roots of dragged all over are pieces plant. joint will start a new
the
that
is cleaned
separator
Sheep and goats will destroyed in no other way.
of
of
1.
Rotation
2.
Hoed
3.
Summer
4.
Early
5.
Seeding
6.
Pasturing
7.
Smothering.
8.
Hand
weeds
that
can
upon
often
be
eradication.
weed
crops.
fallowing. after-harvest
cultivation.
down.
sheep.
Pulling.
kinds
of
crops
of
weeds
Red
Pig Weed, different
a
being brought
crops.
rotation
Certain
before
check
and
eat
the different methods
does
price.
any
broken
6.
Mention
at
in
short
Every
See
5.
seed is dear
Foul
seed.
pure
careful the
that
the
When
Thistle,
Canada
firmly established.
are
as, the
ing seed-
eradication.
seed.
to
go
places, that
Remember
2.
a^,
spread under
not
principlesof weed
in waste
headlands,
do
that
roots
the
of
some
1.
Why
and
grass.
2.
Mention
roots
season,
one
die.
blooming
year,
creeping stems;
underground
with
Those
1.
they
to
year
then
and
year
die in
perennials be divided?
may
and
from
last
3.
71
FARMING
FOR
RULES
AND
USEFUL
help
to
to
seem
Root
and
is
placed
crop
check
weeds?
flourish
Barn upon
Grass the
best with same
with corn
certain and
ground
crops;
potatoes. these
are
checked. Give
the
rule
iveeds for figJtting
in hoed
crops.
well lished estabare cultivating before the roots will off and will be cut immediately merely ; in thinking often makes a start costly mistake again. The farmer need do not are cultivating until the weeds that his potatoes or corn
Begin
hoeing
otherwise
and
the
roots
FARMERS'
TEE
72
four
just peeping weeds
he
may means
a
of the
out
weeds
when
the
four
times
are
after
thvj
established.
well
are
What
high. Going through them ground is as effective as
five inches
or
BOOK
GUIDE
against the practice of for destroying weeds? said for
or
falloivirigas
.wmmer
of the most effective means for eradicating fallowing is one that The it destroys humus and weeds. objections to it are It it. amount lost is renders, year's crop by however, a larger one for assists in conserving moisture of soluble plant food available and western of the other northIn Washington and the next some year's crop. is other the land raised where states only every a year, crop is equal to what would it is said the crop one being harrowed year, Summer
if
be
obtained
of
putting
; as,
set
back.
What
may
crops
and
to
as
labor.
he smothered
This
grass.
winter
weeds
of destroying
method
a
smothered
be
particularly annuals, has the advantage cut early before the
out? such
quick growing crop, the ground will quickly cover be
method
hay should
The
some
and,
the weeds
will
Hov)
quack-grass he destroyed?
may
down
of weeds,
kinds
some
by seeding
weeds
Sow
labor
is saved.
crop
favor of seeding with
overrun
cleaned
may
and
cost
destroys the immediately after a harvest Mustard. Other Flax, Cockle and Wormseed
of little expense mature. weeds are How
the
?
Fields be
one
Thus
year.
shallow
he said in
may weeds
each
destroyed hy early after-harvest cultivation?
he
False
annuals are
harvesting
may
Plowing
raised
were
and
in
weeds
What
one
as
rape
or
in their
These
buckwheat.
condition,
weakened
out.
If harrow. plow lightly and with be raked are large quantities, they may up Harrow of burned. rake and frequently during the remainder a hay If the season is dry, nearly all the roots will be destroyedthe season. In the spring plant corn down by or keep the grass potatoes and survived This will destroy the roots that have hoeing and cultivation. Canada thistles may be destroyed in the same the other processes. As
the
soon
the
as
crop present in
roots
is harvested
way.
Is it advisahle "Were
valuable when
to
quack-grass seed for pasture?
sow
it not
for
forage plant.
pastured; to plant." "
but
its weedy It
because
Cornell
character,
makes it
Leaflet.
fair so
hay readily
quack-grass and
becomes
would
is relished a
weed,
by
be
a
cattle
it is
safe un-
USEFUL
How
sorrel
may
Sorrel
soil,
indicates
ivild
may
Wild be
may
parsnips
He
be
will
Is
foul
seeds.
be
for
necessary
spraying
and
under
spray
cent
rod.
square
of
solution be
may
of 50
to
A
fence
sour
100
sodium,
good
before
to
microscope
Bulletins A
seed
his
farmer
260
and
fanning
mill
sowing.
weeds? of
pounds
gallons
of
killing about
sulphate
will be
Fifty
arsenate,
iron
water
should
For
acre.
the small
or
Farmers'
seeds
in
present
varieties.
pressure. one
weeds?
enable
glass
of
biennials,
wild
kill
used
that
gallons weeds
of in
eight
gallons
12
or
tard mus-
will
give
the
tion solu-
walks
2
a
to
the
used.
Don't
let
Don't
sow
weedy
Don't
fail
to
corners.
necessary
other
prevent
to
machine
WEED
the
prefers
seed.
to
seed
eradicating
of
considerable for
to
weed
no
recleaning
weeds.
sufficient
be
take
different
sulphate other
It
the
going
reading
solution
a
copper some
will
per
with
of
pounds
is
be
of
any
from
examination.
method
good
a
there
common
the
like
farmer
will
identifying
in
soil.
remedy.
best
them
a
their
for
assist
Spraying
fine
A
the
mustard,
that
study
necessary
will
382
wild
can
sure
little
Very
identify will
be
can
grain.
73
eradicated?
preventing
measure
FARMING
gravelly
or
is
he
and
important
What
sandy,
manure
by
out
FOR
f
poor,
and
parsnip
killed
RULES
AND
eradicated
be
liming
hence
How
FACTS
weeds
cut
get
DON'TS
the
start
of
you.
seed.
the
weeds
along
the
sides
of
the
road
and
in
FARMERS'
TEE
74
GUIDE
THE Docs
the
farmer
average
BOOK
PASTURE. attention
enough
paij
to the
of
improvement
his pasture? He
often
does
into
turned
The
condition.
farm.
It should afford
will wet
Swales,
not.
Suggest
good
some
no
or
the
profitable land
most
white
top and
their the
on
seed
sod
good
a
of the
grasses
mixed
of
pasture
pasture matters
are
farmer.
the
to
of
substitution
the
or
of vital importance
be
are
only yield plenty of grass, but such a variety as balanced The ration. a drainage of a piece of
not
red
for the
little
pasture pasture should
land,
pasture
grasses
with
stock
the
unprofitable meadows to improve attempt
places and
waste
mixtures
for
permanent
a
No.
pasture. 2.
lbs. timothy, lbs.
red
lbs.
alsike clover,
clover,
lbs. Kentucky lbs.
blue
tall meadow
lbs. orchard lbs. red What
is
good mixture
a
for wet,
pounds of timothj^,5 pounds of of white and 3 pounds clover. is the most important pasture grass,
What
fesque,
grass,
top.
land!
sour
Five clover
grass,
red
top, 5 pounds
and
of
alsike
why?
without roots going Kentucky spreads grass. relished by all kinds to seed; it starts early in the spring; it is much of stock. costly, no Although pure seed is hard to get and somewhat it. be without Timothy, at its best, is good for pasture sliould ever in pastures only to supply and should be sown only about four years, started. other feed while the getting are grasses blue
from
It
pasture mixture
with a permanent a field sown fore turning into pasture?
Should
It would How
Lime
spreader.
Can
to
it,if
sour.
Sow
one
is thin sodium
the
it would
as
acre.
be
the
mow
A
land
grass
can
Spread
a
not
of
coat
for
hay
at
he plowed manure
as
least
he over
on pasture seed mixtures can get on the ground. you
of the
early
nitrate if the
Yes;
best to
old pasture that
an
may
grass
be
the
he profitahly used is in
trial test
profitableto
of
need a
on
an
old
he
mowed
he-
once.
improved? it with
places
a
manure
where
the
pasture?
200 Use about of nitrogen. pounds should demonstrate whether half acre
continue
the
treatment.
T~H
76
FARMERS'
E
BOOK
GUIDE
FORESTRY is the
What
price
average
principal New White
obtained
$30.07
38.49
Elm
28.37
28.56
Basswood
27.36
Chestnut
White
20.54
Spruce
Cherry Hickory .; Ash
46.22
Hemlock
43.03
Yellow
Maple
of
to the diversity of Owing planting is to be desired be utilized wooded species can
utilized
be
the
for
repairing
as
the
lands
and
species
that
the trees
due
to outside
tend
tendency
a
such
danger
fact that
the
great
a
some
insect pests as some of the trees constructions same
to
wood
is best pure
or
light-
hard
the heavier
the
farm,
the
on
quick growing,
our
fuel while
woods
The stand mixed tools, etc. ferent also in taking advantage of the difdemanding speciesdo better on the farm
better
species do produce cleaner
to
have
of
other
the
for
uses
for
the pure stand advantage over soil qualities. The moisture
Mixed
which
Plantation
Woodlot
Farm
a
mixed
of
19.82 40.47
Poplar
planting?
mixed
low
21.31
38.49
establishment
may has
27.70
Pine
27.07
Beech
In
the
of
all
Birch
$46.25
Oak
Sugar
for
mills
at
woods?
York
Oak
Red
feet
M.
per
timber
locations. of the
account
on
Next
other.
each
prune
drier
the
on
fact
damage
the
insect pests,wind storms, etc.,on account as of the trees will not be subject to the many others and also due to a difference in the root in
a
mixed
stand.
The
ferent dif-
of the
crowns
thoroughly utilize all the atmospheric space also be said to be species. This may one a The forest floor will of soil protection. true regarding the matter and of the sun the the direct rays be more amply protected from For small farm woodlots far loss. rains of a heavy eroding action species
more
of only
plantation is far
mixed
quicker with
established
is the
What
similar
Those
best
that
digging hand
walnut of
the
of
sand
as
pure
winter
are
plantings. and
walnuts
black
the
of
a
size to
case
of
bottom
thickness
until
the
to as
mimic our
nature.
seeds,
nut
be kept in a moist place, fairly even temperature is to pit them. is done best This method by
in the
over same
over
conditions
Forest in
of any forest tree seeds it is well fall naturally to the ground such
The
trench
a
of storing
method
etc., should winter.
over
planting than
storage
seeds
acorns,
preferable.
more
mixed
forest tree seeds?
In the
on
will
stand
will
than
nuts
of
then ; are
accommodate
black the
walnut.
easily the amount Spread a layer
trench; cover layer of
another all
stratified
in
this
with
nuts
and
this
way.
of seed of
clean
another
Care
black sand
layer should
USEFUL
taken
be
AND
FAC1\S
this
that
is located
pit
the direct preferably where soil too early in the spring as buildings. is the
What
best
RULES
FOR
where
there
of
rays on
a
the
tvillows
to propagate way willows are among
is good will not
sun
slope
north
FARMING
in the
or
and
77
soil
drainage
warm
shade
up of
the some
poplarsf
the easiest of our tree Poplars and species to plant propagated vegetatively or by cuttings. Theoretically any be it. The best and propagated by taking a cutting rooting way may to make cuttings from cuttings for poplar or willow is by making the previous year's growth the size of a large 8 to 10 inches long about is in lead pencil. The these best season to make February and March. 25 to 50 in each tied into bundles and These cuttings are bundle are in box sand moist filled sawdust. down with moist a or placed tops which The will slowly callous over and base ends have been turned up small rootlets will appear. The rapidity of this development depends
be
a
deal
great
be
areas.
that
taken
and
that
What
is
forest
a
cuttings than
willow
and
Poplar
the
more
no
be
not
forced
too
the soil is ready the cuttings should be planted on the As the callous is well developed care should soon as
After
rapidly. proposed
Cuttings should
of heat.
the amount
on
1"
handled
tree
placed
are
or
in
the ground
IVo"
of the tops shows in this way will make a.
at
a
above
slight angle the surface.
rapid growth.
seedling?
term forest tree during its first The seedling is applied to any before done. The season growing height transplanting has been of follows : trees are our as growth of seedlings of some Ajiierican
Honey Sugar
Elm
Locust
in.
i
Hardy
Catalpa
12
in.
j
White
Vine
12
in.
24
in.
12
in.
6
is the best time
The
best time
November
if the pruning wood
12
to
Locust
Basswood
from
to
8
Majilos
Black
What
6
in
wound
to prune
is done and
be smooth
shade
White
Spruce
Black
Walnut
.
in.
3
in."
2
in.'
.
12
in.
I trees?
trees is the dormant period. Usually first of April in this latitude. However, of the tissue of the early in winter giving away In pruning the surface thawing may occur.
shade
to prune
first until
freezing
should
to
i
24
the
and
parallelto
the
surface
of the
trunk
of the
An applicationof white lead or some other good paint should be be taken in the development of the Care should immediately. that the entire it develops evenly over callous covering this wound Do not prune of bleeding. trees in spring on Do not account surface. of in mid-summer trees account dry on defoliating. prune
tree.
made
in a ivoodlot,it is desired to ascerof mixed hardwoods tain the ^lumber of board feet contained in the stand. Methods used in doing this work are "cruising." usually termed is to go which There several method methods are are good. One it is anticipated which the least diameter through and first determine will be cut. Go through the stand and determine the different species of logs which it is possible to obtain by ocular estimate the number
Having
a
stand
THE
78
from
log
16'
S'
R
E
log
was
and
results
may
hand
on
to
measure
16
diameter
400
equals
4
be worked
by applying that
assumes
diameter the square be feet long would
feet board
400x18/16
of 16'
It
simple.
is
rule
450
or
any duced re-
mated estiIf
measure.
feet. Other
board
accordingly, thus giving the
out
quantity of white
a
pine seed,
hoiv
would
raise
you
pine seedlings?
white In
be ascertained
of the stand.
total volume
Having
long
instead
18'
diameters
minus
4x24
minus
24
BOOK
GUIDE
of these logs may
contents
The Doyle Doyle rule. in feet board is equal long a log 24" in by 4. Thus as
the
The
the tree. the
ARM
F
a
soil,white
drained
well
loam
sandy
or
soil is in
the
where
4 feet in fair fertility, condition good mechanical prepare This the seed on hand. wide and to accommodate as long as necessary fall and thrown 9" in least at the be should deep spaded or plowed area The and thawing will kill the action weather. the of to freezing up soil particlesmaking it of the insects and tear down out a great many it is work. As much easier to early as possibleto rake the ground in should be raked the spring the area carefully, or if there is a over harrowed then with a spike-tooth and disked disked, cross large area has After the been and then raked harrow thoroughly area by hand. be rolled and raked lightly. The seed should raked, then it should
distributed
be
then about
seed
one
each
to
planked lightly
surface
the
over
square
inch.
The
the
seed
pushing
thus
broadcast
should
area
down
then the
into
will
there
that
so
bed
seed
the
rolled
be
soil
be
the
or
same
lightly fertilityto a depth sufficient to soil taken After this application a light ring of humus the seed. cover in the and leaves litter woods, from underneath decaying should be made. After this second application,pine seedlings or straw is used If straw care should the bed 5" or 6" thick. be placed over The bed should should be taken not to introduce grain or weed seeds. to is that seeds it the and germinate begin be watched seen soon as as depth
the
mulch
held
should
be 18"
up
birds.
from screen
Do
not
high.
every
the
screen
on
be
taken
during
5 o'clock
4 and
between
afternoon
should
lath
a
The
bed.
the
over
Care
and
removed
be
constructed
leave
sifted
be
should
there
same
should
leaves
or
by stakes
shade
50%
straw
or
of the
loam
sandy
the top
over
Then
is wide.
the seed
which
to
of
screen
screen
be
may
protect the bed the rains. Remove
and
to
do
not
In
place this way
it
on
the
until between morning. and has good air ventilation. gets the advantage of the fall of dew be from these seedlings should At the end of the first growing season to is inclined the soil for winter: Where 21/2" to 3" high. Protection 7 and
the bed
in the
8 o'clock
bed
should
be
remain
past What
frost
with
heave
put
on
mulch
after the
should surface
be
spread
over
the
seedlings. It frozen
and
in temperature
are
of the soil is thoroughly of sudden
until after the danger
in the
changes
spring.
is heeling inf
Heeling from
on
light
the time
in is the it has
operation been
in the
received
in
temporary
shipment
holding of until it may
tree
be
stock
planted
or
is
the
for
sufficiently deep
dug
A
in.
heeled thrown
more
seedlings
the
drained, tops
toward it would
than
in
direct
of
rays
of
method
is tlie best
the
the
another
deeper
than is
should
pointed
spring
the
first layer; until all up in a well-
done
The
will
process toward the
be
south
tarded reon
sun.
fence
for preserving
treatment
be
to
trench, dirt is lings layer of seed-
easily worked.
vegetative
tops
trench
kept
be is
soil that as
A stock
the
the
then
;
in
north
were
in
this operation
Heeling
the
of
roots
placed
little
a
and
roots
for.
cared
laid
of the
What
on
and
top the
location, preferably
be
more
account
the
are
shady
should
accommodate
to
79
FARMING
transplanting.
the
then seedlings are down thoroughly packed
placed on is placed
are
dirt
the
of
layer and
over
FOR
for
stock
of
holding
temporary
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
posts from
decay? Fence
should
posts
are
actually required
the
trees
in
are
piling in in
piled thoroughly
the
way
dry
prevent
is to
decay
when
post
set
air
the
where
be
and
moist
Another
about
The
hot
out
the
the
cold
The 52
oil
than 15
maple
3
6 to
seasoning
a
years.
4 years
;
willows
size
a
posts in
One and
each.
be pense ex-
post
diameter
8
cold
wood
driven
cold
the
creosote
oil
of
barrel
barrel
of
creosote
to
face
Ash.
years.
piled and
of
about
further 6"
will used.
treatment
Without
to
As
creosote.
and
wood
quartered
post
round
in
of
One
posts.
manner
covered
are
species
preservative
a
fence
in
6"
pores
pores.
5c
cedar 6''
oak
rapidly
more
boiling point.
of the
the
Such
white
White
to
the
where
thorough they
to
the
the
on
ordinary
our
that
so
is immersed
post
about
be
$5.
about
costs
or
up
A
creosote
the
bathe
and
will
life of
the
to
10
in
rush
tank
a
immerse
the
posts, depending
200
gallons
doubles
will
of treatment
cost
when
moisture,
excess
about
treat
opened
having
creosote
place
creosote.
the
is reached
boiling point
the
as
in
by placing the posts Heat half their length.
one
soon
apply
is
this
do
takes
band
a
are
should
of labor.
is to
method
good
to
matter
a
they
This charring should together. charring the 1/2". By thoroughly
come
I/4"
least
at
when
possible,
as
If
season.
post in
fence
line, decay
dirt
soil
the
soon
as
they
winter
the
they place rapidly and of the simple treatments
One
of
before
half
a
in
cut
piled
be
take
year.
base
the
at
slight, only
is very
to
one
the
char
be
thoroughly
to
will
and
year
should
order
seasoning
will
thoroughly,
done
and
a
should
They
in
within
be
or
year
a
state
form
crib
cut
use.
dormant
a
open
this
be for
ment treat-
will
beech
thoroughly
last
and dried
7 years.
is the
When
Cut
best
during
are
exhausted
for
them
to
time the
from
to
clear
last
part
their
recuperate
and
land
of
of July
efforts
to
start
a
store new
small or
growth
f
At August. and food, up
growth.
this
time
it will
be
plants difficult
THE
80
F
R
A
M
R
E
is Portland
Cement
f
is
Cement
Portland
BOOK
CONCRETE.
AND
CEMENT What
GUIDE
8'
finely powdered
a
material
is concrete
What
broken
stone
make
and
it
cement
from
in
to
ten
tioned propor-
being filled
stone
The mafilled by the cement. terials of water used sufficient amount
sand
of the
and
thoroughly a of a jelly-likeconsistency. will begin to stiffen in half twenty-four hours, and in
mass
a
voids
sand
cement,
properly
are
of the
the voids
mass,
from
made
materials
These
mixed
be
must to
dense
a
the
and
by the sand
largely of proportions.
in proper
artificial stone
gravel.
or
form
to
as
so
shale,
consist
must
?
is in reality an
Concrete and
the
from
and
limestone
of
burning of a properly proportioned mixture used the materials or clay. In other words be mixed chemically lime and clay and must
resulting
Due
of water
so, will set up will be hard as a or
month
a
action
the
to
hour
an
rock. Mention
profitablyused Portland
and
cement
top
a
gravel he
mixed
about
5 parts of
thick
inch
an
walks
is to make
method
common
for
made
f
base
a
gravel
of
;
consisting this is to be
mortar
a
part
one
parts of sand.
two
part of cement,
idea being to have dense a concrete as Would
slight
for
some
skilled labor is
in order
in cement
the cheapest for barns or houses? construction concrete depends largely upon and be obtained sand the can gravel places for
in the
considered
burn, rot,
concrete
parts of gravel, the
should
make
to
he
the
more
and
mere
The
cartage.
of
of wood
case
expensive has
compare
no
cost
very
or
brick
work.
wood.
the at
used does In
cality. lo-
very
is
of forms
cost
frequently the lumber Concrete a building.
and
the construction as
is rich
three
possible.
as
consideration,
for
which
mixture
a
often
and
cost
not
of
cost
In
parts of sand, and
two
walls
cement
The
end
walls and making of foundations, walks fence cisterns, silos,tanks, posts,
2i/4 parts sand, and coat
great variety of
a
ing proportion of cement, sand and gravel should he used for watertroughs? is The mixture common employed for this type of construction
What
does
the
he
may
nature.
and
sand
cement,
with
covered
item
general
part cement,
one
one
a
this purpose
For
of
of
for
the farm
on
Cement
the
are
barns, for
and
houses
should
How
be used
may
of which
work
such
and
Cement
some
purposes, floors for
on
Portland
which
for purposes the farm.
the
of
some
an
can
be
not
require
first cost
ployed em-
crete con-
concrete However, in the for maintenance, and thus struction. favorably with any type of con-
than
FACTS
USEFUL
cinders
C(m
he used
Cinders
harden
concrete
Portland
long will
How
under is
water
Portland
cinders
is not answer
is the
mass
very
the
principal
employed.
f
hydraulic material, and
a
will harden
of this cement
is also
concrete
Cement
81
strength
where
concrete
some types of floor work where work in foundation
of gravel, and purpose desired cinder quality Will
making
for
instance, in
for
important
FARMING
FOR
place of gravel?
in
used
are
RULES
AND
in water
thus
made
concrete
air.
or
keep?
cement
Cement
be
can
kept practicallyindefinitely when
it is
moisture and dampness. dry place and protected from a is injured in storage is by coming in contact Portland Cement The way It is someresults in its hardening. with moisture. This of course times
stored
in
reconditioned
through
but
screen,
a
that
and
is. broken
up
results
cannot
best
be
finely pulverized by passing ed expected from recondition-
cement.
is the
What
One
quantity of
barrel
in
cement holds
of cement
barrel?
a
cubic
3.80
feet and
consists
of
four
bags. kind
What
of sand should he used for making concrete? concrete to use particularly important in making a good sand and is essentially a quality of gravel. The making of concrete manufacturing operation,and it can be spoiledas easily by poor aggregate The sand should be coarse, as by poor cement. hard, and clean, A very and the gravel clean and durable. small percentage of vegetable It
is
will
matter
render
unfit for
aggregate
That
use.
which
contains
and not appreciable quantity should also be discarded Sometimes concrete. of of the making grains purpose which the sand with coated are obtaining of good reclay sults, prevents unite the grains of sand when cement cannot as they are in such Sand condition. and contains dirt or loam be a gravel which can struction Conaccording to the instructions given in "Concrete easily washed about the Home and on the Farm," published by the Atlas mica
in
used
for
any
Cement
Portland Can
the
advisable
It is not of the
Can
chemicals
the
By
which
making concrete?
to
contained
use
sea
water
in
mixing
concrete
on
account
therein.
ivaterproof?
selection
of good, clean
sand
and
gravel, by making
the
of rather wet density, by using a sistency conjust flow sluggishly and by placing the in one continuous operation, it is possible to obtain a concrete will be water-tight under all ordinary pressures. of
"
concrete
in
he made
concrete
concrete
he used
tvater
sea
Company.
a
that
mix
maximum which
will
"
82
FARMERS'
THE
Is
concrete
of
the
affected fire
Under best such
work.
of
is
a
cracked affected can
the be
under
concrete
depended
to upon
a
to
heat
severe
depth
of
resist
all
not
and
heat to
surface
the it more
ordinary
has
and
fires.
one
the become
found two
one
pose, pur-
construction
from
has
than
this
for
protect
been
is
fact
in
largely fireproof
in
of
where
cases
used
found
been
has
is
beams
non-conductor
some
checked
and
It
and
mortar
or
serviceable
very
known.
columns
good
very
In
proven
materials
concrete
underneath.
has
concrete
encasing
as
It
inches
firef
by
fireproof
BOOK
GUIDE
inches.
that
to
two
material
slightly this
Concrete
has
TEE
84
What
F
Plenty of exercise, fresh
health?
outside
and
inside
water
pure air
night in serving others.
ourselves
is the difference in effectbetween
What
body
the
when
get
cannot
a
is
of the skin.
brain
work
while
it
is to
It should
generally tends
She
should
off"
time
The
frequently.
rest
bath
by
one
who
a
the
opens
meal
when
or
debilitating
produce sleepiness.
"take
housekeeper
a
to
hot
bath
is very
bath
hot
the
some
used
hot
just after
taken
be
not
To
done.
be
be
not
a
after
or
The
rub.
the
cold hath?
and
should
bath
cold
after
glow
healthy
pores
Should
A
warm.
getting For-
well
exercise
after
taken
be
should
bath
cold
The
hot
a
food,
Pure body. thoughts.
the
Thinking
day.
and
BOOK
GUIDE
S'
R
E
of the rules of good
some
are
M
R
A
day?
every
of working stopping to relax
mill
tread
fashion
affects the nerves. By imagination and in Large be a given time. accomplished can several times a day, more from an corporations are trying this out with their employes purely will It and cents. in dollars it them and economic standpoint pays time to "make she will have a real more the housekeeper because pay is not always "homemaking. home." Housekeeping kills
the
"
is the hest substitute
What
given under
milk
Cow's and
Children
What
he allowed
children
Should
with
be diluted
should
should
constitutes
a
the
contains
milk
physician. Cow's
direction
protein
more
a
trained
than
the
of
nurse
a
or
mother's
milk
water.
drink
to
coffee or
allowed
be
never
milk?
for mother's
tea,
tea?
coffee,beer
or
other
lants. stimu-
good school lunch?
and butter and sandwiches, bread or Egg, meat peanut butter Nuts and cookies and pie occasionally. jelly,apples, oranges, custards, be given Candy and nuts should never raisins,a few pieces of candy. on
an
sweet
the right time, they found kinds
candies
Homemade
allowed
are
are
best.
Children
not
must
pure
unduly
have
candies
in
crave
and
"corner
the
at
adulterated
and
cheap
children
will
at
amounts
the
If
stomach.
empty
a
certain
erate mod-
buy
grocery." amount
of
in their diet.
Is it safe to Most
give children
emphatically
no.
patent medicines? No
remedies
should
be
given except under
remedies. the direction of the family physician, except the simple home contain opiates and are deadly in their The so-called soothing syrups should for children and adults of all kinds medicines effect. Patent
be avoided
like
a
plague.
FACTS
USEFUL
Wliat
RULES
AND
FOR
85
FARMING
the cooking of \a) meats, general rules that govern (c) starchy foods, (d) vegetables?
(h)
the
are
eggs,
(a) Meat and eggs are classed as protein foods and are therefore should and subject to the principles of protein cookery. Meat eggs be cooked will toughen not at a high temperature, as high temperature is composed of it less readily digested. Meat the protein and render fibres toughen The fibres held by connective muscle muscle tissues. becomes is when and soluble tissue then boiled, the connective the connective known tissue, the as gelatine. Generally the more Thus cooked if tough cuts are a long time below tougher the meat. tissue is the connective tender and the boiling point the fibres become of meat such beef steak, are seared in order cuts softened. Tender as and thus retain the juices. to toughen the outside of the meat
(b)
being
Eggs
protein food
a
cooked
in water
cooked
Fried
scrambled
eggs,
The same temperature. If of custards. to the subjected they are making applies curdles. the protein coagulates, toughens and temperatures and
should
omelets
Starch
(c)
cooked
be
is made
up
which
but
in cold water
at
low
a
tiny grains which
of many
boiling
the
palatable and if the holing point than
below
water.
at
more
are
eggs
just
boiling
in
time
shorter
a
cooked
hard
and point. Soft cooked if cooked easily digested
be
should
do
eggs
principle to high solve dis-
not
they water, swell and burst when form is this it easily digested.
absorb
In heat. subjected to moist be cooked in and cereals should Starchy vegetables, white sauces swell burst and and the such that starch grains palatable a a way This requires continued flavor is developed. cooking by moist heat. are
(d) strong
All vegetables belong to one mild juiced. The strong
or
should
these
cooked
be
in
of two
classes. onions
being
of water
liberal amounts
They are either cabbage and
and
in
an
uncovered
juiced should be cooked in a small quantity of water pan. in a covered Vegetables should not be overcooked as they are pan. be very irritating unpalatable and develop strong flavors which may to the digestive tract. mild
The
Is it desirable
to
commercial
use
It is undesirable use
of
ill effects, the
health.
What
is the
One medium
canning powders. these powders may
use
result
may
It is entirely possible to by sterilization,therefore
meat
While not
the occasional show
immediate
effects upon the all vegetables and definitel fruits inin
run
serious
a
risk by using powders
?
?
cheese, nuts, legumes.
test
that It
keep why
good substitutes for
Milk, eggs,
floor.
with
use
continued
foods are
What
to
vegetables canned
canning powders?
of
a
good
is "even"
should
weight.
have
hroom?
enough a
smooth,
to
stand
straight
alone handle
when and
placed should
on
be
the of
Is
FARMEB.S'
TEE
86
there
majority
The
it
Are
paper
Not
With
towels,
paper
as
very
point
view
What
of
some
Paint
makes
makes it
the
Are
vucuum
the
ordinary
Can
good is
railway
are
tary sani-
a
stations
used.
be
never
They
used
Saturate
cheese
duster.
Some
better
than
and
device
duster for
cloth
prefer
made
be
can
the
farm
this
buy
the
using
by
and
jar
without
along
little
day.
every as
it
have
saves
It
house.
the
is
a
one.
home?
you
black
the '
and
machinery,
with to
at
while
on
housecleaning
should
give
sweeper?
a
through
all
"
continual
get
up"
housekeeper made
he
stand
to
an
leum Lino-
of
the
cannot
we
for
dust
up
every
dusters"
as
indispensable
stirring
easier
carpet
"brushing
for
it.
in
be is
kitchen
amount
prevent
ordinary
the
compared,
be
is
to
evitable. in-
should
hours
certain
a
is
steam
dingy
many
It
have.
spine.
is
and
has
where
kitchen
and so
floors?
and
wall
The
dark
excellent
and
walls
off.
It
not
are
sweeper
cleaner
carpets
"dustless
does
hardly carpet
saving
A
floor
head
should
up
which
schools,
spend
to
covering.
heels
the
vacuum
labor
rural
kitchen
a
A
has
who
sweepers
They
taking
towels From
wiped
color.
floor
best
Rubber affects
The
are
one
bare
the
that
work.
which
Paper
washing.
kitchen
for
for
easily
cheerful the
to
finish
best
the
bright
a
abomination
at
f
some
should
towels
finishes
hest
the
walls
The
to
Public
for
investment
one,
ment. invest-
good
a
much.
too
save
good
a
prove
The
carriers.
are
painted
cost
and
makes
Y..
good
a
practical.
are
might
it
etc.,
desirable
are
lavatories.
public disease
cloth, They
they
few N.
Rochester,
homef
private
the
only
family
kitchen
the
in
of
dish
for
and
Co., large
a
investment.
an
convenient
are
Machine
$30.
costs
machine
expensive
too
are
Dishwashing
Fearless but
and
dish-washing
practical
a
BOOK
GUIDE
have cheese
'
ordinary
cutting a
cheap
cloth.
'
'
it
and
machine with
kerosene.
satisfactory
oil
USEFUL
FACTS
RULES
AND
MAKING //( ii-hat states
may
all the
New
In What
Only the rock, distinguished by
be
What
kind Use
of
not
necessary.
fire
brick,
evaporator
an
What
the
should
farmer
may
purchase
buckets
The
sap
should
be
not
The
making
of
which
allowed
to
set
He
up.
are
stones can
or use
making?
and
it is made.
With
he done
on
appears
should
he done
The
should pan into it. This
run
boiled
be
to
to the
;
the
as
while
sap
red.
become
to
twelve
every
it is
what
is
kept
syrup,
if the
the sap
from
If
light colored
hours.
hoiling?
remove
of
particle
every
scum
or
after syruping off?
the pan
thoroughly seem
may
but
Maple
colorless
as
sap
It is
tub.
surface.
with be
color least
skimmer
long-handled
a
dirt that
it is.
the
be kept the sap is put into the pan it must if the sap it is syrup. Long boiling, even
"When
boiling vigorously until is kept clean, will cause the off is at wanted, syrup syrup should
be
but
it white,
than
longer
Strain
into the store
impure
would
buckets
better.
run
makes
more
perfect,
be
it is
that
the
in
would
when
again
were
stand
to
hours
is put into maple syrup the darker the sugar,
what
process
is
arch, using
own
already
arch
an
buckets
pan.
Twelve
twenty-four when it is gathered
Wliat
his
Covered
sap ; 2. rapid boiling ; 3. frequent syruping off. all other utensils must be absolutely clean and sweet.
and
hours.
What
buckets.
build
may
sheet-iron
a
it may
;
its bark.
he used?
the best tin
and
tap the soft maple
Fresh, clean
1. The
out.
shape of
the secrets of good, sugar
are
not
and
The
or
sugar? Never
color
States.
the Middle
maple.
utensils
spouts he
or
hard
or
sugar
metal
and
for maple
sap
87
he made?
sugar
England
FARMING
SUGAR.
MAPLE
maple
supply
trees
FOR
a
washed
light-colored
and
rinsed
before
of time, when
waste
can
sugar
not
more
be
more
sap
made
sap is ing wait-
without
doing it. What
done
be
may
with
the sweetened
ivater
oljtnined
by washing
the
pan? It cider
is
By
with
or
the
and
a
into vinegar.
barrel
which
fine wire
to knoiv
one
skimmer.
thick
made
whiskey
covered Hoiv
be
can
or
behavior
it is time
of the syrup
When
viscid, it
is
settle
be
and
left with
strain the
into
bung
a
hole
clean open,
screen.
when
it
Let
should
no
ready
to
when
longer runs to "syrup
'^
syrup
off?"
poured off the edge of a dipper off in small drops, but seemf off."
FAR3IER8'
THE
88
After
off,
syruping
BOOK
GUIDE
what
done
he
must
to
the
prepare
the
for
sijrup
ynarketf in
Place felt "lime" tin
smaller
a
(made
cones
hold
that
cans
exclude
If
is
it
until
and
rapidly
cool,
a
year
desired
first
The
it
weather is
is
it
full
even
with
tight hold
will
into
sugar
so
to
as
small rich
its
the
cakes, is
it
Then
breaks.
best
the
gas
maple
boiled
is
syrup
taken
off,
stirred
night
good
sugar
the
making?
sugar
In
order
and
thaw
sugar.
the
spell
warm
maple
for
best
the
during
freeze
protracted
a
cap
and
the
out
self-sealing
in
can
moulds.
make
runs
the wax
season
must
the
down
take
to
cap-neck
the
place
make the
into
the
of
Fill
and
settle
and
through
strain
;
(flannel)
wool
more.
to
and
thickness
proper
cool
screw
dark
or
poured
part
there
a
thickens
it
What
and in
for
well
flavor
it
each.
gallon
a
to
good
or
let
then
air
all
Keep
pliers.
sand;"
"sugar
or
boil
and
pan
purpose)
on
Whenever
days.
should
buckets
be
to
be
down
laid
to
drain.
is
What
the
the If
into
bottom that
Keep Give
a
trees to
half-inch
slightly deepened.
a
candy
a
not are
tree.
to
bit.
The When
In
"tapping
in
bottom
the
of
weighs is
In
the
at
glass
often
more
cans
formed.
light.
the
to
eleven
crystallize
sugar.
is
sugar
exposed
not
than
more
to
apt
trees. that
trees
tap
hole the
over"
should
be is
season
do
not
bore
spouts
about
new
holes
may
be
may
in
the
be
require
that
deep,
inches
two
it
advanced
diameter.
in
buckets
two
flanged
bored well
inches
ten
diameter,
metal,
the
use
under
are
in
more
or
tapping
slanting.
found
granulated
granulated
place
feet
two
In
cool
it it
into
or
the
the
tapping
better
is
the
used
for
rule It
in
syrup
your
legal
light
the
in
stand
rock
clear
that
weight,
thick
so
the
gallon,
the
to
often
so
f
syrup
boiled
is
syrup
pounds
If
of maple
candy
rock
the
of
cause
cans
slightly
trees.
\
USEFUL
RULES
AND
FACTS
PROFITABLE How
The
1.
breeds.
egg
89
RAISING. f classified
be
early, begin laying when weight. Leghorns, Minorcas, representatives of this class.
quite
mature
of
light Buttercups are
Cicilian
burgs and lay white
These
and
nonsitters
are
young,
POULTRY
different varieties of chickens
the
may
FARMING
FOR
Ham-
They
eggs.
the breeds. include These Plymouth general purpose and few others. Island Reds a Rocks, Wyandottes, Orpingtons, Rhode quite so early. They are heavier than the egg breeds and do not mature They are excellent table fowls and good layers. They are good sitters and who raises only a and the best for the farmer are good mothers small flock. They lay light brown eggs.
2.
are
The
3.
The
the
best
different
breeds.
meat
Chochins,
The
representativesof this class.
breeds
and
and
easilytamed
considered
are
poor
close confinement.
stand
Brahmas
Langshans
and
the largest of the
They are docile, layers. They are very They are persistent sitters.
the Bantams, Games These include (except fancy breeds. Games), Polish, Frizzles and Silkies. They are bred for show or general poultryonly and are unprofitable for the farmer
The
4.
Indian purposes man.
Which
of
the
breeds
egg
best
is the
for
i\Iore tlian ninety percent of the "White Leghorn for egg production. How
many
eggs
hen
per
be
may
egg
production f
successful
poultrymen
the
expected from
breed
the
egg-producing
breeds?
will, of
This
flocks that
many
when at
of
production
egg
eggs,
Which
do
not
than
more
average
20
eggs
each.
average
there
are
However,
and fed, it should selected, housed average been strains have for each hen. developed Many The record of 308 than 200 each, per year. eggs hen owned by the Oregon Agricultural College.
flock is properly
a
least
that
The the poultryman. depend upon No doubt farm-yard fowls is about 70.
course,
120
eggs
produce is held
is the There
more
by
a
is very
The Wyandottes Rocks, which make
By ivhat
method
All successful
little choice are
should
between
quite
not
them
a
so
favorite
chicks
poultrymen
close
lice be attained:
Each
them.
has
persistent sitters with
as
its advocates. the
Plymouth
some.
be hatched? now
use
attention, their mfiny advantages does have to depend not poultryman be hatched of chicks may large numbers from
breeds?
best of the general-purpose
incubators. are
upon at
While
they require By their use the caprices of the hen;
obvious. the one
time
and
dom perfect free-
THE
90
What
F
should
care
During comfortable, to
see
water
E
given
to
the
chicks
young
of
with
of water
the
chicks
that
has
become
with
do
not
foul
stale.
should
which
over
used
be
drink
or
should
The
sharp sand,
coarse,
Care
a
the
of
end
the
the drinking fountain floor of the brooder
at
wet
get or
life it requires
toward
chill removed.
the
hatched?
ivhen
chick's
a
sleep and,
temperature,
even
BOOK
GUIDE
8'
R
is scattered
chaff
the hen
is allowed
or
litter.
straw
How
M
first forty-eight hours
that
covered
be
he
the
drink
period, a
B
A
chicks
sJioidd the young If hatched
to run,
under
moistened
will obtain
a
meal
corn
the
meat
hen
balance
he fedf in
good results. bugs. They
with
be fed
may
and
insects
from
and
weather
warm
chicks
The
always too early
must
hatched if the young chicks are plenty of pure water, is a more the ground, the problem of caring for them to be placed on with ration balanced well with be supplied a serious They must one. York State College of sufficient grit for digestive operations. The New rations and the following Cornell University, gives Agriculture, at directions for feeding chicks to maturity : have
THE
Mixture
No.
1"5
1
8
lbs. rolled
oats
8
lbs. bread
crumbs
2
lbs. sifted
beef
lb.
Mixture
with No. sour 1, moistened a day: milk, fed five times Mixture No. 2 in shallow tray containing little of No. 3 (dry) always before a chicks. Shredded food, and fine green food. scattered over grit and charcoal
Mixture
scrap
meal
bone
Days
skimmed
(best grade) 1
METHOD.
THE
RATIONS
5 Days
No. 2
2 Weeks
"
day. No. 3, with sour skimmed milk, fed cracked (fine) moistened corn 3 three No. times oatmeal (dry) a day; always pinhead
3
lbs. wheat
2
lbs.
1
lb.
No.
(cracked)
2 in
light litter twice
a
available. Mixture
2
No. 3
3
lbs.
wheat
3
lbs.
corn
3
lbs. wheat
3
lbs. beef
4 Weeks
"
As
bran is
meal
above,
given
except
twice
that
the
moist
mash
day.
a
middlings scrap
(best grade) 1
lb.
Mixture
bone
meal
lbs. wheat
2
lbs.
cracked
1
lb.
hulled
Mixture 3 3
4
No. 4
3
range
Reduce
corn
oats.
day. dry To
corn
a
of moist
meals
mash
to
No. 4 in litter twice
always
one a
a
day
available.
Maturity: No.
lbs. wheat
on
are
)
Mixture mash
chicks
{or until
6 Weeks
(whole)
No. 5
lbs. cracked
"
day
hasten
3 and
No. 5 hopper
of moist
mash
development.
fed.
One
meal
if it is desired
to
;
FARMERS'
THE
92
BOOK
GUIDE
and free from strictly sweet, clean mustiness, mould or losses from Serious frequently occur disease, due to the decay. fowls taking into their bodies, through their intestinal tract or lungs, bandry, of the fungus the spores causing moulds. Dept. of Poultry HusCornell University. should
be
"
Rations.
Contest the ^^^
At fed
was
contest
Storrs, Conn., the following grain
at
:
Coarse
wheat
200
bran
Standard
took
made
up
75
middlings
30
scrap
30
Beef
scrap
Low
grade
There hens
100
feed
Gluten Fish
25
flour
little boxes
were
as they liked. follows : as
Cracked
holding grit,shells There
also
was
provided
a
Kafir
40
oats
20 10
corn
Buckwheat
10
beef
Coarse
10
scrap
OTHER
FEEDING
GOOD
No.
Dry
MIXTURES.
1.
Mash.
meal bran
10
"
Wheat
middlings
10
"
scrap
No.
Young rice until well the
quantity
make
a
thinly
over
the
and
feed
to
water
pounds
10
Wheat
Oil meal
Boil
pounds
60
Heavy white Barley
Beef
the
grain"
"scratch
BO
corn
which
charcoal
and
Wheat
C^orn
pounds
100
Cornmeal
one-half
mixture
Chicks
done.
good soft dough. and pan, the chicks
surprisingly grow preventive a good
fast
and
of bowel
the
on
on
corn-meal. a
until this
5
Range.
thoroughly
Grease bake
"
"
2.
When
of white
5
Add
baking well
cold
This
mix
it with
sufficient
water
tin, spread this dough
done.
mixture.
strong. very troubles.
cooked,
It
food
Soften will
with
them
cause
is said
to
cold to
be, also,
USEFUL
RULES
AND
FACTS
Feeding.
Dry Whole
in
200
wheat
360
"
130
"
tlie litter
morning
and
No. Cracked
a1
4. 15
corn
pounds "
10
Oats
''
5
this the
with
following dry mash:
meal
Corn
8
Wheat
middlings
Wheat
bran
Meat
exercise.
indnee
to
noon
Wheat
Use
pounds
corn
Oats Scatter
93
3.
No.
Cracked
FARMING
FOR
pounds
12
scraps
meal
Oil
2
Alfalfa Fine
meal
2
'.
charcoal
Salt
1/2 OZ. No.
Cracked
5. 4
corn
Wheat
pounds "
2
Oats Use
with
this
Corn
meal
following dry mash
:
3
2
"
scraps
1
"
middlings No.
Cracked
6. 1
corn
Whole
wheat
peck 1/2 bushel
this the
following mash
:
Bran
200
100
"
Middlings
100
"
Ground
oats
Ground
lightly.
come
two
bone
directions Fit the
While
the
for providing
ground
In
six
divided hens
as
weeks
his
hen-yard
were
50
"
10
"
rape?
the rape if for Avheat, sow broadcast it will be ready for the hens. in
one
again, if not eaten parts, he kept his hens up
pounds
meal
Corn
once
"
1
Oats
Give
bushel
1
Buckwheat
with
'*
2
Wheat
Feed
pounds
bran
Wheat Meat
the
into
two
part, the down
too
supplied
parts, other
sowing
both
cover
writer
The to
rape.
Rape will by alternating the
closed.
was
closely; with
and
so
green
food
all summer,
FARMERS'
THE
94
although
not
the
they
rape,
poultrymen
turned
into
dry
of
few
that a
green
meat
of
green
exercise.
poultry house
Is artificialheating of the
plenty
containing
ration
balanced
a
grit and
scraps,
production of eggsf
essential for the winter
are
houses,
Warm
feed,
were
consumed
conditions
What
hens
the
as
soon
hens.
for
ration
As
range.
only about one-half the usual amount It seems increased. their egg production was of Dwarf Essex as realize the importance rape
and
rations
free
on
BOOK
GUIDE
advisable
f
harm than See that do more good. the be roof let just over low, building; are no time kind feed the at hens of the the right the roosts right ; ; give will get for their living in the litter,and make scratch them you all Hens that gulp down The exercise is absolutely essential. eggs. in do not hold then stand around lay. the food they can groups No
;
in
cracks
should
How
will
artificial heating
there
the
for the high-classmarket?
he sorted
eggs
form be strictlyfresh, and unifancy price, eggs must to produce fancy and in size, color shape. It costs no more and the charges than it does to produce common express ones, eggs them the same. Often, by a little sorting, five to ten cents on are York The New be obtained. the market above dozen price may per brown Boston the market, market eggs. prefers white eggs ; command
To
How
a
good laying
may
only method by the good layers are not
of
some
are
of trap
aid
flock
a
ful good layers is l)y care-
of
been
It has
nests.
but
a
the
that
learned
carefully selected
and
breed.
some
the
f
particular breed,
any
developed strain, of What
developing
of
The
selection
he obtained
hens
signs of good layers?
If a hen has grown last. layers always moult feathers by October 1, she is probably unprofitable. of the best layers are usually colorless. 2. The shanks 1.
The
3.
A
smooth
have
What
best
the
Charles the
eggs
has
summed
is
very
a
good layer.
taught poultrymen? up,
The
for
Country
man, Gentle-
:
200-egg hen
a
substantial
it is possible for the domestic consecutive days.
high fecundity
than
That a
contests
sign of
fowl
present-day reality. to
produce
more
than
in 365
That
in
is the
comb
egg-laying
L.
the
That
rather
recent
velvety
Opperman following facts
That
250
and
new
marked
is
primarily
a
question
of strain
or
family
can
result
of breed. the selection
and
improvement
mating of the
of
highly prolificbirds egg production.
average
USEFUL
continued
the
That
FACTS
the
That
FARMING
of breedinac
stock
can
95
lines
upon
activity is inclined
of certain
that
alter
to
breeds.
pure
weight of the eggs from be materially increased
average
strains
producing
FOR
ovarian
to
conformation
and
the weight
selection
tendency
emphasize inherent
RULES
AND
both
high and low selective through
breeding. the
That
index
to
a
That
when
equal, if
the
That
for
things
single-bird
absence
equal the so-called
are
strains
birds
of male
is the
pen
only absolute
production.
^g^
the superior, of many
not
affect the egg
the
or
capacity other
the
That
nest
trap
bird's
from
of
the
mongrel
be
may
pure-breds.
laying
does
pens
not
yield. heavier
the
breeds
the best
are
winter
layers.
abundant
That
an
with
proper
feed in conjuncsupply of plain, wholesome tion is conducive housing and management to increased
production. That
in the
the cost
poultry
That
feeding
of
their
so-called
profit or
for
soil where
on
there
standard
rations
connection
in
use
of unknown
principal essentials of
the
Build
1.
from
of birds
pens
Mention
in itself make
not
efficiencyof different
the
exactly determined
be
does
loss
business.
with
cannot
small
perimental ex-
performance. poultry
proper
a
is
a
house.
drainage.
natural
Dampness
is fatal to chickens. 2.
should
house
The
be
ventilated
well
warm,
and
free
from
the
south
drafts.
and
not
be
The
4.
instinct
should
roosts
places,
and
windows
have
prevents the
upon
the
on
development
of
much
of
fowls.
Too
had, especiallyin winter.
birds
in
the south
face
Sunlight not only vitalizing affect a
it has
but
can
high
sides.
east
germs,
it
the house
Let
3.
will
on
the
level.
same
natural
The
no high places for safety. If there are commotion at roosting crowding or no
seek
is to
there
all be
be
time. Ventilation
5.
side.
south
They
be
may
allow
the
obtained air to
7.
Use
A
good plan is
to
build
the
muslin
enter, but
the dropping boards under hens floor space, help to keep the warmer the droppings to be more easily removed. 6.
by
nests
This
roosts.
in cold
under
windows
on
the
prevent drafts. will
weather
the front
give and
more
allow
edge of the
and a hinged door in front openings behind will give the This the collecting eggs. may be a should There hens the privacy which laying. they like when platform back of the nests wide enough for the hens to walk on. where the sun be provided a dust box, located 8. should There reach it. Keep it well filled with fine road dust. can
dropping
boards,
that
be
with
lowered
when
FARMERS'
THE
96
GUIDE
BOOK
essential "poultry furniture" sists condrinking fountains, self-feeding hoppers for dry mash, feed will The not be so drinking fountains grit boxes. troughs and if they are raised on a small platform a foot or easily contaminated, Besides
9.
dust
the
the
box
of
above
so
the floor.
College of Agriculture, suggests
Missouri
The
"hen-happiness and Allow
each
Provide
hen
one
full egg
a
four
feet of floor space.
square of
foot
square
following for
the
basket:"
glass
to
fifteen square
every
feet of
floor space.
quite half
high
as
in
cupolas are
Build
every
the What
inches
of
of dirt.
This
Provide
eight
house
the
will make ten
place the
the
on
higher
of
inches
to
front
slat
a
is free
from
not
tops
than
the
fifteen
every
similar
cracks
back, ends and
stone, then two a dry floor.
coarse
to
and
of muslin
by making
or
floor eight inches
a
side
foot
square
openings for drafts
no
south
is wide.
one
barns.
Fill in four two
as
floor space, Be sure
feet of
square
the
on
the house
by placing
Ventilate
there
windows
the
Locate
to
and
the
that
roof.
surrounding ground. of clay and then
inches
roosting
space
and
one
of
straw.
nest
to
six hens. Cover
the
grain
in the
the
are
with
floor straw
rules for
so
foot
a
to
as
taking
eighteen inches
or
encourage
care
Peed
exercise.
of the poultry house?
be done This may by spraying, whitewashing Keep it clean. fresh clean litter. that there is absolutely no See cumulation acproviding The should nests of dampness. ahvays be provided with lice. able formidclean and be free from Lice and mites are dry straw business. Unless of the poultry enemies prepared to are you in check, you had better take up some other occupation. keep them
and
What
are
The
best methods
the
preparations given One
of
the
successfully. manufactured is Chemo, '
An
'
for combating lice and
' '
excellent
hand
POULTRY
sprayer
"Useful
under
convenient
most
and
sold
by
is furnished
TROUBLES
AND
The
Formulas"
may
commercial
preparations
Chemo
with
THEIR
mites?
the
be
used
Co., Buffalo,N. Y. liquid.
REMEDIES.
regarding sanitation,pure food and The will be few poultry troubles. fowls die if to know that off,something should his begin poultryman it. Usually it is wrong, and he should locate that trouble and correct is dampness, filth, quarters, drafts, cold, ventilation, too crowded poor of the more common Following are some feeding, or impure food. over troubles and suggested remedies : If all the required conditions feeding are complied with, there
FACTS
USEFUL
BUMBLEFOOT. and
large
becomes some
roost
to
Remedy. Remove
Soak
"
a
linseed
LIMBERNECK."
droops
to
Remedy. oil for to
a
keep
Remove
"
fowl.
grown
scales
LEG.
carbolized
where
acid
carbolized warm
a
on
skin
the
bird
is unable
control
the
It is caused
by eating putrid
meat.
the
Give
cause.
If not
This
"
Dip
"
seems
3
within
cured
to
3
or
4
or
4
which
head
teaspoonfuls of castor days it is not advisable
the
The
"
Remedy.
a
assume
lives under parasite which a rough, lifeless appearance.
tar, kerosene
pull
the
all tiie barbules
moisten
with
loop
rub
oil,or
of
It will
bills
red
with
them
and
Twist
remove
though
as worms
hair, put
If this
sweet
feather of the
some
the
pipe, wind-
those
oil,and
to
pipe. wind-
be
not
can
except
the
trying
in the
it into
method
long feather,
a
fowl.
the
their forked
of horse
out.
worms
from
it out.
draw
several
or
of oil of cloves
mixture
windpipe
one
double
a
remove
a
keep opening
by
Make
"
it and
turn
and
by to
in coal
legs
fowls
It is caused
the
is caused
vaseline.
GAPES. swallow.
times
with
by putting
lance
open and
puss,
of carbolic
soft litter.
legs,causing them
of the
Remedy.
into
day
thoroughly.
indicates
it.
SCALY the
soon
through a high
from
clean
anoint
and
remedied
be a
place
solution
a
half
upon
The
ground.
the
fowl
the
in
water,
may
after
poultice,and Keep
soft
any
of
ten
to
trouble
the
Often
meal
and
toes
infection
an
and
water
warm
the foot
Bathe
teaspoonful
thinnest.
the
in
foot
the
sharp knife.
one water, vaseline.
result
the
at
perhaps, by jumping
caused,
foreign substance;
any
with
skin
of
97
floor.
hard
a
It is the
clumsy.
of the
abrasion
begins swelling
foot
The
"
FARMING
FOR
RULES
AND
insert
several
around
kill the
and
worms
used, tip, gently
the
at
others. WHITE
The
DIARRHEA."
watery ; the fowl and closed. eyes
around
stands
in
with
listless attitude
for
remedy
The writer has discovered no Remedy. red dissolved A good preventive is venetion heaping teaspoonful to each pint of water. "
white
become
droppings a
in
the
head
and down
this disease.
drinking water,
1
the nasal openings, dulSymptoms are a discharge from The fever. discharge is at first thin and watery, ness, prostration and thick and obstructs the breathing. three become but in two or days
ROUP.
"
Remedy. well for of
"
ventilated a
second
water.
effective.
Remove room,
the
free from
two,
into
Spraying
the
or
bird
a
from
drafts
solution bird's
the
of air.
of 1
head
flock and
ounce
with
Plunge
the
of boric kerosene
in
place
a
fowl's
acid
warm,
head,
1 quart oil is often very to
FARMERS'
TEE
98
CROP
effort to swallow
large, firm
Remedy. work
then food
about
opened
swallow
to
and
the
Feed
and
milk
on
gradually change
in
by
be
to
seen
of the
some
a
be
may
crop
with
oil,
sweet
or
spoon
with clean, warm the crop and skin, using the crop
the
in each
stitches
cut.
together for
day
a
two,
or
soft mash. is the result
This
caused
be
may
an
result.
may
removed out
beaten
eggs
raw
to
FEATHER-EATING." and
given,
death
or
conditions
the
teaspoonful of
a
contents
this is done, wash
the openings, both sew water, up four separate best silk,and making
and
is
crop
the
inch
an
After
hook.
button
is
fingers,endeavoring to force be done, the not gullet. If this can
the
through
out
bird
the with
the crop
The
so.
no help breathing difficult,and
the
Force
"
do
to
appetite
loss of
a
If
distended.
much
aggravated,
become
able
being
without
and
is
first symptom
The
BOUND."
BOOK
GUIDE
confinement,
close
too
of or
depraved appetite,
a
of animal
lack
matter
in the food.
Remedy.
Give
plenty of grit and
that
mites
"
possible. See VERTIGO. one
side.
under
a
"
stream
bird
the
Place
by
begin
large
feed
Don't
allow
Don't
frighten the hens.
Don't
neglect
Don't
allow 't
Don
the
neglect
provide
to
hens
to
to
supply
over
Don't
change
rations
Don't
neglect
to
Don't
forget that it
Don't
keep
Don't
feed
Don't
forget that
Don't
neglect
heads, under to
kill and
a
to
or
sunlight. its head
cure.
they
same
ones.
grit. kind.
of any all times.
at
water
pure
healthy
with
food
rotten
eat
days old.
two
are
pen
and
meat
up.
feed.
Don't
chicks
in the
sick hens
backward
filth.
or
until
chicks
Don't
young
effect
scale; work
a
lice,dampness
tolerate
Don't
the
too
on
night.
direct
or
if
free run,
DON'TS.
POULTBY
Don't
heat
a
cool,shady place. Holding
a
will often
of cold water
at
and
upward,
its head much
too
in
them
trouble
not
throws
be caused
It may
Remedy.
bird
The
"
do
food
animal
abruptly.
provide
food
green
is the
for
busy hens
that
winter.
produce the
eggs.
lot of "boarders."
a
mouldy
to
grain of milk
sour
put
any
a
good
little fresh
"
for
hens
don't
the use
chicks.
and
lard, vaseline
around
and
wings keep off the lice the
is
kind.
vents
kerosene.
or
of
sweet
oil
on
hen-hatched
FARMEBS'
TEE
100
GUIDE
PROFITABLE Into
what
two
type
cattle.
beef
and
chief differences between
the
The
DAIRYING.
cattle he divided?
may
cattle
dairy
Into Mention
types
following
BOOK
table
dairy
the
gives
and
beef
cattle.
principal characteristics
of
each
:
Dairy.
Beef.
Form
Wedge-shaped
Head
Rectangular. Larger and thicker.
Eyes
Small, long, narrow. Bright, prominent.
Muzzle
]\Iouth and
Neck Shoulders
Fine,medium length,thin Short, thick. Thin, lean, bony. Heavy, well-fleshed.
Back
Crooked.
Straight.
Flank
High.
Low.
Thighs
Thin.
Full, heavy.
Large prominent. Soft and pliable.
Same.
Udder
and
milk
veins. .
Skin
and
Mention
.
hair
the
Holstein-Friesian
Ayrshire to
medium
"
white, horns
and
large, white,
"
Small.
found in the United place of origin.
chief dairy breeds
principal characteristics
Same.
nostrils large. Same.
with
in size, varying
usually turning upward
black
in ;
color from
States, giving
patches from
the
;
red
county
from
and of
land. Hol-
brown
Ayr
in
Scotland. Swiss
Brown hair
between
the
Belted
Dutch
broad, white
a
by a tips ; from
black
with
horns
"
light to dark brown, light tuft of a with line along the back, black narrow nose, and meal-colored hoofs black, band; tongue
shade
horns,
surrounded
mouth
a
"
about
from
Switzerland. the
same
the
belt surrounds
as
body
Holstein-Friesian, except that from ;
the Jerseys, Guernsey a little larger than skin flesh-colored ; from fawn yellow, nose color, "
small, Jersey Island of Jersey. "
Mention
the
gray
or
fawn
hair the
colored, v/ith black
leading beef types found
in the
United
yellow Island
noses;
reddish
or
of
sey. Guern-
from
from Durham, England. Hereford, England. Polled (hornless) Hereford, developed AberdeenAngus, from Scotland. Polled Durham, developed in the United Scotland. Galloways, from or
from
in the
States.
the
States, with place
of origin. Shorthorn,
a
Holland.
United
States.
is the
Which
opinions differ, the Herefords
Although
endure
hardy, develop early.
They
very
are
young
of cattle
How
the
buying
can
be well
farmer? recommended.
well, and their of temperature faces. distinguished by their white
are
of
dairyman
toward
profit should
use
the
for
farms beef
into
types
beef
the
breeds
make
who
dealers cautions
lots from
in small
cows
not
care
duce intro-
to
his herd.
be obto/ined? farmer who is selling raising it yourself ; 3. By different farmers; 4. Purchasing of buying and selling.
By purchasing the entire herd or going into other business ;
1.
his farm
What
who
dairy
a
may
from
They
strain of the
any
American
?
dairyman
The
the
extremes
the attitude
be
should
What
for
breed
profitable beef
most
101
FARMING
FOR
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
business
a
some
By
in buying
be observed
should
from
2.
dairy?
a
trying to breed uji and develop his herrl. He cows only at an exorbitant figure. He is,however, ready and anxious to dispose of his culls, the "boarders", very hard The ginner bemilkers, jumpers, kickers, and others that are undesirable. in himself find who a picked-up dairy will, usually, procures posession of a herd that is not only unprofitable,but difficult to keep has owned who dairy of this kind a bounds. within Only a person Nearly
is
farmer
every
will sell his best
losses
annoyances,
and
discomfitures
it will
that
him.
cause
of cattle shall
breed
What
depends
This the
which are
the
understand
can
the best
// for
;
kept.
if for cream,
buy? individual
and
tastes
milk
If for shipping Guernseys or Jerseys be
would
which
cream,
the
upon
are
cows
I
better, Guernseys
to are
or
the the
purpose
for
city, Holsteins
preferable.
Jcrseysf
the Although opinions more would satisfactory. more Guernsey prove butter much almost which as milk, averages tractable and give more fat as that of the Jerseys. three individual or be judged by two not of cattle can A breed some will give richer milk than Holstein then Now and records. a Holsteins. milk than some will give more Jerseys, and often a Jersey
differ, the writer
DON'TS.
COW
Don
't
run
cows.
your
Don't
neglect
Don't
keep
that, for cream, hardier, They are
believes
dehorn
to
that
cows
are
the
calves. the
unprofitable;use
scales
Babcock
and
test.
Don
Don't
't breed
expect
too
young.
much
from
a
cross
between
a
Holstein
and
a
Jersey.
TEE
102
Don't
something
jump
F
try
to
raise
A
M
R
all
RS'
E
GUIDE
if
feed,
your
BOOK
land
your
is
adapted
better
to
else.
Don't
keep
Don't
forget
Don't
expect
Don't
teach
over
Don't
poor
neglect
beef
breeds,
that
much
your
if need
cows
milk
cattle
fences.
your
pasture.
from
to
are
you
a
variety timothy
become
in
the of
hay unruly
business
for
milk.
feed. alone.
by
tempting
them
to
USEFUL
FACTS
COW Choked
TROUBLES When
"
lodges either
the
at
first
the
attendant
a
rubber
of
carefully
may
toward
it
toward
the
lungs, it cheek
the
near
and
causing it
against
keep
the
from
6
to
to
gullet
"high
as
into
arm
animal's
the
in
length
care
that
10
to
feet
taking
if air
a
mouth,
hold
clevis
a
"low be
may
the
it does
choke," passed
not
pass
obstruction
the
into the
throat If
out.
assistant If it is
carefully pressed If the hose is passed by ])assing the opposite
stomach.
easily be determined noting
animal's
the drawn
by having an jaws apart.
reaching
move
and
usually
the
first is known
The
throat,
on
can
in
down
or
passed into grasped and
safer
animal's
the
down
"thelungs,
wind-pipe
passing his
hose
ol)struction
the
he
may
choke
the
be made
in order
mouth
piece
end
hand
about
103
choke."
"low
the
case
is timid
operation
in the
stomach.
object causing
the
the
the
the second
and
In
and
of the
FARMING
REMEDIES.
choked
becomes
entrance to
FOR
THEIR
AND
cow
a
(oesophagus), close choke"
RULES
AND
in and
passes
out
animal
Ihe
as
breathes.
Bloating
animal
the
tap
is made
The
blade
paunch,
and
allowed
to
left
from
by turning
this purpose
in
back
obtained
be
will
a
be
of
place by
the
round
making
If the
stick about A
rough
string tied
two
to
the
to
each
in
as
end
is not the
used
be
and
be
side
into
be
may
should
six to
the
be
on
inches
eight
so urgent, i-elief may animal's For itioutli.
in
diameter first
by
of the
corners
trocar, used.
a
may
the gas
cut
puncture
from
inches
can
one
close
case
gag
a
the
to
the
rib, and
last
bone.
the stick back a
edge-wise
for
by placing
needed.
Press
blade
the
point
The
to
necessary
known
ordinary pocket knife through the animal's
an
thrust
be
escape.
special instrument,
but
line of the back
the
cloth.
A
once.
may
side, just
usually long
at
bloated, it is usually
is badly
cow
this purpose,
for
small
the
If the
"
passing
and
wrapping
mouth
over
a
and
the
foot in hold
animal's
head.. with fore-quarters elevated is beneficial in Standing the animal water helping the gas to escape ; also bathing the flanks with warm will prove of the stomach. useful, by stimulating contraction Hard
Udders
Hard
"
udders
are
due
to
an
inflammation
of
the
of the gland, usually due to bacterial infection. Simple inflammation is after freshening, usually due comes udder, which immediately on is to the active changes taking place in the gland at this period and rich a diet frequently hastens Too less serious. the trouble, especially In this condition, heifers. on light diet and a place the cow among A of one salts dissolved in water. give a drench pound of Epsom drench fi-om throat is given by turning the liquid down the animal's long-necked bottle. a ?
If the rub
it
hard
udder
thoroughly
two
develops or
three
at
a
period and daily with
is due
later
times
a
hot
to
bacteria,
ointment
of
104
THE
F
quarts Milk
the
that
S'
G
V
I D
BOOK
E
drench
pound
bicycle
common
a
tube.
Insert
This
and
pump
of
Procure
"
Milk
turpentine.
and
full of air.
udder
is
Fever
glass milking
or
R
31 E
frequently. Keep the bowels in salts dissolved of Epsom one of water, then-half-pound doses repeated daily.
equal parts of lard initial loose by an two
AK
is
tube
almost
an
sure
perfectly
are
in
tube
the
and
pump the
Care
cure.
clean
and
the
pump
be taken
should
that
silver
3-inch
a
and
teat
only
air
pure
in.
pumped
has become changed Gargeted milk is milk which Gargeted Milk fluid from the the solids in portion. It is separating udder, milk in the of bacteria glands. by the presence generally caused with milk under for "Milk"), washing Treat (See as same ropy others. last to to and spreading milking prevent antiseptics daily in a pint of water, one-half of Poke-root, given extract Fluid ounce beneticial. three times daily as a drench, or given in the feed is very for several Continue days. treatment "
the
Gnawing Bones as pica and
Cows of
the
In is
Alkaline
animal.
attractive
to
animal
the
generally supposed in
salts
food
the
assimilation
becomes
be
to
The
the
poor the
due
to
part
digestion and
the
disease and
of
of the
some
following
the
months.
condition
The
dies.
even
lack
last for
may
be due It may to imperfect animal. of the treatment The
water.
or
on
improving
ar
"
to
in this condition.
cows
cases
some
tion This condiForeign Material the depraved appetite on part a especially are salty tasting substances
Eating
or
is due
is known
necessary
digestion consists
prescription
is
or
in
mended recom-
:
Iron
sulphate
Powdered
nux
Powdered
gentian
Common
Continue
the
Abortion
acid
or
Remove of no
the
discharge
cow
go
to
from
cow
is
at
Hoof Disease mud. dirty water or moisten
in 1
pint Syore
may
be
of
twice soft
least
months
off loose
with
a
by
be
may
the
and
with
feed.
the
ounce
herd.
the
with
womb
wash 1
of
continue
filthy stables, or of
by injury
caused
animals
Do thoroughly. after aborting.
part and
solution
day
a
other
Syringe
caused
Shave
daily
and
of creolin stables
ounces
dram
is cured.
to
once.
two
Usually
"
and
at
1 ounce
Disinfect
seen.
bull for
trouble
communicated
herd
twice
animal
the
serious
containing
water
warm
a
easily
It is
this mixture
of
until is
This
"
ounces
1
treatment
infection.
ounces
8 8
tablespoonful
a
root
ounces
4
salt
Arsenous
Give
vomica
2
with
1 gallon daily until
not
let
the
standing warm
chloride
in
water
of
zinc
water. .
Teats
"
purchased
Rub at
on, any
after
drug
milking, carbolated store.
vaseline,
which
FACTS
USEFUL
AND
Often
Tuberculosis
RULES
introduced
FOR
into
the
FARMING
herd
The
creamery.
of
stages
the
disease.
listlessness, the
tirst
disease
the
under
have
the
be
the If
disease.
symptoms
dry
short, detected
there
and is
There
rise
no
is
no
several
in
cure,
a
the if
noticeable of
flesh,
then
in
temperature
temperature, present.
early
of
loss
which
days,
froiri
the
Early
test,
rise
in
etc.
tuberculin
for
testing
loss
diarrhoea,
the
for
not
are
cough, by
temperature skin,
usually
are
Later
a
may
taking
day.
syrnptoins
milk
through
"
the
105
tite, appe-
stages
of
consists
of
injecting
the
the cow
culin tubering followdoes
not
106
FARMERS'
THE
GUIDE
BOOK
MILK, is milk
Why
a
needed
contains, in the right proportions, all the nutrients
Milk
and
nourish
animals?
all young
good food for
build
the
up
It is the
body.
known.
perfect food
most
to
is the composition of milk?
What
100
Every
of
pounds
contains
milk
about
uents following constit-
the
:
87
Water Fat
4
Milk
5
sugar Casein and
Mineral
3.3
albumen
0.7
matter
hy rich milk?
is meant
milk
rich
By
is meant milk
The
fat.
butter
pounds
100
Total
What
pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds
milk
a
that
different
of the
contains of
breeds
high percentage
a
Station, after
The New Agricultural Experiment respect. : great many tests, gives the following averages
Shorthorn Devons
Guernsey Jersey does
the
The
milk
2.
The
last of the
feed
While
also, of
very
milk
is usually the
perishable
Hoiv
By The dust space
the farmer
may
stable be
should
allowed
and
good
cow
be to
for
and
sealed
any
clean her
with
ventilation.
The
of
richness
entirely upon
the
the
its
milk,
cow.
of milk?
valuable
product
Bacteria
of
farm,
of the
flourish
all kinds
milk
that
it is, in
it
will
milk? clean
surroundings matched There
accumulate.
up.
first.
the
It is only the clean length of time.
odors.
produce
keeping the
most
dries
cow
than
the
on
almost
nature.
bad it quickly absorbs retain its original character and
the
vary?
cow
same
is richer
drawn
characteristics
the
the
just before
fat depending
milk
a
in fat
from
little effect
very
of
some
are
is richer
has
of butter
percent
tlic milk
of
1.
The
What
richness
a
3.4% 3.6%. 4.4% 4.6 /^^ 5.5% 5.6%.
Holstein-Friesian
Ayrshire
How
differ in this
cattle
York
of
cows
and
lumber should and
be
and no
plenty
milkers
must
wholesome. cobwebs of
or
window both
be
FARMERS'
THE
108
specialcare
What
as
them What
causes
within
a
has
this kind
of
pails and
bad
in milkf
flavors in milk
seams
can
not
free from
as
should
seams
tlushed
be
purchased,
be
take
for you.
by dirt, foul odors
be caused in
found
If
the
or
taint
the
the
and leeks, turnips, cabbage, rape rye especiallyif fed just before milking time.
as
What
and
and
fix them
him
have
may
tinned
crevices
utensils?
milk
stable, digestive
in the has
conditions cow cow. If the cow is milked will be affected. of any sort her milk bitter. Milk of calving time, the milk will become few weeks ' ' ' ' Certain is unfit for human smell feeds, such use. a barny
bacteria, disorders
All
BOOK
choosing
in
heavily
be
local tinner
flavors
Bad
exercised
he
them.
If
solder.
to your
that
make
possibleto with
full
should
utensils should
All milk is
GUIDE
is the
and
cause
milk
of
cure
milk
more
or
less,
milk?
ropy
is caused
by fungi which develop in the milk after it into long filaments microscopic plants which grow milk that The the becomes is probably due stringy, or ropy. so source to stagnant becoming infected may pools of water, and a cow spread To get rid of it,remove the cause. it to others. See that the cows have of which water. Determine to plenty affected access cows are pure the udders them of all suspected after the others. Cleanse and milk one once a day, with a percent solution of carbolic acid or cows, of the milkers The hands should in an creolin. be washed anticeptic animals. All after milking the affected solution milking utensils and scalded after these should be thoroughly washed using. With do than conditions not last the ten usually longer days or precautions Ropy
is drawn.
They
weeks.
two
T)o thunder
well
showers
a
to
seems
of
warmer
man
much
as
and
same
by
milk
in
the
process
explain
to
it
existing just refrigerators
way.
work
passed the stage of experiment and of them With dairymen. one many milk of four and the milkers, good
must
be
the
all other
with
have
Care
that
humid
attempted amosphere
success?
a
the
cleaner.
installed
the
necessities
easily do
can
have
unsatisfactory, since
is
much
machines
considered
quickly, although
sour
more
or
this
but
be affected
Milking now
be
the
shower;
to
Bacteriologists
milking machines
Are
milk
cause
understood.
result
a
before
the souring of milk?
hasten
showers
Thunder
is not as
are
engine runs milk-handling
taken
that
the
machine
is
are one
will
properly
uniform
speed. Cleanliness here, is absolutely essential to devices,
at
success.
Will
it pay If
a
farmer
If however,
The
farmer
a
machine
a
to
own
at
owns
separator must
have
is
a
least
cream
ten
separator? cows,
milk
a
separator
house
used, a solid, unyielding, absolutely
a
profitable.
will be
will be almost
a
level
necessity. founda-
FACTS
Vt^EFlJL
lion. be
If
large
a
needed
to
What
proceed Laval
De
to
before
trial test.
You
which
be
may
will find that
she
What
Cool
one
and
The
to
each
or
more
the
Sharpless,
firm set
easily cleaned
for
their
up
for
than
a
others,
produce
cow
a
should
the
ijearf
a
produce
5,000 pounds
(]uart of milk
A
from
the
as
milk
2.15
year.
per
and
profitable. un-
pounds.
making?
butter
separator
of
"boarder"
a
weighs
home
for
is
she
3,000 pounds,
than
cream
in
as
soon
55"
possible to
F.
lower. 2.
Never
3.
]\Tix
eighteen
mix
all
iiuurs
warm
be
to
cream
ueioie
with
",'reain
Cool
G.
Let
churning 7.
If it is desired
just before
to
10.
Wash
of 11.
about
one
to
least
at
can,
70"
75"
to
this
F.
hours
from
six to eight
period.
temperature
eight
for
as
more
or
soon
ripe.
as
(over night)
at
the
the
the
Add
be
make
the
60"
to
added
F. to
when
the
Use
granules
off the
draw
with as
about
are
the
size of
peas,
buttermilk.
cold
twice, by
water
much
cold
the
butter
each
water
pouring
time
as
it
half
on
the
buttermilk. the
salt
demands
of the butter
Work
13.
If the butter
the
packages.
while
one-half
and
to one
12.
attractive
55"
artificial coloring, it should
use
butter
it off.
the
to
churning.
wheat, and
draining
amount
or
of
to
Stop churning
9.
varying
vat
one
churning should be such as thirty-fiveto forty minutes, usually
in from
cream
and
stand
cream
temperature
come
8.
in
temperature. The
butter
churning
to
cream
the
cream.
cimriniig.
of Ripen at a temperature hours, stirring it frequently during 5.
coo!
churned
4.
the
Send
best
purchasing
houses.
more
are
general directions
the
are
1. or
will
rid of her.
Get
some
is the
advise
not
have
possible
matters
important consideration.
an
good dairy cow produces less
A If
If
these
machine.
a
machine
order
all good.
are
buy.
you
milk
much
States
United
his
does
mail
engine will speed regulator.
a
separators?
cream
writer
small
a
All
buying
that
the
by
out
of
109
necessitate
cream.
before
swear
The
it.
sent
and
literature
Hoiv
will
will
the
cool
to
FARMIXa
separated,
this
consideration
prove
machines
cheap
needed
manufacturer
Each
and
reliable makes
the most
are
then
be
FOR
is to lie
machine
into
taken
be
should
the
will
RULES
of milk
amount
turn
Water
AND
for each
ounces
granular form, using ing pound of butter, accord-
is in
market.
just enough
is to go
on
the
to
distribute
market,
it should
the be
salt
evenly.
put in neat,
FARMERS'
THE
110
DON'TS.
MELK
put
milk
Don't
try
to
Don't
tolerate
Don't
neglect
Don
't
Don
't
milk
Don
't
set
in
sell
with the
milk
that
vessel
a
has
milk.
impure milkers.
wet
to
BOOK
GUIDE
milk
the
dirty down
clean.
cows
hands. in
the
stable.
not
previously
been
scalded.
USEFUL
FACTS
AND
RULES
FOR
FARMING
111
CALVES. Is it
profitahlefor the farmer The
advantages capital
to raise his
all with
are
farmer.
the
who
considerable
dairy?
own
It is only the
and
the
class
with
man
of
that a can buy cows go out often keep. Besides, the high-priced cows are and not being as represented some even ing provbred sires,the descendants to be unprofitable. With of wellpure known start milking families for several generations, the farmer can with herd and in scrub build few a splendid dairy. a a years up In fact, the cows less. their way The cost will be much will pay and
afford dairyman can disappointments, many
reward What
for his efforts.
farmer
the
rules
to
should
the
govern
in
farmer
selecting the calves
he
to
raised? Raise
calves
scales,applied real
merit
time
and
from
individual
known.
be
can
The
cows.
raising cows right, there need are from
offspring.
What
care
he
should
of the
taken
test
by
means
and
as
her his
waste
merit.
be little doubt
the
which
will not
of unknown
mother
of the
Babcock
the only are cow, intelligent farmer
The calves
money
the sire and
only the good
to each
If both
to the value
calf?
young
the mother. This Always contains a calf needs. special physicing property that the young After three days it may The be taught to drink. calf should always be kept in a waim, if dry place with plenty of fresh air and sunlight. It will not grow compelled to sleep on a cold, damp bed. let it suck
How
a
may
With that
it
calf he taught
the palm
pail and fingers.
in
suck
can
when
days.
Hoiv
white
calf
fingers into
two
them.
Lower
the
in
is sucking
calf's mouth
the
hand
your
milk
gently
for
so
into
the
withdraw
the
usually be downward,
ficient. sufas
it
its nourishment.
for feeding the calf
the
new
time
the
it should trouble
calf. young three times a
milk
calf is ten
and
loss
days old fed
be
never
result
much
so
from
for the
day
feed
the
first fourteen be
may
slightly
it will not
that
overfeeding
want
from
than
any
cause.
a
may
The After
between
upward
; but
More
more.
other
the
From
air
f
repeated two or three times process the calf's head will have to be pushed
directions
increased
insert
of
will
naturall.y looks
Give
to drink
upward the
the
This Often
Give
first milk
the
calf he raised witJiout milk?
young
this
time
middlings
calf a
should
have
fresh
porridge composed
and
one
Begin by boiling
two
part wheat
spoonfuls
milk
of
one
bran in
a
may
for
part be
pint of
at
least
gradually water
and
weeks.
two
oil meal,
one
part
ted. substitufeed
with
FARMERS'
TEE
112
GUIDE
BOOK
be gradually increased and porridge may Let the mixture the milk until only the porridge is used. diminished it then boil cool is let to milk while to warm. being stirred, come a will want Feed three times a day, alwa.ys just enough so that the calf
milk.
a
The
of the
araoimt
little more.
What
changes
in the feed of the calf
made
he
may
older?
it grdivs
as
the being used for butter or sent to a creamery, started be the fresh two on gradually calf, old, may when the calf is seven be started The change may or separated milk. that it will be and old on a changed so gradually complete eight days ration it is fourteen of separated milk when days old. At the time the be fed at the rate of one stock molasses should change is being made milk. If much is fed, it will have a bad too of to a gallon tablespoonful If
is
milk
the
weeks
when
effect upon as
as
soon
best
begin for
ration
meal
to
it,by feeding
eat
should
it
is white
calves
young
calf
The
of the calf.
bowels
the
it will
get
ration
meal
a
in the bucket.
dry
shorts
and
oil
The
meal, equal
parts. How
the ration
Besides or
calf he fed.during
tlie
should
above
as
A good pasture alfalfa hay. and have plenty of shade
should
the calf
where
sleep nights looked after, if
can
details must
be
What
diarrhea
causes
be caused by over filthysurroundings.
diarrhea
may
Remove
it may
occur,
with. and
the
to the
If
the
must
by giving opium
been
be given
this
one
size of the stools
smell
be
suceesful
a
dairyman.
in calves?
sour, too
a
It may filthy feeding utensils. in feed, or wet, abrupt change
cause.
recommended the
on
the
by
diseases
of cattle
according to the nature is not wide-spread, but to be a simple diarrhea or
irritant
remove
two
calf.
ounces
Reduce
Department
the
particularly sour,
only easily dealt cases
is
from oil may
castor
milk
stage of the
and
isolated
matter
of
their revised
in
and
by
it may
of
stomach be
one-half
be
given, or
two-
replaced by
magnesia, and in any case a tablespoonful or two of meal. harm is often done each Great be given with and These to at outset. the serve merely astringents
the bowels
up
"
and
retain
the
irritant
source
of the trouble
;
ally liter-
in the sheepfold.' When the offending agents up and in carminatives demulcent this expelled agents may way, nitrate of bismuth, and 1 dram 1 dram anise water, 1 dram
'to shut have
for
would
these
calcined
ounce
lime-water bind
assumed
be
bowels, and
thirds.
vary
disease
is
first object is to
The
according one
will
When
you
All
storms.
he cured?
following remedy Agriculture in their treaties edition, 1904: "Treatment
get shelter from
the
in calves
The
disease.
and
by using feeding,
also
Hoiv
given, the calf should get some grass The indispensable. pasture with shelter covered dry bedding a
is almost
("scoivers")
it is caused
Often
the summer?
the wolf
USEFUL
three
arable,
gum
of
the
FACTS
times
shoukl
stools
AND
RULES
Under
day.
a
FOR
increase
until
such
a
a
day
in
FARMING
course, or
two
11.3
the consistency they become
natural."
teaspoonful of dried much simpler remedy A
is
a
railk
7.9 sour
Calves
should
long. gradually'
taken
often
the
for
milk
day
a
or
two,
effective.
proves
milk
sour
that
If
with
fed
for calves?
either
be
he fed hay?
calves
and
harmful
be fed
mfiy
Care
May
whey
or
blood,
or
whey,
animal's
any
that
food
has
stood
not
ration
be
too
changed
when?
so,
calves Most will begin to eat a little hay when they are six weeks be fed to them old, after which a little fine clover hay or alfalfa may to good advantage. It will often pay to buy alfalfa hay for this purpose.
How
calves
may
After may
he vealed four
about
be given.
days
the
on
this should
To
whole
without
milk?
whole added
be
milk skimmed milk, sweet fine corn gradually meal, or
oil meal
until it forms jelly. To make the jelly,boil oil meal in water If kept cool, it will keep until used up. Begin by using railk and increase slowly until a pint is used in a half-teacupfulin the the milk twice a day. a
tliick paste.
Does
the calf neml
water?
calf will drink
The
early age, if it has an opportunity, that it needs. does give it all the moisture This need of the calf for water is not generally understood. At feeding is not only hungry time the animal but very thirsty ; and, as a result, it has a chance, itself with milk or drinks too rapidly when gorges often causing digestive troubles. at all times. Supply it with water A pasture containing running water is ideal for the calf. Its milk is
since
its skim
its food How
the
may
a
at
an
not
from growing?
he prevented
horns
the hair
felt,with
be
water
ration
is its drink.
water
;
Press can
milk
back
the
spot about
and
rub
moistened
as
large
as
the
a
a
silver
thoroughly,
stick of caustic
quarter.
usually be sufficient.
will
CALF
Don't Don
button of
end
DON'TS.
overfeed. 't feed
a
calf cold milk.
young
Don't
compel
Don't
change feed abruptly.
Don't
let the children
the
calf to sleep
worry
on
the
a
wet
calves.
bed.
One
as
soon
as
it
potash, ment thorough treat-
ering cov-
Don
enough will
't
As
the
BOOK
GUIDE
calves
the
put
grass.
in
pasture
a
calves
learn
so
to
eat
small
that
the
grass,
it less
will
furnish
not
other
feed
they
need.
Don't
unruly
that
fences
use
the
calves
can
jump
over,
early
in
unless
want
you
cows.
Don't them
FARMERS'
THE
114
out
Don
the
put late
too
't
let
the
calves in
the
flies
to
pasture
too
fall.
keep
the
calves
from
growing.
the
spring
or
keep
1000
for
FARMEBS'
THE
116
pounds. For 1000-poimd
a
of feed
equal
to
protein,equal
to
What
is
standard example, it has been decided that a proper milk 22 is of amount an pounds cow giving per day 29 pounds of dry matter, containing 2.5 pounds of 14.1 pounds of carbohydrates and fats combined. ration?
halanced
a
BOOK
GUIDE
bulk
and the digestible protein will most ically economcarbohydrates are in that proportion which produce the particular results desired in feeding. The proper ratio for dairy cattle is about 1 :6. balanced
A
ration
is
in which
one
the
and
What
by "narrow"
is meant
According below
1
What
are
the
rations
thus
of the
There
is
digestive system,
ratio of above
to
offer the
in
much
the
best
carbohydrates
and
;
results, because
proportion
same
to
excess
wasted
be
to
or
:
to
8 is "wide."
rations?
material
no
protein 1
induce
there
that
the she
disarrangement
is less likelihood
of
deficiencies.
unsupplied Are
apt
nutriments
secures
utilizes them.
a
of balanced
are
rations?
one
usage,
while
advantages
Balanced animal
general
to
5.5 is "narrow,"
:
"wide"
and
balanced
rations
absolutely necessary?
Perfectly balanced do is to dairyman can
rations
not are practicalor possible. approximation which produces
the
use
All
rny
the
best
results.
How
can
The ration
dairyman
can
his stock.
for
Looking attempt
balance
dairyman
a
down
far too broad.
equivalent
Since
in 100
portions and
his
example,
list,he cattle
the table
feed, he
meal
it would
find the amount
can
Carbohydrate
He the
a
sees
ratio of
.1.488
1
that this ratio
meal, which
comes
nearer
is
a
in smaller
equivalent
9.32 1.776
2.048)2.048 Gives
folly to
:
56
contains.
be
the ratio, 1 : 32, is the protein and carbohydrate
follows
as
contains
timothy
4 lbs. cottonseed
selecting a balanced
because
Protein 20 lbs. of
in
that
once
straw,
gives him
his rations
guide
a
at
oat
of any
pounds
balance
as
"
sees
on
rations?
own
IX
Table
use
For the
winter
to
his
11.096 5.4
to
little too
narrow,
the required
so
ratio,and
tries 3
pounds of is,also,somewhat
cheaper. The
New
York
State
College of Agriculture
plan for balancing rations in New
York
State.
gives the following
It is entitled
:
METHOD
READY
A
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
FOR
A
BALANCING
FOR DAIRY
117
FARMING
RATION
FOR
COWS." TABLE. PROTEIN.
MEDIUM
PROTEIN
LOW
tein. pro-
12%
Com
10.3
Wheat
bran
Oats
11.4
Mixed
wheat
than
Less
HIGH
PROTEIN GROUP.
GROUP.
GROUP. total
12%
tein. pro-
More
15.4
Malt
.16..3
ff-ed .
than
total
25% protein.
26.3
nits
stir
Linseed
Oil
Meal
',3.9 .
Standard
wheat
11.9
Wheat
total
2.5%
to
dlings mid-
Cotton
Seed
.
Meal
.
.45.3 .
16.9 11.3
Rye
Wheat
Rour
Barley
12.0
Buckwheat
10.8
dlings Mid-
Seed
Cotton
feed...
Chop
Dried
beet
pulp
and
Corn '
'
10.5
meal
cob
(shuck in)
'
'
,18.3
Pea
Meal
20.2
8.5
Cull
Beans
21.6
Foods
In
Are
FACED
DARK
Ordinary
TO
HOW The
hay, in
cora
grains (corn) Buckwheat
(free
composition
far
as
m
from
s
shuck)
Foods
''Light"
31.2 i d d
26.7
In
TABLE.
tiie State
of
New
fodder.
These
between
protein
or
the balance
as
Type,
THE
in
stalks
dried
Type.
USE
foods
ordinary coarse silage and corn
25.0
Distillers'
..
PTeavy
25.0 dried
grains
20.0
feed
8.1 ....
Feed
Brewers'
19.2
Buckwheat
Hominy
Gluten
York are
and
are
mixed similar
always carbohydrates
is concerned.
ration
The
is
then
usually balanced
For If
be
Low
will
.
the
sake
food
make
a
of variety it is advisable
are
well
hay, silage or
com
If clover
or
to
use
three
protein food
grain foods. and
high one together, equal parts by weight, the mixture with the ordinary mixed ration balanced to be used
protein food,
low
one
protein
the grain tood.
into three conveniently divided Medium 12%), protein (12% to 25%)
grain foods may protein (lessthan protein (over 25% )
Ordinary groups: and High
on
medium
one
mixed
fodder. alfalfa
hay
is
largely used,
less
high protein food
is
necessary.
silage she will readily in full milk, giving 4% milk, or better, should have 1 pound eat, a cow, milk of giving milk with less of grain to 3 or 31/2 pounds daily ; a cow 1 pound of grain to SM.. or 4 pounds of have than 4% of fat should An ideal grain ration should weigh about 1 pound to the quart. milk. "light" food. should contain at least one To secure this,the mixture In
What
amount,
are
in
addition
to
what
hay
concentrates?
Concentrates
are
grains and
meals.
and
118
THE
Will
stock
ARM
F
well
do
S'
R
E
alone
concentrates
on
GUIDE
BOOK
f
A
feed. V. German requires coarse investigator, Emil "Wolff,decided, about the middle of the last century, that dairy cows 24.5 pounds of dry matter should have tain daily and that this should conof digestible protein, 12.5 pounds of digestible car2.5 pounds bohydrates of digestible fat, nutritive and .4 pounds ratio, 1 :5.4. More This the "Wolff Standard." is known recent as investigators and widened the ratio, especiallyfor milk have changed it somewhat himself need not concern greatly about the production. The farmer the required exact ratio, provided he supplies food that contains stock
All
"
for, while
cow
one
studies
dairyman
a
table would to thrive
seems
require
will
others
be exact,
To
nutrients.
or
more
less
to be made
have
best for
the
the characteristics
and
certain
a
on
for each
animal
of
amount
same
result.
The
needs
of each
animal.
;
protein,
successful
the of the important principles that should govern cows? feeding of dairy 1. The average requires about 24 pounds of digestible dry cow matter daily. should nished be furof this digestible matter 2. Roughly, two-thirds third in concentrates. in the form of roughage and one of the total dry matter should be 3. two-thirds Not less than digestible. to yield the best 4. are Variety in feeds is required, if cows
What
some
are
results. 5. which
is
desirable
so
in
which
succulence
The
in
feature
a
is found
summer
in
dairy ration,
a
pasture be
may
grass
and
furnished
by silage or will clean up. roughage a cow 7. 1 pound of grain to every three or four pounds of milk Feed yielded daily, varying according to the roughage supplied and the per meal is richer The the milk, the more of butter fat in the milk. cent required. during other 6.
Feed
8.
A
grain
and
to feed
and
seasons
all the
good arrangement
of the
feeding is
for
silage in the morning and hay after the other feeds
Vary
one-half are
feed
to at
consumed.
one-half
of
the
night after milking, A little hay may
if desired.
be fed at noon, 9.
roots.
the
individual
of feed
amount
according
to the
size and
ounce
daily
production
cow.
10.
Salt regularly
11.
Water
12.
Change
;
three-fourths
regularly, taking from
barn
the
feed
to
of
an
chill off the
pasture
water
feed
is sufficient. in the
gradually
winter. in
the
spring.
15.
to high producing varying the grain in summer cows, fed according to pasture supplies. short pastures. Use soiling crops or silage to supplement in good flesh. Keep dry cows
16.
Give
13. amount
14.
Feed
laxative
foods
to
a
cow
for
a
week
previous
to
her freshening.
FACTS
USEFUL
Work
17.
taking
two
gradually
up
18.
Reduce
19.
Watch
20.
Let
21.
At
weeks
three
or
RULES
to
the
do
this.
to
FOR
full
grain
FARMING
ration
119
after
freshening,
grain ration slowly as production decreases. and feed according to individual needs. cows
the your
all feed the
AND
be
fresh
and
clean.
price (1915)
present
cottonseed
is
meal
one
of
the
cheapest protein feeds. What
the
are
principal ivinter food stuffsfor cattle?
fodder and stover, orchard Timothy, red clover, alfalfa, corn grass, alsike mixed and clover, oat straw, bean straw clover, top, grasses millet. the relative values Study the feeding table to determine
red and
different
of these What
the
are
Bulletin
rations.
characteristics
of the more common feeds? teristics 114, Pennsylvania Station, gives the following characthe heading, "Selecting Feeds" :
No.
under ALFALFA
MEAL,
easier to adulterate,
convenient
more
handle
to
than
hay, much
price usually excessive, rich in protein.
BEET
for silage or roots soaked but PULP, up, a good substitute higher price. BRAN, (wheat) light,bulky, appetizing,high in mineral matter, in fiber. crude at high Relatively expensive present prices. rich in protein, very BREWERS' variable in composiGRAINS, tion, with other be fed must feeds. bulky, in protein usually pays low to sell it and BUCKWHEAT, buy back the middlings. BUCKWHEAT source IMIDDLINGS, heavy, usually economical of protein,tend to make butter. soft,oily in
'
"
BULKY corn
and
bran, gluten feed, ajax flakes,distillers' grains,
FEED, cob
meal.
and cottonseed fodder CONSTIPATING, meal, corn hay. of energy. CORN, Pays easily digested, usually cheapest source to grind. crude CORN AND COB MEAL, fiber,nearly bulky, considerable in ration because of fine. to meal Ground nature. corn bulky equal be fed COTTONSEED MEAL, high in protein, heavy, should of with makes hard for else, relatively source butter, cheap something one-third of the than constiute not more protein, ordinarily should mixture.
DISTILLERS' in
protein, not
readilv
GLUTEN
usually
a
HOMINY
corn
eaten
grains, lower FEED,
desirable
and
CHOP,
rich
corn,
light,bulky, high
GRAINS, mostly rye. digestibleprotein.
similar
in character
in in
protein,should
economical
usually
protein, palatable, heavy. LAXATIVE, oil meal,
mostly
alone.
"dried
DISTILLERS' to the
GRAINS,
DRIED
Good bran
source
economical
substitute
of
be fed
with
other
grains,
protein. source
for
corn
of
energy,
meal
slightly,silage,roots.
low
if needed.
in
THE
120
MOLASSES
M
B
FEEDS,
S'
B
E
BOOK
GUIDE
in
usually high
NOT
and
materials
waste
price for their feed value. PALATABLE, gluten feed, brewers'
in
high
A
F
and
too
distillers' grains,
meal.
cottonseed
OATS, good feed, rich in mineral matter, high in crude fiber,not for balancing a ration, too expensive high enough in protein to use to feed at the past year's prices,good for calves, especially so if ground sifted out. PROPRIETARY
and
hulls
contain
quently usually variable in composition, freuseless waste material, high in fiber and
FEEDS, seed and
weed
of energy labor of furnished, save the amount relatively expensive mixing. to grow. desirable substitute for silage,usually cost more ROOTS, in low succulent, SILAGE, appetizing,economical, protein, should be fed after milking, a little hay or dry fodder should always be fed for
it.
with
How
of the best
One
for
feeds
grown
up-to-date farmer
the
has
farm
solved
milk
products. of economical
problem
the
feeding f the
By
cared proper
relished. afford fodder for as
to on
crops is the
and
then
and
silo.
modern in
placed
will furnish
way
timothy.
of the
use
for
It will, also, be more The time has come raise timothy, except a
to
smaller
custom
buying
on
of
is suicidal
SILOS
principlesshoidd
What
extra
dairy farms
the
as
AND
far
the
feed.
horse
practice of cutting 50
most
grain
for
to
to
the
must
raise 70
erly propin the
acreage
and
farmer
He to
and
cattle
American
the
corn
time
proper several times
palatable when
of Indian
acres
the
as
using the
acreage,
The
sell.
feed
much
as
few
A
silo at
the
of
better can
not
produce his grain and of timothy,
his
acres
of Western
New
York
profitis concerned.
as
SILAGE.
he observed
a
good
one,
or
none
in the
construction
of a silo? cylindrical form is the be air tight and height in proportion to its diameter, best. It should Modern The in order to get the proper Silage Methods gives pressure. the following table of capacitiesof different silos; also the required of cattle fed 40 pounds for different numl)ers daily for six acreage Build
at
all.
months. Capacity Tons 26 38 49 60 61 67 83 93 97 119 151 189
The
USEFUL
What
FACTS
FARMING
FOB
121
silagef
is
called
Silage, also What
RULES
AND
crops
ensilage, is
he used
may
the
food
green
preserved
in
silo.
a
for silagef
soy-beans, clover, sorghum, peas, oats, millet, etc., have is preeminently the best crop for silage,but Indian corn states. England and Western
Cowpeas, the
New
should
When
Cut the
for
used
been
the
and
carried it
be
be
does
first the
info
put
with
cut
Feed
food
the
the
pieces about
It should
inch
an
tread
well
be
long and down
as
edges.
carbonic
and
is
preserved
puts
up
is formed.
acid gas
all bacteria
and
food
tke
about
bushels
two
fodder
other
night. Any although the noon, or
green, it is apt to
mature,
destroyed.
are
the
same
for winter
as
The The
heat
oxygen
canned
corn
or
use.
silage he fedf
at
alfalfa
into
blower.
a
the housewife
shotdd
if too
the silof cutter
a
heats
mass
being exhausted, which
;
If too
glaze.
to
the feed put into the silo spoil?
not
partially cooks fruits
beginning
are
affect the milk
in, especially around
At
How
ears
and
silo with
into the
comes
Why
the
cutf
unfit for fodder.
corn
It should
for silage be
sour
become
should
Hoiv
when
corn
is apt to
silage
mould
raised
corn
satisfactory
most
meal
some
in the morning per day, one that the farmer have may
rich in
protein to
results
the be
the
other fed
at
by feeding
obtained
are
balance
and can
somewhat
wide
ratio
in the silage. Is silage good for horses Good which
?
silage is all right for horses blue mould, is injurious
shows
feed
rule, it is safer
to
What
by
is meant
* ^
the
horses
;
but
and
alfalfa
silage,especially that
poor
should or
never
timothy and
be
used.
As
a
grain.
soilingf"
By "soiling" is meant bringing fodder fresh from the fields and in inclosures. feeding it to cattle confined Soiling is growing more from results it have been and wonderful popular each year reported. The objection to it is the labor involved. What
are
Winter and
peas
Which
the
best rye
(for early soiling), Indian
corn,
clover, alfalfa,
oats
mixed.
will produce In
soiling crops?
all recorded
better results, silage or tests
soiling has
soiling?
produced
the
greater
milk
flow.
THE
122
F
Summarize
the
Prof.
following
ten
2.
The
4.
Silage
of
Because is
it
an
silo
The contain
which
near
8. cattle
silo
The
and 9. and 10. into
two-fifths
assists
:
of
the
in
as
reducing
farm. short.
are
required
space
stalks,
as
the
leaves
of
value is
manger
well
the
the
by
forage.
corn
feed
the
stormy
ground
feeding
the
of
pastures
storing of
of
near
in
hand
at
of
waste
located
silo
silo
a
plant.
corn
when
of
amount
means
about
The
7. feed
small
prevents
the
succulence
capacity
stock feed
summer
the
have
and
entire
the
live
the
economical
should
palatability
of
use
good
a
formulated
has
feeding.
increases is
farmer
the
make
to
silo
3.
6.
put
helps
Farmer.
the
to
University,
every
winter
for
Silo
Purdue
preserves
plant It
5.
silo,
silo
corn
green
why
reasons
The
1.
of
BOOK
GUIDE
the
of
Skinner,
S'
R
E
M
Advantages
H.
J.
B
A
fair
an
the
and
husks,
corn
plant. of
assurance
ing hav-
weather.
cost
of
flow
during
in
grains
fattening
sheep. Silage
greatly the
decreases There silo.
are
no
increases cost
stalks
the of to
milk
the
winter
son sea-
production. bother
in
the
manure
when
corn
is
THE
124
FARMERS'
GUIDE
No.
seed
Cotton
clover "
with
or
35
meal
of
pounds
silage
10
and
Corn
seed
Distillers'
with
meal
grains
mixed
hay,
or
and
stover
corn
No.
Cotton
seed
leguminous
with
hay
feeding
hay
about
10
or
of
No. A
seed
meal
Cotton
seed
hulls
timothy
No.
(corn
timothy,
100
lbs.
oats
ground
stover
and
lbs. lbs.
100
lbs.
200
lbs.
100
lbs.
100
lbs.
100
lbs.
200
lbs.
12.
meal and
as
11.
together)
.400 ...
with
lbs. lbs.
40
middlings
Chops
125 125
Ration.
meal
seed
with
stover.
or
grains
Cotton
lbs.
silage
meal
Buckwheat
300
10.
Fattening
No.
Distillers'
lbs.
100
Cotton
Corn
with
meal
Corn
Oil
stover,
corn
pounds
lbs.
200
silage.
9.
meal
timothy
500
clover
meal
Corn
Feed
lbs.
8.
Bran
roughage,
lbs.
200
of
pounds
meal
Cotton
Feed
600
alfalfa. No.
Feed
7.
bran
Wheat
Feed
BOOK
clover
hay.
lbs.
part
of
the
FACTS
USEFUL
AND
BULES
PROFITABLE is the
What
best
hreed
FOE
HOG
125
RAISING. market?
for the general
to raise
of hogs
FARMING
Chinas, Duroc Jerseys and Chester White Berkshires, Poland market themselves breeds have all proved special good hogs. For some and of course the markets strictly bacon breeds, the Tamworths of themselves well the Yorkshires have proved great Harapshires as as is the best breed to It would merit. hardly be possible to say which above raise for the general market. Any of the four breeds mentioned be should satisfactory. The
How
the Eastern
may
raise and
farmer
properly
for
care
hundred
one
hogs? Note.
following
The
"
this
to
answer
of Animal Professor Mumford, Agriculture, University of Illinois.
W.
H.
order
to
for
properly
care
will be necessary. equipment and the time at severity of weather For early farrowing, it is necessary welfare
PASTURE
The
providing for
breeding the
of
consideration
and
and In
year. to do
by
College
of
the pigs have
to
are
sunshine
be farrowed.
to
is essential
which
the
upon
well
hog house,
warm
a
special
for
the
animals.
of young
careful
the
hogs, some depend
will
housing which
to furnish
windows
hundred
one
The
equipped with
furnished
was
in
EQUIPMENT.
THE
In
question Industry
LOTS
and
from
EXERCISE.
AND
receive of pasture lots must man stockthe convenience to of standpoint
construction the
good of the hogs. It market hogs, receive plenty winter, hogs will not take
is essential
the
One
so.
of the
best schemes
of
exercise
that at
all
exercise
proper
hogs,
provide exercise
to
seasons
unless is to
both
of pelled com-
place
feed troughs at opposite ends of the lot, sleeping quarters and back for each and that distance least requiring the hog to travel at feed. Forty rods is not too great a distance for this purpose.
the
FEEDING.
After the
the
growth
proper
parts which amount a
equipment
successful
breeder
go
make
to
or
fat, and
of
these
is essential.
water,
hog
to
or
and
in
foods
amounts.
relative
functions
body carrying
water,
All
varying
their
principal constituent
include
matter.
in
breeding is considered, requirements for the
The
pig.
the hog feed mineral
of feeds Various
of the
food
off waste digestion and sufficient drink water, probably drink the hog to to force more form a slop.
as
will
necessary
feed
up
constituents, but
general knowledge
value
ash
hog
the
know
development
and
for
necessary
should
hydrate protein, carbocertain a require Consequently
composition
require large In
matter.
but water
in
winter
by
and
amounts
of the
summer
it may
mixing
food
be
it with
126
THE
Protein
FARMERS'
GUIDE
is necessary
build
to
BOOK
tissue and
up
so
is
sary especiallyneces-
It may be supplied by legume during the period of growth. pastures; legume hay (alfalfa,clover, soy beans, etc.); packinghouse contain a larger perproducts, as tankage ; middlings and bran, which centage than milk. common grains, or by fat is essential to furnish Carbohydrate or and produce energy fat. The main is of source carbohydrate though carbohydrate corn, is supplied in oats, barley, bran, middlings, grass forage, as rape, and
rye
oats, and
to
in such
extent
some
feeds
mentioned
above
as
supplying protein. Mineral skeleton.
is required is found
matter
Mineral
to in
build
the
body
framework
or
all
feeds, but in small amounts, it is necessary for best development to supply it in the form of bone so meal, which supplies phosphorus; limestone, which supplies calcium, also supply material and salt and potash, which for bone construction and other vital body functions. matter
THE
GROWING
PIGS.
As
the of carbohydrate hog matures, a larger percentage or the required and less of the other food nutrients. However, brood sow to grow requires all of the foods needed the pig for the will development of her offspring. The pigs for two months proper of their from sustenance their dams, following which time get most the cheapest feed can be supplied by forage crops. is the Alfalfa best of these, followed like rape, soy by clover, bluegrass, or annuals and oats. be supplemented The beans, cow pasture should by peas contain slop which ground grain, bran or middlings, and milk. may The with feeds to supply what slop should be made the forage up lacks. A does not legume forage require a high protein supplement feed; a grass pasture requires protein in the supplemental feeds, as middlings, milk and tankage. A good growing ration for pigs without 60 per cent, middlings SO per forage is corn cent and tankage 10 With a legume pasture, tankage is unnecessary. per cent.
fat
is
FORAGE
With
CROPS.
of
forage crops throughout the growing season, be grown to a weight of 100 to 150 can pounds very cheaply. be of a fattening nature. During the fattening period, the feeds should is pre-eminently a fattening feed, and Corn belt is used in the corn for that purpose almost After entirely in pork production. making the best use thousand bushels of corn possible of forage crops, one should be sufficient for finishingone hundred hogs to the weight of 250 pounds. Other be substituted, feeds, such as ground oats or barley, may use
proper
the pigs
least in
at
Is
hogging If
fence to
a
in
the
a
few
hogs.
fattened the
off corn
farmer
for corn
In
part, for the
profitable? has
acres
this
no
and way
market, but will
com.
be
him his stover, it will pay to give the harvesting and husking of it over not only will the hogs be easily and quickly
need
great
the labor
saved
"
an
for
and
expense
important
of cutting and
item, especially
when
ing husk-
the
of
is short
farmer
droppings
the in
field where
One
of
acre
hogs.
Why
does
the
hogs
ration,
the
to
corn,
ten
fatten
the
time
of the
raised
from
FARMING
miss
not
if dwarf
and
a
should
they
selected
single kernel, and All
the
edible
was rape much the
better.
Essex
seed,
so
should
little
so
pay
127
be.
cultivating,
last
farmer
Eastern
FOR
will
The
in
the
field at
the
RULES
help.
are
will be added
weeds
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
be
sown
sufiicient to
attention
the
to
hog
industry ? his attention
Principally,because that
If
the
warm,
add
he
farmer
dry
well
and
will
causes
by giving the
their
sow
suitable
pasture, he may a no
greater labor.
Often
rations.
this
be prevented she is due
can
the day
farrow.
to
What
is
good ration for
a
with
sows
pigs?
Wheat
middlings
100
lbs.
Wheat
bran
100
lbs.
Tankage
20
lbs.
2
lbs.
Salt What
protection shoidd Fasten
8
be
must
f
good sized piece of fat poz'k on
a
dairying hogs.
from
buildings, which
provide
young
in her
lack of protein food
A
be had
may
profits. It possibly might mean his dairy and with comparatively
to devour
sows
with
his
gets from
he
suitable
erect
occupied
so
profitthat
ventilated, and
materially to
profitthan
realize the
to
Eastern
very
What
failed
has
has been
inches
arond clear
the
of
a
from
being crushed
little fine straw
shoidd
the
floor.
may
while
one
will prove artichokes
rape
in
pasture
pen?
it will
be
it. above nailing brackets pigs will be safe
by
the young
very
would
feed
Don't
give
brood
let your
Don't
forget
Don't
cook
hog to
feed
see
to
house that
good hog
to
the
for
feed
the
other. small
your
house.
twenty-four
hours
after
pigs.
young
get filthy. hogs have your
fatten
that
sow.
anything
sow
water. farrowing, except warm Don't feed anything sour
Don't
a
brood
the
to
corn
lots, so
DON'TS.
Don't
the
more
or
feeding in the hogs are A satisfactory in the East. be a great help in the fall.
Don't
much
two
the
try to get along without have too small a pasture.
water.
so
that
mother.
HOG
and
board
the
pasture he arranged?
field of Jerusalem
Don't
a
pigs in
young
1x6
it and
under
by their
possible, arrange be growing in Essex
pen
Secure
back
If
Dwarf
provided for the
farrowing
the
Push
How
he
clean, dry bed. in corn hogs; give them a
the
ear
128
THE
A
F
R
M
E
E
S'
GOVERNMENT is the
What and
work
to secure
LABOR States
Uinted
GUIDE
for those
BOOK
BUREAUS.
Government
out
doing of employment f
to
supply
laborers
has divided of Labor the United tricts, States into disDepartment and in each of "zones," or one placed charge or more agents whose duty i.-"not only to supply all kinds of help, male or female, but work ing for those who seek it. The to secure agents are really conductlabor and the operation of the system, free government bureaus carried out, has been proving very satisfactory. Following are the as
The
different
with
zones
offices and
their
sub-offices
:
Island. Massachusetts, Rhode Principal office, Mass. ; sub-offices,Providence, R. I., Portland, Bedford, Mass.
1, Maine,
Zone
Long Wharf, Me., and New
Boston,
Jersey, Connecticut, New Vermont. Principal office,U. S. Barge Office, New offices, Buffalo, N. Y., Matawan, N. J. 2, New
Zone
New
York,
3, Pennsylvania,
Zone
S. Second
135
Delaware,
West
St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Zone
4, Maryland.
Zone
5, Virginia,
Office,Stewart North
Carolina.
;
Hampshire York City
and ;
sub-
fice, Principal of-
Virginia.
sub-office, Pittsburg, Pa.
Building, Baltimore, Md. Office,119
W.
Main
folk, St., Nor-
Va. Zone South Carolina. 6, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Principal Jacksonville, Fla. sub-offices. office.Federal Bldg., Savannah, Ga., ; and Mobile Birmingham, Ala., and Charleston, S. C.
7, Louisiana, Mississippi,Arkansas, Orleans, La. Station, New office.Immigration Zone
Miss., and
Tennessee. ;
Principal
sub-offices,Gulfport,
Tenn.
Memphis,
Mexico. Principal office.Immigration N. Mex., Big Sub-offices, Albuquerque, Spring, Brownville, Laredo, Eagle Pass, San Antonio, Del Rio, El Tex. ; Tucumcari and Paso, San Amarillo, Angelo and Deming^ N. Zone
Station,
8,
Texas
New
and
Galveston,
Tex.
Mex.
9, Ohio
Zone
and
Office,Post Office Bldg., Cleveland,
Kentuckv.
Ohio. Zone Wabash
10, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ave., Chicago, 111. 11. IMinnesota, North
Zone
Bldg., Minneapolis,
Dakota, South
Zone
13,
City, Utah.
Bank
Oklahoma,
Nebraska, Bldg., Denver, Colo.
Colorado, Wyoming,
Savings
Dakota.
Office, 845
S.
Office,Federal
Minn.
Zone 12. Missouri, Kansas, Bldg., St. Louis, Mo.
Central
Wisconsin.
Iowa.
Utah.
Office, Chemical Principal office.
Sub-offices, Salt
Lake
USEFUL
Zone
FACTS
Montana
14,
Zone
Nooksack
Lynden,
Friday
Ureka
and
If If
at
near
a
employer's you
bureau,
a
and
mail
to
addressing
it
Service."
For
letter
and
of
as
Distribution
follows
Branch
in
blank,
a
reside,
Immigration
Centerville, N.
Y.,
Immigration
I advance
Sometimes that
He
will
also I
Must Not
do
if
not
you
accept the
the
and
man's
qualifications
requirements
very
have
the
bureau
it is advanced,
case
that
the
bureau
not
carefully
and
agent
right
the
me? sees
train.
security. chooses
been
sends the
takes
man
for
baggage
ivhom
anyoyie
the
man
Y.
met.
send?
to
The
agents
seldom
send
study that
men
fit.
Where Labor
In
is purchased
send
farmer's
the
fare for the
it is necessary.
ticket
the
railroad
your
Service, Buffalo, N.
Must
if
fully truth-
and you
S.
an
blank,
which U.
want.
you
for
:
S.
U.
what
carefully
Branch at
f
laborer's
a
zone
living
are
him
help;
"Distribution you
bureau
tell
the
Bernardino,
Cal.
questions
the
Nogales,
Naco,
postmaster
your
employ
office
if
addressed
mento, Sacra-
office. Post
San
Calexico,
government
agent ask
to
nearest
instance,
S.
office, U.
Principal
Diego,
a
Answer
follows:
as
be
would
the
the
on
work.
for
San
from
wish
you
land, Port-
Bldg.,
Principal
Arizona.
Indio,
;
and
bureau,
a
if
blank,
looking
are
call
from
Custer,
Sub-offices, Fresno,
Sub-offices, Douglas,
Ariz.
get assistance
distance
Exchange
Nevada. Cal.
and
Cal.
Angeles,
I
may
Tacoma,
Townsend,
Wash.
and
California
and Tucson, Phoenix, Yuma San Luis Backersfield, Obispo How
Port
Cal.
Monterey,
Los
Bldg.,
Literary
Walla,
Ore.
Francisco,
18, Southern
Zone
BIdg.,
208-210
Walla
office.Railway
California San
Bldg.,
129
office, Power
Rooms
Angeles,
Harbor,
Principal
17, Northern
Zone
Appraiser's
office,
Spokane,
Port
Sub-office, Astora,
Ore.
Office
and
16, Oregon.
Zone
Principal
Sub-offices,
Bellinghara,
FARMING
Idaho.
Principal
Wash.
Everett,
Aberdeen,
FOB
Idaho.
and
15, Washington. Seattle,
Bldg.,
RULES
Sub-office, Moscow,
Mont.
Helena,
AND
may
I obtain
more
information
concerning
the
Government
Bureaus? Address, D.
Division C.
of
Information,
Department
of
Labor,
ington, Wash-
130
THE
FARMEBS'
GUIDE
GENERAL Don't
think
Don't
loaf
Don't
deny
''DON'TS"
wife
the
work
when
job
the
on
FOR
FARMERS.
it all.
know
you
BOOK
is to be done.
children
and
needed
money
necessary
or
pleasures.
when
try to
Don't
try to get along with
it is
save
cheaper
a
to
toggled better equipment.
equipment
or
do
you
harness
up
quarter.
a
equipment
and
it is the
because
half the work.
one
the effort costs
when
penny,
can't
you
cheapest, it
may
the most. wife
let the
board, buy her Don't
Don't
cattle
year
humiliate
go
Don't
think
your
Don't
carry
a
45,
the
over
winter, they'll starve
a
your
shabby buggy carriage and
and
the boys
a
or
they
law.
to
and
is all wrong
neighbor
all
are
you
right.
grouch.
't club the stock.
wife, "Make
that
Don't
tell the
Don't
stable your
Don't
swear
Don't
be unreasonable
Don't
fight out
Don't
always take the other
Don't
stay
but don't
become
or
at a
Don't
sign
Don't
invest
promoters
the
through
family by driving good horse a
your
Don't
one
at
gray
through.
Give plug horse. will stay by the farm.
Don
and
machine.
washing
a
the
starve
get stoop-shouldered
blind
farm
or
use
stock
buy
family the
Not
hungry,
Don't
Don't wash
clothed
go
Don't cost
half
Don't
mining may
cows
Don't
let your
a
the boys, the wife
the year
fellow's
barn.
laugh and
wrong,
grievances,talk them
for
keep
cool.
the neighbors.
or
over.
word, think
for
yourself.
around, get acquainted around
town,
strangers.
in
mining proposition
forget
go
year."
loafer.
be honest
machinery.
with
your
papers
Don't
exposed side of
things
when
curse
home
the
on
do another
hat
to
and
give
thousand
get-rich-quick schemes. succeeds,
even
though
its
sincere.
family
your
yards be
other
stock, or in ten
a
a
holiday
now
and
receptacle for old rubbish
then. and
broken
ARM
F
THE
132
GO
TO
WHERE
BOOK
GUIDE
ADVICE.
FOR
STATIONS.
EXPERIMENT
STATE
THE
S'
B
E
primarily
experiment stations, although established
The
to
duct con-
for assistance be called upon in agriculture, may this service. for is There charge no solving your farm problems. m Station, at of Experiment to Director all communications Address The following list gives, first the station is located. the place where the town postofficewhere the station or of the State, next the name in of the director or special agent by the name is located, followed
work
research
charge. J. F.
H.
L.
station, Tuskegee
kegee W.
tion, sta-
TusMoore; Institute,
MASSACHUSETTS"
AEIZONA
Tucson,
"
ARKANSAS
C.
Georgeson.
R.
H.
MINNESOTA
MISSOURI"
Collins,
Fort
COLORADO"
CONNECTICUT
station, Storrs;
Storrs
Haven; H.
ward.
Lincoln, Reno, S.
NEVADA" H.
P.
Gainesville,
Rolfs. R.
Experiment, of
B.
Lin-
E.
A.
nett. Bur-
JERSEY"
NEW
Durham,
J.
MEXICO"
NEW
Hartenbower.
New
Brunswick,
State
bian college, Fa-
Lipman.
C.
A.
Guam,
Doten.
Kendall.
J. G. Island
F.
H.
J.
Loach. GUAM"
D.
HAMPSHIRE"
NEW C.
GEORGIA" De
Bozeman,
NEBRASKA"
"
Evans.
Hay-
H.
Newark,
FLORIDA
Paul
Grove,
field.
Jenkins.
DELAWARE"
Fruit
Mumford.
MONTANA"
station.
State
"
umbia; station, Colstation,
College B.
Mountain
Gillette.
B.
F.
P.
C.
lege, col-
Agricultural
"
Lloyd.
R.
E.
Hunt.
New
Woods.
F.
A.
MISSISSIPPI T.
-Berkeley,
S.
farm,
University
"
I'aul;
St.
Nelson.
CALIFORNIA-
R.
Lansing,
East
Shaw.
Forbes.
Favetteville. Fayetteville, M.
"
W.
Amherst,
Brooks.
P.
MICHIGAN" C.
Sitka,
J.
Patterson.
Carver.
ALASKA"
H.
-College Park,
"
Uniontown, G.
MARYLAND-
burn, Au-
College station. Canebrake Duggar;
ALABAMA
Garcia. HAWAII E. station,
"
V.
H.
Honolulu,
IDAHO
La
INDIANA" IOWA"
Ames,
Davenport.
E.
Urbaua,
ILLINOIS"
Fayette,
H. B.
tion, College stastation, Raleigh; State Raleigh; B. W. Kilgore.
CAROLINA"
NORTH
West
Curtiss.
C. F.
DAKOTA
NORTH W.
Manhattan,
KANSAS"
Goss.
A.
W.
Ithaca,
Jones.
S.
J.
M.
Jar-
college,
T.
dine.
J.
Lexington,
KENTUCKY"
OHIO"
H.
P.
State
LOUISIANA"
Sugar
station, Baton
station,
Rouge; Orleans; Park, New W. station, Calhoun; Orono,
North R.
C. D.
E.
Thome.
Stillwater,
L.
L.
Corvallis, A. B. Cordley
OREGON"
Louisiana
Woods,
"
Lewis.
Audubon
Dodson.
Agricultural
"
Cooper.
Wooster, C.
OKLAHOMA
Kastle.
MAINE"
eva, State station, Genstation, Jordan; Cornell T. Galloway.
YORK"
NEW
Sugar planters' P. Agee.
Moscow,
"
lulu, Hono-
station,
Federal
Wilcox;
State college, college. Institute Nutrition, H. P. Armsby.
PENNSYLVANIA"
Watts;
R.
L.
of
Animal
State
FACTS
USEFUL
THE
STATE
RICO"
PORTO
AND
EXPERIMENT
Federal
ISLAND
VERMONT Hills.
B.
Schoene;
J.
N.
lege, col-
Clemson
"
Norfolk,
Ball. .J.
L
W. Blackburg, truck station,
WASHINGTON"
Harper.
SOUTH W.
D.
J. T.
C. Johnson. CAROLINA"
SOUTH
E.
Burlington,
"
VIRGINIA
-Kingston,
133
Continued.
Logau,
T.
Hartwell.
L.
FARMING
UTAH"
ers' plant-J.
FOR
STATIONS"
station,
D. W. May; Sugar Mayaguez, Piedras, station, Rio Crawley. RHODE
RULES
DAKOTA"
J.
Brookings,
WEST
Wilson.
D.
E.
TENNESSEE"
Pullman,
D.
I.
Cardiff.
H.
Knoxville,
A.
VIRGINIA"
Morgantown,
Sanderson.
WISCONSIN"
H.
Madison,
L.
sell. Rus-
H.
G.
Morgan. TEXAS
College
"
B.
station,
WYOMING
Youngblood.
ADVICE The
Laramie,
"
Knight.
FROM
THE
various
bureaus
to
supply
information
Many
of
U.
S.
under
DEPARTMENT
OF
AGRICULTURE,
the
of Agriculture may be depended Department desire special line. For instance, if you information to the as of bug that identity and life history of a peculiar kind have discovered of your send a one preying upon you specimen to L. O. crops of Entomology, Howard, Bureau Washington, D. C. Following are the addresses of the different bureaus: Weather G. F. Marvin, of Bureau, chief; Bureau Animal of Plant W. A. Industry, A. D. Melvin, chief; Bureau Industry, Taylor, of Soils, Milton chief; Forest Service, H. S. Graves, forester; Bureau Whitney, of Chemistry, C. L. Alsberg, chief; Bureau of Crop Estimates, chief; Bureau of Entomology, L. O. Howard, gist; entomoloL. M. Estabrook, statistician; Bureau of PublicBureau of chief; Office Henshaw, Biological Survey, H. W. Roads, L. W. Page, director. upon
free
of
the
charge,
notably
agricultural papers, The
and
Gentleman,
their
on
all
questions
sent
The
to
by their
them
New
Rural their
will, through
Grower,
Fruit
staff
of
Yorker, Country experts, answer
subscribers.
BULLETINS.
FARMERS'
free, so long as the supply lasts, to any application to his Senator, Representative, or D. C. Delegate in Congress, or to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, of the limited Because supply, applicants are urged to select only a few numbers, The entitled which them. bulletins to of special interest are choosing those Work" Station give briefly the results of experiments performed "Experiment experiment stations. by the State in
Bulletins
resident
22.
The
30.
Grape
34.
Meats:
36. 44.
48. 51.
54. 55. 61.
of
this
list
United
the
of
Feeding
will
Animals.
Farm
I
128.
Culture.
t
134.
138.
Irrigation
139.
Emmer:
140.
Pineapple
142.
Principles
152.
Value Scabies
Pacific
and
Seed
and Its Products. Fertilizers. of Cotton. The Manuring Varieties Standard of Chickens. Birds. Some Common
99.
Insect
79.
[
|
113.
i
120.
:
121. 127.
,
Dairy Asparagus
The
Experiment
78.
Coast.
Cooking.
Commercial
97.
77.
Millets.
Herd.
the
81. 85. 88.
64.
101.
104. 106.
Frost. Notes on of Dairy Cattle. Breeds to How Grow It. The and Apple Insects Affecting Tobacco. Other and Beans, Peas, Legumes as Food. Insecticides. Important and Their Food. Uses Eggs as School Tree Rural Planting on
on
Composition
Cotton
sent
on
,
Diseases
Produce. Geese. of Soils. Station Work Experiment Work Station Experiment Corn Culture in the South. Fish Food. as Alkali Lands.
62.
be
States,
Marketing Ducks and The Liming
j
Farm
Station Enemies of
Work
Shade
"
VI
X. Trees.
in A
Field Grain
and for
Garden. Semiarid the
Regions.
'"'
"
"
Grounds.
j
154.
Growing. of
of
The Home Care. and
Nutrition Food. Cattle. Fruit Garden: of
.ind
Nutritive
Preparation
FARMERS'
TEE
134
BULI1ETIN""
FARMERS' Propagation
The
157. 158.
How
162.
Experiment
164.
Rape
166. 167. 169. 170.
Cheese Cassava.
Plants. Small
of
Build
to
172. 173. 174. 175.
Making
Principles
-.ttttt
XXII.
"
Grape
Mites
on^
Citms
'
1:
Part
and Juice.
Use
The
of
Un-
Culture.
Cranberry
Cranberry
in
Injurious
Ctu-
ture.
182.
Horseshoeing. Pruning. Food. as Poultry
183.
Meat
179. 181.
185. 188.
Beautifying
190.
Weeds
Used
in
195. 196.
Usefulness
197.
Importation for Propagation.
Work
"
Strawberries.
200.
Turkeys.
203.
Canned
204.
The
Cultivation
205. 206.
Pig
Management.
Milk
213.
218.
Use The Farm
of
278.
Leguminous
279.
A
Method Grass.
284.
Insect
287.
Grape Poultry
289. 290.
Beans. The Cotton
291. 292.
of Apples. Evaporation Cost of Filling Silos.
283. 294.
Use Farm
Green
ing. ManurJohnson XL.
"
Enemies
of the
of the Mountains.
Rocky
Bollworm.
Fruit
of
Food.
as
Practice
295.
Potatoes
298.
Food. Food Value
in
and
Columbia
the
Basin
Other of
Root
Corn
Crops
and
Corn
as
ucts. Prod-
301.
Home-grown
302.
Sea
Toad
303. 304.
Corn Harvesting Machinery. Growing and Curing Hops.
306.
Dodder in Relation Seeds. to Farm Roselle: Its Culture and Uses. A Successful Alabama Diversification
and
Eggs
307.
310.
Tea. Cotton: Its Culture, and Diseases.
Island
provement Im-
Farm.
Fruits,
Jellies.
and Preserves, of Mushrooms.
Sand-clay
Milo Clover
219.
220.
Tomatoes.
221.
Fungou-s
and
Fever
Its
Treatment.
Grain
demic Epi-
Rust
of the Diseases Cranberry. Miscellaneous in Cotton Insects Texas. Canadian Field Peas. Production of Good Seed Corn. The Okra: Its Culture and Uses. The Guinea Fowl. Citrus Gulf Fruit in the Growing States. Corrosion The of Fence Wire.
243.
An Example Fungicides
2^5.
Renovation
246.
Saccharine far Sorghums Cereal Breakfast Foods.
Forage.
249.
251.
Experiment
XXXIV. Corn.
of Model Their and Diseases of of
Farming.
Station The Germination of Cucumbers.
Work Seed
venting Pre-
257.
Table. Soil Fertility.
264.
Practical Information in Irrigation. Brown-tail The Moth
266.
Management
270.
Modern Home.
271.
Forage Oregon
Control
for and
for
the
Beginners How
Conveniences
and
Successful
272.
A
274.
Farm. Flax Culture.
331. 332. 337. 338. 343.
to
for
Practices Western
Hog
in
Farm
Western
Washington. and
Seed-corn
the a
up
Crop.
the Sandy North.
Jack-
Corn Belt. Run-down
Cotton
Farming.
Farming Forage Crops Deer
and Nuts
Grain
the
Potatoes. in Farms
Small
in
United
the
for
Hogs
States.
in
Kansas
Oklahoma. and
Their
Cropping Dairy
Uses
Systems
Food. New
as
for
Farms. Macadam Roads. Alfalfa. Cultivation The
of Tobacco Tennessee. Disinfectants.
and Common
Some
Computation
The Farm
by
349.
The
350.
The
351.
Tuberculin The Tuberculosis.
in
tucky Ken-
for of
Use
the
Values. Energy of Farm Repair
England
Rations
of
Animals
The
Equipment.
in the Dairy Industry Dehorning of Cattle. of
Test
354.
Onion
355.
Successful Poultry Farm. A Primer of Forestry. Practical Forestry.
Conserve the
of
347.
358. Soils
Moisture.
Crop
328.
Plantation. Silver Fox
to
It. of
Sweet
"
256.
Lands
Building
330.
Roads. Burnt-clay Farm. Hay and Storing Corn. Southern
Dry-land a Farming on
as
324. 325. 326.
345. 346.
Home
and
Successful
pine
539.
in Use Fruits. Worn-out Soils.
Vegetable Garden. of Preparation Vegetables
263.
in
Management.
323.
The
"
Work
Fungous
East
School Garden. The from Lessons the of 1904.
253.
Station
and
Covrpeas.
254. 255.
XXXIX. Gasoline
Eradicating
Celery.
322.
239. 242.
for
Experiment
Raspberries.
238.
and
281.
Harvesting
232.
Work
282.
318.
234.
Station
of
313.
229.
Control
to
Alcohol
Crops
A
224.
How
Engines.
311. 312.
223.
and
XXIV.
Plants.
American of the of Game Birds
198.
Experiment
ing, Cur-
Grounds. Home Medicine.
the
Station Experiment Manure. Barnyard Annual Flowering
192.
Butchering.
Keeping.
and
276. 277.
Moth
Uplands.
Farm:
the
on
The Gipsy It.
Feeding.
Scale Trees. of Forestry. Primer Forest. Corn. Broom Manufactured Home
Insects
Farm.
Work
of Insects
fermented 176. 178.
XXI.
"
the
on
Station Horse and
Experiment
275.
Crop.
Forage
a
as
Work
Coutinued.
Irrigation
Ditches. Station
BOOK
GUIDE
South.
for
Cattle
Culture.
A
359.
Canning
Vegetables
361.
Meadow Uses.
Fescue:
363.
Tlie
of
364.
A
365.
Farm
367.
Lightning
Use
Cotton
and
II:
Home.
Culture
and
Food.
as
Farm.
in Sections.
Management
Dairy
Part the
Its
Milk
Profitable
in
and
Northern
Lightning
to-growing Pota-
Conductors.
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
Eradication
371.
of Bindweed, Morning-glory. How to Kats. Destroy Profit. for Farm a Replanning of Lands. Drainage Irrigated
372.
Soy
The
or
Wild
369. 370.
373. 375. 377. 379. 380. 382.
386. 388. 389.
390. 391. 392.
394.
442.
The
443.
Barley:
444.
Remedies
445.
Mosquitoes. Marketing Eggs
395. 396. 398.
399. 400.
401.
of Alfalfa. Care in the of Food Home. of Harmfulness Mi.xtures. Headache Cholera. Hog Loco-weed Disease. The The Adulteration of Forage-plant Seeds. Potato Farm.s of '"ullure on Irrigated the West. Work^LVI. Station Experiment Bread and Bread Making. Pheasant in United tlie liaising States. Economical the Meat in of Use
Irrigation of Habit-forming
Beets. Sugar Agents.
448. 449.
Rabies
Profitable More Corn-planting Method. Protection of the The Orchards in Pacific Northwest from Spring Frosts Fires Means of and by A
404.
Irrigation
Bluegrass
:
of
Its
Culture
Concrete
and Fence
Capons Danger
453.
455. 456.
424. 425.
Experiment
421. 422.
426.
Canning
427.
Barlev States.
428.
Testing
429.
431. 432.
Station
LX. Work the Farm. on in Southern the
Peaches Culture
of
'"'iid
York
New
Stock.
Farm.
Their
and
the
Moths
Nursery
Imported
Successful Red Clover. Our Grosbeaks A
of
Brown-tail
Value
to
458.
The
Best
Two
for
Sorghums
Sweet
460.
House Frames
461.
The
Cabbage.
434.
The Home Sets. and
Production
435.
Experiment
Station for the Tenant
436.
Winter
437.
A
438.
Results. Hog Houses.
System
Flies. as
in
Factor
a
ing. Grow-
Truck
4t)2.
of Concrete Use the Farm. on of Utilization Land Tile Logged-off and i'or Pasture in Western Oregon
463.
The
464.
Eradication The Winter Emmer. The Control Disease.
Washington. Sanitary Privy.
Western
4S6.
467. 471. 472.
of of
Quack-grass. Chestnut-bark
the
Propagation, Training. of FarmLng Systems
Pruning,
Grape
in
and New
Central
473.
Tuberculosis.
474.
477.
of Paint Use the Farm. on Ice Houses. The of Pine in the Dying Extent States: Cause, and Manufacture. Sorghum-sirup
478.
How
480.
Practical
481.
Stables. Concrete
Oats of
of Work South.
Onion
483. 485.
Experiment
487.
Cheese
488.
the Diseases
489.
How
The Thornless The Sweet Clover. and Diet.
Remedy.
Fever
stock Live-
the
on
Grow
to
.
Disinfecting
Construction
Farm. Pear and
486.
490.
491.
"
Farming
Seed
492.
It.
Pears.
Prickly
Station Work Economical Its
LXVIII.
"
in
Uses
of Related and Cabbage Their Control. and Crops Two eases. DisPlant Dangerous Imported
Foliage
of
English
The
494.
Lawns
and
495.
Alfalfa
Seed
496.
Raising
the Apple. Sparrow as
Lawn
Pest.
a
Soils.
Production.
Belgian
Other
and
Hares
Rabbits. 497.
and
in Milk. Bacteria The Profitable the of Management Small Orchard General the Apple on Farm. The More and Insect Important Enemies Fruit of the and Fungous
493.
LXII.
Some
Common
Rapacious
Its
Aquatic,
Game, Birds
in
and
Relation
to
Man. 498.
440.
with Reference Anthrax, Special Its Suppression. Spraying Control for the Peaches
441.
Lespedeza,
Brown
482.
Prevent Typhoid Methods of
to
Southern
"
Farm Seeds in the Home and in the Rural School. Industrial Alcohol: Sources and Manufacture. The Peanut. How City Family Farm. Managed a a
433.
439.
Crops.
Agriculture.
476.
of Orchards. Soil Conservation. Potato The Truck as a Crop. in the South. Hogs Feeding The of Cnre Milk and in the Its Use Home. Corn Cultivation. Seed Corn. The Production of Cigar-leaf co Tobacin Pennsylvania. Rice Culture. Oats: Distribution and Uses. Control of Blowing Soils. Demonstration Southern Work on Farms. Oats: the Growing Crop.
420.
Land.
Caponizing. General Spread
Through 454.
Alkali
Malaria.
about
and
Gypsy
475.
Posts.
417.
Facts
Some
452.
for
Jersey.
403.
416.
ery. Cream-
the
Hydrophobia.
or
450.
459.
in Irrigation Windmills Semiarid the West. Oats. Kherson Sixty-day and The Mnskrat. Practice in the Farm of mercial ComUse Fertilizers South in the Atlantic States. of Urain. Irrigation
Uses. Construction The
414. 415.
Through
of
Use
Canada
413.
and
Forage.
402.
407. 411.
Growing
Choice The of Crops Bees. Better Grain-sorghum
446. 447.
Smudges.
406.
Diseases. Bee the Crop. Preventives Against
of
Treatment
Beans.
Irrigation
The in
135
Continued.
Home.
393.
FARMING
FOR
BULLETINS"
FARMERS' 368.
RULES
Rot or
Scab
Japan
Curculio. and Clover.
to
of
Methods fever
of
Exterminating
the
Texas-
Tick. Station
499.
Experiment
500.
The
501.
Cotton Improvement Conditions.
Control
of
the
Work Boll
"
LXIX.
Weevil. Under
Weevil
THE
136
M
B
A
F
Timothy
503.
Land Comb
504.
505. 506. 507. 508.
Market
Forage
519.
"
for
Crops
the
Cotton
Region.
568.
Sugar-beet
569. 571.
Conditions. Texas Tick Fever. or Culture. Tobacco
572.
A
673.
The
574. 576. 577.
578. 579.
Bookkeeping.
Problem. Weevil Station Work Experiment Vetches. Production of Maple The
580.
Boll
582.
LXXI.
"
and Sirup Sugar. LXXII. Station Work Experiment Winter Barley. in of Intensive An Farming Example
583. 685.
"
Belt. Cotton in and Tomatoes Home at Club Work. LXXIII. Station Work Experiment Tobacco Curing. the Tile Farm. Drainage on Guinea Raising Pigs. Its Mutton in the Diet. and Value Raisers. Hints to Poultry Atlantic Vetch in the South Growing States.
586.
522. 523. 524.
525. 526. 528. 529.
Canning
"
530. 531. 533.
Important Larkspur,
534.
Durum
or
Seed
Gflod
"Poison-Weed." and
Potatoes
Sugar Stock Pood.
Value
Poisoning Grow
537.
How
538.
Sites, Soils, and
539.
Propagation
to
in
Groves
540. 541.
542.
543. 544.
545. 546.
547. 548. 550.
551. 552.
553.
to
554. 555.
557. 559. 561.
562.
564.
565.
an
the of
Crimson Clover: Cultivation The
Due
as
Food.
to
Scarcity
of
Acre of Corn. Varieties for Citrus Gulf States. in the Citrus Trees
Growing of
the American
566.
Boys'
seng. Gin-
537.
Sugar
a
It.
Pig beet
Under
of Farm System Cost Accounting. Goat. Angora House Poultry Construction. of Breeds for Sheep the Farm. Cotton in the Growing Egyptian Salt River Valley, Arizona. The and Handling of Silage. Feeding Crimson Corn. Beef Production in the South. for Uses Chestnut Timber Killed by Bark the Disease. Mole. The Common Natural Artificial and Incubation of Hens' Eggs. Collection Preservation and of Plant Material for of in the use Study Economic Value of Skunks. Economical Cattle Corn Belt.
North
American
Feeding
in
the
Homemade
Silos. Classification The Cotton. Stock Watering Lands. Grazing How Farm Use to
Grading
and Places
on
of
Western
602.
Credit. Parcel Post. Insecticide of Lead as an Hornworms. the Tobacco Against The Culture of Winter in Wheat the Eastern Half of the United States. Road The How and it is Used. Drag Pasture and Grain for Hogs in Crops Northwest. Pacific An Outfit for Boring Taprooted for Stumps Blasting. A New of Cotton Method Culture and Its iVpplication. Production Clean Milk: and Hand
603.
Arsenical
599. 600.
601.
Shipping
Eggs
by
Arsenate
ling. Cattle
Preparation 605. 606.
Dips:
Methods Directions
and
Use. Sudan Grass. Collection and
Preservation of Material Other for of Agriculture. Study
and in The
the Farm
607. 608.
Removing
609. 610.
and Cream. Bird Houses Wild Onion:
612. 613. 614. 616. 617. 618.
619. 620.
621. 622. 623.
624. 625.
Kitchen
Garlic and
as
a
sects In-
Use
Workshop.
Flavor
How
of for
from
Milk
Build Them. of tion. Eradica-
to
Methods
Irrigation.
Breeds of Beef Cattle. Goldenseal Cultivation. under An Efficient the Farm for System Corn Belt. Varieties Winter-Wheat ern for the EastUnited States. School Lessons Corn. on of Disease Leaf-Spot, the a Sugar Beet. Breeds of Draft Horses. The Outlook. Agricultural How in ern NortheastBirds Attract to United States. Basket Willow Culture. the Use and Houses of Ice Ice on Farm. the Dairy and Artificial Natural of Brooding Chickens. Wilt and Cotton Root Knot.
626.
The Carpet Moth."
627.
The
Clubs.
Growing
Humid
Under
Crop.
Corn Corn
Using
593.
597.
as
Grain Crop. for the Home. for the Market. Anthracnose Cotton and How to Control It. The Potato Tuber Moth. Use of Corn, in Kafir, and Cowpeas the Home. Bean in Eastern Growing ton Washingand and Northern Oregon Idaho. The Organization Girls' of Boys' and Clubs. Poultry The Moth and Brown-tail Gipsy the with for Their Moth, Suggestions Control. Corn Meal Food and as a of Ways Kafir
592.
duce Pro-
Gulf States. Stable The Fly. Farm Buttermaking. Frost and tection ProCulture, Fertilization, of Citrus Groves in the Gulf States. Common White Grubs. Potato-tuber Diseases. Thistles. Controlling Canada How Corn tucky to Manage in Kena Crop West and Virginia. The Yellow Fever Mosquito. and Marketing Sweet toes. PotaStoring
Pop Pop
589. 591.
596.
Wheat. and Its
535.
588.
595. How
Them.
536.
587.
594.
Poultrj; Diseases.^
Growing
Agriculture.
the
521.
BOOK
Continued.
Hay.
Farm The
517. 518.
GUIDE
States.
LXX. Work Roads. Benefits of Improved Birds of Well-known Food of Some Garden. and Forest, Farm, The of Wheat, Smuts Oats, Barley, Corn. and
509.
516.
Irrigated
Production on the Northwestern
Honey. Station Experiment
511. 512. 514. 515.
in
S'
BULLETINS"
FAEMEBS' 502.
R
E
House
Beetle, Centipede.
or
"Buffalo
FACTS
USEFUL
BULLETINS"
FARMERS' 628. 629. 630.
631.
633. 638.
Laboratory for
643. 652. 654.
in
356.
659. 661.
664. 666.
671.
Schools
Agricultural
Culture. The Sheep-Killing Dog. How Farmers May Improvi; Credit. Personal
The
673. 675.
The
676.
Hard
If there of
name
is, in
which
orchard,
your
678. 681.
anxious
are
you
Industry, Washington. free
the
for of
D.
identification.
charge.
identification
He
will
There
will
easier
if
him
send
be
boxes
charges
no
to
mail
to
you
with
send
you
a
learn, write ask
;
Borer. Treatment
Its
and
Spring
Silverfish Insect.
Growing.
Apple-Tree
Wheat.
Injurious
an
hold House-
FRUIT.
bearing
tree
to
and
C,
The
OF
a
Outlook. in Rice
Roundheaded Clover Seed
in Hulling. Hard Growing
Blackberry
Their
"Chiggers."
or
Agricultural Practice Irrigation
672.
roENTIFIOATION
fruit
Flax. Fiber Harvest Mites,
669.
chanics Me-
Farm
Beef for Cottonseed JNIeal Feeding Cattle. Community Circle. The Egg Clothes Moths. The True of Farm the Method .V Analysing Business. South. in the Growing Strawberry Disease. Foot and Mouth
655.
Classification.
Exercises
137
Continued.
Laws for 1914. Game The Agricultural Outlook. Birds Useful the Common Some to Farmer. Peaches: Sites, Growing tion, Propagatenance MainPlanting, Tillage, and of Soil Fertility. Peaches: Renewal Growing Pruning, of Thinning, Tops, Interplanted Crops, and Special Practices. Varieties and Peaches: Growing
632.
FARMING
FOR
RULES
AND
strange variety C.
for
the
few
a
which
boxes
identificaticui.
fruit
a
brief
of Plant for
fruit
the
the
apples
Close, Bureau
P.
you in
of
sending be
may will
It
sent
make
description of
the
tree.
STOCK
LIVE Write
the
to
of reliable
ASSOCIATIONS.
REGISTRY
secretaries, whose
dealers
nearest
names
given, for addresses
are
you. HORSES.
AMERICAN New
THOROUGHBRED
STUD
AMERICAN
HACKNEY
STUD
NATIONAL
REGISTRY
OF
AMERICAN
CLYDESDALE
DOMINION
CLYDESDALE
PERCHERON
STUD
AMERICAN
FRENCH
AMERICAN
SHIRE
AMERICAN
TROTTING
born
J.
BOOK,
E.
Fifth
173
Wheeler,
Ave.,
York.
BOOK
JACK
AMERICAN
AMERICAN
Webb, Jos.
HORSES, BOOK,
Charles
STUD
BOOK,
Henry
OP
S. D.
AMERICA, HORSE
SOCIETY,
ASSOCIATION. REGISTER
BELGIAN
Wabash,
S.
STUD
HORSE
STUD
Wm.
MORGAN
COACH
St., Chicago,
AMERICAN
BOOK,
51
E. 44th
York
St.,New
Battell, Middlebury,
Vt.
F. Mills, Springfield, 111.
Toronto, Can.
Wade,
Thompson, S. D.
Charles
III.
Wayne,
Thompson,
Wayne,
Burgess, Winona,
ASSOCIATION,
.1. H.
III
111.
Steiner. 3.55 Dear
111.
BOOK,
J. H.
Felton, Grassland, Tenn.
HORSE
DRAFT
J.
ASSOCIATION,
D.
Conner,
Jr.,
Ind. SADDLE
HORSE
BREEDERS'
ASSOCIATION,
L
B.
Nail,
ville, Louis-
Ky. AMERICAN Wis.
SUFFOLK
NATIONAL
REGISTRY
PUNCH
OP
ASSOCIATION, NORMAN
Alex.
Galbraith, Janesville,
HORSES,
Theo.
Butterworth,
will
given
111.
(Addresses
of
other
associations
be
on
request.)
Quincy,
138
FARMERS'
TEE
STOCK
LIVE
GUIDEBOOK
REGISTKY
ASSOCIATIONS"
Continued.
CATTLE.
ABERDEEN-ANGUS
AI^JEEICAN AYRESHIRE
C.
RECORD,
CANADIAN
AYRESHIRE
AMERICAN
GALLOWAY
HEED M.
Thos.
BOOK,
"Winslow, Brandon,
HERDBOOK,
Harvey,
111.
Vt.
Wade,
Henry
BREEDERS'
McFarlane,
Can.
Toronto,
ASSOCIATION,
Frank
B.
pendence, Inde-
Hearn,
Mo. AMERICAN
HEREFORD
Independence, DOMINION
HEREFORD
AMERICAN THE
CATTLE
BREEDERS'
ASSOCIATION,
C. R.
Thomas,
Mo. HERD
JERSEY
BOOK,
CATTLE
Henry
CLUB,
HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN
R.
M.
Wade, 324
Gow,
ASSOCIATION
OF
Can.
Toronto, 23rd
W.
St., New F.
AMERICA,
L.
York.
Houghton,
Vt.
Brattleboro, HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN
HERD
OF
BOOK
J. W.
CANADA,
Clemons, St. George,
Can. DUTCH
BELTED
SWISS
DEVON
POLLED
RECORD,
HERD
AMERICAN
B.
L.
Richards, Easton, Pa.
GUERNSEY
P.
Sisson, Wheeling,
J. McLain
BOOK,
Peterboro, N. KERRY
H.
BOOK,
"N. S. Fish, Groton, Conn.
RECORD,
AMERICAN RED
HERD
W.
O.
Smith, Dayton,
CATTLE
CLUB
Va.
Wm.
REGISTER,
H.
Caldwell,
H.
CATTLE,
Henry
(Addresses
of
S. Ambler, other
N.
Chatham, will
associations
be
Y.
given
on
request.)
SHEEP. AMERICAN
SHROPSHIRE
SHEEP
Mortimer
RECORD,
Levering, Lafayette,
Ind. MERINO
NATIONAL
NEW
REGISTER
YORK
A.
REGISTRY
STATE
VERMONT
SHEEP
MERINO
Skiff, Middlebury,
C.
Johnson,
BREEDERS'
-N. Y.
BREEDERS'
Lewis
ASSOCIATION,
Vt.
BREEDERS'
AMERICAN
LEICESTER
RECORD,
NATIONAL
DELAINE
MERINO
SHEEP
MERINO
Earll, Skaneateles,
SHEEP
OHIO
C.
ASSOCIATION,
AMERICAN
J. Horation
ASSOCIATION, REGISTER
SHEEP
Pa.
Cannonsburg,
ASSOCIATION,
Wesley
Bishop, Troy-
ton, O.
C.
NATIONAL
McNary,
MERINO
Cannonsburg,
Temple,
Cameron,
BREEDERS'
SHEEP
111. John
ASSOCIATION,
Pa.
SHEEP
LINCOLN
J.
A.
BREEDERS'
H.
ASSOCIATION,
A.
Daniels,
Elva, Mich. FLOCK
NATIONAL
HAMPSHIRE-DOWN
RECORD
CHEVIOT
J. I. Gordon,
SHEEP, BREEDERS'
SHEEP
ASSOCIATION,
Mercer, H.
Pa.
Keim,
doga, La-
Ind. AMERICAN
COTSWOOL
AMERICAN
RAMDOUILLET
AMERICAN
SOUTHDOWN
(Addresses
RECORD,
Harding
ASSOCIATION, RECORD,
of
Geo.
other
Jno.
associations
J.
will
"
Son, Waukesha,
Ind.
E. V, Burnham, Woodstock, Springer, Springfield, III. be
given
on
request.)
O.
140
THE
FARMERS'
GUIDE
TABLE PERIOD
AVERAGE
Canary
birds
BOOK
II. INCUBATION.
OF
14
days
Pea
29
days
Ducks
28
days
Pheasants
25
days
Geese
30
days
Pigeons
18
days
Guinea
28
days
Turkeys
28
Hens
21
days
AVERAGE Ass
PERIOD 12
Bitch
OF
months
12
GESTATION
Goat
f" weeks
Camel
fowls
pig
314
Pig
Cow
9
months
Rabbit
2
months
Rat
2
years
Sheep
Elephant
AVERAGE Camel Cat
months
11
weeks
fox
days
Mare
8
and
65
months
Cat
Dog
LIFE
months
5
Guinea
and
squirrel
months
30
days
28
days
5
months
ANIMALS.
OF
100
years
Fox
15
years
15
years
Horse
20
years
7
Cow
20
years
Rabbit
Deer
20
years
Sheep
10
years
Dog
10
years
Swine
20
years
TABLE NUMBER
OF
YEARS
SEEDS
years
III RETAIN
THEIR
VITALIT"?
Barley
3
Oats
3
Beans
5
Onions
2
Beet
6
Orchard
Buckwheat
2
Parsnip
Cabbage
5
Peanut
1
Carrot
"!
Peas
3
Pumpkin
5
.
,
grass
2 1
Celery
8
Clover
3
Radish
5
Corn
2
Rape
5
Cucumbers
6
Rye
2
Eggplant
6
Salsify
2
Flax
2
Soy-beans
2
Hop
2
Squash
6
Lettuce
5
Timothy
2
Millet
2
Turnip
5
Muskmelon
5
Watermelon
6
Mustard
3
Wheat
2
III"
TABLE AMOUNT Alfalfa Alfalfa
SEED
PER
ACRE. 2-
lbs.
Oats
(drilled)
15-20
lbs.
Potatoes
8-10
pks.
Potatoes
2-3
pks.
Pumpkin
Blue-grass
alone)
(sown
grass
25
(sown alone)
12-20
%"
Cabbage
1
Red-top
lbs.
Rye
8
pks.
15-20
lbs.
2-
4
pks.
Timothy Timothy
(red alone)
.
....
Corn
(for ears)
6-8
qts.
Corn
(for silage)
9-11
qts.
1-1
Cowpea
V^ bu.
Turnip
pks.
Vetch
Mangels
5-8
lbs.
Millet
1-3
pks.
12-15 .
.
OF
PLANTS
PER
10-15
lbs.
4-10
lbs.
2-
4
lbs.
6-
9
pks.
Clover.
(broadcast) (hairy)
small
1
bu.
.
.
bu.
-
grain.
Wheat .
TABLE NUMBER
and
.
lbs.
(alone)
lbs.
Clover
2-4
clover
10-20 .
Timothy
Flax
Crimson
lbs. 5
lbs.
Clover
lbs.
3-
10-18
8-15
lbs.
8
3-
clover
(alsike alone)
4
Eutabaga
Sweet
Clover
.
12-15
lbs.
4-
bus. bus.
,
beets
(for stock)
.
bus.
,
Sugar
(5 lbs.
Carrot
12
2-
lbs.
lb.
8
(whole)
Rape
pks.
3-5
Buckwheat
3
(cut)
Ibt--.
.
141
Continued.
20-30
(small)
Brome
OF
FARMING
FOR
(boardcast)
Barley Beans
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
ACRE
IV. AT
VARIOUS
DISTANCES.
ARM
F
TEE
142
B
E
V.
TABLE
Fumisliing
Ammonia, Soda, 97 per
of
Nitrate Dried
98
of
or
Ammonia
PrincipaUy:
Nitrogen
Sulphate
Containing: Phosphoric
Nitrogen
Ingredients.
INGREDIENTS
FERTILIZER
OF
COMPOSITION
PERCENTAGE
AVERAGE
BOOK
GUIDE
S'
per
24.
20.
cent
Potash
Acid
16.
cent
13
Blood
.
8.2
Fish
Scrap Tankage
7.4 12
Azotin
3 .
.
Principally:
Potash
Furnishing
7
Meal
Seed
Cotton
Kainit
Sylvinit Sulphate cent. ) Sulphate (Double
Manure
Muriate
of Potash
Wood
of
of
Ashes
Stems
Furnishing
Acid
Phosphoric
Principally:
Phospate
Dissolved
Bone
Bone
Meal
Bone
Black
Bone
Ash
Dissolved *
Available
t
Contains Contains Contains
t **
Bone
Black Acid.
Phosphoric 4
per
about about
Available
cent. 10
33
cent,
per
Phosphoric
Available of Lime.
cent.
per
TABLE AMOUNTS
THE
and
PER
Nitrogen)
Yield
Apples Barley
15
tons
30
bu.
Beans
30
"
Buckwheat
34
"
Cabbage Clover, green* Clover, dry
30
tone
Corn
70
bu.
2
Grapes Hops Mixed Onions
600
Hay 60
45,000
Pears
16
Peas
30
Plums
tons
lbs.
8
bu. lbs. tons bu. tons
Acid.
Phosphoric
ACRE
i
USED
Acid.
VI.
INGREDIENTS
FERTILIZER
OF
Crop
Oats
per
TJnleached)
(Hardwood, Hull
Seed
Tobacco
Acid
(96
Potash, Magnesia Salt)
Ashes
Cotton
Grade
High
Potash,
BY
(Potash, Phosphoric DIFFERENT
CROPS,
Acid
bu.
200
Potatoes
30
Rye Sugar Beets Timothy Hay
15
tons
"
'
6,000 -i.'iOO
lbs.
1,600
Tobacco
10
Tomatoes
Contains
about
83
"
1,400 5
bu. "
35
Wheat
'
"
tons
700
Turnips **
1,500 lbs. 4.250
"
per
3,000 cent,
of
tons
lbs.
Lime.
TABLE AMOUNT
VALUE
FERTLLIZING
OF
143
FARMING
Etc.
Straw,
Yield
FOR
Continued.
VI"
TABLE
Crop
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
PRODUCTS
FARM
VII. IN AND
1,000
POUNDS
THE
OF
VARIOUS
STUFFS.
FOOD
Phosphoric Nitroijon
of Feed
Name
Alfalfa, green Alfalfa, hay Alsike (in bloom), green Beets, sugar Brewers' grains (dried) Canada
pea seed
Cotton
Acid
(N)
(P.O,)
7.7
1.3
Potash
(K,0) 5.6
6.1
17.9
6.2
1.1
2.0
2.9
0.8
3.7
40.0
16.1
2.0
meal
32.3
8.2
9.9
meal
72.5
30.4
15.8
26.1
3.7
Corn
4.3
1.1
Corn
2.9
1.1
3.9
14.7
6.3
4.7
7.2
5.4
8.9
6.1
3.8
10.9
13.6
5.7
4.7
3.8
1.3
4.6
24.3
4.0
13.1
12.9
2.2
3.1
54.8
3.3
0.5
12.5
4.0
15.7
ensilage fodder, green Cornmeal (all) Corn
stalks
with
Corn
stalks
without
Corn
and
Cow
peas,
Crimson
Dried
cob
ears
meal
green
clover, hay beet pulp
Gluten
meal blue
Kentucky Linseed Malt
ears
meal
grass,
hay
(old process)
sprouts
Mangels Oats
Oat Oat Peas
13.7 19.9
2.2
0.9
3.8
18.2
7.8
4.8
2.6
1.3
3.8
straw
3.0
17.7
and
3.8
1.5
5.0
7.0
1.5
4.8
19.7
5.5
18.7
12.6
3.6
10.2
1.2
4.9
18.1
8.6
5.8
5.0
2.6
7.6
9.4
3.3
14.2
Wheat
Wheat
16.6 17.4
5.8
forage, in bloom,
oats, green Red clover, green Red clover, hay Red top, hay Ruta-bagas Rye Timothy, green Timothy, hay Wheat
54.2 42.1
bran
(winter) middlings
green
1.9
19.0
5.5
8.7
25.1
26.9
15.2
27.0
26.3
15.3
THE
144
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R
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FOR
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
145
FARMING
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146
FARMERS'
THE
TABLE NUTRIENTS
DIGESTIBLE
IN
100 STUFFS\
Kind
Total
of Feed
Dry
Matter
Alfalfa, green hay Apples Apple pomace Barley, grain
89.1
Bean
95.0
.
19.0 23.3
straw
9.1
Beet, mangel
13
Beet, sugar
Blood,
5 .
91.5
dried
Brewers'
91.8
grains, dry grains, wet
'
Brewers
2
28 91.6
Alfalfa
24.3
Buckwheat
bran
89.5
Buckwheat,
grain middlings
87.4
Buckwheat
87.3 15.3
Cabbage
11-4
Carrot Clover
(red), green
29.2
Clover
(red), hay
84.7
Corn-aud-cob Corn
Corn
meal
84
fodder, green fodder, dry
20
7
57.8 89
Corn, grain silage
Corn
9 .
.
1 .
20.9
Corn
59.5
stover
Cottonseed
91.8
meal
Cowpeas
85.2
Gluten
91.8
meal
Hominy chops Hungarian hay Linseed meal (new process) Linseed
Malt
meal
(old process
Skim-milk,
.
90.8 ...
12.8
'
cows
Skim-milk,
3 .
89.9
89.8
sprouts
Milk,
88.9 92 .)
centrifugal gravity
9.4 9.6
Buttermilk.
9.9
Whey Hay
6.6
Oat
of mixed
grasses
87. 1 90.8
straw
Oats, grain Peas, grain Peas-and-barley, Peas-and-oats,
89
0 .
89
5 .
green
green
BOOK
GUIDE
16.0 16.0
Pea- vine
straw
86 .4
Pea-vine
silage
27.0
Potatoes
21.1
Pumpkin, field Eye, grain Rye bran Rye straw Soy-bean Sugar-beet leaves Sugar-beet molasses
19
1 .
4
88 .
88.4 92.9 89.2 12.0 79.2
IX. POUNDS
OF
VARIOUS
FEEDING
148
FARMERS'
THE
FUNGICIDES
if
BOOK
GUIDE
INSECTICIDES.
AND
be purchased of local dealers Many of these preparations may be cheaper to make will be it to your used, large quantities are
;
but
own.
Lime-Sulphur. the San
For
Scale
Jose
and
Disease.
Prevent
to
Quick
15
lime
50
Water Slake make
the
lime
mix
and
sulphur, adding
it with
a
10 gallons soft paste. Add the mixture is well dissolved.
while
gallons and use Commercial of
its bulk
warm.
Then
will
This
lime-sulphur should
add
water
with
and
of sulphur
Water
until
in
lime
and
barrel
a
ten
mixture
add
little water.
a
8
pounds
8
pounds
50
gallons
As
soon
it
as
Keep stirring constantly and adding the consistency of a thin paste. The
the sulphur.
add
the
to
times
Peaches.
lime
burned
Fresh Flowers
slake
nine
Sulphur.
Lime-
Cherries, Pears
P^or
to
50
water.
Self-Boiled
Place
make
to
leaf curl.
peach
prevent diluted
be
enough to an hour,
water
boil for about
and
of water
until
or
pounds pounds gallons
15
of sulphur
Flowers
reaches
begins water
lime
When the lime is generate enough heat to boil several minutes. ing. and water to cool the mixture well slaked, add prevent further cookwill
through, is used
keeping
but
as
strain
cool
When
a
through
It is said
spray.
summer
All
lime
Water Place and
hang
the
sack
come
in
slaked. the what
in twenty
will rest
on
with
contact
gallons
three
copper
of
hot
is known
top the
vitriol and
water
on
the
5-5-50
spring before the buds must until used, and one
start.
help
lime
water
The
always be
to
peaches.
to
two
very
pounds gallons
.
or
tie in cheese that
will
the
permit
the
Pour
it.
dissolve
cloth,
bottom
of
air to about
it is
thoroughly containing make fifty gallons. This is is used on apple trees in the
and
and
pounds
5
way
a
stir until
cloth into
cheese
solution
.
This
water.
the
this through a sulphate and add as
in such
water
.
sack,
gunny
a
of the
Strain
dissolved
in
sulphate gallons of
5
50
"
the
in
rot
Diseases.
Fungus
Copper sulphate (blue vitriol) Unslaked
50 gallons. This
to
brown
prevent
to
sulphur
the
Mixture.
Bordeaux
For
Dilute
of lime.
chunks
the
out
sieve, forcing
20-mesh
a
solutions
dilute
the
water
should
when
not
they
be mixed are
mixed.
the
is known
what
Often
When
of water.
for each
made
pouring
to
brick
a
is taken
A
yellow,
test
in
be
may
and
water
If enough lime is is needed the color will
mixture. if
more
Green.
Paris
Kill
Potato
Bugs. 1
green
for
be used
pound pounds
20
lime
Hydrated may
one
red.
To
This
of
of the solution
be used.
Bordeaux
the
by dissolving pound to each
rate
enough lime is used. little potassium ferrocyanide
Dry
Paris
gallon
made
are
each
the
at
149
FARMING
that
will remain
the color
FOR
solutions"
one
to
taken
dissolving a few drops into
a
present,
needed
of water
be
should
by
change
gallons
ten
Care
"stock
as
sulphate separately
and
lime
gallon
RlJLEt"
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
when
dusting potatoes
it is not
convenient
to spray.
Kerosene Hard
soap
Rain
water
Kerosene Shave away
mixture
For
spray
1
a
pump
spider
of flowers do
and
and
other
sulphur
of
dilute
not
until
pound of tobacco stems night, or one part of "Black
to
For
Paris
Cut
insects
Worms
dilute
about
a
gallon of to
extract
or
Army
40
a
water
soaked
parts of
water.
1/, pound 25 2
Cheap
Molasses
necessary,
add
not
parts
Worms.
Water
Do
15
Bait.
green
sloppy.
with
Lice.
Bran
worms.
assumes
the the
plant mites dilute the same to the gallon. Apply with
leaf"
Poisoned
not
hot,
until
Solution.
One
but
and
or
used.
Plant
For
If
the oil while
to
its bulk
one-half
to
Tobacco
over
add
for 5 minutes,
soft-bodied
other
red
the
ounce
pump
with
and
cream.
For
add
in hot water
one-third
plant lice and
of water. and
from
increases
consistency of
1/2 pound 1 gallon 2 gallons
(coal oil)
the soap, dissolve the fire. Churn
from
Emulsion.
IVo water
Scatter
in
put it where
to
make
the
mixture
little fingerfuls the hens
can
on
get it.
pounds gallons quarts
moist
ground
throughout, infested by
150
THE
ARM
F
8'
U
E
GUIDE
BOOK
Hellehore. For
Fresh
Worms.
Gooseberry
and
Currant hellebore
white
Water with
Apply hellebore
spray
a
be used
may
Death,
' '
sold
at
preparations drug
most
to
the
it. Add the
on
a
pail
green
in
or
As
is
and
"Bug
then
land-plaster.
or
give the
to
on.
corn
stir in
Do
faint
a
cover
Place
thoroughly.
and
drain
to
water
warm
not
few
a
tar
pour
preventive against wireworms,
in
be stirred
may
Shot"
stir
peck, and to
dust
further
a
dew
the
Pulling Up.
enough
on
pour to the
basket
a
from
Blackbirds
tar
while
Corn.
and
lime, road
dry seed.
the
Paris
sieve
a
of slaked
handfuls on
into
corn
morning
are, "Slug seed houses.
use
Seed
and
tablespoonful of
a
corn
Crows
Prevent
To
of the
Worms.
and
stores
gallons
lime.
the plants in the
on
ounces
3
dry application.1 part
hydrated
Tarred
Put
for
Cahhage
For
Sift rye flour Good commercial
If
pump. to 5 of
6
enough color.
green
Formaldehyde. Stinking Smut
Smut,
Oat
For
of Wheat
Scabby Potatoes.
and
Smut to
50
is caused
another
by
seed
kernels.
the
by of
means
a
fungus or
germs
When
which
spores
seeds
the
is carried
which
the
of the
grow
should
be.
as
the
seed
Spread solution over
pile
until
cover
out
but
moist,
repeatedly and
follows
Treat
to
with
from
cling fungus
to
the
crop
of
the outside inside
grows
the
one
the
fungus takes grain kernels
:
on
floor
a
wet
not
the
distribute sacks
gallons
over
the plant blooms, plant. Later, when possession and produces black, dusty spores where
tissues
pint
1
Formaldehyde Water
and
canvas
enough moisture
to
pack
sprinkle with
in the
evenly,
for at least
canvas
or
or
two
then
Shovel
hand.
shovel
hours.
the
The
into
a
seed
until the next day. If kept rapidly as possible grain by spreading Avoid layer and stirirng occasionally with a rake. a thin from reinfection with smut boxes, or seeders. smutty sacks, bins, wagon also. sohition be them the The treatment Give formaldehyde may Each and mixed in a barrel applied with a sprinkling can. gallon of of grain. than bushel this solution is enough for a little more one may
then
be
sown
soak
seed
once
should
longer the it out into
When
at
be
treating potatoes, for two
hours.
stand
may
or
dried
use
This
as
30 should
gallons of water, be done
before
instead
of 50, and
the sprouts
start.
FACTS
USEFUL
RULES
AND
USEFUL A
carbolic
rVnde
Kerosene Clean cracks
Good
Spray
for the
JIfn
House. 1
droppings
For
Killing Lice
on
litter
and
It will
the roosts.
Cattle
and
clean
and
thoronghly, in the spray all lice, unites and fleas. out
Young
Stocl-
oil
compound of sulphur
Grease killed.
be
oil stock
the
Repeat
all
in ten
Killing Lice
For
Soft
with
over
days
071
to
this
ointment
destroy the
Cattle
and
Young
Churn
oil
1
and
wash
the
aniinals
Crude
Excellent carbolic
Lice
Powder
Plaster
acid
pint quarts
Repeat
Vo pint II/2 pints 5 pounds
of Paris
Government
salt
quarts
thoroughly.
Mix thoroughly and rub through a fine sieve. day before using. Do not use this powder on young
Whitewash 12
2.
for Poultry.
Gasoline
in
will
1.
An
1.
No.
"
4
together
louse
every
6
well
No.
with
quarts
Stock
Water
as
2
1.
crop.
soap
Kerosene
5
and.
new
No.
"
gallon pounds pounds
1 5
Flowers
Kerosene
part parts
3
under
Linseed
151
FORMULAS.
acid
and
Lard
FARMING
oil
all
np
FOR
for
Outside
Let
stand
for
one
chicks.
WhitevJash. Use
"
(1) Slake
gallons of hot
1 bushel
of quicklime
water; (2) dissolve two common pounds pound of sulphate of zinc in 2 gallons of boiling water; (2) into (1). then add 2 gallons of skim milk and mix oughly. thoris 'rtie Whitewash surface with a broad spread liglitlyovei"
and
pour
of
1
brush. 2.
Whitewash
Interior Painting Slake a peck of quickfor lime and the is added. instant the water boiling water cover Strain after slaking, and put in a gallon of salt dissolved in hot water, of a pound of Spanish whiting, two a quarter pounds of rice-paste,and dissolved of in Mix a water. these thoroughly, half-pound M^arm glue, and set aside for a few cover, days to ripen. with
"
152
TEE
this
If
troughs, two
FARMERS'
is
made
thin
hen-coops, three
or
should is
wash
be
If
No
on.
mice,
a
for
Wax
spray-pump
vermin
lice
or
Warm
Weather
No.
"
ounces ounces
Tallow
1
ounce
above and
proportion into
pour
make
to
of
pail
a
it is nearly
until
wax
can
live
1.
2
the
nests, is used
4
the
cold
white.
needed.
amount
Grease
water.
Work
into
Melt
the
sticks
hands
and
gether to-
and
put
in
a
place.
Grafting
Cool
for
Wax
No.
Weather
Beeswax
Linseed
Prepare
oil
same
No.
as
Water First
jars.
boil
and
Place
the
taking
care
that
place,
eggs
will
eggs
keep
The to
will
size
the
cool in
eggs
they
are
remain than
from
solution
the
fertile
day
this
Station
of
and
of
1
40
gallon
80
gallon ....
3
] 20
gallon .
.
.
.
pint
1
gallon
9
gallons
Hold
eggs
for
in
one
Use
they
as
placed
a
stone
laid,
are
cool,
year.
the
following
:
of Will
Container
eggs
4
eggs
5
eggs
glass.
day,
to
gives
Size Will
....
2
number
of
Container
pound
1
dark
Infertile
eggs.
I^xperiment
Size
1
water
If
solution
Washington container
the
clean.
absolutely in
add
then
water
fresh
longer
pounds
Preservative.
solution
glass
5
1.
Egg Water
2.
"
Resin
as
fences,
on
Resin
stir
cool
sprayed
walls.
Beeswax
Use
the
put
be
may
and
BOOK
used.
Grafting
pull
it
enough,
poultry-houses
coats
this
where
GUIDE
gallon
160 ....
200
gallon ....
10
gallon
400 ....
HoUl eggs
eggs eggs
figures
FACTS
USEFUL
HOW Black side
Silk
intended
and
Stains
carbon,
turpentine,
and
spots
be softened
Iron Do
not
can
Rust
use
Warm
"
silk ;
on
Riist From
Steel
10
feather
a
water.
From
Silk"
dry, then
brush
Scorch Mildew a
"
and Fruit
over
and
burning
Linen
if
sulphur;
with
ounce
one
the
spot
dip
mediately im-
efficient.
very
with
rub
Lay
"
in
bright
the
milder
the
garment
over
magnesia,
let it
sun.
spots, and in
the
this
over
for two
sun
way.
Hands
the
citric acid.
or
powder
emery
spot and
juice, place usual
on
oxalic
of
off.
little soap
lemon
Stains
the
White
in the
wash
of
is often
Alcohol
powder a
lard.
"
Moisten
From
Rub
little chalk
hours
the
Stains
These
chloroform.
Apply cold soap, then touch dipped in chlorate of soda, then
Cotton
in cold
Grease
bisulphide of
Use
"
the
through
strained
be used.
also
may
old, use
oil and
solution
half-ounce
a
fine brush
or
olive
cent
per
Faint
Oil and
dry
with
153
table with
on
coffee
hot
From if
or
milk
sour
Mix
"
of soap and rub well. From Fruit Stains with
thoroughly; lay with
Grease
or
spiritsof
tar
it
wipe
FARMING
STAINS.
show, up; sponge partly dry, iron.
Remove
To
FOR
REMOVE
to
when
muslin;
TO
Brush
"
RULES
AND
Moisten
"
hands
the
vegetable stains,
with
rub
and a
them
hold slice of
raw
potato. Inks
Indelible
A
"
10
solution
cent
per
of
potassium cyanide,
very
poisonous. Iodine
"
Wood
alcohol, Grease
Tar,
not
Wago7i Paint, Varnish use turpentine Oil
3Iarks
clay, leave
it
"
on
10
all
per
Soap
and
Turpentine,
cent
of potassium
solution
iodide.
oil,turpentine. tetrachloride. benzine, carbon
Do
silk.
Wall Paper night, brush
on
on
"
Apply
"
off in the
paste of cold
water
and
pipe
morning.
with equal parts turpenSpots From Clothing Saturate tine and spiritsof ammonia. with flannel dipped in oatmeal. To Cleanse Rub House Paper Mix Cloth Black with three parts one part of spiritsof amm(mia dark with sponge clean rub rub with water; or cloth; water;
Paint
"
"
"
warm
with
the
nap.
Finger Marks, Rub with a soft rag and sweet oil. over lightly with a damp linen cloth. Rub cloth dipped in kerosene, nfterZinc with a piece of cotton v/ith a dry cloth. Window Paint can Glass be removed by a strong solution of soda. Common To Clean Tinware soda, applied with a moistened paper newswill look and with it like make a dry piece, new. polished Boil in which in it water has To soda the Coffee Pot Cleanse Furniture Chromos
"
"
For
Go
"
wards
"
"
"
l"een dissolved.
Chloroform
will
often
restore
the
color
in
colored
goods.
154
THE
F
R
A
M
S'
B
E
TESTED
RECIPES
SALT-RISING Put
(use
small-sized
a
one-half
should
in,
poured scalding known
it
"railroad It will
use.
4
glass)
and
a
full.
covered
a
at
an
even
become
for several
of bread, put
a
bit
this
make
of
be set
kept
of flour
cup
about scalded
batter.
milk
the
containing just temperature in six light hours, if
cover
soda
thin
a
Stir while
now
fitted
enough
dish
days, 1
to
with
a
over
It may
emptyings."
glass
add
Pour
pea.
one-half
should
keep
loaves
into
partially cooled,
place in will keep It
BREAD. meal
corn
small
a
about
cup
heat.
as
For
as
become
and
where
set
for
has
fill the
of
dried-beef
large
as
which
milk,
and
tablespoons
2
BOOK
GUIDE
It
being
is
water
warm
little below
a
and
is then
until
away
ready
cool. into
a
bread
and
pan
of scalded to avoid lumps, 1 cup to wet the entire enough boiling water thoroughly of cold Stir until 2 cups perfectly smooth, then add about mass. flour to make soft batter. Stir into this, which and enough water a be about hike warm, three teaspoons of the emptyings, should now in of and water set where warm larger a place the bread pan pan drafts. Avoid about Avill hot. When double but not it keep warm,
it, stirring constantly
over
pour
milk, hot, and
in
add
bulk
soft
place
warm
bake
in
a
2
of
teaspoons
with
loaves
and
a
small
let
moderate
salt
amount
rise
again
and of
sufficient
kneading
until
about
flour
to
Set
(mixing). double
in
into
make
bulk,
in
a
then
oven.
ROLLS. milk Pour scant 1 pint of boiled half-cup of shortening over a when and Add half lard). (half butter and half-cup of sugar, a Thicken in cake dissolved little water. a cold, 1 compressed yeast knead into rise soft loaf, adding oneand for bread Let as sponge. AVhen Let rise again. half teaspoon salt at this time. light knead and inch thick. Butter sprinkle very little, and roll out one very with and with cookie cutter cut together; pinch edges lightly flour; 15 minutes. for about in moderate let get very oven light. Bake for Let rise on the at in ten Start at nine night. use morning or stove. Avhen cold weather, side table, unless place near severe
GRAHAM One-half
cup
New
cups
graham
flour, 2
milk,
1 scant
teaspoon
hour
in
a
moderate
Orleans cups
white
BREAD.
molasses, i/o cup granlated milk, sour flour, 2 cups
soda, 1 teaspoon
salt.
This
two
oven.
makes
Stir
small
well
and
loaves.
2
sugar, or
butter
bake
one
156
TEE
FARMERS'
GUIDE
CAKE.
PLAIN One
If short
milk,
rounding
egg,
sifted
2 cups
of
1
sugar,
cup
milk,
sweet
half
and well beat together, add egg has salt and been mixed, powder
medium-sized
in
add
;
Cream
butter
and
sugar
the flour, in which baking Beat bake and thoroughly
inilk.
tin.
bread
LAYER One
butter, 1 cup baking powder.
teaspoons
used.
be
may
soft
tablespoon
Hour, 2 heaping
water
BOOK
and
CAKE. beaten
tabelspoons Add sweet 1 cup melted milk, 2 heaping butter, beat thoroughly. sifted 2 of salt, baking powder, through flour,pinch teaspoons cups two vanilla makes three smaller 1 teaspoon large layers, or ones. ; sugar
cup
2
eggs
PIE One
to
a
4
cream;
CRUST.
flour, 2 large tablespoons lard, 3 tablespoons water, the lard into the flour thoroughly, add Work and salt. the water with into form work the hands it for When gently shaping rolling. a is formed, floured board, pat with a rolling turn on a a stiff dough pin and roll into a thin piece. cup
CUSTARD Two
beaten, %
eggs,
little salt
and
PIE.
Smooth
nutmeg.
rounding tablespoon
1
sugar,
cup
flour
the
and
milk; put all ingredients into a pint bowl and makes in raw crust. fillingfor one pie. Bake
LEMON One 1
boiling water,
cup
moisten
with
starch
this
pour
beaten
the
over
eggs
2
and
lemon. and
water
and
butter
lemon
butter,
1
eggs,
cold
juice
enough the one
Stir
to
water
the
stew
or
with
mash
a
dry off, taking
undercrust
together, in
a
season
moderately
with
hot
then
cut
let
the
starch,
corn
and
butter
add
into
masher.
pie take 1 well beaten egg, lA 1 cup rich milk (a little cream well
This
sugar,
boiling water;
add cool, then grated rind.
the
pieces, until
soft
PIE.
that
care
Cream
little of the
a
pumpkin, potato
little
a
milk.
tablespoon
1
and
sugar
with
PUMPKIN Steam
nutmeg fill with
flour, a
PIE.
tablespoon
1
sugar,
cup
in
it does cup
Vo oven.
small
Return
of
burn
not
brown
improves teaspoon
the
it to
scorch.
or
1 cup
sugar,
it) and ginger
fire to
a
pinch
and
bake
let For
kin, pump-
of
salt. with
PIE.
RHUBARB One
large
between
bake
and
chopped pie plant, 1 large cup flour. juice of 1 lemon, 1 teaspoon
Two-thirds
FILLING.
of
juice
sugar,
cup
boiling lemon, yolks
small
1
NO.
1.
IY2 tablespoons
corn
and
water
cup
one
egg,
the
Stir all together
crusts.
two
CAKE
this
1
sugar,
cup
and
rind
grated
157
FARMING
FOR
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
1
of 2 eggs,
starch
;
add
minutes; tablespoon butter
cook
5
pour rind
and
cook
over
and one
minute.
One-half
milk, 2 teaspoons flour, yolks 1/2cup sweet teaspoon butter, teaspoon vanilla, 1/2cup chopped until
boiler
in double
Cook
meats.
nut
cup
2
milk, stir;
1
Put
egg. bake m
and
of
egg,
an
one-half
1 egg,
quick
sour lard, 1 cup cinnamon, teaspoon
cup
ginger. ingrdients
dish
in
together
1
and
oven.
CO OKIES. butter the 1 cup sour cream, Mix soft and bake quickly.
sugar,
cups
soda.
1 teaspoon
1 1
all
SUGAR One
molasses,
Teaspoon
salt, 1
soft and
mix
Duff's
cup
soda.
teaspoons
teaspoon
even
1
sugar,
it thickens.
COOKIES.
GINGER One
2.
sugar,
cup
heaping
of 2 eggs,
NO.
FILLING.
CAKE
size
BREAD.
GINGER
flour, I/2 cup lard, 1 cup molasses, 2i/l"cups sugar, cup each of mon cinna1 cup 1 soda, ginger, boiling water, teaspoon add the lard and and Beat cloves. molasses; sugar, eggs,
One-half 2 eggs,
them,
cream
boiling
water.
then
add
Bake
in
flour, soda a long pan SPONGE
To
7 eggs
take
half
a
spices and
and in
a
last
moderate
of
all the
oven.
CAKE.
pound of flour and
%
of
a
pound
of sugar
the sugar Pour a the juice and and over grated rind of a lemon. and yolks Beat whites and let it boil. half-cupful of boiling water clear is boiled to well of egg a together, and when sugar syrup, thick and whole until it is the light. it them, beating over pour in a last of all. Bake add the lemon Stir in the flour lightly and slow
oven.
STEAK
BEEF
pound of medium in bottom square ; place
Cut inches over
the
1
pieces,then
add
thick
STEW. round
steak
into
pieces about
2
3-quart basin, drop bits of butter alternate layers of onions and sliced poof
a
THE
158
tatoes, scattering of
the
BOOK
GUIDE
and
salt
dish
The
each
over
Fresh,
cover
canned
or
layer.
be
may
boiling water;
on
5 hours.
sloAvly for about
S'
B
top.
on
Pour
top.
E
little flour
a
of butter
supply inch
M
AB
F
Put
a
bake
tightly and
tomatoes,
may
erous gen1
within
filled to
added,
be
if desired.
Cut into
boiled and
carrots, turnips and
potatoes, bits
add
;
cooked
of
If the
serve.
meat
season
salted
was
salt and
cooked,
when
beef
in which
with
desired
vegetable
has
been heat
pepper,
only
a
small
added.
be
of salt need
amount
meat,
other
any
in broth
boil until tender
dice and
small
STEW.
VEGETABLE
AND
BEEF
MINCE
MEAT.
has been thoroughly cooked, 2 ground beef, which beef suet, sour apples (Greenings preferred), 2 teacups quarts 1 1 English currants, 1 raisins, pound teacup fine, ground very brown 1 pound granulated molasses, 1 pound sugar, pint black 1 teaspoon boiled 1 1 jelly, cider, or apple cider, pint quart sour sugar, meg. salt, 1 teaspoon cloves, 1 tablespoon cinnamon, 1 grated nutand rants be seeded raisins should The ground, the English curoughly thorMix cook and washed together, ground. thoroughly and can hot, as fruit. One
quart
MOCK
MEAT.
MINCE
peck sour apples, 5 pounds sugar, half pound raisins, 1 pound English currants, brown, half granulated, 2 2 tablespoons cinnamon, 1 tablespoon cloves, 1 tablespoon nutmeg, 2 Dove 2 boiled tablespoons molasses, cider, vinegar or cups cups One
peck
1
tomatoes.
green
1
salt, 2
cups
last two
warm
fine and boil in three waters, tomatoes suet,. Grind each Put minutes time. 15 when put on, boiling
together, until
apples
fire.
If boiled Can
and
seem
is
cider same
preferred by
as
gredients in-
1 hour, or exception of spices, and from before minutes 5 removing spices ; stituted. subbe not pickle juice may available, pear boil
with
done
the
add
mince
some
This
meat.
real
to
mince
is
an
excellent
substitute
meat.
PUDDING.
SUET
milk, V2 chopped fine, 1 cup sweet different 1 chopped English currants, teaspoon cup cup spices to suit taste, 1 teaspoon soda, 1 teaspoon salt,31/2 cups sifted in two 3 hours buttered steam Stir ingredients together and flour. One
COffcB
cup
molasses, 1 raisins, V2
suet
cup
C 3-118.
SAUCE
FOR
SUET
PUDDING.
(all the juice and 3 tablespoons boiling water. 1/2the grated peel), 1 teaspoon nutmeg, Cook constantly. stirring boiling water, over One
cup
sugar,
1/2 cup
butter,
1 egg,
1 lemon
USEFUL
AND
FACTS
APPLE and
One brown
one-half
apple
cups
cups
butter
1
cup
stir
all
into
the
thoroughly,
sized
sweet
Cook
onions, sliced. add
hour;
to
pepper
1 cup taste
mashed
in
toes, pota-
hot
with
Let
boil
; serve
crackers.
quartes
the
jelly.
not to
and
soft then
a
quart
bottle
while
Concords
6 quarts.
but
squeeze,
JUICE.
after
grapes are
grapes
Do
of sugar
strain
stir soda
sauce;
together,
milk, 2 medium boiler three-quarters of an small piece of butter, salt and quart
Ten
cup
soda,
teaspoons
SOUP.
GRAPE
until
for
as
for
a
2
sauce,
sifted flour, 1 teaspoon cinnamon, Cook V2 cup butter, salt. apples,
MILK
double
159
bake.
and
One
FARMING
CAKE.
1/2teaspoon cloves, a little nutmeg, and sweeten put through a colander butter and cream apple sauce, sugar beat
FOR
SAUCE
raisins,2
1 cup
sugar,
RULES
of
and
FRUIT
quart
and
seal
SALAD
as
for
scant
is all dissolved,
sugar
This
carefully. juice.
grape
water.
through cloth juice, adding
Measure
let boil until
juice; best
1
strain
let drain.
hot
make
stemming, mash
makes
about
DRESSING.
Four
2 tablespoons tablespoons cream, vinegar, 3 tablespoons 1/4teaspoon mustard, V4 teaspoon salt. 2 eggs. Beat eggs gether tosugar, until light, then salt and add sugar, mustard which has been the vinegar and mixed, next Cook hot water lastly the cream. over until Use thick, stirring constantly. fruit sa,lad. on any
CHILI
Chop
and
peppers 1
together 2
onions.
tablespoon salt,
cloves
to
1
4
boil ;
taste
dozen
SAUCE.
good
sized
for
1 hour,
Boil
tablespoons all together
One
lard. 1 cup sugar, of cinnamon
cup
tablespoon
each
baking out.
Bake
in
Wash
and
wipe
three
in
stone
add
for
20
1
2
minutes
;
or
o
green
cupful vinegar,
sugar,
seal
cinnamon
and
in bottles.
COOKIES 1 cup
1 cup 1 teaspoon
molasses,
and
ginger, soda, a little salt, flour to make not too hot. a quick oven, PICKLED
of peppers
then
light brown
MOLASSES
1
ripe tomatoes,
boiling water, spoon cloves, 1 teastiff enough to roll
CUCUMBERS. hundred with
small
cucumbers
and
one
quart
jar to boiling Y2 cup of salt. Heat point 11/2 gallons of cider vinegar, and II/2pints of water. Add i/4 whole cinnamon pound and stick each, of whole cloves, allspice and 1 ounce of white mustard-seed, and pour over pickles. ;
put
a
160
THE
F
ARM
R
E
8'
GUIDE
WALNUT Place of boil
When
add
Pour
or
TAFFY.
kettle
a
pounds
3
is dissolved
sugar
of tartar
cream
buttered
a
walnuts.
into
the
I/2teaspoon in
Spread
fire in
the
over
water.
BOOK
of
and
and
cook
and
sugar
the
the
a
degree. hickory nuts,
crack
pound and a half of shelled them and when boiling candly over a
pan
the
to
comes
syrup
to
pint
one
break
cool
pieces. SOAP
MAKING. NO.
1.
pounds of cracklings Use a large iron pails (10-quart size) of soft water. the 3 cans of lye, let it come in 1 pail of the water and the lye. Then to a boil so as to dissolve put in the cracklings. Let other hours and add, along, the two this boil slowly for four five or in handfuls of two Before quit boiling it put pails of water. you and around kettle the fire from Take the borax. powdered away four cut out can let it stand night. In the morning over soap you of the five inches thick and there will be no lye left in the bottom or in be used board to in cakes and lay on kettle. Cut out dry can a ; Take
three
and
rinds, kettle, put
a
of
cans
concentrated
14
can
Babbitt's
3
time.
short
NO. One
soft
quart
Strain
cool.
tallow) through mix thoroughly into
mould
This
soap
a
before is too
kettle
in
of
2 quarts
stir
over
to
strong
NO. Farmer's When
weather
cold
months
two
solution,
cold
the
beef
be
must
thick.
Pour cool.
thoroughly
old.
3.
Soft
in
sets
into
off before
block
until
use
which
of
it becomes
fire until
and
lye, i/i pound all is dissolved,
until
heat
(a part slowly
pour
a
thick
too
and
grease
cloth,
cheese
and
2.
10-cent
1
water, Place
borax.
powdered then
lye,
Soap. begin
farmers
many
to
"soap
save
in ashes, preparatory such kinds of The "soap grease" consists of all scraps, kinds of odds in all fact in with bones meat them, marrow as rinds, in the If beef is there and ends that are no partly grease. grease be supplied. must lot, some
their
and
grease" the spring.
In
' '
grease,
Erect the
the
a
platform
bottom lime.
ready
set
the the
days. to
a
barrel
use.
and
on
with
barrel
weather, When
with
and
about
of
hard-wood pour
as
trough
both
top
begins
weather
warm
and
platform
straw
some
Fill to
several
board
the
is made
soap
making
to
spring, before
the
' '
soap
hard-wood
on
the lye is strong
follows for
knocked
this
about
ashes water
enough
that one
to
affect
to
the
:
the
catching
ends
soap
lye. out, place in
2
of
quarts have
pail bear
not at up
a an
On the
slaked
been
posed ex-
time, for egg
it is
FACTS
USEFUL
all the
RULES
AND
FOR
161
FARMING
on grease" in a caldron kettle, pour lye to The and leave the it and boil. cover lye will take up all the grease Boil slowly and bones clean in the bottom. keep trying, adding more until the soap becomes thick, then let seems as lye or water necessary, cool and place in a barrel for future use. it find in the morning If perchance, as sometimes happens, you will thicken of water the addition has turned that the soap back, in used should be water soft making. it. Only soap
Place
"soap
'
' '
'
HOW
CURE
TO
Clear, cold weather should and
cold
use
is the
and
firm
trimmings
for
be
If the
smoked
kept
in the
four
weeks
before
will
BACON.
for butchering
best
cutting
is to
up.
through
last
six weeks
at least
be
AND
Trim
time,
hams
the
as
and
meat
shoulders
sausage.
meat
pickle
HAMS
sufficient.
;
the
if it is to
There
it should
summer, be used
is nothing
better
be
immediately, than clean,
smokng, although hickory chips will answer very well. All brine be strong enough to float an for pork should egg. the the add the of water to Use cover ingredients enough meat, See that the meat. formula over used, boil, skim, let cool and pour dry
for
cobs
corn
all the
meat
is covered.
NO.
molasses,
of
pounds
100
For
1 teaspoon
meat
1. 1
"
NO.
pounds
100
For
of
brown
salt, 2 pounds CURING
meat
"
1
sugar,
HAMS
AND
4 ounce
of
ounce
of
soda, 8 pounds
saltpeter,
1
pint of
salt.
2.
tablespoons saleratus, 8 pounds saltpeter.
BACON NO.
WITHOUT
of
BRINE.
1.
1 pound pounds of meat % pound red pepper, pepper, brown salt. 3 1 bushel 1/2pound powdered pounds saltpeter, sugar, Mix, rub each piece of meat thoroughly and pack closely in a large with Leave tub. same as brine, then wash, dry and smoke.
For
100
"
NO. For
100 4
three
dry
times and
pounds
of meat
2 quarts salt, 3 ounces powdered Mix well and rub 1/2 pint molasses.
sugar,
ounces
with
the
"
mixture,
8
rub down.
one
weeks
two
between
peter, saltmeat
rubbings, wash
smoke. NO.
For
2.
100
pounds
meat
tablespoons brown portion into the
"
4
pounds
sugar. meat
3.
salt, i/ipound
Mix, divide every
three
into
days.
powdered three Place
peter, salt-
parts, and with
rind
162
THE
FARMERS'
GUIDE
PACKING Use and
jar
stone
freshly scalded
barrel
that
barrel
or
has
old
do.
Do
not
salt into
Put
perfectly clean for pork, a use,
but
Nothing
the
of
bottom
the
it as it tightly, sprinkling salt over hams, except that only salt is used. looks take out, boil, if the brine weeks muddy or ropy, brine Do not the to jar. on put new pork and return
jar, pack Make
is packed. After two wash
skim,
for beef.
used
been
PORK.
whiskey barrel. receptacles will
or
BOOK
the
in
pork
brine
for
as
pork. SAUSAGE. Various ings seasonpork trimmings. less use staple. For the city market the fore Pour the pieces beseasoning over country. After thoroughly, pack into clean grinding mix from
is made Sausage used, but sage are fat
the
for
than
grinding. jars and in
hung
the
over
NO. For
ly? teaspoons For
of
pound
1
Soak which will
This
They
of
the
upper enough salt all
remove
should
have
Boil
until
brine.
finely. Season or
liked, crock
well
set.
rolled
meat
2.
18
ounces
"
and
salt,
1
teaspoon
pepper,
salt,
2
ounces
4
pepper,
CHEESE.
in
to
sage,
as
and
It
been the
flour and
put and
with
summer
be
been blood
for
a
make
to
a
render
in day or two fairly strong
white
them
before cleaned thoroughly will drop easily. Let bones
taste
weight may
has the
heads
the
of
parts
so
to
as
served
fried.
form
BOLOGNA
in
cut
It makes
clean the feet, Thoroughly When cold they may drop out.
firm
a
cold,
in
Place
etc.
savory,
nice
a
such
and
salt
pepper
PIGS'
to
sausage
grease,
1.
NO.
HEAD
as
in
the
sage.
ounces
in
bags, dipped
11/2 teaspoons
"
preferred,
sage.
pounds
40
meat
If
top.
muslin
packed in unbleached place. a dry
be
may
lard
melted
pour
the
is the
a
placing cool, then aromatic
deep Let
mass.
thin
and
brine. pure. in the
chop herbs
earthen remain
slices,or
breakfast
water
sliced
dish until and
dish.
FEET. then be
boil until
put
into
a
the hot
ready spiced vinegar. bones
are
SAUSAGE.
pounds of lean beef, 1 pound salt pork, 3 pounds lean fresh white 1 teaspoonful ground pork, 1 pound beef suet, 1 ounce pepper, 1 3 teaspoonful salt, large onion chopped ounces one cayenne, mace, suet fine. and fine, then mix; add separately very Chop the meat Six
164
THE
FABMERH'
GUIDE
COMMISSION While
merchant, deal.
do
we
advise
that do
caution
in
so,
reliability of
the
those
not
they
MERCHANTS.
guarantee
believe
we
Should We
not
BOOK
listed below
please notify
shipping
will
unknown
to
of
leaving for parts
Avoid
and
unknown.
BALTIMORE, BOND
THOMAS
"
SNYDER
THE
STEVENS
Fruits
BROTHERS,
T.
HOLWAY
E.
pocketing
parties
the
entire
them.
and
Hall
Fanuel
St.
Light St.
Market.
St.
Market
107-109
Produce,
Produce, 15 Produce,
General
and
Fruits
COMPANY,
Such
out
and
Poultry
Eggs,
Market.
CO., Fruits
"
MEAD
J. D.
New
Produce, 4 Produce, CO., Fruits
Hall
Fanuel
houses.
send
MASS.
and
GRAVES
"
Side
North
and
Fruits
PRATT
COLLINS, 13
Fruits
CO., BROTHERS,
CHAPIN
who
MD.
BOSTON, ALLEN-HURD
square
once.
and Vegetables, 17 E. Camden CO., Fruits and Vegetables, 220-222 St. Charles and Produce, 226
Fruits
SON,
BLANKFARD
"
a
you
firms
quotations higher than those of established in the habit often irresponsible,and are are returns
give
at
us
commission
any
and
General
Market
North
Clinton
cor.
St. and
Fulton
144-146
gan Michi-
St.s. YOUNG
F.
A.
and Potatoes, 77 CO., Fruits, Onions and Fruits General INC., CO.,
"
St.
Clinton
Produce,
WILLIAMS
"
POTTER
Ave. N.
BUFFALO, BURT
H.
PVuits
BEAN,
F.
BRENNISEN
G.
M.
"
WATTLES
DANIEL
"
WHITNEY,
R.
in
Market and Perry Sts. Merchants, 156-158 Michigan Ave. Wholesale Butter, Eggs and Cheese, 152 Michigan Ave. Wholesale Butter, Eggs and Cheese, 154 Michigan Ave. Butter Wholesale St. Cheese, 42 W. Market Eggs, and
SON, SON,
BOOSING,
GEO.
Produce
and
BROS.,
ILL.
BROS.,
A.
L.
G.
M.
Vegetables, Butter, Eggs
McCLAY
"
WAGNER
H.
ANKENBAUER
G.
J. CANNON E.
N.
HENRY THE
"
MARKLEY
W. L
"
RILEY
ARMACOST, L
General
Vegetables, Butter, Eggs and Poultry, and Vegetables, 131 W. So. CO., Fruits Fruits " SONS, and Vegetables, 123
CINCINNATI, F.
and
Produce,
117
W.
So.
St.
Water
COYNE
lots, W.
car
Commission
General
CHICAGO, BARNETT
Y.
Sixth
SONS, CO.,
Fruits
119
W.
So.
Water W.
Water
St,
St.
So.
Water
St.
O.
and
St. Vegetables, 118 E, Front General E. Front St. Produce, 111-113 and St. CO., Fruits Vegetables, 110 E. Front " Domestic CO., Foreign and Fruits, Vegetables, 212-214 "
Fruits
and
St.
PIERCE
"
RANSICK
WEIL-BROCKMAN
CO., Foreign "
SONS,
and
Domestic
Fruits
CO.,
Fruits
and and
Fruits,Vegetables, Produce,
226
Vegetables,
W.
Sixth
107-109
W.
224
Sixth
St. E.
Front
St.
St.
FACTS
USEFUL
RULES
AND
FOR
BIGALOW
THE
FEUIT "
STRAUSS
M.
Fruits
CO., Fruits
CO.,
and
and Produce, Cor. E. Ninth Produce, Hay and Grain, 933
COLUMBUS, THE
EVANS
THE
WILLIAM
"
TURNER
Fruits
CO.,
FISHER
SONS
"
BALDWIN
M.
L.
GEO.
"
"
Fruits
and
and
Produce,
Fruits
CO.,
Wholesale
CO.,
Broadway. Bldg.
Garfield
St.
Chestnut
123
E.
120
Produce,
"
Towne
St.
MICH.
Ave. Vegetables, 360 Jefferson and Poultry, Fruits, Produce
Wood-
29
St.
bridge BROWN
CHAS.
CO.,
COLLINS
and
O.
DETROIT, F.
165
O.
CLEVELAND, H.
FARMING
and Market. Produce, Eastern CO., Fruits " SON, Fruits, Vegetables, Beans, etc., 26
"
READE
EDWARD
W.
Woodbridge
St.
J. M.
SMITH
"
Fruits
Wholesale
CO.,
and
HITZ
"
CO., Foreign
and
St.
Woodbridge
IND.
INDIANAPOLIS, GEO.
W.
41
Produce,
Fruits
Domestic
and
30-34
Vegetables,
S.
ware Dela-
St. J.
L.
Fruits
KEACH,
JOHN
Produce,
and
NEUMAN
W.
"
CO.,
Fruits
KANSAS
C.
CLEMONS
C.
Grand
S.
112
CITY,
CO., Wholesale
PRODUCE
St. S.
29
Delaware
St.
MO. Fruits
and
Produce,
128
132
and
Ave.
DOUGLAS-AGNEW
CO., Wholesale
FRUIT
Fruits
FRUIT
DENUNZIO
and
Produce,
419
Walnut
St.
KY.
LOUISVILLE, JOS.
Delaware
Produce,
and
CO., Fruits,Vegetables
and
Produce,
112
W.
Jefferson
St. KOHLHEPP D.
B.
"
SPERRY,
and Fruits lULA, Apples, Potatoes,
General Beans
and
MILWAUKEE, G.
EISSLER
R.
GODFREY
A.
E. A.
E.
108-110
Jefferson
St.
S. Second
St.
WIS.
CO.,
"
Fruits
SONS
MINN.
MINNEAPOLIS, COLLINS
GRINNELL, St., N. C.
E.
HEALY
Sixth
"
CO.,
SON,
P.
STACY
"
JORDAN
GEO. NOBLE
Green
Wholesale
Fruits
Dealers
and
in
Country Potatoes
Produce, and
SONS,
BROS., W.
DAVIDSON "
SALTER,
LA.
and Sixth Produce, 200-202 Produce, 206 Sixth St., N. " CO., Fruits and Produce, 309-313 Gravier and Fruits Produce, 201-215
Fruits
Fruits
ORLEANS,
St., N.
and
Povdras St.
212
Produce,
St.
NEW E.
200
and Produce, 275 Broadway. CO., Fruits and Produce, 257 Broadway. GROSSENBACH and Vegetables, 299-303' Broadway. CO., Fruits, Produce General J. W. PIERCE Commission, CO., Produce, Vegetables, Eggs and 305-307 Broadway.
A.
"
Produce, Onions,
St.
Sixth 125
N.
FARMERS'
THE
166
GUIDE
NEW BRO.
N.
YORK,
BOOK
Y.
Fruits St. and Produce, 103-105 Murray "Sts. Franklin and West Vegetables, cor. Fruits and Place. J. " S. H. DAVENPORT, W. Produce, 130 Park Fruits and St. DIXONS " SON, R. W. Produce, 266 Washington Fruits and St. S. H. " E. H. FROST, Vegetables, 319 Washington St. and " PAGE, Fruits. Vegetables FURMAN Produce, 112 Warren St. Fruits B. HANSON, and HORACE Produce, 180 Reade Morris Ave. and HENRY L. HUNTER, Produce, 849 INC., Fruits St. HUBBS "Sr CO., Fruits and Produce, 279 Washington McCORMICK, and St. JOHN NIX " CO., Fruits Vegetables, 281 Washington St. and OLIVIT Vegetables, 335 Washington BROS., INC., Fruits FRENCH " SHUTTLEWORTH CO., INC., Exporters and Importers SIMONS,
BAHEENBURG
J. H. E.
R.
A.
r.
BRACKETT
of
"
CO.,
and
Franklin
Fruits, 204
Green YOUNG
"
Fruits
CO.,
CO., Vegetables
St. Duane
and
Fruits, Washington
and
PA.
PHILADELPHIA,
St. Vegetables, 132 Dock Dock St. 226 Vegetables, St. Fruits and WILLIAM Produce, 10 S. Front St. Fruits and " BROWN Vegetables, 334 N. Front Fruits and G. W. Vegetables. N.E. cor. Second BUTTERWORTH, St. and C. G. JUSTICE Vegetables, 123 Dock CO., Fruits St. Fruits and MICHAEL " SON, H. W. Vegetables, 114 Dock 150 Dock St. and P. S. SCOTT Vegetables, CO., Fruits
E.
ARMSTRONG
S.
BARKER
"
"
CO., Fruits
CO., Fruits G. BONSTEDT, McMAHON,
H.
B.
WILLIAMS.
E.
S.
WOODWORD
and
and
PA.
CO., Fruits, A^egetables and Poultry, 56 21st St. Fi-uits,Produce. Eggs and Poultry, 60 21st St. FANNING, St. Ave. and 21st Fruits and FLAHERTY, Produce, cor. Penn
M.
JOSEPH
and CO., Fruits Fruits, Vegetables,
PRODUCE
KOEHLER
WALLACE,
JOHN
F.
PADGETT
"
FRUIT
GERBER W.
CO.,
Fourth
Fruits
and
M.
W.
O.
AMMON,
Produce,
J.
BAKER
Fruits
and
Produce,
67
E. and
O.
CO., Fruits, Vegetables, CO., Foreign and Domestic
Butter
CO., Fruits L. ANDERSON, Fruits W. H. HARRISON, PRICE " KREY, CO., Live Ave, N. W. R.
21st
St.
Eggs,
E.
Gary
St.
817
N.
1303
Fourth
N.
St.
Poultry, Butter, Fruit,
ADAMS
"
SHERWOOD,
905
Third
St.
Produce,
Nuts
TOLEDO, "
ROBERT
J.
and
804-806
and
and
Fruits
WASHINGTON, E.
205
MINN.
PAUL,
CO., Fruits, Vegetables " Co., Wholesale Fruits,
Fillebrown
GEROE
THE
Ave.
Penn
St.
DORE-REDPATH J.
Butter
CO., Eggs, ST.
AUGUST
and
Poultry,
MO.
LOUIS,
COMMISSION
BRACKMAN
and
Eggs
VA.
CO., Fruits, Vegetables, ST.
St.
18th
Produce, Butter.
RICHMOND,
F.
Sts.
COGGINS
O.
JAMES
S.
Dock
and
St. and Produce, 29-30 Market INC., Fruit and St. " CO., Fruits Vegetables, 122 Dock
PITTSBURGH, M.
Sts.
and D.
111-115
Vegetables,
E.
Third
79
Eggs, 139-141 Produce, 32-36
E.
St. Third
S. Huron N.
Huron
C.
B St., N. W. Vegetables, 907-909 B and 919 Vegetables, St., N. and Vegetables, 905 B St., N. W. Produce, Stock, Poultry, Eggs and and
Fruits
Louisiana
Ave.
N.
W.
W.
923
Louisiana
St.
St.
St.
USEFUL
AND
FACTS
CUT-FLOWER
RULES
COMMISSION
"
F.
McCAKTHY
H.
M.
E0BIN80N
CO.,
"
MASS.
Hawlev
84
CO.,
St.
Providence
15
St.
CO.,
KASTING
F.
Ellicott
385
St.
ILL.
CHICAGO, W.
CHAS.
T.
McKELLAR,
A.
51 37-39
BUDLONG,
Ave.
Wabash
51
REINBERG.
PETER
Y.
N.
BUFFALO, WM.
Wabash
Ave.
Randolph
St.
O.
CINCINNATI, THE
J.
M.
SON'S
Mc-CULLOUGfT'S
CO.,
EXCHANGE,
FLOWER
CUT
N.
113
BROTHERS,
MINN.
St.
Sixth
FLOWER
CUT
YORK
NEW
M.
C.
FORD,
A.
L.
YOUNG
121
CO.,
RIEDEL
BAGLEY,
54 "
W.
W.
28th
MEYER,
THE
NIESSON S.
8.
"
PENNOCK-MEEHAN
CO.,
28th
St.
St.
INC.,
34
W.
1209
Arch
St.
28th
PA.
PHILADELPHIA, LEO
and
St.
28th
St.
28th
W. "
51
Ave.
Sixth
CO.,
FRENCH,
"
CITY.
YORK
NEW
HENSHAW
Broadway.
38-40
MINNEAPOLIS, RICE
St.
Walnut
310
MICH.
DETROIT, MICHIGAN
FARMING
MERCHANTS.
BOSTON, N.
FOR
St.
CO.,
1 808-1812
Ludlow
St.
167
M
AR
F
THE
168
S'
R
E
TO
WHERE A
from
request
their
latest
their
nearest
every
firm
them
to
you
catalog and
CITY
ACETYLENE
CARBIDE
SALES
GEM
UNION
Should
LIGHT
GENERATOR
CO.,
St.
42nd
be
at
us
in
put
guarantees,
no
reliable.
ACETYLENE THE
will
you
unsatisfactory, please notify
prove
listed below
firms
the
make
we
BOOK
BUY.
price-list,or
absolutely
is
listed
of
any
While
dealer.
GUIDE
touch believe
we
your
will
CO.,
once.
PLANTS. O. CO., Dayton Building, NeW York.
Rapids, Mich.
Grand
ALARM
Salle,
La
WESTCLOCK,
CLOCKS.
111.
ALFALFA THE
A. N.
WING
SEED.
SEED
O.
CO., Mechanicsburg, Excelsior, Minn. Ligonier, Ind. WERTHEIMER,
B.
LYMAN,
ALUMINXJM THE
ALUMINUM
COOKING
WARE.
UTENSILS
APPLE
ROBERT
GILLIES, BROS.,
BECKER
CITY
QUAKER
Medina 389
AUTOMATIC
COLUMBIAN
FEEDERS
TANK
STEEL
Pa.
BARRELS.
St., Buffalo, N. CO., Buffalo, N.
COOPERAGE
Kensington,
Y.
N.
William
CO., New
Y. Y.
AND
WATERERS.
City,
Mo.
CO., Kansas
AUTOMOBILES.
FORD
CO., Detroit,
MOTOR
Mich.
CO., Pontiac, Mich. CO., Detroit, Mich. THE WILLYS-OVERLAND CO., Toledo, O. CAR SAXON MOTOR CO., Detroit, Mich. CAR HUPP MOTOR CO.. Detroit, Mich FRANKLIN AUTOMOBILE CO., Syracuse, N.
OAKLAND
CAR
MOTOR
MOTOR
HUDSON
CAR
AUTO
CHASE
MOTOR
ATTERBURY THE
AUTOCAR
INTERNATIONAL THE
AVERY
CO., Syracuse CO., Buffalo, N. Pa. CO., Ardmore,
TRUCK
CO.
HARVESTER
CO., Peoria,
HI.
Y.
TRUCKS.
MOTOR
N.
Y.
Y.
OF
AMERICA,
with
that
dealings with
ALABASTINE. ALABASTINE
bring
Chicago,
HI.
USEFUL
RULES
AND
FACTS
BABCOCK
SCIENTIFIC
CENTRAL
FOR
FARMING
169
TESTERS.
CREAM 111.
CO., Chicago,
BAGS. BUFFALO
CO., Buffalo,
BAG
Y.
N.
BARN
Stanchions, THE
HARRIS
JAMES
MFG.
BOYLE
FERRIS
Etc.
III.
Atchinson, Wis. Bend, Wis. EQUIPMENT CO., West CO., Fairfield, Iowa. CO.,
BARN
BEND
CO., Harvarrl,
"
MANUFACTURING
WEST
Plans,
Pens,
CO., Salem, O. SON, Salem, O.
"
HELM,
HUNT, JAMES
EQUIPMENT. Carriers, Bull
Litter
MACHINERY LOUDEN RICHARDS-WILCOX
CO.,
Fort
MFG.
111.
Aurora,
BASKETS.
BURLINGTON
BASKET BASKET
WEBSTER
CO., Burlington, CO., Webster, N. Y.
BEES
DEHUHN W.
Hamilton,
SONS,
"
FALCONER
T.
MFG.
THE
A.
I. ROOT
THE
A.
G. "
111.
Rapids,
Grand
CO., Hamilton,
Y.
N.
O.
CO., Medina,
SON,
SUPPLIES.
BEE
CO., Falconer,
WOODMAN
DEDANT
AND
Iowa.
Mich.
111.
BELTING. BICKFORD
BASKETS
BERRY
BROTHERS
MONTGOMERY ALBANY
NEW
CO.. 35
BELTING
FRANCIS
"
BOX
CO., Buffalo, BASKET
AND
CO.,
C.
A.
FORGE S.
CO.,
FORGE
Buffalo,
WORKS,
BONE
STRATTON
MFG.
F.
W.
MANN
E.
C.
"
Mich.
CUTTERS.
CO., Milford, Mass.
Milford.
Mass.
Pa. Easton, CO., Syracuse,
N.
Y.
MATERIAL.
BUILDING
GORDON-VAN HARRIS
CO., Davenport,
TINE
BROS.,
CHICAGO INTERNATIONAL
MILL
Albany,
Y.
N.
Saranac,
CUTTER
CO..
STURNS
Y.
CO., Erie, Pa.
BROS.,
WILSON
N. New
FORGES.
BONE
STANDARD
St., Buffalo, N.
CRATES.
AND
BLACKSMITHS' BUFFALO
Pearl
WORK MILL
la.
111.
Chicago,
SUPPLY "
TIMBER
CO., Chicago, 111.
CO., Bay
City,
Mich.
Ind.
Y.
170
FARMERS'
TEE
BUZZ A.
GRAY'S
W.
MFG.
APPLETON HERTZLER NP]W
SAWS
CUTTING
FOR
Midtlletown, SONS, CO., Batavia, 111.
ZOOK
"
GUIDE
HOLLAND
ENGINE
GAS
WOOD.
Pa.
CO., New Holland, Fulton CO., 202
MACHINE
CONSOLIDATED
CORD
Vt.
Belleville.
CO.,
BOOK
Pa.
St.,
New
York.
CAMERAS. KODAK
EASTMAN
CO.,
Rochester,
CANOES THE
W.
OLD
TOWN
CANOE STEEL
MICHIGAN DETROIT
CO., Detroit,
BOAT
Atn"
BOATS.
Mich.
CALCIUM.
CARBIDE, CALCIUM
Y.
CO., Salem, Ohio. CO., Old Town, Maine. BOAT CO., Detroit, Mich.
MULLINS
H.
N.
CARBIDE
WORKS,
Niagara
Falls, N.
CARPENTERS'
SIMMONS
HARDWARE
CO.,
New
Y.
TOOLS. York
and
Philadelphia.
CARRIAGES. ELKHART
CARRIAGE
" HARNESS CO., Elkhart, CO., Utica, N. Y. THE OHIO CARRIAGE MFG. O. CO., Columbus, D. T. BOHON, Kv. Harrodsburg, South STUDEBAKER, Bend, Ind. CHAS.
CHILDS
H.
CAST U.
S.
CAST
IRON
Ind.
"
PIPE
IRON
PIPE.
FOUNDRY
"
CO.,
York
New
City.
CEMENT. THE
PORTLAND
ATLAS
LEHIGH
CEMENT
York CO., New CO., Allentown, Pa.
CEMENT
PORTLAND
CEMENT
SMITH
"
HOLTON
MFG.
CO.,
TOOLS.
Clinton,
CHICKEN THE
NOVELTY
MFG.
CO., Abington,
Wis.
COOPS. 111.
CHURNS. THE
NOVELTY
COLUMBIAN DE
KING
THE
FAYWAY
THE
MASON
MFG.
Abington, HI. CO., Columbus, O. MFG. CO., Chicago, 111. CO., 117 John St., Cincinnati, MFG. CO., Canton, 0. MALL
CO.,
CRANE
O.
City.
172
MERS'
FAB
THE
GUIDE
CHICKS.
DAY-OLD EMPIRE
N. Seward, FARM, Angola, FARM,
POULTRY
CONNER'S
POULTRY
BRANFORD
FARMS,
ARTHUR
H.
WARD WINSOR
Mattituck,
PENNY, P.
R.
TENACRE
HILL
Acushnet
3.
POULTRY
GRAY
W.
M.
"
PHILLIPS,
T.
CO.,
168
Bedford,
N.
J.
Salt
Point,
2.3rd
St.. New
Y.
N.
SHEARS.
W.
York.
Pa.
Pomeroy,
DISINFECTANTS
CHEMO
New
Pa.
DEHORNING
JOHN
Station, Mich.
Lansing,
CHICKERY, NEIMOND, Richfield, POULTRY FARM,
KEER
JACOB FERNWOOD
Y.
N.
Cedar Grove, Princeton, FARM, Mass. FARM, Hudson, FARM, Bolton, Mass. N. J. Frencbtown,
POULTRY
SHADY
No.
FARM,
POULTRY
BELLMOSS THE
D.
POULTRY
Y.
Del.
Frankford,
FARM,
MICHIGAN
Y. N.
Conn.
Groton,
DASEY,
W.
BOOK
AND
EXTERMINATORS.
LICE
CO., Buffalo, N. Y. DAVIS " CO., Detroit, Mich.
PARK,
DITCHING THE
BUCKEYE
THE
JESCHKE
TRACTION
MACHINES.
CO., Findley, O. Bellevue, O. " GRADER Ky. CO., Owensboro, Barron York City. Bldg., New DITCHER
MANUFACTURING
OWENSBORO
DITCHER
BAKER-BARROB,
INC.,
CO.,
DOGS. Collies.
KENNELS,
IMNA
SUNNY
NELSON'S, STAR
WHITE
AMERICAN
KENNELS,
City,
Grove
Conn.
Simsburv,
West
COLLIE
BRAE
KENNELS, KENNELS,
Bloomington, Branch, Ave.,
Long 2.3.3 Third
KENNELS,
Lynbrook,
KENNELS,
and
Dallos,
KENNELS,
333
Connell Fox
FIELD'S
KENNELS,
Somers.
York
City.
Setters.
Pa.
Shepherd
German ELMVIEW
J.
New
Island.
Long
Pointers MIDKIFF
THE
N.
Danes.
Great
BOHRER
III.
Pa.
Dogs.
Bldg., Scranton,
Pa.
Hounds.
Conn.
DRAIN
TILE.
Allen's Hill, N. Y. ABBEY, N. Y. CHILDS, Geneva, JOHN J. JACKSON, Albany, N. Y. LYTHE TILE CO., Angola, N. Y. FIRE NATIONAL PROOFING CO., Fulton, Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. T. LEGGETT WM. CO., Pittsburgh, Pa. PECK E. Bethany, " WOOD, N. Y. New York. TOMPKINS 257 BROS., Broadway, York. CLAY THE PRODUCTS ROBINSON CO., Flatiron Bldg., New B.
A.
G.
S.
Mass
USEFUL
AND
FACTS
ELECTEIC
DANIEL
(Hardy
N.
Lockport,
Lancaster,
CUTTERS.
DICK
THE
SMALLEY
THE
SILVER
THE
MFG.
E.
O.
CO., Salem,
N.
Shortsville,
CO.,
ROSS
W.
Wis.
Milwaukee,
CO.,
MFG. MFG.
MACHINE
PAPEC
MACHINERY.
MANUFACTURING
CO., FARM
BOARD
OF
CHAFFIN
"
STATE
R.
B.
Y
CO., Springfield, O. EVAPORATING
BOUTELL
Mich.
"
PRODUCTS
RUMLEY
Lyell Ave., Rochester, N.
558
AGENCIES. Del.
AGRICULTURE, Dover, CO., Inc.. Richmond, Va.
St., Buffalo, N. Y. CO., Pearl Brisbane ESTEE, Bldg., Buffalo. J. C. ELLIS, Springvir.r, N. Y BALL'S FARM AGENCY, Owego, N. Y. " PILE CO., INC., Petersburg, Va. " J. B. RICE CO., Warren, O. D. C. R. RICHARDS, M. Washington, GREIN
F.
"
MAXON
ROWE
MFG.
KITZLEMAN CYCLONE
Galesburg, 111. Muncie. Ind. BROS., FENCE CO., Waukegan,
TRACTOR
B.
111.
HOLT
LTD..
Pa.
CO., Rockford,
CO., Peoria, 111. CO., 27th and University
INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC
York, IMPLEMENT
MFG.
TRACTOR
BULL
TRACTORS.
CO., Chicago, 111. CO..
FARQUAHR
EMERSON-BRANTINGHAM THE
Y.
CO.,
FARM
BULLOCK
N.
GATES.
FARM
A.
HARVESTER WHEEL
CO.
CO., Quiney.
OF
S.
MFG.
CO., Marion.
111.
O.
FEED
IN
Cotton THE
WILLIAM
A.
BURNETT
CO..
Alfalfa EMPIRE
STATE
ALFALFA
MILLS.
CAR Seed
111.
E., Minneapolis, Minn. AMERICA, Chicago, 111.
"
HUBER
North.)
CO..
MFG.
JOSEPH
the
Y.
SILO CO., Kalamazoo. Bellefontaine, O. N. Y. 00., Elmira, CO., Canton, O.
TANK
IRONWOON
in
Pa.
ENSILAGE
KALAMAZOO
Pa.
Pittsburgh,
Y.
N.
TREES
WALNUT
POMEROY,
N.
JONES,
F.
East
CO.,
CO., Buffalo,
ENGLISH
J.
MFG.
ELECTRIC
ROBERTSON
173
FARMING
SUPPLIES.
ELECTRIC
WESTINGHOUSE
FOR
RULES
LOTS. Meal.
Louisville, Ky. Meal.
Munnsville,
N.
Y.
Y.
THE
174
Cotton BABTLETT
THE
31 E
R
A
F
Seed
S'
R
GUIDE
Linseed,
Meal,
Molassine
Meal.
Board
331
COMPANY,
COMPANY
H-O
THE
MEAL
Calf
Dairy,
Feed. N.
Hog
FEED
Gluten
FEED THE
A.
THE
LETZ
N.
H.
MFG.
BOWSHER,
Chicks.
Y.
N.
COOKERS. Y.
MILLS.
GRINDING
S. Ashland CO., 3709 Point, Ind. CO., Crown South Bend, Ind.
STRAUB
W.
Minn.
Feed.
CO., Courtland, N.
MANUFACTURING
LEWIS
for
Feed
CO., Buffalo, FEED
Feed.
111.
CO., Peoria,
MILLING
LEAF
Horse
Minneapolis,
Scratch
Dairy CLOVER
111.
Y.
and
CO.,
and
Feed
CEREAL
CONTINENTAL
Chick
Buffalo.
Poultry,
SUGAR
Meal.
Waukegan,
FACTORY,
MILLS,
INTERNATIONAL
Trade, Boston, Mass.
of
Blatchford's CALF
BLATCHFORD
Etc.
Bran,
Mich.
CO., Jacksou,
MOLASSINE
BOOK
Ave., Chicago,
111.
FERTILIZERS.
CO.,
COLE-MORTIMER THE
CHEMICAL
AGENCIES
NITRATE THE
CHEMICAL
CHASE
"
GUN
IV
ER
ARMS
JOHNSON
MARLIN
FIREARMS
SAVAGE
ARMS
CO., Utica,
COLT'S THE
CO.,
ARMS PATENT
"
TOOL
FIRE ARMS
UNION
299
CO.,
ARMS 619
AMMUNITION.
Y.
CYCLE
"
WORKS,
N.
BUFFALO CAMPBELL WM.
PYRENE
FIRE
MFG.
Mass
Y.
New York Broadway, CO.. Chicopee Falls, Mass. CO., Hartford, Conn. Auburndale Ave., Toledo, O.
EXTINGUISHER
COOKERS.
CO.,
67
Carroll
St., Buffalo,
N.
Y.
CO., Detroit, Mich. FIRE
BUFFALO
Fitchburg
Conn.
Haven,
FIRELESS FIRE
Va.
Y.
N.
CO., New
ARMS
REMINGTON .J. STEVENS
N.
CO., Batavia, CO., Ithaca,
GUN
ITHACA
AND
ARMS
St., N.
Y.
CO., Richmond, St., Buffalo, N. Y.
William
965
CO.,
FIRE BAKER
PERUVIAN
CO., Buffalo, N.
FERTILIZER
H.
Hartford
1204
"
VIRGINIA-CAROLINA A.
York City. Toronto, Can. Bldg., Chicago, 111. GUANO CO., 143 Liberty
St.. New CO..
CO.,
FORMULA
MAPES
BOWKER
Chamber
51
LABORATORIES
EXTINGUISHERS.
EXTINGUISHER
CO.,
1358
Broadway,
CO., N.
67 Y.
Carroll
St., Buffalo
N.
Y.
Y.
FARMING
FOR
RULES
AND
FACTS
USEFUL
175
FLASHLIGHTS.
WORKS,
EVER-READY
AMERICAN
FRUIT
MFG.
BARKER
CO.,
BROS.
(Buyers.)
Funston
119
CO.,
"
Y.
N.
St., Rochester, FURS
FUNSTON
BAGS.
PICKING
Ambrose
35
Y.
City, N.
Island
Long
Bldg.,
BROS., Minneapolis, Minn. Pa. B. Lock DEAN Haven, FURST, Y. N. M. J. JEWETT " SONS, Redwood, McMillan fur " wool CO., Minneapolis, W. 24th WARENOFF " KLEIN, 154 St., New
Louis, Mo.
St.
ANDERSCH
L.
FUR
ROBENSTEIN
A.
CO., BRO., 24
"
BLUSTEIN
DAVID
52
W.
E.
12th
GASOLINE
WITTE
IRON
GRAY
MOTOR
WORKS
ENGINE
UNITED
STATES
THOMPSON
THE
MIDDLEDITCH
J.
B.
N.
Y.
Mich.
Lansing, WORKS, CO., Detroit, Mich
Mich.
ENGINE
Canal
1504
St., Chicago,
Wis.
Beloit,
CO., Detroit, Mich. Utica, N. Y. Stores 612 STORES, Bldg., New Kan. St., Ottawa, CO., 209 King ENGINE
NORTON
CO..
CHARLES
WILLIAM
OTTAWA
MFG.
DP]TROIT
CAR
MOTOR
GALLOWAY
WM.
ENGINES.
CO., Terrace, Buffalo, City, Mo.
Detroit
CO.,
THE
GAS
WORKS,
ENGINE
ELLIS
York. St., New York. St., New
Kansas
CO.,
CO.,
SEAGER
York.
28th
AND
ENGINE
GASOLINE
OLIN
Minn.
SUPPLY
CO., Detroit,
York.
Mich.
Iowa.
CO., Waterloo,
GLOVES. O.
C.
HANSON
CO., Milwaukee,
MFG.
Wis.
GRAIN STEEL
COLUMBIAN
TANK
CO.,
BINS. Kansas
GRAIN HERTZLER
"
PEORIA
DRILL
CROWN
MFG.
ZOOK "
CO., SEEDER
CO., Phelps,
W.
MILLER
OTIS
Belleville, Pa. CO., Peoria, HI. Y.
N.
CO., Rockford, MFG.
MOE
"
CO..
DES
MOINES
THE
SMITH
INCUBATOR
SPECIALTY INCUBATOR
RELIANCE
POULTRY
BERRY'S
2011
SPROUTERS. 111.
Otis
CO., Colfax,
CLOSE-TO-NATURE
Mo.
DRILLS.
GRAIN J.
City,
Bldg., Chicago,
111.
Iowa.
CO.,
Des Moines, O. Mansfield, CO., CO., Freeport, 111. FARM, Clarinda, Iowa.
Iowa.
GREENHOUSES. LORD
"
JOHN
C.
BURNHAM
MININGER
CO., Irvington-on-Hudson, CO., Morbridge Bldg., New
N.
Y. York
City.
111.
176
TEE
F
R
A
M
S'
B
E
MFG.
WILCOX
BOOK
STONES.
GKIND
EICHARDS,
GUIDE
CO.,
III.
Aurora,
HARNESSES.
KING
HARNESS
CO.,
CARRIAGE
MUTUAL "
M.
57
Rome,
N.
CO.,
Pine
"
WHITTEN
BROWN,
"
OF
PLOW
MONMOUTH HOWELL-GILMORE
CO..
PRODUCTS
PLOW
CO.,
CO., Ann CO.',
PRESS
HAY
CO.,
Kansas
RADIATOR
CO.,
SYSTEMS.
TANNED;
HIDES
TANNING
SYLVANIA
CO., Bay ROBES
COATS, FUR
CROSBY-FRISIAN
THE
Mich.
Kalamazoo.
CONSTRUCTION
AMERICAN
NORTH
111.
Chicr.ffo. 111.
CO.,
STOVE
KALAMAZOO
Sandwich,
Arbor, Mich. City, Mo.
HEATING AMERICAN
City, Mo.
Y.
N.
111.
Quincv,
MACHINE
ARBOR
ADMIRAL
Kansas
CO..
Elmira,
MANUFACTURING
SANDWICH ANN
PRESS
HAY
AUTO-FEDAN
111.
PRESSES.
HAY
COLLINS
KINDS.
ALL
Conn. CO., Higganum. Monmouth, FACTORY, MFG. CO., Lomax, 111.
HARROW
RUMLEY
Louis, 111.
Mo.
CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
ALLEN
CUTAWAY
THE
St.
East
CO.,
St. Joseph,
Y.
N.
Bush,
HARROWS
S. L.
Y.
Y.
HARNESS
SfiOP,
HARNESS
Joseph, Mo. Terrace, Buffalo, N.
St.
CO.,
SONS,
"
SMITH
H.
H.
MFG.
HARNESS
AMSEE
JOHN
MITTENS
AND
CO., 571 Lyell Sylvania, O.
CO.,
City, Mich.
Ave.,
Rochester,
HOGS. Beri: shires.
TOMPKINS J.
E.
ROLLING R.
H. M.
Landsdale,
FARM,
Marbledale,
WATSON,
FARM,
HILL
E.
Pa.
Conn.
Norwich,
T.
Scio, N. Y. Bellvale, Orange Co., N.
WALTER,
EDWARD
Eureka
Stock
Farm, L
O. HENRY
VICTOR G.
S.
THE F.
A.
B.
STANG,
FARMS, BENJAMIN, L.
B.
SILVER
GARNER,
OAKWOOD
J.
Y.
Portland,
CO., 103 Cincinnatus,
Y.
West
Chester, Pa.
C.
Pearl River, Rockland Bellville, Orange Co.,
Co., N.
N.
Y.
Y.
Mich. Vicars N.
Bldg., Cleveland, O.
Y.
Jersey ARTHUR
Y.
BLACK,
FARMS,
VICTOR
N.
N.
Whites.
Chester EUGENE
L,
L.
Brod Y. BUCKLEY, Axe, Pa. C. " H. B. HARPENDING, Dundee, H. West Pa. Alexander, TAYLOR,
Moorestown, COLLINS, N. Y. FARM, Newburg,
N.
Reds. J.
MADE. N.
Y.
USEFUL
AND
FACTS
HOG
"
STEEL
Y.
WILLIAM
HORSE FLEXIBLE
CHICAGO
HOSIERY
D.
E.
CO.,
New
York.
New
MACHINES. La
Salle 114
Ontario
and
Ave., W.
32nd
St.,
New
CO., Kenosha,
Wis.
York.
Wis. CO., Milwaukee, CO., Amsterdam, N, Y, KNITTING FULD " HATCH CO., Albany, N. Y. WELLS " CO., St. Joseph, Mich. COOPER, Mass. HOSIERY MeCALLUM CO., Northampton, Iowa. H. B. GLOVER CO., Dubuque, HOSIERY
HOLEPROOF
KNITTING
CHALMERS
HOTBED C.
N.
ROBINSON
"
BRO.,
Baltimore,
SPECIALTY
POWER
ENGINE
RIFLE
CO., CO.,
2429
WM.
P.
PRAY, MFG.
St.,
New
York.
York.
TOOLS.
New
1
York.
;
INCUBATORS. BROODER CO., Quiney, Moines, Iowa. INCUBATOR CYPHERS CO., Buffalo, N. Y. INCUBATOR WISCONSIN CO., Racine, Wis. STATE INCUBATOR PRAIRIE City, Pa. CO., Homer HATCH Neb. INCUBATOR SURE CO., Fremont, INCUBATOR ROCKFORD CO., Rockford, HI. Neb. RAYO INCUBATOR CO., Omaha, 111. INCUBATOR WARSAW CO., Warsaw, M. M. JOHNSON CO., Clay Center, Neb. STEEL PRESSED MOLINE CO., E. Moline, 111, MFG. CORNELL INCUBATOR CO., Ithaca, N. Y. INCUBATOR THE BUCKEYE CO., Springfield, O. BURR INCUBATOR CO., Omaha, Neb. THE UNITED FACTORIES CO., Cleveland, O. RELIABLE
X-RAY
INCUBATOR
INCUBATOR
AND
CO.,
Des
.
'
RAMS.
Trinity Bldg., Trinity Bldg., New
N. Y. Verbank, CO., Greenwich
i
Md.
Ill
ICE
I
SASH.
HYDRAULIC
WISNER
St., Chicago. York.
UNDERWEAR.
AND
HOSIERY "
SICHER
Bldg.,
CO.,
CO.,
MACHINE
CHICAGO-KENOSHA
Stores
CLIPPING
SHAFT
CLIPPING
GILLETTE
Mo.
BLANKETS. 22
STORES,
City,
Kansas
HORSE CHARLES
177
TROUGHS.
Cattaraugus, N. TANK CO.,
BURGER,
COLUMBIAN
FARMING
STATION.
HOG
OAKS
FOR
SERUM.
CHOLERA
EXPERIMENT
YOUR
OF
DIRECTOR
RULES
111.
THE
178
F
A
M
R
8'
R
E
INCUBATORS.
MAMMOTH
INCUBATOR
CYPHERS NEWTON
INCUBATOR
GIANT
MFG.
BROODER
AND
INCUBATOR
CANDLE
CO., Utica, N. Y. CO., Eastwood, N. Y.
INCUBATOR
MAMMOTH
HALL
THE
CO., Buffalo, N. Y. CO., Harrisonburg,
C. W.
Newfield, N. J. CO., Troy,
SKINNER,
BINS.
AND
CRIBS
CORN
O.
CO., Wooster,
BIN
AND
CRIB
IRON
THE
O.
IRRIGATION
IRON
Va.
SYSTEMS.
IRRIGATION
SKINNER
BOOK
GUIDE
LADDERS.
S. TILLEY, Watervliet, " CO., Appleton, BACON J.
N.
Y.
N.
Y.
LAMPS. WHITE
LAMP
CO.,
BATTERY
STORAGE
UNIVERSAL SUPPLY
HOME
Grand
Rapids, Mich. (Oil.) CO., Philadelphia, Pa. (Electric.) S. La Salle BATTERY CO., 3412 St., Chicago, 111. (Electric.) City Mo. (Oil.) CO., Kansas
FLAME ELECTRIC
THE
LAND
FOR in
the
Superintendent SCOTT, N. 210 3rd HARRISON,
of
Land W. F.
D.
A.
exception
of
all
the
about
It
States."
United
land
the
the
and
been
has
in
land
government
this
connection,
and
is
reclaimed has
now
sold taken
been
that, with
with
the
rights,
water
up.
Lands.
which have land selling at a low they are price and the of a few of their addresses Following are agents: Atlantic Coast McCOY, Line, Jacksonville, Fla. Frisco 1902 SEBASTIAN, Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. LA Norfolk and Western BAUME, Ry., Roanoke, Va. S. F. Ry., 2301 A. T. " SEAGRAVES, Railway Exchange, Chicago, General BELLAH, Agt., N. C. " St. L. Ry., Nashville, Tenn. railroads
Many
on
terms.
easy
WILBUR JOHN
H.
C. L. L,
D. titled, enC, for pamphlets stead HomeDesiring to Make Lands in the Unappropriated
Persons "The
of
Railroad
F.
Canada.
Ottawa, Pa. Land.
said, however,
be
Belt.
Office, Washington, edition
last
may that
Wheat
Government
Homesteaders
to
desirable
S,
Land
General
the
to
"Suggestions Entries," and
Canadian
Immigration, St., Harrisburg,
U. Write
PURPOSES.
FARM
H.
Farms
the
of
Many or
for
Eastern
sale.
These
in
states
the
have
lists may
Secretary of Agriculture of has a city in the West Nearly every in touch with will be glad to put you the
LEATHER
BICKFORD
"
FRANCIS
BELTING
Different
compiled be the Board
States. lists
obtained state
of
reputable
111.
of
free in
farms of
which
Trade, land
you
wish
are
occupied un-
ing address-
by to
locate.
secretary of which agents in their vicinity. the
BELTING.
CO., Buffalo, N.
which
charge
Y.
180
FARMERS'
THE
OEDER
MAIL
SEAES
HOUSES.
Chicago, ni. " CO., Chicago, LEONARD " CO., Chicago, CO., Buffalo, N. Y.
EOEBUCK,
"
MONTGOMERY
WARD
LINCOLN, LARKIN
THE
HARTMAN
AND
FURNITURE
THE
WILLIAM
THE
NEW
GALEA MFG.
MAPLE
WAY
ARCHES
SYRUP
SCHANK
AND
SEPARATOR MILKING
CO., Linesville,Pa. MACHINES.
CO., Bloomfield, N. CO., New Castle, Pa. MACHINE CO., Oneida, N. Y. MOLASSES
MOLASSES
PITTSBURG
CO., Albany,
BROS.,
MOORE
THE
111.
O.
HARDWARE
SEPARATOR
CREAM
HINMAN
Chicago,
EVAPORATORS.
AND
MILKING
EMPIRE SHARPLESS
111.
SPREADERS.
CO., Cleveland,
MFG.
CO., Chicago,
CO., Waterloo, Iowa. CO., Coldwater, O. CO., Batavia, 111, HARVESTER CO. OF AMERICA,
INTERNATIONAL
McLANE
"
SPREADER
IDEA
APPLETON
111. 111.
CARPET
MANURE
GRIMM
BOOK
GUIDE
FOR 706
N.
J.
STOCK.
Ave., Pittsburg,
Penn
Pa.
Y.
MOTORCYCLES. HARLEY-DAVIDSON HENDEE
JOHNSON'S
IVER
MIAMI
THE
ARMS
Y.
N.
CO., Springfield, Mass. WORKS, Fitchburg, O. CO., Middletown,
CYCLE
" MFG.
"
CYCLE
NITRATE
WILLIAM
DR.
MYERS,
S.
AGENCIES
NITRATE
Wis.
CO., Milwaukee,
MOTOR
MFG. CO., Angola, MANUFACTURING
EMBLEM
Ave.,
St.,
Pearl
106
SODA.
OF
Madison
25
CO.,
Mass.
New
New
York York
City. City.
NURSERIES. ANGER
ELLW
BROWN H.
WILEY
S.
"
BROS.,
STARK MAPLE THE
"
BROS.,
BEND
BARRY, Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. SON, Cayuga, N. Y. Louisiana, Mo. NURSERY, Perry, O.
BROS.
BARNES
N.
CO., Yalesville,Conn.
NURSERY
Painesville, 0. HARRISON, Batavia, N. Y. BOGUE,
"
STORES NELSON
NURSERY
GREEN'S
CO..
N.
Rochester,
NURSERIES,
HARRISON'S
Berlin,
RICHARDSON
ORCHARD THE
SUPPLY HAMILTON
CO., ORCHARD
HEATERS.
PREVENTATION
FROST 826
N.
Y.
Md.
ORCHARD THE
Y.
Fourth
HEATER
City, CO., Kansas St., St. Louis, Mo. CO., Wheeling, W. Va.
Mo.
USEFUL
FACTS
AND
RULES
FOR
FARMING
181
PAINTS. O.
W.
246
INGERSOLL, " ROEBUCK,
SEARS
LEAD
NATIONAL BLACK
"
DIAMOND
PAINT
JERSEY
NEW
ZINC
LUCAS
JOHN
Plymouth St., Brooklyn, Chicago, 111. OIL CO., Pittsburg, Pa.
"
AND
CO., 55
C.
PRATT
TREE
St., New
PAPER
CO.,
POST
THE
HINDE
Day-old
Eggs,
BOXES.
Chicks,
Dressed
Poultry,
Etc.
PAPER
DAUCHE
"
Philadeli)hia, Pa.
Ave.,
PARCEL For
City.
TOWELS.
Glenwood
720
WOUNDS. York
PAPER
SCOTT
Cincinnati,
York
Pa.
FOR
Church
50
CO.,
Y.
WORKS, City.
St., New
CO., Philadelphia, PAINT
B.
VARNISH
Wall
N.
CO., Sandusky, O. York St., New City. CRAWFORD A. W. THE Mass. CO., INC., South Weymouth, ANDREWS PAPER BOX THE Tenn. CO., Chattanooga, " CO., 168 23rd W. York JOHN W. GRAY St., New City. FARMS POULTRY TYWACANA CO., Farmingdale, L. I., N. H.
Harrison
45
BRUMMER,
K.
PERIODICALS. The THE
RURAL
New
NEW-YORKER,
COUNTRY
York
GENTLEMAN,
FARM
Ft.
DAIRYMAN,
IOWA
HOMESTEAD,
NATIONAL
STOCKMAN
NEW
ENGLAND
OHIO
FARMER,
Atkinson,
Moinea,
Des
AND
Pa.
Wis.
Iowa.
FARMER,
Pittsburg, Springfield, Mass.
HOMESTEAD,
COMPANION,
Best
FEDERAL
CHEMICAL JONES
PHOSPHATE
Boston,
CO.,
Paper.
Story
Mass.
PHOSPHATE
ROBIN
Pa.
Cleveland, Ohio. The
YOUTH'S
Papers.
City.
Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.
JOURNAL,
HOARD'S
THE
Farm
Leading
ROCK. Tenn.
Columbia. CO.,
Nashville,
Tenn.
PIANOS. IVERS
POND PIANO CO., 131 Boylston Jackson Blvd. and Wabash SONS, J. B. THIERY, Wis. Milwaukee, New York WING " SON, City. CORNISH N. J. CO., Washington, REED
"
"
PLOWS.
GOWANDA JOHN HAPGOOD
PLOW
DEER
N. CO.. Gowanda, CO., Syracuse, N. Y. PLOW CO., Alton, III.
Y.
St., Boston, Mass. Ave., Chicago, 111.
Y.
O.
182
TEE
FARMERS'
GUIDE
PORTABLE POKTABLE
PEEFECTION HODGSON
THE
MILLEE
MFG.
POTTEE
"
T.
P.
HOUSE CO., 4038 N. St.,Boston, Mass. Alabama St.,St. Louis, Mo. Grove, 111.
CO., 8001 CO., Downers
KALI
WORKS,
FOR
Inc.,
POTATO
CHAMPION
ALLEN
L.
CONNER'S
EGGS
RANCOCAS
THE
COENING
FARMS, MEAD
SUNNY ARTHUR MOHEGAN
FARM
JOHN SUMMIT
POULTEY
POULTRY
S. L.
PARDIE,
LAUEELTON
W.
FA
J. Y.
Mass.
PLANT,
FARM, N.
Mohegan
CYPHERS
OTIS
"
C.
S.
A.
MFG.
FOEGE
WENDELL
CO..
CAN
CO.,
PAGE
POULTEY
Mich.
Washino^ton
SUPPLY
CO.,
CO..
Tipton,
MFG.
OAKS
THE
N.
St., Boston, HI.
1.^57 Water
COMPANY,
K.
Ind.
LITTER.
St.. New
York
POULTRY AMERICAN
POITLTRY
WESTERN
JOTTRNAL,
POULTRY
AMERICAN
STEAM
SNOW
PUMP
PAPERS. .542
PUMPS
WORKS.
S. Dearborn
OF
LARGE
Buffalo,
N.
CAPACITY. Y.
PUMPS. THE F.
GOULD E.
TEMPLE
MFG.
MYERS
" PUMP
CO.,
Seneca
BRO., Ashland, CO.. 109 Meager
St., Chicago, HI.
Rapids, la. Syracuse, N. Y.
ADVOCATE,
POWER
City.
Cedar
JOURNAL,
POULTRY
Mass.
Rockford,
POULTRY O.
Y.
Holly, Mich.
CO..
147
Buffalo, N.
Bldg., Chicago, 111.
Saranac,
WOEKS, CO..
FOUNTAINS.
Otis
2001
INCUBATOE
IDEAL
Y.
Ridgely, Md.
INCUBATOR
MOE
N.
Y.
POULTRY THE
Lake.
Pa.
N. J. Lakewood, Conn. Hartford,
EMS, West
TUENEE,
N. N.
Eohrerston.
SON,
Genoa,
J.
Conn.
Methuen,
"
N. Mills-In-The-Pines,,
N.
Brook,
Mattituck,
WAEFEL
H.
CHICKS.
Y.
Brown's
Bound
DAY-OLD
Y.
FARM,
EVERLAY
N.
Angola,
Millstone,
PENNY,
H.
THE
N.
Clyde, FARMS,
AND
FAEM,
FAEM, Groton,
EGG
GIBSON.
F.
FARM,
Ind.
J.
HATCHING
POULTEY
BRANFORD
C.
CO., Hammond,
FOR
POULTEY
THE
York.
DIGGERS.
AND
MACHINERY
POULTRY,
New
Broadway,
CO., Greenloch, N. MOWER CO., Utica, N. Y. " CO., Philadelphia, Pa. MFG. CO., Jackson, Mich.
ASPINWALL
G.
42
MFG.
EUREKA S.
Ave., Chicago
FERTILIZERS.
PLANTERS
POTATO
BATEMON
Cal.
WasMngton
116
POTASH GEARAN
HOUSES.
POULTEY
CO.,
E. F.
POULTRY
BOOK
Palls, N.
Y.
Ohio. St.. Chicago. HI.
J.
USEFUL
AND
FACTS
RULES
FOR
FARMING
183
RASPBERRIES.
ALLEN,
WM. WILLETT J.
L.
FAEMER,
JOSEPH T.
BLACK,
H.
WEST,
B.
Md.
Salisbury, WHEELOCK, Pulaski,
"
Collins, N.
N. N.
SON
Y
Y. "
N.
CO., Hightstown,
J.
O.
Perry,
REFRIGERATORS.
MONROE
REFRIGERATOR
McCRAY
CO., Lockland, Ohio. CO., Kendallville,Ind. Chicago, 111.
REFRIGERATOR
SEARS
"
ROEBUCK,
ROAD DITCHER
OWENSBORO GLIDE
GRADER
"
MACHINE
ROAD
MACHINERY.
CO., INC.,
CO., Minneapolis, ROOFING
THE
UNITED
THE
EDWARDS
H.
W.
" L.
SON,
CO., Cleveland, CO..
East
McCARRON
THE
OHIO
SHEET
AMERICAN THE
CO., 286
GALVANIZING
AMERICAN
SYKES
LATH
AMERICAN
MFG.
PLATE
Bldg., Chicago, 111.
CO.", Niles,
"
ROLLING
CO., Middleton, CO., Warren, CO., Middleton, O.
ROOFING
MILL
RUBBER
STATES
UNITED
RUBBER
CO.,
B.
CO., LTD.,
FARQTTHAR
AMERICAN
SAW
ENTERPRISE
MILL
York
York,
Pa.
MACHINERY
CO., Hacketstown, Ohio.
FARM.
SCALES, JONES THE
OF
BINGHAMTON,
N. Binghamton, CO., Buflfalo, N. Y. COMPANY. New York City. SCALE CO., Kansas City, Mo.
FAIRBANKS AMERICAN
SEEDS
SALZER
W.
ATLEE
J.
CO.,
SEED STORES
EDWARD J.
" BURPEE F.
H.
"
DIBBLE,
GREGORY
"
GUANO
KINDS.
Citv.
Crosse, Wis.
La
HARRISON
CO., Paiuesville, CO., Philadelphia, Pa. Hoveove
SONS, SHEEP
NATURAL
ALL
" CO., New York MAULE, Philadelphia, Pa. DREER, Philadelphia, Pa.
HENRY
THE
OF
HENDERSON
WILLIAM
Y.
SCALE
BUFFALO
PETER
City.
MILLS.
CO., Columbus,
MFG.
CO..
Ohio.
Falls, N. Y. Marblehead, Mass. MANURE.
Aurora,
O. O.
BOOTS. New
SAW A.
O.
CO., Pittsburg, Pa.
ROOFING
IRON
METAL
111.
Chicago,
Dickey "
"- TIN
O.
O.
Mass.
Walpole, "
Ky.
MATERIALS.
CO., Cincinnati,
MFG.
JOHNS-MANVILLE
BIRD
W.
FACTORIES
Owensboro,
Minn.
111.
PULVERIZED,
N.
FARMERS'
THE
184
SHTNGLE
CABOT,
SAMUEL
INC.,
CO.,
N.
SHIPPING
CO.,
MFG.
SEFTON
THE
1329
W.
BEOS.
CO.,
MFG.
St., Chicago,
111.
COOPS.
Olive, 111. Allegan, Mich.
Mt.
COOPMAN,"
"THE
WAENEE,
Y.
N.
COOPS. 35th
SHOW NIEMANN
Toiiawanda,
St., Boston, Mass.
Oliver
8
STAINS.
AND
DIPS
SHINGLE
STAINED
STANDAED
BOOK
GUIDE
SILOS.
CO., Anderson, Ind. Fellows' Bldg., Indianapolis, CO., Odd FAEMEES' HANDY WAGON CO., Saginaw, Mich. PACKAGE CEEAMEEY CO., Eutland, Vt. E. W. BOSS CO., Springfield, O. THE NAPPANEE LUMBEE " MFG. Ind. CO., Nappanee, SILO ECONOMY MFG. CO., Frederick, Md. INTEENATIONAL SILO CO., Linesville, O. THE TANK STEVENS " TOWEE Me. CO., Auburn, PUFFEE-HUBBAED THE MFG. CO., Des Moines, la. MFG. UNADILLA CO., Unadilla, N. Y. LUMBEE THE W. L. SCOTT CO., Norwich, N. Y. HAEDEE MFG. CO., Cobleskill, N. Y. NATIONAL FIEE PEOOFING CO., Syracuse, N. Y. WOODS SILO " MFG. CO., Lincoln, Neb. INTEENATIONAL SILO CO., Linesville, Pa. INDIANA
SILO
GUEENSEY
CLAY
Ind.
SILVEEWAEE. INTEENATIONAL
ONEIDA THE
SILVEE COMMUNITY, "
HOLMES
EDWAEDS
CO., Meriden, Conn. LTD., Oneida, N. Y. SILVEE CO., Bridgeport,
SPRAYING
MACHINES
Conn.
(POWER).
TANK CO., 30 Gloster St., Philadelphia, CO., Greenloch, N. J. BEAN SPEAY PUMP CO., Lansing Mich. BENNETT SPBAYEE "Sr ENGINE CO., Medina, O. THE E. C. BEOWN CO., Eochester, N. Y. CUSHMAN SPEAYEE CO.. St. Joseph, Mo. THE DEMING CO., Salem, O. DEYO-MACEY ENGINE N. Y. CO., Binghamton, DOMESTIC ENGINE " PUMP CO., Shippensburg, Pa. FORCE PUMP FIELD CO., Elmira, N. Y. FEIEND MFG. CO., Gasport, N. Y. THE MFG. GOULDS Falls, N. Y. CO., Seneca
AIE-TIGHT
STEEL
BATEMAN
MFG.
HAEDIE
THE
THE
H.
LE
L.
E.
HUEST
PLOW
EOY
MOEEILL E.
"
MYEES
EOCHESTEE THE SPEAY
"
STAHL
MOTOE
Mich.
CO., Hudson,
MFG.
PUMP
HAYES
PLANTEE
CO.,
CO., Canton, CO., LeRoy, N.
MORLEY
MFG.
Galva,
111.
O. Y.
CO., Benton
Harbor, Ashland, O. SPEAY PUMP CO., Eochester, N. Y. SPEAYEE CO., Quincy, 111. Erie 326 WOEKS, St., Buffalo, N. "
Mich.
SON,
Y.
Pa.
USEFUL
SPRAY
FACTS
AND
MATERIAL,
ANSBACKEK
RULES
FOR
MANUFACTURERS
AND
FARMING
185
WHOLESALERS.
"
New York CO., 253 Broadway, City. CO., Madison, N. .1. (Aphine). BOWKER INSECTICIDE CO., 43 Chatham St., Boston, Mass. THE DOW CHEMICAL CO., Midland, Mich. FERGUSON 109 Chestnut St.. Philadelphia, Pa. BROS., (Copper Sulphate). 934-941 N. Front JAMES, GOOD, St., Phila.. Pa. (Fish Oil Soap). GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO., Cleveland, Ohio. HEMINWAY'S PUEPLE LONDON York St., New CO., 133 Front City. CHEMICAL HORTICULTURAL CO., 12th and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, Pa,. KENTUCKY' TOBACCO PRODUCT CO., Louisville, Ky. FRED William York 100 L. LAVANBURG, St., New City. MFG. MECHLING BROS. N. J. CO., Camden, MERRIMAC CHEMICAL CO., 33 Broad St., Boston, Mass. SPRAYING NIAGARA CO., Middleport, N. Y. Y'ork PRATT " CO., B. G., .50 Church City St., New PAINT WILLIAMS SHERWIN CO., Cleveland, Ohio. Carbon E. R., Penn Yan, N. Y. (Fuma Bi-sulphid). TAYLOR, CHEMICAL THOMSON CO., Baltimore, Md. for tree O. " W. (Sticky materials Rapids, Mich. CO., Grand THUM, banding) for Spray E. C, Floradale, Pa. (General Sales Agent Materials). TYSON, York CHEMICAL VREELAND St., New City. CO., 50 Church APHINE
MFG.
"
STANCHIONS.
Forestville, Conn. CO., Rochester, THE WASSON STANCHION CO., Cuba, N. Y. WALLACE R. Forestville, Conn. CRUMB, N. WARSAW-WILKINSON Y. CO., Warsaw, MACHINERY LOUDEN CO., Fairfield, Iowa. C.
H.
ROBERTSON, STEEL
FOSTER
STANCHION
HUNT-HELM-FERRIS J.
E.
HARRIS
MFG.
III.
O.
CO., Salem,
STONE
CRUSHERS.
MANUFACTURING
AUSTIN
CO., Chicago, 111. Wis. CO., Milwaukee, 32nd Wis. Milwaukee. CO., 1126-C, St., MACHINE CO., New Holland, Pa.
CHALMERS
ALLIS T. L.
Y.
111.
Harvard,
CO., CO., Ottawa,
PORTER
N.
MFG.
SMITH
NEW
HOLLAND
STOVES. HOOSIER THE
STOVE
STEEL
KALAMAZOO
STOVE
MALLEABLE
IRON
MAJESTIC
MFG.
MARVIN
SMITH
GOLD
COIN
RANGE
CO., Cleveland, O. Mich. CO., Kalamazoo,
CO., Beaver Dam, CO.. St. Louis, Mo. "
CO., Chicago, CO., Troy, N.
STOVE
MICHIGAN
Ind.
CO., Marion,
IMPERIAL
STOVE
CO.,
Detroit,
111. Y. Mich.
STRAWBERRY R.
M.
KELLOGG
WILLETT WM.
"
ALLEN
J. W. S.
CO., Three
WHEELOCK.
ALLEN,
JACOB
C.
"
Salisbury,
PLANTS.
Rivers, Mich. Collins, N.
North Md.
BUZENBURG, Brant, N. Paw BROS.. Paw, Mich. ALLEN " SON, Allen, Md.
KEMPTON,
Longmeadow,
Wis.
Y.
Mass.
Y.
186
TEE
li M
A
F
S'
R
E
PULLERS.
STUMP
Tree, CO., Lone CO., Centerville, la. IJl. MFG. CO., Monmouth, Wash. Seattle, FITZPATEICK,
ZIMMEEMAN MILNE J.
la.
STEEL
MFG.
HERCULES W.
BOOK
GUIDE
TANKS.
Inc.,
CORCORAN,
J.
A.
CO., Deerfield,
MFG.
York.
HEATERS.
TANK
NELSON
New
Broadway,
192
Wis.
TAJSTNERS.
SYLVANIA
TANNING
NATIONAL
TANNING
CO., Logansport, CO., Rochester, N. CO., Sylvania, O. CO., Des Moines, la.
Ind.
TANNERY
TANNING
FUR
PELOQUIN
THE
"
ROPE
LOGANSPORT
Y.
TELEPHONES. CARLSON
STROMBERG
AND
TENTS
BROS.
MACHINES.
CO., Buffalo, N.
PITTS
BANDS.
TREE THE
O.
"
CO.,
THUM
W.
111.
CO., Chicago, 111.
CO., Chicago,
FARQUAHR
B.
A.
Y.
HARVESTER
INTERNATIONAL
Iowa.
St., Colfax,
THRESHING
BUFFALO
HOUSES.
CANVAS
CO., 374 Front CO., Toledo, Ohio.
CLOSE-TO-NATURE HETTRICK
CO., Rochester, N.
MFG.
TEL.
Mich.
Rapids.
Grand
TURKEYS.
S.
"
DURIGG
SON,
H.
J.
H.
D.
H.
W.
W.
L.
Grouvenir,
CARPENTER,
JOSEPHINE
MISS
Belleville,Pa. FARM, Armstrongs Mills, Ohio.
POULTRY
VIEW
VALLEY
DYKE, WITHROW, ANDE,RSON, BURNETT,
VAN
Gettysburg, Dublin, Va. Stewartstown,
MFG.
ANCHOR
MFG.
Y.
CLEANERS.
CO., Dayton, O. St.. Buffalo, CO., 650 Main
N.
VARNISH.
CO., Buffalo, N. INC., Buffalo, N.
VARNISH
CENTURY PRATT
"
LAMBERT,
Y. Y.
WAGONS.
ELECTRIC
WHEEL South
STUDEBAKER, HAVANA
METAL
Y.
Pa.
N.
Montgomery, VACUUM
DUNTLEY
N.
Pa.
CO., Quincy, Bend, Ind.
WHEEL
CO..
111.
Havana,
111.
Y.
Y.
THE
188
FARMERS'
GUIDE
BOOK
GLOSSARY. Acid
A
"
Alkali
red litmus
caustic
A
"
blue
paper
Ammonia
A
"
substance
Available
red.
paper
will neutralize
that
nitrogen decay.
gaseous
it Food
Plant
litmus
blue
acids
and
turn
lye.
; as
containing
substances
will turn
that
substance
sour
compound
which
that
be
Substances
"
can
when
escapes
used
food
as
by
plants. Bacteria
Ration
Balanced
protein, carbohydrates Biennial
Blight
A
"
A
"
used Bud
"
plant
will not
catch
Crop
bacteria.
to
and
lime
phate sul-
eopper
A
crop
enough
have
A
"
of lime.
containing carbon, hydrogen
Foods
Gas
"
form
to
water;
gas
breathed
and
of carbon
composed is
nearly
It
oxygen.
carbon.
pure
take
to
season
farmer
the
Millet is
for his stock.
and
oxygen.
starch.
by plants.
in
planted late in the crop that is a failure, or when fodder
and and
sugars
as
one
the
place
finds that
of the
he
principal
crops.
Cover
Crop
buckwheat
feeding materials;
Rich
"
A
"
in
an
A
case
to
sown
crop
orchard,
or
fertilizingmaterials.
of different
rotting mixture
A
"
Concentrates
the
due
limestone.
element; charcoal
An
"
Native
"
by animals
out
Compost
as
of
solution
dies.
then
of plants often
water
proportion
Acid
other
some
"
in the
Carbonic
of
and
years
element, the chief constituent
An
Carbohydrates last two
CatcJi
A
"
Carbonate
Carbon
lives two
proportions of
proper
undeveloped branch. "
is breathed
that
the
where. else-
destroy fungi.
An
Calcium
The
fat.
condition
Mixture to
Calcium
containing
and
diseased
Bordeaux
food
A
"
soil and
in the
vegetable organisms found
Minute
"
rye
furnish
as
mulch
a
in the
sown
meals.
grains and or
manure;
green
fall to plow
under
in
spring. Cocoon
"
made
by
an
in
insect
which
to
the
pass
pupa
state.
Curculio Dormant Element
earth's
A
"
kind
Not
"
"
of beetle
growing;
One
of
The
feed
the
or
as
wee\al.
trees
elementary
in
winter.
substances
which
make
up
crust.
Ensilage
"
Evaporate
"
that
Changing
to
is a
preserved vapor
and
in
a
silo.
passing off in
the
air.
the
USEFUL
FcrmentaMon Fertile
Formalin
per
that will kill
substance
crops.
solution
cent
check
or
which
Microscopic organisms
"
formaldehyde.
of
the
lacking
plant
moulds
the
fungi.
of
growth
the
green
blights.
and
disease, fermentation,
cause
etc.
To
"
Gestation-
To
Gluten
cut
Cattle
Grade
Heredity
The Hybrid animals together.
Hydrogen thing.s.
One
"
Liicuhaie
To
"
Inoculate
Insecticide Kainit
oil,soap
and
Larva
Legumes
and
of
one
to
parent.
dormant, inactive
a
state.
matter.
different
two
found
kinds
in water
of
plants
in all
and
or
living
bacteria.
A
acid
insects
destroy
to
insects.
potash salt, rained solution
spraying
many. Stassfurt, Ger-
in
consisting of
kerosene
Mildew
cobweblike
A
"
in
milk
when
sours.
grub stage.
the
to the
clover
family
; as
alfalfa,clover,
etc.
Soil containing
"
formed
belonging
Plants
"
beans,
Loam
The
"
Young
"
soy
animal
water.
Acid
Lactic
tree.
a
means.
any
containing
"
in
animal
or
elements;
substance
salt
oifspring
breeding
by
supply
Emulsion
Kerosene
of
of the
A
"
A
"
vegetable
hatch
To
"
of
in cereals.
pure-bred
a
winter
the
pass
result
"
limb
or
protein found
of
resemblance To
"
young.
trunk
the
between
cross
Decaying
"
of
unborn
breed.
The
"
Hibernating Humus
A
"
the
around
groove
a
mixed
or
common
of carrying
vegetable form
A
"
sprout.
Period
"
Girdle"
peas,
yielding good
;
189
FARMING
by yeast.
"
Germinate
the
FOR
A fiowerless {plural fungi) often microscopic and cause are
Fimgus color. They decay,
forty
A
"
RULES
cliange produced
fruitful
A
"
Fungicide-
Germs
The
"
Being
"
AND
FACTS
organic
considerable
growth
of
fungi
on
matter.
plants
or
decaying
matter.
Mulch
Nitrate
A
"
Nitrogen essential
to
Nodules Nutrient
light covering of leaves, straw, fine dust,
A
"
"
An
plant
element;
"
A
animal
and
Small
"
containing nitrogen
salt
bunches
food
it forms
;
all nitrates
are
nearly four-fifths
or
substance.
masses
formed
stances. sub-
soluble.
of the
life. or
other
by bacteria.
air;
is
THE
190
FARMERS'
Organic
Matter
GUIDE
Substance
"
BOOK
produced
life
by
either
animal
or
vegetable. Osmosis
The
"
of
interchange
gases
liquids
or
mal ani-
thin
through
membranes.
Oxidation
A
Oxygen
element
gaseous
"
oxygen.
in
present
the
air
and
to
necessary
life.
sustain
Perennials
Plants
"
Acid
Pliosphonc in
with
Combining
"
from
living A
phosphorus
"
to
year
year
trees.
; as
found
compound
in
and
bones
rocks.
some
Potash
A
potassium
"
Propagate Protein
increase
To
"
compound in
substances
Food
for
necessary
Bred
Animals
that
"
without
generations Ration
contain
Rotation
of
marked
nitrogen.
A
bred
for
many
blood.
of
allowance
Crops
characteristics
other
introducing daily
The
"
with
growth.
numbers.
"
Pure
plant
food
succession
for
different
of
"
animal.
an
crops
the
on
same
field.
Roughage Scion
feed
Coarse
"
shoot,
A "
such
;
sprout,
as
branch
or
hay,
straw,
used
in
cornstalks.
or
grafting
another
upon
plant. Seed
Bed
Food
Silage
A
Sport
The
"
seeds
a
fungus
"
Spores
on
in
which
in
the
seed
is
sown.
silo.
a
Father.
"
true
earth
preserved
"
Sire Smut
The
"
Hubbard Sterilize Stover
Tillage
To
"
kill
all
To "
"
To
causing fungus
a
powdery
plants
;
they
supply
the
or
plant
; as,
of
sources
a new
germs.
the move
fruit of
one
are
with
Preparing
"
of
unusual
They
Cornstalks
"
Transplant Ventilate
An "
vine.
plants
seeds
mass.
from
differ
embryo.
no
Mutation
or
of
microscopic
having
in
disease
the land
plants fresh
ears
for from air.
taken
off.
crops. one
soil
to
another.
white
squash
varieties.
USEFUL
RULES
AND
FACTS
FARMING
FOR
191
INDEX. and
Advantages
of
Disadvantages
Farm
Page. 7
Life
29
Alfalfa Bees
59
Bee-Keeping
and
45
Buckwheat
Bujdng
9
Farm
a
Ill
Calves Concrete
80
Merchants
164
and
Cement
Commission
39
Corn Cornell Cow
Troubles
91
Rations
Poultry
Their
and
103
Kemedies
53
Currants
14
Drainage Farmers
115
Cattle
Dairy
Feeding
133
Bulletins
'
Fertilizers
17
Flowers
57 76
Forestry Fungicides '
General
Insecticides
and
'
Don
'ts
'
'
for
148
Farmers
130 188
Glossary Labor
Government Eations
Grain
Hay
Crop,
How
to
for
Milk
128
Production
123 45
The
153
Stains
Remove
of
Identification
Improving
Bureaus
137
Fruit Commercial
Without
Farm
the
Fertilizers
Barnyard
Manure
23
25
Lime Live
or
Stock
Registry
137
Associations
21
Manures
Maple Market Method
87
Sugar Making Gardening for Balancing
54 a
Ration
for
Dairy
Cows
117
Milk
lOi)
Oats
43 65
The
Orchard, Pasture,
74
The
Pertinent
Questions
for
Farmers'
Wives
83 33
Potatoes Troubles
Poultry
and
Their
Remedies
96
Profitable
100
Profitable
125
Dairying Hog Raising Profitable Poultry Raising Raspberries Silos and Silage Stations State Experiment Culture Strawberry Tables, I-X Tested Recipes Useful
89
51 120 132 47 139 154 151
Formulas
Weeds
70
Wheat
44
Where
to
Where
to
168
Buy Go
for
Advice
132
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