The Evolution of The Choral Co

 

RNAVB]TASQ @F DOJAF@]NAO Tonto Mormoro

Shb Bv`juta`n `f thb Dh`roj D`ncudtane Yr`fbssa`n an thb Swbntabth dbntury7 D`ncudtane Lbth`cs os Urattbn Sbstal`nabs. O supp`rta supp`rtane ne c`dulbn c`dulbntt sumlattbc an portaoj sotasfodta`n `f thb rbquarblbnts f`r thb cberbb C`dt`r `f Lusadoj Ort  my

Lurabj EAMOJO-LOHO]ACEB

D`llattbb an dhoreb7 Yr`fbss`r Ladhbj Lord Ebrvoas. Dhoar Yr`fbss`r C`j`rbs Hsu Yr`fbss`r Ladhobj Anehol

GRNB =992

 

RLA Nulmbr7 4?5312?

D`pyraeht =992 my Eamojo-Lohoraceb, Lurabj  Ojj raehts rbsbrvbc.

RLA Ladr`f`rl 4?5312? D`pyraeht =992  my Yr`_ubst Anf`rlota`n onc Jbornane D`lpony.  Ojj raehts rbsbrvbc. Shas ladr`f`rl ladr`f`rl bcata`n as pr`tbdtbc oeoanst unouth`razbc d`pyane uncbr Satjb ?5, Rnatbc Ttotbs D`cb.

Yr`_ubst Anf`rlota`n onc Jbornane D`lpony 499 N`rth Wbbm ]`oc Y.@. M`x ?436   Onn Orm`r, LA 38?96-?436

 

Shb c`dulbnt `f Lurabj Eamojo-Lohoraceb as oppr`vbc.

Yr`fbss`r Ladhbj Lord Ebrvoas

Yr`fbss`r C`j`rbs Hsu

Yr`fbss`r Ladhobj Anehol

GRNB =992

 

Shb Bv`juta`n `f thb Dh`roj D`ncudtane Yr`fbssa`n an thb Swbntabth dbntury7 D`ncudtane Lbth`cs os Urattbn Sbstal`nabs. D`pyraeht © =992  my Lurabj Eamojo-Lohoraceb

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VASO Lurabj Eamojo-Lohoraceb, Gunb =992 BCRDOSA@N Rnavbrsaty `f Dojaf`rnao, Tonto Mormoro

L. L./C.L.O., Dh`roj D`ncudtane, Gunb =992 (bxpbdtbc) Rnavbrsatá cb Lbtz, Frondb

 Jadbndb cb Lusad`j`eab, Gunb ?111. Nota`noj D`nsbrvot`ry `f thb ]bea`n `f Lbtz, Frondb

Dbrtafadot cb Fan c‑Btucbs, Dh`roj D`ncu D`ncudtane, dtane, Gunb =9 =999 99  Lácoajjb c‑@r cb F`rlota`n F`rlota`n Lusadojb (Lusadaonshap), Gunb ?118 Dbrtafadot cb Fan c‑Btucbs, @m`b Ybrf`rlondb, Gunb ?118

Y]@FBTTA@NOJ BLYJ@QLBNS =99?-=9927 Sbodhane Ossastont (Dh`roj D`ncudtane, Lusadaonshap)

Rnavbrsaty `f Dojaf`rnao, Tonto Mormoro =999, =99?7 Nuats Fbstavoj D`ncudt`r Fbstavoj cb Dholpoenb Dholpoe nb (Sr`ybs, Frondb) ?116-=99?7 Dh`roj D`ncudt`r  Jydáb D`rl`ntoaenb cb Lbtz Lbtz Haeh-Tdh``j Dh`ar

D`nsbrvot`ry onc D`llunaty Dh`ars ?112-=99?7 Lusad Sbodhbr

 Nota`noj D`nsbrvot`ry `f `f thb ]bea`n `f Lbtz (Tumstatutb (Tumstatutb Dh`roj Lusad Bcudot`r) Yralory Tdh``j Youj Vbrjoanb (Lusad Bcudota`n) Lusad Tdh``j `f Hbrmatzhbal (@m`b onc Lusadaonshap) L usadaonshap) ?11?-?1117 @rdhbstro Lblmbr (@m`b)

Dholmbr @rdhbstro Toor-J`rroanb

FABJCT @F TSRCQ Log`r Fabjc7 Dh`roj D`ncudtane,

Ttucabs wath Ladhbj Lord Ebrvoas, Fj`rbnt Ttr`bssbr, Onnadk H`brnbr, Yabrrb Do`. Tbd`ncory Log`r Fabjc7 Lusad`j`ey

Ttucabs wath Youj Yráv`st, Hbrvá Jod`lmb, Ladhobj Mbdkbrlon, Uajjaol Yrazbr, Ttbfonab Sdhor`s Sbrtaory Log`r Fabjc7 @m`b Ybrf`rlondb

Ttucabs wath Frácáraqub Mur onc Tbreb Hobrrae. Lan`r Fabjc7 V`doj Ybrf`rlondb

Ttucabs wath Guon-Dorj`s L`rojbs, T`phab N`rt`n.

av

 

OMTS]ODS

Shb Bv`juta`nan`fthbthbSwbntabth Dh`roj D`ncudtane dbntury7 Yr`fbssa`n D`ncudtane Lbth`cs os Urattbn Sbstal`nabs.  my Lurabj EAMOJO-LOHO]ACEB

Shb c`dulbnt as o stucy `f thb blbrebndb `f thb dh`roj d`ncudtane  pr`fbssa`n. Shb caffbrbnt stoebs `f thas pr`dbss hovb mbbn trodkbc an thb  pbcoe`eadoj pumjadota`ns cbsaenotbc f`r dh`roj d`ncudt`rs `r d`ncudt`rs an ebnbroj, os wbjj os an s`lb occata`noj s`urdbs `n dh`roj pbrf`rlondb. @thbr s`urdbs sudh os ma`erophabs, rbd`rcanes, dh`roj dhr`nadjbs hovb mbbn bxdjucbc f`r thb l`st port. Shb stucy f`dusbs pralorajy `n thb dhonebs an thb d`ndbpta`n `f thb r`jbs onc rbsp`nsamajatabs `f dh`roj d`ncudt`rs. Tpbdaoj d`ndbrn as ojs` eavbn t` s`lb l`rb tbdhnadoj ospbdts sudh os thb bv`juta`n `f th`ueht d`ndbrnane thb usb `f d`ncudt d`ncudtane ane ebstu ebsturbs, rbs, thb ttroanane roanane `f d`ncudt d`ncudt`rs, `rs, onc thb thb oppr`odh oppr`odh t` thb rbhborsoj. Shb obsthbtad onc v`doj assubs anv`jvbc an dh`roj troanane orb n`t o  pralory d`ndbrn, sandb thby hhovb ovb ojrbocy mbbn m bbn anvbstaeotbc an vbstaeotbc mmyy `thbr outh`rs. Shb stucy pr`erbssbs dhr`n`j`eadojjy. At andjucbs on `vbrvabw `f thb prodtadb `f dh`roj saneane onc `f d`ncudtane an thb nanbtbbnth dbntury, n`tomjy thb bv`juta`n an d`ncudtane prodtadbs kn`wn os ‚marth `f l`cbrn d`ncudtane.“ Shb nanbtbbnth

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dbntury onc thb thrbb farst cbdocbs `f thb twbntabth dbntury wbrb n`t o pr`pata`us talb f`r thb cbvbj`plbnt `f dh`roj d`ncudtane. Curane thbsb ybors, thb r`jb `f dh`roj jbocbrs as bssbntaojjy thot `f troanbrs, onc thbar fundta`n an pbrf`rlondb as jalatbc. Shb jbocane l`vblbnt t`worc thb cbvbj`plbnt `f pr`fbssa`noj dh`roj d`ncudtane dolb fr`l Ebrlony. An ?142 Ebrlon d`ncudt`r Kurt Sh`los  pumjashbc thb farst dh`roj d`ncudtane lbth`c thot bnvasa`ns thb d`lpjbtb troanane `f o dh`roj d`ncudt`r. My thb ?149‑s, prandapjbs `f l`cbrn (`rdhbstroj) d`ncudtane hoc mbbn antberotbc ant` thb w`rk `f dh`roj jbocbrs, bspbdaojjy thr`ueh thb w`rk `n unodd`lponabc dh`roj rbpbrt`arb. Dh`roj troanbrs thbn mbdolb dh`roj d`ncudt`rs, ossulane rbsp`nsamajatabs an antbrprbtota`n onc pbrf`rlondb. Shb tbdhnadoj  pr`fadabndabs f`r thbsb tw` nbw r`jbs wajj mb rbfanbc curane thb ybors ?131-?161. ? 131-?161. My thb ?159‑s dh`roj d`ncudt`rs hovb odhabvbc o fujj oworbnbss `f thbar fundta`n. Shb jost thrbb cbdocbs `f thb dbntury d`rrbsp`nc t` o loturota`n `f thb pr`fbssa`n7 curane thas jost pbra`c, tbdhnadoj lbons, prodtadoj w`rkane skajjs, onc  phaj`s`phadoj f`uncota`ns `f d`ncudtane orb thb l`st l`s t sumgbdt t` cbvbj`plbnt.

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SOMJB @F D@NSBNS ANS]@CRDSA@N7 L`tavota`ns onc Yurp`sb `f thb ]bsbordh — Lbth`c`j`ey  .. ..... ..... ? DHOYSB] DHOY SB] A7 Cbfanata`n Cbfanata`n onc Yrblasbs Yrblasbs `f Dh`roj D`ncudtane D`ncudtane............................. ............................. 6

A. Uhot as Dh`roj D`ncudtane 0....................................................................... 0.............................................. ......................... 6 AA. Bxolpjbs `f Bv`juta`n `f Bnsblmjb Jbocbrshap an Fundta`n `f thb Bnsblmjb‑s Nbbcs ..................................................................................................... .................................................. ................................................... ?? AAA. Marth `f l`cbrn d`ncudtane .................................................................... ...................................................... .............. ?4 AV. Dh`roj Taneane an an thb Nanbtbbnth Dbntury.............................................. Dbntury .............................................. =9 DHOYSB] DHOY SB] AA7 ?199-?14= ?199-?14= Shb Bro `f Dh`roj Sroanbr.................................... Sroanbr......................................... ..... 42

A. Shb Srocata`n `f thb Bnejash Dh`roj Sroanbr ............................................. 46 AA. Cbvbj`plbnt Cbvbj`plbnt `f Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub Sbdhnaqub ............. .................... .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ........... .... 39 AAA. Antbrprbtane onc D`ncudtane ..................................................... ................................................................... .............. 33 AV. ]bhborsane Lbth`c`j`ey ................................................. ........................................................................ ....................... 35 V. ]`jbs, ]bsp`nsamajatabs onc Sroanane `f Dh`roj D`ncudt`rs7................... D`ncudt`rs7 ................... 29 DHOYSB] DHOY SB] AAA7 ?14=-?1317 ?14=-?1317 Blbrebndb Blbrebndb `f Dh`roj Dh`roj D`ncudtane ......................... 28

A. O nbw vasa`n `f thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r7 quojafadota`ns onc troanane............ 6? AA. Bv`juta`n an thb oppr`odh t` antbrprbtota`n antbrprbtota`n.............................................. .............................................. 65 AAA. Lbth`c`j`eabs7 Lbth`c`j`eabs7 thb alp`rtondb `f thb rbhborsoj ..................................... 61 AV. Antbrbst an D`ncudtane Sbdhnaqub Sbdhnaqub...................................................... ........................................................... ..... 59 DHOYSB] DHOY SB] AV7 ?131-?1617 ?131-?1617 S`worc thb ‚D`l ‚D`lpjbtb pjbtb D`ncud D`ncudt`r“ t`r“....................... ....................... 89

A. Tynthbsas `f kn`wjbceb onc lbth`cs lbth`cs................................................... ........................................................ ..... 8= AA. Sbdhnadoj Er`wth ..................................................................................... ..................................................... ................................ 83 AAA. Antbrprbtane Antbrprbtane.................................................... .............................................................................................. .......................................... 19 DHOYSB] DHOY SB] V7 V7 ?159-=9997 ?159-=9997 Loturaty............................................... Loturaty...................................................................... ....................... 18

A. ]`jb onc ]bsp`nsamajatabs `f thb d`ncudt`r ............................................... 11 AA. Kn`wjbceb Kn`wjbceb `f thb d`ncudt d`ncudt`r `r ...... ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ............. ...... ?94 AAA. Lbth`c`j`eabs — ]bhborsoj pr`dbss ...................................................... ................................................... ... ?98 AV. Shb r`jb `f D`ncudtane Sbdhnaqub an Ybrf`rlondb........................... Ybrf`rlondb.............................. ... ??4 D@NDJRTA@N...................................................................................................... D@NDJRTA@N................................................................................. ..................... ?=3 MAMJA@E]OYHQ MAMJA@E ]OYHQ (Dhr`n`j`eadoj) (Dhr`n`j`eadoj) ................................................ ..................................................................... ..................... ?=8 MAMJA@E]OYHQ MAMJA@E ]OYHQ (Ojphombtadoj)....................... (Ojphombtadoj)........................................................................ ................................................. ?34

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ANS]@CRDSA@N L`tavota`ns onc Yurp`sb `f thb ]bsbordh -- Lbth`c`j`ey

Curane thb twbntabth dbntury, dh`roj d`ncudtane hos blbrebc os on andrbosanejy alp`rtont lusadoj pr`fbssa`n. Shb prbsbnt rbsbordh oals t` stucy thb er`wth `f thb casdapjanb thr`ueh on onojysas `f thb d`ntbnt `f d`ncudtane tbxtm``ks onc lbth`cs. At wajj ottblpt t` cbsdramb h`w d`ndbpts, skajjs, onc lbth`cs oss`daotbc wath dh`roj d`ncudtane hovb bv`jvbc, onc whbthbr `r n`t thby hovb dhonebc. Rjtalotbjy, thb e`oj as t` d`ntramutb t` o mbttbr kn`wjbceb `f dh`roj d`ncudtane onc ats rbdbnt hast`ry, whadh as durrbntjy–oj`ne wath thb hast`ry `f dh`roj pbrf`rlondb–ungustjy unc`dulbntbc. Tbvbroj `msbrvota`ns onc mbjabfs l`tavotbc thb uncbrtokane `f thas w`rk. @nb vbry d`lpbjjane fodt wos thot, t` thas coy, n`t o sanejb m``k bxasts `n thb hast`ry `f dh`roj d`ncudtane. Uhot as w`rsb, thb vbry bxastbndb `f dh`roj d`ncudtane os ats `wn spbdaojty onc os o pr`fbssa`noj casdapjanb c`bs n`t sbbl t` rbdbavb pr`pbr odkn`wjbcelbnt. Uhajb `nb don bosajy bnvasoeb o rbjota`nshap mbtwbbn thbsb tw` satuota`ns, at loy n`t mb os bosy t` castaneuash thb dousb fr`l thb d`nsbqubndb. As thas jodk `f jatbroturb `n dh`roj d`ncudtane cub t` thb mbjabf thot dh`roj d`ncudtane as n`t o ‘rboj‑ casdapjanb onc thot ats hast`ry as thbrbf`rb `f n` antbrbst0 ]othbr, at sbbls thot d`nvbrsbjy, at as thb jodk `f sdh`jorshap whadh as thb s`urdb `f thb pr`mjbl. Mbdousb n` stucy hos ybt bvacbndbc thb erbot radhnbss `f dh`roj pbrf`rlondb an thb twbntabth dbntury, ats alpodt `n thb ebnbroj hast`ry `f lusad, onc thb rbdbnt cbvbj`plbnt `f dh`roj d`ncudtane os o pr`fbssa`n, thb jottbr hos hoc n` dhondb t` mb

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 pr`pbrjy odkn`wjbcebc. Shas satuota`n as ludh t` thb casloy `f ojj wh` t`coy cbv`tb ybors t` thbar er`wth os pr`fbssa`noj dh`roj d`ncudt`rs. Af an c`umt `f thas jodk `f odkn`wjbcelbnt, `nb don salpjy j``k up thb ortadjb ‚d`ncudtane“ an thb thas as orta ortadjb, djb, thb thb d`ncudtane d`ncudtane `f  Nbw Er`vb Cadta`nor Cadta`noryy `f Lusad onc Lusadaons. An th dh`ars as `njy c`dulbntbc f`r ats pjodb os thb borjabst d`ntbxt `f talb-mbotane an whot d`nstatutbs an o woy thb ‚prbhast`ry“ `f d`ncudtane. @ndb thb ortadjb rbodhbs thb nanbtbbnth dbntury onc odd`unts f`r thb marth `f `ur l`cbrn d`ndbpt `f d`ncudtane, ojj ojjusa`ns t` thb dh`roj ospbdt casoppbor. Uhot orb thb rbos`ns f`r sudh o casrbeorc0 L`st jakbjy, `pana`ns `n dh`roj saneane onc dh`roj d`ncudtane thot orb o dbntury `jc! Shbrb as jattjb c`umt thot dh`roj saneane onc dh`roj d`ncudtane orb stajj suffbrane fr`l o j`ne-jostane moc rbputota`n `f olotburasl (an thb w`rst sbnsb `f thb w`rc). Lony fodts don pr`vb thas acbo as `ms`jbtb7 dh`roj lusad hos hoc o erbot r`jb an thb lusadoj joncsdopb `f thb twbntabth dbntury. N`t `njy hovb dh`rusbs tokbn on alp`rtont port an thb drbota`n `f nbw rbpbrt`arb, mut dh`roj lusad wos ojs` o loan fboturb an thb rbcasd`vbry `f borjy lusad, whadh as s` jorebjy v`doj. S` kbbp up wath thb tbdhnadoj cbloncs `f m`th thbsb rbpbrt`arbs, stoncorcs `f quojaty an dh`roj pbrf`rlondb stbocajy alpr`vbc thonks t` thb w`rk onc rbsbordh `f `utstoncane dh`roj d`ncudt`rs. An o dbntury `f w`rjc-d`llunadota`n, e``c bxolpjbs cac n`t tokb j`ne t` ansparb `thbrs. F`jj`wane thb w`rk `f as`jotbc dh`roj d`ncudt`rs, o l`rb f`rloj troanane wos pr`erbssavbjy alpjblbntbc7 djossbs `pbnbc onc capj`los wbrb anstatutbc an d`nsbrvot`rabs `r unavbrsatabs. An thb Rnatbc Ttotbs, thb CLO wos drbotbc an thb ?129‑s pr`vacane t` pbrf`rlbrs oddbss t` o c`dt`roj

=

 

cberbb. O CLO an dh`roj d`ncudtane as n`w `ffbrbc my l`st log`r anstatuta`ns thr`ueh`ut thb d`untry. @ndb o casdapjanb as jbornbc thr`ueh o f`rloj troanane, onc jbocs up t` thb stotus `f c`dt`r onc thb h`jcane `f o pr`fbssa`noj p`sata`n, at `ueht n` j`nebr t` mb d`nsacbrbc o lbrbjy olotbur prodtadb. At sbbls thbrbf`rb djbor thot thb cascoan f`r dh`roj saneane onc dh`roj d`ncudtane as uncub. L`rb sdh`jorshap as whot as nbbcbc f`r o mbttbr uncbrstoncane `f m`th thbsb casdapjanbs. On bn`rl`us ol`unt `f pralory s`urdbs as ovoajomjb7 wratanes `n dh`roj saneane onc d`ncudtane, rbd`rcanes, pr`erols, dhr`nadjbs `f vora`us dh`roj bnsblmjbs, ma`erophabs onc antbrvabws `f d`ncudt`rs, pbra`cadojs `n dh`roj lusad. Mut n` ottblpt hos ybt mbbn locb t` pabdb t`ebthbr thas vost gaesow. Bodh typb `f c`dulbnt d`ujc shbc ats `wn jaeht `n thb bv`juta`n `f dh`roj d`ncudtane. Shb prbsbnt rbsbordh wajj f`dus `n wratanes `f pbcoe`eadoj noturb occrbssbc t` dh`roj d`ncudt`rs, onc an s`lb dosbs, t` d`ncudt`rs an ebnbroj. Shas typb `f lotbraoj sbbls noturojjy thb l`st jakbjy t`  pr`vacb alp`rtont tbdhnadoj stotblbnts om`ut dh`roj d`ncudtane onc ats spbdafadatabs. Shb `thbr typbs `f lotbraoj hovb mbbn f`r thb l`st port bxdjucbc f`r thb purp`sb `f thas stucy mut d`ujc unc`umtbcjy pr`vacb antbrbstane ansaeht f`r o jorebr stucy. Ot thb borjabst stoeb `f ats hast`ry, l`cbrn d`ncudtane wos ebnbrojjy occrbssbc wath`ut rbeorcs t` o typb `f bnsblmjb (`rdhbstroj, dh`ar, monc, btd…) @vbr talb, d`ncudtane tbdhnaqubs onc lbth`cs cbvbj`pbc t` mb mbttbr ocoptbc t` bodh typb `f bnsblmjb. At as thas pr`dbss `f spbdaojazota`n thot wb portadujorjy h`pb t` bvacbndb, mbdousb at rbsujtbc an thb cbfanata`n `f dh`roj d`ncudtane os ats `wn casdapjanb. Bvacbndane thas  pr`dbss wajj mb odhabvbc my o dorbfuj `msbrvota`n `f thrbb loan ospbdts `f

4

 

d`ncudtane bxprbssbc an thb jatbroturb7 (?) thb d`ncudt`r‑s r`jbs onc rbsp`nsamajatabs, (=) thb tbdhnadoj (a.b. physadoj) ospbdt `f dh`roj d`ncudtane onc (4) thb lbth`cs usbc  my d`ncudt`rs whbn w`rkane wath thbar bnsblmjbs, onc h`w thby prbporb thblsbjvbs f`r thas w`rk. Shb bv`juta`n `f dh`roj d`ncudtane as `f d`ursb mbst `msbrvbc an thb d`ntbxt `f thb ebnbroj bv`juta`n `f dh`roj pbrf`rlondb, f`r whadh thbrb as n` d`lprbhbnsavb s`urdb bathbr (ot jbost, n`t f`r thb twbntabth dbntury.) Uhajb o cbtoajbc odd`unt `f thb bv`juta`n `f dh`roj pbrf`rlondb w`ujc d`nstatutb o rbsbordh t`pad `f ats `wn, on bff`rt hos mbbn locb t` pr`vacb o lanalul `f  modker`unc anf`rlota`n, s` os t` sh`w thb w`rk `f d`ncudt`rs an thb d`ntbxt thot `raeanojjy anfjubndbc at. An `rcbr t` prbsbrvb thb rbjota`nshap wath thot d`ntbxt, o dhr`n`j`eadoj prbsbntota`n `f thb bvbnts onc acbos hos oppborbc t` mb thb l`st ocvontoeb`us. Shb tblp`roj m`uncorabs `f thb dhoptbrs hovb mbbn ortadujotbc or`unc saenafadont lajbst`nbs an pumjadota`n. S`coy, dh`roj d`ncudtane, os at as oppr`odhbc n`wocoys my pr`fbssa`nojs, rbquarbs bxpbrtasb an v`adb onc pbcoe`ey onc thb dh`roj ort atsbjf, f`r thb troanane `f thb bnsblmjb; at rbquarbs tbdhnadoj–thot as, physadoj–omajaty f`r thb d`ncudtane `f thb pbrf`rlondb. At ojs` cbloncs o th`r`ueh modker`unc kn`wjbceb an lusad hast`ry, styjb, joneuoebs, ebnbroj lusadaonshap, onc `reonazota`noj skajjs. Mut os `ur stucy wajj sh`w at hos `njy mbbn `vbr talb thot thbsb hovb mbd`lb bjblbntory bxpbdtota`ns f`r dh`roj d`ncudt`rs. An thb nanbtbbnth dbntury onc thr`ueh`ut thb twbntabth dbntury dh`roj d`ncudtane hos mbbn prodtadbc an cavbrsb onc s`lbtalbs unsotasfyane woys. At as thr`ueh thb w`rk, rbs`urdbfujnbss, tojbnt onc tbodhane `f

3

 

`utstoncane ancavacuojs thot o nbw jbvbj `f bxpbrtasb hos mbbn bstomjashbc onc o supbra`r jbvbj `f dh`roj ortastry odhabvbc. Yb`pjb hovb o nbbc t` kn`w thbar pbrs`noj, nota`noj `r dujturoj hbratoeb  mbdousb kn`wane thb post pos t hbjps thbl t` uncbrston uncbrstoncc wh` thby orb. On onojysas `f thb traojs onc brr`rs `f thb post, `f thb caffadujtabs onc thbar s`juta`ns, as o unaqub woy t` odquarb o rboj uncbrstoncane `f o casdapjanb. At ojj`ws t` kn`w n`t `njy h`w mut why  thanes hovb mbd`lb whot thby orb. Uath thas stucy wb h`pb t` pr`vacb futurb d`ncudt`rs wath on `pp`rtunaty t` bvojuotb onc strbnethbn thbar `wn lbth`cs onc  mbjabfs my d`lporane thbl t` th`sb bnc`rsbc my m y thbar prbcbdbss`rs, s` thot thby don an turn cbcadotb l`rb rbocajy t` thb tosk `f pr`l`tane thb dh`roj ort.

2

 

DHOYSB] A Cbfanata`n onc Yrblasbs `f Dh`roj D`ncudtane

A. Uhot as Dh`roj D`ncudtane 0

Tandb thas rbsbordh oals t` onswbr thb qubsta`n `f h`w dh`roj d`ncudtane hos bv`jvbc t` mbd`lb whot at as t`coy, o djorafadota`n `f whot as odtuojjy anv`jvbc an thb pr`dbss `f d`ncudtane o dh`ar sbbls t` mb o e``c stortane p`ant f`r `ur casdussa`n. Mbdousb at as o pr`dbss sbbn my on oucabndb, thb l`st d`nspadu`us `f thb fundta`ns `f o d`ncudt`r as thot `f on oac t` pbrf`rlondb. Oacane thb pbrf`rlondb as bntarbjy odhabvbc thr`ueh ebsturbs `r ottatucbs thot dorry d`nsda`us `r und`nsda`us anf`rlota`n fr`l thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r t` thb pbrf`rlbrs. Shb rbquarblbnts `f o l`cbrn pbrf`rlondb f`rdb thb d`llunadota`n mbtwbbn d`ncudt`r onc bnsblmjb t`  mb n`n-vbrmoj, onc n`wocoys, ojt`ebthbr sajbnt. Bvbn th`ueh thb oucabndb as o watnbss t` thb pr`dbss, at loy n`t nbdbssorajy rbojazb ats fujj d`lpjbxaty. At as `ftbn ossulbc thot thb d`ncudt`r salpjy mbots talb onc as `njy on oac t` d``rcanota`n, `r thot hb don mb on oac t` lbl`ry `r t` lusadaonshap, my pr`vacane saenojs, dubs, onc rblancbrs `f vora`us s`rts curane thb pbrf`rlondb. An fodt, thb d`ncudt`r don ojs` hovb on anfjubndb `n `thbr bjblbnts, sudh os tunane, s`n`raty, `r phrosane. On`thbr bssbntaoj fundta`n `f thb d`ncudt`r as t` oac bxprbssavaty. Shas don mb c`nb thr`ueh ebsturb, usbc s` os t` anfjubndb cynolads `r phrosane, mut l`st `f ojj my eavane t` thb sanebrs thb bxolpjb `f thb d`ncudt`r‑s `wn anv`jvblbnt. An `thbr w`rcs thb bl`ta`noj stotb `f thb d`ncudt`r sh`ujc ansparb onc nurturb thot `f thb pbrf`rlbrs.

6

 

Bvbn jbss d`nspadu`usjy, thb s`n`raty `f thb bnsblmjb don mb anfjubndbc my thb d`ncudt`r, af thb d`ncudt`r as usane ebsturbs onc ottatucbs lbont t` ansparb thb sanebrs t` oc`pt o dbrtoan typb `f d`rp`roj ottatucb onc o dbrtoan typb `f v`doj  pr`cudta`n. N`t `njy thb oucabndb, mut bvbn thb pbrf`rlbrs thblsbjvbs loy n`t n `t mb oworb `f thas pr`dbss. Shus an pbrf`rlondb oj`nb thb r`jb `f o d`ncudt`r as ojrbocy lujtafodbtbc. Mut an occata`n, thbrb orb ojj thb `thbr r`jbs whadh orb d`ndbojbc fr`l thb oucabndb. Shby orb thot `f antbrprbtbr, troanbr, bcudot`r, anstrulbnt-lokbr ?, onc cbpbncane `n thb d`ntbxt, lonoebr `r blpj`ybb. Shas jost r`jb anv`jvane sdhbcujane, popbr w`rk, murboudrody, ocvbrtasblbnt, onc pumjad rbjota`n, as dbrtoanjy for fr`l mbane o nbejaeamjb port `f thb w`rk, mut wb h`pb t` rbcudb at f`r n`w t` o salpjb lbnta`n. Jbt us cbtoaj l`rb om`ut thb `thbr r`jbs. S` antbrprbt d`lbs t` us fr`l thb Jotan antbrprbtora  ‚t` uncbrstonc, t` pr`vacb on bxpjonota`n, t` tronsjotb, t` bxp`sb.“ Shas as stajj h`w at sh`ujc mb uncbrst``c t`coy. Shb r`jb `f antbrprbtbr as farst uncbrtokbn oj`nb7 pra`r t` rbhborsane ony lusad wath has sanebrs, thb d`ncudt`r lust sbbk t` uncbrstonc thb lbonane `f o eavbn pabdb, ats vojub, lbssoeb, onc d`ntbnt whbthbr vbrmoj, ortastad `r bl`ta`noj. Shas uncbrstoncane `f thb pabdb onc `f ats modker`unc wajj jboc thb d`ncudt`r an thb caffbrbnt dh`adbs hb hos t` lokb. Ancbbc, dh`adbs lust mb locb om`ut ojj bjblbnts thot orb n`t bxpjadatjy pr`vacbc my thb lusadoj n`tota`n (p`ssamjb bxolpjbs orb typb `f s`n`raty, nulmbr `f pbrf`rlbrs,  pr`nundaota`n `f thb joneuoeb, ortadujota`n, l``c, cberbb `f thb cynolads, onc `f ?

Shas bxprbssa`n rbfbrs t` thb j`ne tbrl w`rk `f thb d`ncudt`rs `n mosad dh`roj quojatabs–pralorajy quojatabs–pralorajy s`n`raty–an thb solb woy o va`jan lokbr w`ujc sbbk t` ``mtoan mtoan fr`l thb shopane `f on anstrulbnt thb mbst s`unc. Shb pr`dbss `f ‘anstrulbnt lokane‑ oppjabc t` dh`rusbs alpjabs thb alpr`vblbnt `f bjblbnts thot don thbn mb usbc an ojj typbs `f rbpbrt`arb, whbthbr thb r`jb `f troanbr d`nsasts an thb supbrvasa`n `f rbpbrt`arb jbornane.

5

 

d`ursb tblp`). @ndb thbsb dh`adbs orb locb thb d`ncudt`r hos an halsbjf o djbor aloeb `f thb w`rk t` mb pbrf`rlbc, whadh as for l`rb prbdasb thon o sd`rb. Curane thb pr`dbss `f rbhborsane hb lust lokb thb d`ntbnt `f thb pabdb djbor t` thb  pbrf`rlbrs wath thb hbjp `f thas aloeb, whadh sbrvbs os o l`cbj f`r thb w`rk `f thb dh`ar. An c`ane s` hb fujfajjs has r`jb `f troanbr. Tandb thb dh`ar oddbpts thb d`ncudt`r‑s aloeb os thbar e`oj, thbar pbrf`rlondb don `njy mb os e``c os thb aloeb thot as eavbn t` thbl. Af thb d`ncudt`r hos n`nb, thb `njy w`rk thot don mb c`nb as o jatbroj rbocane fr`l thb sd`rb, thot as, bnsurane thot ojj n`tbs, rhythls, onc cynolad lorkane `n thb sd`rb orb pbrf`rlbc. Shb d`ncudt`r‑s aloeb don n`t rbojjy mb bntarbjy `mgbdtavb7 s`lb bjblbnts sudh os tblp`, `r cynolad roneb don vory erbotjy fr`l `nb d`ncudt`r t` thb `thbr. An s`lb dosbs, oreulbnts don supp`rt `nb dh`adb os mbane l`rb pjousamjb thon thb `thbrs, mut an lony dosbs thbrb as n` rboj raeht `r wr`ne an thb lottbr. Cbspatb mbane voraomjy sumgbdtavb, gucada`us, onc gustafabc, thbsb dh`adbs locb my thb d`ncudt`r orb o nbdbssory port `f thb rb-drbota`n `f o lusadoj w`rk. O sd`rb lokbs n` s`unc7 at as on and`lpjbtb lbssoeb thot thb d`ncudt`r lust tronsjotb an thb h`pb t` rbdrbotb an has `wn hboc thb s`unc thot wos `raeanojjy an thb d`lp`sbr‑s onc thus mb thb jank mbtwbbn d`lp`sbr onc pbrf`rlbrs. Tandb tronsjota`ns don nbvbr mb pbrfbdt onc d`ujc caffbr fr`l `nb ancavacuoj t` thb nbxt, af thb tosk wos jbft t` bodh sanebr an thb dh`ar thbrb w`ujc mb supbralp`sane aloebs. Shb rbsujt w`ujc mb mjurrbc onc thb lbonane, `msdurbc unjbss ojj  pbrf`rlbrs w`rk t`worc `nb sanejb aloeb. Shas gustafabs thb prbsbndb prbs bndb onc outh`raty `f o d`ncudt`r bvbn f`r on bnsblmjb wh`sb ancavacuojs p`ssbss thb haehbst

8

 

lusadaonshap, dujturb, onc ortastad sbnsamajaty. An bnsblmjbs whbrb thas as n`t thb dosb, thb d`ncudt`r ossulbs ojs` thb fundta`n `f on bcudot`r, onc as rbsp`nsamjb f`r  pr`vacane t` thb sanebrs ony nbbcbc kn`wjbceb thot d`ujc hbjp thb pbrf`rlondb. Shas kn`wjbceb d`ujc d`vbr fabjcs sudh os v`adb tbdhnaqub, lusad thb`ry, ph`nbtad, od`ustads `r lusadoj styjb (an s`lb dosbs, bspbdaojjy af w`rkane wath dhajcrbn, thb bcudota`n r`jb don mb cbvbj`pbc ludh furthbr thon thas pr`vacane `f prodtadoj kn`wjbceb.) Bvbn af thb sanebrs hovb hoc ancavacuoj v`adb troanane, onc l`rb `ftbn thon n`t, thby hovb n`t, l`rb ocgustlbnts lust mb locb an `rcbr t` `mtoan o dbrtoan quojaty `f s`unc fr`l thb bnsblmjb. Shbsb ocgustlbnts orb ojs` uncbr thb rbsp`nsamajaty `f thb d`ncudt`r, mbdousb hb as an thb p`sata`n `f hborane whot thb oucabndb wajj, onc ojs` mbdousb hb sh`ujc mb omjb t` caoen`sb thb dousbs `f moc s`unc onc pr`vacb rblbcabs f`r thbl. Shas rbsp`nsamajaty `f anstrulbnt-lokbr as `raeanoj, ojth`ueh n`t unaqub=, an thb pbrf`rlane pbrf`rlane w`rjc. Yaonasts Yaonasts donn`t donn`t mb mjolbc f`r jodk `f tunane `f thbar anstrulbnt, onc l`st `f thb talb, pbrf`rlbrs hovb `njy o jalatbc p`ssamajaty t` alpr`vb `r d`rrbdt thb s`unc `f thbar anstrulbnts. H`wbvbr, o  moc va`jan wajj usuojjy rrbloan bloan moc, n` lottbr h`w e``c thb va`janast as, whajb o moc dh`ar hos thb dhondb t` alpr`vb af an e``c honcs. Cbspatb thas ojj alp`rtont troanane onc rbhborsane, thbrb as `nb jost onc bssbntaoj ospbdt `f thb r`jb `f antbrprbtbr, odhabvbc an pbrf`rlondb, whadh donn`t mb bntarbjy sbdurbc my prbporota`n7 hbndb, o  pabdb don hovb rbodhbc tbdhnadoj onc styjastad pbrfbdta`n, ybt stajj mb ortastadojjy

=

]bbc anstrulbnt pjoybrs, sudh os moss``nasts `r `m`asts `ftbn lokb thbar `wn rbbcs. Tandb thb rbbc as thb port `f thb anstrulbnt thot anfjubndbs thb s`unc thb l`st, thas lokbs thb pjoybrs odd`untomjb

f`r thb s`n`raty `f thbar anstrulbnts.

1

 

unsotasfyane af ‚cbpravbc `f jafb“. Shas ‚jafb“ rbsacbs an thb pbrdbpta`n `f thb bl`ta`noj stotb thot hoc `raeanojjy mbbn ot thb `raean `f thb wratane `f thb lusad my thb d`lp`sbr. At don mb j`st bathbr my o jodk `f uncbrstoncane `f thb d`lp`sbr my thb d`ncudt`r, my o foajurb `f thb d`ncudt`r t` tronslat at t` thb bnsblmjb, `r my foajurb fr`l thb bnsblmjb t` bv`kb at t` thb oucabndb. 4 An thb tw` jost satuota`ns, tbdhnaqub (d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub `r pbrf`rlane tbdhnaqub) as anv`jvbc `njy af ats jodk as s` cbtralbntoj t` thb lusad thot o trub uncbrstoncane `r f`dus `n thb bl`ta`noj d`ntbnt donn`t mb odhabvbc. Mut thb rbjota`nshap mbtwbbn tbdhnaqub onc ortastry as n`t oms`jutb7 ebnuanb anv`jvblbnt `f thb pbrf`rlbrs onc trub uncbrstoncane `f thb lusad s`lbtalbs `vbrracb lan`r tbdhnadoj alpbrfbdta`ns, whajb bvbn o ‚pbrfbdt“  pbrf`rlondb, tbdhnadojjy spbokane, don ansparb n` l`rb thon oms`jutb m`rbc`l af thb `raeanoj lbonanefujnbss as j`st. Shas vabw `f dh`roj d`ncudtane as unc`umtbcjy, onc unf`rtunotbjy, on acboj l`rb thon o rbojaty. Mut jbt us nbvbrthbjbss usb thas acboj os `ur rbfbrbndb p`ant. Yra`r t` thbar d`lmanota`n an `nb pbrs`n, thb fundta`ns `f talb-mbotbr, antbrprbtbr, troanbr, bcudot`r, anstrulbnt-lokbr, onc lonoebr wbrb ojj bxastane f`rls `f lusadoj jbocbrshap, mut usuojjy shorbc mbtwbbn sbvbroj ancavacuojs. Shb rbojazota`n thot `nb sanejb pbrs`n d`ujc onc sh`ujc ossulb thbsb fundta`ns–an `thbr w`rcs thb n`ta`n `f whot thb d`lpjbtb r`jb `f dh`roj d`ncudt`r `ueht t` mb–as an fodt vbry rbdbnt. At as alp`rtont af wb sbbk t` uncbrstonc thb pr`dbss `f thb cbvbj`plbnt `f `ur durrbnt d`ndbpt `f dh`roj d`ncudtane t` mb d`nsda`us `f thb dj`sb rbjota`nshap mbtwbbn thb 4

Ancbbc thbrb as o c`umjb jbvbj `f antbrprbtota`n, sandb thb d`ncudt`r hos t` mmbb on antbrprbtbr f`r thb

sanebrs, whadh an turn orb thb antbrprbtbrs f`r thb oucabndb.

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typb `f jbocbrshap (whot wb hovb mbbn dojjane ‚fundta`n“) onc thb nbbcs `f m`th bnsblmjb onc lusad t` mb pbrf`rlbc. Shus `nb salpjb ocoeb as thb kby t` uncbrstoncane thb l`cafadota`n `f thb r`jbs fujfajjbc my jbocbrs `f lusadoj bnsblmjb7 ‚Nbdbssaty as thb l`thbr `f anvbnta`n.“ Ancbbc at don mb typadojjy `msbrvbc thot whbnbvbr thbrb as n` l`rb nbbc f`r o spbdafad fundta`n, at salpjy casoppbors. Af o nbw nbbc `ddurs, s` c`bs o nbw fundta`n. Jbt us ajjustrotb wath o fbw bxolpjbs `f jbocbrshap prodtadbc an caffbrbnt l`lbnts `f lusad hast`ry.

AA. Bxolpjbs `f Bv`juta`n `f Bnsblmjb Jbocbrshap Odd`rcane t` thb Bnsblmjb‑s Nbbcs

Dhbar`n`ly7 O prodtadb thot as `ftbn cbsdrambc os `nb `f thb borjabst typb `f

‘d`ncudtane‑ as thb usb `f d`cafabc honc saenojs t` rbprbsbnt thb lusad; thas prodtadb, kn`wn os dhbar`n`ly, wos wacbsprboc curane Ontaquaty, whbrb at wos usbc my thb ondabnt Beyptaon onc Gbwash dujturbs, os wbjj os an Erbbdb, Dhano, Ancao, onc Lbs`p`tolao. An s`lb trocata`ns at stajj sumsasts t`coy. Tdh`jors hovb bstomjashbc thot thb pralory fundta`n `f thb dhbar`n`lasts wos n`t `f on antbrprbtotavb noturb. ]othbr, thb l`vblbnts wbrb usbc an-jabu `f lusadoj n`tota`n, tbjjane thb pbrf`rlbr whot t` c`, rothbr thon h`w t` c` at. Shb cbtoajs `f thb pr`dbss stajj puzzjb sdh`jors; thb ebsturb as th`ueht t` hovb hoc m`th rhythlad onc lbj`cad saenafadondb, mut as at n`t djbor whot bxodtjy wos thb anf`rlota`n pr`vacbc7 suddbssa`n `f sanejb patdhbs, antbrvojs `r lbj`cad f`rlujob0 O l`cbrn vbrsa`n `f thb systbl as thb honc saenojs

??

 

oppjabc t` s`jfbeb an thb K`cïjy lbth`c. Tandb thb nanbtbbnth dbntury, thb hyp`thbsas thot pjoan dhont w`ujc ojs` hovb mbbn d`ncudtbc my o dhbar`n`lasts hos  mbbn quatb p`pujor 3, ybt at hos mbbn rbdbnt rbdbntjy jy put an c`umt my dhbar`n dhbar`n`ly `ly spbdaoj spbdaojasts, asts, f`r thb rbos`n thot thb ol`unt `f pralory s`urdbs c`dulbntane thb prodtadb as vbry lboebr 2. Shb str`ne str`nebr br oreulbnt su supp`rtane pp`rtane tthb hb acbo `f thb usb `f dhbar`n`ly dhbar`n`ly an Erbe`raon dhont as thb mbjabf thot thb nbulbs orb thb wrattbn vbrsa`ns `f thb `raeanoj honc l`vblbnts. Tdh`jors orb n`t d`ntbstane thas oreulbnt, mut whot loy vbry wbjj hovb hoppbnbc as thot `ndb o wrattbn n`tota`n hoc mbbn cbvbj`pbc, thb sanebrs d`ujc rbjy `n at onc caspbnsb wath thb prbsbndb `f o dhbar`n`last t` hbjp thbar lbl`ry.

Salb-mbotane7 Shb fundta`n `f talb-mbotbr hos mbbn farst c`dulbntbc an thb

 pbrf`rlondb `f v`doj p`jyph`nad lusad. H`wbvbr, at cac n`t oppbor os borjy os  p`jyph`ny cac, mbdousb p`jyph`ny wos ot farst o lottbr `f s`j`asts. Tandb thb fancanes `f Lonfrbc Muk`fzbr 6, ?349 hos mbb mbbnn wacbjy wacbjy oddbptb oddbptbcc os tthb hb sy sylm` lm`jad jad turnane p`ant t`worc thb usb `f dh`roj p`jyph`ny, thot as, thb prbsbndb `f sbvbroj sanebrs `n o port. Shb lujtapjadota`n `f thb pbrf`rlbrs andrbosbc thb rask `f j``sb d``rcanota`n, onc my ?38=, thb usb `f o vbrtadoj str`kb, o todtus, d`rrbsp d`rrbsp`nca `ncane ne t` o sbt vojub, as lbnta`nbc my thb thb`rasts. T`urdbs sh`w thot thb talb-mbotbr wos ojl`st ojwoys dh`sbn ol`ne thb pbrf`rlbrs, onc pbrf`rlbc halsbjf. Hb wos n`t nbdbssorajy an dhoreb `f `thbr ospbdts, sudh os rbhborsane, onc thb fodt `f mbotane 3

Shas hyp`thbsas as prbsbntbc os oddurotb an sbvbroj w`rks `n thb hast`ry `f d`ncudtane7 Tdhúnblonn ?1?4, H`jsanebr ?123, onc bvbn l`rb rbdbntjy Eojkan ?188. 2 Tbb Ebrs`n-Kawa onc Hajby ‘Dhbar`n`n`ly‑, Shb Nbw Er`vb Cadta`nory `f Lusad onc Lusadaons, bc. T. Tocab onc G. Syrrbjj (J`nc`n7 Lodlajjon, =99?), 27223-228, an portadujor pp.225-8. 6

Lonfrbc Muk`fzbr, ?129, ?56-?81.

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talb wos n`t an atsbjf o saen `f spbdaoj outh`raty. Lbonwhajb, anstrulbntoj bnsblmjbs, `f slojjbr calbnsa`n onc pbrf`rlane lusad `f o l`rb rhythladoj noturb, cac n`t rbquarb sudh talb-mbotane. Shb sazb hoc o j`t t` c` wath thb woy talb wos mbane sh`wn onc os bnsblmjbs erbw an sazb, bvbntuojjy d`lmanane systblotadojjy v`adbs wath anstrulbnts oftbr thb ]bnoassondb, talb-mbotane mbdolb l`rb d`nspadu`us7 thb talb-mbotbr, rothbr thon pbrf`rlane wath thb er`up, wos fodane thb lusadaons s` os t` mb sbbn my ojj onc, h`jcane an honc o r`jj `f popbr, lorkbc thb talb my vbrtadoj l`ta`ns. An pjodbs, talb-mbotane t``k thb f`rl `f o f`rdbfuj str`kb `f o joreb stadk `n thb er`unc. Shas prodtadb wos locb anfol`us my thb d`lp`sbr Jujjy, wh` wajj btbrnojjy mb rblblmbrbc os thb lusadaon wh` cabc fr`l thb d`nsbqubndbs `f o va`jbnt str`kb `n thb f``t, sbjf-anfjadtbc whajb mbotane talb. My Jujjy‑s talb, thb loîtrb cb dhopbjjb  wos ancbbc thb l`st jakbjy t` mbot talb, whajb supbrvasane thb pbrf`rlondb. Salb-mbotane thbn mbdolb oss`daotbc wath o p`sata`n p`sata`n `f ou outh`raty th`raty..

AAA. Marth `f l`cbrn d`ncudtane

An sbttanes whbrb dh`roj lusad wos thb l`st blpj`ybc7 d`urts (thb ‚dhopbjs“) onc dhurdhbs, `nb pralory fundta`n wos bxpbdtbc fr`l thb lusadoj jbocbr7 thot `f d`lp`sane thb lusad–o fundta`n whadh as n` j`nebr o pralory rbquarblbnt f`r dh`roj d`ncudt`rs. Shb l`cbrn fundta`n `f antbrprbtbr–thb rbsbordh an thb sd`rb f`r thb d`lp`sbr‑s antbnt, onc ats tronsjota`n t` thb

?4

 

 pbrf`rlbrs–wos n`t nbbcbc sandb thb d`lp`sbr halsbjf wos an dhoreb. Hb d`ujc tronslat has `wn aloeb fr`l thb w`rk carbdtjy t` thbl. Shas wos odhabvbc l`stjy curane thb rbhborsoj pr`dbss. An pbrf`rlondb, hb d`ujc ossast my mbotane talb os wb ojrbocy lbnta`nbc, `r my tokane carbdt port an thb bnsblmjb whbn thb jottbr wos `f rbos`nomjb sazb. Curane thb Mor`qub bro hb w`ujc l`st jakbjy pjoy thb d`ntanu` kbym`orc port, thus rbojazane thb faeurbc moss, bstomjashane tblp`s onc odd`lponyane s`j`asts5. Shbrb wos `f d`ursb n` assub om`ut om`ut thb cbsarbc cbsarbc styjb sandb, sandb, sovb o fbw bxdbpta`ns, pbrf`rlbrs wbrb `njy pbrf`rlane thb lusad `f thbar `wn talb. @ur d`ntblp`rory tostb f`r lusad `f talbs `thbr thon `ur `wn rbquarbs fr`l o d`ncudt`r t` lokb oddbssamjb t` thb pbrf`rlbrs thb styjastad dhorodtbrastads onc obsthbtad stoncorcs thot mbj`ne t` `thbr bp`dhs, onc c` n`t d`lb noturojjy t` thbl. S`worc thb bnc `f thb baehtbbnth dbntury, thb pr`erbssavb casoppborondb `f pravotb dhopbjs onc potr`ns, onc thbar rbpjodblbnt my `rdhbstros pbrf`rlane f`r thb ebnbroj  pumjad (an occata`n t` ojrbocy bxastane `pbro h`usbs) h`us bs) lorkbc thb bnc `f thas w`rkane satuota`n. An ?58?, thb Ebwonchous @rdhbstbr `f Jbapzae Jbapzae wos thb thb farst `rdhbstro `rdhbstro `f thas kanc t` mb f`uncbc. Shb farst hojf `f thb nanbtbbnth dbntury sow thb cbvbj`plbnt `f `thbr salajor `rdhbstros cbcadotbc s`jbjy t` pbrf`rlane sylph`nad lusad an pumjad d`ndbrts7 an Bnejonc, thb J`nc`n Yhajhorl`nad T`dabty (?8?4), an Frondb thb `rdhbstro `f thb T`daátá cbs D`ndbrts cu D`nsbrvot`arb (?8=8), an Lunadh thb @cb`n  D`ndbrtb  (?8=8); Shb  Yhajhorl  Yhajhorl`nasdhbn `nasdhbn @rdhbstb @rdhbstbrr an Vabnno

5

F`r l`rb cbtoajs om`ut kbym`orc jbocbrshap sbb D.Y.B. Modh Vbrsudh úmbr cab wohrb Ort, cos Djovabr zu spabjbn (Mbrjan, ?524). Bne. bc., trons. U. G. Latdhbjj, Bssoy `n thb Srub Ort Ort `f Yjoyane

 Kbym`orc Anstrulbnts (Nbw Q`rk7 N`rt`n, ?131), 44-42.

?3

 

onc thb Nbw Q`rk Yhajhorl`nad s``n f`jj`wbc an ?83=. My thb mbeannane `f twbntabth dbntury l`st `f thb jbocane bnsblmjbs stajj an odtavaty hoc mbbn f`uncbc. Shb bnc `f thb dhopbjs dousbc o sbporota`n mbtwbbn `rdhbstroj onc dh`roj prodtadbs whadh sumsbqubntjy knbw vbry caffbrbnt fotbs. @f d`ursb, `rdhbstros onc dh`ars stajj w`rkbc an d`jjom`rota`n curane thb nanbtbbnth dbntury mut thby wbrb usuojjy n`t port `f thb solb oclanastrotavb bntaty (bxdbpt an `pbro h`usbs) onc wbrb n`t prbporbc uncbr thb solb d`ncata`ns. Shbrbf`rb thb jbocbrshap `f m`th er`ups ojs` bv`jvbc caffbrbntjy, onc wb wajj nbbc t` `msbrvb thbl sbporotbjy. Uath thb pr`erbssavb casoppborondb `f thb d`ntanu` port, `rdhbstroj jbocbrshap wos `ftbn ossulbc my thb farst va`janast (d`ndbrtlostbr) mbdousb, os wos thb d`ntanu` port mbf`rb, thb va`jans wbrb usuojjy pjoyane thr`ueh`ut thb w`rks. Qbt thb jbocbrshap fr`l thb kbym`orc wos n`t d`lpjbtbjy omonc`nbc onc o paon` wos s`lbtalbs usbc bvbn an w`rks thot cac n`t hovb o paon` port. F`r thb jorebst port `f thb nanbtbbnth dbntury at wos dust`lory f`r thb d`lp`sbrs t` trovbj ot thb anvatota`n `f on `rdhbstro om`ut t`  pbrf`rl thbar lusad. Shu Shuss thby d`ujc w`rk carbdtjy wath thb pbrf`rlbrs, pbrf`rlbrs , lokb thbar antbnta`ns djbor, onc bstomjash o trocata`n `f antbrprbtota`n `f thbar w`rks thot d`ujc  mb kbpt oftbr thbar cbporturb. D`lp`sbrs d`ujc pr`vacb vbrmoj anstrudta`ns an rbhborsoj, onc tokb o l`rb `r jbss odtavb port an thb pbrf`rlondb. Shby d`ujc sat ot thb paon` whajb thb `rdhbstro f`jj`wbc thbar d`ndbrtlostbr 8, `r af thby wbrb va`janasts thblsbjvbs thby d`ujc stonc onc shorb thbar talb mbtwbbn pjoyane oj`ne onc mbotane talb wath thb va`jan m`w. Ojjbebcjy, thb Ebrlon d`lp`sbr J`uas Tp`hr

8

O casdussa`n `n cavacbc jbocbrshap jbocbrshap prodtadbs don mb f`unc an Eojkan Eojkan.. ?188, 335-321.

?2

 

wos w`rkane os o eubst ortast wath thb J`nc`n Yhajhorl`nad T`dabty an ?8=9 whbn hb antr`cudbc o tharc p`ssamjb prodtadb my cbdacane t` mbot talb wath o mot`n anstboc.   1

Shb usb `f o mot`n wos n`t an atsbjf sudh o rocadoj dhoneb fr`l thb usb `f o r`jj `f

 popbr `r o m`w, bspbdaojjy sandb thb farst mot`ns wbrb quatb j`ne onc owkworc, mut at hos mbbn oddbptbc oj`ne wath thb cotb `f ?8=9 os sylm`jad `f thb `pbnane `f o nbw bro `f lusadoj jbocbrshap. An fodt, mot`n d`ncudtane hoc ojrbocy mbbn prodtadbc borjabr, bspbdaojjy an `pbro h`usbs, whbrb thb prbsbndb `f thb jbocbr `utsacb thb `rdhbstro wos rbquarbc my thb d`lpjbxaty `f thb lusad. At as ancbbc, pralorajy thb bv`juta`n `f sylph`nad lusad atsbjf whadh bxpjoans thb pr`erbssavb oc`pta`n `f  mot`n d`ncudtane. Uhbthbr thb d`lp`sbr wos prbsbnt `r n`t, thb `jc lbth`cs `f jbocbrshap pr`erbssavbjy mbdolb unsotasfodt`ry mbdousb `f thb er`wth an sazb `f thb `rdhbstro onc thb cavbrsafadota`n `f ats anstrulbnts. Mut thas bv`juta`n `f thb `rdhbstros wos an fodt `njy o d`nsbqubndb `f thb bv`juta`n `f thb lusadoj joneuoeb. Tylph`nad lusad hoc bv`jvbc t`worc jorebr f`rls, cbnsbr strudturbs onc at nbbcbc t` dorry o str`nebr bl`ta`noj d`ntbnt. Shas wos portadujorjy trub an Ebrlonspbokane d`untrabs, whadh don mb unc`umtbcjy d`nsacbrbc os thb drocjb `f ]`lontadasl an lusad. At as thbrbf`rb n`t surprasane thot ot jbost untaj thb Tbd`nc U`rjc Uor thb jbocane thankbrs an lottbrs `f d`ncudtane wbrb f`unc an thbsb d`untrabs. Mot`n d`ncudtane hoc cbvbj`pbc pralorajy uncbr thb anfjubndb `f Ebrlon d`lp`sbrs/d`ncudt`rs. F`r ]`lontad d`lp`sbrs at wos prodtadojjy o nbdbssaty7 at

1

Shas fodt donn`t mb bstomjashbc wath dbrtoanty. Tp`hr djoals halsbjf t` hovb mbbn thb farst mot`n d`ncudt`r an has out`ma`erophy, wrattbn oftbr thb mot`n hoc eoanbc l`rb p`pujoraty. Tandb hb wos o va`janast hb loy vbry wbjj hovb usbc o m`w. Tbb Eojkan ?188, 314-318.

?6

 

ojj`wbc thbl t` bstomjash thb raeht tblp` onc hbjp thb d``rcanota`n `f thb pjoybrs,  mut ojs` t` eavb `f thbar `wn bnbrey onc bl`ta`ns t` thb pbrf`rlondb onc ossurb thot ojj pbrf`rlbrs d`ujc muajc t`ebthbr t`worc o d`ll`n djalox p`ant. M`th Mbbth`vbn onc Tdhulon‑s ottblpts an thas rbeorc orb rblblmbrbc os hovane mbbn troeadojjy unsuddbssfuj. @thbr d`lp`sbrs sudh os Ubmbr, Lbncbjss`hn, Jaszt, Uoenbr, Mrohls onc thb l`st ]`lontad `f thb Frbndh, Mbrja`z, mbdolb wbjj rbspbdtbc os d`ncudt`rs. Shb noturoj outh`raty `f d`lp`sbrs os d`ncudt`rs as uncbrstoncomjb. Shb ]`lontad vasa`n `f ort as thot `f o vbry sumgbdtavb f`rl `f  pbrs`noj bxprbssa`n. Shb drbotavb ortast hoc mbd`lb s`lbwhot `f o lythad faeurb. Has portadapota`n an thb `rdhbstroj pbrf`rlondb wos thus sbbn os o d`ntanuota`n `f thb odt `f d`lp`sata`n. H`wbvbr, wath thb lujtapjadota`n `f bnsblmjbs onc thb cbvbj`plbnt `f lusad bcatane, `rdhbstros pbrf`rlbc l`rb onc l`rb wath`ut thb d`lp`sbr‑s supbrvasa`n. An occata`n, l`rb w`rks wbrb mbane kbpt an thb rbpbrt`arb oftbr thb possane `f thbar d`lp`sbr. Shus thb r`jbs `f d`lp`sbrs onc d`ncudt`rs  pr`erbssavbjy sbporotbc. Shas drbotbc o satuota`n whbrb thb d`ncudt`rs w`ujc mb an dhoreb `f lokane antbrprbtotavb dh`adbs an w`rks thot wbrb n`t thbar `wn. Uhot thbn, wos gustafyane thbar p`sata`n `f outh`raty0 Ojj borjy d`ncudt`rs thot wbrb n`t d`lp`sbrs castaneuashbc thblsbjvbs os `utstoncane anstrulbntojasts. Ot thb Yoras D`nsbrvot`arb, f`r bxolpjb, thb y`une Hombnbdk wos `ffbrbc thb carbdta`n `f thb stucbnt `rdhbstro an ?893 mbdousb hb hoc mbbn thb l`st suddbssfuj va`janast t` erocuotb thot ybor. Hb wbnt `n t` oddbss thb tw` l`st prbstaea`us d`ncudtane  p`sata`ns an nanbtbbnth dbntury Frondb. On`thbr oreulbnt whbn sbbkane o

?5

 

d`ncudtane p`sata`n d`ujc mb o str`ne jank wath o d`lp`sbr wbjj rbprbsbntbc an thb `rdhbstro‑s rbpbrt`arb7 o lusadaon wh` pjoybc uncbr Mbbth`vbn onc d`ujc tbstafy `f thb d`lp`sbr‑s `wn antbnta`n w`ujc mb ot on ocvontoeb, f`r anstondb. Ybrs`nojaty, fanojjy, wos on ojj-alp`rtont fodt`r. Sypadojjy at wos tokbn l`rb ant` d`nsacbrota`n thon talb-mbotane skajjs. An fodt at don mb soac thot lony borjy d`ncudtane p`sata`ns wbrb salpjy ovoajomjb t` th`sb wh` w`ujc mb corane bn`ueh t` tokb thbl. At as bosy t` sbb h`w thb omsbndb `f rboj dratbrao f`r guceane thb d`lpbtbndb `f o d`ncudt`r d`ujc jboc t` s`lb unf`rtunotb laslotdhbs. At as pr`momjy wath on antbnt t` rblbcy thas pr`mjbl thot, an ?822, Mbrja`z (?894-?861) farst ottblptbc t` prbsbnt an wratane o casdussa casdussa`n `n `n thb r` r`jb jb `f thb dd`ncudt` `ncudt`rr onc `n o fbw tbdhnado tbdhnadojj ospbdts ospbdts `f d`ncudtane. Shas casdussa`n, rothbr sh`rt, wos andjucbc ot thb bnc `f has trbotasb `n anstrulbntota`n?9. Cbspatb ats mrbvaty at as on alp`rtont c`dulbnt f`r thb d`ncudtane  pr`fbssa`n sandb at odkn`wjbcebs d`ncudtane os on ort , onc oa oals ls t` ccbfanb bfanb thb nbw nbw rbsp`nsamajatabs `f thb d`ncudt`r7 Shb `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`r sh`ujc  sbb onc hbor , hb sh`ujc sh`ujc mb odtavb onc vae`r`us, onc sh`ujc kn`w d`lp`sata`n onc thb noturb onc d`lposs  `f anstrulbnts, onc sh`ujc mb omjb t` rboc  thb  thb sd`rb, onc p`ssbss–mbsacbs thb bspbdaoj tojbnt `f whadh wb shojj prbsbntjy bncbov`r t` bxpjoan thb d`nstatubnt quojatabs–`thbr ojl`st ancbfanomjb eafts, wath`ut whadh on anvasamjb jank donn`t mb bstomjashbc mbtwbbn hal onc th`sb hb carbdts; thb fodujty `f tronslattane t` thbl has fbbjane as cbnabc hal, onc thbndb  p`wbr, blparb, onc euacane euacane anfjubndb d`lpjbtbjy d`lpjbtbjy foaj hal. Hb as n` n` j`nebr o d`ncudt`r, o ca carbdt`r, rbdt`r, mut o salpjb mbotbr `f thb talb–supp`sane talb–supp`sane hb ?? kn`ws h`w t` mbot at, onc cavacb at, rbeujorjy.  

?9

 Hbdt`r Mbrja`z. ?122. Eronc troatá c‑anstrulbntota`n bt c‑`rdhbstrota`n l`cbrnbs7 n`uvbjjb ácata`n ouelbntáb cb j‑Ort cu dhbf c‑`rdhbstrb (Yoras7 Tdh`nbnmbrebr).

??

 Mbrja`z ?1=1 [?822\, =.[atojads `raeanoj\

?8

 

Shb ospbdt thot Mbrja`z blphosazbs thb l`st hbrb as thb r`jb `f thb d`ncudt`r an thb rbncbrane `f thb bl`ta`noj d`ntbnt `f thb w`rk. Shas as thb bssbntaoj caffbrbndb mbtwbbn talb mbotane onc d`ncudtane, thot as, thb rboj bjblbnt `f n`vbjty. Mbotane talb untaj thb nanbtbbnth dbntury hoc ojwoys mbbn o purbjy lbdhonadoj fundta`n thot rbquarbc n` pbrs`noj anv`jvblbnt. Yrbsbndb `f talb-mbotbrs an  pbrf`rlondb hos mbbn trodkbc ojj thb woy t` Ontaquaty, mut thbar r`jb wos nbathbr antbrprbtotavb n`r ortastad. Shby pr`vacbc rbfbrbndb mut n`t euacondb. An l`cbrn d`ncudtane thb oac t` d``rcanota`n pr`vacbc my talb-mbotane as kbpt, mut o nbw l`rb alp`rtont fundta`n wos occbc7 thb d`ncudt`r hoc t` ansparb thb pbrf`rlbrs my ‚tronslattane t` thbl has fbbjanes,“ hb hoc t` bxbrt o euacane anfjubndb7 Shb pbrf`rlbrs sh`ujc fbbj thot hb fbbjs, d`lprbhbncs onc as l`vbc7 thbn has bl`ta`n d`llunadotbs atsbjf t` th`sb wh`l hb carbdts, has anworc farb worls thbl […\ af hb as anbrt `n thb d`ntrory, hb porojyzbs ojj om`ut hal. ?= 

At as alp`rtont t` n`tb thot thas nbw r`jb an d`ncudtane as ancbbc occbc  t`  t` thb talb mbotane fundta`n. At c`bs n`t sumstatutb f`r at. Mbrja`z uncbrjanbs thot on uncbrstoncane `f thb lusad onc on antbnta`n t` d`llunadotb bl`ta`ns as nbdbssory  mut at as n`t bn`ueh t` odhabvb e``c d`ncudtane; at lust mb poarbc wath o djbor tbdhnaqub. Lony d`lp`sbrs, hb soys, ‚fondyane thby orb omjb t` d`ncudt, ann`dbntjy angurb thbar mbst sd`rbs“ mbdousb thbar p``r tbdhnaqub drbotbs t`` ludh d`nfusa`n t`  mb omjb t` rbodh on onyy ortastad rbsujt. Shu Shuss Mbrja`z wos thb farst t` d`ntbst thb stotus `f d`lp`sbr os out`lotadojjy erontane thb stotus `f d`ncudt`r rbeorcjbss thb tbdhnadoj omajaty f`r d`ncudtane. Shot o d`lp`sbr w`ujc n`t pjoy has `wn dbjj` s`noto unjbss ?=

 Mbrja`z ?1=1 [?822\, =.

?1

 

hb wos halsbjf o dbjj` pjoybr, onc rothbr bntrustbc has w`rk t` o skajjbc anstrulbntojast wbnt wath`ut soyane. Mut untaj Mbrja`z n` `nb hoc p`antbc `ut h`w thas oppjabc t` `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane os wbjj. Shas stotblbnt as an fodt on odkn`wjbceblbnt `f d`ncudtane os o pr`fbssa`n, thot as ‚o g`m thot nbbcs spbdaoj troanane `r skajjs.“ Shbsb tw` bjblbnts7 thb nbw antbrprbtavb fundta`n onc thb ospbdt `f spbdaojty, occbc t` thb `jcbr fundta`n `f talb-mbotane, cbfanb thb d`ndbpt `f ‚l`cbrn d`ncudtane.“ Ub hovb djborjy bxp`sbc h`w thb nbw cbvbj`plbnts an `rdhbstroj pbrf`rlondb carbdtjy mr`ueht om`ut thb d`lmanane `f thbsb bjblbnts. Ub ojs` lbnta`nbc thot `rdhbstroj onc dh`roj pbrf`rlondb bv`jvbc caffbrbntjy an thb nanbtbbnth dbntury. F`r thot rbos`n, at w`ujc mb o lastokb t` ossulb thot thb  phbn`lbn`n `f l`cbrn d`ncudtane allbcaotbjy offbdtbc thb jbocbrshap `f dh`roj bnsblmjbs, f`r thb salpjb rbos`n thot thb w`rkane onc pbrf`rlane d`ncata`ns `f dh`rusbs wbrb n`t salajor t` thot `f `rdhbstros. An `rcbr t` mbttbr cbvbj`p thas acbo, jbt us bxolanb thb noturb `f dh`roj jafb an thb nanbtbbnth dbntury.

AV. Dh`roj Taneane an thb Nanbtbbnth Dbntury

Dh`roj bnsblmjbs `f thb nanbtbbnth dbntury d`ujc mb dotbe`razbc an thb f`jj`wane typbs7 (?) pr`fbssa`noj `pbro dh`rusbs, (=) dhurdh dh`ars, (4) brucatb olotbur er`ups antbrbstbc an thb stucy `f borjy lusad, (3) olotbur dh`roj er`ups  portadapotane an pbrf`rlondbs, onc (2) olotburs dh`roj er`ups saneane san eane f`r rbdrbota`n. Cbpbncane `n thb d`untry, s`lb dh`roj prodtadbs wbrb l`rb p`pujor thon `thbrs. An

=9

 

bodh dotbe`ry thb caffbrbndb `f d`ntbxt onc purp`sb drbotbc caffbrbnt w`rkane d`ncata`ns f`r thb jbocbr.

@pbro dh`rusbs onc D`ndbrt Todrbc Lusad7  An `pbros `r an `thbr joreb-

sdojb w`rks anv`jvane `rdhbstro onc dh`rus, dh`rusbs wbrb

d`ncudtbc an

 pbrf`rlondb my thb `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`r. Uhbthbr Uhbthb r `r n`t o dh`rus wos occbc t` thb `rdhbstro hoc n` alpodt `n thb d`ncudtane. L`st `f thb borjy casdussa`ns `n d`ncudtane `njy lbnta`n dh`rusbs an thas d`ntbxt onc c` n`t d`nsacbr thb dosb `f unodd`lponabc dh`roj bnsblmjbs. Shb tosk `f rbhborsane thb dh`rus pra`r t` thb  pbrf`rlondb as eavbn t` o ‚dh`rus lostbr“. Has ossaenlbnt as portadujorjy unrbworcane7 thb dh`rus lostbr hos t` bncurb ojj thb poanstokane w`rk `f  prbporota`n, wath`ut thb pr`spbdt `f d`ncudtane thb pbrf`rlondb. At as bosy t` sbb h`w thb satuota`n d`ujc hovb `raeanojjy jbc t` o nbejbdt `f d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub. Os thb dh`rus lostbr wos n`t ontadapotane mbane an dhoreb `f jbocane thb odtuoj  pbrf`rlondb, thbrb wos n` rbos`n f`r hal t` rbjy `n thb usb `f ebsturb an `rcbr t` hbjp thb dh`rus an ony woy. On`thbr rberbttomjb ybt uncbrstoncomjb d`nsbqubndb `f thb ‚casp`somajaty“ `f dh`rus lostbrs wos o jalatbc anv`jvblbnt an lottbrs `f antbrprbtota`n. Shb dh`rus wajj bvbntuojjy hovb t` f`jj`w on`thbr‑s vabws `n thb w`rk, s` thb dh`rus lostbr wos n`t supp`sbc alpjblbnt has `wn. Hb wos bxpbdtbc t` bathbr ‚jbovb thb poeb mjonk“ `r, ot mbst, t` fanc `ut an ocvondb thb bxpbdtota`ns `f thb `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`r. D`nvbrsbjy, `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`rs, sandb thb dh`rusbs wbrb honcbc t` thbl ‚rbocy-t`-usb“ sbjc`l knbw ludh om`ut thb troanane `f v`adbs.

=?

 

Rnf`rtunotbjy, odd`rcane t` Mbrja`z, nbathbr cac lony dh`rus lostbrs. At sbbls thot, an has talb, at wos n`t bvbn thb noturb `f thb tosk thot wos cbtbrrane pr`erbss an d`ncudtane, mut ojt`ebthbr thb and`lpbtbndb `f th`sb an dhoreb. Mbrja`z‑ unf`reavane cbsdrapta`n as wbjj w`rth qu`tane7 Shb hopjbss dh`rus-sanebrs, l`rb`vbr, orb my for thb w`rst trbotbc `f ojj thb pbrf`rlbrs curane thbar stucabs, sudh os thby orb. Anstboc `f eavane thbl o e``c d`ncudt`r, kn`wane thb talbs `f thb caffbrbnt l`vblbnts oddurotbjy, onc pr`fadabnt an thb ort `f saneane, t` mbot talb, onc lokb dratadoj `msbrvota`ns7 o e``c paonast, pjoyane fr`l o wbjj-orronebc  paon`f`rtb sd`rb, up`n o e``c paon`; onc o va`janast, t` pjoy an unas`n `r an `dtovb wath thb v`adbs os bodh port as jbornbc oj`nb —anstboc `f thbsb thrbb ancaspbnsomjb ortasts, thby d`llat thbl (an tw`-tharcs `f thb jyrad thbotbrs `f Bur`pb) t` thb supbrantbncbndb `f o sanejb lon, wh` hos n` l`rb acbo `f thb ort `f d`ncudtane thon `f thot `f saneane, wh` as ebnbrojjy o p``r lusadaon, lusadaon, sbjbdtbc fr`l ol`ne thb w`rst paonasts paonasts t` mb f`unc, `r wh` donn`t pjoy thb paon`f`rtb ot ojj —s`lb `jc supbronnuotbc ancavacuoj, wh` sbotbc mbf`rb o mottbrbc `ut-`f-tunb anstrulbnt, trabs t` cbdaphbr o casj`dotbc sd`rb whadh hb c`bs n`t kn`w, strakbs fojsb dh`rcs log`r, whbn thby orb lan`r, `r vadb-vbrso, onc uncbr thb prbtbxt `f d`ncudtane onc `f odd`lponyane my halsbjf, blpj`ys has raeht honc an sbttane thb dh`russanebrs wr`ne an thbar talb, onc has jbft honc an sbttane thbl wr`ne an thbar tunb.?4 

An thb sbd`nc hojf `f thb baehtbbnth dbntury, o nbw castandta`n stortbc t` oppbor mbtwbbn sodrbc onc jatureadoj lusad. An thb post, thb bntarb sodrbc rbpbrt`arb wos pralorajy fundta`noj, thot as, cbstanbc s`jbjy t` mb usbc curane o loss, on `ffadb, `r o spbdaoj bvbnt. Shr`ueh`ut hast`ry thbrb hoc mbbn d`lpjoants om`ut thb (moc) anfjubndb `f sbdujor lusad `n dhurdh lusad. Mut an thb sbd`nc hojf `f thb baehtbbnth dbntury thas rbdurrane phbn`lbn`n wos t` hovb d`nsbqubndbs wath`ut prbdbcbnt. Rncbr thb anfjubndb `f sylph`nad lusad, nbwjy d`lp`sbc dhurdh lusad  pr`erbssavbjy erbw t` pr`p`rta`ns thot wbrb n` j`nebr ocoptbc f`r thbar odtuoj usb

?4

 Mbrja`z ?1=1 [?822\ , , =9.

==

 

curane o loss. Shb styjb `f thb lusad ojs` roasbc d`ntr`vbrsabs mbdousb `f ats  mrajjaondb. Lbosurbs wbrb s``n tokbn s` os t` prb prbvbnt vbnt thb usb `f lusad f`r caspjoy `f ortastry rothbr thon f`r sbjf-bffodane w`rshap bnhondblbnt. Ojrbocy curane L`zort‑s jafbtalb thb ordhmash`p D`jj`rbc` hoc alp`sbc o talb jalat f`r thb sbttane `f o loss. Cbspatb thbsb bff`rts, thb tbncbndy t`worc d`ndbrt sodrbc lusad `njy mbdolb str`nebr an thb nanbtbbnth dbntury, dujlanotane an w`rks sudh os Mbrja`z `r Vbrca‑s ]bquabls. Shbsb w`rks, systblotadojjy blpj`yane on `rdhbstro wath thb dh`rus, wbrb, jakb `pbros, uncbr thb jbocbrshap `f on `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`r. 

Dhurdh lusad7 Curane thb nanbtbbnth dbntury thb stotb `f dhurdh saneane

wos vbry voraomjb fr`l `nb d`untry t` on`thbr. Uathan o d`untry thbrb wbrb  pbrdbptamjb caffbrbndbs cbpbncane `n thb rbjaea`us offajaota`n. An Frondb, thb ]bv`juta`n `f ?581 hoc mbbn f`jj`wbc my thb d`nfasdota`n `f thb Frbndh Doth`jad Dhurdh‑s pr`pbrtabs, whadh wos thbn jbft wath jattjb rbs`urdbs t` d`ntanub t` fujfajj thb alp`rtont r`jb os o sp`ns`r `f lusad–onc os o nursbry `f lusadaons–whadh at hoc ojwoys pjoybc an thb post. O fbw ottblpts wbrb locb t` drbotb anstatuta`ns f`r thb pr`l`ta`n `f dhurdh lusad mut cub t` thb vbry anstomjb p`jatadoj djalotb an Frondb n`nb wbrb rbojjy j`ne-javbc?3. D`nsbqub D`nsbqubntjy ntjy,, dhurdh lusad an an Frondb wos

?3

 On Bd`jb ]`yojb bt Tpádaojb cb Dhont (jotbr thb Anstatuta`n ]`yojb cb Lusaqub ]bjaeabusb), spbdaojazbc an dh`roj saneane. F`uncbc an ?8=9 my Ojbxoncrb Dh`r`n, at cac n`t survavb thb ?849 rbv`juta`n. An thb fabjc `f sodrbc lusad, on Ád`jb cb Lusaqub Djossaqub bt ]bjaeabusb wos f`uncbc an ?824 my alpbraoj cbdrbb. Carbdtbc my J`uas cb Nabcbrlbybr, at troanbc `reonasts onc loîtrbs cb dhopbjjb. At j`st thb supp`rt `f thb stotb oftbr thb jow `n sbporota`n `f dhurdh onc stotb wos possbc. An ?816 thb Tdh`jo Dont`rul wos f`uncbc my Dhorjbs M`rcbs, Ojbxoncrb Euajlont onc Vandbnt c‑Ancy. Shb Tdh`jo wos pr`l`tane thb stucy onc blujota`n `f borjy lusad, bspbdaojjy d`untbrp`ant. Shb`ry wos fov`rbc t` prodtadb.

=4

 

`ftbn rbcudbc t` ats salpjbst bxprbssa`n. Shas as `nb `f thb rbos`ns why on bff`rt  mbeon f`r thb rbst`rota`n `f Erbe`raon dhont. Yjoan dhont, oport fr`l mbane s` blmjblotad `f thb bddjbsaostad trocata`n, oppborbc t` mb thb mbst dh`adb `f rbpbrt`arb f`r dhurdhbs cbpravbc `f joreb dh`roj bnsblmjbs. Osacb fr`l thb sdh`jorshap `n thb sumgbdt, thbrb as prodtadojjy n` Frbndh jatbroturb `n dhurdh saneane `r thb carbdta`n `f dhurdh dh`ars. Shb rbturn t`worc borjabr sodrbc rbpbrt`arb wos ojs` o rbodta`n oeoanst thb ‚j`ss `f l`cbsty“ `f dhurdh lusad. L`rb`vbr at fattbc wath on acboj vabw `f thb  post an thb bybs `f thb ]`lontads. An Ebrlony thb Doth`jad l`vblbnt DãdajabnVbrbans  anstaeotbc rbsbordh f`r thb rbst`rota`n `f dhont os wbjj, onc `n m`th sacbs

bcat`rs wbrb d`lpbtane t` prbsbnt thb l`st ‚outhbntad“ dhont an o nbw bcata`n `f thb dhurdh hylnoj. Shb Dãdajabn-Vbrbans   ojs` pumjashbc sbvbroj polphjbts `n thb  pbrf`rlondb onc d`ncudtane `f dhurdh lusad an thb nanbtbbnth dbntury. Mbsacb Erbe`raon dhont, thb l`vblbnt wos ojs` pr`l`tane thb pbrf`rlondb `f d`lp`sbrs `f thb D`untbr-]bf`rlota`n bro, sudh os Yojbstrano onc Jossus. Os dbrtoan mrondhbs `f Yr`tbstontasl, af n`t `pp`sbc t` thb usb `f lusad an jaturey, hoc ojwoys mbbn  pr`l`tane on odtavb portadapota`n `f thb foathfuj an jatureadoj lusad7 thb pbrf`rlondb  prodtadbs `f Yr`tbstont d`llunatabs wbrb thbrbf`rb n`t os sbvbrbjy ojtbrbc. Shb saneane `f thb d`nerbeota`n wos ojs` on alp`rtont fboturb an lony Ebrlon onc Olbradon d`nerbeota`ns `f thb nanbtbbnth dbntury. An Olbrado thb d`nerbeota`noj saneane wos thb d`ntanuota`n `f thb prodtadbs `f rbjaea`us d`llunatabs `f thb baehtbbnth dbntury7 on Olbradon-locb rbpbrt`arb, ‚f`rebc“ my thb tunbslaths, `f whadh Uajjaol Majjanes as thb l`st fol`us. D`nerbeota`noj saneane as `f erbot vojub

=3

 

an thb dhurdh mbdousb at bnhondbs o sbnsb `f d`llunaty my jbttane bvbry`nb  portadapotb an thb proasb. Mut `f ` f d`ursb at as n`t n `t thb l`st suatomjb bnvar`nlbnt f`r thb cbvbj`plbnt `f o rbfanbc dh`roj d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub. Shb d`untry thot hoc lonoebc t` mbst prbsbrvb ats dhurdh lusad trocata`n wos Bnejonc. Ojth`ueh thb dothbcroj dh`ars onc `thbr dh`ar sdh``js hoc mbbn thrbotbnbc an l`lbnts sudh os thb dj`surb `f `jc Doth`jad anstatuta`ns uncbr Hbnry VAAA onc oeoan om`ut o dbntury jotbr curane thb D`ll`nwbojth, thby wbrb s``n rbst`rbc. L`rb thon salpjb lusadoj anstatuta`ns, thb dh`ars wbrb pr`vacane ebnbroj onc rbjaea`us bcudota`n f`r thbar m`ydh`rastbrs. O er`wn-up dh`rastbr w`ujc `ftbn fanc blpj`ylbnt an thb dh`ar os o tbn`r `r o moss, blmrodb o djbradoj dorbbr, `r mbd`lb halsbjf on `reonast an dhoreb `f troanane o dh`ar. Shbsb tw` r`jbs, `reonast onc dh`arlostbr wbrb trocata`nojjy d`lmanbc. Rnc`umtbcjy, thb mbst f`rl `f troanane f`r thas p`sata`n wos t` hovb mbbn `nbsbjf o dh`ar m`y. Shus, `nb ebnbrota`n wos ojwoys jankbc t` thb prbva`us, whadh ojj`wbc m`th rbpbrt`arb onc troanane t` mb loantoanbc. Tandb thb prodtadb an thb nanbtbbnth dbntury wos thb d`ntanuota`n `f sudh o j`ne-jostane trocata`n, at as bosy t` ossulb thon thb nbbc f`r o nbw cbvbj`plbnt `f d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub wos n`t fbjt an thb dhurdhbs `f Bnejonc7 thb unodd`lponabc rbpbrt`arb wos trocata`nojjy pbrf`rlbc wath vbry jattjb d`ncudtane. ]othbr, sanebrs wbrb bnd`uroebc t` mbot talb f`r thblsbjvbs. Os f`r odd`lponabc saneane, jattjb antbrbst d`ujc mb bxpbdtbc t`worc bxprbssavb d`ncudtane ebsturbs fr`l o lon wh`sb honcs wbrb ojrbocy ot usb `n thb `reon curane thb pbrf`rlondb. An thb omsbndb `f odtavb d`ncudtane, thb tw` bjblbnts euorontbbane thb quojaty `f thb saneane wbrb thb dorbfuj rbhborsane `f thb rbpbrt`arb,

=2

 

os wbjj os thb j`ne tbrl troanane `f thb y`une m`ys. Shas troanane f`dusbc an  portadujor `n thb cbvbj`plbnt c bvbj`plbnt `f thb m` m`ys‑ ys‑ v`adbs s` os t` lotdh thb cbsarbc cbsarb c acboj `f s`n`raty. An occata`n, pr`fbssa`noj troanane an lusad wos pr`vacbc, oalane f`r o fjubndy an rbocane lusad ot saeht whadh wos `f d`ursb o nbdbssaty f`r thb jbornane `f o nbw rbpbrt` rbpbrt`arb arb bodh wbbk. Shu Shuss thb `reonast `reonast‑s ‑s r`jb wos thot `f o troanbr, o v`doj v`doj d`odh, onc o tbodhbr. Has r`jb an ‚pbrf`rlondb“ thot as, curane sbrvadbs, rbloanbc casdrbtb7 thb acbo `f o d`ncudt`r-ortast bxprbssane has `wn fbbjane w`ujc n`t hovb  mbbn fat an thb sbttane `f o rbjaea`us sbrvadb.

Anfjubndb `f thb Honcbjaon `rot`ra`7 Curane thb Mor`qub bro, dh`rusbs hoc

 mbbn an cbdjanb f`r styjastad os wbjj os fanondaoj rbos`ns. Shby wbrb bxdjucbc fr`l l`st `f thb nbw lusadoj f`rls, sovb thb Frbndh Sroeácab bn Lusaqub  onc Eronc  L`tbt . Mut thbar usb my Hon Honcbj cbj (?682-? (?682-?521) 521) an has `rot`ra`s `rot`ra`s wos t` hovb curomjb curomjb

d`nsbqubndbs `n dh`roj pbrf`rlondb. Oftbr on unsuddbssfuj ottblpt t` wratb `pbros f`r Bnejonc, Honcbj f`unc wath has `rot`ra`s thb woy t` wan thb hbort `f Bnejash oucabndbs. O erbot port `f thas suddbss wos cub t` Honcbj‑s dh`adb t` eavb thb dh`rus o pr`lanbnt r`jb, salajor t` thb ontaqub r`jb `f thb dh`rus an thb Erbbk troebcabs. Shb bxtbnsavb usb `f thb dh`rus wos ojj`wane Honcbj t` drbotb djalox  p`ants whajb caspbnsane wath bxpbnsavb onc `ftbn doprada`us dopr ada`us s`j` sanebrs. Uath`ut thb tyronnadoj `pbro stors jbss blphosas wos pjodbc `n vartu`s` saneane, onc thb nbw sanebrs wbrb wajjane t` sum`rcanotb thblsbjvbs t` thb w`rk mbane pbrf`rlbc. Shus Honcbj wos frbbr t`

=6

 

cbvbj`p has lusadoj onc crolotad acbos ancbpbncbntjy `f sanebrs‑ cbloncs?2.

Shb tostb `f thb Bnejash f`r Honcbj‑s `rot`ra`s hos `ftbn mbbn ottramutbc t` thb fodt thot an thbsb @jc Sbstolbnts st`rabs thby d`ujc bosajy acbntafy thblsbjvbs wath thb Asrobjatbs7 ‚m`th antbnsbjy nota`nojastad, jbc my hbr`ad faeurbs, onc eavbn thb spbdaoj pr`tbdta`n `f E`c.“  ?6  Ojrbocy my thb tharc `rot`ra`  Othojao (?544), thb  pbrf`rlondbs hoc eoanbc bn`ueh p`pujoraty os t` ottrodt on oucabndb `f 4599 spbdtot`rs. S`worc thb bnc `f Honcbj‑s jafb, o trbnc f`r pbrf`rlane has `rot`ra`s wath rothbr joreb dh`rusbs an thb `ddosa`n `f rbjaea`us fbstavojs hoc stortbc (ojth`ueh n`t uncbr has `wn supbrvasa`n). F`r thbsb pbrf`rlondbs–`ftbn `reonazbc f`r dhoratomjb purp`sbs–dh`ars `f nbaehm`rane databs g`anbc f`rdbs t` pr`vacb l`rb bjom`rotb lusad f`r o spbdaoj sbrvadb. Shas prodtadb as ot thb `raean `f thb jostane suddbss `f Honcbj‑s (`r ‘Honcbjaon‑) `rot`ra` j`ne oftbr thbar talb an Bnejonc, onc wos t` hovb o pr`f`unc anfjubndb w`rjcwacb `n dh`roj pbrf`rlondb. Shb er`upane `f sbvbroj dhurdh dh`ars wos n`t d`nstatutane o joreb bn`ueh f`rdb onyl`rb;  pr`erbssavbjy, olotburs sanebrs fr`l thb d`llunaty wbrb occbc t` thb nulmbr. Oftbr Honcbj‑s cboth, thb pbrf`rlondb `f has `rot`ra` turnbc ant` o dujt  phbn`lbn`n, onc thb pbrf`rlane f`rdbs f `rdbs erbw t` eaeontad pr`p`rta`ns.   Shb dbntbnory `f Honcbj‑s marth wos dbjbmrotbc an ?583 (o ybor  prbloturbjy) wath o fbstavoj `f has w`rks an Ubstlanstbr Ommby; 499 sanebrs onc =29 anstrulbntojasts portadapotbc. Shb sanebrs dolb fr`l vora`us ports `f Bnejonc, onc, os o rbsujt `f thb alprbssa`ns thby dorrabc h`lb wath thbl t` thbar j`doj dh`roj `reonazota`ns, joreb-sdojb  pbrf`rlondbs mbdolb thb rujb rothbr thon thb bxdbpta`n. Os for os antbrprbtota`n wos d`ndbrnbc, thb ?583 d`llbl`rota`n wos o wotbrshbc, ?2

 Tlathbr. ?155, 425  ?6 Tlathbr ?155 , 42?

=5

 

f`r fr`l thbn untaj l`cbrn talbs thb loan blphosas wos `n joreb nulmbrs onc mr`oc bffbdts, wath thb `rdhbstro rbcudbc t` o supp`rtane r`jb. Shb suddbss `f thb ?583 d`llbl`rota`n wos f`jj`wbc my `thbr Honcbj fbstavojs an Ubstlanstbr Ommby7 an ?582 thbrb wbrb 6?6  portadaponts, an ?586 531, an ?585 896, onc an ?51? (whbn Hoycn wos  prbsbnt) thb nulmbr nulmbr hoc andrbosbc t` t` l`rb thon ?999.?5 ?999.?5

Tandb thb pbrf`rlondbs `f `rot`ra`s ontbcotbc thb ocvbnt `f mot`n d`ncudtane, at wos n`t rorb, bvbn jotb an thb nanbtbbnth dbntury, t` sbb `rot`ra`s  mbane pbrf`rlbc uncbr on `jc-fosha`nbc typb `f c`umjb jbocbrshap7 o dh`rus jbocbr sattane ot thb kbym`orc, s`lbtalbs mbotane `r pjoyane t` kbbp thanes an `rcbr an thb dh`rus, whajb thb `rdhbstro w`ujc f`jj`w thbar d`ndbrtlostbr. F`r thb ?583 Honcbj dbjbmrota`n, thb calbnsa`ns `f thb bvbnt oskbc f`r bvbn l`rb7 thb carbdta`n wos shorbc mbtwbbn thb `reonast G`oh Motbs, thb jbocane Bnejash d`ndbrtlostbr Uajhbjl Drolbr onc thrbb `thbr talb-mbotane ossastonts.?8 Shus, `rot`ra` pbrf`rlondbs wbrb n` l`rb o pr`pata`us fabjc f`r thb cbvbj`plbnt `f d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub thon wbrb thb dhurdh dh`ars. Olotbur dh`roj s`dabtabs7 Tudh bvbnts jbft an thb portadaponts thb cbsarb t`

d`ntanub thb prodtadb `f dh`roj saneane, os wbjj os t` prbporb thb nbxt fbstavoj. Shus thby wbrb on alp`rtont fodt`r an thb cbvbj`plbnt `f olotbur dh`roj s`dabtabs. At as thr`ueh thb phbn`lbn`n `f fbstavojs onc bn lossb saneane thot dh`roj saneane wbnt fr`l o pr`fbssa`noj t` on olotbur prodtadb, onc fr`l mbane jorebjy sodrbc t` mbane jorebjy sbdujor. Aloeanotavb woys wbrb f`unc an `rcbr t` bnomjb thb olotbur  pbrf`rlbrs t` jborn thbar port. An ?824, o nnbw bw ssystbl ystbl `f lusadoj n`tota`n n`t ota`n dojjbc thb ?5

Q`une onc Tlath7 'Dh`rus', Shb Nbw Er`vb Cadta`nory `f Lusad onc Lusadaons, bc. T. Tocab Tocab onc G. Syrrbjj (J`nc`n7 Lodlajjon, =99?), 27556. ?8 F`r o l`rb d`lpjbtb cbsdrapta`n `f thas bvbnt sbb Eojkan ?188 , 329-32?

=8

 

‚S`nad T`j-Fo“, mosbc `n thb prandapjb `f l`vomjb c` wos cbsaenbc my G`hn Durwbn. At mbdolb vbry p`pujor wath dh`roj s`dabtabs f`r om`ut o dbntury. F`jj`wane thb bxolpjb `f Bnejonc, olotbur dh`roj s`dabtabs cbv`tbc t` `rot`ra` pbrf`rlondb sprboc thr`ueh`ut Bur`pb. Bnejonc wos ojs` spbdaojjy rbeorcbc os o l`cbj f`r dh`roj lottbrs  an Olbrado, bspbdaojjy an urmon dbntbrs, wath haehbr dujturoj bxpbdtota`ns. Shbrb Bur`pbon lusad wos stajj rbdbavane l`rb bstbbl thon thb nota`noj ort. @rot`ra` s`dabtabs s``n pr`jafbrotbc. Sw` `f thb borjabst dh`roj s`dabtabs cbcadotbc t` thas rbpbrt`arb wbrb thb Honcbj onc Hoycn T`dabty `f M`st`n (f`uncbc ?8?2) onc thb Todrbc Lusad T`dabty `f Nbw Q`rk (?8=4). Mut n`t ojj olotbur s`dabtabs bxastbc f`r thb pbrf`rlondb `f `rot`ra`s. An lony anstondbs, dh`roj lusad wos sune f`r thb purb bntbrtoanlbnt `f thb pbrf`rlbrs7 thb dh`ars/djums, usuojjy locb up `f w`rkane-djoss lbn, wbrb oalbc ot n` erbot ortastad odd`lpjashlbnt, onc bng`ybc l`stjy thb s`daoj ospbdt `f thb eothbranes. Shby pbrf`rlbc on bosabr rbpbrt`arb, `ftbn jaeht onc hul`rastad, s`lbtalbs potra`tad. Tudh dh`ars wbrb er`upbc an Frondb uncbr thb @rphá`n  l`vblbnt, whajb an Ebrlony thby wbrb dojjbc Jabcbrtofbj, onc an Bnejonc, Ejbb-djums. Shbsb `reonazota`ns, bspbdaojjy thb jottbr tw`, ojs` dr`ssbc thb Otjontad. An Frondb, thb @rphá`n  l`vblbnt mbdolb bspbdaojjy p`pujor. Eavbn thot lusadoj bcudota`n wos s`jbjy pr`vacbc my thb vbry bjatast D`nsbrvot`arb   onc rbstradtbc t` th`sb sh`wane bn`ueh p`tbntaoj t` poss thb oclattondb bxolanota`n, @rphá`n wos f`r lony thb `njy oddbss t` lusadoj prodtadb. Shb l`vblbnt, purbjy dh`roj ot ats andbpta`n, an thb ?849‑s, erbw t` andjucb `vbr ?29,999 lblmbrs my ?831, mut my thot talb andjucbc ojs` nulbr`us anstrulbntoj

=1

 

 moncs. Shot o l`vblbnt, dh`roj ot ats andbpta`n w`ujc cbvbj`p t` mb ojs` anstrulbntoj as vbry blmjblotad `f thb d`untry‑s lusadoj tbncbndabs. Frondb wos l`st rbs`jutbjy o jonc `f anstrulbntojasts rothbr thon `f dh`roj sanebrs. Osacb fr`l `nb pumjadota`n, an ?196,  J'ácudota`  J'ácudota`nn lusadojb p`pujoarb7 J'ort cu dhbf c'@rphá`n, c'@rphá`n,  my ]busdhbj, ]bus dhbj, thbr thbrbb wos n` d`ntramuta`n d` ntramuta`n an Frondb t` thb jatbroturb `n dh`roj saneane `r dh`roj d`ncudtane f`r thb bntarb farst hojf `f thb twbntabth dbntury. @ndb oeoan, thb solb `msbrvota`n lust mb locb; dh`roj l`vblbnts bxastane f`r rbdrbota`n wbrb n`t e`ane t` hovb bn`ueh ortastad olmata`n t` gustafy thb anv`jvblbnt `f o l`cbrn d`ncudt`r, o fabry ortast ‚é jo Mbrja`z“.

Borjy Lusad an sbdujor d`ntbxt7 Shb oclarota`n f`r borjy lusad wos n`t

jalatbc t` thb dhurdh n`r t` thb pbrf`rlondb `f `rot`ra`s. An Bnejonc s`dabtabs cbcadotbc bspbdaojjy t` thb Bnejash ]bnoassondb locraeoj rbpbrt`arb bxastbc ojrbocy curane thb farst hojf `f thb baehtbbnth dbntury7 thb Locraeoj T`dabty `f J`nc`n wos f`uncbc an ?53?. My thb nanbtbbnth dbntury locraeojs hoc mbdolb o port `f thb typadoj rbpbrt`arb `f dh`roj s`dabtabs. Nbbcjbss t` soy, thbsb jaeht w`rks wbrb  pbrf`rlbc my sudh joreb dh`ru dh`rusbs sbs an o woy wo y quatb rrbl`tb bl`tb fr`l thot `f thbar bp`dh `f `raean. An ?519 an Mbrjan, o sbdujor bnsblmjb, thb Taneokocblab,  wos f`uncbc my Korj Dhrastaon Fosdh (?546-?899) t` cbv`tb atsbjf t` borjy lusad rbpbrt`arb. Fosdh wos o Lbcabvoj onc ]bnoassondb lusad bnthusaost. Os ats nolb sueebsts, thb Taneokocblab stortbc os o tbodhane anstatuta`n. Ot farst at hoc n` l`rb thon o c`zbn

`f lblmbrs shorane wath Fosdh o tostb f`r borjy unodd`lponabc dh`roj rbpbrt`arb.

49

 

Shby `raeanojjy lbt ot o pravotb rbsacbndb. O ybor jotbr, thby wbrb ojrbocy twbntysbvbn. Shbrboftbr, thb lblmbrshap cac n`t dbosb t` er`w, pbokane ot 699 sanebrs o dbntury oftbr ats f`uncane. Lbonwhajb, thb slojj er`up hoc bv`jvbc ant` o wbjj `reonazbc s`dabty, wath m`orc onc lblmbrshap fbbs. Shb s`dabty cac n`t eavb o  pbrf`rlondb (ojth`ueh `ddosa`n `ddosa`nojjy ojjy o rbhborsoj d`ujc mb `pbnbc t` thb pumjad) untaj @dt`mbr 8, ?899, tw` l`nths oftbr thb cboth `f Fosdh. S` h`n`r ats f`uncbr at  pbrf`rlbc L`zort‑s ]bquabl, odd`lponabc my thb `rdhbstro `f thb r`yoj dhopbj an Mbrjan. Shus, thb Taneokocblab  wos n`t jalatane atsbjf t` unodd`lponabc lusad ony furthbr. At pbrf`rlbc an ?8=1 thb Tt Lotthbw Yossa`n uncbr thb carbdta`n `f Lbncbjss`hn. Shb Taneokocblab  hoc o erbot anfjubndb `vbr Ebrlon dh`roj jafb, sbttane on bxolpjb f`r ‚sbra`us“ olotbur dh`roj s`dabtabs, mut ojs` d`ntramutbc t` thb  possoeb `f whot hoc ojwoys mbbn thb dhurdh lusad lu sad potral`ny fr`l thb jaturey t` thb d`ndbrt hojj, thus w`rkane an thb `pp`satb carbdta`n `f thb Dbdajaons. Bvbn th`ueh Ebrlony wos an thb sbd`nc hojf `f thb nanbtbbnth dbntury thb d`untry whbrb thb antbrbst f`r d`ncudtane wos thb erbotbst, thbrb as jattjb anf`rlota`n ovoajomjb om`ut thb woy o doppbjjo lusad wos d`ncudtbc. At w`ujc mb vbry antbrbstane t` jborn h`w thb rbpbrt`arb `f borjy lusad wos d`ncudtbc. Ebrlony loy hovb ojrbocy hoc my thot talb l`rb thon `nb fanb lusad`j`east dopomjb `f fancane an trbotasbs thot an lottbrs `f d`ncudtane, ojj thot wos nbbcbc an ]bnoassondb p`jyph`ny wos o todtus. Mut Mut w who hott om`ut ojj thb fanb Ebrlon o doppbjjo ]`lontad rbpbrt`arb ; h`w wos at pbrf`rlbc onc d`ncudtbc0 L`rb rbsbordh as nbbcbc t` djorafy thas p`ant, os wb cac n`t fanc ony  prbdasa`n `n thas alp`rtont alp`rto nt ospbdt an thb c` c`dulbnts dulbnts oddbssamjb t` us. u s. Shb qubsta`n as

4?

 

`f alp`rtondb f`r tw` rbos`ns7 thb jbocane r`jb `f thb Ebrlons an thb borjy cbvbj`plbnts `f `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane onc thb fodt thot unodd`lponabc dh`roj  pbrf`rlondb as, an bssbndb, thb l`st pr`pata`us bnvar`nlbnt f`r thb cbvbj`plbnt `f o d`ncudtane d`ncudtane whadh w` w`ujc ujc mb trujy dh`r dh`roj. oj.

D`ndjusa`n

Shb `msbrvota`n `f thb caffbrbnt typbs `f dh`roj bnsblmjbs `f thb nanbtbbnth dbntury d`nfarls thb hast`radoj tbncbndy7 o dj`sb rbjota`nshap bxasts mbtwbbn thb nbbcs `f on bnsblmjb onc thb fundta`ns fujfajjbc my ats jbocbr. H`wbvbr, o pbrfbdt ocoptota`n `f thb jbocbrshap t` thb nbbcs donn`t mb odhabvbc unjbss thb nbbcs orb  pr`pbrjy odkn`wjbcebc. Mbrja`z, f`r bxolpjb, wos oworb `f thb nbbcs `f on `pbro dh`rus mut sbblanejy th`sb an dhoreb `f thb rbdruatlbnt `f dh`rus lostbrs wbrb n`t. Shb marth `f l`cbrn d`ncudtane wos n`t o sp`ntonb`us bvbnt. At wos pr`lptbc my  prbdasb fodt`rs thot offbdtbc `rdhbstroj pbrf`rlondb7 pb rf`rlondb7 d`lp`sbrs wbrb n`t thblsbjvbs lblmbrs `f thb bnsblmjbs onyl`rb, `rdhbstros erbw an sazb onc thb lusad thby  pjoybc erbw an d`lpjbxaty. Shbsb thrbb fodt`rs d`ntramutbc t` omonc`nane thb jbocbrshap fr`l ansacb thb `rdhbstro. Shb lusad fr`l thb djossadoj bro d`ujc mb sdhblotazbc os mbane f`uncbc `n thb n`ta`ns `f strudturb, mojondb, onc fboturane cbjadotbjy shopbc thblbs. Shb lusad fr`l thb f`jj`wane ebnbrota`n mbdolb l`rb  pbrs`noj, crolotad, unprbcadtomjb; at rrbquarbc bquarbc o haehbr bl`ta`noj anv`jvblbnt fr`l thb pbrf`rlbrs, ybt stajj nbbcbc o sbnsb `f unaty an thb w`rk `f thb bnsblmjb. Shas

4=

 

jbc t` thb oddbptondb `f thb d`ncudt`r os on ‚bl`ta`noj rbfbrbndb.“ N`t `njy d`ujc thb pbrf`rlbrs f`jj`w has tblp`s, mut thby d`ujc acbntafy wath has `wn bl`ta`ns onc thus d`ntramutb ojj ot `ndb t` thb bxprbssa`n `f thbsb bl`ta`ns. Shas wos bspbdaojjy trub whbn thb d`lp`sbr halsbjf wos d`ncudtane. Mut thb er`wane antbrbst f`r thb lusad `f thb post, os wbjj os thb wacbr castramuta`n `f nbw `rdhbstroj w`rks  mr`ueht om`ut o spjat mbtwbbn d`lp`sane onc d`ncudtane. An thb omsbndb `f thb d`lp`sbr, o d`ncudt`r hoc t` stonc an has pjodb onc spbok an has nolb, thot as, mb thb d`lp`sbr‑s antbrprbtbr. Lbonwhajb, thb tbdhnadoj bv`juta`n `f `rdhbstroj lusad rbquarbc andrbosane tbdhnadoj lostbry fr`l thb d`ncudt`r7 thas bvbntuojjy locb d`ncudtane o spbdaojty. Os o d`nsbqubndb, d`lp`sbrs pr`erbssavbjy dbosbc t` mb d`nsacbrbc e``c d`ncudt`rs ‚my noturb“. ]beorcane tblp` dh`adb onc bl`ta`noj d`ntbnt thby hoc noturoj outh`raty, mut thby cac n`t nbdbssorajy hovb thb skajjs t` lokb thbsb bjblbnts djbor t` thb pbrf`rlbrs. Shb l`cbrn d`ncudt`r don thus mb cbfanbc os o pbrs`n bxtbrnoj t` thb bnsblmjb, d``rcanotane pbrf`rlbrs tblp`rojjy onc bl`ta`nojjy curane thb  pbrf`rlondb wath thb hbjp `f spbdaoj skajjs, onc rbsp`nsamjb `f thb rbncbrane `f thb  pabdb an d`nf`rlaty wath thb antbnta`ns `f thb d`lp`sbr, ot thb mbst p`ssamjb p`ssa mjb ortastad jbvbj. Jbocbrs `f dh`roj bnsblmjbs wbrb n`t an p`sata`n t` lotdh thas cbfanata`n f`r sbvbroj p`ssamjb rbos`ns7 •

T`lb`nb bjsb wos t` mb an dhoreb `f thb fanoj pbrf`rlondb. Shas satuota`n offbdtbc thb jbocbrs `f dh`rusbs anv`jvbc an dh`roj/`rdhbstroj w`rks onc `pbros.

44

 

•

Shb typb `f lusad pbrf`rlbc cac n`t rbquarb bjom`rotb d``rcanota`n (whbthbr bl`ta`noj `r tblp`roj). Shas oppjabc bspbdaojjy t` borjy lusad onc jatureadoj lusad.

•

Shb bnsblmjb hoc jalatbc ortastad olmata`n. Shas wos thb dosb `f djums bng`yane saneane f`r thbar `wn rbdrbota`n.

Shus, bvbn th`ueh dh`roj pbrf`rlondb bxastbc an s` lony caffbrbnt d`ntbxts an thb nanbtbbnth dbntury, n`nb `f thbsb d`ntbxts wos fov`romjb t` o cbvbj`plbnt `f d`ncudtane d`lporomjb t` thot `f thb `rdhbstroj fabjc7 my ?199, thb l`cbrn dh`roj   d`ncudt`r wos n`t ybt m`rn.

43

 

DHOYSB] AA7 ?199-?14= Shb Bro `f Dh`roj Sroanbrs

Shb twbntabth dbntury stortbc wath o dh`roj joncsdopb acbntadoj t` thot `f thb nanbtbbnth dbntury. ]btr`spbdtavbjy, thb tw` farst cbdocbs `f thb twbntabth dbntury don mb sbbn os thb dujlanota`n `f nanbtbbnth dbntury dh`roj prodtadbs. @njy t` o jbssbr bxtbnt orb thby o prbjucb t` thb jotbr ybors `f thb twbntabth dbntury. Hovane cbsdrambc an thb prbva`us dhoptbr thb caffbrbnt d`ntbxts anv`jvane dh`roj saneane, wb wajj n`w sbbk t` cbfanb whot wos bxpbdtbc fr`l dh`roj jbocbrs w`rkane an th`sb d`ntbxts. O ebnbroj bxolanota`n `f `ur s`urdbs sh`ws thot n` m``k pumjashbc an Bnejash mbf`rb ?14= usbs thb bxprbssa`n dh`roj d`ncudt`r, `r dh`roj d`ncudtane an ats tatjb. An Ebrlony, Dh`rcaraebnt   as blpj`ybc my Fronz Bsdhwbajbr an ?1=9. Ub hovb s`ueht anf`rlota`n `n dh`roj jbocbrshap an pumjadota`ns `n dh`roj saneane `r `n d`ncudtane. L`st pumjadota`ns `n dh`roj saneane d`lb fr`l Bnejonc?1. Sh Shbb tw tw`` typbs `f bnsblmjbs l`stjy d`nsacbrbc an thas jatbroturb orb dhurdh dh`ars onc dh`roj s`dabtabs. Ub hovb sbbn thot thb r`jb `f dh`roj jbocbrs an pbrf`rlondb wos jalatbc `r anbxastbnt an thbsb d`ntbxts an thb nanbtbbnth dbntury. At as thbn j`eadoj thot thb jatbroturb `f thb borjy twbntabth dbntury f`dusbs `n on`thbr typb `f w`rk, nolbjy, thb prbporota`n t` thb pbrf`rlondb. Sroanane thb dh`ar oppbors os thb bjblbntory fundta`n `f thb dh`roj jbocbr. Odd`rcane t` thb typb `f bnsblmjb, thb troanane don tokb vora`us f`rls, whadh wb wajj bxolanb mbj`w. An Bnejonc n` spbdaoj ottbnta`n

?1

 Tbb Ontdjaffb nc, Mardh nc, D`worc ?1?3, Fjblane nc, Hojj ?196, Kajmurn nc, Lanshojj ?886, L``cy ?1=4, Td`tt ?195, Tall`ns ?196, Ttumms ?888, Vbnomjbs.?886, Uotts nc.

42

 

as eavbn t` thb qubsta`n `f d`ncudtane. @nb fancs `njy `nb m``k `n thb t`pad=9  curane thb farst tw` cbdocbs. An Ebrlony thb satuota`n as bxodtjy thb rbvbrsb. Ojth`ueh dh`roj saneane wos for fr`l mbane unp`pujor, at sbbls thot thb qubsta`n `f thb jbocbrshap `f dh`rusbs rbloanbc an thb shoc`w `f `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane, ot jbost an prant. Shb sbporota`n an thb jatbroturb mbtwbbn casdussa`ns `f dh`roj saneane onc d`ncudtane d`nfarls `ur hyp`thbsas thot dh`roj jbocbrs wbrb ebnbrojjy n`t odkn`wjbcebc os mbane d`ncudt`rs. Nbvbrthbjbss thbar prbsbndb wos nbbcbc f`r spbdafad tosks whadh wb wajj n`w cbsdramb.

A. Shb Srocata`n `f thb Bnejash Dh`roj Sroanbr

An Bnejonc, thb dh`ar `f lbn onc m`ys hoc rbloanbc thb stoncorc bnsblmjb f`r thb pbrf`rlondb `f dhurdh lusad. Shas c`bs n`t lbon thot ot thb mbeannane `f thb twbntabth dbntury ojj porashbs an Bnejonc d`ujc off`rc o dh`ar sdh``j. An pjodbs wath`ut o prbva`usjy bstomjashbc dh`roj trocata`n, thb pbrs`n an dhoreb `f thb dh`ar cac n`t nbdbssorajy hovb thb kn`wjbceb nbdbssory t` dorry `ut thb troanane `f y`une v`adbs onc d`ujc mb unprbporbc t` jboc thb dh`ar ojt`ebthbr. Lusad hoc ojs` mbbn antr`cudbc os o port `f thb bjblbntory sdh``j durradujul, onc thbrb t`` thbrb wos o nbbc f`r dh`roj carbdt`rs. Shas satuota`n bxpjoans thb p`pujoraty `f m``ks `n thb troanane `f m`ys‑ v`adbs an Bnejonc. =? On bvbn erbotbr nulmbr `f outh`rs wr`tb `n =9

 Dr`ebr ?194. Dr`ebr wos n`t o d`ncudt`r halsbjf. Has m``k fboturbs o fbw hants onc lony onbdc`tbs oftbr has `msbrvota`n `f vora`us d`ncudt`rs os o dh`roj s`dabty sanebr an Bnejonc. Shas  m``k as vbry ansdrambc ansdrambc an ats `wn talb onc pjodb. At eavbs o e``c ansaeht ansaeht `n thb dh`roj dh`roj jafb `f thb thb bp`dh, sbrvane wbjj os on hast`radoj c`dulbnt, mut rothbr p``rjy os o d`ncudtane lbth`c. =? Tbb Fjblane nc [?1910\,, L``cy ?1=4, ]adhorcs`n ?1?3,Uotts nc [?1??0\.

46

 

thb sumgbdt wath thb antbnt `f bxp`rtane thas Bnejash dh`roj trocata`n t` thb dhurdhbs `f thb Rnatbc Ttotbs==. Outh`rs Outh`rs wh` pumjashbc an Bnejonc Bnejonc anvora anvoraomjy omjy `pbnbc thbar thbar trbotasbs wath o d`lpjoant `n thb lbca`draty `f dhurdh dh`roj saneane ot thb talb. Shus, thb opporata`n `f thb sumgbdt an prant d`andacbc wath o wbokbnane an thb trocata`n. ]adhorcs`n ancbbc osks Uhbrb as thb s`ft fujj purb t`nb thot sh`ujc dhorodtbrazb m`ys‑ v`adbs0 @njy hborc an vbry fbw pjodbs; at w`ujc pbrhops mb sofb t` soy thot thbar nulmbr laeht mb d`untbc `n thb fanebrs `f m`th honcs.

Tbvbroj outh`rs s`ueht t` rblbcy thb p``r stotb `f dhurdh saneane onc kbbp thb trocata`n ojavb my lokane oddbssamjb t` o wacbr pumjad thb jbeody `f thb Bnejash dothbcroj dh`arlostbrs. O typadoj oppr`odh t` v`doj pr`cudta`n hoc mbbn cbvbj`pbc, ebnbrota`n oftbr ebnbrota`n, an thb dh`ar sdh``js. At as `n thas l`cbj thot Bnejash outh`rs mosb thbar rbd`llbncota`ns. Ub wajj n`t ottblpt hbrb t` cbsdramb thas troanane an cbtoajs. Jbt us salpjy n`tb thot l`st outh`rs sbbl t` oerbb `n o suddbssa`n `f stbps an thb troanane7 (?) w`rk `n mrboth d`ntr`j, (=) odhabvblbnt `f o e``c (f`rworc) t`nb `n o rothbr haeh patdh `n ‚``“, (4) w`rk `n c`wnworc sdojbs an `rcbr t` kbbp thb quojaty `f thb hboc v`adb f`r thb j`wbr n`tbs onc prbvbnt o ‚thr`oty“ t`nb. @ndb thas as odhabvbc `n ‚``“, thb w`rk f`dusbs `n thb puraty `f ojj `thbr v`wbj s`uncs onc antr`cudbs l`rb vorabc lbj`cad pottbrns. T`ft saneane as rbd`llbncbc thr`ueh`ut. Bvbntuojjy, `ndb o dbrtoan quojaty `f t`nb as rbodhbc `n ojj v`wbjs, l`rb bjblbnts orb antr`cudbc, sudh os thb saneane `f o drbsdbnc` onc cbdrbsdbnc`, `r thb w`rk `n thb prbdasa`n `f d`ns`nonts. An lony dosbs thb == Ttumms ?888,

U`cbjj ?19?, Hojj ?196, ]adhorcs`n ?1?3, onc jotbr Fann ?142 onc Fann ?141.

45

 

casdussa`n `n v`adb troanane as odd`lponabc my rbd`llbncota`ns `n thb tbodhane `f saeht-saneane, whadh wos port `f thb dh`ar sdh``j troanane os wbjj. @nb p`ant as ebnbrojjy jbft `msdurb7 n` prodtadoj ocvadb as eavbn om`ut thb odtuoj castramuta`n `f thb troanane an talb. An thb `raeanoj d`ntbxt `f thb dh`ar sdh``j, thb yborjy r`tota`ns ojj`wbc thb y`unebst rbdruats t` mb an troanane whajb thb bxpbrabndbc m`ys d`ujc mb rbjabc up`n t` sane thb sbrvadbs. Mbsacbs, at laeht hovb mbbn p`ssamjb an sudh anstatuta`ns, t` cbv`tb o spbdafad talb t` v`doj troanane `utsacb thb n`rloj rbhborsoj talb, p`ssamjy `n o coajy mosas. Mut an o nbwjy drbotbc porash dh`ar `r an on bjblbntory sdh``j, dh`ar troanbrs wbrb n`t jakbjy omjb t` d`unt `n thbsb ossbts. H`wbvbr ojj outh`rs dorbfujjy ov`ac thb qubsta`n onc jbovb at up t` thb rbocbr t` fanc woys t` andjucb o talb-d`nsulane troanane ant` o talb-rbstroanbc rbhborsoj sdhbcujb. @nb jost ospbdt don ojs` mb qubsta`nbc. L`st outh`rs wbrb omjb t` djborjy cbsdramb thb bjblbnts `f o e``c v`doj pr`cudta`n onc h`w thby d`ujc mb odquarbc. Shby usuojjy pr`vacbc spbdafad bxbrdasbs. Qbt `nb vbry alp`rtont fodt`r as `vbrj``kbc7 thb  prodtadoj troanane `f thb troanbr halsbjf. D`ujc thb kn`wjbceb thot thbsb outh`rs  prbsbnt rbojjy mb put ant` ony honcs onc usbc pr`pbrjy0 At ssbbls bbls thot thb jbornane `f v`doj prandapjbs an o m``k d`ujc horcjy suffadb an atsbjf. O y`une Bnejash dh`arlostbr wh` hoc o typadoj post os o dh`arm`y hoc ojs` odquarbc quojatabs thot donn`t mb caspbnsbc wath an has nbw tosk7 o wbjj-troanbc v`adb wath whadh hb don  pr`vacb pr`pbr v`doj bxolpjbs, on acboj `f dh`roj s`n`raty, onc o folajaoraty wath thb rbhborsoj onc troanane r`utanb. Hovane mbbn thr`ueh thas r`utanb halsbjf, hb wajj  mb prbporbc t` guceb thb raeht podane f` f`rr thb odqu odquarblbnt arblbnt `f dh`roj tbdhnaqub my thb

48

 

nbw sanebrs. L`st alp`rtontjy hb wajj ojs` mb omjb t` lokb thb nbdbssory ocgustlbnts t` thb bxbrdasbs an rbodta`n t` whot hb hbors, untaj thb stoncorc hb hos jbornbc t` bxpbdt as odhabvbc. Shus, `ur y`une dh`arlostbr, whbthbr oworb `f at `r n`t, as prbporbc f`r has nbw r`jb, whajb thb rbocbr `f o m``k `n dh`roj troanane laeht salpjy n`t mb. N`nb `f thb m``ks `n dh`roj troanane cbv`tb ony casdussa`n `n thb r`jbs, rbsp`nsamajatabs onc troanane `f thb troanbr halsbjf. L`st `f thbsb m``ks dopturbc thb `mva`us port `f thb qubsta`n, thot as, ‚whot t` bxpbdt fr`l thb sanebrs“ `r ‚whot t` tbodh thbl“. Shb jbss d`nspadu`us jbornane, whadh wos thb fruat `f  pbrs`noj bxpbrabndb wathan thb `raeanoj trocata`n, thot as, ‚whot sh`ujc A kn`w os o dh`roj troanbr“, onc ‚h`w sh`ujc A tbodh thb sanebrs whot thby nbbc t` kn`w“, hoc unf`rtunotbjy mbbn nbejbdtbc. Ancarbdtjy, thas assub as occrbssbc my Eb`reb Fjbllane an thb prbfodb `f has Srbotasb   `n thb Sro Sroanan ananee `f M`ys‑ M`ys‑ V`adb V`adbss whbn hb sueebsts thb jodk `f oppr`praotb troanane f`r dh`arlostbrs. Uhot `ur stucbnts `f dh`ar-troanane rbquarb as n`t salpjy prodtadb an thb troanane `f saneane an o ebnbroj woy t` o djoss `f m`ys, `r ottbncondb ot thb bxdbjjbnt jbdturbs `n thb sumgbdt eavbn ot vora`us d`jjbebs fr`l talb t` talb, mut `pp`rtunatabs `f f`jj`wane wath uncbvaotane rbeujoraty thb systblotad troanane `f m`ys, pursubc my o d`lpbtbnt tbodhbr fr`l thb vbry `utsbt `f thb m`ys‑ dorbbr os dh`rastbrs up t` thot p`ant ot whadh thby loy  mb d`nsacbrbc rbjaomjb rbjaomjb lblmbrs `f thbar dh`ar.=4 

Fjblane c`bs n`t eavb ony prbdasa`n `n thb mbnbfats fr`l thb odtuoj `msbrvota`n `f thb w`rk, mut l`st jakbjy hb hos an lanc thb `pp`rtunaty t` hbor thb d`rrbdt s`unc, `msbrvb thb lbth`cs, onc n`tb thb d`llbnts thot orb mbane locb my

=4 Fjblane

nc [?1910\ , , aa.

41

 

 pr`fbssa`noj dh`arlostbrs. Uath`ut thas `pp`rtunaty, ojj thb thb`rbtadoj kn`wjbceb wos, unf`rtunotbjy, dj`sb t` mbane unusomjb.

AA. Cbvbj`plbnt `f Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub

An thb d`ntbxt `f o dh`ar sdh``j, `r `f o dh`ar wh`sb sdhbcujb andjucbc o spbdaoj talb f`r v`doj troanane, thb dh`arlostbr hoc thb `pp`rtunaty t` supbrvasb thb v`doj cbvbj`plbnt `f thb dh`rastbrs. Mut n`t ojj satuota`ns ojj`wbc thas t` mb  p`ssamjb, bspbdaojjy n`t an dh`roj s`dabtabs wath huncrbcs `f sanebrs. Fr`l thas alp`ssamajaty t` troan bodh sanebr ancavacuojjy, thb prandapjb `f o ‘dh`roj tbdhnaqub‑ dolb t` bxast. ‘Dh`roj tbdhnaqub‑ don mb cbfanbc os v`doj tbdhnaqub f`r dh`roj sanebrs, mut at as n`t `njy thot. Mbsacbs thb pr`vasa`n `f mosad bjblbnts `f v`doj tbdhnaqub (mrboth d`ntr`j, pr`pbr v`wbj f`rlota`n, e``c t`nb, djbor bnundaota`n…), dh`roj tbdhnaqub ojs` andjucbs ospbdts thot orb spbdafad t` er`up saneane onc w`ujc n`t mb on assub f`r ancavacuojs, sudh os thb mojondb onc tunane mbtwbbn thb caffbrbnt  ports, thb rhythlad prbdasa`n `f thb er`up, onc thb lonoeblbnt `f cynolads onc  phrosane. Shus, thbrb as stajj dh`roj tbdhnaqub w`rk t` mb c`nb bvbn wath o dh`rus bxdjusavbjy blpj`yane troanbc sanebrs. Os borjy os ?846 thb d`lp`sbr Fronå`asG`sbph Fátas (?583-?85?),  Loîtrb cb Dhopbjjb `f thb Kane `f Mbjeaul onc Carbdt`r `f thb Lusad d`nsbrvot`ry `f Mrussbjs pumjashbc on bxbrdasb m``k lbont t` hbjp dh`roj bnsblmjbs prodtadb tunane, cynolads, oddbntuota`n, bnundaota`n, onc

39

 

 phrosane=3. Shb lostbry `f thbsb tbd tbdhnadoj hnadoj bjb bjblbnts lbnts as ujtalo ujtalotbjy tbjy nbbcbc, nbbcbc, os an thb tbdhnaqub `f ojj anstrulbnts, t` mbttbr sbrvb thb antbrprbtota`n. Ancbbc, thb jatbroj rbncbrane `f thb d`rrbdt n`tbs onc d`rrbdt rhythls `f o pabdb w`ujc n`t mb bn`ueh t` lokb thb pbrf`rlondb lusadoj. At as thb rbojazota`n `f thas truth thot jbc thb Bnejash Hbnry D`worc, o haehjy rbspbdtbc dh`ruslostbr an has talb, t` on antbnsb w`rk `n dh`roj tbdhnaqub, onc t` thb wratane `f has m``k Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub onc  Antbrprbtota`n  Antbrprbt ota`n an ?1?3, p`ssamjy d`anane thb tbrl. Shb m``k wos thbn t` ansparb

sbvbroj ebnbrota`ns `f d`ncudt`rs7 at oppbors an mamja`erophabs `f dh`roj d`ncudtane trbotasbs thr`ueh`ut thb twbntabth dbntury. D`worc stortbc has lusadoj dorbbr my jbocane o troanane er`up an saeht-saneane, usane thb S`nad T`j-fo systbl. An has m``k hb rbdojjs h`w, pr`uc `f thb odhabvblbnts `f has er`up, hb anvatbc o ‚lusadojjy dujturbc frabnc“ (D`worc halsbjf wos sbjf-toueht) wh`, hovane watnbssbc thb bosb an rbocane lusad `f thb er`up rblorkbc7 ‚Q`ur saeht-saneane as, an ats woy, vbry djbvbr, mut y`u don‑t sane,“ thus `pbnane thb y`une D`worc‑s bybs `n thb usbjbssnbss `f pbrf`rlane lusad wath`ut on ortastad purp`sb =2. Oftbr Oftbr thas thas bpas`cb bpas`cb D`worc (wh`, wos thbn o salpjb droftslon mut bvbntuojjy mbdolb o C`dt`r an Lusad, thbn o jafb pbbr) mbeon t` rbfjbdt `n ojj thb bjblbnts thot d`ujc lokb dh`roj saneane ortastad. Shb rbsujt, joac c`wn an has m``k, as on alprbssavb jast andjucane n` jbss thon tharty-sax bntrabs, sudh os ‚thb swbjj“, ‚thb djalox“ ‚thb ottodk“, ‚thb bl`ta`noj stoddot`“, ‚strbssbs onc prbssurbs“, ‚bxojtota`n onc sum`rcanota`n `f v`adb ports“, ‚fueubs, fueoj bntrabs, alatotavb phrosbs“, ‚`n`lot`p`btad bffbdts“, =3

 Fátas [?146\ =2 D`worc ?1?3, 1?.

3?

 

‚cadta`n“, “rhbt`radoj oddbnt“, ‚fodaoj bxprbssa`n“. Shus, ojj bjblbnts thot d`ujc d`ntramutb t` on bxprbssavb rbncbrane hovb mbbn onojyzbc onc cavacbc an porolbtbrs, whadh orb prbdasbjy pjonnbc onc prodtadbc f`r bvbry pabdb. Shb pr`lanbnt fboturbs `f D`worc‑s w`rk wbrb o spbdaoj dorb f`r cynolads, f`r thb oppr`praotb mojondane `f  ports an fundta`n `f thbar alp`rtondb, f`r thb muajcane `f ‘drasbs‑ (a.b. djaloxbs), onc l`st portadujorjy f`r cadta`n onc t`nb-d`j`rane. Shb w`rk `n cynolads wos c`nb thr`ueh o lbtaduj`us lorkane `f thb ports. Tanebrs rbdbavbc wrattbn anstrudta`ns f`r thb occata`n `f cynolad lorkanes, prbdasb t` thb mbot. Shas woy `f lonoeane cynolads wos usbc f`r spbdaoj bffbdts, os wbjj os f`r thb djorafadota`n `f fueoj wratane, onc thb muajcane `f djaloxbs. Mut D`worc ojs` bspbdaojjy ansastbc `n odhabvane rboj paonassal`s, bvbn wath dh`rusbs andjucane `vbr thrbb huncrbc v`adbs. Cadta`n wos odhabvbc thr`ueh prbjalanory troanane `n ortadujotane d`ns`nonts, onc `ftbn, s`lb bxoeebrota`n, jakbjy t` hovb mbbn rbqubstbc t` d`lpbnsotb thb occbc alprbdasa`n `f sudh o joreb m`cy `f sanebrs. Shb pjodb `f bodh d`ns`nont wos oeoan dorbfujjy oerbbc `n. Tpbdaoj jbdturbs `n d`rrbdt pr`nundaota`n wbrb bvbn eavbn osacb fr`l thb rbhborsojs. Os f`r t`nb-d`j`rane, at wos d`nsacbrbc o dhabf fodt`r an bxprbssavaty. Shb dh`rus wos toueht t` cbvbj`p o sbrabs `f ‚t`nb-tants“ sudh os ‚whatb“, ‚alpbrs`noj“, ‚bthbrboj“, ‚cujj“, ‚cork“, ‚mrbothy“. Shbsb caffbrbnt d`j`rs orb thbn usbc an fundta`n os thb noturb `f thb tbxt. Th`ujc thb tbxt bv`kb o s`m `r o joueh, thb t`nb w`ujc mb ‚dhorodtbrazbc“ odd`rcanejy. Tudh bffbdts loy t`coy d`lb odr`ss os mbane bxoeebrotbc. @nb lust rblblmbr thby hoc mbbn cbsaenbc wath thb  pbrf`rlondb `f `rot`ra`s, whadh hovb uncbnaomjy crolotad calbnsa`n. Bjeor‑s

3=

 

bxolpjb, fboturbs fboturbs o dh`rus `f cbl`ns. cbl`ns. Shas Shas woy `f  Crbol `f Ebr`ntau Ebr`ntauss, f`r bxolpjb, oppr`odhane antbrprbtota`n d`ujc ojs` mb casdorcbc os ortafadaoj, mut thb rbocane `f D`worc‑s dhoptbr `n lusadoj bxprbssa`n=6  d`ujc pr`vb thot has cbcadota`n t` bxprbssavaty wos ebnuanb, onc thot has w`rk wos supp`rtbc my o th`r`ueh stucy `f thb w`rks. An rbhborsoj, thb dbjbmrotbc dh`rus lostbr wos stravane t` cbvbj`p an thb sanebrs o sbnsb `f bl`ta`noj d`ntbnt `f thb lusad. Hb bnd`uroebc thbl t` bnodt os ludh os t` sane. At oppbors thot, cbspatb thb fodt hb wos rbeujorjy w`rkane os o dh`rus lostbr onc n`t o d`ncudt`r, D`worc t``k up`n halsbjf thb tosk `f antbrprbtbr. Has ma`erophbr tbstafabs thot `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`rs wh` bvbntuojjy jbc thb pbrf`rlondb wbrb sotasfabc wath has antbrprbtotavb w`rk onc rorbjy oskbc f`r ony l`cafadota`ns `f at.=5  Orb thbsb lbtaduj`usjy prbporbc bffbdts thb raeht woy t` odhabvb on bxprbssavb pbrf`rlondb0 S` us thb lbth`c loy oppbor ‚staff“. Mut thas lbth`c as mbst uncbrst``c whbn rbjotbc t` thb d`ncata`ns `f thb pbrf`rlondb. Shb sazb `f dh`rus wos `f d`ursb thb farst dhojjbneb t` `vbrd`lb. Ojl`st n`nb `f thb lusad thot wos pbrf`rlbc wos rbojjy lbont f`r sudh nulmbrs7 locraeojs onc dhons`ns hoc mbbn wrattbn wath s`j` sanebrs an lanc, onc, os rbdbnt sdh`jorshap oals t` pr`vb, s` wbrb l`st `f Modh‑s w`rks =8. Cur Curane ane Honcb Honcbj‑s j‑s jafbt jafbtalb alb,, has `rot`ra`s typadojjy anv`jvbc om`ut tharty sanebrs=1. @nb d`ujc d`ujc n`t bxpbdt vbry sumtjb sumtjb

=6

 D`worc ?1?3, 88-???  ]`cebrs ?1??, 42 =8  Shb rbocane `f Oncrbw Yorr`tt‑s Shb Bssbntaoj Modh‑s Dh`ar (U``cmraceb, RK; ]`dhbstbr, Nbw Q`rk7M`ycbjj Yrbss, =999) as bspbdaojjy anf`rlotavb an thb lottbr. =1  ‚Shb Bnejash `rot`ra`s `f Honcbj, h`wbvbr, wbrb `ftbn l`rb fujjy `rdhbstrotbc stajj onc vartuojjy ojwoys l`rb blphotadojjy dh`roj thon ony prbva`us `rot`ra`s; ybt thbar dh`rusbs wbrb ebnbrojjy  pbrf`rlbc my er`ups er`ups `f om`ut =2 sanebrs, sanebrs, s`lbtalbs s`lbtalbs bvbn fbwbr, thas nulmbr andjucane thb s`j`asts wh` orb kn`wn t` hovb portadapotbc ot talbs an thb saneane `f thb dh`roj l`vblbnts. F`r thb ?528 =5

34

 

bffbdts an thas rbpbrt`arb whbn sune my thrbb huncrbcs. Shb omuncont lorkanes, bspbdaojjy an ]bnoassondb sd`rbs, whadh, f`r d`nvbnabndb, bvbntuojjy jbc t` ‚rbvasbc“ bcata`ns (n`wocoys sh`dkane) wbrb port `f o ebnuanb ottblpt t` trbot thb lusad wbjj uncbr ocvbrsb dardulstondbs. Mbsacbs mbane t`` lony, thb sanebrs wbrb ojs` n`t odquoantbc wath ]bnoassondb `r Mor`qub lusad an thb woy wb orb, oftbr tharty ybors `f sdh`jorshap `n pbrf`rlondb prodtadbs onc lony rbd`rcanes `f erbot quojaty. Mut thbrb wos `nb l`rb dousb `f horcshap f`r thbsb sanebrs7 thby wbrb oskbc t` sane bxprbssavbjy wath`ut thb hbjp `f bxprbssavb d`ncudtane.

AAA. Antbrprbtane onc D`ncudtane

Cbspatb thb erbot blphosas pjodbc an thb antbrprbtotavb r`jb `f thb d`ncudt`r sandb thb marth `f l`cbrn `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane, `nb rbojazbs quadkjy whbn rbocane thb nulbr`us trbotasbs `n thb sumgbdt49 thot ebsturb atsbjf wos n`t ybt d`ndbavbc os o woy t` d`llunadotb thb d`ncudt`r‑s antbnta`ns. Bvbn th`ueh Mbrja`z hoc uncbrjanbc thb nbdbssaty f`r thb d`ncudt`r t` bxprbss, ansparb, onc l`tavotb fbbjanes, hb nbvbr spbdafabc h`w t` c` s`, oreuane thot thas dopodaty wos thb rbsujt `f ‚ojl`st ancbfanomjb eafts.“ Os f`r mbotane talb, soys hb, at ‚c`bs n`t cblonc vbry haeh lusadoj ottoanlbnts.“  4? Has `wn styjb `f d`ncudtane d`lbs om`ut os vbry raeac7 hb

F`uncjane H`spatoj pbrf`rlondb `f Lbssaoh, f`r bxolpjb, Honcbj‑s f`rdbs d`nsastbc `f ?4 ocujt l lojb ojb dh`rastbrs, sax m`y dh`rastbrs, thrbb lojb onc thrbb fblojb s`j`asts onc on `rdhbstro `f 44“ (Q`une onc Tlath7 'Dh`rus', Shb Nbw Er`vb Cadta`nory `f Lusad onc Lusadaons, bc. T. Toca Tocabb onc G. Syrrbjj Syrrbjj (J`nc`n7 Lodlajjon, =99?), 27556.) 49  Shbsb trbotasbs orb bxdjusavbjy cbv`tbc t` `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane, mut thby orb rbjbvont hbrb sandb l`st dh`rusbs `f thb talb pbrf`rlbc uncbr thb jbocbrshap `f `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`rs. 4? Mbrja`z ?1=1 [?822\, =.

33

 

ocv`dotbs t` mbot fr`l thb wrast, rothbr thon usane thb wh`jb orl; thb l`vblbnts sh`ujc mb quadk fr`l `nb mbot t` thb nbxt; mbtwbbn thb mbot thb ‚d`ncudt`r as n`t ancadotane onythane“, thot as, thb l`vblbnt d`lbs t` o d`lpjbtb st`p `n bodh mbot. Shas bxpjoans why sumcavasa`n wos s` str`nejy rbd`llbncbc an sj`w tblp`s. 4=  S`coy, `nb don horcjy aloeanb h`w onythane bxprbssavb d`ujc d`lb `ut `f sudh o  mbot. Oftbr Mbrja`z, baeht `thbr trbotasbs wbrb pumjashbc pumjas hbc `n d`ncudtane mbf` mbf`rb rb ?199, ojj my Ebrlon `r Frbndh outh`rs.  44  Bvbn thb outh`rs `f thb wratanes d`nsacbrbc thb l`st saenafadont cac n`t mrane ludh alpr`vblbnt `n thb lottbr `f bxprbssavb d`ncudtane. Uoenbr onc Ubaneortnbr wr`tb d`ntr`vbrsaoj d`llbnts `n thb prodtadb `f d`ncudtane my thbar d`ntblp`rorabs onc rbfjbdtbc furthbr om`ut thb fundta`ns onc rbsp`nsamajatabs `f o d`ncudt`r. Shby strbss thb alp`rtondb `f thb dh`adb `f o raeht tblp`, onc thb nbdbssaty t` odhabvb o cbbp uncbrstoncane `f thb lusadoj quojatabs `f o w`rk an `rcbr t` lokb lokb thb raeht antbrprb antbrprbtotavb totavb dh`adbs. dh`adbs. Shby blphosazb blphosazb h`w nbdbssory at as f`r thb d`ncudt`r t` odt os on ansaehtfuj onc foathfuj antbrprbtbr. Shbsb assubs orb `f d`ursb oppjadomjb t` dh`roj lusad. H`wbvbr dh`roj lusad as n`t rbojjy d`nsacbrbc my thb d`ncudtane thb`rasts `f thb talb7 ojj thbar lusadoj bxolpjbs orb crown fr`l thb `rdhbstroj rbpbrt`arb. Mjatz, wh` cbspatb thb nolb wos o Frbndhlon, bxp`sbc s`lb tbdhnadoj mut `jc-fosha`nbc prandapjbs. Hb d`nsacbrbc f`r bxolpjb thot talb mbotane sh`ujc mb c`nb `njy whbn nbbcbc an possoebs `f rboj rhythlad caffadujty, onc d`ujc mb c`nb wath thb va`jan m`w. H`wbvbr hb locb sueebsta`ns `n 4=

 Mbrja`z, ?1=1 [?822\, 3-1  Tdhumbrt ?863; Uoenbr ?861; F.J. Cbjcbvbz ?858, W`pff ?88?, Mjatz ?885, Tdhröcbr ?881, Ubaneortnbr ?812, Cum`as ?811. Odd`rcane t` Eojkan thb ‚l`st ansaehtfuj onc d`lprbhbnsavb w`rks“ orb th`sb my Mjatz, M jatz, Tdhröcbr, Uoenbr onc Ubaneortnbr . 44

32

 

thb nbdbssaty t` ocopt thb mbot t` thb oddbntuota`n `f thb lusad. Hb ojs` cbsaenbc o rucalbntory woy t` uncbrjanb phrosane an d`ncudtane, rbd`llbncane t` mbot str`ne  mbots wath l`rb f`rdb. Korj Tdhröcbr an has  Honcmudh cbs Caraeabrbns Caraeabrbns (?881)  pr`vacbc thb mbst tbdhnadoj nanbtbbnth dbntury casdussa`n `n d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub. Hb wos thb farst t` sueebst thb usb `f o prbporot`ry mbot, t` casduss thb pjodblbnt `f thb mbots `n o d`nsastbnt jbvbj, onc t` cbsdramb on bffadabnt woy t` rbs`jvb o fbrloto. Uhbn crowane mbot pottbrns, hb usbc durvbs rothbr thon thb stroaeht-janbs onc orr`ws usbc my ojj `thbrs. Ancbbc hb oskbc thot ‚n`t `njy sh`ujc thb mbots mb prbdasb, mut thby sh`ujc oppbor erodbfuj t` thb byb. F`r thas rbos`n ojj oneujor onc staff l`vblbnts orb t` mb ov`acbc.“43  Fanojjy, Tdhröcbr sueebstbc t` mbot wath s`lb d`nsacbrota`n t` thb rhythlad d`nt`ur `f thb lbj`cy, thot as, t` ov`ac mbotane curane o j`ne vojub. vojub. Shus, thb talb-mb talb-mbotane otane stortbc stortbc t` mb s`lbwhot rbprb rbprbsbntot sbntotavb avb `f thb lusad d`nt`ur, mut thbrb wos stajj ludh pr`erbss t` mb c`nb an thb lottbr. Shb nanbtbbnth dbntury acbo thot thb omajaty t` d`ncudt as ‚o eaft `f E`c“ as stajj loantoanbc my Orthur Tabcj an ?19=. Shbrb as, soys Tbacj, n` nbbc f`r o m``k `n thb  prodtadoj lottbr `f d`ncudtane, mbdousb eaftbc d`ncudt`rs w`ujc hovb n` usb `f at, onc uneaftbc `nbs d`ujc n`t d`ncudt bvbn af thby wbrb t`jc h`w t`. 42 An o sbnsb, thb oppr`odhbs `f `rdhbstroj onc dh`roj jbocbrs wbrb n`t os caffbrbnt os at sbbls7 ot thb  mbeannane `f thb twbntabth dbntury thb jatbroturb `n d`ncudtane f`dusbs `n thb qubsta`ns `f antbrprbtane onc rbhborsane. Shb solb pr`dbss as oppjabc7 thb d`ncudt`r

43

 Tdhröcbr ?881, =1.  H`wbvbr, thb acbo stortbc s``n t` mb d`ntbstbc. Tbb thb bxdbjjbnt rbfjbdta`n `n thb t`pad an Josbr ?193.  42

36

 

`r thb dh`rus lostbr lokb thbar antbrprbtotavb dh`adbs, thbn ojj bjblbnts `f thb  pbrf`rlondb, andjucane bxprbssavaty, orb sbt up vbrmojjy onc ‚crajjbc“ curane rbhborsoj. Mut odhabvane bxprbssa`n an thot woy c`bs n`t nbdbssorajy anv`jvb thb antbjjbdtuoj onc bl`ta`noj dopodatabs `f thb pbrf`rlbrs. Shas ‚d`ncata`nane“ ospbdt as o log`r crowmodk. Ybrf`rlondbs prbporbc thot woy dousbc w`ncbr an thbar talb,  mut n`wocoys w`ujc pr`momjy d`lb odr`ss os mbane t`` prbcadtomjb onc jodkane `f sp`ntonbaty. @nb d`ujc d`ngbdturb thot af thb d`ncudt`r wos rbojjy anfusbc wath thb bxprbssavb fboturbs `f thb lusad, has bl`ta`ns w`ujc mb vasamjb t` thb pbrf`rlbrs. Mut bvbn thas mbane thb dosb, thb thb`rasts `f thb talb lokb n` odd`unt `f o d`nsda`us wajj t` usb d`ncudtane l`ta`ns an on bxprbssavb lonnbr . Shbrb Shbrbf`r f`rbb thb thb

erbot blphosas pjodbc `n sdrupuj`usjy cbtoajbc dh`roj troanane onc rbhborsane as  pbrfbdtjy uncbrstoncomjb.

AV. ]bhborsane Lbth`c`j`ey

Os wb rbodhbc thb prbva`us d`ndjusa`n wb d`ujc ossulb thot rbhborsoj lbth`c`j`eabs w`ujc mb thb sbd`nc l`st alp`rtont t`pad oftbr thb bjblbnts `f dh`roj troanane, mut an fodt, at as n`t. L`st `f thb m``ks `n dh`roj saneane, whbn thby c` n`t casduss lusadoj bjblbnts, orb occrbssane qubsta`ns `f `reonazota`noj lottbrs. An s`lb anstondbs thb oclanastrotavb ospbdt as bvbn prbsbntbc an ludh l`rb cbpth thon ony lusadoj ospbdt, t` thb p`ant `f andjucane bvbn s`lb ocvadb `n mucebtane.46  @thbr typadoj t`pads orb thb pr`dbss `f rbdruatlbnt onc sbjbdta`n `f v`adbs, thb woys 46 Tbb

f`r bxolpjb Vbnomjbs ?886

35

 

`f kbbpane trodk `f ottbncondb–bspbdaojjy an o vbry joreb dh`roj s`dabty, thb bstomjashlbnt `f rujbs, thb oclanastrotavb jbocbrshap `f thb oss`daota`n, thb `reonazota`n `f pbrf`rlondbs, thb `reonazota`n `f saeht-saneane `r v`doj troanane djossbs onc thb dratbrao f`r thb dh`adb `f rbpbrt`arb. Rnf`rtunotbjy, `ndb thb pb`pjb orb ossblmjbc, thb r``l f`unc, thb rujbs wrattbn, thb lusad padkbc, vbry fbw outh`rs orb d`ndbrnbc om`ut hbjpane thb d`ncudt`rs wath thbar odtuoj w`rk. Mbtwbbn ?199 onc ?143, `njy `nb outh`r occrbssbs thb alp`rtont assub `f rbhborsane lbth`c`j`ey. At as oeoan Tar D`worc. Has oppr`odh t` thb qubsta`n as djbor, rbos`nbc, onc stajj  pbrfbdtjy vojac t`coy.45  D`worc cbfanbc thrbb caffbrbnt lbth`cs `f ‚tokane rbhborsojs“ thot hb nolbc7 (?) thb ‚d`nvbnta`noj ebnbrojazane“, (=) thb ‚dratadoj  portadujorazane“, (4) thb ‚d`lportlbntoj spbdaojazane“. Mbhanc thbsb s`lbwhot eroncaj`qubnt nolbs joy wbjj-kn`wn rbhborsoj satuota`ns7 thb farst as thb pr`dbss `f ‚e`ane thr`ueh thb lusad untaj thb ebnbroj `utjanb `f at as lostbrbc, onc thb sparat `f thb d`lp`sata`n fujjy erospbc my thb sanebrs“. Shb sbd`nc as thb ‚stravane f`r  pbrfbdta`n an bodh cbtoaj“. At as thb pr`dbss `pp`satb t` thb d`nvbnta`noj ebnbrojazane. Shb tharc as thb d`ndbntrota`n `f ojj ottbnta`n `n `nb spbdafad p`ant `r t`pad an antbrprbtota`n. Os D`worc n`tbs, thbsb thrbb lbth`cs orb ‚usbc d`nsda`usjy `r und`nsda`usjy my ojj d`ncudt`rs“. H`wbvbr, thb drudaoj prandapjb f`r suddbss, hb soys, as t` ‚rbojazb thb castandtavb fboturbs onc caffbrbndbs“ `f thbsb thrbb rbhborsane styjbs, onc ‚kn`w thb mbst stoeb ot whadh t` usb bodh styjb.“ Ancbbc, at as an thb d`lmanbc usb `f thbsb lbth`cs thot jabs thb sbdrbt f`r suddbss. Bodh `f thbl

45 D`worc

?1?3, ‚Lbth`cs `f ]bhborsoj“, 8-?8.

38

 

sbporotbjy as m`unc t` eavb casopp`antane rbsujts7 Shb d`nvbnta`noj ebnbrojazane  pr`dbss c`bs n`t ojj`w t` odhabvb on bxdbjjbnt bx dbjjbnt pbrf`rlondb, mbdousb at as t`` voeub. Uhbn `njy thas pr`dbss as usbc, thb pabdb wajj mb ot mbst frbb `f lastokbs, mut af n` dorb as eavbn t` ‚cbtoajs“ thb pbrf`rlondb don horcjy mb mbttbr thon ovbroeb. D`worc an has talb rberbttbc thot lony d`ncudt`rs cac n`t e` mby`nc thb usb `f thot pr`dbss. Shb anoppr`praotb usb `f thb dratadoj portadujorazane pr`dbss as `ftbn c`nb wath o wajj f`r e``c rbsujts an lanc. Qbt at don mb thb l`st casostr`us f`r thb rbhborsoj. Shas lbth`c as anoppr`praotb whbn usbc t`` borjy, mbdousb at rbsujts an thb d`ncudt`r d`nstontjy antbrruptane thb dh`ar, f`r o caffbrbnt rbos`n bodh talb, thbrbf`rb dousane o j`t `f frustrota`n, onc, os soys D`worc ‚kajjane ojj pjbosurb an thb rbhborsoj.“ Shb d`lportlbntoj spbdaojazane–thb f`dus `n as`jotbc bjblbnts–as odd`rcane t` D`worc l`rb rorbjy usbc. At rbprbsbnts thb bssbntaoj stbp mbtwbbn thb tw` prbva`us lbth`cs. Shb ej`moj rbhborsane lbth`c pr`p`sbc my D`worc pr`dbbcs os f`jj`w7 (?) rboc onc rbpbot thb lusad untaj thb dh`rus as folajaor wath at, onc erosp ats sparat (d`nvbnta`noj ebnbrojazane); (=) whbn thot farst stoeb as d`lpjbtbc, thb d`ncudt`r sh`ujc thbn strbss alp`rtont ospbdts `f thb pbrf`rlondb `nb ot o talb, f`r bxolpjb, thb oddurody `f ant`nota`n, thb rbspbdt `f thb cynolads, thb t`nb btd… (d`lportlbntoj spbdaojazane); (4) `ndb ojj thb alp`rtont bjblbnts hovb mbbn blphosazbc sbporotbjy, at as talb t` bnf`rdb ojj bjblbnts t`ebthbr, onc st`p thb sanebrs af `nb as lassane (dratadoj portadujorazane). Shb oppr`odh `f o w`rk, onc thb stbps `f jbornane orb n`t on bosy ospbdt `f thb g`m `f thb d`ncudt`r. D`worc sh`ws o j`t `f djbvbrnbss an strbssane thb woy o lbth`c donn`t mb d`nsacbrbc raeht `r wr`ne

31

 

unjbss oss`daotbc wath on bjblbnt `f talb. Shus thb ‚whbn t` c`“ s`lbthane as os alp`rtont os thb ‚whot t` c`“. Shb woy bodh phosb as odd`lpjashbc loy vory7 thbrb orb caffbrbnt woys t` ojj`w thb sanebrs t` casd`vbr thb w`rk os o wh`jb. @nb loy ojs` blphosazb caffbrbnt bjblbnts curane thb sbd`nc phosb. Shb `rcbr an whadh thb caffbrbnt bjblbnts orb oppr`odhbc curane thb sbd`nc phosb loy vory onc at alp`rtont t` dh`sb at dorbfujjy. F`r bxolpjb, t`nb as hbovajy cbpbncont `n tunane, whadh as an turn cbpbncont `n v`wbj puraty. Ottblptane t` fax tunane whajb casrbeorcane thb qubsta`n `f thb v`wbjs, w`ujc n`t jboc t` bntarbjy sotasfyane rbsujts. At sbbls thot thas d`nsda`usnbss `f thb antbrrbjota`n `f thb caffbrbnt bjblbnts wos n`t d`lpjbtbjy djbor ot D`worc‑s talb. An lony m``ks `f thot talb, pr`mjbls `f moc vbntajota`n `r fotaeub orb typadojjy anv`kbc t` bxpjoan `ut-`f-tunb saneane. Mut os for os thb lbth`c`j`ey atsbjf D`worc‑s casdussa`n donn`t mbd`lb `utcotbc mbdousb hb wos omjb t` onojyzb prbdasbjy thb bjblbnts `f thb jbornane pr`dbss, t` cbtbrlanb h`w  pra`ratabs hoc t` mb `reonazbc f`r fundta`noj nbbcs `f thb sanebrs ot cbfanatb talbs, onc t` crow ebnbroj omstrodt rujbs thot oppjy t` ony satuota`n.

V. ]`jbs, ]bsp`nsamajatabs onc Sroanane `f Dh`roj D`ncudt`rs7 Haeh onc J`w Ttoncorcs

At as surprasane t` sbb h`w jattjb antbrbst as eavbn, an thb borjy jatbroturb `n dh`roj troanane t` thb r`jb onc thb troanane `f thb d`ncudt`r halsbjf. Ojj thb acbos thot orb bxp`sbc d`ndbrn thb troanane `f thb sanebrs, onc ojl`st n`thane as soac `n thb troanane `f thb dh`ar carbdt`r `r dh`rus lostbr. @n thb `thbr honc, an thb Ebrlon jatbroturb `n d`ncudtane thb d`rb `f thb casdussa`n as om`ut thb cbfanata`n `f thb r`jbs 29

 

`f thb d`ncudt`r, mut at c`bs n`t andjucb ludh prodtadoj anf`rlota`n `f h`w t` fujfajj thbsb r`jbs. Qbt at wos n`t aen`rbc my ojj thot thb d`ncudt`r hoc on alp`rtont alpodt `n thb pr`fadabndy `f on bnsblmjb7 an o ?19? m``k `n dh`roj jatbroturb, Orthur Lbbs, on Olbradon dh`roj d`ncudt`r ansparbc my thb Ebrlon prodtadb uncbrjanbc thas  prandapjb, drudaoj f`r thb cbvbj`plbnt `f o dh`roj ort `f quojaty.48  An thb jost dhoptbr `f has hast`radoj `vbrvabw `f dh`roj rbpbrt`arb onc dh`roj prodtadb, Lbbs p`ants `ut thot thb j`w-jbvbj `f bxpbdtota`n `f dh`roj jbocbrs as thb pralory dousb `f o j`wjbvbj `f bxpbrtasb `f thb sanebrs. @n thas p`ant, Lbbs qu`tbs o dbrtoan Cr. Krbtzsdhlor, d`ncudt`r `f thb ]abcbj T`dabty `f Jbapzae, Ebrlony. Hb c`bs n`t  pr`vacbs o s`urdb f`r thas qu`tb. Shot wath [olotbur s`dabtabs\ ortastadojjy pbrfbdt rbsujts donn`t mb odhabvbc, `njy th`sb don ossbrt thot kn`w jattjb om`ut thb lottbr. Bvbrythane cbpbncs up`n thb qubsta`n os wh` stoncs ot thb hboc onc h`w thb rbhborsojs orb d`ncudtbc. Uhbrbvbr `nb pabdb oftbr thb `thbr as casp`sbc `f wath thb oac `f paon` thulpane, saneane lust d`lb t` on bnc. Shb troanane, `r jbost thb supbrvasa`n `f thb ancavacuoj lblmbr lust f`rl thb f`uncota`n `f dh`roj odtavaty, onc thb pbrf`rlondb onc stucy `f odd`lponabc d`lp`sata`ns lust d`nstatutb `njy hojf `f thb w`rk. D`nstont prodtadb an o do doppb ppbjj jjoo saneane as ancaspbnsomjb. At as thas thot troans thb bor onc tbodhbs v`dojazota`n […\.

Lbbs str`nejy mbjabvbc an thb bxtbncbc rbsp`nsamajaty `f thb d`ncudt`rs7 Shb vabw as ojj t`` prbvojbnt thot thb d`ncudt`r `f olotbur saneane s`dabtabs nbbc n`t t` mb o lusadaon `f sudh haeh bnc`wlbnts, d`lprbhbnsavb kn`wjbceb, onc th`r`ueh tbdhnadoj troanane os thb d`ncudt`r `f o m`cy `f pr`fbssa`noj pbrf`rlbrs; ybt thb anfjubndb `f thb f`rlbr f`r e``c `r bvaj as ludh l`rb for-rbodhane thon thot `f thb jottbr.  N`t `njy orb thb tbodhanes `f thb dh`rus d`ncudt`r l`rb wacbjy cassblanotbc, mut thby orb l`rb unrbsbrvbcjy oppr`praotbc onc l`rb  pbrfbdtjy ossalajotbc mbdousb olotburs orb l`rb nulbr`us onc susdbptamjb onc orb d`lpbjjbc my thb vbry noturb `f dh`roj troanane t`

48 Lbbs

?19?, =?=-=49.

2?

 

sumlat t` thbsb tbodhanes s` d`nstontjy thot thby donn`t mut lokb thbl thbar `wn.

Mbdousb `f thas anfjubndb `f thb d`ncudt`r `n thb bnsblmjb, Lbbs rbd`llbncs thot thb dh`rus jbocbr p`ssbss …kbbn lusadoj fodujtabs, th`r`uehjy cbvbj`pbc; bxhoustavb thb`rbtadoj onc prodtadoj kn`wjbceb `f d`ncudtane; antalotb folajaoraty wath thb noturb onc thb lonoeblbnt `f thb hulon v`adb, onc wath thb bffbdts pbdujaor t` dh`rus saneane onc t` thb d`lmanota`n `f v`adbs onc anstrulbnts, n`t t` spbok `f thb sumtjbr pbrs`noj eafts onc odd`lpjashlbnts rbquasatb rbquasatb t` thb e`vbrnlbnt e` vbrnlbnt onc anstrudta`n `f sanebrs an wh`l j`vane antbrbst an thbar w`rk lust mb owokbnbc onc sustoanbc.

Lbbs ojs` uncbrjanbc thb r`jb `f thb d`ncudt`r os on bcudot`r f`r has bnsblmjb onc has oucabndb, o tosk t` mb fujfajjbc thr`ueh thb dh`adb `f on ortastadojjy w`rthy rbpbrt`arb, nolbjy borjy unodd`lponabc lusad. Os dh`roj lusad blmrodbs o erbot cavbrsaty `f styjbs onc typbs, at as andulmbnt `n bvbry d`ncudt`r `f saneane s`dabtabs t` cbv`tb thb l`st dorbfuj onc d`nsdabnta`us stucy t` thb lostbr w`rks `f ojj pbra`cs an `rcbr t` odquarb stoncorcs `f gucelbnt whadh orb an odd`rc wath rbd`enazbc ort don`ns onc wbjj-outhbntadotbc wbjj-outhbntadotbc trocata`ns.

Ub don sbb an thas jost ocvadb o rblorkomjb borjy d`ndbrn f`r thb rbspbdt `f hast`radoj pbrf`rlondb prodtadbs. Shus os borjy os ?19?, thrbb vbry alp`rtont acbos orb ojrbocy bxprbssbc7 thb carbdt rbsp`nsamajaty `f thb d`ncudt`rs (rothbr thon thb pbrf`rlbrs) f`r thb jodk `f quojaty an dh`roj s`dabty pbrf`rlondbs, thb alp`rtondb `f thb dh`adb `f rbpbrt`arb `f bcafyane noturb, onc thb alp`rtondb `f pr`pbr troanane, oalane ot cbvbj`pane thb sanebrs bors onc v`doj optatucbs. Rnf`rtunotbjy, `f thbsb acbos, `njy thb jost `nb wos d`ll`njy put ant` prodtadb an thb dh`roj w`rjc. Shb `thbrs wajj tokb

2=

 

o ludh j`nebr j`nebr talb t` mb odk odkn`wjbce n`wjbcebc. bc. Lbbs prbsb prbsbnts nts o vbry d`lpjbtb d`lpjbtb vasa`n `f thb pr`pbr troanane f`r o d`ncudt`r. Rnf`rtunotbjy, hb cac n`t ottblpt t` pr`vacb thb rbocbr wath thb nbbcbc kn`wjbceb, `r prodtadoj ocvadb. Shas wajj an fodt n`t mb c`nb my ony m``k `f thb thrbb farst cbdocbs `f thb twbntabth dbntury. Nbvbrthbjbss, thb mosads `f d`ncudtane wbrb ovoajomjb t` dh`roj d`ncudt`rs an `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane lbth`cs. Shb kn`wjbceb `n v`adb d`ujc mb f`unc an m``ks `n s`j` v`doj tbdhnaqub, `r dh`roj troanane. An fodt, ojj thb bjblbnts f`r thb er`wth `f wbjj-troanbc dh`roj d`ncudt`r wbrb prbsbnt, onc gust nbbcbc t` mb d`lmanbc an o th`r`ueh d`ursb `f troanane. Mut unf`rtunotbjy, thb acbo thot o d`lpjbtb onc cavbrsafabc troanane wos rbquarbc an `rcbr t` d`ncudt o dh`ar, onc bvbn l`rb s` f`r on olotbur dh`ar, cac n`t quadkjy sprboc. Uhot sprboc anstboc, thr`ueh thb prodtadb `f rbdrbota`noj saneane, wos thb acbo thot dh`roj d`ncudtane wos bosy, onc thot ony`nb d`ujc c` at. ]bdrbota`noj saneane wos prbsbnt an ojj d`untrabs, mut hos n`t mbbn c`dulbntbc ludh an wratanes. @nb `f thb p`satavb ospbdts `f at wos t` rbncbr lusad lokane oddbssamjb t` thb jorebst p`ssamjb nulmbr `f pb`pjb. An thb Rnatbc Ttotbs, d`llunaty saneane mbdolb vbry p`pujor oftbr U`rjc Uor @nb. At t``k thb f`rl `f thb `reonazota`n `f joreb eothbranes, usuojjy sp`ns`rbc my thb lunadapojaty, ot whadh pb`pjb dolb t` sane ojj ‚an unas`n `f v`adb onc sparat“ thbar fov`ratb tunbs. Yb`pjb wbrb eavbn thb jyrads `n o poeb onc bng`ybc thblsbjvbs saneane potra`tad s`nes, dor`js, saneane eolbs, `r f`jk s`nes. Shbsb eothbranes wbrb dojjbc ‚sanes.“ Shby wbrb an bffbdt whot d`ujc mb

24

 

dojjbc ‚er`up koro`kbs“7 thb ortastad e`oj mbane bntarbjy sumcubc t` thb  pbrs`noj bng`ylbnt `f thb portadaponts. Tanes wbrb uncbr thb carbdta`n `f on bntbrtoanbr-d`ncudt`r, o typb `f lusadoj h`st. Shbrb as `mva`usjy n`thane wr`ne wath pr`vacane pb`pjb on `ddosa`n t` sane t`ebthbr, onc thb ocvontoebs f`r thb d`llunaty wbrb lujtapjb7 drbotane s`daoj m`ncs, onc pr`vacane dhbop bntbrtoanlbnt thot don upjaft thb l`rojb `f thb d`llunaty lblmbrs onc stalujotb thbar potra`tad fbbjanes, `r eavb on `pp`rtunaty t` thb erbot nulmbr `f orravane allaeronts t` antberotb thbar nbw d`llunaty. Tandb bntbrtoanlbnt wos thb pralory e`oj, thbrb wos n` an-cbpth troanane rbquarbc f`r thb jbocbr, onc o e``c sbnsb `f sh`wlonshap wos thb mbst ossbt. Tbvbroj m``ks wbrb  pumjashbc an thb lac ?1=9‑s onc borjy ?149‑s41  an `rcbr t` eavb l`stjy `reonazota`noj euacondb, onc o fbw lusadoj taps t` thb jbocbrs. At as alp`rtont t` uncbrjanb `ndb l`rb, thot thb prodtadb wos castandt fr`l odtuoj dh`roj saneane, onc sh`ujc mb rbeorcbc os mbnbfadaoj t` thb d`llunaty. Shbrb as rbos`n t` thank thot thb sanes sh`ujc hovb hurt thb prodtadb `f dh`roj saneane. @n thb d`ntrory7 oftbr bxp`surb t` thb bng`ylbnt `f saneane an sanes, ancavacuojs loy an fodt hovb mbbn cbsar`us t` g`an o dh`ar onc cbbpbn thbar lusadoj bxpbrabndb. Qbt, af d`llunaty lusad d`ujc hovb mbbn mbnbfadaoj f`r dh`roj lusad, at wos l`st cbtralbntoj f`r dh`roj ort. @nb sanejb acbo don mb  mjolbc f`r thas7 thb lasd`ndbpta`n thot thb vbry jalatbc troanane nbbcbc t` uncbrtokb thb jbocane `f sanes d`ujc bnomjb `nb t` mb o cbdbnt dh`roj

41 Shb

Yjoyer`unc onc ]bdrbota`n Oss`daota`n `f Olbrado ?1=6, S`vby ?144, Wonzae ?144. 

23

 

d`ncudt`r. Shb outh`rs `f m``ks `n d`llunaty lusad, boebr t` cavbrsafy thb lusadoj prodtadbs onc t` sbb nbw bnsblmjbs f`uncbc, pumjadazbc thas ortastad n`nsbnsb, ojj`wane thb ludk `f lbca`draty t` casfaeurb dh`roj lusad f`r cbdocbs39. F`r thbrb as o j`ne j`ne,, j`ne woy mbtwbbn mbtwbbn jboca jbocane ne ‚]`w, r`w y`ur y`ur  m`ot“ an don`n onc d`ncudtane o Modh l`tbt–n`t t` lbnta`n rbhborsane at. My ?139 ludh coloeb hoc mbbn c`nb, os tbstafabs thb d`ncudt`r Ordhamojc S. Covas`n7 Shb d`ncudt`r wh`sb odtavatabs orb d`nfanbc t` thb fabjc `f dh`roj lusad as frbqubntjy j``kbc c`wn up`n os o lusadaon wath o pr`fbssa`noj bquaplbnt s` jalatbc thot at cbnabs hal o log`r r`jb an ony joreb lusadoj bntbrprasb, onc out`lotadojjy rbjbeotbs hal t` thb unbnvaomjb stotus `f o lusadoj spbdaojast. Shb vbry tbrl ‚dh`roj d`ncudt`r“ as s`lbtalbs usbc t` sueebst o jodk `f th`sb vorabc dopodatabs whadh at as tokbn f`r erontbc o th`r`uehe`ane lusadaon sh`ujc p`ssbs, onc thas cbr`eota`n as, ojos, t`` `ftbn o gust `nb. Shb dh`roj d`ncudt`r ‚typb“ as o folajaor fboturb `f olotbur lusadoj bff`rt. Hb d`nqubrs my pbrs`nojaty rothbr thon my lusadaonshap. Has odquoantondb wath thb lusad as for t`` slojj, onc has rbs`urdbfujnbss an lokane ovoajomjb o wacb vorabty `f w`rks jodks thb supp`rt `f sdh`jorshap. Has sbnsb `f casdralanota`n mbtwbbn e``c onc moc lusad as ebnbrojjy antuatavb mbdousb at hos n`t mbbn troanbc, onc hb dr`wns ojj my casrbeorcane thb don`ns `f d`ncudtane os lusadaons kn`w thbl, sumstatutane thbrbf`rb o systbl `f has `wn locb up `f antbrprbtotavb ebsturbs whadh orb ebnbrojjy lbonanefuj `njy t` has er`up.3? 

Shus sandb thbar sbporota`n ot thb talb thb dhopbjs wbrb casmoncbc, dh`roj onc `rdhbstroj bnsblmjbs hoc mbbn trovbjane an tw` `pp`satb carbdta`ns. @rdhbstros wbrb usuojjy f`uncbc f`r thb purp`sb `f pbrf`rlondb whajb dh`roj bnsblmjbs hoc l`rb vorabc fundta`ns, whadh wbrb n`t ojwoys dbntbrbc `n pbrf`rlondb. Lblmbrs 39

 ‚Shbrb orb lony pb`pjb bneoebc an pr`fbssa`ns onc `ddupota`ns wh`, th`ueh thby loy n`t mb odd`lpjashbc lusadaons, hovb suffadabnt kn`wjbceb onc notavb troanane tojbnt t` bnomjb thbl wath s`lb troanane t` portadapotb an thb pr`erol os s`ne jbocbr. An o sh`rt talb sudh ancavacuojs loy odquarb thb bjblbnts `f s`ne jbocbrshap s` thot thby loy tokb `vbr thb d`ncudtane `f s`nes ot thbar  pjodb `f musanbss, musanbss, djums `r dhurdhbs, dhurdhbs, `r loy hbjp hbjp an thb ebnbroj d`llunaty d`llunaty pr`erol.“ pr`erol.“ Yjoyer`unc onc ]bdrbota`n Oss`daota`n ?1=6, 38. 3? Covas`n ?139, 4.

22

 

`f on `rdhbstro nbdbssorajy uncbrwbnt troanane os anstrulbntojasts mbf`rb g`anane thb `rdhbstro, whbrbos sanebrs wbrb d`ll`njy untroanbc onc thbar ancavacuoj onc d`jjbdtavb pr`erbss cbpbncbc an o erbotbr bxtbnt `n thb dh`roj jbocbr. ]berbttomjy, thb jbocbrs thblsbjvbs wbrb `ftbn jodkane thb kn`wjbceb nbdbssory t` ossulb thbar  p`sata`ns. Shb cberbb `f dorb f`r thb troanane `f thb jbocbr sbblbc t` lotdh dj`sbjy thb jbvbj `f ortastad bxpbdtota`ns `f thb bnsblmjbs. Lony Bnejash outh`rs, f`r bxolpjb, f`unc alpr`pbr f`r dhurdh lusad t` mb `f p``r quojaty hbndb thby s`ueht t` pr`vacb ossastondb my wratane `n thb sumgbdt `f v`doj troanane. Anvbntavb ancavacuojs onalotbc my thbar j`vb `f dh`roj lusad, jakb Tar D`worc, cbsaenbc thbar `wn systbls an `rcbr t` turn olotbur sanebrs ant` omjb pbrf`rlbrs. Uhbn thb ortastad bxpbdtota`n wos j`wbr, jbss sdrupuj`us ancavacuojs sow an d`ncudtane o lbrb `pp`rtunaty f`r p`wbr. F`jj`wane thb p`pujor ocoeb thot ‚an thb kanec`l `f mjanc lbn, thb `nb-bybc lon as kane“ t`` lony sbjf-cbdjorbc dh`roj d`ncudt`rs ossulbc thot o jalatbc lusadoj kn`wjbceb ojj`wbc thbl t` tokb d`ntr`j `vbr sanebrs wath n` lusadoj kn`wjbceb ot ojj. @rdhbstroj d`ncudt`rs, an `rcbr t` ossbrt thbar outh`ratabs `n kn`wjbcebomjb lusadaons hoc t` sh`w s`lbh`w l`rb toneamjb saens `f dopomajaty, onc wbrb f`rdbc t` o cbbpbr rbfjbdta`n `n thb bjblbnts gustafyane onc supp`rtane thbar `wn stotus. M`th thb rbos`n f`r mbane `f thb `rdhbstros (pumjad  pbrf`rlondbs wath poyane oucabndbs) onc thb noturb `f thbar lblmbrshap (troanbc  pbrf`rlbrs) wbrb on ocvontoeb f`r `rdhbstros mbdousb thby jalatbc and`lpbtbnt jbocbrshap. Olotbur lblmbrshap an dh`rusbs w`ujc n`t hovb mbbn o casocvontoeb an dh`roj pbrf`rlondb af at cac n`t ojj`w olotbur jbocbrshap. Sbdhnadojjy, d`ncudtane

26

 

wos n`t `vbrjy cbvbj`pbc ybt. Uhot locb thb caffbrbndb mbtwbbn e``c `r moc jbocbrshap as thb ebnbroj lusadoj kn`wjbceb, onc thb prodtadoj kn`wjbceb nbbcbc f`r thb tosk. At sbbls ojs` djbor thot `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`rs an ebnbroj hoc o ludh l`rb odutb sbnsb `f thbar r`jbs onc rbsp`nsamajatabs t`worc thb lusad onc thb bnsblmjb mbdousb ludh rbfjbdta`n hoc ojrbocy mbbn c`nb `n thb sumgbdt. Shb n`w wbjj-odkn`wjbcebc acbo thot d`ncudtane don mb toueht wos stajj talacjy blattbc ot thb mbeannane `f thb dbntury, onc `pp`rtunatabs f`r troanane wbrb rorb f`r ojj d`ncudt`rs. Mbf`rb d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub d`ujc mb onojyzbc onc toueht, at hoc t` mb cbvbj`pbc my ancbbc purbjy eaftbc ancavacuojs. Ot thb mbeannane `f thb dbntury thb tbdhnaqub `f d`ncudtane wos rucalbntory, mut at wos t` lokb trblbnc`us pr`erbss an tharty ybors. Yra`r t` thb cbvbj`plbnt `f thb mot`n tbdhnaqub, lbtaduj`us rbhborsojs–anv`jvane thb cbvbj`plbnt `f dh`roj `r `rdhbstroj bnsblmjb tbdhnaqub onc thb prbporota`n `f antbrprbtotavb bffbdts–wbrb thb d`rb `f thb d`ncudt`rs‑ w`rk.

25

 

DHOYSB] AAA7 ?14=-?131 Blbrebndb `f Dh`roj D`ncudtane

Tbvbroj bjblbnts supp`rt thb acbo thot thb ?149‑s lork o cbfanatb dhoneb an thb d`ndbpta`ns om`ut dh`roj d`ncudtane onc om`ut d`ncudtane an ebnbroj. Loymb  mbdousb `f ats `raeanoj jodk `f antbrbst an thb casdapjanb `f d`ncudtane, at wajj mb sbbn thot Bnejonc cac n`t pjoy ony erbot r`jb an thb bv`juta`ns t` f`jj`w. An Olbrado, thb ?149‑s onc ?139‑s lork o pbok an dh`roj saneane‑s p`pujoraty. Tbvbroj fodt`rs orb ot thb `raean `f thas trbnc7 farst, thb anfjubndb `f o fbw jbocane dh`arlostbrs onc thbar bnsblmjbs, wh` t`urbc odtavbjy curane thb twbntabs. My c`ane s` thby sbt on bxolpjb `f quojaty saneane, jotbr pr`vacane boebr stucbnts wath thbar thb`rabs om`ut dh`roj d`ncudtane an djossbs `r wratanes. Tbd`ncjy, thb p`pujoraty `f dh`roj saneane os o s`daoj odtavaty hoc bxtbncbc t` d`jjbeaoj jafb an thb f`rl `f nulbr`us ejbb-djums onc `thbr o doppbjjo bnsblmjbs. D`ndurrbntjy, dh`roj saneane wos l`rb onc l`rb usbc an thb sdh``j systbl, rbquarane thb cbvbj`plbnt `f s`lb f`rl `f troanane f`r thb tbodhbrs. On odtavb pr`l`tbr `f dh`roj saneane an thb sdh``j wos H`jjas Conn, wh` pumjashbc nulbr`us d`jjbdta`ns `f s`nes suatomjb f`r dhajcrbn, usuojjy odd`lponabc my s`lb rbd`llbncota`ns f`r thb tbodhbrs om`ut cbojane wath dhajcrbn‑s v`adbs, d`ncudtane, onc lbth`c`j`ey f`r prbsbntane onc tbodhane thb s`nes.3= Shb Rnatbc Ttotbs hoc ojrbocy o j`ne trocata`n an thb fabjc `f dh`roj lusad bcudota`n. At wos t` er`w t` d`nsacbromjb alp`rtondb an thb nota`n. Lony `f thb dh`roj d`ncudt`rs wh` locb o nolb f`r thblsbjvbs an thb ?1=9‑s wbrb t` hovb o 3= Tbb

f`r bxolpjb H`jjas B. Conn ?146.

28

 

j`ne-jostane anfjubndb `n Olbradon dh`roj jafb7 Fothbr Uajjaol G. Fann wos thb f`uncbr `f thb Youjast Dh`rastbrs, o dhurdh dh`ar l`cbjbc `n thb Bnejash trocata`n. Hb pumjashbc an ?141 onc ?133 tw` anfjubntaoj w`rks `n dh`roj d`ncudtane 34. G` G`hn hn Fanjby Uajjaols`n f`uncbc an ?1=9 thb fol`us Ubstlanstbr Dh`ar whadh stortbc os o salpjb dhurdh dh`ar an @ha`. Tax ybors ybors jotbr, Uajjaols`n mbeon mbeon t` `ffbr djossbs f`r thb lusad carbdt`rs `f Yr`tbstont dhurdhbs. Shb djossbs bvbntuojjy erbw ant` o sdh``j. Shb sdh``j l`vbc t` Yrandbt`n an ?14= whbrb at bv`jvbc ant` thb Ubstlanstbr Dh`ar D`jjbeb whadh as stajj an bxastbndb t`coy. At hos pr`vacbc troanane f`r `vbr 2999 ojulna, onc locb ats lork thr`ueh nulbr`us pbrf`rlondbs,  mr`ocdosts, rbd`rcane, jbdturbs onc pumjadota`ns. F. Lbjaus Dhrastaonsbn, o lusadaon wh` blaerotbc fr`l N`rwoy, f`uncbc thb Tt @jof Dh`ar, whadh mbdolb on`thbr rbfbrbndb an dh`roj pbrf`rlondb. @thbr pr`lanbnt pbrs`nojatabs andjucb Ordhamojc S. Covas`n, pr`fbss`r `f Dh`roj Lusad ot Horvorc Rnavbrsaty, G`hn Tlojjlon an J`s Onebjbs, Doan N`mjb, d`ncudt`r `f thb Dhadoe` O Doppbjjo Dh`ar onc Gujaus Hbrf`rc, o Ebrlon allaeront onc dh`roj d`ncudtane pbcoe`eub wh` wos t` anfjubndb m`th ]`mbrt Thow onc ]`ebr Uoenbr. Shb lujtapjadota`n `f dh`roj bnsblmjbs whadh j``kbc ot w`rthy l`cbjs ojs` lbont thb er`wth `f o nbbc f`r dh`roj d`ncudt`rs, onc thb nbbc f`r thbsb nbw d`ncudt`rs t` jborn thbar g`m. An rbsp`nsb t` thas nbbc sbvbroj m``ks `n dh`roj d`ncudtane oppborbc an Olbrado 33. Shb ebnbroj tbncbndy thot don mb `msbrvbc an thas nbw jatbroturb as o shaft `f f`dus. 34

 Shb ort `f thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r  (M`st`n7  (M`st`n7 Mardhorc & D`, ?141) onc Shb d`ncudt`r roasbs has mot`n. (Nbw Q`rk & J`nc`n J`nc`n 7 Horpbr & Mr`thbrs Yum, ?133). 33  Doan?14=, Tlojjlon onc Uajd`x ?144, Covas`n ?139, Dhrasty ?139, Dhrastaonsbn, nc [?149?138\, G`nbs ?138, Kr`nb ?132.

21

 

]othbr thon f`dusane bntarbjy `n thb troanane `f o dh`ar, outh`rs ojs` d`nsacbrbc thb d`ncudt`rs. Shas oworbnbss `f thb r`jb onc rbsp`nsamajatabs `f dh`roj d`ncudt`rs t`worc thbar bnsblmjbs as o vbry alp`rtont bv`juta`n an thb cbfanata`n `f thb  pr`fbssa`n. An Ebrlony, o doppbjjo saneane–`f borjy lusad os wbjj os ]`lontad lusad–hoc mbbn wbjj bstomjashbc sandb thb nanbtbbnth dbntury. Mbsacbs, Ebrlon dh`roj d`ncudt`rs wbrb omjb t` mbnbfat fr`l thb ebnbroj rbfjbdta`n om`ut d`ncudtane an thbar nota`n. An ?1=1 thb farst trujy pbcoe`eadoj m``k `n `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane wos pumjashbc my thb Ebrlon d`ncudt`r Hbrlonn Tdhbrdhbn.32 Tax ybors jotbr, has d`lpotra`t Kurt Sh`los, pr`fbss`r `f d`lp`sata`n onc dh`roj d`ncudtane an thb Ttotb Odocbly `f Mbrjan, wr`tb thb farst d`lpjbtb lbth`c f`r thb troanane `f dh`roj d`ncudt`rs.36 Os wb hovb sbbn thr`ueh thb wratanes `f Orthur Lbbs an thb prbva`us dhoptbr, thb Ebrlons wbrb thb farst t` rbojazb thb alp`rtondb `f thb troanane onc omajatabs `f thb d`ncudt`r onc ats erbot alpodt `n thb bnsblmjb‑s quojaty. Qbt, n` `nb  mbf`rb Sh`los wos omjb t` cbsdramb s` djborjy an prant thb nbdbssory bjblbnts thot locb on omjb dh`roj d`ncudt`r. Sh`los farljy mbjabvbc thot thb fodt thot dh`rusbs wbrb l`stjy locb up `f olotburs cac n`t gustafy thb acbo thot thbar d`ncudt`r sh`ujc  mb untroanbc os wbjj. Uhajb, an ojj talbs, untroanbc d`ncudt`rs hovb ojwoys mbbn quatb rbocy t` mjolb p``r rbsujts `n thb jodk `f pr`fadabndabs `f has sanebrs, Sh`los locb thb thanes djbor wath thb stotblbnt thot ‚Shbrb orb n` moc dh`rusbs —`njy moc dh`roj d`ncudt`rs.“35  Shas phrosb hos mbbn possbc `n fr`l dh`roj d`ncudtane 32

 Tdhbrdhbn, Jbhrmudh cbs Caraebrbns Caraebrbns (Jbapzae7 Tdh`tt‑s Töhnb, ?1=1)  Sh`los, Jbhrmudh cbr Dh`rjbatune. v`j. ? (Uabsmocbn7 Mrbatk`pf & Hãrtbj, ?142) 35  N`tb thot an has m``k Mbhanc thb Mot`n (Nbw Q`rk7 Dhor`s Bntbrprasbs, ?163), Dhorjbs Mjodklon ottramutbs thb solb sbntbndb t` Ortur` S`sdonana (om`ut `rdhbstros). 36

69

 

 pr`fbss`rs t` thbar stucbnts, onc at hos mbd`lb thb loxal `f lony dh`roj d`ncudtane djossbs w`rjc-wacb. Sh`los‑ anfjubndb hos mbbn wacbsprboc curane onc oftbr has talb7 hb eovb lostbr djossbs an thb RT, anvatbc my f`rlbr Olbradon stucbnts wh` ottbncbc has d`ursbs an Mbrjan; has  Jbhrmud  Jbhrmudhh cbr Dh`rjbatune hoc bvbn  mbbn tronsjotbc ant` Goponbsb, bvbn mbf`rb mbane tronsjotbc ant` Bnejash an ?15?. Talajoratabs don mb `msbrvbc an s`lb `f thb Olbradon pumjadota`ns `f thb ?149‑s onc ?139‑s onc Sh`los‑  Jbhrmudh. H`wbvbr sandb Sh`los dh`sb t` t` f`dus `n thb thb d`ncudt`r onc pr`vacbc ludh prodtadoj anf`rlota`n rothbr thon salpjb d`ndbpts, has  m``k rbloans thb l`st saenafadont pumjadota`n `f thas talb pbra`c.

A. O nbw vasa`n `f thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r7 quojafadota`ns onc troanane

Shb `rcbr `f thb sumgbdt lottbr thot Sh`los dh`sb f`r has m``k as cbjambrotb onc rbvbojane7 farst o dhoptbr `n thb noturoj omajatabs thot lokb o e``c d`ncudt`r, thbn thb quojafadota`ns thot don mb odquarbc, f`jj`wbc my o d`ursb an d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub. @njy thbn, thb qubsta`n `n h`w t` f`rl onc rbhborsb o dh`ar as oppr`odhbc. Shas djborjy ajjustrotbs thb fodt thot d`ncudt`rs sh`ujc troan thblsbjvbs,  mbf`rb bncbov`rane t` troan `thbrs. Lony outh`rs wratane om`ut `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane sueebstbc thot ojj `r port `f thb suddbss an thb casdapjanb wos cub t` noturoj eafts. Mut an l`st anstondbs, n` ottblpt hoc mbbn locb t` cbsdramb prbdasbjy thb quojatabs whadh, sh`ujc thby mb p`ssbssbc noturojjy, rbncbr thb prodtadb `f

6?

 

d`ncudtane bosabr. Sh`los‑ cbsdrapta`n `f thb noturoj casp`sata`ns nbdbssory t` thb  prodtadb `f dh`roj d`ncudtane as o pr``f `f ` f has cbbp uncbrstoncane `f thb cas casdapjanb7 dapjanb7

O fanb sbnsb `f ant`nota`n as as bxtrblbjy alp`rtont f`r thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r. d`ncudt`r. Oms`jutb patdh as n`t o rbquasatb, os as cbl`nstrotbc my thb lony blanbnt lusadaons wh` jodk at, wath `mva`usjy n` cbtralbnt t` thbar pr`fbssa`noj d`lpbtbndb. Oms`jutb patdh loy, an fodt, turn `ut t` mb o casocvontoeb an thb lottbr `f tronsp`sata`n, `ftbn nbbcbc an cbojane wath w`rks `f thb ?6 th onc ?5th dbnturabs, `r wath pr`mjbls `f ant`nota`n (ojth`ueh thbsb pr`mjbls don, `f d`ursb, mb `vbrd`lb thr`ueh d`nsdabnta`us w`rk.) An ony bvbnt, thb sbnsb `f oms`jutb patdh d`ujc `njy rorbjy mb oppjabc t` ocgust ant`nota`n. L`rb jakbjy thon n`t, cbvaota`n fr`l thb  pr`pbr patdh d`ujc mb rbeastbrbc whbn thb m`rcbrjanb `f thb quortbr-t`nb hos mbbn  possbc - thot as, whbn at as t`` jotb. H`wbvbr, H` wbvbr, bvbry stucbnt `f ` f dh`roj d h`roj d`ncudtane sh`ujc hovb o surb sbnsb `f rbjotavb patdh onc dujtavotb at t` thb haehbst cberbb. On`thbr noturoj omajaty whadh as rbquarbc as thb omajaty `f d`llunadotane acbos–o dratadoj ospbdt `f d`ncudtane. Furthbr rbquarblbnts orb thb omajaty t` spbok mbf`rb o er`up, d`nsacbromjb `reonazota`noj tojbnt, onc psydh`j`eadoj sbnsatavaty. H`wbvbr, thb l`st alp`rtont rbquasatbs orb potabndb onc o dojl casp`sata`n (whadh as n`t t`  mb d`nfusbc jodk `f tblpbrolbnt!) N` thb lottbr h`wthby ludh nbrvbs loy mbwath stroanbc thr`ueh w`rkane wath dh`ar, lustthbn`td`ncudt`r‑s eavb woy; n`r lust thby eavb woy uncbr thb stroan `f `reonazota`noj tosks prbdbcane o d`ndbrt. Shb sjaehtbst nbrv`usnbss `r jodk `f d`ndbntrota`n wajj mb sbnsbc my thb dh`ar. Shbrb sh`ujc mb n` horsh `r alpotabnt w`rc sp`kbn curane rbhborsoj. N` `nb don sane af thb g`y onc bosb orb tokbn `ut `f saneane. Qbt at as prbdasbjy an thas rbspbdt thot lony dh`roj d`ncudt`rs foaj.38 

Os f`r thb quojafadota`ns thot don mb odquarbc, Sh`los jasts7 v`doj troanane (n` lottbr thb odtuoj p`tbntaoj `f thb d`ncudt`r‑s v`adb) whadh bnomjbs thb d`ncudt`r t` ajjustrotb `n `ddosa`n whot as bxpbdtbc fr`l thb dh`ar; bxpbrabndb os o dh`roj sanebr (whadh ojj`ws `nb t` mbd`lb folajaor wath thb rbpbrt`arb, mut ojs` t` uncbrstonc thb ‚psydh`j`eadoj lokb-up“ `f o dh`ar, onc t` ‚stucy thb pbrspbdtavb fr`l whadh o d`ncudt`r as sbbn“); t` hovb o th`r`ueh onc s`jac modker`unc an lusad thb`ry (horl`ny/d`untbrp`ant/onojysas) onc lusad hast`ry, bspbdaojjy os rbeorcs thb styjbs onc prodtadbs an dh`roj jatbroturb `f ojj talb pbra`cs. At as ojs` nbdbssory t` kn`w thb f`rbaen joneuoebs thb l`st blpj`ybc an dh`roj w`rks, t` mb o dopomjb 38 Sh`los

?15?, ?.  

6=

 

anstrulbntojast, onc o quojaty ‚l`st bssbntaoj“7 t` mb lostbrane d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub. Shas alp`rtont jast `f sumgbdt as unc`umtbcjy o saen thot Sh`los bnvasa`nbc dh`roj d`ncudtane os o pr`fbssa`n. An has  Jbhrmud  Jbhrmudhh  Sh`los dh`sb t` d`vbr `njy th`sb sumgbdts spbdafad t` thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r7 d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub, v`doj troanane, cadta`n, onc rbhborsane lbth`c`j`eabs. Hb cac n`t casduss thb r`jb `f thb d`ncudt`r an antbrprbtota`n. Ojj anf`rlota`n as pr`vacbc wath oclaromjb mrbvaty onc djoraty. O er`up `f outh`rs outh`rs wrat wratane ane an Olbrado Olbrado mbt mbtwbbn wbbn ?14= onc ?131–N`m ?131–N`mjb jb Doan, Dhrasty Von Olmr`sb, Ordhamojc S Covas`n, Lox Kr`nb, Ordhab G`nbs–  dh`sb f`r thbar lbth`cs `f dh`roj d`ncudtane o ‚lujta-sumgbdt“ oppr`odh salajor t` thot `f Sh`los. Bodh m``k hos s`lb spbdafad fboturbs mut thby ojj hovb an d`ll`n dhoptbrs `n d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub, v`doj tbdhnaqub onc/`r dh`roj tbdhnaqub (s`lbtalbs wath o sbporotb dhoptbr `n ant`nota`n pr`mjbls), antbrprbtota`n, onc rbhborsoj lbth`c`j`eabs. Sypadojjy, sbvbroj dhoptbrs orb ojs` cbv`tbc t` `reonazota`noj assubs, andjucane thb dh`adb `f thb rbpbrt`arb. Fr Fann‑s  Ort `f thb Dh`roj D`ncudt`r (M`st`n7 Mardhorc & D`, ?141) as ojl`st bntarbjy o lbth`c `f dh`roj troanane f`r m`ys‑ v`adbs. Os an thb Bnejash jatbroturb `f thb prbva`us

ebnbrota`n, at aen`rbs thb troanane `f thb d`ncudt`r. Has sbd`nc m``k Shb D`ncudt`r  ]oasbs has Mot`n (Nbw Q`rk & J`nc`n7 Horpbr & Mr`thbrs Yum., ?133)  as n`t, os

d`ujc mb ossulbc, o lbth`c `f d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub, mut o casdussa`n `n antbrprbtota`n. Tbvbroj `thbr pumjadota`ns `f thas talb pbra`c cboj spbdafadojjy wath

64

 

dhurdh lusad.31  Shb l`st saenafadont, cbspatb ats mrbvaty, as thot `f F. Lbjaus Dhrastaonsbn. Uhbn rbfbrrane t` thb troanane `f thb d`ncudt`rs, l`st Olbradon outh`rs c` n`t bnvasoeb o modker`unc os ‘f`rloj‑ os c`bs Kurt Sh`los (Covas`n c`bs). Shas as pbrhops bxpjoanbc my on oworbnbss `f thbar p`tbntaoj rbocbrs, onc  p`ssamjy my o caffbrbndb an thb rbpb rbpbrt`arb. rt`arb. Rsuojjy, d`jjbeaotb dh`roj bnsblmjbs wbrb drbotbc ot thb anataotavb `f thb stucbnts thblsbjvbs, onc `nb `f thbl, sh`wane l`rb noturoj jbocbrshap `r s`lb bxtro kn`wjbceb an lusad wos cbsaenotbc os thb jbocbr. Uhot l`st `f thbsb y`une dh`ar jbocbrs wontbc t` kn`w wos n`t h`w lony h`urs thby sh`ujc spbnc jbornane d`untbrp`ant, sandb l`st jakbjy, thby wbrb ojrbocy stucyane jow, `r physads. H`wbvbr, pr`momjy os o rbodta`n oeoanst thb rasb `f lbca`drb dh`roj d`ncudt`rs  d`ncudt`rs an thb d`ntbxt `f rbdrbota`noj saneane, thb nbbc f`r e``c lusadaonshap as `ftbn qu`tbc os o d`ncata`n  sanb quo n`n G`nbss soys7 soys7 n`n. G`nb Shb farst fodt`r an d`ncudtane as o th`r`ueh kn`wjbceb `f lusad onc  portadujorjy `f thb lusad whadh as t` mb pbrf`rlbc. Shb S hb nbw d`ncudt`r sh`ujc sbbk ojwoys t` alpr`vb has ebnbroj lusadaonshap. Af hb ojj`ws halsbjf t` alpr`vb wath thb dh`rus, nbathbr hb n`r thb dh`rus wajj alpr`vb os ropacjy `r pr`erbss os for os w`ujc mb thb dosb af hb tokbs dorb `f has `wn alpr`vblbnt a lpr`vblbnt farst.29 

Covas`n uncbrjanbs thot ‚olotbur [sanebrs\ om`vb ojj nbbc thb stalujus whadh don `njy mb `ffbrbc my th`r`uehjy d`lpbtbnt troanane.“ 2? Shb omajaty t` cbtbdt lastokbs onc o e``c kn`wjbceb `f v`adb orb typadojjy nbxt `n thb jast `f rbquarbc skajjs f`r dh`roj d`ncudt`rs. Os cac Sh`los, lony outh`rs dorb f`r thb ottatucb `f d`ncudt`rs onc thbar ‚s`daoj skajjs.“ D`ncudt`rs lust mb jbocbrs onc n`t `njy an o 31

 D`jblon ?14=, D`rnwojj ?145, Ttopjbs ?141, Hg`rtsvone ?13?, Ttot`n ?13=); Eroy ?13 ?134, 4, Dhrastaonsbn nc [?149-?138\. 29  G`nbs ?138, ?2. 2? Covas`n ?139, 4.

63

 

lusadoj woy. Shby lust stalujotb thbar er`up an ats w`rk, onc ojs` bstomjash thb raeht s`rt `f sparat mbtwbbn lblmbrs. Af thb rbsujts `f thbar bff`rts orb w`rthwhajb thb sanebrs wajj fbbj rbworcbc onc l`tavotbc. Mut t` odhabvb e``c rbsujts, t` lokb thbar dh`ar w`rk cajaebntjy onc wajjanejy ot thb solb talb, d`ncudt`rs lust bxbrt thbar  pbrs`nojaty, lusadaonshap, onc jbocbrshap. Cbspatb mbane an dhoreb, thby lust mb l`cbst, potabnt, hbjpfuj, kanc, ojwoys d`urtb`us, onc rbocy t` jborn fr`l thbar `wn er`up. Shby lust mb ‚t`jbront `f lastokbs, mut nbvbr j`sb thbar stoncorc onc acbojs“, soys G`nbs2=  onc d`nsacbr thblsbjvbs tbodhbrs. Hul`r as frbqubntjy lbnta`nbc os vbry hbjpfuj, bspbdaojjy t` rbjabvb nbeotavb fbbjanes, sh`ujc thb sanebrs fbbj nbrv`us `r casd`uroebc. Fanojjy, bvbn th`ueh thby orb jbocane, at as alp`rtont f`r d`ncudt`r t` ojwoys mb omjb t` acbntafy thblsbjvbs wath thb sanebrs. D`ncudt`r onc dh`rus  sh`ujc mb `nb, soys Covas`n24.

Cbspatb thas dorb f`r thb pbrs`n `f thb d`ncudt`r, has r`jb onc troanane, l`st  m``ks `f thb talb orb n`t bntarbjy d`ndbavbc os pbcoe`eadoj w`rks f`r d`ncudt`rs; thby orb lbont t` hbjp w`rkane d`ncudt`rs, n`t t` troan stucbnt d`ncudt`rs. Shb  pbrs`n wh` as oskbc f`r alpr`vblbnt as stajj thb sanebr7 Shb dh`rus onc ats d`ncudt`r   (Dhadoe`7 Nbaj O. Kg`s Lusad, ?132)    my Lox Kr`nb as bspbdaojjy rbprbsbntotavb `f thas `jcbr ottatucb. Shbrb as ojs` typadojjy l`rb anf`rlota`n `n  purbjy `reonazota`noj tosks thon `n d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub. Shb r`jb `f d`ncudt`r os anstrulbnt-lokbr as l`rb prbsbnt thon bvbr7 bnsblmjbs jakb Dhrastaonsbn‑s Tt @jof dh`ar, `r Uajjaols`n‑s Ubstlanstbr dh`ar wbrb rbvbrbc f`r thb puraty `f thbar t`nb, 2=

 G`nbs ?138, ?6. ?139, 8.

24 Covas`n

62

 

onc thb odhabvblbnt `f o mboutafuj t`nb wos thb porol`unt e`oj f`r thb d`ncudt`rs `f thas talb pbra`c. Tpbdafad sdh``js `f th`ueht `n h`w t` rbodh thas e`oj wbrb cbvbj`pane ot thas talb. An on ortadjb pumjashbc an thb d`jjbdtavb w`rk Dh`roj D`ncudtane, o Tylp`saul d`ncudt`r H`worc Twon nulmbrbc n` jbss thon sax

caffbrbnt oppr`odhbs t` t`nb onc eovb on bxdbjjbnt cbsdrapta`n `f thb lbth`cs onc obsthbtad quojatabs `f bodh `f thbl 23. O d`lpjb d`lpjbtb tb dd`lpo `lporot rotavb avb stucy `f caffb caffbrbn rbntt oppr`odhbs t` dh`roj troanane hos mbbn d`lpjbtbc my Ebrojc Corr`w an ?152. Has  m``k  F`ur Cbdocb Cbdocbss `f Dh`roj Sroanane (Lbtudhbn, N.G.7 Tdorbdr`w Yrbss) don mb d`nsujtbc f`r olpjb cbtoajs `n thb qubsta`n. Corr`w anvbstaeotbc thb bv`juta`n `f th`uehts onc lbth`cs d`ndbrnane thb assubs `f t`nb quojaty, mrbothane, p`sturb, ant`nota`n, roneb, cynolads, onc cadta`n mbtwbbn ?149 onc ?159.

AA. Bv`juta`n an thb oppr`odh t` antbrprbtota`n

Covas`n stotbs thot e``c lusadaonshap, onc bspbdaojjy folajaoraty wath lusadoj styjbs as on oms`jutb nbdbssaty af `nb wonts t` ossulb thb r`jb `f on antbrprbtbr.22  Shas cbsarb t` sbb antbrprbtota`n mosbc `n odtuoj sdh`jorshap lorks o erbot dhoneb `f d`ndbpta`n an d`lporas`n t` thb prbva`us ebnbrota`n. Tar D`worc, whbn cbvbj`pane has antbrprbtotavb tbdhnaqub hoc o l`rb sumgbdtavb oppr`odh t` thb lottbr. An has m``k hb d`lporbs antbrprbtota`n t` o ‚lusadoj soudb“ thot bnradhbs thb

23

 Twon, ‚Shb cbvbj`plbnt `f o dh`roj anstrulbnt“ an Dh`roj D`ncudtane, o Tylp`saul, Cbdkbr onc Hbrf`rc, bcs (Bnejbw``c Djaffs, NG, ?154), 3-22. 22 Covas`n ?139 , 5

66

 

 pbrf`rlbc pabdbs an thb solb woy o tosty soudb s oudb d`ujc bnhondb o mjonc fash fas h26. Bvbn Bvbn d`nsacbrane thot cavbrsb dh`adbs an antbrprbtota`n d`ujc stajj mb locb an cub rbspbdt t` thb d`ntbnt `f thb sd`rb, thb acbo `f ‚bnhondane“ thb lusad as rbvbojane. Shas d`ndbpt d`ujc bosajy jboc t` blphosazb thb bffbdts (thb ‚soudb“) `vbr thb `raeanoj d`ntbnt, os n`totbc my thb d`lp`sbr (thb ‚mjonc fash“). Os wb pr`erbss an thb dbntury, `nb sbbs anstboc on andrbosane wajj t` mbttbr uncbrstonc m`th styjbs onc lusadoj systbl s` os t` casd`vbr an thb sd`rb thb annbr quojatabs `f thb lusad. Shas as  prbdasbjy thb purp`sb `f Fann‑s Shb D`ncudt`r ]oasbs Has Mot`n. An thas m``k, Fann ottblpts t` djorafy lony nbejbdtbc ospbdts `f thb lusadoj casd`ursb, f`r bxolpjb, thb caffbrbndb an oddbntuota`n `f thb vora`us lbtbrs. Lasuncbrstoncane thas d`ndbpt, bxpjoans Fann, tronsjotbs an thb uncub oddbntuota`n `f bvbry mbot– os os af ojj mbots hoc thb solb alp`rtondb–onc cbstr`ys thb phrosane. @thbr bjblbnts andjucbc an Fann‑s casdussa`n orb thb dh`adb `f tblp`, cynolad jbvbjs, onc thb woys `f djorafyane  p`jyph`nad tbxturb. Sblp` hoc mbbn o sumgbdt wbjj casdussbc my thb `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`rs (an Ebrlony bspbdaojjy) mut Fann as thb farst dh`roj d`ncudt`r t` d`nsacbr at an thb d`ntbxt `f dh`roj pbrf`rlondb. Has vabws `n thb qubsta`n orb bxtrblbjy d`lpjbtb7 thb dh`adb `f tblp` sh`ujc n`t `njy mb mosbc `n fodt`rs anhbrbnt t` thb lusad atsbjf, mut ojs` `n sudh bxtbrnoj fodt`rs os thb od`ustad quojatabs `f thb vbnub. An has dhoptbr `n cynolads, Fann bxh`rts f`r rbos`n, noturojnbss onc lbonanefujnbss whbn lokane dh`adbs. Fanojjy, hb eavbs cbtoajbc rbd`llbncota`ns `f thb nbdbssory voraota`n `f antbnsaty nbbcbc t` blphosazb phrosane onc djorafy lusadoj tbxturb.

26 D`worc

?1?3 , 1?-1=

65

 

Oreulbnts onc acbos `f thb wh`jb m``k orb djborjy supp`rtbc my thb vbry s`jac lusadoj onc hast`radoj brucata`n `f ats outh`r. Fann‑s w`rk d`nstatutbs o pjbo f`r rbos`nbc antbrprbtota`n whadh usbs, an occata`n t` thb coto oddbssamjb an thb sd`rb, o supp`rtane kn`wjbceb `f thb bp`dh onc styjb `f bodh dh`sbn pabdb rothbr thon sumgbdtavb onc s`lbtalbs eroncaj`qubnt bffbdts sudh o th`sb proasbc my thb prbva`us ebnbrota`n. Shb D`ncudt`r ]oasbs Has Mot`n ottblpts t` pr`vacb dh`roj d`ncudt`rs wath bssbntaoj n`ta`ns om`ut lusadoj joneuoeb. Ancbbc thb oppjadota`n `f dh`roj tbdhnaqub porolbtbrs `r antbrprbtotavb bffbdts wath`ut o djbor uncbrstoncane `f thb d`lp`sbr‑s antbnt onc joneuoeb c`bs n`t lokb sbnsb. Uath`ut thb nbdbssory f`uncota`ns an lusadoj dujturb, lony dh`roj d`ncudt`rs d`ujc `njy hovb rbd`ursb t` thbar aloeanota`n thus mbtroyane thb d`lp`sbr onc thb lusad thby orb supp`sbc t` sbrvb. Ojos, anstandt as n`t bn`ueh os Dhrastaonsbn rbsulbs vbry wbjj7 ‚O pbrs`n loy mb ortastad an tostb onc fbbjane wath`ut mbane on ortast. O pbrs`n wh` hos thb`rbtadoj kn`wjbceb onc tbdhnadoj troanane d`lmanbc wath o fanb ortastad tostb onc fbbjane as on ortast.“25 

AAA. Lbth`c`j`eabs7 thb alp`rtondb `f thb rbhborsoj

Uhajb jodk `f kn`wjbceb as odkn`wjbcebc os `nb alp`rtont rbstradta`n t` quojaty an dh`roj pbrf`rlondb, jodk `f lbth`c as on`thbr. Dhrastaonsbn osks ‚Uhy c` thb log`raty `f dhurdh dh`ars nbvbr alpr`vb0 Has onswbr as, n`t cub t` o jodk `f tojbntbc v`adbs, mut cub t` wr`ne acbojs onc ottatucbs, onc anbffadabndy `f thb port `f 25 Dhrastaonsbn

nc [?149-?138\ , , ?5.

68

 

thb carbdt`r ot thb rbhborsojs.28  Shb sumgbdt `f rbhborsane hos n`w mbd`lb ludh l`rb prbsbnt an thb jatbroturb `n d`ncudtane, mut n`t ojwoys c`bs thb andjusa`n `f o ‚rbhborsoj“ dhoptbr d`rrbsp`nc t` thb pr`vacane `f lbth`cs f`r thb d`ncudt`rs. Outh`rs s`lbtalbs salpjy casduss ‚vora`us sumgbdts jankbc t` thb rbhborsoj“ sudh os thb nbdbssaty t` bnf`rdb casdapjanb onc rbeujor ottbncondb. Covas`n antr`cudbs `thbr t`pads sudh os thb mbnbfats `f o doppbjjo rbhborsane onc thb cbtralbnts `f bxdbssavb tojkane my thb d`ncudt`r. Antr`cudane nbw lusad as o kby l`lbnt an thb w`rk wath o dh`ar. Tbvbroj outh`rs (Sh`los, Doan, Kr`nb, Dhrastaonsbn) lokb l`rb `r jbss cbtoajbc sueebsta`ns `n thb caffbrbnt stbps t` tokb whbn farst rbhborsane o pabdb. Dhrastaonsbn sueebsts o ebnbroj `rcbr `f pra`ratabs t` kbbp an lanc whbn rbhborsane. Ancbbc, os Tar D`worc uncbrjanbc, pra`ratabs orb nbdbssory, sandb n`t ojj lastokbs d`ujc `r sh`ujc mb d`rrbdtbc ot thb solb talb. Mut t` thb d`ncudt`r rbodhane thb sbd`nc phosb `f ‚d`lportlbntoj spbdaojazane“ Tar D`worc cac n`t spbdafy whot t` c` farst. Dhrastaonsbn ocvasbs t` dorb farst f`r rhythl, thbn patdhbs, f`jj`wbc my  phrosane, purb v`wbjs, mojondb, blphosas `f loan ports `r thblbs, tunane, djbon ottodks onc rbjbosbs, onc ebnbroj bffbdt. Shb rbocbr, h`wbvbr, as t`` `ftbn locb oworb `f whot acbojs orb cbsarbc, mut jbft wath`ut hbjp os h`w t` d`rrbdt thb vora`us lastokbs. @n thot lottbr Kurt Sh`los pr`vbs l`rb ansaehtfuj thon has Olbradon  pbbrs. Hb pr`vacbs spbdafad lbth`cs f`r thb prodtadane `f caffadujt rhythls onc thb tbxt. Hb c`bs n`t hbsatotb t` mjolb thb d`ncudt`r–rothbr thon thb stajj `ftbn oddusbc  mocjy vbntajotbc r``l–f`r ant`nota`n pr`m pr`mjbls. jbls. Shb d`ncudt`r sh`ujc s h`ujc mb oworb `f

28

 Dhrastaonsbn, `p. dat. 8.

61

 

thb v`doj pr`mjbls whadh rbsujt an p``r ant`nota`n onc hovb s`juta`ns f`r thbl. Hb jasts os p`ssamjb dousbs (?) tbnsbnbss an v`doj pr`cudta`n (pujjane `r pushane `f thb t`nb), (=) `vbrjy cork v`wbjs, (4) jodk `f mrboth supp`rt `r ansuffadabnt mrbothane, (3) kbys thot blphosazb thb t`nb dj`sb t` thb dhoneb `f rbeastbrs, (2) rbpbotbc n`tbs thot ‚wbor `ff“, (6) jodk `f oworbnbss `f thb t`noj d`ntbxt onc (5) pr`mjbls wath thb  pr`nundaota`n `f thb tbxt. Sh`los as ojs` thb `njy outh` outh`rr `f thb talb t` cbsdramb thb vbry alp`rtont prbporota`n w`rk whadh ojj`ws thb d`ncudt`r t` lostbr th`r`uehjy thb sd`rb mbf`rb rbhborsane at. AV. Antbrbst an D`ncudtane Sbdhnaqub Yrbdurs`rs7 Mbf`rb thb ?149‑s, onc f`jj`wane Korj Tdhröcbr‑s  Honcmud  Honcmudhh

cbs Caraeabrbns unc Soktabrbns21  o fbw w`rks hoc mbbn pumjashbc thot fboturbc o

spbdafad port `n thb tbdhnaqub `f d`ncudtane7 Ebrhrkbns‑  Bssbntaojs an D`ncudtane D`ncudtane (M`st`n7 @javbr Cats`n Dab, ?1?1) onc Tt`bssbj‑s Sbdhnad `f thb Mot`n (Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj Fasdhbr, ?1=9). Shb dosb `f U`cbjj‑s Dh`ars onc Dh`roj D`ncudtane (Yhajocbjphao7 Shb`c`rb Yrbssbr, ?14?) as horcbr t` bvojuotb, sandb thb w`rk, farst  pumjashbc an ?19? hoc mbbn rbvasbc onc bnjorebc sbvbroj talbs. My ?14? thb ?=th  bcata`n cac andjucb mbot pottbrns onc `thbr ocvadb `n d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub, mut at as horc t` kn`w h`w borjy thbsb hoc mbbn andjucbc. Shbsb pumjadota`ns, ojj Olbradon, wbrb thb farst t` pr`vacb o l`rb tbdhnadojjy-`rabntbc casdussa`n `n d`ncudtane. @f thb thrbb, Ebhrkbns‑ as my for thb l`st saenafadont. At d`ntoans saens `f on bv`juta`n `f th`uehts om`ut d`ncudtane. Ebhrkbns mbjabvbs thot ot jbost s`lb bjblbnts `f 21

 O rbvasbc bcata`n, uncbr thas nbw tatjb, wos pumjashbc an ?1?5.

59

 

d`ncudtane don mb toueht onc thot sudh anstrudta`n don mb ‚surprasanejy bffbdtavb an rbsujts.“69 H`wbvbr hb wajj raehtfujjy spbdafy o fbw ybors jotbr thot ‚n` ol`unt `f  prodtadb wajj lokb o e``c d`ncudt`r `ut `f o pbrs`n wh` as n`t ojrbocy o e``c lusadaon.“6?  Ebrhrkbns cbfanbs d`ncudtane os ‚thb odtavatabs `f on `rdhbstro `r dh`rus jbocbr wh` stoncs mbf`rb o er`up `f pbrf`rlbrs onc eavbs has bntarb talb onc bff`rt t` carbdtane thbar pjoyane `r saneane t` thb bnc thot o lusadojjy bffbdtavb bnsblmjb pbrf`rlondb loy rbsujt.“6= Ebrhkbns sbbs d`ncudtane l`vblbnts os thb spbdafad lbon thr`ueh whadh thas bnc as odhabvbc (os `pp`sbc t` o poanstokane rbhborsoj pr`dbss oj`nb). Jotbr, on`thbr acbo `f alp`rtondb as bxprbssbc7 Shb d`ncudt`r w`rks jorebjy thr`ueh thb anstrulbntojaty `f anstandtavb alatota`n; thot as, has has lbth`cs orb orb f`uncbc up`n thb fodt thot thot hulon mbanes hovb on annotb tbncbndy t` d`py thb t hb odta`ns `f `thbrs, `ftbn wath`ut mbane d`nsda`us thot thby orb c`ane s`; […\ thb d`ncudt`r fbbjs o dbrtoan bl`ta`noj thrajj an rbsp`nsb t` thb d`lp`sbr‑s lbssoeb,–onc or`usb o salajor thrajj an thb pbrf`rlbrs; jafts has sh`ujcbrs os th`ueh tokane o mrboth,–onc dousbs thb sanebrs t` phrosb pr`pbrjy, `ftbn wath`ut bathbr thb d`ncudt`r `r thb sanebrs mbane oworb `f h`w thb carbdta`n wos d`nvbybc..64 

Ebrhkbns thus acbntafabc on alp`rtont l`cus `pbronca  `f d`ncudtane7 thb stalujota`n `f oppr`praotb mut und`nsda`us rbsp`nsbs `f thb pbrf`rlbrs. Acbojjy thb d`ncudt`r sh`ujc an fodt mb oworb `f thas pr`dbss onc usb at d`nsda`usjy. Ebhrkbns lonoebs t` casduss o wacb orroy `f bssbntaoj sumgbdts, bspbdaojjy thb qubsta`ns `f antbrprbtota`n onc bffadabndy an rbhborsoj wath mrbvaty, antbjjaebndb onc soeodaty. Shb casdussa`n `n d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub as n`t bxtrblbjy j`ne, mut at andjucbs sbvbroj

69

 Ebhrkbns ?1?1 , a  Ebhrkbns, ?149, 3

6? 6=

64 Ebhrkbns

?  Ebhrkbns ?1?1, 4-3.

5?

 

alp`rtont onc ann`votavb prandapjbs. At wajj mb suppjblbntbc an ?149 my o sbd`nc  m``k `ffbrane Sharty Jbss`ns `f D`ncudtane.  Osacb f`rl pr`p`sane thb usuoj cbsdrapta`n `f mbot pottbrns, Ebhrkbns (modk an ?1?1) ocvasbs t` ocopt thb nulmbr `f  mbots t` thb tblp` rothbr thon thb talb-saenoturb, a.b. o 3/3 d`ujc mb eavbn = `r 8  pujsbs odd`rcanejy. odd`rc anejy. Ojs` `f alp`rtondb as thb uncbrjanane `f thb fodt thot ‚thb mot`n lust n`t usuojjy d`lb t` o stoncstajj ot thb p`ant lorkane thb mbots, nbathbr lust at l`vb an o stroaeht janb fr`l `nb p`ant t` on`thbr, bxdbpt an thb dosb `f thb c`wnmbot…“63 Shas as d`ntbstane Mbrja`z‑s vabw `n d`ncudtane l`ta`ns. Ebhrkbns ojs` offarls Ub loy e` furthbr onc soy thot thb prbjalanory l`vblbnt locb  mbf`rb thb mot`n orravbs ot whot laeht mb tbrlbc thb ‚m`tt`l“ `f thb mbot as odtuojjy l`rb alp`rtont thon thb ‚m`tt`l“ `f thb mbot atsbjf.“ Shb ‚m`tt`l“ `f thb mbot as odhabvbc my o lusdujor d`ntrodta`n, whajb thb rbjoxota`n `f thb janb an mbtwbbn mbots as whot ‚eavbs thb bffbdt `f d`ntanuaty `r fj`w.62 

Ebrhkbns thbn cbsdrambs thb n`ta`n `f rbm`unc, whadh hoc n`t oppborbc an  prant borjabr, os wbjj os thb nbdbssaty `f ocoptane thb jbneth `f thb str`kb t` thb dhorodtbr `f thb lusad. Ojmbrt Tt`bssbj‑s Sbdhnad `f thb Mot`n sbbl t` mb thb farst  m``k bntarbjy cbv`tbc t` thb tbdhnadoj ospbdt `f talb-mbotane, mut Tt`bssbj‑s oppr`odh t` l`vblbnt as jbss prbdasb thot Ebhrkbns. Sh`ueh at c`bs n`t pr`p`sb ony `raeanoj `r nbw d`ndbpt os for os d`ncudtane l`ta`ns (sovb f`r o mrabf borjy lbnta`n `f thb usb `f thb jbft honc), at hos `raeanoj fboturbs7 padturbs onc eylnostad bxbrdasbs onc lusadoj bxbrdasbs wrattbn an on anstrulbntoj ‚btucb“ styjb. An o jotbr

63 62 Ebhrkbns

 amac.

?1?1, =8.

5=

 

bcata`n (?1=8) `f thb solb w`rk, Tt`bssbj as `nb `f thb farst outh`rs t` cboj wath lbosurbs wath unbquoj mbots (os usbc, f`r bxolpjb, my Ttrovansky.) Cbspatb thb fodt thot Tt`bssbj wr`tb fr`l thb monclostbr p`ant `f vabw, o jotbr pumjadota`n Shb bxbrdasbs–sh`ws thot hb wos ojs` ojs` Dh`rojast‑s C`umjb C`zbn– o sbrabs `f v`doj bxbrdasbs–sh`ws anv`jvbc wath dh`rusbs.

An Olbrado7 Oftbr Ebhrkbns‑ w`rks, thbrb as prodtadojjy n` alpr`vblbnt an

thb tbdhnadoj d`ndbpts `f d`ncudtane an thb jatbroturb `f thb ?149‑s onc ?139‑s. @nb don salpjy n`tb thot my thbn thb usb `f thb jbft honc hos mbd`lb d`ll`njy odkn`wjbcebc. G`nbs rbd`llbncs ats usb ‚f`r dubs, antbrprbtotavb ebsturbs, onc f`r oacane thb raeht honc an djalox onc tblp` dhoneb“66  An lony anstondbs, at don mb fbjt thot ‚mot`n tbdhnaqub“ as rbd`llbncbc my Olbradon outh`rs l`rb os o qubsta`n `f stotus (at j``ks l`rb sbra`us) thon mbdousb `f o rboj uncbrstoncane `f ats p`tbntaoj usbfujnbss, bspbdaojjy f`r antbrprbtota`n. Bvbn Fr Fann, wh` wos omjb t` pr`p`sb sudh o d`lpjbtb rbfjbdta`n `n thb uncbrstoncane `f thb porolbtbrs `f lusad onc  pbrf`rlondb, cac n`t usb ebsturb t` has mbst ocvontoeb. G`nbs c`bs andjucb o  poroeroph `n phrosane an has dhoptbr `n d`ncudtane. Mut at turns `ut t` n`t mb anf`rlotavb whots`bvbr, tbdhnadojjy spbokane. At as salpjy soac thot phrosane sh`ujc (s`lbh`w) mb bstomjashbc `ndb thb d`ncudt`r hos uncbrst``c thb caffbrbnt l``cs onc lbonane anv`jvbc an thb w`rks.65 An sh`rt, cbspatb thb l`rb d`ll`n andjusa`n `f d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub an thb m``ks `n dh`roj d`ncudtane, at as stajj n`t rbeorcbc my 66 65 G`nbs

 Amac.  ?138, ?3

54

 

ojj os mbane bssbntaoj. Tbvbroj outh`rs d`ntanub t` rbjy ojl`st bxdjusavbjy `n dh`roj troanane. Shus G`nbs stotbs thot ‚thb wbjj rbhborsbc dh`ar wajj pbrf`rl ojl`st os wbjj wath`ut thb d`ncudt`r, onc wajj odtuojjy ebt oj`ne mbttbr an pbrf`rlondb wath`ut lony `f thb orl onc m`cy l`ta`ns sbbn s` frbqubntjy“ 68, sueebstane sueebstane thot an s` s`lb lb anstondbs thb d`ncudt`r c`bs an fodt ‚ebt an thb woy“. Hb jotbr lokbs l`rb ojjusa`n om`ut thb cbtralbntoj ospbdt `f talb-mbotane. Uhbn tbdhnaqub as n`t wbjj lostbrbc at as vbry p`ssamjb f`r at ancbbc t` rbncbr thanes l`rb caffadujt f`r thb sanebrs. F`r G`nbs, thb wh`jb pr`dbss `f prbporane thb dh`ar as an fodt thb ‚d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub.“ Orl l`vblbnts orb mut on oddbss`ry ospbdt an thas prbporota`n.  Nbvbrthbjbss, hb sueebsts t` jborn thb d`nvbnta`noj l`ta`ns, onc bvbn t` prodtadb thbl an fr`nt `f thb larr`r  

An Ebrlony7 Hbrlon Tdhbrdhbn‑s  Jbhrmudh cbs Caraebrbn Caraebrbnss cbsbrvbs

lbnta`n os o jonclork an thb ebnbroj casdapjanb `f d`ncudtane. Os Ebrhkbns cac, Tdhbrdhbn d`ntbsts thb acbo `f thb ‚m`rn-d`ncudt`r,“ o d`ntbstota`n whadh as d`lpjbtbc wath o sueebsta`n `f durradujul f`r thb troanane `f on `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`r (o durradujul whadh, wb sh`ujc p`ant `ut, andjucbs dh`roj saneane.) Hb ojs` cbsdrambs thb vora`us phosbs `f whot d`ujc mb dojjbc thb ‚pr`dbss“ `f d`ncudtane, fr`l sbjf-rbprbsbntota`n `f o pabdb my thb d`ncudt`r, t` ats prodtadb onc ats pbrf`rlondb. Hb ansasts `n thb nbdbssaty `f o djbor tbdhnaqub an `rcbr t` d`nvby thb d`ncudt`r‑s antbnta`ns, mbdousb, os hb soys, ‚w`rcs don mb usbc ot rbhborsoj

68

 G`nbs ?138 ,,2.

53

 

`njy.“61 Has prbsbntota`n `f d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub as thb l`st d`lpjbtb t` thas p`ant an hast`ry. At as odd`lponabc my bxbrdasbs onc ocvadb f`r prodtadb. O wbojth `f lusadoj bxolpjbs ojj`ws thb stucbnt t` bstomjash o mbttbr rbjota`nshap mbtwbbn ebsturbs onc lusad. Tdhbrdhbn cbvbj`pbc Tdhröcbr‑s d`ndbpt `f prbjalanory mbot, spbdafyane thot at sh`ujc mb ancadotavb `f thb tblp`, onc mb ocoptbc t` thb typb `f rhythl `n whadh thb lusad storts. Hb wos ojs` thb farst t` pr`p`sb o dh`adb `f  pottbrns f`r mbotane d`lp`unc talb odd`rcane t` thb rbquarblbnts `f thb lusad. Shus Tdhbrdhbn prbsbntbc o d`ndbpta`n `f talb-mbotane whadh wos l`rb an rbjota`n wath thb lusadoj d`ntbnt rothbr thon thb lbtbr `njy. Bvbn af thbsb tbdhnaqubs wajj sbb furthbr alpr`vblbnts, Tdhbrdhbn‑s  Jbhrmud  Jbhrmudhh rbloans `f alp`rtondb os thb farst  m``k t` bx bxpjoan pjoan hh`w `w t` jborn thb ort `f d`ncudtane. Eavbn ojj thb antbnsb rbfjbdta`n cbcadotbc t` d`ncudtane onc thb pr`erbss locb an d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub an Ebrlony, at as `njy j`eadoj f`r Kurt Sh`los‑ casdussa`n `n d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub t`  mb my for thb l`st cbtoajbc onc ostutb bvbr pr`p`sbc up t` thot coy my o dh`roj d`ncudt`r. Sh`los cbsdrambs d`ncudtane os mbane ‚thb ort `f  sueebstane thb 59

bxprbssavb nuondbs `f lusad onc tbxt ..““   Shas stotblbnt as `f erbot alp`rtondb. At d`ntbsts thb mbjabf thot bxprbssa`n don `njy mb odhabvbc thr`ueh bffbdts bntarbjy prb-

orronebc an rbhborsoj. Ancbbc, Sh`los as oworb `f thb furthbr p`tbntaoj `f ebsturb, onc portadujorjy ats r`jb an antbrprbtota`n. Hb stotbs djborjy thot jodk `f d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub rbsujts an ‚poanstokane rbhborsoj w`rk.“5? @f d`ursb thb rbhborsoj w`rk as

61

 Tdhbrdhbn ?144, ?3.

59

5? Sh`los

3.  Sh`los ?15? ?15?, , 4.

52

 

n`t t` caspbnsb wath, onc m`th ebsturb onc rbhborsane sh`ujc sbrvb d`ll`n e`ojs onc d`lpjbtb bodh `thbr. Shb fodt thot n`t `njy lusad mut tbxt  don  don mb sueebstbc wath thb ebsturb as n`t o slojj p`ant. Shb oworbnbss thot dh`roj d`ncudt`rs lust ocopt thbar d`ncudtane tbdhnaqubs t` thb dhorodtbrastads `f dh`roj saneane (a.b. v`doj  pr`cudta`n onc usb `f w`rcs) as `f drudaoj alp`rtondb an thb muajcane `f o trujy dh`roj d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub. Sh`los‑ stotblbnt as an thas lottbr ontadapotane jotbr cbvbj`plbnts. An has casdussa`n `n tbdhnaqub, Sh`los sh`ws o fanb pbcoe`eadoj sbnsb my prbsbntane thb lottbr an o vbry djbor onc j`eadoj `rcbr, onc an o t`-thb-p`ant lonnbr. Shus, o casdussa`n `n thb prbporot`ry p`sturb prbdbcbs thb casdussa`n `n thb prbporot`ry mbot, whadh prbdbcbs thb cbsdrapta`ns `n thb pottbrns. Shas loy sbbl salpjb d`ll`n sbnsb, ybt o surprasane nulmbrs `f (usuojjy anstrulbntoj) d`ncudtane lbth`cs dorbfujjy cbsdramb pottbrns, wath`ut farst tbjjane h`w t` odtuojjy stort thb bnsblmjb (onc s`lbtalbs, thby c` n`t tbjj at ot ojj!). Shb n`ta`n `f o  prbporot`ry p`sturb as, ot jbost an wratane, o nbw d`ndbpt. Shb prbporot`ry p`sturb  prbdbcbs thb prbporot`ry mbot. Ats purp`sb as t` ‚bstomjash d`ndbntrota`n onc vasuoj d`ntodt mbtwbbn thb d`ncudt`r onc bodh lblmbr `f thb dh`ar“ onc ‚ontadapotb thb dhorodtbr onc bxprbssavb quojaty `f thb w`rk om`ut t` mb pbrf`rlbc.“ 5= Ontadapotane thb dhorodtbr `f thb w`rk wath on all`majb p`sturb as n`t on bosy thane t` c`. At dojjs f`r o sbnsb `f thb usb `f m`cy joneuoeb bvbn fanbr thon thb usb `f l`vblbnts c`bs. Shb prbporot`ry mbot, onc os Tdhbrdhbn hoc ojrbocy rbd`llbncbc, sh`ujc d`ntoan djbor anf`rlota`n om`ut thb lusad t` f`jj`w. F`r bxolpjb, caffbrbnt

5=

 Sh`los ?15?, 2

56

 

 pjodblbnts `f thb honcs sueebst caffbrbndbs an antbnsaty7 whbn thbrb as o nbbc f`r l`rb antbnsaty thb ebsturbs l`vb owoy fr`l thb m`cy, onc whbn thbrb as o nbbc f`r jbss, dj`sbr t` thb m`cy. Honc p`sata`n as ojs` anv`jvbc an bxprbssane antbnsaty. F`r bxolpjb, tbnsa`n don mb bxprbssbc my ‚pjodane thulm onc f`rbfanebr j``sbjy t`ebthbr“ whajb o s`ft bntrondb don mb prbporbc my ‚o l`rb `pbnbc p`sata`n `f thb honcs onc o ebntjb `utworc turn `f thb pojls.“54 At as bosy t` sbb fr`l thas usb `f thb honcs thb gustafadota`n `f Sh`los‑ pjbo f`r d`ncudtane wath`ut thb mot`n, bspbdaojjy f`r o doppbjjo pbrf`rlondbs. S` thb d`ll`n `mgbdta`n om`ut jodk `f prbdasa`n `f  morb-honc d`ncudtane, hb raehtfujjy `mgbdts thot `nb don mb gust os anoddurotb wath o  mot`n, `r oddurotb wath`ut. Osacb fr`l thbsb typadojjy dh`roj bjblbnts, Sh`los sh`ws on bxdbjjbnt optatucb f`r cbsdramane l`ta`ns an w`rcs–o caffadujt tosk thot dhojjbnebs ojj outh`rs `n d`ncudtane.

D`ndjusa`n

An Sh`los‑  Jbhrmudh, dh`roj d`ncudtane d`ncudtane opp oppbors bors f`r thb thb farst farst tal talbb os o castandt lusadoj casdapjanb, d`lmanane thb fundta`ns `f o pbrf`rlane d`ncudt`r wath thot `f o dh`roj troanbr. An Sh`los‑ vabw `f dh`roj d`ncudtane, m`th thb w`rk an rbhborsoj onc thb d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub orb spbdafadojjy ocoptbc t` thb dh`roj anstrulbnt. Bnvasoeane at jakb thas as sbbane dh`roj d`ncudtane os o spbdaojty, rothbr thon on bxtbnsa`n `f `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane. At as `f d`ursb thb w`rk `n unodd`lponabc rbpbrt`arb thot pjodbc an thb pbrs`n `f thb dh`roj troanbr thb 54

 Sh`los ?15? , =?-==.

55

 

rbsp`nsamajatabs `f pbrf`rlane. Shb trbnc f`r o doppbjjo pbrf`rlondb an thb Rnatbc Ttotbs ojs` d`ntramutbc t` thb odkn`wjbceblbnt `f thb casdapjanb `f dh`roj d`ncudtane. O doppbjjo pbrf`rlondb gustafabs thb nbbc f`r o pbrs`n wh` don mb an dhoreb `f m`th thb troanane onc thb d`ncudtane `f thb bnsblmjb an pbrf`rlondb. @nb don casdbrn o caffbrbndb an stotus f`r thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r an Olbrado onc Ebrlony7 Olbradon jatbroturb cbfbncs thb acbo `f thb d`ncudt`r mbane o troanbc ancavacuoj, mut sbbls n`t t` bxpbdt thas troanane t` mb `f pr`fbssa`noj quojaty. Dh`roj saneane mbane l`stjy olotburs, thbrb wos n`t ancbbc lony `pp`rtunatabs ot thb talb f`r o dorbbr an dh`roj d`ncudtane. @f d`ursb, p`sata`ns bxastbc an s`lb dhurdhbs onc sdh``js. Mut an thbsb sbttanes, dh`roj lusad as an sbrvadb t` haehbr dousbs; pbrf`rlondb as n`t on bnc an atsbjf. An sh`rt, f`r o dh`roj d`ncudt`r thbrb wos n` bquavojbnt t` thb p`sata`n `f d`ncudt`r `f thb M`st`n Tylph`ny @rdhbstro, f`r bxolpjb. At as pr`momjy  mbdousb thby wbrb oworb `f thas satuota`n thot Olbradon outh`rs outh`r s prbsbntbc thb stucy `f d`ncudtane l`rb os o sacb odtavaty rothbr thon o loan durradujul. Bathbr mbdousb `f thb prodtadb `f o ‚jaehtbr“ rbpbrt`arb, `r mbdousb `f o jbssbr nota`noj antbrbst an thb qubsta`n, thb tbdhnadoj ospbdt `f dh`roj d`ncudtane as trbotbc rothbr supbrfadaojjy. Anstboc, thb f`dus as pjodbc `n thb cbvbj`plbnt `f o supbra`r quojaty `f t`nb. Shb jodk `f pr`fbssa`noj `pp`rtunatabs f`r dh`roj d`ncudt`rs wos unavbrsoj; h`wbvbr, at don mb fbjt thot Kurt Sh`los bnvasa`ns thb troanane `f dh`roj d`ncudt`rs os o fujjtalb d`ursb `f stucy. Ancbbc, hb sueebsts thb stucy `f occata`noj lusadoj sumgbdts t` d`lpjblbnt thb stucy `f d`ncudtane. Shas lbons thot thb jottbr as n`t ojrbocy d`nsacbrbc os o suppjblbntoj jbornane. An pbrfbdt odd`rcondb wath thb alp`rtondb `f

58

 

d`ncudtane an Ebrlony, Sh`los ocoptbc thb jbvbj `f bxpbdtota`n `f thb troanane `f `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`rs t` dh`roj d`ncudt`rs. Shb lostbry `f d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub as thbrbf`rb d`nsacbrbc my hal on bssbntaoj port `f thb tosk7 at as n`t on ‚`rnolbntoj“ skajj occbc t` thb fundta`n `f dh`roj troanbr, mut at hos mbd`lb thb f`uncota`n `f thb w`rk `f thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r. Shb ?149‑s onc ?139‑s d`rrbsp`nc t` o pbra`c `f cbfanata`n `f thb casdapjanb `f d`ncudtane. Shb jatbroturb `f thot pbra`c don mb d`lporbc t` Mbrja`z‑ trbotasb7 at loy n`t onswbr ojj prodtadoj qubsta`ns mut at sbts o stoncorc `f whot as bxpbdtbc fr`l thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r.

51

 

DHOYSB] AV7 ?131-?161 S`worc thb ‚D`lpjbtb D`ncudt`r“

Oftbr thb Tbd`nc U`rjc Uor, dh`roj saneane j`st thb p`pujoraty os o f`rl `f bntbrtoanlbnt onc s`daoj odtavaty os at hoc `raeanotbc an thb ?1 th  dbntury. Y`pujor dujturb wos `n ats woy t` mbd`lane whot wb kn`w at n`w7 wotdhane tbjbvasa`n,  pjoyane sp`rts, jastbnane t` p`p lusad, btd…

53

J`sane ats trbncy stotus wos n`t

nbdbssorajy o troead bvbnt f`r dh`roj saneane. At rbloanbc prodtadbc my pb`pjb wh` hoc o trub dorb f`r at. Ub hovb sbbn h`w thb pbra`c ?14=-?131 wos o talb `f odkn`wjbceblbnt onc cbfanata`n `f thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r. Shb f`jj`wane pbra`c d`ujc mb quojafabc os o pbra`c `f rbfjbdta`n. Shas bv`juta`n lotdhbs djborjy whot hoc  mbbn hoppbnane an `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane an thb sbd`nc hojf `f thb ?1th dbntury onc thb mbeannane `f thb =9th dbntury. @ndb thb nbdbssaty `f thb prbsbndb `f o d`ncudt`r hoc mbbn bstomjashbc, outh`rs stortbc t` rbfjbdt `n funcolbntoj qubsta`ns om`ut thb r`jb `f thb d`ncudt`r, thb bxtbnt `f has tosks, btd. D`ndurrbntjy, an thb ?129‑s on bxtrblbjy djbor dhoneb `f f`dus don mb `msbrvbc an thb fabjc `f `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane. Oftbr o dbntury `f lbcatota`ns onc casd`ursbs `n thb r`jb `f thb `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`r, oftbr horc cbmotbs om`ut has r`jb os antbrprbtbr, oftbr thb cbnaoj `f thb lyth `f thb E`c-eaftbc ‚m`rn-d`ncudt`rs“ thb fabjc `f `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane as n`w f`dusbc `n thb odt `f d`ncudtane. An thb borjy ybors `f l`cbrn d`ncudtane, jbnethy onc lbtaduj`us rbhborsojs ojj`wbc thb d`ncudt`r t` alprbss vbrmojjy thbar 53

casdussbs thb dhonebs an thb stotus `fCbnnas dh`rojC`ms`n, saneane an Bnejonc an thb `pbnane dhoptbr `f has Q`une  Honcm``k `f Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub Sbdhnaqub (J`nc`n7 ?124), ??-?=.

89

 

acbos om`ut antbrprbtota`n `n thb pbrf`rlbrs. Mut os wb pr`erbssbc thr`ueh thb =9th  dbntury, thb w`rkane d`ncata`ns `f pr`fbssa`noj `rdhbstros hoc dhonebc7 lusadaons wbrb n`w l`rb `reonazbc, mbttbr poac, onc w`rkane `n o sdhbcujb. Ttor-d`ncudt`rs trovbjane fr`l `nb `rdhbstro t` thb nbxt (os cac thb d`lp`sbrs `f thb ?1th dbntury) d`ujc n`t rbjy `n bstomjashbc homats os wath thbar `wn `rdhbstro. Nbathbr cac thby hovb talb t` j`sb an jbnethy vbrmaoeb. Shbsb tw` bv`juta`ns `f thb `rdhbstroj w`rjc f`rdbc d`ncudt`rs t` andrbosb crolotadojjy thb djoraty onc bffadabndy `f thbar ebsturb. Shbrbf`rb, thb ?129‑s wajj sbb thb pumjadota`n `f thrbb bxtrblbjy cbtoajbc trbotasbs `n d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub7 Lox ]uc`jf‑s Erollor `f d`ncudtane,  Nad`joa Lojk`‑s D`ncudt`r onc has mot`n, onc Mbngolan Er`smoynb‑s Sbdhnaqubs `f l`cbrn `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane.  Uath thbar d`ntramuta`n, thb tbdhnaqub `f d`ncudtane

cbvbj`pbc n`t `njy t` rbsp`nc t` ojj p`ssamjb lbtradoj onc rhythladoj bjblbnts `f thb sd`rb, mut ojs` os o nbw f`rl `f d`llunadota`n. D`ncudtane d`ujc n`w rbpjodb w`rcs an thb tronslassa`n `f thb d`ncudt`r‑s antbrprbtotavb dh`adbs t` thb  pbrf`rlbrs, on ospbdt f`rlbrjy nbejbdtbc. Shb d`lpjbxaty `f l`ta`n thot bnsubc d`ntramutbc cbfanatbjy t` wapane `ut thb acbo `f d`ncudtane mbane o noturoj tojbnt rbquarane n` prodtadb. D`ncudt`rs d`ujc mb ocvontoebc my o noturoj dhoraslo, jbocbrshap, `r ortastad sbnsamajaty. Mut talb mbotane tbdhnaqub rbodhbc o jbvbj `f d`lpjbxaty thot d`ujc an n` woy mb lostbrbc anstandtavbjy. Shas bv`juta`n an `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane wos t` hovb on ojl`st allbcaotb bffbdt `n dh`roj d`ncudtane. Shb ‘anstandtavb‑ d`ncudtane wos `ddosa`nojjy `msbrvomjb an thb `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane fabjc, mut at wos bspbdaojjy d`nsacbrbc t` mb thb typadoj san `f thb dh`roj

8?

 

d`ncudt`rs. My ?131, dh`roj d`ncudt`rs hoc ojrbocy mbbn dratadazbc f`r thbar lbonanejbss onc sbjf-cbsaenbc ebsturbs f`r sbvbroj cbdocbs, onc s``n outh`rs `n dh`roj d`ncudtane mbeon t` sh`w thb wajj t` rbodh thb solb jbvbj `f lostbry os `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`rs. Ub wajj ojs` `msbrvb h`w, curane thb ?131-?161 pbra`c, o  mbttbr rbfjbdta`n `n thbar fundta`n an lusad lokane, oss`daotbc wath on alpr`vblbnt `f thbar tbdhnadoj bosb, onc l`rb `pp`rtunatabs f`r troanane wajj ojj`w dh`roj d`ncudt`rs t` dorry thbar casdapjanb os wbjj os dh`roj saneane t` ludh haehbr stoncorcs `f quojaty. A. Tynthbsas `f kn`wjbceb onc lbth`cs

Curane thas pbra`c `f rbfjbdta`n, d`ncudt`rs wbrb omjb t` eothbr onc sullorazb thb caffbrbnt tradks `f thb trocb `f thbar prbcbdbss`rs. Anstboc `f jbnethy casdussa`ns woncbrane jbasurbjy fr`l `nb sumgbdt t` thb nbxt, outh`rs n`w dopturbc thb bssbntaoj prodtadoj kn`wjbceb nbdbssory t` thb w`rk wath on bnsblmjb an o vbry stroaeht-f`rworc woy. Uojtbr‑s Bhrbt‑s Dh`roj D`ncudt`r‑s Honcm``k  (Nbw   (Nbw Q`rk7 Bcworc M. Lorks Lusad D`rp`rota`n, ?121) as o e``c bxolpjb an thb lottbr. An `njy fafty poebs Bhrbt as omjb t` pr`vacb l`rb anf`rlota`n, onc l`rb prodtadoj s`juta`ns thon Tar D`worc wos omjb t` c` an thb thrbb huncrbc tharty-thrbb poebs `f has Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub onc Antbrprbtota`n an ?1?3. Shas sh`ws o spbdaoj casp`sata`n f`r bffadabndy onc djoraty–tw` quojatabs thot sh`ujc ojs` dhorodtbrazb thb w`rk `f d`ncudt`rs. Os f`r thb fundta`ns `f thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r, thby rbloanbc undhonebc. Shb r`jb `f dh`roj troanbr wos thb `jcbst port `f thb d`ncudt`r‑s fundta`n onc thb bjblbnts `f dh`roj troanane stajj rbprbsbntbc on alp`rtont port `f thb casdussa`n.

8=

 

H`wbvbr, `nb don sbb o djbor antbnt t` pr`vacb l`rb prodtadoj ocvadb t` thb d`ncudt`r om`ut h`w t` todkjb thb pr`mjbls an thb caffbrbnt orbos `f tunane, cynolads, tblp`, cadta`n, mjbnc onc mojondb, cadta`n, t`nb d`j`r. An `thbr w`rcs, outh`rs c` n`t `njy tojk om`ut spbdafad assubs mut cbvbj`p pr`mjbl-s`jvane skajjs. Shas talb-pbra`c ojs` d`rrbsp`ncbc t` o er`wth `f thb ovoajomajaty `f dh`roj d`ncudtane troanane. Shas as sbbn an thb andrbosane nulmbr `f odtuoj tbxtm``ks f`r djossbs. Shb outh`rs `f thbsb m``ks trabc t` sullorazb f`r stucbnts ojj thb kn`wjbceb oddulujotbc s` for an thb casdapjanb. ]`mbrt Eorrbts`n‑s D`ncudtane Dh`roj Lusad (M`st`n7 Ojjyn & Mod`n, ?16?) as o e``c bxolpjb an thb lottbr. @n

thb `thbr honc, `nb don `msbrvb thb rbturn `f o wajj t` lokb thb troanane `f thb dh`roj sanebr o jattjb l`rb systblotad. D`ncudt`rs s`lbtalbs castramutbc honc`uts t` thbar sanebrs, `r bvbn pumjashbc ‚dh`roj sanebr tbxtm``ks“, an `rcbr t` pr`vacb mosads an v`doj troanane, saeht-saneane, ph`nbtads, btd… O bxolpjb `f sudh o m``k as K`rtkolp‑s  Shb ocvondbc dh`ar   (Cbd`roh, A`wo7 Cbd`roh Yumjashbrs, ?126)52  Uhajb dh`roj saneane as stajj d`nsacbrbc l`stjy rbdrbota`noj, thbrb as l`rb wajj t` carbdtjy bcudotb thb sanebrs (n`t `njy thr`ueh troanane r`utanb, mut an o woy thot thb sanebrs thblsbjvbs don mb l`rb d`nsda`us `f). Ojs` cbspatb thb rbdrbota`noj ospbdt, thb tosk `f thb d`ncudt`r sbbls t` mb d`nsacbrbc wath l`rb onc l`rb cbpth.

52

 Tbb ojs` o fbw `thbr pumjashbc jotbr7 Mbnnbtt ?155, D`rp ?185.

84

 

AA. Sbdhnadoj Er`wth Anfjubndb `f `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane thb`rasts7  Os ojj thb mbst w`rks `n

d`ncudtane, Lox ]uc`jf‑s Erollor `f d`ncudtane (Nbw Q`rk7 Tdharlbr, ?129) hoc mbbn wrattbn my o lon wh`, mbsacbs mbane halsbjf o tojbntbc d`ncudt`r, wos ojs` o eaftbc tbodhbr `f d`ncudtane. Tuddbss an thb prodtadb `f o casdapjanb as `ddosa`nojjy odhabvbc noturojjy my s`lb pb`pjb. Tuddbss an thb tbodhane `f o casdapjanb, h`wbvbr, ojwoys dojjs f`r o cbbpbr onojysas onc uncbrstoncane `f at. ]uc`jf‑s Erollor as bntarbjy cbcadotbc t` thb troanane `f y`une d`ncudt`rs. O funcolbntoj n`vbjty an ]uc`jf‑s oppr`odh as thb stotblbnt thot, an `rcbr t` mb  prodtadojjy omjb t` bxprbss vorabc fbbjane fbbjan e an lusad, thb d`ncudt`r donn`t rbjy `n `nj `njyy `nb sanejb woy `f mbotane7 thb mosad pottbrns orb `njy thb`rbtadoj; an prodtadb, thbrb as o nbbc f`r thb pottbrns t` mb fjbxamjb onc bxodtjy ocoptbc t` thb lusad. Shus thb stucbnt d`ncudt`r lust cbvbj`p has `wn voraota`ns `f pottbrns (whadh sh`ujc ojwoys  mb lbonanefuj onc nbvbr pbcontad), has `wn pojbttb `f l`vblbnts crown fr`l thb  mosb `f thb th b d`nvbnta`noj pottbrns. ]uc`jf hbjps thas pr`dbss my antr`cudane sax woys `f mbotane bodh pottbrn7 n`n-bsprbssav`56, jaeht `r fujj fujj stodd stoddot`, ot`, bsprbssav`-j bsprbssav`-jbeot`, beot`, lordot` onc tbnut`. Shus hb wos thb farst outh`r t` cbsdramb mbotane l`vblbnts n`t `njy an tbrls `f carbdta`n onc olpjatucb mut ojs` my thbar bxprbssavb quojaty. Uhajb ]uc`jf wos n`t pbrs`nojjy ot thb `raean `f thb prodtadb `f l`cafyane thb woy `f  mbotane odd`rcane o dd`rcane t` thb lusad, hb wos thb farst t` prbsbnt thb d`ndbpt d`n dbpt thb`rbtadojjy thb `rbtadojjy 56

 an thb ?113 bcata`n, ‚n`n-bxprbssav`“ ‚n`n-bxprbssav`“ hos mbbn dhonebc t` ‚nbutroj jbeot`“.

83

 

onc t` ottblpt t` cbpadt thb caffbrbnt voraota`ns.55 Hb ojs` cbsdrambc whot hb dojjs o ‚frbb styjb“, whadh `ddurs whbn thb lonapujota`ns `f pottbrns my pr`fbssa`nojs as s` ocvondbc thot thb nb`phytb loy hovb caffadujtabs rbd`enazane thbl. Ancbbc, soys ]uc`jf, thb carbdta`ns `f thb mbots loy mb ojtbrbc an `rcbr t` odhabvb o spbdafad rbsujt; s`lb mbots loy mb wbokbnbc, `f bvbn casoppbor, an `rcbr t` blphosazb `thbrs. ]uc`jf d`lporbs thb caffbrbndb mbtwbbn thb jbornane `f thb`rbtadoj pottbrns onc thb `msbrvota`n `f thbar frbb usb t` thb caffbrbndb mbtwbbn jbornane o f`rbaen joneuoeb onc hborane notavbs spbokane at. Ojj ebnbroj d`ndbpts `f talb-mbotane orb t` mb ocoptbc t` thb lusadoj d`ntbxt7 f`r bxolpjb, o ‘djadk‑ sh`ujc oppbor ot thb bnc `f bodh mbot, thot ‚djadkane […\ lust n`t mb usbc whbrb o sl``th mbot as suffadabntjy djbor.“ Lony tbdhnadoj ospbdts orb trbotbc wath on unprbdbcbntbc jbvbj `f cbtoajs, n`tomjy qubsta`ns sudh os thb d`ncudtane `f lbosurbs wath unbquoj mbot, thb caffbrbnt typbs `f fbrlotos, `r thb prbporot`ry mbot usbc whbn thb lusad storts an  mbtwbbn tw` mbots. Qbt, s`lb ospbdts wbrb stajj t` mb cbvbj`pbc l`rb my jotbr outh`rs. Os Tdhbrdhbn cac, ]uc`jf d`nstontjy ajjustrotbs has p`ants wath lusadoj bxolpjbs. Mbsacbs thb`razane h`w thb pottbrns don ocgust t` thb jbvbj `f bxprbssa`n, ]uc`jf ojs` cbtoajs h`w thby don sueebst phrosane7 Shbrb as o cbdrbosbc antbnsaty ot thb bnc `f o phrosb, onc my d`ntrost o frbsh l`ta`n ot thb thb mbeannane `f o nbw `nb. O sjaeht mrbok rbsujts wath n` cbjoy an thb rhythl, whadh rbloans stbocy.58 

Shas ebnbroj stotblbnt as f`jj`wbc my sbvbroj dosb stucabs. 55

 ]uc`jf ocvasbs thb stucbnt t` bnjoreb thbsb caoerol t` o ‚jafb-sazb“ pottbrn. Bvbry woy `f mbotane

58 thbn mb prodtadbc my f`jj`wane thb pottbrn (p`stbc `n o wojj) wath thb tap `f thb mot`n. don  ]uc`jf ?129 , =?6.

82

 

Lojk` onc Er`smoynb, outh`rs `f `thbr trbotasbs `n d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub51  fr`l thb ?129‑s oerbb wath ]uc`jf `n thb nbdbssaty t` bv`kb prbdasbjy thb noturb `f thb wontbc s`unc onc ats bxprbssavb quojaty an thb ebsturb. Shby ojs` shorb wath hal thb lbtaduj`us ottbnta`n t` thb cbtoajs `f thb pottbrns nbbcbc t` ancadotb–an fodt, ebnbrotb–ortadujota`n, rhythlad prbdasa`n, talane `f fbrlotos, onc jbneth `f arrbeujor mbots. Shas fanb d`ntr`j `n talb-mbotane tbdhnaqub as bspbdaojjy rbquarbc an thb d`ncudtane `f d`lpjbx =9 th  dbntury `rdhbstroj lusad. Shb andrbosb an thb lostbry `f l`vblbnt, rbsujtane `n on alpr`vbc d`ntr`j `vbr thb lusad wath`ut thb nbbc `f ludh tojkane curane rbhborsoj rbprbsbnts o log`r cbvbj`plbnt an d`ncudtane. O w`ncbrfuj d`nsbqubndb as thb bosb wath whadh d`ncudt`rs d`ujc w`rk wath o f`rbaen bnsblmjb onc nbvbr fbbj rbstradtbc an ony woy my thb joneuoeb  morrabr. D`ncudtane l`ta`ns hoc mbd`lb o joneuoeb `f ats `wn. Shb l`st saenafadont port `f thas pr`erbss wos thb andjusa`n `f bl`ta`noj d`ntbnt, onc n`t `njy rhythlad d`ntbnt, ant` thb l`ta`ns.

Dh`roj Vbrsus @rdhbstroj D`ncudtane Sbdhnaqub7 Shb onojysas `f talb-

 mbotane hoc rbodhbc an thbsb thb`rbtadoj trbotasbs `n `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane o cberbb `f d`lpjbxaty thot hoc n` bquavojbnt an thb jatbroturb `n dh`roj d`ncudtane `f thb ?131-61 pbra`c. Jotbr lony dh`roj d`ncudt`rs wajj stravb t` f`jj`w `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`rs‑ ocvadb an thb cbvbj`plbnt `f thbar `wn tbdhnaqub. Tbvbroj outh`rs, stortane an thb ?169‑s wath Mr`dk LdBjhbron onc Bjazombth Erbbn (o stucbnt `f

51

 Lojk` ?129, Er`smoynb?126.

86

 

Lojk`) wajj ocv`dotb thot thb solb d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub don onc sh`ujc sbrvb m`th `rdhbstroj onc dh`roj d`ncudt`rs.89  H`wbvbr, os borjy os ?131 thb Ebrlon dh`roj d`ncudt`r Uajhbjl Bhlonn wornbc oeoanst thb p`ssamjb anoppr`praotbnbss `f `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub f`r thb d`ncudtane `f (bspbdaojjy o do dh`a `ars. rs. dopp ppbjj bjjoo) dh Shas oreulbnt sh`ujc n`t mb uncbrst``c os mbane an casfov`r `f thb d`nvbnta`noj usb `f pottbrns, `r an fov`r `f n`nsbnsb ebsturbs, ojj t`` folajaor wath dh`roj d`ncudt`rs `f thb talb (onc `urs). Shb for t`` prbvojbnt hophozorc l`vane om`ut `f thb orls onc ony l`vblbnts whadh rbsblmjb sudh odtavatabs os honeane dj`thbs `n o dj`thbsjanb, dotdhane l`squat`bs, pulpane pulpane up o tarb, `r h`wbvbr ar`nadojjy `nb w`ujc wash t` cbsdramb sudh carbdtane, lust dbrtoanjy mb bjalanotbc an dh`roj d`ncudtane,

rblorks Bhlonn.8?  Shb oreulbnts thot supp`rt has thbsas orb an fodt vbry d`lpotamjb wath ]uc`jf‑s d`ndbpta`n thot thb ebsturb sh`ujc mb ocoptbc t` m`th lusad onc pbrf`rlbrs. Shb farst wornane eavbn my Bhlonn anv`jvbs hast`radoj d`nsacbrota`ns7 d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub onc pottbrns hovb mbbn cbvbj`pbc pralorajy f`r jbocane `rdhbstroj lusad ot o talb pbra`c whbrb thb lusadoj joneuoeb wos mosbc `n o rbeujor lbtradoj systbl. H`w thbn, osks Bhlonn, d`ujc wb bxpbdt d`ncudtane  pottbrns t` mb rbocajy usomjb f`r lusad thot c`bs n`t ‘w`rk‑ odd`rcane thb lbtradoj systbl, nolbjy ]bnoassondb p`jyph`ny0 Shas qubsta`n ajjustrotbs thb er`wane oworbnbss, os wb pr`erbss an thb =9 th  dbntury, `f thb alp`rtondb `f styjb onc thb dorb thot pbrf`rlane prodtadbs mb an odd`rcondb wath thb hast`radoj pr`vbnondb `f thb 89

 LdBjhbron ?166 onc ?181, Erbbn ?16?, Kohn,  D`ncudtane.?162, ]`ss ?156, Jant`n ?18=, Jomuto ?112, Yhajjaps ?115. 

8?

 Bhlonn ?168 ?=?; `thbr oreulbnts an fov`r `f thb rbspbdt `f o ‚s`unc talb-mbotane tbdhnaqub“ oppbor[?131\, p. ??3-??2.

85

 

lusad. Ot thb solb pbra`c, nbw bcata`ns `f borjy lusad stortbc t` oppbor whadh wbrb caspbnsane wath thb mor janbs thot hoc mbbn ansbrtbc my thb prbdbcbnt ebnbrota`ns `f bcat`rs, `r s`lbtalbs rb-morbc thb lusad, usane dhonebs `f talb-saenoturbs an `rcbr t` lotdh c`wnmbots wath thb j`eadoj phrosane `f thb lusad. F`r thb d`ncudtane `f o lusad thot ontbcotbs l`cbrn d`ncudtane, Bhlonn ocvasbs t` e` modk t` borjabr styjbs `f d`ncudtane7 ]bnoassondb lusad sh`ujc mb jbc wath o salpjb todtus, thb  phrosane sh`ujc sh`u jc mb euacbc my m y thb tbxt‑s noturoj oddbntuota`n onc thb bxprbssavbnbss bxprb ssavbnbss l`stjy bntrustbc t` thb sanebrs8=. Mut thb rbos`ns rbos`ns an fov`r `f o ‚dh` ‚dh`roj roj oppr`od oppr`odh“ h“ t` d`ncudtane orb n`t salpjy hast`radoj. Ojrbocy an ?1?1, Ebhrkbns n`tbc thot d`ncudtane rbjabc `n anstandtavb alatota`n– thb thb fodt thot pbrf`rlbrs noturojjy onc und`nsda`usjy alatotb thbar d`ncudt`r. An `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane, thas prandapjb oppjabs l`stjy t` thb tronslassa`n `f thb bl`ta`noj stotb fr`l thb d`ncudt`r t` thb  pbrf`rlbrs. Mut an dh`roj dh` roj lusad, thb acbo don mb m b dorrabc ludh furthbr, whadh as whot Bhlonn hoc uncbrst``c. On `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`r stoncs an fr`nt `f o sbotbc er`up wh`sb ancavacuojs usb vora`us tbdhnaqubs up`n vorabc anstrulbnts. Shb d`ncudt`r `f on o doppbjjo bnsblmjb stoncs an fr`nt `f o stoncane er`up locb up bntarbjy `f sanebrs. Shr`ueh thb p`wbr `f anstandtavb alatota`n hb hos thb p`ssamajaty t` hbjp ancudb pr`pbr v`doj pr`cudta`n ant` thb sanebrs my thb l`cbj `f has `wn pbrs`n. Shas as bspbdaojjy bffbdtavb wath o er`up thot hos n` ocvondb troanane an v`doj tbdhnaqub. An portadujor, on brbdt onc ojaenbc p`sturb wajj hovb o p`satavb alpodt. Shb woy thb d`ncudt`r mrbothbs ojs` hos on anfjubndb `n thb mrboth antokb `f thb

8=

 Bhlonn ?168 [?131\,. ??9-???

88

 

dh`ar, onc at sh`ujc mb usbc f`r thb mbttbr (raeht l``c, unafabc bntrondb). Bhlonn  p`ants `ut thot rhythlad `f thb tronslattbc thb sanebrs an sudh Shb o lonnbr thotodtavaty thby mbean t` carbdt`r fbbj thb assolb rhythl t` wathan thbl. An bvbry dh`ar whadh sanes wath vatojaty onc onalota`n thbrb as prbsbnt o rhythlad durrbnt whadh unafabs onc carbdts thbl. Shb prbsbndb `f thas rhythlad vatojaty as pr``f `f ats ancaspbnsomajaty os wbjj os ats p`tbntaoj an dh`roj jbocbrshap. 84 

Uhot don mb bnhondbc don ojs` mb alpoarbc7 Anstrulbntoj d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub tbdhnaqub `f thb oneujor typb onc gbrky typb whadh as prodtadbc an thb lajatory dolps `f ojj d`untrabs, whbn oppjabc t` saneane, rbsujts an taeht onc thr`oty v`adb pr`cudta`n onc thb d`nsbqubnt j`ss `f patdh.83 

Uhajb o djbor c`wnmbot as ojwoys o nbdbssaty, thbrb as o conebr f`r tunane an thb usb `f rbpbotbc onc antbnsb c`wnworc l`ta`ns. Shb sanebrs hovb t` physadojjy loantoan o stroaeht janb `f patdh, onc thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r sh`ujc ojwoys kbbp thas nbbc f`r h`raz`ntojaty an lanc7 Shb carbdt`r onc sanebrs sh`ujc thank `f on aloeanory h`raz`ntoj  pjonb ot thb jbvbj `f thb s`jor pjbxus, onc aloeanb thot thb lusad l`vbs  modk onc f`rth `n thas pjonb. Shas d`ndbpt sh`ujc mb d`nstontjy loantoanbc m`th carbdt`r jbft onc honc dh`ar.t`At stalujotb rbloans t`oncmb supp`rt `nb `f thb thb fundta`ns `fmythb carbdt`r‑s oworbnbss `f thas suspbncbc h`raz`ntoj pjonb my lbons `f oppr`praotb ebsturbs. Bodh mbot whadh as locb wath thb raeht honc lust mb d`lpbnsotbc f`r my on bquavojbnt ol`unt `f sustoanbc bff`rt my thb jbft honc; t` strbtdh thb p`ant `nb d`ujc soy7 ‚Uhot thb raeht honc cbstr`ys (wath ats mbots) thb jbft honc lust d`nstontjy sustoan onc supp`rt. Shb dh`ar lust dorry thb lusad thr`ueh onc mby`nc thb aloeanory suspbncbc janb, onc thb l`vblbnts onc ebsturbs `f thb carbdt`r sh`ujc hbjp thb dh`ar an c`ane thas. 82 

84

 Bhlonn ?168 [?131\ , , ??3

83

82 Bhlonn

??2  Bhlonn ?168 ?168 [?131\, [?131\,??2

81

 

Bhlonn ojs` ocv`dotbs mot`njbss d`ncudtane, os cac Sh`los, mbdousb `f thb bxprbssavb p`tbntaoj `f thb honcs (os wbjj os f`r thb solb hast`radoj rbos`ns lbnta`nbc om`vb). Bhlonn ojs` mbjabvbc an thb p`ssamajaty `f rbprbsbntane lusadoj strudturb wath thb caffbrbnt ports `f thb m`cy7 thus, o d`lpjbtb lbosurb don mb rbprbsbntbc my thb wh`jb m`cy, hojf o lbosurb my thb orl, rhythlad sumcavasa`n my thb honcs, onc w`rc syjjomjbs my thb fanebrs. 86  Rjtalotbjy, thb l`vblbnts `f thb dh`roj d`ncudt`rs sh`ujc ojj`w thbl t` anfjubndb mrbothane, bnundaota`n, t`nb  pr`cudta`n, phrosane, shocane, onc rhythl. Uhbn dh`roj d`ncudt`rs aen`rb thas alp`rtont ospbdt `f ebsturb, ot mbst thby cbpravb thblsbjvbs fr`l on alp`rtont woy `f alpr`vane thbar dh`ar‑s pbrf`rlondb. Ot w`rst, thby d`ntrocadt thbar `wn vbrmoj rbquarblbnts onc, t` m`rr`w Mbrja`z‑ bxprbssa`n, ‚ann`dbntjy sp`aj“ thbar `wn acbojs. AAA. Antbrprbtane Rncbrstoncane thb d`ndbpt `f antbrprbtota`n7 Yr`vacbc wath o nbw

euacondb t` bxprbss thbar acbos wath bxtrblb prbdasa`n an l`ta`n, d`ncudt`rs hoc n` dh`adb mut t` rbfanb thbar wajj an thb lottbr `f antbrprbtota`n7 at as n`t w`rth muajcane on bxtrblbjy fanb tbdhnadoj v`domujory `f ebsturbs af `nb hos n`thane fanb t` soy. Shb ?169‑s bspbdaojjy fboturb sbvbroj rbfjbdta`ns 85 om`ut thb r`jb `f thb d`ncudt`r os on antbrprbtbr, whadh, an bssbndb djorafabs thb f`jj`wane p`ants. Sw` phosbs bntbr an thb pr`dbss `f antbrprbtota`n7 (?) thb d`ncudt`r lust ‚lokb thb mbst `ut `f thb

86 85 Bhlonn

?168 [?131\, ??6; thas acbo as n`t furthbr cbvbj`pbc.  Tbb Mjodklon ?163, Fudhs ?161, Lons`n ?16?, Yfoutsdh ?161, Uajs`n, ?121.

19

 

sd`rb“ an `rcbr t` uncbrstonc thb d`lp`sbr‑s `raeanoj antbnt onc rbtrabvb thb lbonane `f thb lusad onc (=) thb d`llunadota`n `f thas lbonane t` thb pbrf`rlbrs, s` thot an turn, `ndb thb lusad as uncbrst``c my thbl thby don bxprbss ats d`ntbnt t` thb oucabndb. H`wbvbr, thb tbrl ‚antbrprbtota`n“ as `ftbn blpj`ybc and`lpjbtbjy t` cbsaenotb `nb `f thb tw` phosbs oj`nb; at as ojs` `ftbn usbc os o syn`nyl `f ‚thb  pbrf`rlbrs‑ `wn vabws `n thb lusad.“ An fo fodt, dt, thbsb vabws sh`ujc mb farljy r``tbc r ``tbc an on `mgbdtavb kn`wjbceb `f thb sd`rb, ats st`ry onc ats hast`ry, whadh as odquarbc curane thb farst phosb. Os wb cbsdrambc an `ur farst dhoptbr, t` antbrprbt as t` tronslat thb `raeanoj, onc af p`ssamjb d`lpjbtb, ortastad lbssoeb fr`l thb d`lp`sbr t` thb oucabndb, wath thb d`ncudt`r onc thb sanebrs odtane os antbrlbcaorabs. At as thb rbsp`nsamajaty `f thb d`ncudt`r t` usb thb mbst `f has kn`wjbceb an o  sandbrb ottblpt t` rbtrabvb thb `raeanoj th`uehts `f thb d`lp`sbr. Has p`sata`n c`bs n`t bnomjb hal t` d`nsda`usjy try t` l`cafy `r alpr`vb thbl. An `rcbr t` mb wbjj rbncbrbc, thb `raeanoj lusadoj th`ueht hos t` mb tronsjotbc ant` toneamjb tbdhnadoj porolbtbrs thot don mb quontafabc sudh os cynolads, tblp` btd. Shbsb porolbtbrs orb ojs` d`ll`njy rbfbrrbc t` os mbane thb antbrprbtota`n. An fodt thby orb thb lbons mut n`t thb e`oj. Shas d`ll`n janeuastad sh`rtdut t`` bosajy jbocs o mbjabf thot antbrprbtane as salpjy ‚padkane“ o tblp`, s`lb cynolads onc oppjyane thbl t` o d`lp`sata`n. An fodt thbsb vbry dh`adbs hovb t` mb ebnbrotbc, `r ansparbc my thb `thbr toneamjbs ospbdts `f thb lusad. Uhbn o pr`fbssa`noj tronsjot`r as ot w`rk, hb as mbane eavbn o sbntbndb an on `raeanoj joneuoeb. Mbdousb `f has troanane an thas joneuoeb, hb as omjb t` erosp thb lbonane `f thas sbntbndb. Hb thbn tronsjotbs thas sbntbndb ant` on`thbr

1?

 

joneuoeb. Hb sh`ujc n`t occ n`r wathcrow anf`rlota`n fr`l thb `raeanoj, mut hb c`bs hovb o dbrtoan frbbc`l an thb dh`adb `f v`domujory. F`r o lusadaon thb troanane thot bnomjbs hal t` erosp thb lbonane `f thb sd`rb as thb kn`wjbceb an lusad hast`ry onc lusad thb`ry. Sblp`, cynolads, ortadujota`ns, btd, orb thb lusadoj bquavojbnt `f thb v`domujory; thby sh`ujc mb dh`sbn wath thb s`jb purp`sb `f bxprbssane ot mbst thb `raeanoj lbonane. Antbrprbtotavb dh`adbs sh`ujc d`lb fr`l wathan thb sd`rb, onc n`t fr`l `utsacb. Fr`l thb vbry mbeannane `f thb dbntury, thb f`dus hos mbbn loantoanbc `n thb lbons `f antbrprbtota`n7 thb cavbrsb bjblbnts `f dh`roj tbdhnaqub. Dh`roj d`ncudt`rs wajj n`w `pbn thbar vasa`n t` thb wh`jb pr`dbss `f antbrprbtota`n, bspbdaojjy thb pr`dbss `f uncbrstoncane thb sd`rb onc thb pr`dbss `f d`llunadotane ats lbonane bffadabntjy t` thb pbrf`rlbrs. Shas pr`dbss as `njy ot ats andbpta`n an thb ?129‑s mut wajj d`ntanub thr`ueh`ut thb wh`jb sbd`nc hojf `f thb dbntury.

‘Jastbnane‑ t` thb sd`rb7 An `rcbr t` hbjp d`ncudt`rs t` mbttbr uncbrstonc thb

w`rks thby wajj d`ncudt, outh`rs `f `ur talb pbra`c stortbc t` pr`vacb ‚caebsts“ `f  modker`unc anf`rlota`n `n lusad hast`ry onc bspbdaojjy lusadoj styjb `r dh`roj f`rls. H`wbrt`n cbv`tbc hojf `f has m``k Sbdhnaqub onc styjb an dh`roj saneane (Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj Fashbr, ?125),  t` on hast`radoj pbrspbdtavb `n dh`roj lusad. Shb Bnejash Ybrdy Q`une pumjashbc Shb Dh`roj Srocata`n7 On Hast`radoj onc Onojytadoj Turvby fr`l thb ?6 th Dbntury t` thb Yrbsbnt Coy  (J`nc`n7 Hutdhans`n, ?16=) o ybo borr

jotbr, o m``k `f salajor d`ntbnt wos pumjashbc my Orthur God`ms88; Lbb Lbbs‑ s‑ ?19? ?19? m`` m``kk

88

God`ms, Dh`roj lusad (Mojtal`rb7 Ybjadon M``ks, ?164)

1=

 

`n thb lostbrs `f dh`roj lusad wos rbprantbc an ?161. Lbbs onc Q`une‑s m``ks orb l`rb anf`rlotavb an noturb (f`r o mr`ocbr oucabndb), whajb God`ms‑ pr`vacbs l`rb cbtoajs `f lusadoj onojysas. H`wbrt`n‑s hast`radoj `vbrvabw as carbdtjy occrbssbc t` d`ncudt`rs onc p`ants t`worc jotbr w`rks `n pbrf`rlondb prodtadbs, wath assubs sudh os ‚lbtbr onc tblp`“ `r ‚strudturoj rbjota`nshap mbtwbbn d`untbrp`ant onc horl`ny“. Mbsacbs thb nbdbssaty `f s`lb d`nf`rlaty wath thb hast`radoj dhorodtbrastads `f thb w`rks, lony outh`rs `f thas talb pbra`c sh`w o nbw dorb f`r thb nbdbssaty t` rbloan an d`nf`rlaty wath thb d`lp`sbr‑s antbnts onc jalat os ludh os p`ssamjb thb ol`unt `f occbc sumgbdtavaty. Yfoutsdh soys f`r bxolpjb7 Antbrprbtota`n as frbqubntjy bquotbc wath alpr`vane `n o d`lp`sbr‑s d`lp`sata`n. Mut antbrprbtota`n as lbrbjy prbsbntane thb d`lp`sata`n an os dj`sb on oppr`xalota`n `f thb d`lp`sbr‑s antbnta`n os p`ssamjb wath`ut o d`ncudt`r‑s tolpbrane wath thb sd`rb. Ony tolpbrane (`r ‚antbrprbtane“) wajj n`t andrbosb thb mosad vojub `f o d`lp`sata`n af at as bssbntaojjy o w`rk `f jattjb w`rth, whbrbos o foathfuj rb-drbota`n `f o w`rk `f vojub wajj hbaehtbn ats saenafadondb.81 

Shas bv`juta`n `f th`ueht as an thb j`eadoj d`ntanuaty wath thot `f thb  prbdbcbnt ebnbrota`n onc an carbdt `pp`sata`n thb ottatucb `f thb mbeannane `f thb dbntury, os rbprbsbntbc my Tar D`worc. Fbbjane, ansparane onc shorane7 thb trub noturb `f antbrprbtota`n7 F`r

Mbrja`z, thb fodujty `f tronslattane fbbjanes t` pbrf`rlbrs wos thb pr`cudt `f ‚ancbfanomjb eafts“ `f thb d`ncudt`rs. O dbntury jotbr, outh`rs unsotasfabc wath thas cbfanata`n, ottblptbc t` cbfanb thb ancbfanomjb. O farst alp`rtont pr`erbss an thb

81

 Yfousdht ?161 ,4=. Atojadazbc tbxt `raeanojjy oppborbc an dopatoj jbttbrs.

14

 

lottbr wos thb rbojazota`n thot bxprbssavaty d`ujc mb d`nsda`usjy and`rp`rotbc an thb talb-mbotane. H`wbvbr, tbdhnadoj oeajaty, bvbn andjucane bxprbssavb dhorodtbrastads, as n`t bn`ueh. Shas hoc mbbn n`tbc ojrbocy an ?133 my Fothbr Fann7 hb uncbrjanbc thot bxprbssavb cynolads d`ujc n`t mb salpjy alatotbc7 o pbrf`rlbr‑s djalox, af alatotbc wath`ut mbane trujy fbjt, d`ujc d`lb odr`ss an on`thbr pbrf`rlondb os o lbonanejbss f`rtb19. On`thb On`thbrr dhurdh lus lusadaon, adaon, G`hn Lons`n Lons`n cbv`tbc an an ?16? o d`lpjbtb m``k 1?  t` thb caffadujt ybt bssbntaoj qubsta`n `f thb sbd`nc phosb `f antbrprbtota`n–thb tronslassa`n `f thb lusadoj lbonane t` thb bnsblmjb. L`cbstjy thb outh`r sbts os has e`oj `njy t` pr`vacb euacondb, mut c`bs furnash o vbry antbjjaebnt onc prbdasb onojysas `f thb caffbrbnt fodt`rs anv`jvbc an thb pr`dbss an o salpjb, unprbtbnta`us joneuoeb. An `rcbr t` antbrprbt, thb d`ncudt`r lust mb oworb `f thb caffbrbnt bjblbnts whadh dorry bl`ta`noj d`ntbnt7 an pb`pjb, physadoj dhonebs an thb m`cy (bspbdaojjy thb fodb) onc s`unc (`ddurrane wath`ut w`rcs, os an o sdrbol, er`on `f poan, btd) orb bxprbssavb; an spbbdh7 anfjbdta`n, blphosas, spbbc `f cbjavbry, v`julb `f cbjavbry don l`cafy thb lbonane `f ony eavbn sbntbndb; thb w`rcs thblsbjvbs orb bxprbssavb my thbar d`ntbnt `r thbar s`n`raty7 usuojjy m`th orb rbjotbc, os an thb s`ftnbss `f ‘l``n‑, `r thb omruptnbss `f ‘drosh‑. An `rcbr f`r antbrprbtbrs t` kn`w whot t` c` wath thb bl`ta`noj fodt`rs ovoajomjb t` thbl, thby lust hovb o dopodaty t` rbjotb t` thb wacbst p`ssamjb roneb `f bl`ta`ns, bvbn af thby cac n`t thblsbjvbs bxpbrabndb thb bl`ta`n fbjt an o spbdafad satuota`n. Lons`n eavbs thb bxolpjb `f o s`pron` saneane an  Bjagoh thb port `f thb wac`w wath o vbry sadk 19 1? Fann

?133, ?43.  Lons`n,  Antbrprbtavb dh`roj saneane (Noshvajjb7 Mr`oclon Yrbss, ?16?) dh`roj

13

 

s`n. Shb sanebr lust mb omjb t` put hbrsbjf an thas bl`ta`noj stotb `f onxabty f`r hbr dhajc, bvbn th`ueh shb loy n`t hbrsbjf mb o l`thbr ybt. Ybrs`noj bxpbrabndb as `nb woy t` kn`w bl`ta`n, mut at as n`t thb `njy `nb7 `msbrvota`n `f thb jafb or`unc us, `r rbocanes, bvbn bl`ta`n bxprbssbc an fadta`ns sh`ujc bnomjb antbrprbtbrs t` ‚cbvbj`p o s`rt `f unavbr unavbrsoj soj sylpothy sylpothy.“ .“ O dorbfuj onojys onojysas as `f thb d`ntbn d`ntbntt `f o sd`rb, onc  p`ssamjy s`lb suppjblbntoj hast`radoj `r ma`erophadoj ma`erop hadoj bjblbnts om`ut thb d`lp`sbr `r has talb pbra`c, sh`ujc bnomjb thb d`ncudt`r t` casdbrn ats bl`ta`noj d`ntbnt `r ‘l``c‑. At as thbn up t` hal t` pr`gbdt thas l``c t` thb bnsblmjb, stortane an thb rbhborsoj, onc `f d`ursb an pbrf`rlondb. Shas as c`nb my lbons `f blpothy–thb fbbjane `f javane an o sdbnb `r o stotb `f odta`n. Shb d`ncudt`r sh`ujc lokb thb bl`ta`noj d`ntbnt `f thb lusad has `wn an thb solb woy o (e``c) odt`r w`ujc c` wath o port7 at as n`t o qubsta`n `f odtane  o   o fbbjane, mut odtuojjy  fbbjane   at1=. An tur turnn thas bl`ta`noj stotb as wajjanejy ‚mbtroybc“ my physadoj l`vblbnts (ebsturbs, fodaoj bxprbssa`ns) whadh orb pbrdbavbc onc thbn shorbc my thb bnsblmjb thr`ueh thb  pr`dbss `f ` f ssylpothy–thb ylpothy–thb sbnsota`n mr`ueht om`u om`utt my `msbrvane thb solb sbnsota`n sbn sota`n an on`thbr pbrs`n. Lons`n thbn cbsdrambs, n`t an tbdhnadoj tbrls os cac ]uc`jf mut an o l`rb ebnbroj oppr`odh thb caffbrbnt woys thb m`cy don sueebst on bl`ta`noj stotb. Bvbn th`ueh d`ncudt`rs loy an fodt fbbj thb bl`ta`noj d`ntbnt `f thb lusad, ‚fbbjane as n`t bxprbssbc untaj s`lb saen `f at don mb sbbn“ soys hb, onc os d`ncudt`rs wb orb n`t nbdbssorajy jbttane thb saens `f bl`ta`n mb sbbn. At sh`ujc 1=

 Shas prandapjb as `f d`ursb n`t nbw an lusad lokane. An ?524 D.Y.B Modh wos wratane ‚o lusadaon donn`t l`vb `thbrs unjbss hb t`` as l`vbc. Hb lust `f nbdbssaty fbbj ojj `f thb offbdts thot hb h`pbs t` or`usb an has ?131, oucabndb, jastbnbr.“ Modh ?2=.f`r thb rbvbojane `f has `wn hul`r wajj stalujotb o jakb hul`r an thb

12

 

thbn mb o d`nsda`us bff`rt `f thb d`ncudt`r t` ossurb thot has m`cy onc fodb orb ‚ojj`wbc“ t` mb bxprbssavb. Shas, onc n`t ony cberbb `f tbdhnadoj lostbry `f d`ncudtane ebsturbs, wajj mb thb l`st p`wbrfuj t``j f`r antbrprbtotavb d`ncudtane onc saneane. An jbss thon tharty-f`ur poebs, G`hn Lons`n, bvbn th`ueh hb c`bs n`t shorb Mbrja`z‑ folb, wos omjb t` bxprbss thb pr`dbss thr`ueh whadh o d`ncudt`r wajj  mb bnomjbc t` cravb o pbrf`rlondb t` o haehbr jbvbj `f d`ntbnt. Shas as n`t `njy cbsaromjb, mut bssbntaoj, rblancs Lons`n. An lony anstondbs `f dh`roj saneane, …thb  oucabndb hos lbrbjy hborc s` lony pb`pjb saneane thb solb w`rcs onc lusad ot thb solb talb. Shb n`tbs loy ojj hovb mbbn d`rrbdt. Shb w`rcs loy hovb mbbn pr`pbrjy pr`n`undbc onc bnundaotbc. [Mut\ thb oucabndb hos `nb fbjt n` dhoneb fbbjane. N` `nb hos mbbn ansparbc. N` hos portadujor mbbn jaftbc om`vban thb d`ll`npjodb. N`thane 14 saenafadont wos odd`lpjashbc.

Lons`n locb on alp`rtont d`ntramuta`n t` thb jatbroturb `n d`ncudtane my rblancane d`ncudt`rs onc pbrf`rlbrs `f thbar bssbntaoj rbos`n f`r mbane. Shb vasa`n `f o l`rb lbonanefuj prodtadb `f d`ncudtane as typadoj f`r thas pbra`c. Shbrb as o sbnsamjb cbbpbnane `f thb rbfjbdta`n, whajb thb prbva`us ebnbrota`ns wbrb rothbr f`dusbc `n thb prodtadoj lottbrs. Oj`ne wath Lons`n l`rb onc l`rb v`adbs ocv`dotbc thb pjodblbnt `f lbonane `vbr lbons. Yrodtadojjy, thas tronsjotbc an o jbssbnane `f thb blphosas `n s`n`raty f`r ats `wn sokb. An rbhborsoj, d`ncudt`rs, os e``c troanbrs, orb d`nstontjy ‘musy faxane‑ ojj thbsb bjblbnts `f dh`roj tbdhnaqub s` th`r`uehjy cbsdrambc an ojj thb jatbroturb. My ?159 thby sbbl t` hovb mbd`lb l`rb oworb thot dh`roj tbdhnaqub as o lbons onc n`t on bnc. Os f`r d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub, whadh hoc mbbn uncbrbstalotbc up t` thbsb coys, at eoanbc succbnjy o erbot 14

 Lons`n ?16? , ?

16

 

alp`rtondb mbdousb `f thb nbw d`nsda`usnbss `f ats r`jb an thb tronslassa`n `f bl`ta`ns. At t``k o j`ne talb f`r bxprbssavb d`ncudtane t` mb bffbdtavbjy onojyzbc  my `rdhbstroj ` rdhbstroj d`n d`ncudt`rs, cudt`rs, mut `ndb thas hoc mbbn c`nb, dh`roj dh`r oj d`ncudt`rs d`ncu dt`rs wbrb omjb t` oc`pt thb prandapjbs f`r thblsbjvbs an vbry jattjb talb. @nb don sbb `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane os o porbnt `r on `jcbr mr`thbr wh`sb bxpbrabndb fodajatotbc thb quadkbr loturota`n `f dh`roj d`ncudtane. Mbdousb `f thb tbdhnadoj d`lpjbxaty `f bnsblmjb troanane, `reonazota`n onc odtuoj d`ncudtane, at sbbls thot d`ncudt`rs nbbc frbqubnt rblancbrs `f thbar bssbntaoj tosk. Shb occata`n `f thb r`jb `f antbrprbtbr t` thb r`jb `f talb mbotbr wos thb f`uncane prandapjb `f l`cbrn d`ncudtane. O dbntury jotbr, thbsb tw` fundta`ns orb n` j`nebr salpjy guxtop`sbc mut trujy mjbncbc t`ebthbr7 fr`l o talb-mbotbr thot don ojs` antbrprbt onc ansparb, thb d`ncudt`r hos mbd`lb o pbrs`n thot antbrprbts onc ansparbs thr`ueh l`ta`ns. Uath thb d`lpjbta`n `f thas pr`dbss, l`cbrn d`ncudtane hos fanojjy bv`jvbc fr`l o d`ndbpt t` o rbojaty.

15

 

DHOYSB] V7 ?159-=999 Loturaty

Shb ?159‑s d`rrbsp`nc t` thb ocvbnt `f o jorebr ebnbrota`n `f fujjy troanbc dh`roj d`ncudt`rs. D`ncudt`rs wh` mbnbfatbc fr`l f`rloj troanane onc odquarbc bjblbntory skajjs onc kn`wjbceb orb l`rb opt t` dorry thbsb bjblbnts t` o furthbr jbvbj. Shby nbbc n`t bncurb o j`ne pr`dbss `f traoj onc brr`r an `rcbr t` fanc o sotasfodt`ry woy `f w`rkane wath thbar bnsblmjb. Shb cbvbj`plbnt `f nota`noj onc antbrnota`noj nbtw`rks `f dh`roj d`ncudt`rs ojs` hbjpbc thb shorane `f acbos7 an thb Rnatbc Ttotbs, thb Olbradon Dh`roj Carbdt`r Oss`daota`n hoc mbbn f`uncbc an ?121 onc d`ntramutbc t` andrbosb thb `pp`rtunatabs f`r troanane onc odquarblbnt `f tbdhnadoj kn`wjbceb thr`ueh w`rksh`ps onc d`nvbnta`ns. Shb odtavatabs `f on andrbosane nulmbr `f pr`fbssa`noj dh`roj bnsblmjbs fov`rbc thb caffusa`n `f haeh stoncorcs `f dh`roj saneane thot ansparbc onc l`tavotbc thb nbw ebnbrota`n. Shb `pbnane `f l`rb onc l`rb djossbs `f dh`roj d`ncudtane ojs` hbjpbc t` djorafy thb  pr`dbss `f d`ncudtane. An `rcbr t` tbodh ony casdapjanb `nb lust mb omjb t` onojyzb ats fundta`nane onc f`rlujotb djbor cbfanata`ns. Shb ybors ?159-=999 sow on bxp`nbntaoj er`wth an thb nulmbr `f pumjadota`ns `n dh`roj d`ncudtane. Qbt, thbsb thrbb cbdocbs don mb j``kbc `n os o `nb unafabc pbra`c–o pbra`c `f loturota`n `f thb casdapjanb. Rp t` om`ut ?159, dh`roj d`ncudtane wos an o pr`dbss `f f`rlota`n7 thb caffbrbnt bjblbnts thot d`nstatutb dh`roj d`ncudtane wbrb mbane pr`erbssavbjy ossblmjbc. Bvbn oftbr thb dhoneb, an thb ?149‑s fr`l dh`roj troanbrs t` dh`roj d`ncudt`rs, at t``k on`thbr f`rty ybors f`r thb jottbr t` odhabvb o djbor oworbnbss `f

18

 

thbar pr`fbssa`n. An o fbw bxtro`rcanory ancavacuojs thas d`nsdabndb wos quosa anstandtavb7 at wos thb w`rk `f sudh ancavacuojs thot hbjpbc t` ujtalotbjy shopb thb aloeb `f thb acboj dh`roj d`ncudt`r. Shas jost pbra`c‑s cbvbj`plbnts wajj offbdt tbdhnadoj lbons, prodtadoj w`rkane skajjs, onc phaj`s`phadoj f`uncota`ns `f d`ncudtane.

A. ]`jbs onc ]bsp`nsamajatabs `f thb D`ncudt`r

hovb vb `m `msbr sbrvbc vbc an an thb An sbordh f`r thb purp`sb `f dh`roj saneane7 Ub ho  prbva`us dhoptbr h`w thb blphosas an thb jatbroturb wos, ot thb `pbnane `f thb dbntury, dbntbrbc `n thb tbdhnadoj er`wth `f thb sanebrs. Yr`erbssavbjy thb f`dus turnbc t`worc thb tbdhnadoj omajatabs `f thb d`ncudt`r, onc an thb ?149‑s l`st m``ks  pr`vacbc thb rbocbr wath thb jast `f quojafadota`ns cbsaromjb an o dh`roj d`ncudt`r. Uhajb thb tbdhnadoj pr`erbss rbloanbc o pra`raty, wb hovb sbbn an thb ?169‑s h`w outh`rs stortbc t` p`ant `ut thb nbdbssaty `f lbonane mbhanc tbdhnaqub. Lony ortadjbs `n d`ncudtane `f thot talb pbra`c ureb dh`ars onc d`ncudt`rs t` ‚soy s`lbthane whbn y`u sane.“ Shas rbqubst as l`tavotbc my thb oworbnbss thot salpjb caspjoy `f tbdhnadoj lostbry as n`t suffadabntjy sotasfyane f`r thb oucabndb, mbdousb at as n`t ortastad. ‚Shb s`jb purp`sb `f ort“ sullorazbs thb d`ncudt`r C`nojc Nbubn, ‚as t` bxprbss `r rbdbavb fbbjanes.“ 13  Oucabndbs poy t` mb l`vbc, an `thbr w`rcs, onc pr`fbssa`noj ortasts orb poac t` l`vb. Qbt, af y`une ortasts usuojjy h`pb t` mb omjb t` javb fr`l thbar ort, ortastad dorbbrs orb rorbjy dh`sbn f`r fanondaoj rbos`ns. 13

 Nbubn =99=, ?.

11

 

H`wbvbr, sh`ujc pr`fbssa`noj ortasts fanc thblsbjvbs an unsotasfyane d`ncata`ns–  f`r bxolpjb pjoyane an on `rdhbstro uncbr on anopt d`ncudt`r–l`nby don ot jbost  mb o d`ns`jota`n. N`t s` wath dh`rusbs locb up `f v`juntbbrs. Shbrbf`rb, an dh`rusbs thb pbrf`rlondb n`t `njy sh`ujc mb rbworcane t` thb oucabndb, mut t` thb bnsblmjb os wbjj, mbdousb thas as thb `njy kanc `f rbworc thot at don h`pb f`r. Shas stotb `f offoar hos pr`erbssavbjy pushbc thb dh`roj d`ncudt`rs t` rbfjbdt `n o qubsta`n drudaoj f`r thbar w`rk7 ‚why c` pb`pjb sane0“ On`thbr rbos`n f`r thas sbordh f`r lbonane wos pr`momjy thb prbc`lanondb `f thb d`ndbpt `f usbfujnbss an `ur durrbnt s`dabty. An `rcbr t` gustafy bathbr pravotb sp`ns`rshap `r pumjad funcane, os f`r thb loantoanane `f thb dh`roj mucebt an o haeh-sdh``j, at hos t` mb pr`vbn thot thb prodtadb as usbfuj. F`rtunotbjy, dh`roj d`ncudt`rs d`ujc prbsbnt sbvbroj vbry s`jac oreulbnts. Shb l`st cbtoajbc casdussa`n `n thb t`pad as my D`jan Curront an has m``k Dh`roj D`ncudtane7 Yhaj`s`phy onc Yrodtadb  (Nbw Q`rk onc J`nc`n7 ]`utjbceb, =994). Mbf`rb hal, ]ussbjj Hollor bxp`sbc thb janks mbtwbbn dh`roj  prodtadb onc mosad hulon nbbcs an thb tharc dhoptbr `f has  Yroelot  Yroelotad ad Dh`roj  Yr`dbcurbs  Yr`dbcu rbs (Lbtudhbn, N.G. onc J`nc`n7 Tdorbdr`w Yrbss, ?183) . ]`mbrt Eorrbts`n

 pr`vacbc, ojrbocy an ?162, an thb antr`cudta`n t` has tbxtm``k D`ncudtane Dh`roj  Lusad (=nc  bc. M`st`n7 Ojjyn & Mod`n) o ludh sh`rtbr ybt rothbr d`lpjbtb

cbsdrapta`n `f thb vojubs `f dh`roj saneane. Ojj thbsb outh`rs strbssbc thb r`jb `f saneane an bxprbssane cbbp fbbjanes thot d`ujc n`t mb bxprbssbc os bosajy thr`ueh joneuoeb. LusadShr`ueh sbrvbs oslusad, o wh`jbs`lb `utjbtn`t f`r`njy onc don bxprbssa`n ancavacuoj bl`ta`ns. ancavacuojs bxprbss`fthblsbjvbs,

?99

 

 mut ojs` don rbjbosb pbnt-up fbbjanes `f frustrota`n s` d`ll`n an `ur  prbsbnt-coy s`dabty s`dabty12,

soys Eorrbts`n. Curront rbfbrs t` ma`j`easts‑ thb`rabs om`ut thb `raeans `f saneane onc strbssbs thb pralatavb onc durrbnt usb `f thb v`adb `r s`nes an rbsp`nsb t` vora`us bl`ta`noj stotbs (bspbdaojjy str`ne `nbs). Mut l`st `f thbsb [dh`roj\ sanebrs w`ujc mb rbjudtont t` stonc oj`nb onc sane o s`j`,

offarls Hollor, an thb sbduraty `f o er`up, thbar anocbquodabs orb oms`rmbc my thb t`toj bff`rts `f thb bnsblmjb. Shas kanc `f bff`rt t`worc sbjf-bxprbssa`n  mbd`lbs o n`n-thrbotbnane `pp`rtunaty t` rbojazb rbojazb obsthbtad bxpbrabndbs `n o jbvbj whadh l`st l`st sanebrs don nbvbr nbvbr odhabvb oj`nb.16 

Shbsb n`ta`ns `f er`up onc obsthbtad rbojazota`n orb tw` `thbr str`ne l`tavota`ns f`r dh`roj saneane. Mbane port `f o er`up, soys Hollor, fujfajs thb noturoj nbbc `f pb`pjb t` mb oddbptbc my `thbr, `r salpjy t` mb wath `thbrs.15 Shb bng`ylbnt `f o ‚sbnsb `f mbj`neane“ as qu`tbc my ojj thrbb outh`rs. Obsthbtad rbojazota`n as on bnhondblbnt `f `nb‑s bxastbndb, offarls Eorrbts`n. Shb er`up, an occata`n t` ats s`daoj saenafadondb, as ojs` o woy t` fujfajj thb hulon cbsarb f`r suddbss, odd`lpjashlbnt onc odkn`wjbcelbnt usane thb d`jjbdtavb f`rdb. Shus at oppbors thot dh`roj saneane as my noturb o prodtadb thot don mb bspbdaojjy sotasfyane onc mbnbfadaoj f`r pb`pjb7 ats oebjbssnbss onc ‚m`rcbrjbssnbss“ supp`rt thas oreulbnt. H`wbvbr, mbnbfats onc sotasfodta`n orb haehjy cbpbncbnt `n thb 12

 Eorrbts`n ?162 , =.  Hollor ?883, 43.

16 15

 Hollor has d`ndbpt nbbcs `n thb w`rkL`tavota`n `f psydh`j`easts Dholbrs J. Ttodby Lonfrbc F. mosbs CbLortan` bcat`rs`f`fhulon Rncbrstoncane Hulon (Djbvbjonc7 Ojjbn, ?128).onc

?9?

 

dardulstondbs `f prodtadb, whadh orb an turn, thb rbsp`nsamajaty `f thb d`ncudt`r. Hollor sullorazbs thb d`ncudt`r‑s r`jb os ‚sbrvane thb sanebr‑s nbbc“ 18. Curr Curron ontt ojs` usbc has casdussa`n `n ‚why c` pb`pjb sane“ os on antr`cudta`n t` o dhoptbr `n thb d`ncudt`r‑s r`jb. Shus thb r`jb `f thb d`ncudt`r as n` j`nebr bnvasoebc s`jbjy an fundta`n `f thb tbdhnadoj skajjs thot lust mb cbvbj`pbc an thb sanebrs, `r wath thb kn`wjbceb hb lust halsbjf p`ssbss, mut an fundta`n `f o haehbr d`ndbpt `f thb hulonb vojub `f dh`roj saneane, onc thb nbdbssaty t` pr`l`tb at. At as p`ssamjb t` dorb f`r o pbrf`rlondb wath`ut dorane f`r thb pbrf`rlbrs thblsbjvbs. Shas as `msbrvomjb an thb w`rk `f o dh`roj troanbr usane os o s`jb tbodhane tbdhnaqub thb ‚crajj“. Tanebrs orb eavbn anstrudta`ns, onc orb d`ncata`nbc t` pbrf`rl o w`rk o dbrtoan woy. Shb blphosas as n`t `n thb pbrf`rlbrs mut thb pbrf`rlondb. Shb tbdhnadoj troanane–whbn thb d`ncudt`r odt os anstrulbnt-lokbr–as l`rb  mbnbfadaoj t` thb san sanebrs ebrs thon thb salpjb crajj mbdousb at hos j`ne-tbrl mbnbfats. Qbt at as p`ssamjb t` f`dus `n tbdhnadoj cbvbj`plbnt wath`ut d`nsacbrane thb pbrs`noj er`wth. My `rabntane thbar w`rk t`worc thb pbrs`noj er`wth onc fujfajjlbnt `f thb  pb`pjb wath wh`l thby w`rk, d`ncudt`rs fundta`n bssbntaojjy os bcudot`rs. Shas h`wbvbr, as n`t d`ntrocadtane thb saenafadondb `f tbdhnadoj lostbry. Obsthbtad odd`lpjashlbnt onc nbbc f`r suddbss rbquarb at. Mut an occata`n t` thb tbdhnadoj ospbdt, `nb sbbs o nbw d`ndbrn wath thb psydh`j`eadoj lokb-up `f thb dh`ar, onc thb osparota`n `f ats lblmbrs. An `rcbr t` mb suddbssfuj an has bncbov`r, thb d`ncudt`r lust uncbrstonc thas psydh`j`eadoj ospbdt, onc ocopt m`th has woy `f

18

 Hollor ?183, 4?.

?9=

 

d`llunadotane onc has lbth`cs t` thb pbrs`noj nbbcs `f thb sanebrs. D`ncudt`rs orb bntarbjy cbpbncont `n thb prbsbndb `f sanebrs an `rcbr t` bxast os d`ncudt`rs. @n thb `thbr honc, an thb stajj wacbjy c`lanont d`ntbxt `f olotbur saneane, sanebrs cbpbnc o j`t `n thb d`ncudt`r f`r thb odquarblbnt `f thb skajjs onc kn`wjbceb thby nbbc f`r o sotasfodt`ry dh`roj bxpbrabndb. Shb d`nsda`usnbss `f thas antbrcbpbncbndb offbdtbc thb prodtadb `f d`ncudtane o erbot cboj. Farst, thb d`ncudt`r lust mb an o  p`sata`n t` tbodh thb sanebrs lony d`ndbpts onc skajjs, onc thus nbbcs t` p`ssbss kn`wjbceb an o wacb orroy `f lottbrs. Tbd`ncjy, thb d`ncudt`r lust ocopt has rbhborsoj strotbeabs onc has dh`adb `f pr`erol an `rcbr t` kbbp thb sanebrs `ut `f frustrota`n ybt dhojjbnebc my on ortastadojjy w`rthy rbpbrt`arb. Hollor n`tbs thot thb cbsarb `f lostbry as d`nsacbrbc port `f hulon noturb7 thbrbf`rb, sbjf-bxprbssa`n donn`t mb frbbjy odhabvbc an on bnvar`nlbnt `f foajurb. Sharcjy, thb d`ncudt`r nbbcs t` fujfajj thb r`jbs `f bcudot`r onc ortast my eavane thb lblmbrs `f m`th has bnsblmjb onc has oucabndb oddbss t` o haeh quojaty `f lusad, omjb t` cbvbj`p thbar obsthbtad casdbrnlbnt, t` pr`l`tb thbar kn`wjbceb `f `thbr talbs onc pjodbs; onc, l`st alp`rtontjy, t` ansparb thbl. Shb tosk as for fr`l bosy. L`st `f thb jatbroturb  pumjashbc an thb jost cbdocbs `f thb dbntury as lbont t` pr`vacb hbjp wath ot jbost `nb `f thbsb thrbb nbdbssatabs. AA. Kn`wjbceb `f thb D`ncudt`r V`doj troanane7 Ospbdts `f v`doj troanane hovb mbbn d`nsastbntjy prbsbnt an

thb jatbroturb `n dh`roj troanane onc d`ncudtane. Ub hovb p`antbc `ut h`wbvbr, thot an thb borjy jatbroturb `n thb troanane `f m`y v`adbs, `njy o faxbc lbth`c wos

?94

 

 pr`vacbc. Shb rbocbr wos n`t pr`vacbc wath anf`rlota`n thot d`ujc hbjp hal t` uncbrstonc thb fundta`nane `f thb v`adb. Ojs` omsbnt wbrb prodtadoj sueebsta`ns os t` h`w t` antberotb thb v`doj cbvbj`plbnt an o rbojastad sdhbcujb. My thb bnc `f thb twbntabth dbntury thbsb tw` ospbdts orb tokbn ant` d`nsacbrota`n. Casdussa`ns `n v`adb sh`w pr`erbssavbjy l`rb tbdhnadoj, sdabntafad cbtoajs. Shby orb odd`lponabc  my onot`ladoj crowanes. Shb mbst bxolpjb an thb lottbr as Dh`roj Ybcoe`ey  my Mrbnco Tlath onc ]`mbrt Totoj`ff (Ton Cabe`, DO.7 Taneujor Yumjashane Er`up, =999). Shb jotbr d`ntramutbc m`th os o d`ncudt`r onc os on bor onc thr`ot c`dt`r. Shb m``ks pr`vacb antradotb lbcadoj cbsdrapta`n (ojth`ueh onn`undbc os ‚salpjafabc“) `f thb fundta`nane `f v`adb. Shb purp`sb `f thb omuncont jatbroturb `n v`adb as t` pr`vacb d`ncudt`rs wath o kn`wjbceb thot wajj mb thb s`urdb `f thb troanane. @jcbr m``ks `n v`doj troanane w`ujc `ftbn ocv`dotb pr`dbcurb wath`ut  pr`vacane ony gustafadota`n. @ndb thb d`ncudt`r hos on antbjjbdtuoj d`ndbpta`n `f h`w thb v`adb w`rks hb don cbsaen has `wn woy t` alpjblbnt thb prandapjbs `f hbojthy saneane an rbhborsoj. Lony outh`rs hbjp wath thas pr`dbss os wbjj. @nb lbth`c d`nsasts an jankane thb tbdhnadoj ospbdts `f saneane wath ospbdts `f thb coajy jafb. Shas f`rl `f v`doj troanane hos `raeanotbc an Ebrlony, fr`l thb d`jjom`rota`n `f Uajhbjl Bhlonn wath Froukb Hoosblonn. Mrbnco Tlath hos d`ntramutbc t` thb  p`pujorazota`n `f thas lbth`c an thb Rnatbc Ttotbs my tronsjotane thbar w`rk 11, os wbjj os thr`ueh w`rksh`ps. O mbttbr uncbrstoncane `f thb v`adb hos ojs` dousbc dh`roj d`ncudt`rs t` rbvabw thbar p`sata`n om`ut thb n`ta`n `f mjbnc onc thb qubsta`n 11

Ttallmajcune. ]bv. bc., Kossbj (Mrbnrbatbr Bhlonn onc Hoosblonn. Honcmudh cbr dh`rasdhbn Ttallmajcune. Vbrjoe, ?18?).

?93

 

`f thb usb `f vamrot` an dh`roj saneane. Shb assub as o th`rny `nb onc hos dousbc ludh casoerbblbnt ol`ne dh`roj d`ncudt`rs, onc mbtwbbn dh`roj d`ncudt`rs onc v`adb tbodhbrs. At don mb sbbn an l`rb rbdbnt jatbroturb thot thb tbncbndy as t` n` j`nebr ocv`dotb ony rbstradta`n `n thb usb `f ancavacuoj v`adbs (andjucane vamrot`s) wathan thb dh`rus. An thb Rnatbs Ttotbs thb oppr`odh `f ]`mbrt Thow t` t`nb hos d`ntramutbc erbotjy t` thas acbo. Youj Mroncvak odkn`wjbcebs thb bv`juta`n `f th`ueht an has rbfjbdta`n `n t`nb, whbrb hb cbfanbs thb f`ur quojatabs `f o e``c t`nb os ‚frbbc`l, rbs`nondb, bnbrey onc bxprbssa`n.“ ?99 

Lusadoj troanane7 Tbvbroj pumjadota`ns orb cbstanbc t` hbjp thb d`ncudt`r an

eavane thb sanebrs o lanalul `f lusadoj troanane. Shas as typadojjy o nbdbssaty, ojth`ueh s`lb d`ncudt`rs c` n`t bneoeb an ony odta`n t` hbjp thbar dh`rus pr`erbss  mut rothbr ocopt thbar lbth`cs t` thb jodk `f troanane ``ff thb sanebrs. An thb d`ntbxt `f sdh``js at as bvacbntjy cbsaromjb f`r thb dh`roj prodtadb t` anv`jvb ebnbroj pr`erbss an lusadaonshap. At as l`rb alp`rtont f`r thb stucbnts t` mb pr`vacbc wath thb lostbry `f o skajj rothbr thon wath thb kn`wjbceb `f o sbrabs `f s`nes my r`tb. Ttbvbn Cbl`rbst pumjashbc an =99? uncbr thb tatjb Muajcane Dh`roj Bxdbjjbndb Bxdbjjbndb (Nbw Q`rk7 @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss, =99?)  o d`lporotavb d`lporotavb stucy `f thb caffbrbnt caffbrbnt lbth`cs lbth`cs usbc t` tbodh thb dh`ar t` saeht-sane. U`rks `n dh`roj lusad bcudota`n, cbstanbc t` thb

?99

 Mroncvak, ‚Dh`roj S`nb“, an Ubmm ?114, ?29.

?92

 

troanane `f pralory, laccjb onc haeh-sdh``j dh`roj carbdt`rs orb on`thbr p`ssamjb s`urdb om`ut thot lottbr ?9?.

@thbr fabjcs `f kn`wjbceb7 Osacb fr`l thb troanane `f thb dh`ar, thb erbotbst

 port `f thb kn`wjbceb nbbcbc mmyy thb d`ncudt`r as put ot usb whbn lokane cbdasa`ns rbeorcane thb spbdafads `f thb pbrf`rlondb. Os wb `msbrvbc an thb prbva`us dhoptbrs, thbrb hos mbbn o er`wane dorb f`r thb lokane `f thbsb cbdasa`ns wath rbspbdt f`r thb d`lp`sbr, thb sd`rb onc ats hast`radoj pr`vbnondb. An thb jost thrbb cbdocbs `f thb dbntury thas ottatucb wajj dujlanotb an o vost l`vblbnt an fov`r `f o sdh`jorjy mosbc kn`wjbceb `f hast`radoj pbrf`rlondb prodtadbs. Jbocane pbrf`rlbrs spbdaojazbc an borjy lusad, onc thr`ueh thb lbcaul `f rbd`rcanes, roasbc d`nsacbromjy thb stoncorcs `f bxpbdtota`n an thb fabjc `f thb pbrf`rlondb `f borjy lusad. Shas satuota`n as f`r thb ovbroeb d`ncudt`r m`th o erbot ocvontoeb onc o dhojjbneb. Shas ‘n`-n`nsbnsb‑ oppr`odh f`rdbc bvbn thb ovbroeb d`ncudt`r t` wbor thb sdh`jor‑s vbst. Shb uncbrstoncane `f thb w`rk lokbs o ludh erbotbr cblonc `n lusadoj dujturb f`r thb d`ncudt`rs. At rbcudbs thb ol`unt `f sumgbdtavaty an thb cbdasa`n lokane, dojjane f`r ‚anf`rlbc“ cbdasa`ns onc dorb f`r ‚outhbntadaty“ an  pbrf`rlondb. Mbdousb dh`roj lusad d`vbrs sudh o erbot pbra`c `f lusad hast`ry onc bxasts an s` lony styjbs thas dujturoj cblonc as quatb d`nsacbromjb. Shbrbf`rb, l`rb onc l`rb outh`rs stortbc t` pr`vacb cbtoajbc kn`wjbceb om`ut m`th thb lusad thb`ry `f borjy lusad (f`r bxolpjb l`cojaty, `r lusado fadto) onc rbsbord rbsbordhh om`ut om`ut thb

?9?

 Tbb an portadujor D`jjans ?1117‚Sbodhane Lusad Jatbrody7 On Alpbrotavb“, =42-=8=.

?96

 

`raeanoj pbrf`rlane d`ncata`ns `f dh`roj rbpbrt`arb. Ojs` sbvbroj ortadjbs pr`vacbc d`ncudt`rs wath euacbjanbs f`r thb lokane `f thbsb anf`rlbc cbdasa`ns.?9=  O d`nsacbromjb nulmbr `f bnsblmjbs locb thb dh`adb t` rbstradt thbar pbrf`rlondbs t` `nb spbdafad typb `f dh`roj lusad an `rcbr t` mb omjb t` pbrf`rl thb dh`sbn rbpbrt`arb os outhbntadojjy os p`ssamjb. Nbw er`ups wbrb ojs` f`uncbc t` cbv`tb thblsbjvbs bntarbjy t` o spbdafad rbpbrt`arb. F`r thb olotburs er`ups thas hos locb thb satuota`n sjaehtjy l`rb d`lpjbx, my puttane rbstradta`ns `n o rbpbrt`arb thot hoc  mbbn ossalajotbc f`r `vbr o dbntury. F`r bxolpjb, o dh`roj s`dabty thot hoc mbbn  pbrf`rlane Modh‑s  Loenafadot f`r cbdocbs d`ujc n`w fbbj sbjf-d`nsda`us om`ut  pbrf`rlane wath t`` joreb o er`up onc wath`ut pbra`c anstrulbnts. An sdh``js at as bvbn o erbotbr assub7 thb d`ncata`ns orb rorbjy prbsbnt f`r on ‚outhbntad“  pbrf`rlondb t` mb sbt up; dh`roj lusad bcudot`rs fodb thb cajbllo `f whbthbr `r n`t thas as o rbos`n t` rbn`undb pbrf`rlane w`rks whadh d`ujc mb bxdbpta`nojjy bcudota`noj. Tudh o satuota`n sh`ws thb nbdbssaty f`r thb d`ncudt`r t` cbtbrlanb whot ospbdts sh`ujc mb fov`rbc cbpbncane `n thb purp`sb (bcudota`n, pbrf`rlondb, btd) `f thb spbdafad bnsblmjb wath whadh hb w`rks. Shb spbdaojazota`n don mb sbbn  m`th os o e``c onc moc thane7 thb pbrf`rlondb `f dh`roj lusad my spbdaojazbc  pr`fbssa`noj bnsblmjbs as o ccbjaeht bjaeht f` f`rr thb oucabndbs onc as mbnbfadaoj t` thb aloeb alo eb `f dh`roj ort. H`wbvbr, thb fbor t` d`lporb t` thas s`rt `f ‚d`lpbtata`n“ onc casopp`ant oucabndbs wath haeh bxpbdtondabs loy cbpravb o erbot nulmbr `f

?9=

 Tbb f`r bxolpjb U. T. D`jjans ‚Shb dh`roj d`ncudt`r onc thb lusad`j`east,“ Cbdkbr onc Hbrf`rc

?154, 14-?49; onc @‑Nboj, ‚D`lane t` Sbrls wath Hast`radoj Ybrf`rlondb Yrodtadbs,“ an Ubmm ?114,?5-4=.

?95

 

 pbrf`rlbrs–nolbjy olotburs onc stucbnts–`f thb `pp`rtunat `pp`rtunatyy t` ebt ‚pbr ‚pbrs`nojjy“ s`nojjy“ odquoantbc wath erbot d`lp`sbrs onc thbar lostbrw`rks. At as ujtalotbjy up t` thb d`ncudt`rs t` bvojuotb wh`, `f pbrf`rlbrs `r oucabndb, sh`ujc mb mbst sbrvbc my thb dh`adb `f rbpbrt`arb.

AAA. Lbth`c`j`eabs — ]bhborsoj Yr`dbss

Shb oworbnbss `f thb psydh`j`eadoj l`tavota`ns `f olotbur dh`roj sanebrs hoc o erbot alpodt `n thb rbhborsoj pr`dbss. At anfjubndbc dh`adbs an lusad onc an lbth`cs onc strbssbc thb nbdbssaty f`r thb d`ncudt`r t` mb th`r`uehjy prbporbc.

Tbjbdtane lusad7 Tbvbroj outh`rs uncbrjanb thb alp`rtondb `f o gucada`us

dh`adb `f lusad. @nb d`nsacbrota`n an thas dh`adb as `f d`ursb thb fanoj d`ndbrt onc thb sotasfodta`n `f thb oucabndb. An thb d`ntbxt `f o pr`fbssa`noj bnsblmjb thas as thb loan fodt`r an thb dh`adb `f lusad. An thb dosb `f on olotbur bnsblmjb, h`wbvbr, `thbr ospbdts orb prbc`lanont7 thb lotdh mbtwbbn thb rbqubst `f thb sd`rb onc thb omajatabs `f thb sanebrs; thb bcudota`noj vojub `f thb sd`rb. Shb jottbr cbpbncs `n thb ortastad vojub `f thb dh`sbn lusad onc ojs` `n ats p`tbntaoj an andrbosane thb sanebrs‑ tbdhnadoj pr`fadabndy `r thbar lusadoj uncbrstoncane `f o dbrtoan styjb `r bp`dh. An ?151, Kbnnbth Lajjbr cbcadotbc o d`lpjbtb m``k t` thb sbjbdta`n onc orroneblbnt `f dh`roj lusad, onc thb prbporota`n `f o sd`rb?94. ]`yoj Ttont`n ojs` prbsbnts prbsbnts on on

?94

lusad sbjbdta`n, sbjbdta`n, sd`rb prbporota`n onc onc wratane  (Ubst  Lajjbr, O honcm``k `f dh`roj lusad  (Ubst Nyodk, N.Q.7 Yorkbr, ?151)

?98

 

antbrbstane onojysas `f thb caffbrbnt typbs `f rbos`nane mbhanc rbpbrt`arb dh`adb ?93, fr`l l`nbtory d`ndbrns (a.b. saneane thb lusad an st`dk an thb dh`roj jamrory) t` jalatota`n t` o dbrtoan styjb, `r cbsarb t` dhojjbneb thb bnsblmjb, btd. Tbvbroj outh`rs  pr`p`sb s`rtbc jasts `f rbpbrt`arb dorbfujjy dh`sbn f`r o dbrtoan typb `f pbrf`rlbrs. @nb don sbb o cbfanatavb dhoneb `f ottatucb t`worc rbpbrt`arb mbtwbbn thb ?139‑s onc t`coy. Shb rbpbrt`arb `f thb ejbb-djums wos `rabntbc t`worc cavbrtassblbnt onc wos n`t nbdbssorajy `f o vbry haeh ortastad d`ntbnt. At sbbls thot thbrb as n`w o tbncbndy t`worc o rbturn t` haehbr stoncorcs `f dh`roj jatbroturb.

Shb prbporota`n `f thb d`ncudt`r7 An `rcbr t` prbsbrvb thb `njy rbworc `f

v`juntbbr dh`roj sanebrs–thb g`y `f saneane–fruatfuj d`llunadota`n wath thb sanebrs onc pr`mjbl-s`jvane skajjs orb bspbdaojjy alp`rtont. Shbsb ospbdts lust mb bnvasoebc my thb d`ncudt`r pra`r thb rbhborsoj7 ‚Shb rbsp`nsamajatabs `f d`ncudt`rs andjucb th`uehtfuj prbporota`n phaj`s`phadojjy onc psydh`j`eadojjy `f thbar r`jb an rbjota`n t` thb sanebrs“ soys Curront. ?92  Shb w`rk o d`ncudt`r hoc t` c` mbf`rb lbbtane wath thb sanebrs wos on ospbdt bspbdaojjy nbejbdtbc an thb borjy jatbroturb (ojth`ueh `mva`usjy at d`ujc n`t hovb mbbn omsbnt an prodtadb). Shb rbd`llbncota`ns om`ut h`w t` prbporb `nbsbjf f`r rbhborsane o w`rk bv`jvbc fr`l lbrb ojjusa`ns t` vbry prbdasb euacbjanbs `vbr thb twbntabth dbntury7 an ?14? (onc  p`ssamjy os borjy os ?19?) U`cbjj sueebstbc ‚thb d`ncudt`r wajj th`r`uehjy folajaorazb halsbjf wath thb sd`rb, w`rcs onc lusad. Hb lust cbdacb whot as thb ?93 Ttont`n ?92

?15?, ?=6-?32  Curront =994, 1=.

?91

 

lbonane `f thb w`rcs onc thb d`ntbnt `f thb lusad, an `thbr w`rcs, up`n has antbrprbtota`n `f thb w`rk os o wh`jb“ ?96. Sh`los alpr`vbc alpr`vbc `n tthas has truthfuj truthfuj mut voeub stotblbnt my ocvasane t` stucy thb sd`rb os t` mb omjb t` djborjy aloeanb ats s`unc, prodtadb thb w`rk ot thb kbym`orc, saneane thb ports sbvbroj talbs untaj  prodtadojjy lbl`razbc. Shb d`ncudt`r sh`ujc ojs` lbl`razb ats ‚`wn port“ whadh andjucbs ‚ojj bntrondbs onc ojj ports thot d`ntoan saenafadont janbs `r spbdaoj  pr`mjbls“?95. Hb sh` sh`ujc ujc ojs` ojs` bnv bnvasoeb asoeb h`w thb thb w`rk d`ujc mb cavacbc cavacbc an an lonoebomjb sbdta`ns. Mbf`rb thb farst rbhborsoj thb d`ncudt`r sh`ujc kn`w h`w ludh talb thb sanebrs wajj nbbc t` jborn thb pabdb. Oftbr Sh`los onc U`cbjj, thb sumgbdt `f thb d`ncudt`r‑s prbporota`n wos aen`rbc my ojj outh`rs `f thb ?14=-?131 pbra`c, up t` Bhlonn wh` cbv`tbc o fujj dhoptbr t` thas qubsta`n, oj`ne wath o casdussa`n `n pr`erol sbjbdta`n. S` Sh`los‑ rbd`llbncota`n, Bhlonn occbc thb nbdbssaty t` lork an ocvondb th`sb pjodbs whadh loy dousb pr`mjbls an thb rbhborsoj onc t` cbsaen woys `f `vbrd`lane thbsb caffadujtabs. Hb ojs` cbsdrambc thb w`rk thot hoc t` mb c`nb wath thb tbxt7 ats lbonane sh`ujc mb djbor t` thb d`ncudt`r, os wbjj os ats pr`nundaota`n. Fanojjy, thb d`ncudt`r sh`ujc bstomjash o rbhborsoj pjon, onc hovb an lanc h`w hb wajj oppr`odh thb lusad. Ludh l`rb blphosas as pjodbc an jotbr m``ks `n dh`roj d`ncudtane rbeorcane thas phosb `f thb w`rk. Outh`rs pr`p`sb sbvbroj prodtadoj woys t` odhabvb o fujj lostbry `f thb sd`rb7 (?) o lbtaduj`us f`rloj onojysas `f thb w`rk ?98  (thas as bspbdaojjy nbdbssory f`r joreb-sdojb w`rks), (=) on ?96

 U`cbjj ?14?, 63.  Sh`los ?15? , 28.

?95

?98 O bxolpjb `f sudh onojysas as eavbn my Gujaus Hbrf`rc an thb ortadjb ‚Shb dh`roj d`ncudt`r‑s  prbporota`n `f thb thb lusadoj sd`rb,“ sd`rb,“ an Cbdkbr onc Hbrf`rc ?154, ?55-=49.

??9

 

antbnsb d`ntodt wath thb lusad thr`ueh saneane/pjoyane thb ports, onc thb d`nstatuta`n `f o d`ncudt`r‑s port?91, (4) o stucy `f thb thb antbr antbrodta`n odta`n `f thb thb caffbrbnt caffbrbnt bjblbnts `f thb sd`rb (lbonane `f tbxt onc lusadoj rbncbrane, oddbnts `f tbxt wath rhythl `f lusad, lbj`cad d`nt`urs, btd…)??9, (3) thb f`dus `n thb thb cbvbj`plbnt cbvbj`plbnt `f thb ouroj-lbntoj aloeb onc `f o sbrabs `f aloebry oss`daotbc t` thb lusad???, (2) o d`ntbxtuoj kn`wjbceb thb saenafadondb `f thb lusad??=. Shb acboj acboj prbporota`n prbporota`n w`ujc d`lmanb ojj thbsb oppr`odhbs. @ndb thb sd`rb as kn`wn, onc `ndb thb d`ncudt`r hos tokbn thb nbdbssory cbdasa`ns thot d`lpjbtb has d`ndbpt `f thb sd`rb, hb lust  pr`dbbc t` o rbfjbdta`n os t` thb lbons nbbcbc my thb sanebrs an `rcbr t` odhabvb o suddbssfuj pbrf`rlondb. Shas jost ospbdt as rbfbrrbc t` os thb pbcoe`eadoj onojysas `f thb sd`rb. At d`nsasts an thb ontadapota`n `f thb p`ssamjb caffadujtabs thb sanebrs wajj bnd`untbr whbn rbhborsane thb lusad, onc thb rbfjbdta`n om`ut p`ssamjb rblbcabs. Shas ospbdt `f thb w`rk as blphosazbc an Ebrlony onc bspbdaojjy an Frondb, whbrb dh`roj prodtadb stortbc t` bng`y o rbvavoj an thb jost quortbr `f thb dbntury. Ancbbc, thb pr`mjbl-s`jvane skajjs d`nstatutb thb bssbntaoj `f thb d`ncudtane lbth`cs  pumjashbc my Frbndh d`n d`ncudt`r cudt`r Yhajappb Doajjorc;??4 @n thb `thbr honc, thb physadoj ospbdt `f d`ncudtane as stajj typadojjy nbejbdtbc an Frondb.

?91

 O cbtoajbc cbsdrapta`n `f thas pr`dbss as eavbn my Brads`n an has d`ncudtane lbth`c7 Dh`roj d`ncudtane . Srons. onc bcatbc my Lordus onc Jum`ff, (Nbw Q`rk7 Uojt`n Lusad D`rp`rot D`rp`rota`n, a`n, ?156), 11-?99 ??9  On bxolpjb `f thas oppr`odh don mb f`unc an Lajjbr ?151, 82-?33. ???  Tbb Curront =994 , ?=9-?=3. ??= Tbb ??4

Yoanb,“Td`rb Tbjbdta`n, Ttucy onc Antbrprbtota`n,“ Antbrprbtota`n,“ an Ubmm ?114, 44-61.  Doajjorc, Jo Carbdta`n cb Dh`bur, 4 v`js. (F`ntbnoy-Lov`asan7 (F`ntbnoy-Lov`asan7 Doajjorc, Doajjorc, ?113)

???

 

Ottatucb onc d`llunadota`n an rbhborsoj7 Shb anfjubndb `f thb rbfjbdta`n

`n thb psydh`j`eadoj l`tavota`ns `f dh`roj sanebrs as bvacbnt an thb casdussa`ns `n rbhborsane. Shb t`pad as n`t nbw, at hoc mbbn trbotbc an thb ?149‑s onc ?139‑s mut at as trbotbc wath andrbosane cbpth. An thb post, o erbot blphosas wos put `n thb caffbrbnt bjblbnts thot sanebrs nbbcbc t` odhabvb an rbhborsoj (thb w`rk `n dh`roj tbdhnaqub). An thb l`st rbdbnt pumjadota`ns thb casdussa`ns `n rbhborsoj strbss thb rbsp`nsamajaty `f thb d`ncudt`r t` d`llunadotb bffadabntjy wath thb sanebrs an `rcbr t` prbsbrvb thb l`tavota`n, lokb has antbnta`ns djbor, onc bnomjb thb sanebrs t` lostbr thb lusad wath bosb. An `thbr w`rcs thb lbth`cs usbc t` odhabvb thb e`ojs `f dh`roj tbdhnaqub hovb mbd`lb os alp`rtont an thb jatbroturb os thbsb e`ojs thblsbjvbs. Yrandapjbs `f e``c d`llunadota`n uncbrjanbc my caffbrbnt outh`rs anv`jvb (?) thb dorbfuj dh`adb `f v`domujory onc sbntbndb f`rlujota`n, (=) thb usb `f aloebs t` alpr`vb tbdhnadoj onc bxprbssavb omajaty, (4) thb usb `f p`satavb onc spbdafad anstrudta`ns, onc (3) thb omajaty `f f`rlujotane o rbqubst `r bxpjoanane o  prandapjb an l`rb thon `nb woy. Ojj thbsb prandapjbs orb crown fr`l thb l`rb ebnbroj fabjc `f pbcoe`ey. @thbr kby-n`ta`ns `f bffbdtavb rbhborsane orb thb omajaty `f kbbpane o e``c podb, thb omajaty `f acbntafyane pr`mjbls onc caoen`sane thbar dousb(s), thb omajaty t` castaneuash pra`ratabs, onc thb d`nsbrvota`n `f o p`satavb ottatucb. Dbrtoan `f thbsb d`ndbpts orb n`t nbw, af `nb rblblmbrs thb borjy  prandapjbs `f Tar D`worc. Shb orbo thot lorks thb l`st bv`juta`n as thot `f thb honcjane `f pr`mjbls. Vbry `ftbn an borjabr jatbroturb n`vadb d`ncudt`rs wbrb wornbc om`ut thb p`ssamjb sh`rtd`lanes `f thbar bnsblmjb. F`r bxolpjb, thbrb orb

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 pjbnty bxolpjbs `f thb racaduj`us sbntbndbs thot don rbsujt fr`l and`rrbdt  pr`nundaota`n `f o tbxt. An thb `jcbr jatbroturb `nb don pbrdbavb thot thbsb wornanes orb an thblsbjvbs d`nsacbrbc ‚thbropbutad“ my thb outh`r, onc w`ujc pr`momjy mb usbc os sudh my d`ncudt`rs, whbrb an fodt thby orb n`t7 lbnta`nane o pr`mjbl `njy hbjps af thb sanebrs orb ojrbocy oworb `f thb p`ssamjb rblbcabs. @vbr talb, l`rb casdussa`ns antr`cudane thb ph`nbtad ojphombt, bxpjoanane thb pr`pbr v`wbj f`rlota`n, btd, oppbor an thb jatbroturb. Shb bxolpjb `f ant`nota`n pr`mjbls loy mb bvbn l`rb fjoeront. Fr`l o ebnbroj and`lprbhbnsa`n `f thb vora`us dousbs `f `ut`f-tunb saneane, d`ncudt`rs hovb d`lb t` o prbdasb kn`wjbceb `f thb rbos`ns. Shby orb ocvasbc an rbhborsoj t` rbfroan fr`l d`llbntane ‚s`pron`s, y`u orb `ut `f tunb“–whadh an occata`n `f mbane t`` alprbdasb t` hbjp, don ojs` mb `ffbnsavb–mut rothbr eavane o p`satavb anstrudta`n lbont t` s`jvb thb pr`mjbl wath`ut bvbn lbnta`nane at, f`r bxolpjb ‚s`pron`s, pjbosb usb o mraehtbr v`wbj…“. Shus, acbojjy l`rb tbdhnadoj kn`wjbceb onc l`rb pbcoe`eadoj skajjs ojj`w d`ncudt`rs t` ebt  mbttbr rbsujts fr`l thbar dh`ar whajb lokane thb w`rk sbblanejy s bblanejy bosabr.

AV. Shb ]`jb `f D`ncudtane Sbdhnaqub an Ybrf`rlondb

Fr`l thb s`lbwhot jodkocoasadoj andjusa`n `f casdussa`ns om`ut tbdhnaqub an thb w`rks my G`nbs onc has d`ntblp`rorabs an thb 49‑s onc 39‑ d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub hos tokbn o p`sata`n `f pralb alp`rtondb an thb nulbr`us skajjs `f thb d`ncudt`r. At as fanojjy rbd`enazbc os thb trub lbcaul thr`ueh whadh thb d`ncudt`rs lotbraojazb thbar ortastad noturb. An ?114, Nbubn wr`tb thot   ‚Shb cbvbj`plbnt `f o skajjbc,

??4

 

rbfanbc onc ortastad d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub sh`ujc mb os haeh o pra`raty f`r o d`ncudt`r os o fanb va`janast‑s raeht honc onc m`wane tbdhnaqub.“ ??3 Shb tbdhnadoj n`ta`ns wbnt fr`l thb sazb `f o sh`rt dhoptbr t` d`lpjbtb m``ks, whbrb at d`ujc tokb on bntarb dhoptbr gust t` cbsdramb thb prbjalanory p`sata`n??2. Tandb Tandb thb ?129‑s, ?129‑s, tw` tw` ottatucbs don mb `msbrvbc rbeorcane dh`roj d`ncudtane. Shb farst as pr`l`tane o tbdhnaqub whadh as funcolbntojjy d`ll`n t` ojj d`ncudt`rs, dh`roj onc `rdhbstroj??6. Shb sbd`nc, f`jj` f`jj`wane wane Bhlo Bhlonn‑s nn‑s jboc, an fov`r `f thb cbvbj`plbn cbvbj`plbntt `f o f`rl `f d`ncu d`ncudtane dtane tru trujy jy ocoptb ocoptbcc t` thb pbduj pbdujaoraty aoraty `f `f dh`roj saneane. saneane. M`th oppr`odhbs hovb an d`ll`n thb d`ndbpt thot d`ncudtane ebsturbs lust mb rbprbsbntotavb `f thb antbrprbtota`n. An ?162, Eorrbts`n soys ‚Shb d`ncudt`r lust mb l`rb thon o lbrb talb-mbotbr. Has lusadoj kn`wjbceb onc antbrprbtotavb washbs sh`ujc mb d`nvbybc thr`ueh has d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub.“ H`wbvbr, lony outh`rs, andjucane Eorrbts`n halsbjf, orb n`t ot bosb whbn at d`lbs t` cbsdramb h`w thas sh`ujc mb odhabvbc. Shb cbsdrapta`n `f l`ta`ns an w`rcs as n`t o salpjb tosk. Casdussa`ns `r d`lpjbtb m``ks `n d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub don mb s`rtbc an o fbw dotbe`rabs7 cbsdraptavb w`rks, trbotasbs, onc pbcoe`eadoj w`rks. An thb farst dotbe`ry, outh`rs ottblpt t` cbsdramb thb typb `f l`ta`n nbbcbc f`r thb vora`us lusadoj satuota`ns. Shb lottbr as n`t nbdbssorajy antr`cudbc an thb `rcbr at w`ujc mb toueht. On bxolpjb `f thas oppr`odh as Eorrbts`n‑s dhoptbr `n d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub. Dh`roj d`ncudt`rs wh` dh``sb thas oppr`odh anvoraomjy odhabvb jbss djoraty an thbar

??3

 Nbubn, ‚D`ncudtane“ an. Ubmm ?114, ?=2. ??2 Cblorbb onc L`sbs ?112, ?4-== ??6  Tbb f``tn`tb 89 f`r o jast `f bxolpjbs `f `rdhbstroj/dh`roj `rdhbstroj/dh`roj oppr`odhbs.

??3

 

cbsdrapta`n `f l`vblbnts thon `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`r thb`rasts sudh os ]uc`jf `r Lojk`. Shb sbd`nc dotbe`ry andjucbs w`rks thot casduss thb pr`dbss onc fundta`nane `f d`ncudtane an o ebnbroj woy, pr`vacane ‚f``c f`r th`ueht“ t` d`ncudt`rs. Curront‑s Dh`roj D`ncudtane7 Yhaj`s`phy onc Yrodtadb as o e``c bxolpjb `f sudh w`rks. An thb tharc dotbe`ry, outh`rs pr`erbssavbjy antr`cudb thb caffbrbnt bjblbnts `f d`ncudtane, an on `rcbr `f andrbosane caffadujty. Bxbrdasbs, onc s`lbtalbs bxdbrpts `f thb rbpbrt`arb orb pr`vacbc. Shb m``ks an thas dotbe`ry rbjy l`rb `r jbss hbovajy `n thb anput `f o d`ncudtane pr`fbss`r, os wbjj os thb p`ssamajaty t` w`rk an o djossr``l bnvar`nlbnt. Omrohol Kopjon‑s Dh`roj D`ncudtane (Nbw Q`rk7 N`rt`n, ?182) d`rrbsp`ncs t` thas cbsdrapta`n. Shb cbsdrapta`n `f thb l`vblbnts as sh`rt onc t` thb p`ant. Bodh pottbrn `r l`ta`n t` mb prodtadbc as odd`lponabc my o sh`rt janb thot don mb sune my djosslotbs onc o jast `f sueebstbc rbpbrt`arb. Sypadojjy,  m``ks thot mbj`ne t` thas dotbe`ry, whbthbr thby usb ‚d`ncudtane“ `r ‚dh`roj d`ncudtane“ an thbar tatjbs, ojwoys prbsbnt o stoncorc tbdhnaqub thot don mb oppjadomjb t` `rdhbstroj `r dh`roj stucbnts. Shby prbsbnt thb mosad lbdhonadoj ospbdt `f d`ncudtane thot ojj stucbnts nbbc t` lostbr. Shb `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane stoncorcs wath raeht honc kbbpane thb pottbrn onc jbft honc ancbpbncbntjy pr`vacane ‚occata`noj anf`rlota`n“ as typadojjy rbd`llbncbc. Shb stucbnt as ebnbrojjy oskbc t` kbbp d`ncudtane l`vblbnts wathan o dbrtoan ‚frolb.“ Sbxtm``ks oppr`odhane dh`roj d`ncudtane c` s` my thb andjusa`n `f dhoptbrs `n spbdafad dh`roj/v`doj assubs. Sbxtm``ks, h`wbvbr, orb rorbjy omjb t` euacb thb stucbnt t`worc o fanbr usb `f l`vblbnt. Assubs sudh os bxprbssavb d`ncudtane, `r phrosane sbbl t` mb ov`acbc

??2

 

wath dorb. ]bdbntjy h`wbvbr, thbsb assubs hovb rbdbavbc andrbosane ottbnta`n. An Bjazombth Erbbn‑s tbxtm``k Shb L`cbrn D`ncudt`r (Bnejbw``c, N.G.7 Yrbndtadb Hojj) cbstanbc t` m`th `rdhbstroj onc dh`roj d`ncudt`rs, o dhoptbr `n phrosane, tblp` dhonebs onc (phrosb) bncanes, anbxastbnt an thb `raeanoj bcata`n (?16?) oppbors an thb ?115 bcata`n. Ojrbocy an ?16? hbr tbxtm``k andjucbc o dhoptbr `n bxprbssavb ebsturbs. Erbbn stucabc uncbr Nad`joa Lojk` wh`l shb odkn`wjbcebs os  mbane ot thb `raean `f thb prandapjbs bxp`s bxp`sbc bc an hbr tbxtm``k. Os ]uc`jf `r Sh`los, Lojk` p`ssbssbc o eaft f`r thb onojysas `f l`vblbnt onc wos omjb t` cbsdramb  prbdasbjy thb caffbrbnt dhorodtbrastads `f ebsturb. Erbbn `n hbr sacb locb o rblorkomjb w`rk an `reonazane onc ajjustrotane thbsb prandapjbs f`r thb stucbnt d`ncudt`r. Lojk`‑s `wn w`rk as ludh l`rb mosbc `n `rdhbstroj rbpbrt`arb onc at as jbss oddbssamjb t` mbeannbrs. An m`th thbsb tbxts, bxprbssavb ebsturb cbsaenotbs thb voraota`ns mbtwbbn jbeot`, stoddot` onc lordot` mbotane. An thb ?115 bcata`n, sumtjb tblp` voraota`ns (rumot`), whadh orb on`thbr woy t` odhabvb bxprbssa`n, orb ojs` casdussbc. An has D`ncudt`r onc has Mot`n  (D`pbnhoebn7 Uajhbjl Honsbn, ?129) Lojk`  lokbs o djbor stotblbnt om`ut thb fodt thot ebsturb d`ujc sh`w ludh l`rb thon o talb-saenoturb. ‚Bvbry s`unc pr`cudbc my thb `rdhbstro `r thb dh`rus bathbr cbpbncs carbdtjy `n `nb ebsturb `f thb d`ncudt`r, `r at as uncbr thb d`ntr`j `f tw` suddbssavb ebsturbs. Shb s`unc spranes fr`l thb ebsturb, cbpbncs up`n at, onc as cbfanbc my at.“??5  Shas as bosajy cbl`nstrotbc an thb prodtadb `f whot Erbbn dojjs ‚psydh`j`eadoj d`ncudtane“–thb bxbrdasbs `f d`ncudtane voraota`ns `f o l`n`t`nb,

??5

 Lojk`?129), ?1.

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wath`ut o sd`rb onc wath`ut vbrmoj anstrudta`ns. Vojubs, cynolads, ortadujota`n, orb ojj pr`v`kbc my thb ebsturb7 ancbbc n`t hbjpbc mut pr`v`kbc. An thot bxbrdasb, lusadoj lbonane as d`llunadotbc my ebsturb `njy. Lojk` d`lpjbtbs thb om`vb th`ueht my soyane ‚Shas puts o erbot rbsp`nsamajaty `n thb d`ncudt`r. Has d`ncudtane lust rbojjy d`rrbsp`nc t` thb s`unc hb wonts t` pr`cudb, thb oal mbane t` bxprbss an has d`ncudtane acbojjy ojj thot as ancadotbc my thb d`lp`sbr.“ Erbbn `pbns hbr dhoptbr `n phrosane wath euacbjanbs `n phrosoj onojysas, thbn ancadotbs h`w phrosane don mb `mtoanbc an l`ta`n7 d`nt`ur, f`r bxolpjb, don mb shopbc my voryane thb spbbc `f l`ta`n mbtwbbn thb mbots (whadh an turns dojjs f`r o dhoneb an thb sazb `f thb mbot). Thb ojs` spbdafabs vora`us woys `f fanashane o phrosb odd`rcane t` ats d`ntbxt. Shb d`ndbrn f`r tthb hb rbncbrane `f phrosane as o vbry t`padoj sumgbdt. O rbdbnt lbth`c D`ncudtane thb Lusad, N`t thb Lusadaons  (Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj Fashbr, =99=) my Gbrry onc Hbnry N`wok as bntarbjy cbcadotbc t` thb cbvbj`plbnt `f thas skajj, onc thb antbrprbtotavb quojatabs `f d`ncudtane an ebnbroj. At pr`vacbs bxbrdasbs cbstanbc t` `mtoan thb dj`sbst lotdh p`ssamjb mbtwbbn thb ebsturb blpj`ybc onc thb  phrosb. Ot farst, lbj`cabs `njy orb blpj`ybc, thbl `rdhbstrotbc btucbs. On ann`votavb (an sdrapt) onc mrajjaont fboturb `f thb m``k as t` anv`jvb thb d`ndbpt `f  mrbothane fr`l f r`l thb vbry farst d`ncudtane bxbrdasbs. Shus, thb stucbnt prodtadbs prodt adbs fr`l thb stort o typb `f d`ncudtane thot hos o vatoj, hulonb bjblbnt an at, rothbr thon ‘cboc‑ pottbrns. At loy mb thb farst (onc `njy) lbth`c s` for whadh ocv`dotbs thb cbvbj`plbnt `f on bxprbssavb d`ncudtane (a.b. o d`ncudtane thot bxprbssbs, `r shopb, thb lusad) fr`l thb mbeannane `f thb d`ursb `f stucy. Fanojjy, o wacb orroy `f acbos

??5

 

as bxprbssbc my outh`rs wh` c` n`t bncbov`r t` cbsdramb d`ncudtane d`lprbhbnsavbjy, mut anstboc pr`vacb `msbrvota`ns `n s`lb dh`sbn ospbdts `f thb  prodtadb `f d`ncudtane. Shb acbo, put ant` prodtadb my thb N`woks thot d`ncudtane sh`ujc pralorajy bxprbss thb lusad as o rbdurrbnt d`ndbpt. Nbubn wr`tb an ?1147 Shb d`ncudt`r lust mbd`lb thb lusad atsbjf […\ Ojj l`vblbnts sh`ujc mb antbrprbtavbjy oppr`praotb onc lbonanefuj wath`ut offbdta`ns.  N` ebsturb sh`ujc mb unnbdbssory, unlusadoj, u nlusadoj, uncbfanbc, n`r unnoturoj.  N`nb sh`ujc mb `mtrusavb `r castrodtane `r salpjy f`r ‚sh`w“. Shbrb sh`ujc mb n` lbonanejbss, aca`syndrosad, `r homatuoj l`vblbnt/ebsturb. Bvbry l`vblbnt/ebsturb as cadtotbc my o spbdafad lusadoj th`ueht `r acbo onc as d`nsastbntjy odd`untomjb t` thb sd`rb. […\ Shb d`ncudt`r sh`ujc j``k onc fbbj jakb thb lusad as s`uncane `r om`ut thb s`unc??8.

Shb pr`dbss `f thb d`ncudt`r mbd`lane thb lusad anv`jvbs thb bxprbssa`n `f o d`nston d`nstontt dhoneb `f lusad, sandb thbrb as rorbjy `njy `nb lusa lusadoj doj acbo hoppbnane hoppbnane ot o talb. F`r Nbubn, d`ncudtane, os `pp`sbc t` lbdhonadoj talb mbotane sh`ujc nbvbr j``k thb solb f`r sbvbroj d`nsbdutavb lbosurbs. Shb d`ncudtane l`ta`ns sh`ujc mb an d`nstont dhoneb, mbdousb thb lusad as. F`jj`wane thb dhonebs an l``c, bxprbssa`ns sh`ujc mb sbbn `n o d`ncudt`r jakb thby w`ujc mb `n on odt`r. At as port `f thb r`jb `f thb d`ncudt`r t` jbt has fbbjanes mb sbbn (thas rbdojjs thb casdussa`n `n thb t`pad my Lons`n). Shb nbdbssaty f`r thb d`ncudt`r t` andornotb thb lusad as thb typadoj oreulbnt an fov`r `f o d`ll`n d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub f`r `rdhbstroj onc dh`roj d`ncudt`r. Shas `pana`n as cbfbncbc my C`nojc Nbubn.

??1

 At sbbls h`wbvbr,

thot thb ansastbndb `f dbrtoan dh`roj d`ncudt`rs t` cbfbnc thb d`ll`n tbdhnaqub as ??8

 Nbubn, ‚D`ncudtane“ an Ubmm ?114, , , ?=3.  ‚Af wb orb t` ebt rac `f ‘sbd`nc-djoss‑ dotbe`ry `f ‘dh`roj carbdtane‑ onc stravb t` mb trujy fanb d`ncudt`rs –omjb t` stonc stonc an fr`nt `f dh`roj dh`roj `r `rdhbstroj f`rdbs wath bosb onc d`nfacbndb–dbrtoan d`ndbpts lust mb bstomjashbc.“ Nbubn an Ubmm ?114, ?==. ??1

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l`stjy mosbc `n thb `jc prbgucadb thot typadojjy-dh`roj d`ncudtane as thb usb (os borjabr an thb dbntury my anopt d`ncudt`rs) `f frbbjy cbsaenbc onc `ftbn lbonanejbss ebsturbs, f`jj`wane w`rcs, onc lorkane rhythls. D`ncudt`rs thot hovb mbbn th`r`uehjy troanbc sbbl boebr t` pr`vb thot thbar tbdhnaqub as my n` lbons anfbra`r t` thot `f `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`rs. Mut sh`ujc thas rbojjy mb thb p`ant0 Uajhbjl Bhlonn hoc joac thb f`uncota`n f`r o rbsbordh an thb usb `f ebsturb an o woy  mbnbfadaoj f`r thb sanebrs os borjy os ?131. Qbt thb acbo as morbjy surfodane an prant n`wocoys. An prodtadb h`wbvbr, thb d`ndbpt hos d`nvandbc lony, jbocane t` rbsbordhbs my c`dt`roj stucbnts, w`rksh`ps onc ortadjbs. An o vbry rbdbnt ortadjb `f thb Dh`roj G`urnoj Ojon LdDjune sullorazbc thb vora`us ospbdts `f n`nvbrmoj d`llunadota`n, whadh hos mbbn o er`wane fabjc an psydh`j`ey f`r thb jost dbntury?=9. N`nvbrmoj d`llunadota`n ddon on mb o d`nsda`us `r und`nsda`us pr`dbss. At bxasts thr`ueh nulbr`us f`rls sudh os thb thulm-up, m`cajy ottatucbs onc physadoj ottramutbs, fodaoj caspjoy, `r porojoneuoeb (andjucane joueh, s`unc `f thb v`adb, `r thb usb `f ‚uh“ onc ‚jakb“ wathan sbntbndbs). @mva`usjy n`t ojj ospbdts orb anv`jvbc an d`ncudtane, mut d`ncudt`rs sh`ujc n`t mb nbeotane thot thbar w`rk as offbdtbc onc offbdts t` o erbot bxtbnt vao n`nvbrmoj d`llunadota`n. LdDjune pr`vacbs f`r thb stucbnt o dhbdk-jast usomjb f`r sbjf-bvojuota`n oftbr vacb`-topane. Loan orbos an whadh thb n`nvbrmoj don mb usbc orb7 thb usb `f pr`pbr p`sturb t` bnd`uroeb e``c saneane p`sturb an thb bnsblmjb (ojrbocy lbnta`nbc my Bhlonn), prbvbnta`n `f tbnsa`n an thb orls `r honcs an `rcbr t` ov`ac drbotane tbnsa`ns an thb pbrf`rlbrs, ?=9 LdDjune, ‚Rsane Vacb` Tbjf-Ossbsslbnt S` Bnhondb N`nvbrmoj D`ncudtane Ebsturb“ Dh`roj  G`urnoj v`j. 32 assub 1 (Opraj =992), =5-42.

??1

 

 prbvbnta`n `f supbrfju`us l`ta`ns thot d`ntrocadt thb lusadoj antbnt (f`r bxolpjb,  mbncane `f thb knbbs, hboc l`vblbnts…), bnd`uroeblbnt `f pr`pbr v`wbj shopb  my shopb `f l`uth onc ebnbroj fodaoj ottatucb, usb `f thb bybs t` bnd`uroeb ‚oppr`praotb lusadoj anv`jvblbnt“. Shb wh`jb prandapjb `f d`ncudtane as ojrbocy o spbdaoj f`rl `f n`nvbrmoj d`llunadota`n (os hoc mbbn stotbc, ancarbdtjy, my Lojk`)  mut thb bxtbnt `f thb d`llunadota`n e`bs mby`nc thb mosad d`ndbpts `f pottbrns, tblp`, cynolads, btd… Qbt, s`urdbs `n thb sumgbdt orb stajj sdont. LdDjune‑s tbodhbr, ]`cnby Badhbnmbre hos cbojt wath thb qubsta`n `n o vacb`topb bntatjbc bn`rl`us p`tbnta p`tbntaoj oj an thb oworbnbss oworbnbss Uhot thby sbb as whot y`u ebt.  ?=?. Shbrb as on bn`rl`us `f thb rbjota`nshap mbtwbbn dh`roj d`ncudtane onc saneane. Os `f t`coy thb d`ndbpt as `mva`usjy sprbocane ol`ne dh`roj d`ncudt`rs, onc `nb don h`pb f`r l`rb s`urdbs `n thb t`pad an thb nbor futurb. Ot thb jbost, d`ncudt`rs sh`ujc mb locb oworb `f thb  p`ssamjb cbtralbntoj anfjubndb `f thbar ebsturb `n thb saneane, mut h`pbfujjy d`ndbpts thot sh`w h`w ludh don mb hbjpbc my ebsturb wajj mbd`lb l`rb  pumjadazbc os wbjj. D`jan Curront as `nb `f thb rorb outh`rs t` cbtoaj thb  psydh`j`eadoj alpodt `f ebsturb `n thb lusad lokane. Hb bxpjoans thot lony ebsturbs don mb hbjpfuj t` dh`roj pbrf`rlondb, eavbn thot thby orb (?) on obsthbtad rbfjbdta`n onc rbprbsbntota`n `f lusadoj bxprbssa`n, (=) bffadabnt onc unolmaeu`us, (4) v`dojjy frabncjy. Shb f`jj`wane `f thbsb dratbrao an thb dh`adb `f ebsturb ojj`ws ludh l`rb frbbc`l thot thb ‚rbstradtbc lonbuvbrs“ sbt an thb purb talb-mbotane

?=?

 Badhbnmbrebr, Uhot thby sbb as whot y`u ebt7 jankane thb vasuoj, thb ouroj onc thb kanbtad t`  pr`l`tb ortastad ortastad dh`roj saneane . (Dhopbj Hajj, Hajj, N.D.7 Hanshow Hanshow Lusad, ?113) 

?=9

 

tbdhnaqub. Qbt thas as n`t an d`nfjadt wath Nbubn‑s `pana`n, mbdousb ebsturbs dh`sbn thot woy stajj lotdh thb dratbrao `f n`t mbane ‚unnbdbssory, unlusadoj, uncbfanbc, n`r unnoturoj“. Yrodtadojjy, Curront oppjabs thb d`ndbpt t` gustafy thb fodt thot o mbot  pottbrn c`bs n`t hovb t` stoy d`nsastbnt thr`ueh`ut o pabdb7 odd`rcane t` thb cblonc `f thb pabdb, thb d`ncudt`r d`ujc vory mbtwbbn mbotane an tw` onc an f`ur, t` datb o salpjb bxolpjb. Ojs` hb lokbs sbvbroj sueebsta`ns `f hbjpfuj ebsturbs whadh fov`r e``c saneane7 supp`rtane ebsturb (honcs pjodbc j`w, pojl fodane up) `r haeh s`ft  pojotb ebsturb (honc duppbc os af jaftane thb stranes `f o puppbt). Shus d`ncudt`rs d`ntanub thb bxpj`rota`n `f thbar vbry radh ort. D`ncudtane tbdhnaqub hos farst mbbn cbvbj`pbc t` lotdh l`rb dj`sbjy thb rhythladoj onc lbtradoj quojatabs `f thb lusad. Shbn thb bxprbssavb quojatabs hovb mbbn andjucbc. O mbttbr shopane `f d`nt`ur onc euacondb an phrosane as stajj an cbvbj`plbnt. Fanojjy, o d`nsdabndb pr`erbssavbjy cbvbj`ps `f thb p`ssamajaty t` shopb s`n`raty thr`ueh thb oac `f physadoj lbssoebs onc thb prandapjb, bxp`sbc my Ebrhkbns, `f anstandtavb alatota`n. Shb cbvbj`plbnt `f bffbdtavb d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub as for fr`l purbjy oddbss`ry. O e``c tbdhnaqub sbrvbs ojj thb funcolbntoj nbbcs `f dh`roj pbrf`rlondb7 at sovbs talbs an rbhborsoj  my suppjontane jbnethy vbrmoj anstrudta`ns, thus ov`acane frustrota`n. At pr`l`tbs hbojthy saneane, thus portadapotane an thb sanebrs‑ troanane. At bnomjbs sanebrs t` odhabvb bff`rtjbss saneane, thus ojj`wane o fbbjane `f sotasfodta`n onc suddbss. Vbrmoj anstrudta`ns d`ntrocadtbc my n`nvbrmoj anstrudta`ns `n thb `thbr honc ‚trop“ thb sanebr an o p`sata`n `f foajurb. Fanojjy, e``c d`ncudtane as bxprbssavb. At ojj`ws

?=?

 

thb sanebrs t` frbbjy d`llunadotb bl`ta`ns, onc thb oucabndb t` mb l`vbc, thus sbrvane thb bssbntaoj fundta`n `f ort.

My ?159 at sbbls thot dh`roj d`ncudt`rs orb fujjy oworb `f ojj thb dhojjbnebs `f thbar p`sata`n. Os wb hovb sbbn, thas oworbnbss hoc cbvbj`pbc erocuojjy. Dh`roj d`ncudt`rs farst d`nsacbrbc thblsbjvbs os troanbrs, thbn os pbrf`rlbrs, os antbrprbtbrs onc fanojjy bcudot`rs. Os thbsb ospbdts wbrb occbc, outh`rs `ftbn dh`sb t` cboj wath thbl sbporotbjy. An ?188 bssoy (p. ?2-44) bntatjbc ‚thb d`ncudt`r‑s  pr`dbss“ Shb pbrf`rlondb as thb ujtalotb l`tavotane e`oj f`r thb rbhborsoj,  mut at as n`t thb e`oj `f thb pr`dbss. Mbf`rb thb pbrf`rlondb `ddurs, rbhborsane tokbs pjodb; onc mbf`rb thb rbhborsoj, thb jatbroturb lust mb dh`sbn, thb sd`rb stucabc, onc qubsta`ns d`ndbrnane styjb onc pbrf`rlondb  prodtadb nbbc t` mb occrbssbc. Shr`ueh styjastad onc strudturoj onojysas, thb d`ncudt`r cbvbj`ps o lbntoj-ouroj aloeb thot prbporbs hal f`r rbhborsane. An thb pr`dbss `f rbhborsane, thb d`ncudt`r usbs has bors, d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub onc rbhborsoj pr`dbcurbs t` jboc thb dh`ar t`worc o unafabc lusadoj d`ndbpt `f thb d`lp`sata`n. Tpbdafad skajjs orb nbbcbc my thb d`ncudt`r t` oac an thb prbporota`n `f thb rbhborsoj, os wbjj os thb rbhborsoj atsbjf7 paon` fodajaty, joneuoeb skajjs (tronsjota`n onc  pr`nundaota`n), v`adb troanane, onc f`r d`ndbrtbc w`rks, o kn`wjbceb `f `f `rdhbstroj anstrulbnts.

Shb ottblpt `f thb d`lpjbtb cbsdrapta`n `f thb d`ncudt`r‑s r`jb as o cbfanatavb saen `f s`lb loturaty `f thb pr`fbssa`n. At as thr`ueh thb bxolpjb `f tojbntbc d`ncudt`rs, pbcoe`eubs onc ‚d`ncudtane thb`rasts“ thot thb ordhbtypb `f thb e``c d`ncudt`r hos mbbn cbfanbc. Shb jatbroturb `f thb thrbb jost cbdocbs `f thb dbntury str`vb t` hbjp thb cbvbj`plbnt `f bodh `f thbsb stoebs an thb d`ncudt`r‑s  pr`dbss. Shb tokane `vbr `f dh`roj prodtadb my m y olotbur sanebrs t`wo t`worc rc thb bnc `f thb

?==

 

baehtbbnth bvbntuojjy bnebncbrbc on unusuoj satuota`n whbrb thb d`ncudt`r hos t` sbrvb m`th f`r thb futurb oucabndb onc thb pbrf`rlbrs thblsbjvbs. An occata`n, whbnbvbr thb dh`roj prodtadb as an thb d`ntbxt `f on anstatuta`n sudh os o dhurdh `r o sdh``j, thb wajjs `r euacbjanbs `f thas anstatuta`n hovb t` mb tokbn an d`nsacbrota`n os wbjj. An thb thrbb jost cbdocbs `f thb dbntury, thb dh`roj d`ncudt`rs sbbl wbjj oworb `f thas stotb `f offoar. Golbs`n Lorvan bxp`sbs djborjy thb d`ntblp`rory dhojjbnebs `f dh`roj d`ncudtane7

S`coy, dh`roj d`ncudt`rs orb bxpbdtbc t` mb kn`wjbcebomjb an rbpbrt`ry sponnane sax dbnturabs, onc t` bxpj`rb thb vost cavbrsaty `f styjbs onc ebnrbs `f thbsb bros. Bodh `f us stravbs t` fbbj bquojjy ot h`lb wath o Jossus L`tbt, o Modh dontoto, onc o Hoycn Loss, os wbjj os Mrohls‑ Ebrlon ]bquabl, Ttrovansky‑s Tylph`nab cb Ysoulbs, onc Jaebta‑s Jux Obtbrno. Ub fbbj at as alp`rtont a lp`rtont t` hovb o farl uncbrstoncane `f thb v`adb, os wbjj os thb bxpbrtasb t` rbhborsb on `rdhbstro. Ub sh`ujc uncbrstonc Mor`qub phrosane, K`cïjy‑s rumot`, ]bnoassondb pr`p`rta`nojaty, d`ntblp`rory systbls `f n`tota`n, onc thb osyllbtrad lodr`-phrosb an thb lusad `f L`zort. Ub w`rk horc t` odhabvb o d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub thot as djbor, ybt bxprbssavb, sbrvane dh`rusbs os wbjj os `rdhbstros, onc wb fbbj at alp`rtont t` hovb o kn`wjbceb `f sbvbroj joneuoebs, rbos`nomjb kbym`orc skajjs, `utstoncane lusadaonshap, onc thb omajaty t` rbhborsb bffbdtavbjy. Ub h`pb t` ansparb `ur sanebrs onc oucabndbs an thb pr`dbss.

Shas cbsdrapta`n bxp`sbs o djborjy pr`fbssa`noj d`ndbpta`n `f dh`roj d`ncudtane, m`th an thb rbpbrt`arb onc olmata`n. Shb nbdbssory quojafadota`ns n`t `njy rbquarb fujj talb-stucy, mut ojs` jafbtalb cbv`ta`n.

?=4

 

D@NDJRTA@N

Shb r`jb `f dh`roj d`ncudt`r as thb rbsujt `f thb ocoptota`n `f thb r`jb `f thb ‚l`cbrn“ `rdhbstroj d`ncudt`r–antbrprbtbr, troanbr, bcudot`r, onc pbrf`rlbr–t` thb d`ntbxt `f unodd`lponabc dh`roj saneane. An d`ll`n wath `rdhbstroj  pbrf`rlondb, o doppbjjo dh`roj prodtadb hos thb nbbcs `f tblp`roj, bl`ta`noj onc antbrprbtotavb d``rcanota`n typadoj t` bnsblmjb pbrf`rlondb. Shas gustafabc thb  prbsbndb `f o d`ncudt`r, onc n` n`tt `nj `njyy o troanbr, an fr`nt `f o dh`roj bnsblmjb. Shas dhoneb fr`l dh`roj troanbr t` dh`roj d`ncudt`r wos odhabvbc my thb ?149‑s. Oftbr thas dhoneb, dh`roj d`ncudt`rs cbvbj`pbc an `rcbr t` lotdh thb spbdafad nbbcs `f dh`roj bnsblmjbs. Shb fodt thot dh`roj saneane hoc mbd`lb curane thb nanbtbbnth dbntury o l`stjy olotbur prodtadb dousbc s`lb caffadujtabs ot farst mut loy mbbn sbbn t`coy os hovane mbbn mbnbfadaoj an thb j`ne run. U`rkane wath untroanbc  pbrf`rlbrs hos f`rdbc thb dh`roj d`ncudt`rs t` alpr`vb thbar lbth`cs onc thbar kn`wjbceb. Uhbrbos anstrulbntojasts typadojjy g`an on `rdhbstro wath o lanalul `f  pr`fadabndy wath thbar anstrulbnts, dh`roj sanebrs loy `ftbn mb d`lpjbtbjy cbpbncbnt `n thb troanane rbdbavbc wathan thb dh`ar. Shas as why thb dh`roj d`ncudt`rs orb l`rb odd`untomjb f`r thb lusadoj rbsujt `f thbar bnsblmjb. ?==  Shb  pr`erbssavb oddbptondb thot dh`roj bns bnsblmjbs blmjbs d`ujc `njy mb os e``c os thbar jbocbrs l`tavotbc thb cbvbj`plbnt `f dh`roj d`ncudtane o erbot cboj. Ybrf`rlane lusad `f ?==

 Dh`roj d`ncudt`rs n`wocoys `ftbn m`ost whbn p`antane `ut thas occbc caffadujty an thbar tosk. Shas as `vbrj``kane thot `rdhbstroj d`ncudtane hos ats dhojjbnebs os wbjj7 w`rkane wath haehjy troanbc lusadaons unc`umtbcjy andrbosbs thb ol`unt `f dratadoj `msbrvota`n thot thb d`ncudt`r hos t` honcjb whbn an fr`nt `f on `rdhbstro.

?=3

 

ojj bp`dhs onc pjodbs ojs` kbbps thb dh`roj d`ncudt`rs an o pbrpbtuoj stoeb `f jbornane, whbthbr at as jbornane nbw joneuoebs, styjbs, `r d`lpjbx thb`rbtadoj  prandapjbs `f thb post. An `rdhbstroj os an dh`roj d`ncudtane thb physadoj ospbdt as bxtrblbjy alp`rtont, bspbdaojjy an pbrf`rlondb. Shbrb hos mbbn o d`nstontjy andrbosane antbrbst t`worcs thb cbvbj`plbnt `f d`ncudtane tbdhnaqub7 whbrbos thb  purp`sb `f l` l`ta`n ta`n hos mbbn cbfanbc borjy, at t``k `vbr o dbntur dbnturyy f`r thb d`n d`ncudtane cudtane tbdhnaqub t` mb fujjy cbvbj`pbc. @vbr talb d`ncudt`rs hovb cbvbj`pbc thbar ebsturbs t` andjucb l`rb onc l`rb bjblbnts `f thb pbrf`rlondb7 tblp`, cynolads, ortadujota`n onc dubs dolb farst. My ?129 l``c, bl`ta`noj d`ntbnt onc phrosane hoc  mbbn occbc. Dh`roj d`ncudt`rs rbojjy mbeon t` rbojazb thb ocvontoeb onc thb nbdbssaty `f o e``c tbdhnaqub `njy curane thb sbd`nc hojf `f thb twbntabth dbntury. Shb usb `f ebsturb t` hbjp pr`pbr v`doj pr`cudta`n, tbxt ortadujota`n onc thbrbf`rb s`n`raty as pbdujaor t` dh`roj d`ncudtane onc thas ospbdt mbors o vbry alp`rtont  p`tbntaoj f`r futurb alpr`vblbnts `f dh`roj d`ncudtane. d`ncu dtane. J``kane modk `vbr o dbntury, t` thb borjabr coys `f dh`roj jbocbrshap `nb don trujy mb ost`nashbc my h`w ludh thb casdapjanb `f dh`roj d`ncudtane hos er`wn. Shb y`une ebnbrota`n `f dh`roj d`ncudt`rs jbornane thbar pr`fbssa`n t`coy as mbane eavbn ojj ot `ndb on aloeb `f dh`roj d`ncudtane, wh`sb d`lpjbtbnbss thby loy tokb f`r erontbc. At hos mbbn fosdanotane f`r lb t` `msbrvb h`w thb r`jb `f thb dh`roj d`ncudt`r hos mbbn pr`erbssavbjy shopbc t` lotdh thb nbw d`ncata`ns `f dh`roj  pbrf`rlondb, fr`l o salpjb r`jb `f antbrlbcaory thot thb dh`roj troanbr wos pjoyane, t` o lusadoj casdapjanb `f ats `wn. @msbrvane thas bv`juta`n an wrattbn s`urdbs don

?=2

 

`njy eavb o rbjotavb onc sdhblotad acbo `f h`w pr`erbssbs hovb mbbn locb. Sypadojjy, tbdhnadoj trbotasbs odd`unt f`r thb`rbtadoj d`ndbpts borjy onc f`r tbdhnadoj rbojazota`ns jotb. Bodh fabjc hos pa`nbbrs os wbjj os pb`pjb h`jcane `n t` `jcbr woys. Shas crowmodk `f wrattbn s`urdbs sh`ujc my n` lbons jbt thbl mb nbejbdtbc. Shb casdapjanb `f d`ncudtane don bosajy `vbrwhbjl th`sb wh` stucy at. Uhy thbn rbjy `njy `n pbrs`noj bxpbrabndb0 @utstoncane d`ncudt`rs hovb jbft on alp`rtont jbeody `f acbos onc lbth`cs whadh don sovb t`coy‑s d`ncudt`rs fr`l lony patfojjs. An `rcbr t` ‚muajc haehbr,“ d`ncudt`rs sh`ujc usb thb f`uncota`ns joac f`r thbl anstboc `f ottblptane ancavacuoj bcafadbs7 at sbbls thot thb casdapjanb w`ujc mbnbfat fr`l o  mbttbr oworbnbss `f whot hos ojrbocy mbbn soac onc c`nb, s` thot outh`rs don cbv`tb l`rb talb t` dorry thb casdussa`n furthbr, rothbr thon salpjy mr``c `vbr `jc kn`wjbceb. An `rcbr f`r wrattbn s`urdbs t` mb usbfuj f`r thb mbttbrlbnt `f on ortastad casdapjanb, thby sh`ujc bathbr hbjp thb ortast (bspbdaojjy thb cbvbj`pane y`une ortast) t` bstomjash o djbor f`dus `n thb phaj`s`phadoj noturb `f ortastad prodtadb, `r hbjp t` cbvbj`p tbdhnadoj ospbdts, thot as, thb woy t` thb ortastad e`oj thot hos mbbn bstomjashbc. F`r on ortastad casdapjanb t` rbodh ats loturaty thbrb sh`ujc mb o mojondb  mbtwbbn tbdhnaqub onc phaj`s`phy, `r mbtwbbn thb lbons onc thb bnc. At as ludh bosabr t` bstomjash w`rk homats onc w`rk pra`ratabs `ndb `nb hos o djbor acbo `f whot bxodtjy nbbcs t` mb odhabvbc   an on ortastad pbrf`rlondb. An rbdbnt ybors t`` lony

 m``ks hovb h ovb mbbn pumjashbc thot sbrvb nbathbr `f thbsb purp` purp`sbs sbs mbdousb mbd ousb thby thb y c` n`t casduss thb bssbntaoj acbos mbhanc lusad lokane onc cboj wath tbdhnadoj prandapjbs thot hovb ojrbocy mbbn bxp`sbc (onc usuojjy an o mbttbr fosha`n). Anstboc `f ybt

?=6

 

on`thbr sbrabs `f nbw worl-up bxbrdasbs, `r mbot pottbrns, `nb d`ujc lokb mbttbr usb `f rbfjbdta`ns `n thb troanane `f futurb d`ncudt`rs (a.b. jatbroturb f`r d`ncudtane tbodhbrs), `n thb prbsbntota`n `f ann`votavb tbdhnadoj bjblbnts, `r `n thb lusadoj, ortastad, onc phaj`s`phadoj cbvbj`plbnt `f d`ncudt`rs. An portadujor at sbbls oms`jutbjy nbdbssory f`r outh`rs t` rbeujorjy hbjp d`ncudt`rs t` tokb thbar bybs `ff thb tbdhnadoj ospbdts onc lbcatotb `n thb bcudota`noj, ortastad onc hulon vojubs `f dh`roj lusad?=4. Os dh`roj d`ncudt`r d`ncudt`rs, s, wb n`w hovb tthb hb dhondb t` pp`ssbs `ssbs o fujj oworbnbss `f `ur tosk. Ub lust tokb rbsp`nsamajaty f`r thb futurb `f `ur casdapjanb. Shb mbttbrlbnt `f thb troanane `f dh`roj d`ncudt`rs onc `f thbar ebnbroj pr`fadabndy hos an turn tronsjotbc ant` o lorkbc rasb an thb jbvbj `f dh`roj pbrf`rlondb. Os l`rb  pr`fbssa`noj dh`ars orb f`rlbc thby drbotb l`rb pr`fbssa`noj `pp`rtunatabs onc  mbttbr pr`spbdts f`r wbjj-troanbc y`une sanebrs. Af thas p`tbntaoj as fujjy rbojazbc, thbsb e``c v`adbs pjodbc an dorane onc skajjfuj honcs pr`lasb t` lokb `f thb =? st  dbntury o nbw e`jcbn oeb f`r thb dh`roj ort.

?=4

 Bvbn th`ueh wb hovb cbv`tbc o saenafadont ol`unt `f thas rbsbordh t` thb acbos `f sudh outh`rs, quontatotavbjy thbsb typbs `f casdussa`ns orb oms`jutbjy o lan`raty an thb sul `f thb jatbroturb `n d`ncudtane. 

?=5

 

MAMJA@E]OYHQ (Dhr`n`j`eadoj)

O. Lbth`cs onc trbotasbs `n d`ncudtane `r dh`roj saneane Shb cotb hos eavbnmbbn as `frbvabwbc, thb farst bcata`n, unjbsslork `thbrwasb on bcata`n thon thb farst o rbfbrbndb carbdtsstotbc. t` thbAf cotb `f thb`thbr rbvabwbc bcata`n, whbrb thb d`lpjbtb datota`n as pr`vacbc. Tumsbqubnt bcata`ns orb jastbc `njy af thby hovb mbbn rbvabwbc. Farst bcata`ns thot hovb n`t mbbn rbvabwbc loy mb jastbc  f`r rbfbrbndb. rbfbrbndb. Fátas, Fronå`as-G`sbph. [?146\. Sroatá cu dhont bn dh`bur, rácaeá p`ur j‑usoeb cbs

carbdtburs c‑ád`jbs cb lusaqub, cbs dhbfs cb dhŔurs c‑áejasb, cb tháítrbs bt cb d`ndbrts, cbs loîtrbs cb pbnsa`nnots cbs cbux sbxbs bt cbs anstatutburs cbs ád`jbs  praloarbs bt bt cb dhoratá dhoratá.. Yoras7 Mroncus bt Dab Bcatburs. Fátas, Fronå`as-G`sbph. [?145\.  Lonubj cbs d`lp`satb d`lp`satburs, urs, carbdtbu carbdtburs rs cb lusaqub,

dhbfs c‑`rdhbstrb bt cb lusaqub lajatoarb `u Sroatá láth`caqub cb j‑horl`nab. cbs anstrulbnts, cbs v`ax, bt cb t`ut db qua bst rbjotaf é jo d`lp`sata`n, é jo carbdta`n bt é j‑bxádu j‑bxáduta`n ta`n cb jo lus lusaqub. aqub. Yoras/Mbrjan7 Tdhjbsanebr. Mbrja`z, Hbdt`r.  ?822.  Eronc troatá c‑anstrulbntota`n bt c‑`rdhbstrota`n

l`cbrnbs7 n`uvbjjb ácata`n ouelbntáb cb j‑Ort cu dhbf c‑`rdhbstrb  (Yoras7 Tdh`nbnmbrebr). Tbb Mbrja`z ?1=1. Tdhumbrt, Fronz J. ?863.  Cbr proktasdhb Lusakcarb Lusakcarbkt`r; kt`r; `cbr, Ubewbasb Ubewbasbrr fúr Jbazpae7 Lbrsbmurebr. Lbrsbmurebr.   Lusak-Caraebntbn  Lusak-Car aebntbn. Jbazpae7 Uoenbr, ]adhorc. ?861.. Úmb Uoenbrr ?181. ?181. Úmbrr cos Carae Caraeabrb abrbnn. Tbb Uoenb Vbrbanseomb cbs Ojjeblbanbn Cbutsdhbn Dãdajabn-Vbrbans fúr cos Gohr ?859. Úmbr cos Caraearbn koth`jasdhbr Kardhbnlusak. ]bebnsmure, Yustbt.  Cbjcbvbz, Bc`uorc. ?858. J‑ort cu dhbf dhbf c‑`rdh c‑`rdhbstrb. bstrb. Yoras7 Farlan-Cacót.  Lanshojj, B[mbnbzbr\. ?886. @reon, @reonasts, onc Dh`ars7 o M``k `f Hants onc

Tueebsta`ns f`r Ojj Antbrbstbc an N`nd`nf`rlast Dhurdh Lusad. J`nc`n7  Durwbn & T`ns. Vbnomjbs, J. D.  ?886. Dh`roj onc @rdhbstroj T`dabtabs7 O M``k `f Hants `n Shbar

@reonasota`n, onc Musanbss onc Lusadoj Lonoeblbnt. J`nc`n7 Durwbn & T`ns. Mjatz, Bc`uorc. ?885. _ubjqubs d`nsacárota`ns sur j‑ort cu dhbf c‑`rdhbstrb.

Jbapzae onc Mrussbjs7 Mrbatk`pf unc Hãrtbj. Ttumms, Eb`reb B. ?188.  Yrodtado  Yrodtadojj Hants `n M`y Dh`ar Sroanane. Nbw Q`rk7 B. &

G.M. Q`une & D`. Tdhröcbr, Dorj. ?881.  Honcm``  Honcm``kk `f D`ncudt D`ncudtane. ane. Sronsjotbc my G. Lotthbws fr`l

thb Ebrlon ?881 bcata`n `f  Kotbdhasl  Kotbdhaslus us cbs Caraeabrb Caraeabrbns ns unc Soktabrbns Soktabrbns77 cbr

?=8

 

 Kopbjjlbastbr unc sban Uarkune  Kopbjjlbastbr Uarkuneskrbas. skrbas.  J`nc`n7 Ouebnbr; 2th rbvasbc bc. an ?1?5 uncbr thb tatjb Honcmud  Honcmudhh cbs Caraeab Caraeabrbns rbns unc So Soktabrbns. ktabrbns. Kuffbroth, Louradb. ?819. J‑ort cb caraebr. caraebr. Tbb Kuffbroth ?191. Ubaneortnbr, Fbjax. ?812. Úmbr cos Caraeabrbn. Tbb Ubaneor Ubaneortnbr tnbr ?196. ?196. Dr`ebr, Sh`los ]. ?811. N`tbs `n D`ncudt`r D`ncudt`rss onc D`ncu D`ncudtane. dtane. Tbb Dr`ebr ?194. ]adhorcs`n, O. Locbjby. nc. [?1990\.  Dh`ar Sroanane Mosbc `n V`adb Yr`cudta`n. 

J`nc`n7 Vandbnt Lusad D`lpony. Mardh, Golbs O. nc.  [?199-?1390\. Shb V`adb-Sroanbr 7 Yrodtadoj Hants onc

 Bxbrdasbs f`r T`j`-Tanebrs, D`nc  Bxbrdasbs D`ncudt`rs, udt`rs, Dh`ro Dh`rojasts, jasts, onc V`adbV`adb-Sroanane Sroanane Djossb Djossbss. 4rc  bc. J`nc`n 7 G. Durwbn & T`ns. nc

Kajmurn, N[adh`jos\. nc. [?199-?1?90\.  H`w t` Lonoeb o Dh`roj T`dabty. =  bc.

rbv onc bnj. J`nc`n7 Uajjol ]bbvbs. Lbbs, Orthur. ?19?. Dh`ars onc Dh`roj Lusad. ]bprant. Nbw Q`rk7 Hoskbjj H`usb

Yumjashbrs, ?161. U`cbjj, Frbcbradk U. ?19?. Dh`ar onc Dh`rus D`ncudtane. Tbb U`cbjj ?14?. Tbacj, Orthur. ?19=. L`cbrnb Caraebntbn. Caraebntbn. Mbrjan7 Tdhustbr & J`bffjbr.  Dr`ebr, Sh`los ]. ?194.  N`tbs `n D`ncudt` D`ncudt`rs rs onc D`ncudt D`ncudtane. ane.=nc  bc. rbv. onc

bnjorebc. J`nc`n7 Uajjaol ]bbvbs, ?194. @raeanojjy pumjashbc os on ortadjb an thb ‚N`nd`nf`rlast Lusadoj G`urnoj“ an ?811. Josbr, Orthur. ?193. Cbr L`cbrnb Caraebnt. Jbapzae7 Mrbatk`pf & Hãrtbj. Hojj, Uojtbr H. ?196. Shb Bssbntaojs `f Dh`ar M`y Sroanane.  Nbw Q`rk7 N`vbjj`

(Eroy). Tall`ns, ]`mbrt B.  ?196.  Yrodtado  Yrodtadojj Y`ants f`r Dh`roj Tanebrs. Urattbn spbdaojjy

 f`r thb usb `f thb ‚Tanb N`lanb“ Yrazb Dh`ar, Mrast`j. J`nc`n7 Vandbnt Lusad

D`lpony. Ubaneortnbr, Fbjax. ?196. @n D`ncudtane. Sronsjotbc my Brnbst Nbwlon fr`l thb

4rc rbvasbc Ebrlon bcata`n `f Úmbr cos Caraeabrbn (Jbapzae7 Mrbatk`pf onc Hãrtbj, ?192). Nbw Q`rk7 Kojlus, ?196. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?812. Td`tt, Dhorjbs Kbnnbcy. ?195.  Locraeoj Taneane. J`nc`n 7 Mrbatk`pf & Hortbj,

?195. Tbb Td`tt ?144. Fjblane, Eb`reb S.  nc. [?1910\  O Srbotasb `n thb Sroanane `f M`y‑s V`adbs; onc

Dhoptbrs `n Dh`ar @reonazota`ns D`lpajbc f`r thb Rsb `f Dh`arlostbrs. J`nc`n7 Uajjaol ]bbvbs. Kuffbroth, Louradb. ?191.  J‑ort cb caraebr7 ]adhorc Uoenbr bt jo ‚Nbuvaè ‚Nbuvaèlb lb

 sylph`nab“  sylph`n ab“ cb Mbbth`vbn. Hons ]adhtbr bt jo sylph`nab bn ut lanbur. J‑acyjjb cb

?=1

 

Tabefrabc. Antbrprbtota`n bt trocata`n. 4rc bc. Yoras7 Jamroarab Fasdhmodhbr. @raeanojjy  pumjashbc an ?819. Uotts, Hor`jc B.  nc. [?1??0\. Dh`ar Sroanane an Dhurdh & Tdh``j . J`nc nc``n7

Vandbnt Lusad D`lpony. D`worc, Hbnry, Tar. ?1?3. Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub onc Antbrprbtota`n. J`nc`n7

 N`vbjj`. ]adhorcs`n, O. Locbjby. ?1?3. Shb Dh`rojtroanbr‑s Ort. Nbw Q`rk7 Tdharlbr. Lak`rby, Fronz. ?1?5. Erunczúeb banbr    Caraeabrjbh  Caraeabrjbhrb7 rb7 Mbtrodhtu Mbtrodhtunebn nebn úmbr

Sbdhnak unc Yb`sab cbs l`cbrnbn @rdhbstbr-Caraeabrbns. Jbapzae7 D.F. Kohnt.

2thh rbva rbvasb sbcc bc. bc.  Tdhröcbr, Dorj. ?1?5.  Honcmudh cbs Caraeabrbns unc Soktabrbns. 2t Mbrjan7 Lox Hbssb‑s Vbrjoe. Tbb Tdhröcbr ?881. Dohn-Tpbybr, ]uc`jf. ?1?1.  Honcmud  Honcmudhh cbs Caraeabrb Caraeabrbns. ns. Jbapzae7 Mrbatk`pf onc

Hãrtbj. Ebhrkbns, Korj U. ?1?1. Bssbntaojs an D`ncud D`ncudtane. tane. M`st`n7 @javbr Cats`n Dab.

[?1=9-?1 -?1=1 =10\. 0\. Shb Dh`ruslostbr7 O Yrodtadoj Euacb t` Ontdjaffb, Hbrmbrt. nc. [?1=9 @reonasane onc D`ncudtane Dh`ars onc Dh`roj T`dabtabs.  J`nc`n 7 U. Yoxt`n & D`., Jtc. Bsdhwbajbr, Fronz. ?1=9.  Cbr Cbr Dh`rcaraebnt7 proktasdhbr ]otbebmbr fúr onebhbncb onebhbncb

 Caraebntbn.  Caraebntb n. Köjn ol ]hban7 Y.G. S`nebr. Tt`bssbj, Ojmbrt. ?1=9. Shb Sbdhnad `f  thb Mot`n. Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj Fasdhbr. L``cy, Dhorjbs. ?1=4. Shb Dh`ar-M`y an thb Lokane7 o Yrodtadoj onc D`ndasb

Srbotasb `n thb Sroanane `f Dh`rastbrs. J`nc`n7 Hulphrby Lajf`rc onc @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss. Yjoyer`unc onc ]bdrbota`n Oss`daota`n `f Olbrado. ?1=6. D`llunaty Lusad. O

 Yrodtadoj Euacb f`r thb D`ncudt `f D`llunaty Lusad Odtavaty. M`st`n7 Mardhorc & D`. nc

Tt`bssbj, Ojmbrt. ?1=8. Shb Sbdhnad `f   thb Mot`n. =  bc. rbvasbc.  Nbw Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj

Fasdhbr. th

Mbrja`z, Hbdt`r.  ?1=1.  Shb @rdhbstroj D`ncudt`r. Shb`ry `f Has Ort. 8 bc. Nbw

Q`rk7 Dorj Fasdhbr, And. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?822 uncbr thb tatjb Eronc troatá c‑anstrulbntota`n bt c‑`rdhbstrota`n l`cbrnbs7 n`uvbjjb ácata`n ouelbntáb cb j‑Ort cu dhbf c‑`rdhbstrb (Yoras7 Tdh`nbnmbrebr). Tdhbrdhbn, Hbrlonn. ?1=1. Jbhrmud  Jbhrmudhh cbs Carae Caraebrbns brbns. Jb Jbap apzae zae77 Tdh`tt‑s Töhnb. Dhrastaonsbn, Frbcrak Lbjaus. nc. [ ?149-?138\ Dh`ar Carbdt`r‑s Euacb. Dhadoe`7

Eolmjb Hanebc Lusad. 

?49

 

LdDroy, Uojtbr onc Dorj Musdh. ?149.  Yrandapjb  Yrandapjbss `f D`ncudtan D`ncudtane. e. Dhadoe`7 H.S. Fratz Tal`ns D`lpony, And  Ebhrkbns, Korj U. ?149. Swbnty Jbss`ns an D`ncudtane. M`st`n7 @javbr Cats`n

Dab. Erodb, Horvby. nc [?149\. Shb Sroanane onc D`ncudtane `f Dh`roj T`dabtabs. J`nc`n7 N`vbjj`. @raeanojjy pumjashbc os ortadjb an thb J`nc`n Lusadoj Salbs.   Tt`bssbj, Ojmbrt. ?14?. Shb Dh`rojast‑s C`umjb C`zbn7 Swbnty-f`ur ‚Dosb-

lbth`c“ Bxbrdasbs f`r Tlojj onc Joreb Laxbc Dh`ars7 Uath o Yrbfodb `n Dh`roj S`nb Bxbrdasbs my Dor`janb Mbbs`n Fry.  M`st`n7 Mardhorc & Dab. Borhort, Uajj. ?14?. Shb Bj`qubnt Mot`n. Nbw Q`rk7 L. Uatlork onc T`ns. U`cbjj, Frbcbradk U. ?14?. Dh`ar onc Dh`rus D`ncudtane7 O Srbotasb `n thb

@reonazota`n, Lonoeblbnt, Sroanane onc D`ncudtane `f Dh`ars, Dh`roj T`dabtabs. ?=th bc. Yhajocbjphao7 Shb`c`rb Yrbssbr, ?14?. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?19?. Doan, N`mjb. ?14=. Dh`roj Lusad onc ats Yrodtadb, wath Yortadujor ]bfbrbndb t` O

Doppbjjo Lusad. Nbw Q`rk7 L. Uatlo Uatlork rk & T`ns.

D`jblon, Hbnry. ?14=. Shb Olotbur Dh`ar Sroanbr. J`nc`n7 @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty

Yrbss, ?14=. ]bbcatbc uncbr thb tatjb Shb Dhurdh Dh`ar-Sroanbr. J`nc`n7 @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss, ?163. J`ss One Onebjb bjbs7 s7 God`ms, ]uth Krbhmabj. nc. [?14=-?13-\. Shb Yrodtadoj Dh`arlostbr . J` Dh`ar Yumjadota`n. Nadh`js`n, Tycnby H. ?14=. _uarbs onc Yjodbs Uhbrb Shby Tane. ]bprant J`nc`n7

TYDK, ?13=. Shb dhoptbr ‚Yrodtadoj lbth`cs an dh`ar troanane“  hos mbbn rbbcatbc sbporotbjy uncbr thb solb nolb my TYDK an ?129. Sronsjotbc my Dojv`d`rbssa Dojv`d`rbssa Tdhbrdhbn, Hbrlonn.  ?144.  Honcm`  Honcm``k `k `f D`ncudtane . Sronsjotbc fr`l thb ?1=1 Ebrlon bcata`n. Nbw Q`rk7 @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss. Td`tt, Dhorjbs Kbnnbcy. ?144. Locraeoj Taneane7 O Fbw ]blorks `n thb Ttucy `f

 Locraeoj Lusad wath on Bxpjono Bxpjonota`n ta`n `f thb L`cbs & o N`tb `n thbar ]bjota`n t` nc  Y`jyph`ny.  Y`jyph`n y.  =   bc. rbv. onc olp. J`nc`n7 Hulphrby Lajf`rc. @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss. Tlojjlon, G`hn onc B.H. Uajd`x. ?144. Shb Ort `f O Doppbjjo Taneane, wath

Taxtbbn ]bprbsbntotavb U`rks. D`ntoanane Anstrudta`n f`r Tanebrs an Dh`roj Er`ups, t` Yr`l`tb on Ortastad Bnsblmjb; onc Onojysas `f thb D`lp`sata`ns f`r Sbdhnaqub,  Antbrprbtota`n,  Antbrprbt ota`n, onc O Opprbdaota` pprbdaota`n. n. M`st`n7 @javbr Cats`n D`lpony. S`vby, Hbrmbrt E. ?144.  T`ne Carbdtane Carbdtane77 O Sbxt ff`r `r Djos Djossr``l sr``l onc Er`up

 Anstrudta`nn onc o Eua  Anstrudta` Euacb cb f`r Yr`fb Yr`fbssa`noj ssa`noj T` T`ne ne Jbocbr Jbocbrs. s. J`s Onebjbs7 S`vby. Wonzae, Oueustus C. ?144. D`llunaty onc Ossblmjy Taneane.  Nbw Q`rk7 L.

Uatlork & T`ns.

?4?

 

Dorsb, Ocol. ?142. @rdhbstroj D`ncudtane, o Sbxtm``k f`r Ttucbnts onc

 Olotburs. J`nc` J`nc`n, n, Ouebnbr Ouebnbr jtc. Fann, Uajjaol G. ?142.  On Bpat`lb `f T`lb Yrandapjb Yrandapjbss `f Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub. Sbdhnaqub. M`st`n7 D. D. Mardhorc D`  Sh`los, Kurt. ?142-38.  Jbhrmudh cbr Dh`rjbatun Dh`rjbatune. e. 4 v`js.  Uabsmocbn7 Mrbatk`pf

& Hãrtbj, Hãrtbj, ?142, ?145, ?138; ?138; ?st v`j. tronsjotbc my O. Lonn onc U. L. ]bbsb uncbr thb tatjb Shb Dh`roj D`ncudt`r7 Shb Sbdhnaqub `f Dh`roj D`ncudtane an Shb`ry onc Oss`daotbc otbc Lusad Yum Yumjashbrs, jashbrs, ?15? ?15?.. Dhop. ? `f v`j. 4 trons. my  Yrodtadb. Nbw Q`rk7 Oss`da thb solb uncbr thb tatjb ‚Shb dh`roj d`ncudt`r onc thb `rdhbstro“  G`urnoj `f thb  Olbradonn Dh`roj F`  Olbrado F`uncota`n, uncota`n, v`j. XV/3 (@dt. ?154)  Conn, H`jjas Bjjsw`rth. ?146.  H`jjas Conn T`ne Tbrabs, O D`ncudt` D`ncudt`r‑s r‑s M``k7 O

Euacb t` Dh`roj T`ne Antbrprbtota`n. Nbw Q`rk7 Olbradon M``k d`. D`rnwojj, G. Tpbndbr. ?145. Dhurdh Dh`rastbr‑s Lonuoj. Tojt Jokb Daty7 Cbsbrbt

M``k D`. Borhort, Uajj. ?145. Dh`roj Sbdhnads7 O D`ursb Antberotane Taeht-Taneane, V`doj

Sroanane, Dh`roj ]bpbrt`ry onc Lusadoj Rncbrstoncane. (Sbodhbr‑s lonuoj an oppbncax). Nbw  Nbw Q`rk7 Uatlork & T`ns. Mokojbanak`ff, Vjocalar. ?148.  Bjblbn  Bjblbntory tory ]ujbs `f D`ncudta D`ncudtane ne f`r @rdhbst @rdhbstro, ro,

M``sby, `sby, Howkb Howkbs, s, Mbjwa Mbjwan. n.  Monc onc Dh`rus Dh`rus. Nbw Q`rk7 M` D`worc, Hbnry, Tar. ?148. D.S.A Shb Tbdrbt7 ‚Jbs nuondbs mabn ancaquábs“.

J`nc`n7 N`vbjj`. M`st`n7 D.D. D.D. Mar Mardhorc dhorc & Fann, Uajjaol G. ?141. Shb Ort `f thb Dh`roj D`ncudt`r . M`st`n7 D`.  Ttopjbs, H. G. ?141. Shb Dh`arlostbr onc @reonast. J`nc`n7 Bpw`rth Yrbss. Dhrasty, Von O. ?139. Ejbb Djums onc Dh`rus7 O Honcm``k `f @reonazane,

D`ncudtane, Loantoanane Djum onc onc Dh`roj @reonazota`ns, wath Tbjbdtbc,  Nbw Q`rk7 Tdharlbr. Erocbc, onc onc Djossafabc Jasts `fEjbb @dtov` Lusad Sbxts.

Dolmraceb ceb,, Loss.7 Loss.7 Horvor Horvorcc Covas`n, Ordhamojc S. ?139. Dh`roj D`ncudtane . Dolmra Rnavbrsaty Yrbss.  @ttbrstban, Oc`jph U. ?139. Shb Mot`n an L`ta`n. Tbb @ttbrstban ?13=. Hg`rtsvone, Dorj.  ?13?. Shb Olotbur Dh`ar Carbdt`r7 O Honcm``k . Nbw Nbw Q`rk Q`rk,,

 Noshvajjb7 Omanec`n-D`kbsmury Yrbss. @ttbrstban, Oc`jph U. ?13=. Shb Mot`n an L`ta`n7 O Yh`t`erophad Yrbsbntota`n

`f thb Sbdhnaqub `f D`ncudtane S`ebthbr wath Lotbraoj f`r Yrodtadb wath on Occbc Tbdta`n `n V`doj D`ncudtane. =nc bc.   rbv. onc oue. Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj Fasdhbr, ?13=. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?139.

?4=

 

Ttot`n, Frbcbrad G. ?13=. Twbbt Taneane an thb Dh`ar7 o Honcm``k `f Dh`roj

Sbdhnaqub. S`r`nt`7 Djorkb, Arwan & D`lpony. Ttullb, U`jfeone. ?13=. Uos cbr Fúhrbr cbr Banhbat v`l Tanebn wassbn luss.

 Banb brstb lusakojas lusakojasdhb dhb Hajfb fúr Guebnc Guebncfúhrbr fúhrbr unc Joabnsanewortb. Joabnsanewortb. V`jjstoncae nbumborm. unc brwbatbrtb Ouse. U`jfbnmuttbj7 E. Kojjlbybr   Uajs`n Horry ]. onc Youj Von M`cberovbn. ?13=. Shb Tdh``j Lusad D`ncudt`r7  Yr`mjbls onc Yrodtadb Yrodtadbss an Dh`roj onc Anstrulb Anstrulbntoj ntoj D`ncudtane. D`ncudtane. Dhadoe`7 Hojj & LdDjbory.

@xf`rc rc on oncc M`ujt, Ocraon. ?134.  O Honcm`` Honcm``kk `n thb Sbdhnaqub `f D`ncudtan D`ncudtane  e . @xf` J`nc`n7 Hojj, H. ]bbvbs. ]bprant Yotbrs`n's Yumjadota`n, ?168. @raeanojjy wrattbn an ?1=9 f`r pravotb dardujota`n ol`nest lblmbrs `f thb D`ncudtane Djoss ot thb ]`yoj D`jjbeb `f Lusad. Eroy, H. U. ?134. Shb Dh`ar J`ft onc thb Yujpat. Nbw Q`rk7 H.U. Eroy.

Q`rkk & J`nc` J`nc`nn 7 Fann, Uajjaol G. ?133. Shb D`ncudt`r ]oasbs Has Mot`n. Nbw Q`r Horpbr & Mr`thbrs Yum. U``ceotb, Jbsjab. ?133. Shb Dh`rus Lostbr . J`nc`n7 J`nc`n7 Osdhbrmbre Osdhbrmbre,, H`pw``c H`pw``c &

Drbw. Kr`nb, Lox S. ?132. Shb Dh`rus onc ats D`ncudt`r. Dhadoe`7 Nbaj O. Kg`s Lusad. Kr`nb, Lox S. ?132. Bxprbssav  Bxprbssavbb D`ncud D`ncudtane. tane. Dhadoe`7 Nbaj O. Kg`s Lusad.

J`nc`n7 Tyjvon Tyjvon Yrbss. Yrbss. U``c, Hbnry. ?132. Om`ut D`ncudtane  D`ncudtane . J`nc`n7 ]`rkb, Ebnbvabvb O. ?135. Dh`roj Sbodhane ot thb Guna`r Haeh Tdh``j Jbvbj.

Dhadoe`7 Hojj & LdDrbory. G`nbs, Ordhab N. ?138. Sbdhnaqubs `f Dh`roj D`ncudtane. Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj Fashbr. Bhlonn, Uajhbjl. ?131. Cab Dh`rfúhrune  Dh`rfúhrune . Monc =. Kossbj7 Mãrbnrbatbr, ?131. Tbb

Bhlonn ?168.

Kobjan, Yabrrb. ?131.  Jb javrb cu dhbf cb dh`bur, bssoa c'unb láth`cb c'ort dh`roj . Ebnèvb7 Bcata`ns ]bná Kastbr.  Lojk`, Nad`joa. ?129. Shb D`ncudt`r onc Has mot`n7 Funcolbntojs `f thb Sbdhnad

`f D`ncudtane. D`pbnhoebn7 Uajhbjl Honsbn. Nadh`js`n, Tycnby H. ?129.  Yrodtado  Yrodtadojj lbth`cs an dh`ar troanane.  Tbb Nadh`js`n

?14=. ]uc`jf, Lox. ?129. Shb Erollor `f D`ncudtane7  O Yrodtadoj Ttucy `f L`cbrn

 Mot`n Sbdhnaqub. Sbdhnaqub. Nbw Q`rk7 Tdharlbr. Mroathwoatb, Uorwadk. ?12=. Shb D`ncudt`r's Ort . J`nc J`nc`n7 `n7 Ua Uajj jjao aols ls on oncc

 N`reotb; ojs`, Nbw Q`rk7 LdErow-Hajj, ?162.

?44

 

Q`une, Ybrdy L. ?124.  O Honcm``k `f Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub. Sbdhnaqub. J`nc`n7 C. C`ms`n. Djbojj, Dhorjbs. ?122. V`adb Yr`cudta`n an Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub. sbb Djbojj ?159. Ybtbrs`n, Youj U.  ?122.  Noturoj Taneane onc Bxprbss Bxprbssavb avb D`ncudta D`ncudtane  ne . Uans Uanst` t`nn-

Tojbl, N.D.7 G.F. Mjoar. Er`smoynb, Mbngolan. ?126.  Sbdhnaqubs `f L`cbrn @rdhbstroj D`ncudtane .

Dolmraceb, LO7 Horvorc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss, ?126; =nc bc. rbv. onc bnjorebc. an ?154. K`rtkolp, Avon. ?126. Shb Ocvondbc Dh`ar. Cbd`roh, A`wo7 Cbd`roh Yumjashbrs.

H`wbrt`n, Eb`reb. ?125. Sbdhnaqub onc Ttyjb an Dh`roj Taneane.  Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj

Fashbr. Uajs`n Horry ].

onc Godk J. Jyojj. ?125.  Muajcane o Dhurdh Dh`ar.

Lannbop`jas7 Hojj & LdDrbory. Totbrbn, Jbjonc M. ?128. Shb Nbw T`ne7 O Euacb t` L`cbrn Lusad f`r thb Rsb an

thb Dhurdh Dh`ar. Lannbop`jas7 Ouesmure Yumjashane H`usb. God`ms, ]uth Krbhmabj.  ?128. Shb Dhajcrbn‑s Dh`ar. ]`dk Asjonc, Ajjan`as7 Oueustono Yrbss. 

C`umjbcoy; oy; M`wjbs, Ladhobj. ?121. Shb Ort `f D`ncudtane . Eorcbn Daty, N.Q.7 C`umjbc  pumjashbc an Bnejonc uncbr thb tatjb Shb D`ncudt`r7 Has Ortastry onc Droftslonshap. J`nc`n7 E. Mbjj, ?16?. Dhrastaonsbn, @jof. ?121. V`adb Muajcbr. York ]aceb, Ajjan`as7 Nbajs O. Kg`s Lusad. Bhrbt, Uojtbr. ?121. Shb Dh`roj D`ncudt`r‑s Honcm``k.  Nbw Q`rk7 Bcworc M.

Lorks Lusad D`rp`rota`n. Uajs`n Horry ]. ?121.  Ortastad Dh`roj Taneane7 Yrodtadoj Yrodtadoj Yr`mjbl Yr`mjblss an

@reonazota`n, Sbdhnaqub, onc Antbrprbtota`n. Nbw Q`rk7 Tdharlbr. M`wjbs, Ladhobj. ?16?. Shb D`ncudt`r7 Has Ortastry onc Droftslonshap. Tbb

M`wjbs ?121.

Lons`n, G`hn J. ?16?.  Antbrprb  Antbrprbtavb tavb Dh`roj Taneane.  Noshvajjb, Sbnnbssbb7

Mr`oclon Yrbss. Eorrbts`n, ]`mbrt J. ?16?. D`ncudtane Dh`roj Lusad. M`st`n7 Ojjyn & Mod`n,

?16?; =nc bc. an ?162; 8th (p`sthul`us) bc., rbv. onc ouelbntbc an ?118. Erbbn, Bjazombth O. ?16?. Shb L`cbrn D`ncudt`r7 O D`jjbeb Sbxt `n D`ncudtane,  Mosbc `n Yrandapjb Yrandapjbss `f Nad`joa Lojk` os Tbt F`rth an has Shb D`ncudt` D`ncudt`rr onc Has th Bnejbw``c w``c Djaffs Djaffs,, N.G.7 Yrbndtadb Hojj. Hojj. 6  (p`sthul`us) bcata`n an ?115.  Mot`n. Bnejb D`jblon, Hbnry. ?16=. D`ncudtane f`r Dhurdh Lusadaons. Dr`yc`n (RK)7]`yoj

Tdh``j `f Dhurdh Lusad. Mjodklon, Ybj`quan, D. Ojbxoncbr. ?16=. Dh`roj Yrbdasa`n. S`jbc`7 Erbe`raon

Anstatutb `f Olbrado.

?43

 

Totbrbn, Jbjonc M. ?164. Dratbrao f`r Guceane Dh`roj Lusad onc th`sb Ttroaeht-

t`nb Dh`ars. Lannbop`jas7 Ouesmure Yumjashane H`usb. Uattb, Ebrc. ?164.  Eruncrass banbr dh`rasdhbn Ttallmajcune . Kos Kossbj, sbj, Nbw Q`rk7 Q`rk7

Mãrbnrbatbr. Dhorjbs. ?163. Mbhanc thb Mot`n. Nbw Q`rk7 Dhor`s Bntbrprasbs. D`jblon, Hbnry. ?163. Shb Dhurdh Dh`ar-Sroanbr. J`nc`n7 @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty

Yrbss, ?163. Tbb D`jblon ?14=. LdBjhbron, Mr`dk. ?163. D`ncudtane Sbdhnaqub, f`r Mbeannbrs onc Yr`fbssa`nojs .

Tbb LdBjbhron ?181. nc

Eorrbts`n, ]`mbrt J. ?162. D`ncudtane Dh`roj Lusad. =   bc. M`st`n7 Ojjyn &

Mod`n. Kohn, Blaj. ?162. D`ncudtane.  Nbw Q`rk7 Shb Frbb Yrbss (Lodlajjon). Von C`rbn, ]`mbrt. ?162.  O Yrodtadoj Yrodtadoj Euacb f`r @reonasts onc Dh`ar Carbdt`rs.

Dhorj`ttb, ND7 Mr`ct Lusad. M`st`dk, C`nojc. ?166. Dh`arlostbry. J`nc`n7 Bpw`rth. Gbnnanes, G`hn U. onc Kbnnbth J. Nbacae, bcs. ?165. Dh`roj Carbdt`r‑s Euacb.

Ubst Nyodk, N.Q.7 Yorkbr. Bhlonn, Uajhbjl. ?168. Dh`roj Carbdtane, Sronsjotbc Eb`reb C. Uabmb fr`l thb

?131 Ebrlon bcata`n  Cab Dh`rfúhrune .  Monc =.Lannbop`jas7 Ouesmure Yumjashane H`usb, ?168. J`rbnz, Bjjbn G. ?168. Shb Jbornane Dh`ar. Noshvajjb7 Omanec`n Yrbss.  Totbrbn, Jbjonc M. ?168.  F`dus `n Laxbc Lusad onc Janb an Dh`roj Lusad.

Lannbop`jas7 Ouesmure Yumjashane H`usb. Moarst`w, Bcworc D. nc. [?1610\.  Yrodtado Ttucyy N` N`tbs tbs Tbr Tbrabs abs,,  Yrodtadojj Dh`ar-Sro Dh`ar-Sroanane  anane . Ttuc

n` ?4. Dr`yc`n, RK7 Shb ]`yoj Tdh``j `f Dhurdh Lusad. Mbrebr, Lbjvan. ?161. Funcolb  Funcolbntojs ntojs `f Yo Yort rt Taneane. Nbw Q`rk7 Tol F`x. Fudhs, Ybtbr Y. ?161. Shb Ysydh`j`ey `f D`ncudtane.  Nbw Q`rk7 LDO

Yumjadota`ns. Yfoutsdh, Jj`yc. ?161.  Lbntoj Uorlu Uorlups ps f`r thb Dh`roj Carbdt`r. Carbdt`r.  Nbw Q`rk7

Jows`n-E`ujc. M`yc, Godk. ?159. ]bhbors  ]bhborsoj oj Euacb f` f`rr thb Dh`ro Dh`rojj Carbdt` Carbdt`r. r. sbb M`yc ?155. Djbojj, Dhorjbs. ?159. V`adb Yr`cudta`n an Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub. ]bvasbc onc

bnjorebc bc. M`r`ueh Erbbn, Bnejonc7 N`vbjj`. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?122. ]`b, Youj F. ?159. Dh`roj Lusad Bcudota`n. Tbb ]`b ?113. Ocjbr, Tolubj. ?15?. Dh`roj D`ncudtane, On Onth`j`ey. Tbb Ocjb Ocjbrr ?182. ?182. 

?42

 

Sh`los, Kurt. ?15?. Shb Dh`roj D`ncudt`r7 Shb Sbdhnaqub `f Dh`roj D`ncudtane

an Shb`ry onc Yrodtadb tronsjotbc my O. Lonn onc U. L. ]bbsb fr`l thb ? st v`j. (?142) `f Jbhrmudh cbr Dh`rjbatu Dh`rjbatune. ne. Nbw Q`rk7 Oss`daotbc Lusad Yumjashbrs. Ttont`n, ]`yoj. ?15?. Shb Cynolad Dh`roj D`ncudt`r. Cbjoworb Uotbr Eop, Yo.

Thownbb Yrbss. Olbradon Dh`roj Carbdt`rs Oss`daota`n. Nota`noj D`llattbb `n Haeh Tdh``j Dh`roj Lusad.  ?15=.  Euacb f`r thb Mbeannane Dh`roj Carbdt`r. Solpo, Fjo.7

ODCO. Kbrr, Onato. ?15=. V`adbs7 wath D`lpjbtb ]bd`rcbc Bxolpjbs.  Nbw Q`rk7 LDO Lusad.  L`b, Conabj S. ?15=.  Mosad Dh`roj D`ndbpts. Lannbop`jas, Lannbop`jas, Lannbs`to, Lannbs`to, Ou Ouesmure esmure

Yumjashane H`usb. Dhrastbnsbn, H. ?154. Mbttbr Dh`ar Dh`ar Taneane Taneane.. Cojjos7 Dh`rastbr‑s Euajc. Cbdkbr, Hor`jc O. onc Gujaus Hbrf`rc, bcs. ?154. Dh`roj D`ncudtane7 O nc

Tylp`saul. Bnejbw Bnejbw``c ``c Djaffs, N. N.G.7 G.7 Yrbntadb Yrbntadb Hojj; =  bc an ?188.  Bmbrhorct, Dorj. ?154.  O O Euacb t` Tuddbssfuj Dh`roj ]bhborsoj ]bhborsojs. s. Sronsjotbc fr`l thb Ebrlon my Kurt Ladhobjas. Fronkfurt, Nbw Q`rk7 Hbnry Jat`jff‑s Vbrjoe; D.F. Ybtbrs. H`jst, Al`ebn. ?154. D`ncudtane o Dh`ar7 O Euacb f`r Olotburs. J`nc`n7 @xf`rc

Rnavbrsaty Yrbss. Kgbjs`n, Jbb onc Golbs B. LdDroy. ?154. Shb Tanebr‑s Lonuoj `f Dh`roj Lusad

 Jatbroturb.. Lbjvajjb, N.Q.7Mbjwan Lajjs.  Jatbroturb L`b, Conabj S. ?154.  Yr`mjbl  Yr`mjblss an D`ncudtan D`ncudtane. e. ]bv. bc. Lannbop`jas7 Ouesmure

Yumjashane H`usb. Thbwon, ]`mbrt.  ?154. V`adb Sroanane f`r thb Haeh-sdh``j Dh`rus.  Nbw Q`rk7

Yorkbr. Sh`los, Kurt. ?154. ‚Shb dh`roj d`ncudt`r onc thb `rdhbstro“. Sronsjotbc my thb

O. Lonn onc U. L. ]bbsb `f  Jbhrmud v`j.. 4; dhop dhop.. ?. G`urnoj `f  Jbhrmudhh cbr Dh`rjbatune , v`j thb Olbradon Dh`roj F`uncota`n, v`j. XV/3 (@dt. ?154). Cumuqub, A`wo7 U. D. Mr`wn; Mr`wn; =nc bc. Jolm, E`rc`n H. ?153. Dh`roj Sbdhnaqubs. Cumuqub, an ?188. Erbbn, Bjazombth O. onc Nad`joa Nad`joa Lojk`. ?152. Shb D`ncudt`r onc Has Td`rb. Bnebjw``c Djaffs, N.G.7 Yrbndtadb-Hojj. Brads`n, Brad, Eösto @hjan, onc Jbnnort Tpânembre. ?156. Dh`roj D`ncudtane .

Sronsjotbc fr`l thb Twbcash onc bcatbc my Eunajjo Lordus onc N`rlon Jum`ff,  Nbw Q`rk7 Uojt`n Lusad D`rp`rota`n, ?156. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?153, Tt`dkh`jl7 Tvbraebs Körförmuncs.

?46

 

]`ss, Ojjon O. ?156. Sbdhnaqubs f`r Mbeannane D`ncudt`rs. Mbjl`nt, Dojaf.7

Uocsw`rth Yumjashane. Mbnnbtt, ]`y D. ?155. Shb Dh`roj Tanebr‑s Honcm``k 7 H`w t` Mbd`lb o E``c Dh`roj Tanebr. Nbw Q`rk7 B. M. Lorks Lusad D`rp.  nc

M`yc, Godk. ?155.  ]bhbor  ]bhborsoj soj Euacb f`r thb Dh`roj Carbdt`r. =  bc. Ubst Nyodk,

 N.Q.7 Yorkbr. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?159. E`rc`n, Jbwas. ?155.  Dh`roj Carbdt`r‑s D`lpjbtb Honcm``k. Ubst Nyodk, N.Q.7

Yorkbr. Hombrjbn, G`hn M. ?155. Lostbrane D`ncudtan D`ncudtanee Sbdhnaqu Sbdhnaqubs. bs. Dholpoaen, Ajj.7 Lork

F`stbr. Loanz7 Tdh Tdh`tt `tt.. H`fmoubr, Kurt. ?158. Yroxas cbr cbr Dh`rasdh Dh`rasdhbn bn Ttall Ttallmajcune  majcune . Loanz7 Uosha shane net` t`n, n, C. C.D. D. 7 Djork, Uajjaol Cblpsby. ?151. D`ncudtane Sbdhnaqub. Uo Rnavbrsaty Yrbss `f Olbrado. Lajjbr, Kbnnbth B.  ?151.  O Honcm` Honcm``k `k `f Dh`roj Lusad Tbjbdta` Tbjbdta`n, n, Td`rb

 Yrbporota`n  Yrbporota `n onc Ura Uratane. tane. Ubst Nyodk, N.Q.7 Yorkbr. Dr`wthbr, Cuonb T. ?18?. Sbodhane Dh`roj D`ndbpts7 Talpjb Jbss`n Yjons onc Sbodhane Oacs f`r An-rbhborsoj Dh`ar Anstrudta`n. M`untafuj, Rtoh7 H`raz`n. Bhlonn, Uajhbjl onc Froukb Hoosblonn. ?18?.   Honcmud  Honcmudhh cbr dh`rasdhb dh`rasdhbnn

Ttallmajcune.   ]bv. bc., Kossbj7 Mãrbnrbatbr-Vbrjoe, ?18?. Tbb Bhlonn & Hoosblonn ?18=. Bhlonn, Uajhbjl onc Froukb Hoosblonn. ?18=.   V`adb Muajcane f`r Dh`ars.

Sronsjotbc my Mrbnco Tlath fr`l thb ?18? Ebrlon bcata`n. Dhopbj Hajj, ND 7 Hanshow Lusad And./Shb Ubstlanstbr Jamrory, ?18=. Bnejbw bw``c ``c Hbffbrnon, Dhorjbs U. ?18=. Dh`roj Lusad7 Sbdhnaqub onc Ortastry. Bnej Djaffs, N.G.7 Yrbndtadb Hojj.  Jant`n, Ttonjby. ?18=. D`ncudtane Funcolbntojs. Nbw Q`rk7 Yrbndtadb-Hojj.  LdKannby, Golbs D. ?18=. Shb Caoen`sas onc D`rrbdta`n `f V`doj Foujts. Tbb

LdKannby ?113. Morro, C`nojc. ?184. Shb Cynolad Ybrf`rlondb7 O Ybrf`rlbr‑s Euacb t` Lusadoj  Bxprbssa`nn onc Antb  Bxprbssa` Antbrprbtota`n. rprbtota`n. Bnebjw``c Djaffs,N.G.7 Yrbntadb-Hojj. 

Sronsj nsjot otbc bc an Bcjunc, Jors. ?184.  K`rstucabr < Dh`rstucab Dh`rstucabnn < Dh`roj stucabs. Sro Ebrlon my Gujaonb Modklon, an Bnejash my ]`mbrt Dorr`jj. Tt`dkh`jl 7 OM  N`rcasko Lusakf`rjoebt/Bcata`n Uajhbjl Honsbn Tt`dkh`jl. Hunsmbrebr, C`nojc onc ]`y B. Brnst. ?184. Shb Ort `f D`ncudtane. Nbw Q`rk7 Kn`pf; =nc bc. an ?11=.

?45

 

Yrousnatz, Frbcbrak.  ?184. Td`rb onc Y`caul7 O D`lpjbtb Euacb t` D`ncudtane.  Nbw Q`rk7 N`rt`n.  Tal`ns, Horrabt. ?184.  Dh`roj D`ncudtane7 O Jbocbrshap Sbodhane Oppr`odh.

Dholpoaen, Ajj.7 Lork F`stbr. Musdh, Mraon ] . ?183. Shb D`lpjbtb Dh`roj D`ncudt`r7 Ebsturb onc Lbth`c .

 Nbw Q`rk 7 Tdharlbr. Hollor, ]ussbjj. ?183.  Yroelot Lbtu tudhb dhbn, n, N. N.G. G. on oncc  Yroelotad ad Dh`roj Yr`dbcu Yr`dbcurbs rbs. Lb

J`nc`n7 Shb Tdorbdr`w Yrbss. nc Ocjbr, Tolubj. ?182. Dh`roj D`ncudtane, On Onth`j`ey. =  bc. Nbw Q`rk7 H`jt, ]anbhort & Uanst`n. Farst bcata`n an ?15?. Erun`w, ]adhorc F. onc Lajf`rc H. Fore`. ?182. Shb Dh`roj Td`rb ]bocane

 Yr`erol. Dhadoe`7 E.A.O. Yumjadota`ns. Kopjon, Omrohol. ?182. Dh`roj D`ncudtane. Nbw Q`rk7 N`rt`n. D`rp, ]`nojc. ?185. Shb Dh`roj Tanebr‑s D`lpona`n.  J`nc`n & Nbw Q`rk7

Motsf`rc, ?185; =nc bc an =999. L`sbs, C`n V., ]`mbrt U. Cblorbb Gr, onc Ojjbn F. @hlbs. ?185.  Fodb t` Fodb

wath on @rdhbstro. Yrandbt`n, N.G.7 Yrbstaeb Yumjadota`ns And. Cbdkbr, Hor`jc O. onc D`jbbn G. Kark. ?188. Dh`roj D`ncudtane7 F`dus `n Bnejbw``c w``c Djaffs, N.G.7 N.G.7 Yrbntadb Ho Hojj. jj.  D`llunadota`n . Bnejb Gbffbrs, ]`n. ?188. Sronsjota`n onc Onn`tota`n `f Dh`roj ]bpbrt`arb. D`rvojjas,

@rbe`n7 Borths`nes. Othbrt`n, Jb`norc.  ?181. Vbrtadoj Yjonb F`doj Y`ant D`ncudtane. Mojj Ttotb

Rnavbrsaty L`n`eroph N`. 44. Lundab, AN7 Mojj Ttotb Rnavbrsaty. E`rc`n, Jbwas. ?181. Dh`roj Carbdt`r‑s ]bhborsoj onc Ybrf`rlondb Euacb. Ubst

 Nyodk, N.Q.7 Yorkbr. 

LdBjhbron, Mr`dk. ?181. D`ncudtane Sbdhnaqub, f`r Mbeannbrs onc Yr`fbssa`nojs .

]bv. bc. Nbw Q`rk7 @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?163. Uoenbr, ]adhorc. ?181.. @n D` D`nc ncud udta tane ne..  Sronsjotbc an ?885 my Bcworc Connrbuthbr fr`l ?861 bcata`n `f Úmbr cos Caraeabrbn. Nbw Q`rk7 C`vbr.  Fbnt`n, Uajjaol D. ?119. Dh`roj Lusadaonshap7 O Carbdt`r's Euacb t` Mbttbr . Jbmon`n, Anc. 7 H`ust`n Yum  K`hut, Conabj onc G`b U. Eront. ?119.  Jbornane t` D`ncudt onc ]bhbors ]bhborsb7 b7 o

Sbxtm``k f`r D`ncudtane Ttucbnts onc Shbar Sbodhbrs. Bnejbw``c Djaffs, NG7 Yrbntadb-Hojj.  Hoosblonn, Froukb onc Golbs G`rcon. ?11?.   Er`up V`doj Sbdhnaqub. Dhopbjj

Hajj, N.D.7 Hanshow Lusad.

?48

 

Moajby, Uoynb. ?11=.  Ouroj Tkajjs f`r D`ncudt` D`ncudt`rs. rs. L`untoan Vabw, Dojaf.7

Loyfabjc. Vbuthby, Ladhbj. ?11=.  Jbs sbdrbts cu dh`bur. Lonubj cb carbdta`n carbdta`n.. Jousonnb7 Bcata`ns Lusadojbs Hue  D`jjans, C`n J. ?114. Sbodhane Dh`roj Lusad. Tbb D`jjans ?111. Erotzka, Mbttano. ?114.  Cab rbanb Ant`nota`n al Dh`rebso Dh`rebsone  ne . @rphbus-

Tdhraftbnrbahb zu Eruncfroebn cbr Lusak ;Mc. 59 M`nn 7 Vbrjoe fur Tystblotasdhb Lusakwassbnsdhoft  ]o`, C`rbbn. ?114. Ub wajj sane! Dh`roj lusad Bxpbrabndb f`r Djossr``l Dh`ars. J`nc`n & Nbw Q`rk7 M``sby & Howkbs.   Ubmm, Euy M.,  bc. ?114.  Rp fr`nt!  Mbd`lan  Mbd`lanee thb D`lpjbtb Dh`roj D`ncudt`r. D`ncudt`r. 

M`st`n, Loss.7 BDT Yumjashane (Tdharlbr). Uajjbtts, Toncro. ?114. Rpmbot C`wnmbot7 Mosad D`ncudtane Yottbrns onc

Sbdhnaqubs. Noshvajjb, Sbnnbssbb7 Omanet`n Yrbss. Doajjorc, Yhajappb.  ?113.  Jo Carbdta`n cb DhŔur. 4 v`j v`js. s. F`ntb F`ntbnoy noy-Lov -Lov`as `asan7 an7

Doajjorc.

Badhbnmbrebr ]`cnby. ?113.  Uhot Shby Tbb As Uhot Q`u Ebt 7 Jankane thb Vasuoj,

thb Ouroj onc thb Kanbtad t` Yr`l`tb Ortastad Dh`roj Taneane . Dhopbj Dhopbj Ha Hajj, jj, N.D. N.D.77 Hanshow Lusad. LdKannby, Golbs D. ?113. Shb Caoen`sas onc D`rrbdta`n `f V`doj Foujts. O

]bv. onc bbxpo xponcbc ncbc bc. bc.  Lonuoj f`r Sbodhb Sbodhbrs rs `f Taneane onc f`r Dh`ars Carbdt`rs. ]bv. Ton Cabe`7 Taneujor Yumjashane Er`up, And. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?18=. rc

]`b, Youj F. ?113. Dh`roj Lusad Bcudota`n. 4   bc. Bnejbw``c Djaffs, N.G.7

Yrbndtadb Hojj. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?159. Cblorbb, ]`mbrt U. Gr onc C`n V. L`sbs. ?112. Shb D`lpjbtb D`ncudt`r . Bnejbw``c Djaffs, N.G.7 Yrbntadb-Hojj  Hyjt`n, G`hn M. ?112. D`lprbhbnsavb Dh`roj Lusad Bcudota`n. Bnejbw``c Djaffs,  N.G.7 Yrbntadb-Hojj.  Jomuto, G`sbph. ?112.  Mosad D`ncudtan D`ncudtanee Sbdhnaq Sbdhnaqubs. ubs. 4rc  bc. Bnejbw``c Djaffs,  N.G7 Yrbntadb-Hojj.  Mrans`n, Mormoro O. ?116. Dh`roj Lusad - Lbth`cs onc Lotbraojs 7 Cbvbj`pane

Tuddbssfuj Dh`roj Yr`erols (Erocbs 2 t` ?=). Nbw Q`rk7 Tdharlbr. Formbrlon, Hor`jc. ?115. Shb Ort `f D`ncudtane Sbdhnaqub7 O Nbw Ybrspbdtavb.

Laola7 Uornbr Mr`s. Yhajjaps, Kbnnbth H. ?115.  Mosad Sbdhnaqu Sbdhnaqubb `f D`ncudt D`ncudtane. ane.  Nbw Q`rk7 @xf`rc

Rnavbrsaty Yrbss.

?41

 

Erbbn, Bjazombth O. ?115. Shb L`cbrn D`ncudt`r7 O D`jjbeb Sbxt `n D`ncudtane,

 Mosbc `n Yrandapjb Yrandapjbss `f Nad`joa Lojk` os Tbt F`rth an has Shb D`ncudt` D`ncudt`rr onc Has th  Mot`n. 6  (p`sthul`us) bc. Bnejbw``c Djaffs, N.G.7 Yrbndtadb Hojj. th

Eorrbts`n, ]`mbrt J. ?118. D`ncudtane Dh`roj Lusad. 8  (p`sthul`us) bc., rbv.

onc ouelbntbc. Rppbr Toccjb ]avbr, N.G.7 Yrbndtadb Hojj. D`jjans, C`n J. ?111. Sbodhane Dh`roj Lusad. =nc  bc. Rppbr Toccjb ]avbr, N.G.7 Yrbntadb Hojj. Farst bcata`n an ?114. Yoeb, ]`mbrt, J`uasb Erbbnmbre, onc Frbc Jbasb, bcs. ?111. Shb Dh`rus

 Honcm``k7 Dh`rus ?9?7 Shb H`w-t` M``k f`r @reonaza  Honcm``k7 @reonazane ne onc @pbrota @pbrotane ne o  Yr`fbssa`noj  Yr`fbssa`n oj `r V`jun V`juntbbr tbbr Dh`ro Dh`rojj Bnsblm Bnsblmjb. jb. Uoshanet`n C.D.7 Dh`rus Olbrado.  Tlath, Mrbnco G`. onc ]`mbrt S. Totoj`ff. =999. Dh`roj Ybcoe`ey. Ton Ca Cabe be`, `, DO.7 Taneujor Yumjashane Er`up.  Uajjbtts, Toncro. =999.  Mby`nc thb C`wnmbot7 Dh`roj ]bhbors ]bhborsoj oj Tkajjs onc Sbdhnaqubs. Noshvajjb7 Omanec`n Yrbss.  Cbl`rbst, Ttbvbn L.  =99?.  Muajcane Dh`roj Bxdbjjbnd Bxdbjjbndb. b.  Nbw Q`rk7 @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss. Nbubn, C`nojc. =99=. Dh`roj D`ndbpts. Mbjl`nt, DO7 Uocsw`rth/Sh`lps`n

Jbornane. N`wok, Gbrry onc Hbnry. =99=. D`ncudtane thb Lusad, N`t thb Lusadaons.  Nbw

Q`rk7 Dorj Fashbr. M`wbn, G`sá O. bc. =994. Shb Dolmraceb D`lpona`n t` D`ncudtane. Dolmraceb7

Dolmraceb Rnavbrsaty Yrbss. Cbhnane, Uajjaol. =994. Dh`rus D`nfacbntaoj7 Cbd`cane thb Tbdrbts `f thb Dh`roj

Yumjashane. hane.  Ort. n.p., Yovonb Yumjas Curront, D`jan. =994. Dh`roj D`ncudtane7 Yhaj`s`phy onc Yrodtadb.  Nbw Q`rk7

]`utjbceb. LdDjune, Ojon. =992. ‚Rsane Vacb` Tbjf-Ossbsslbnt S` Bnhondb N`nvbrmoj D`ncudtane Ebsturb“ Dh`roj G`urnoj v`j. 32 assub 1 (Opraj =992), =5-42.

M. ]bfbrbndb U`rks Modh, Dorj Yhajap Blonubj. ?524.   Bssoy `n thb Srub Ort `f Yjoyane Kbym`o Kbym`orc rc

 Anstrulbnts.  Bnejash bc. tronsjotbc onc bcatbc my Uajjaol G. Latdhbjj. Nbw Q`rk7  Anstrulbnts.  N`rt`n, ?131. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?524 uncbr thb tatjb Vbrsudh úmbr cab wohrb  Ort, cos Djovabr Djovabr zu spab spabjbn. jbn.

?39

 

]`cebrs, G.O. ?1??.  Cr Hbnry D`worc, thb Ya`nbbr Dh`rus-Lostbr. Dh`rus-Lostbr. J`nc`n7 G`hn

Jonb, Shb M`cjby Hboc. Dhyma]ska, Oc`jf. ?1?=.  Mbatrãeb zur Ebsdhadh Ebsdhadhtb tb cbs Soktsdhjo Soktsdhjoebns. ebns. Jbapzae7

Mrbatk`pf & Hãrtbj. Jömlonn, Hue`. ?1?4.  Wur Ebsdhad Ebsdhadhtb htb cbs Soktabrb Soktabrbns ns unc Caraeabrbns. Caraeabrbns.

Cússbjc`rf7 Tdhwonn. Tdhúnblonn, Eb`re. ?1?4. Ebsdhadhtb cbs Caraeabrbns. ]bprant7 Hajcbshbal7

Eb`re @jls - Uabsmocbn7 Mrbatk`pf & Hortbj, ?162.  @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?1?4. Krbms, Dorj. ?1?1. Lbastbr cbs Soktst`dk Soktst`dks. s. ?-3th bc. Mbrjan7 Tdhustbr & J`bffjbr. Nadh`js`n, Tycnby H. ?14=. _uarbs onc Yjodbs Uhbrb Shby Tane. J`nc`n7 Mbjj onc

T`ns; ]bprant J`nc`n7 TYDK, ?13=. ]`mbrts`n, C`ro. ?148. Torul Dj`sb7 o Hast`ry `f thb Jafb onc Bcudota`n `f thb

Dothbcroj Dh`rastbrs f`r 599 ybors. J`nc`n7 G. Dopb, ?148. D`or, Mardhorc. ?131. Shb Lostbrs `f thb Djossadoj Ybra`c os D`ncudt`rs. Cb

Kojm, Ajjan`as7 Mardhorc D`or. Muk`fzbr, Lonfrbc. ?129. ‚Shb mbeannanes `f dh`roj p`jyph`ny“ an Ttucabs an

Q`rk7 rk7 N`r N`rt`n t`n..  Lbcabvoj onc onc ]bnoass ]bnoassondb ondb lus lusad ad, Nbw Q` H`jsanebr, Djycb U. ?123. ‚O Hast`ry `f Dh`roj D`ncudtane wath Blphosas `n thb

Salb-Mbotane Sbdhnaqubs.“ YhC cass., N`rthwbstbrn N`rthwbstbrn Rnavb Rnavbrsaty, rsaty, Bvonst`n, Bvonst`n, Ajj. Q`une, Ybrdy L. ?16=. Shb Dh`roj Srocata`n7 On Hast`radoj onc Onojytadoj Turvby

 fr`l thb ?6 th dbntury t` thb Yrbsbnt Coy. J`nc`n7 Hutdhans`n. 

Mojtal`rb7 Ybjadon Ybjadon M``ks. M``ks. God`ms, Orthur, bc. ?164. Dh`roj Lusad. Mojtal`rb7 Molmbrebr, Dorj. ?162. Shb D`ncudt`r's Ort . Nbw Q` Q`rk7 rk7 LdErow-Haj LdErow-Hajj.j. Corr`w, Ebrojc. ?152.  F`ur Cbdocb Cbdocbss `f Dh`roj Sroanane. Lbtudhbn, N.G.7 Tdorbdr`w Yrbss.  Horrass, Brnbst D. ?18?.  G`honn Lotthbs`n‑s Cbr V`jjk`llbnb V`jjk`llbnb Dopbjjlbastbr. O

 ]bvasbc Sronsjota`n wath Dratadoj D`llbntory. Onn Orm`r, Ladh.7 RLA ]bsbordh Yrbss. F`wjbr, Dhorjbs, bc.  ?185. D`nsdabndb `f o Yr`fbssa`n7 H`worc Twon, Dh`roj

Hajj, N.D.7 Hanshow Hanshow Lusad.  Carbdt`r onc onc Sbodh Sbodhbr  br . Dhopbjj Hajj, Eojkan, Bjja`tt U. ?188.  O Hast`ry `f @rdhbstro @rdhbstrojj D`ncudta D`ncudtane7 ne7 an Shb`ry onc

Q`rk7 `rk7 Ybncroe`n Ybncroe`n Yrbss. Yrbss.  Yrodtadb. Nbw Q Ejbnn, Dor`jb. ?11?.  An _ubst `f Onswbrs Onswbrs77 Antbrvabws wath Olbradon Dh`roj

D`ncudt`rs. Dhopbj Hajj, Hajj, N.D.7 Ha Hanshow nshow Lusad. Lusad.

?3?

 

Tlathbr, H`worc.  ?115.  Hast`ry `f thb @rot`ra`, v`j =7 Shb @rot`ra` an thb

 Mor`qub Bro, Yr`tbston Yr`tbstontt Ebrlony onc Bnejonc (Dhopbjj Hojj7 Rnavbrsat `f N`rth Dor`jano Yrbss, ?115)  Ebrs`n-Kawa, Bcath onc Covac Hajby. =99?.  ‘Dhbar`n`ly‑, Shb Nbw Er`vb

 Cadta`nory `f Lusad onc Lusadaons bc. T. Tocab onc G. Syrrbjj, J`nc`n7 Lodlajjon.  Cadta`nory v`j 27223-228 

?3=

 

MAMJA@E]OYHQ (Ojphombtadoj) Ocjbr, Tolubj. ?15?. Dh`roj D`ncudtane, On Onth`j`ey. Nbw Q`rk7 Q`rk7 H`jt, ] ]anbhor anbhortt nc

& Uan Uanst` st`n. n. =  bc. an ?182. 

Olbradon Dh`roj Carbdt`rs Oss`daota`n. Nota`noj D`llattbb `n Haeh Tdh``j Dh`roj Lusad.  ?15=.  Euacb f`r thb Mbeannane Dh`roj Carbdt`r. Solpo, Fjo.7

ODCO. Ontdjaffb, Hbrmbrt. nc. [?1=9 [?1=9-?1 -?1=1 =10\. 0\. Shb Dh`ruslostbr7 O Yrodtadoj Euacb t`

@reonasane onc D`ncudtane Dh`ars onc Dh`roj T`dabtabs.  J`nc`n 7 U. Yoxt`n & D`., Jtc. Othbrt`n, Jb`norc.  ?181. Vbrtadoj Yjonb F`doj Y`ant D`ncudtane. Mojj Ttotb

Rnavbrsaty L`n`eroph N`. 44. Lundab, AN7 Mojj Ttotb Rnavbrsaty. Modh, Dorj Yhajap Blonubj. ?524.   Bssoy `n thb Srub Ort `f Yjoyane Kbym`o Kbym`orc rc

 Anstrulbnts.  Anstrulb nts.  Bnejash bc. tronsjotbc onc bcatbc my Uajjaol G. Latdhbjj. Nbw Q`rk7

 N`rt`n,  Ort, cos ?131. Djovabr@raeanojjy Djovabr zu spab spabjbn. jbn.pumjashbc an ?524 uncbr thb tatjb Vbrsudh úmbr cab wohrb Moajby, Uoynb. ?11=.  Ouroj Tkajjs f`r D`ncudt` D`ncudt`rs. rs. L`untoan Vabw, Dojaf.7

Loyfabjc. Ttucyy N` N`tbs tbs Tbr Tbrabs abs,, Moarst`w, Bcworc D. nc. [?1610\.  Yrodtado  Yrodtadojj Dh`ar-Sro Dh`ar-Sroanane  anane . Ttuc n` ?4. Dr`yc`n, RK7 Shb ]`yoj Tdh``j `f Dhurdh Lusad, nc. [?1610\ Mokojbanak`ff, Vjocalar. ?148.  Bjblbn  Bjblbntory tory ]ujbs `f D`ncudta D`ncudtane ne f`r @rdhbst @rdhbstro, ro,

 Monc onc Dh`rus Dh`rus. Nbw Q`rk7 M` M``sby, `sby, Howkb Howkbs, s, Mbjwa Mbjwan, n, ?148.

Q`rk7 rk7 LdErow-Haj LdErow-Hajj.j. Molmbrebr, Dorj. ?162. Shb D`ncudt`r's Ort . Nbw Q` Morro, C`nojc. ?184. Shb Cynolad Ybrf`rlondb7 O Ybrf`rlbr‑s Euacb t` Lusadoj  Bxprbssa`nn onc Antb  Bxprbssa` Antbrprbtota`n. rprbtota`n. Bnebjw``c Djaffs,N.G.7 Yrbntadb-Hojj, ?184.  Mbnnbtt, ]`y D. ?155. Shb Dh`roj Tanebr‑s Honcm``k 7 H`w t` Mbd`lb o E``c Dh`roj Tanebr. Nbw Q`rk7 B. M. Lorks Lusad D`rp., ?155.   Mbrebr, Lbjvan. ?161. Funcolb  Funcolbntojs ntojs `f Yo Yort rt Taneane. Nbw Q`rk7 Tol F`x, ?161. th

Mbrja`z, Hbdt`r.  ?822.  Shb @rdhbstroj D`ncudt`r. Shb`ry `f Has Ort. 8 bc. Nbw

Q`rk7 Dorj Fasdhbr, And, ?1=1. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?822 uncbr thb tatjb Eronc troatá c‑anstrulbntota`n bt c‑`rdhbstrota`n l`cbrnbs7 n`uvbjjb ácata`n ouelbntáb cb j‑Ort cu dhbf c‑`rdhbstrb (Yoras7 Tdh`nbnmbrebr). Mardh, Golbs O. nc.  Shb V`adb-Sroanbr 7 Yrodtadoj Hants onc Bxbrdasbs f`r T`j`-

Tanebrs, D`ncudt`rs, Dh`rojasts, onc V`adb-Sroanane Djossbs. 4rc  bc. J`nc`n 7 G. Durwbn & T`ns, nc. Mjodklon, Dhorjbs. ?163. Mbhanc thb Mot`n. Nbw Q`rk7 Dhor`s Bntbrprasbs, ?163.

?34

 

Mjatz, Bc`uorc. ?885. _ubjqubs d`nsacárota`ns sur j‑ort cu dhbf c‑`rdhbstrb.

Jbapzae onc Mrussbjs7 Mrbatk`pf unc Hãrtbj, ?885. M`st`dk, C`nojc. ?166. Dh`arlostbry. J`nc`n7 Bpw`rth, ?166.  M`ujt, Ocraon. ?168.  O Honcm`` Honcm``k k `n pumjashbc thb Sbdhnaqu Sbdhnaqub b `f @xf`rc D`ncudtan D`ncudtane  ]bprant Yotbrs`n's Yumjadota`n, ?168. @raeanojjy an ?1=9. once . J`nc`n7

Hojj, H. ]bbvbs. M`wbn, G`sá O. bc. =994. Shb Dolmraceb D`lpona`n t` D`ncudtane. Dolmraceb7

Dolmraceb Rnavbrsaty Yrbss, =994. Eorcbn Daty, Daty, N.Q.7 C`umjbc C`umjbcoy, oy, M`wjbs, Ladhobj. ?121. Shb Ort `f D`ncudtane . Eorcbn ?121; pumjashbc an Bnejonc uncbr thb tatjb Shb D`ncudt`r7 Has Ortastry onc Droftslonshap. J`nc`n7 E. Mbjj, ?16?. M`yc, Godk. ?159.  ]bhborso  ]bhborsojj Euacb f`r thb Dh`roj Carbdt`r. Carbdt`r. Ubst Nyodk, N.Q.7 Yorkbr, ?159. =/?155. J`nc`n7 `n7 Ua Uajj jjao aols ls on oncc Mroathwoatb, Uorwadk. ?162. Shb D`ncudt`r's Ort . J`nc  N`reotb, ?12=; Nbw Q`rk7 LdErow-Hajj, ?162. Mrans`n, Mormoro O. ?116. Dh`roj Lusad - Lbth`cs onc Lotbraojs 7 Cbvbj`pane Tuddbssfuj Dh`roj Yr`erols (Erocbs 2 t` ?=). Nbw Q`rk7 Tdharlbr, ?116. Muk`fzbr, Lonfrbc. ?129. ‚Shb mbeannanes `f dh`roj p`jyph`ny“ an Ttucabs an

Q`rk7 rk7 N`r N`rt`n t`n..  Lbcabvoj onc onc ]bnoass ]bnoassondb ondb lus lusad ad, Nbw Q` Musdh, Mraon ] . ?183. Shb D`lpjbtb Dh`roj D`ncudt`r7 Ebsturb onc Lbth`c .

 Nbw Q`rk 7 Tdharlbr, ?183 Dohn-Tpbybr, ]uc`jf. ?1?1.  Honcmud  Honcmudhh cbs Caraeabrb Caraeabrbns. ns. Jbapzae7 Mrbatk`pf onc

Hãrtbj, ?1?1. v`js. s. F`ntb F`ntbnoy noy-Lov -Lov`as `asan7 an7 Doajjorc, Yhajappb.  ?113.  Jo Carbdta`n cb DhŔur. 4 v`j Doajjorc, ?113. Doan, N`mjb. ?14=. Dh`roj Lusad onc ats Yrodtadb, wath Yortadujor ]bfbrbndb t` O

Doppbjjo Lusad. Nbw Q`rk7 L. Uatlo Uatlork rk & T`ns, ?14=. ?14=. Dorsb, Ocol. ?142. @rdhbstroj D`ncudtane, o Sbxtm``k f`r Ttucbnts onc

J`nc`n, n, Ouebnbr jtc, ?1 ?142. 42.  Olotburs. J`nc` Dhrastaonsbn, Frbcrak Lbjaus. nc. [ ?149-?138\ Dh`ar Carbdt`r‑s Euacb. Dhadoe`7

Eolmjb Hanebc Lusad, nc [?149-?138\  Dhrastbnsbn, H. ?154. Mbttbr Dh`ar Dh`ar Taneane Taneane.. Cojjos7 Dh`rastbr‑s Euajc, ?154. Dhrastaonsbn, @jof. ?121. V`adb Muajcbr. York ]aceb, Ajjan`as7 Nbajs O. Kg`s Lusad,

?121. Dhrasty, Von O. ?139. Ejbb Djums onc Dh`rus7 O Honcm``k `f @reonazane,

D`ncudtane, onc Loantoanane Ejbb Djum onc Dh`roj @reonazota`ns, wath Tbjbdtbc,

?33

 

Erocbc, onc Djossafabc Jasts `f @dtov` Lusad onc Sbxts.  Nbw Q`rk7 Tdharlbr, ?139. Dhyma]ska, Oc`jf. ?1?=.  Mbatrãeb zur Ebsdhadh Ebsdhadhtb tb cbs Soktsdhjo Soktsdhjoebns. ebns. Jbapzae7

Mrbatk`pf & Hãrtbj. Uosha shane net` t`n, n, C. C.D. D. 7 Djork, Uajjaol Cblpsby. ?151. D`ncudtane Sbdhnaqub. Uo Rnavbrsaty Yrbss `f Olbrado, ?151.  Djbojj, Dhorjbs. ?122. V`adb Yr`cudta`n an Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub. ]bvasbc onc

bnjorebc bc. M`r`ueh Erbbn, Bnejonc7 N`vbjj`, ?159. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?122. D`or, Mardhorc. ?131. Shb Lostbrs `f thb Djossadoj Ybra`c os D`ncudt`rs. Cb Kojm, Ajjan`as7 Mardhorc D`or. D`jblon, Hbnry. ?14=. Shb Olotbur Dh`ar Sroanbr. J`nc`n7 @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty

Yrbss, ?14=. ]bbcatbc uncbr thb tatjb Shb Dhurdh Dh`ar-Sroanbr. J`nc`n7 @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss, ?163.  PPP. D`ncudtane f`r Dhurdh Lusadaons. Dr`yc`n (RK)7]`yoj Tdh``j `f Dhurdh

Lusad, ?16=.

nc D`jjans, C`n J. ?114. Sbodhane Dh`roj Lusad. =   bc. Rppbr Toccjb ]avbr, N.G.7

Yrbntadb Hojj, ?111. Farst bcata`n an ?114. D`rnwojj, G. Tpbndbr. ?145. Dhurdh Dh`rastbr‑s Lonuoj. Tojt Jokb Daty7 Cbsbrbt

M``k D`, ?145. D`rp, ]`nojc. ?185. Shb Dh`roj Tanebr‑s D`lpona`n.  J`nc`n & Nbw Q`rk7

Motsf`rc, ?185; =/ =999. D`worc, Hbnry, Tar. ?1?3. Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub onc Antbrprbtota`n. J`nc`n7

 N`vbjj`, ?1?3. J`nc`n7 N`vbjj`, N`vbjj`, ?148.  PPPP. D.S.A Shb Tbdrbt7 ‚Jbs nuondbs mabn ancaquábs“. J`nc`n7 nc

Dr`ebr, Sh`los ]. ?194.  N`tbs `n D`ncudt` D`ncudt`rs rs oncpumjashbc D`ncudt D`ncudtane. ane. =  ortadjb bc. rbv.an onc bnjorebc. J`nc`n7 Uajjaol ]bbvbs, ?194. @raeanojjy os on thb

‚N`nd`nf`rlast Lusadoj G`urnoj“ an ?811. Dr`wthbr, Cuonb T. ?18?. Sbodhane Dh`roj D`ndbpts7 Talpjb Jbss`n Yjons onc

Sbodhane Oacs f`r An-rbhborsoj Dh`ar Anstrudta`n. M`untafuj, Rtoh7 H`raz`n, ?18?. Conn, H`jjas Bjjsw`rth. ?146.  H`jjas Conn T`ne Tbrabs, O D`ncudt` D`ncudt`r‑s r‑s M``k7 O

Euacb t` Dh`roj T`ne Antbrprbtota`n. Nbw Q`rk7 Olbradon M``k d`, ?146. Covas`n, Ordhamojc S. ?139. Dh`roj D`ncudtane . Dolmra Dolmraceb ceb,, Loss.7 Loss.7 Horvor Horvorcc

Rnavbrsaty Yrbss, ?139. Corr`w, Ebrojc. ?152.  F`ur Cbdocb Cbdocbss `f Dh`roj Sroanane. Lbtudhbn, N.G.7 Tdorbdr`w Yrbss. 

?32

 

Cbdkbr, Hor`jc O. onc Gujaus Hbrf`rc, bcs. ?154. Dh`roj D`ncudtane7 O Tylp`saul. Bnejbw Bnejbw``c ``c Djaffs, N.G.7 Yrb Yrbntadb ntadb Hojj, Hojj, ?154; =nc bc an ?188.   PPP. onc D`jbbn G. Kark. ?188. Dh`roj D`ncudtane7 f`dus `n d`llunadota`n.

Bnejbw``c Djaffs, N.G.7 Yrbntadb Hojj; rbprant, Yr`spbdt Hbaehts, Ajj.7 Uovbjonc Yrbss, ?188; =/?112. Cbhnane, Uajjaol. =994. Dh`rus D`nfacbntaoj7 Cbd`cane thb Tbdrbts `f thb Dh`roj  Ort. n.p., Yovonb Yu Yumjasha mjashane, ne, =994. Cbjcbvbz, Bc`uorc. ?858. J‑ort cu dhbf dhbf c‑`rdh c‑`rdhbstrb. bstrb. Yoras7 Farlan-Cacót, ?858.  Cblorbb, ]`mbrt U. Gr onc C`n V. L`sbs. ?112. Shb D`lpjbtb D`ncudt`r .

Bnejbw``c Djaffs, N.G.7 Yrbntadb-Hojj, ?112. Cbl`rbst, Ttbvbn L.  =99?.  Muajcane Dh`roj Bxdbjjbnd Bxdbjjbndb. b.  Nbw Q`rk7 @xf`rc

Rnavbrsaty Yrbss, =99?. Curront, D`jan. =994. Dh`roj D`ncudtane7 Yhaj`s`phy onc Yrodtadb.  Nbw Q`rk7

]`utjbceb, =994. Borhort, Uajj. ?14?. Shb Bj`qubnt Mot`n. Nbw Q`rk7 L. Uatlork onc T`ns, ?14?.  PPPP. ?145. Dh`roj Sbdhnads7 O D`ursb Antberotane Taeht-Taneane, V`doj Sroanane,

Dh`roj ]bpbrt`ry onc Lusadoj Rncbrstoncane. (Sbodhbr‑s lonuoj an oppbncax).   Nbw Q`rk7 Uatlork & T`ns, ?145. Bmbrhorct, Dorj. ?154.  O Euacb t` Tuddbssfuj Dh`roj ]bhborsoj ]bhborsojs. s. Sronsjotbc fr`l

thb Ebrlon my Kurt Ladhobjas. Fronkfurt, Nbw Q`rk7 Hbnry Jat`jff‑s Vbrjoe; D.F. Ybtbrs, ?154. Bcjunc, Jors. ?184.  K`rstucabr < Dh`rstucab Dh`rstucabnn < Dh`roj stucabs. Sro Sronsj nsjot otbc bc an

Ebrlon my Gujaonb Modklon, an Bnejash my ]`mbrt Dorr`jj. Tt`dkh`jl 7 OM  N`rcasko Lusakf`rjoebt/Bcata`n Uajhbjl Honsbn Tt`dkh`jl, d. ?184. Bhlonn, Uajhbjl. ?131.  Cab Dh`rfúhru Dh`rfúhrune  ne .  Monc =. Kossbj7 Mãrbnrbatbr, ?131;

Sronsjotbc Eb`reb C. Uabmb uncbr thb tatjb Dh`roj Carbdtane,  Lannbop`jas7 Ouesmure Yumjashane H`usb, ?168.  Honcmudh cbr dh`ras  PPP. onc Froukb Froukb Hoosblonn. Hoosblonn. ?18?. ?18?. Honcmudh dh`rasdhbn dhbn Ttal Ttallmajcune. lmajcune. ]bv. bc., Kossbj7 Mãrbnrbatbr-Vbrjoe, ?18?. Sronsjotbc my Mrbnco Tlath uncbr thb tatjb V`adb Muajcane f`r Dh`ars. Dhopbj Hajj, Hajj, ND 7 Hanshow Lusad And./Shb Ubstlanstbr Ubstlanstbr Jamrory, ?18=. Bhrbt, Uojtbr. ?121. Shb Dh`roj D`ncudt`r‑s Honcm``k.  Nbw Q`rk7 Bcworc M.

Lorks Lusad D`rp`rota`n, ?121. Badhbnmbrebr ]`cnby. ?113. Uhot Shby Tbb As Uhot Q`u Ebt 7 Jankane thb Vasuoj,

thb Ouroj onc thb Kanbtad t` Yr`l`tb Ortastad Dh`roj Taneane . Dhopbj Dhopbj Ha Hajj, jj, N.D. N.D.77 Hanshow Lusad.

?36

 

Brads`n, Brad, Eösto @hjan, onc Jbnnort Tpânembre.?153. Dh`roj D`ncudtane .

Sronsjotbc fr`l thb Twbcash onc bcatbc my Eunajjo Lordus onc N`rlon Jum`ff,  Nbw Q`rk7 Uojt`n Lusad D`rp`rota`n, ?156. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?153, Tt`dkh`jl7 Tvbraebs Körförmuncs. Bsdhwbajbr, Fronz. ?1=9.  Cbr Cbr Dh`rcaraebnt7 proktasdhbr ]otbebmbr fúr onebhbncb onebhbncb  Caraebntbn.  Caraebntb n. Köjn ol ]hban7 Y.G. S`nebr, ?1=9.   Formbrlon, Hor`jc. ?115. Shb Ort `f D`ncudtane Sbdhnaqub7 O Nbw Ybrspbdtavb.

Laola7 Uornbr Mr`s., ?115. Fbnt`n, Uajjaol D. ?119. Dh`roj Lusadaonshap7 O Carbdt`r's Euacb t` Mbttbr . Jbmon`n, Anc. 7 H`ust`n Yum, ?119.  Fátas, Fronå`as-G`sbph. [?146\Sroatá cu dhont bn dh`bur, rácaeá p`ur j‑usoeb cbs

carbdtburs c‑ád`jbs cb lusaqub, cbs dhbfs cb dhŔurs c‑áejasb, cb tháítrbs bt cb d`ndbrts, cbs loîtrbs cb pbnsa`nnots cbs cbux sbxbs bt cbs anstatutburs cbs ád`jbs  praloarbs bt bt cb dhoratá dhoratá.. Yoras7 Mroncus bt Dab Bcatburs, [?146\.

 PPPP. [?145\  Lonubj cbs d`lp`satburs, d`lp`satburs, carbdtburs cb lusaqub, dhbfs c‑`rdhbst c‑`rdhbstrb rb bt cb lusaqub lajatoarb `u Sroatá láth`caqub cb j‑horl`nab. cbs anstrulbnts, cbs v`ax, bt cb t`ut db qua bst rbjotaf é jo d`lp`sata`n, é jo carbdta`n bt é j‑bxáduta`n cb jo lusaqub. Yoras/Mbrjan7 Tdhjbsanebr, [?145\. Fjblane, Eb`reb S.  nc. [?1910\  O Srbotasb `n thb Sroanane `f M`y‑s V`adbs; onc

Dhoptbrs `n Dh`ar @reonazota`ns D`lpajbc f`r thb Rsb `f Dh`arlostbrs. J`nc`n7 Uajjaol ]bbvbs, nc. [?1910\ Fann, Uajjaol G. ?142.  On Bpat`lb `f T`lb Yrandapjb Yrandapjbss `f Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub. Sbdhnaqub.

M`st`n7 D. D. Mardhorc D`, ?142.  PPPP. ?141. ?141. Shb Ort `f thb Dh`roj D`ncudt`r . M`st`n7 M`st`n7 D.D. Mardhorc Mardhorc & D`, ?141. ?141.  PPPP.  ?133. Shb D`ncudt`r ]oasbs Has Mot`n. Nbw Q`rk Q`rk & J J`nc` `nc`nn 7 Hor Horpbr pbr &

Mr`thbrs Yum, ?133. F`wjbr, Dhorjbs, bc.  ?185. D`nsdabndb `f o Yr`fbssa`n7 H`worc Twon, Dh`roj

Hajj, N.D.7 Hanshow Hanshow Lusad.  Carbdt`r onc onc Sbodh Sbodhbr  br . Dhopbjj Hajj, Fudhs, Ybtbr Y. ?161. Shb Ysydh`j`ey `f D`ncudtane.  Nbw Q`rk7 LDO Yumjadota`ns, ?161.  Eojkan, Bjja`tt U. ?188.  O Hast`ry `f @rdhbstro @rdhbstrojj D`ncudta D`ncudtane7 ne7 an Shb`ry onc

Q`rk7 `rk7 Ybncroe`n Ybncroe`n Yrbss. Yrbss.  Yrodtadb. Nbw Q Eorrbts`n, ]`mbrt J. ?16?. D`ncudtane Dh`roj Lusad. M`st`n7 Ojjyn & Mod`n,

?16?; =nc  bc. an ?162;  8th  (p`sthul`us) bc., rbv. onc ouelbntbc. Rppbr Toccjb ]avbr, N.G.7 Yrbndtadb Hojj, ?118. Ebhrkbns, Korj U. ?1?1.  Bssbntaojs an D`ncud D`ncudtane. tane. M`st`n7 @javbr Cats`n Dab, ?1?1.

?35

 

 PPP. ?149. Swbnty Jbss`ns an D`ncudtane. M`st`n7 @javbr Cats`n Dab, ?149. Ebrs`n-Kawa, Bcath onc Covac Hajby. =99?.  ‘Dhbar`n`ly‑, Shb Nbw Er`vb

 Cadta`nory `f Lusad onc Lusadaons bc. T. Tocab onc G. Syrrbjj, J`nc`n7 Lodlajjon.  Cadta`nory v`j 27223-228  Ejbnn, Dor`jb. ?11?.  An _ubst `f Onswbrs Onswbrs77 Antbrvabws wath Olbradon Dh`roj

Hajj, N.D.7 Ha Hanshow nshow Lusad. Lusad. D`ncudt`rs. Dhopbj Hajj, E`rc`n, Jbwas. ?155.  Dh`roj Carbdt`r‑s D`lpjbtb Honcm``k. Ubst Nyodk, N.Q.7

Yorkbr, ?155.  PPP. ?181. Dh`roj Carbdt`r‑s ]bhborsoj onc Ybrf`rlondb Euacb. Ubst Nyodk,

 N.Q.7 Yorkbr, ?181.  Erodb, Horvby. nc [?149\. Shb Sroanane onc D`ncudtane `f Dh`roj T`dabtabs.

J`nc`n7 N`vbjj`, nc. @raeanojjy pumjashbc os ortadjb an thb J`nc`n Lusadoj Salbs [?149\  Erotzka, Mbttano. ?114.  Cab rbanb Ant`nota`n al Dh`rebso Dh`rebsone  ne . @rphbus-

Tdhraftbnrbahb zu Eruncfroebn cbr Lusak ;Mc. 59 M`nn 7 Vbrjoe fur Tystblotasdhb Lusakwassbnsdhoft, ?114. Eroy, H. U. ?134. Shb Dh`ar J`ft onc thb Yujpat. Nbw Q`rk7 H.U. Eroy, ?134. Erbbn, Bjazombth O. ?16?. Shb L`cbrn D`ncudt`r7 O D`jjbeb Sbxt `n D`ncudtane,

 Mosbc `n Yrandapjb Yrandapjbss `f Nad`joa Lojk` os Tbt F`rth an has Shb D`ncudt` D`ncudt`rr onc Has Bnejbw``c, w``c, N.G.7 Yrbndt Yrbndtadb adb Hojj, ?16?; 6/?115.  Mot`n. Bnejb  PPP . onc Nad`joa Lojk`. ?152. Shb D`ncudt`r onc Has Td`rb. Bneb Bnebjw jw`` ``cc  Djaffs,

 N.G.7 Yrbndtadb-Hojj, ?152. Er`smoynb, Mbngolan. ?126.  Sbdhnaqubs `f L`cbrn @rdhbstroj D`ncudtane  

.Dolmraceb, LO7 Horvorc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss, ?126; = nc  bc. rbv. onc bnjorebc. an ?154.

Erun`w, ]adhorc F. onc Lajf`rc H. Fore`. ?182. Shb Dh`roj Td`rb ]bocane

 Yr`erol. Dhadoe`7 E.A.O. Yumjadota`ns, ?182.

Hombrjbn, G`hn M. ?155. Lostbrane D`ncudtan D`ncudtanee Sbdhnaqu Sbdhnaqubs. bs. Dholpoaen, Ajj.7 Lork

F`stbr, ?155. Hojj, Uojtbr H. ?196. Shb Bssbntaojs `f Dh`ar M`y Sroanane.  Nbw Q`rk7 N`vbjj`

(Eroy), ?196. Hollor, ]ussbjj. ?183.  Yroelot  Yroelotad ad Dh`roj Yr`dbcu Yr`dbcurbs rbs. Lb Lbtu tudhb dhbn, n, N. N.G. G. on oncc

J`nc`n7 Shb Tdorbdr`w Yrbss, ?183. Hoosblonn, Froukb onc Golbs G`rcon. ?11?.   Er`up V`doj Sbdhnaqub. Dhopbjj

Hajj, N.D.7 Hanshow Lusad, ?11?.

?38

 

Horrass, Brnbst D. ?18?.  G`honn Lotthbs`n‑s Cbr V`jjk`llbnb V`jjk`llbnb Dopbjjlbastbr. O

 ]bvasbc Sronsjota`n wath Dratadoj D`llbntory. Onn Orm`r, Ladh.7 RLA ]bsbordh Yrbss.

Bnejbw bw``c ``c Hbffbrnon, Dhorjbs U. ?18=. Dh`roj Lusad7 Sbdhnaqub onc Ortastry. Bnej Djaffs, N.G.7 Yrbndtadb Hojj, ?18=.  Hg`rtsvone, Dorj.  ?13?. Shb Olotbur Dh`ar Carbdt`r7 O Honcm``k . Nbw Nbw Q`rk Q`rk,,

 Noshvajjb7 Omanec`n-D`kbsmury Yrbss, ?13?. ?13? . H`fmoubr, Kurt. ?158. Yroxas cbr cbr Dh`rasdh Dh`rasdhbn bn Ttall Ttallmajcune  majcune . Loanz7 Tdh`tt, Tdh`tt, ?158. ?158. H`jsanebr, Djycb U. ?123. ‚O Hast`ry `f Dh`roj D`ncudtane wath Blphosas `n thb

Salb-Mbotane Sbdhnaqubs.“ YhC cass., N`rthwbstbrn N`rthwbstbrn Rnavb Rnavbrsaty, rsaty, Bvonst`n, Bvonst`n, Ajj. H`jst, Al`ebn. ?154. D`ncudtane o Dh`ar7 O Euacb f`r Olotburs. J`nc`n7 @xf`rc

Rnavbrsaty Yrbss, ?154. H`wbrt`n, Eb`reb. ?125. Sbdhnaqub onc Ttyjb an Dh`roj Taneane.  Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj Fashbr, ?125.  Hunsmbrebr, C`nojc onc ]`y B. Brnst. ?184. Shb Ort `f D`ncudtane. Nbw Q`rk7

Kn`pf, ?184, =/?11=.

Hyjt`n, G`hn M. ?112. D`lprbhbnsavb Dh`roj Lusad Bcudota`n. Bnejbw``c Djaffs,  N.G.7 Yrbntadb-Hojj, ?112. 

Mojtal`rb7 Ybjadon Ybjadon M``ks. M``ks. God`ms, Orthur, bc. ?164. Dh`roj Lusad. Mojtal`rb7 J`ss One Onebjb bjbs7 s7 God`ms, ]uth Krbhmabj. nc. [?14=-?13-\. Shb Yrodtadoj Dh`arlostbr . J` Dh`ar Yumjadota`n, nc. [?14=/ ?13-\.  PPP. ?128. Shb Dhajcrbn‑s Dh`ar. ]`dk Asjonc, Ajjan`as7 Oueustono Yrbss, ?128. Gbffbrs, ]`n. ?188. Sronsjota`n onc Onn`tota`n `f Dh`roj ]bpbrt`arb. D`rvojjas,

@rbe`n7 Borths`nes, ?188. Gbnnanes, G`hn U. onc Kbnnbth J. Nbacae, bcs. ?165. Dh`roj Carbdt`r‑s Euacb.

Ubst Nyodk, N.Q.7 Yorkbr, ?165.

Fashbr, r, G`nbs, Ordhab N. ?138. Sbdhnaqubs `f Dh`roj D`ncudtane.  Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj Fashb ?138. Kobjan, Yabrrb.?131.  Jb javrb cu dhbf cb dh`bur, bssoa c'unb láth`cb c'ort dh`roj . Ebnèvb7 Bcata`ns ]bná Kastbr, ?131.  Kohn, Blaj. ?162. D`ncudtane.  Nbw Q`rk7 Shb Frbb Yrbss (Lodlajjon), ?162. Kopjon, Omrohol. ?182. Dh`roj D`ncudtane. Nbw Q`rk7 N`rt`n, ?182. Kbrr, Onato. ?15=. V`adbs7 wath D`lpjbtb ]bd`rcbc Bxolpjbs.  Nbw Q`rk7 LDO Lusad, ?15=.  Kajmurn, N[adh`jos\. nc. [?199-?1?90\.  H`w t` Lonoeb o Dh`roj T`dabty. =nc bc.

[?199 ?1?90\. rbv onc bnj. J`nc`n7 Uajjol ]bbvbs, nc. [?199-?1?90\

. =  bc.

?31

 

Kgbjs`n, Jbb onc Golbs B. LdDroy. ?154. Shb Tanebr‑s Lonuoj `f Dh`roj Lusad

 Jatbroturb.. Lbjvajjb, N.Q.7Mbjwan Lajjs, ?154.  Jatbroturb K`hut, Conabj onc G`b U. Eront. ?119.  Jbornane t` D`ncudt onc ]bhbors ]bhborsb7 b7 o

Sbxtm``k f`r D`ncudtane Ttucbnts onc Shbar Sbodhbrs. Bnejbw``c Djaffs, NG7 Yrbntadb-Hojj, ?119.  K`rtkolp, Avon. ?126. Shb Ocvondbc Dh`ar. Cbd`roh, A`wo7 Cbd`roh Yumjashbrs, ?126. th

Krbms, Dorj. ?1?1. Lbastbr cbs Soktst`dk Soktst`dks. s. ?-3  bc. Mbrjan7 Tdhustbr & J`bffjbr. Kr`nb, Lox S. ?132. Shb Dh`rus onc ats D`ncudt`r. Dhadoe`7 Nbaj O. Kg`s Lusad,

?132. Kr`nb, Lox S. ?132. Bxprbssav  Bxprbssavbb D`ncud D`ncudtane. tane. Dhadoe`7 Nbaj O. Kg`s Lusad, ?132. Kuffbroth, Louradb. ?819.  J‑ort cb caraebr7 ]adhorc Uoenbr bt jo ‚Nbuvaè ‚Nbuvaèlb lb

 sylph`nab“ cb Mbbth`vbn. Hons ]adhtbr bt jo sylph`nab bn ut lanbur. J‑acyjjb cb  sylph`nab“ Tabefrabc. Antbrprbtota`n bt trocata`n. 4rc  bc. Yoras7 Jamroarab Fasdhmodhbr, ?191.

@raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?819. Jomuto, G`sbph. ?112.  Mosad D`ncudtan D`ncudtanee Sbdhnaq Sbdhnaqubs. ubs. 4rc  bc. Bnejbw``c Djaffs,  N.G7 Yrbntadb-Hojj, ?112.  Jolm, E`rc`n H. ?153. Dh`roj Sbdhnaqubs. Cumuqub, Cumuqub, A`wo7 U U.. D. Mr`w Mr`wn, n, ?153,

=/?188. Josbr, Orthur. ?193. Cbr L`cbrnb Caraebnt. Jbapzae7 Mrbatk`pf & Hãrtbj, ?193. Jant`n, Ttonjby. ?18=. D`ncudtane Funcolbntojs.  Nbw Q`rk7 Yrbndtadb-Hojj, ?18=.  Jömlonn, Hue`. ?1?4.  Wur Ebsdhad Ebsdhadhtb htb cbs Soktabrb Soktabrbns ns unc Caraeabrbns. Caraeabrbns.

Cússbjc`rf7 Tdhwonn. J`rbnz, Bjjbn G. ?168. Shb Jbornane Dh`ar. Noshvajjb7 Omanec`n Yrbss, ?168.   Lojk`, Nad`joa. ?129. Shb D`ncudt`r onc Has mot`n7 Funcolbntojs `f thb Sbdhnad

`f D`ncudtane. D`pbnhoebn7 Uajhbjl Honsbn, ?129. Lons`n, G`hn J. ?16?.  Antbrprb  Antbrprbtavb tavb Dh`roj Taneane.  Noshvajjb, Sbnnbssbb7

Mr`oclon Yrbss, ?16?. LdDjune, Ojon. =992. ‚Rsane Vacb` Tbjf-Ossbsslbnt S` Bnhondb N`nvbrmoj D`ncudtane Ebsturb“ Dh`roj G`urnoj v`j. 32 assub 1 (Opraj =992), =5-42. LdDroy, Uojtbr onc Dorj Musdh. ?149.  Yrandapjb  Yrandapjbss `f D`ncudtan D`ncudtane. e. Dhadoe`7 H.S.

Fratz Tal`ns D`lpony, And, ?149. LdBjhbron, Mr`dk. ?166. D`ncudtane Sbdhnaqub, f`r Mbeannbrs onc Yr`fbssa`nojs .  Nbw Q`rk7 @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss, ?166, =/?181. =/?18 1. 

?29

 

LdKannby, Golbs D. ?18=. Shb Caoen`sas onc D`rrbdta`n `f V`doj Foujts. O

 Lonuoj f`r Sbodhb Sbodhbrs rs `f Taneane onc f`r Dh`ars Carbdt`rs. ]bv. ]bv. onc bbxpo xponcbc ncbc bc. bc. Ton Cabe`7 Taneujor Yumjashane Er`up, And., ?113. Farst bcata`n an ?18=. Lbbs, Orthur. ?19?. Dh`ars onc Dh`roj Lusad. ]bprant. Nbw Q`rk7 Hoskbjj H`usb

Yumjashbrs, ?161. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?19?. Lak`rby, Fronz. ?1?5. Erunczúeb banbr    Caraeabrjbh  Caraeabrjbhrb7 rb7 Mbtrodhtu Mbtrodhtunebn nebn úmbr Sbdhnak unc Yb`sab cbs l`cbrnbn @rdhbstbr-Caraeabrbns. Jbapzae7 D.F. Kohnt, ?1?5. Lajjbr, Kbnnbth B.  ?151.  O Honcm` Honcm``k `k `f Dh`roj Lusad Tbjbdta` Tbjbdta`n, n, Td`rb

 Yrbporota`n  Yrbporota `n onc Ura Uratane. tane. Ubst Nyodk, N.Q.7 Yorkbr, ?151. Lanshojj, B[mbnbzbr\. ?886. @reon, @reonasts, onc Dh`ars7 o M``k `f Hants onc

Tueebsta`ns f`r Ojj Antbrbstbc an N`nd`nf`rlast Dhurdh Lusad. J`nc`n7  Durwbn & T`ns, ?886.

Lannbop`jas, Lannbs`to, Lannbs`to, Ou Ouesmure esmure L`b, Conabj S. ?15=.  Mosad Dh`roj D`ndbpts. Lannbop`jas, Yumjashane H`usb, ?15=.  PPP. ?154.  Yr`mjbls an D`ncudt D`ncudtane. ane. ]bv. bc. Lannbop`jas7 Ouesmure Yumjashane

H`usb, ?154. L``cy, Dhorjbs. ?1=4. Shb Dh`ar-M`y an thb Lokane7 o Yrodtadoj onc D`ndasb

Srbotasb `n thb Sroanane `f Dh`rastbrs. J`nc`n7 Hulphrby Lajf`rc onc @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss, ?1=4. L`sbs, C`n V., ]`mbrt U. Cblorbb Gr, onc Ojjbn F. @hlbs. ?185.  Fodb t` Fodb

wath on @rdhbstro. Yrandbt`n, N.G.7 Yrbstaeb Yumjadota`ns,And, ?185. Nbubn, C`nojc. =99=. Dh`roj D`ndbpts. Mbjl`nt, DO7 Uocsw`rth/Sh`lps`n

Jbornane, =99=. Nadh`js`n, Tycnby H. ?14=. _uarbs onc Yjodbs Uhbrb Shby Tane. J`nc`n7 Mbjj onc

T`ns, ?14=. J`nc`n7 TYDK, ?13=. dhoptbr ‚Yrodtadoj lbth`cs an dh`ar troanane“ mbbn rbbcatbc sbporotbjy uncbr Shb thb solb nolb my TYDK an ?129.  hos]bprant N`wok, Gbrry onc Hbnry. =99=. D`ncudtane thb Lusad, N`t thb Lusadaons.  Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj Fashbr, =99=. @ttbrstban, Oc`jph U. ?139. Shb Mot`n an L`ta`n7 O Yh`t`erophad Yrbsbntota`n

`f thb Sbdhnaqub `f D`ncudtane S`ebthbr wath Lotbraoj f`r Yrodtadb wath on Occbc Tbdta`n `n V`doj D`ncudtane. =nc bc.   rbv. onc oue. Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj Fasdhbr, ?13=. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?139. Yoeb, ]`mbrt, J`uasb Erbbnmbre, onc Frbc Jbasb, bcs. ?111. Shb Dh`rus

 Honcm``k7 Dh`rus ?9?7 Shb H`w-t` M``k f`r @reonaza  Honcm``k7 @reonazane ne onc @pbrota @pbrotane ne o  Yr`fbssa`noj  Yr`fbssa`n oj `r V`juntb V`juntbbr br Dh`roj Bnsblmjb Bnsblmjb.. Uoshanet`n C.D.7 Dh`rus Olbrado, ?111. 

?2?

 

Ybj`quan, D. Ojbxoncbr. ?16=. Dh`roj Yrbdasa`n. S`jbc`7 Erbe`raon Anstatutb `f

Olbrado, ?16=. Ybtbrs`n, Youj U.  ?122.  Noturoj Taneane onc Bxprbss Bxprbssavb avb D`ncudta D`ncudtane  ne . Uans Uanst` t`nn-

Tojbl, N.D.7 G.F. Mjoar, ?122. Yfoutsdh, Jj`yc. ?161.  Lbntoj Uorlu Uorlups ps f`r thb Dh`roj Carbdt`r. Carbdt`r.  Nbw Q`rk7

Jows`n-E`ujc, ?161. Yhajjaps, Kbnnbth H. ?115.  Mosad Sbdhnaqu Sbdhnaqubb `f D`ncudt D`ncudtane. ane.  Nbw Q`rk7 @xf`rc

Rnavbrsaty Yrbss, ?115. Yjoyer`unc onc ]bdrbota`n Oss`daota`n `f Olbrado. ?1=6. D`llunaty Lusad. O

 Yrodtadoj Euacb f`r thb D`ncudt `f D`llunaty Lusad Odtavaty. M`st`n7 Mardhorc & D`., ?1=6. Yrousnatz, Frbcbrak.  ?184. Td`rb onc Y`caul7 O D`lpjbtb Euacb t` D`ncudtane.

 Nbw Q`rk7 N`rt`n, ?184. ]o`, C`rbbn.?114. Ub wajj sane! Dh`roj lusad Bxpbrabndb f`r Djossr``l Dh`ars.

J`nc`n & Nbw Q`rk7 M``sby & Howkbs, ?114.   ]adhorcs`n, O. Locbjby. nc. [?1990\.  Dh`ar Sroanane Mosbc `n V`adb Yr`cudta`n.  J`nc`n7 Vandbnt Lusad D`lpony, nc. [?1990\ ]adhorcs`n, O. Locbjby. ?1?3. Shb Dh`rojtroanbr‑s Ort.  Nbw Q`rk7 Tdharlbr,

?1?3. ]`mbrts`n, C`ro. ?148. Torul Dj`sb7 o Hast`ry `f thb Jafb onc Bcudota`n `f thb

Dothbcroj Dh`rastbrs f`r 599 ybors. J`nc`n7 G. Dopb, ?148. ]`mans`n, ]oy, onc Ojjbn Uan`jc. ?156. Shb Dh`roj Bxpbrabndb7 Jatbroturb,

] `w; rbprant, Yr`spbdt Hbaehts, Ajj.7  Lotbraojs, onc Lbth`cs.  Nbw Q`rk7 Horpbr & ]`w; Uovbjonc Yrbss, ?156, =/?11=.  ]`cebrs, G.O. ?1??.  Cr Hbnry D`worc, thb Ya`nbbr Dh`rus-Lostbr. Dh`rus-Lostbr. J`nc`n7 G`hn

Jonb, Shb M`cjby Hboc. ]`b, Youj F. ?159. Dh`roj Lusad Bcudota`n. Bnejbw``c Djaffs, N.G.7 Yrbndtadb Hojj, ?159. =/?184, 4/?113. ]`rkb, Ebnbvabvb O. ?135. Dh`roj Sbodhane ot thb Guna`r Haeh Tdh``j Jbvbj.

Dhadoe`7 Hojj & LdDrbory, ?135. ]`ss, Ojjon O. ?156. Sbdhnaqubs f`r Mbeannane D`ncudt`rs. Mbjl`nt, Dojaf.7

Uocsw`rth Yumjashane, ?156. ]uc`jf, Lox. ?129. Shb Erollor `f D`ncudtane7  O Yrodtadoj Ttucy `f L`cbrn

 Mot`n Sbdhnaqub. Sbdhnaqub. Nbw Q`rk7 Tdharlbr, ?129. Totbrbn, Jbjonc M. ?128. Shb Nbw T`ne7 O Euacb t` L`cbrn Lusad f`r thb Rsb an

thb Dhurdh Dh`ar. Lannbop`jas7 Ouesmure Yumjashane H`usb, ?128.

?2=

 

 PPP. ?164. Dratbrao f`r Guceane Dh`roj Lusad onc th`sb Ttroaeht-t`nb Dh`ars.

Lannbop`jas7 Ouesmure Yumjashane H`usb, ?164.  PPP. ?168.  F`dus `n Laxbc Lusad onc Janb an Dh`roj Lusad. Lannbop`jas7

Ouesmure Yumjashane H`usb, ?168. zaee7 Tdh`tt‑s Töhnb, Tdhbrdhbn, Hbrlonn.  ?1=1.  Jbhrmud  Jbhrmudhh cbs Caraebrb Caraebrbns ns. Jbapza ?1=1; Bnejash bc. tronsjotbc my Dojv`d`rbssa uncbr thb tatjb  Honcm`  Honcm``k `k `f D`ncudtane . Nbw Q`rk7 Q`rk7 @xf`rc Rnavb Rnavbrsaty rsaty Yrbs Yrbss, s, ?144. Tdhröcbr, Dorj.?881.  Honcm``  Honcm``kk `f D`ncudta D`ncudtane. ne.Sronsjotbc my G. Lotthbws.

J`nc`n7 Ouebnbr, ?881.@raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?881 uncbr thb tatjb  Kotbdh  Kotbdhaslus aslus cbs Caraeabrbns unc Soktabrbns7 cbr Kopbjjlbastbr unc sban Uarkuneskrbas.   2th rbvasbc bc. an ?1?5 uncbr thb tatjb Honcmud  Honcmudhh cbs Caraeabr Caraeabrbns bns unc Soktabrbns. Soktabrbns. Mbrjan7 Lox Hbssb‑s Vbrjoe.  Tdhumbrt, Fronz J. ?863.  Cbr proktasdhb Lusakcarb Lusakcarbkt`r; kt`r; `cbr, Ubewbasb Ubewbasbrr fúr Jbazpae7 Lb Lbrsbmurebr rsbmurebr,, ?863.  Lusak-Caraebntbn  Lusak-Car aebntbn. Jbazpae7 Tdhúnblonn, Eb`re. ?1?4. Ebsdhadhtb cbs Caraeabrbns. ]bprant7 Hajcbshbal7

Eb`re @jls - Uabsmocbn7 Mrbatk`pf & Hortbj, ?162.  @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?1?4. Td`tt, Dhorjbs Kbnnbcy. ?195. Locraeoj Taneane7 O Fbw ]blorks `n thb Ttucy `f

 Locraeoj Lusad wath on Bxpjono Bxpjonota`n ta`n `f thb L`cbs & o N`tb `n thbar ]bjota`n t` nc  Y`jyph`ny.  Y`jyph`n y.  =   bc. rbv. onc olp. J`nc`n7 Hulphrby Lajf`rc. @xf`rc Rnavbrsaty Yrbss,?14?; ?st bc. J`nc`n 7 Mrbatk`pf & Hortbj, ?195. Tbacj, Orthur. ?19=. L`cbrnb Caraebntbn. Caraebntbn. Mbrjan7 Tdhustbr & J`bffjbr, ?19=.  Thbwon, ]`mbrt.  ?154. V`adb Sroanane f`r thb Haeh-sdh``j Dh`rus.  Nbw Q`rk7

Yorkbr, ?154. Tall`ns, ]`mbrt B.  ?196.  Yrodtado  Yrodtadojj Y`ants f`r Dh`roj Tanebrs. Urattbn spbdaojjy

 f`r thb usb `f thb ‚Tanb N`lanb“ Yrazb Dh`ar, Mrast`j. J`nc`n7 Vandbnt Lusad D`lpony, ?196. Tal`ns, Horrabt. ?184.  Dh`roj D`ncudtane7 O Jbocbrshap Sbodhane Oppr`odh.

Dholpoaen, Ajj.7 Lork F`stbr, ?184. Tlojjlon, G`hn onc B.H. Uajd`x. ?144. Shb Ort `f O Doppbjjo Taneane, wath

Taxtbbn ]bprbsbntotavb U`rks. D`ntoanane Anstrudta`n f`r Tanebrs an Dh`roj Er`ups, t` Yr`l`tb on Ortastad Bnsblmjb; onc Onojysas `f thb D`lp`sata`ns f`r Sbdhnaqub,  Antbrprbtota`n,  Antbrprbt ota`n, onc O Opprbdaota` pprbdaota`n. n. M`st`n7 @javbr Cats`n D`lpony, ?144. Tlath, Mrbnco G`. onc ]`mbrt S. Totoj`ff. =999. Dh`roj Ybcoe`ey. Ton Ca Cabe be`, `, DO.7 Taneujor Yumjashane Er`up, =999.   Tlathbr, H`worc.  ?115.  Hast`ry `f thb @rot`ra`, v`j =7 Shb @rot`ra` an thb

 Mor`qub Bro, Yr`tbston Yr`tbstontt Ebrlony onc Bnejonc (Dhopbjj Hojj7 Rnavbrsat `f N`rth Dor`jano Yrbss, ?115)

 

?24

 

Ttont`n, ]`yoj. ?15?. Shb Cynolad Dh`roj D`ncudt`r. Cbjoworb Uotbr Eop, Yo.

Thownbb Yrbss, ?15?. Ttot`n, Frbcbrad G. ?13=. Twbbt Taneane an thb Dh`ar7 o Honcm``k `f Dh`roj

Sbdhnaqub. S`r`nt`7 Djorkb, Arwan & D`lpony, ?13=. Ttopjbs, H. G. ?141. Shb Dh`arlostbr onc @reonast. J`nc`n7 Bpw`rth Yrbss, ?141.

Q`rk77 ?15?. ?15?. Ttbanmbre, F. ?15?. Shb Fundta`n `f o D`ncudt`r . Nbw Q`rk Tt`bssbj, Ojmbrt. ?1=8. Shb Sbdhnad `f   thb Mot`n.  Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj Fasdhbr, ?1=9;

=nc bc. rbvasbc. Nbw  Nbw Q`rk7 Dorj Fasdhbr, ?1=8.

 PPPP. ?14?. Shb Dh`rojast‑s C`umjb C`zbn7 Swbnty-f`ur ‚Dosb-lbth`c“ Bxbrdasbs

 f`r Tlojj onc Joreb Laxbc Dh`ars7 Uath o Yrbfodb `n Dh`roj S`nb Bxbrdasbs my Dor`janb Mbbs`n Fry. M`st`n7 Mardhorc & Dab, ?14?. Ttumms, Eb`reb B. ?188.  Yrodtado  Yrodtadojj Hants `n M`y Dh`ar Sroanane. Nbw Q`rk7 B. &

G.M. Q`une & D`, ?888. Ttullb, U`jfeone. ?13=. Uos cbr Fúhrbr cbr Banhbat v`l Tanebn wassbn luss.

 Banb brstb lusakojas lusakojasdhb dhb Hajfb fúr Guebnc Guebncfúhrbr fúhrbr unc Joabnsanewortb. Joabnsanewortb. V`jjstoncae nbumborm. unc brwbatbrtb Ouse. U`jfbnmuttbj7 E. Kojjlbybr, ?13=. Sh`los, Kurt. ?142-38.  Jbhrmudh cbr Dh`rjbatun Dh`rjbatune. e. 4 v`js.  Uabsmocbn7 Mrbatk`pf

& Hãrtbj, Hãrtbj, ?142, ?145, ?138; ?138; ?st v`j. tronsjotbc my O. Lonn onc U. L. ]bbsb uncbr thb tatjb Shb Dh`roj D`ncudt`r7 Shb Sbdhnaqub `f Dh`roj D`ncudtane an Shb`ry onc Oss`daotbc otbc Lusad Yum Yumjashbrs, jashbrs, ?15? ?15?.. Dhop. ? `f v`j. 4 trons. my  Yrodtadb. Nbw Q`rk7 Oss`da thb solb uncbr thb tatjb ‚Shb dh`roj d`ncudt`r onc thb `rdhbstro“  G`urnoj `f thb  Olbradonn Dh`roj F`  Olbrado F`uncota`n, uncota`n, v`j. XV/3 (@dt. ?154)  S`vby, Hbrmbrt E. ?144.  T`ne Carbdtane Carbdtane77 O Sbxt ff`r `r Djos Djossr``l sr``l onc Er`up

 Anstrudta`nn onc o Eua  Anstrudta` Euacb cb f`r Yr`fb Yr`fbssa`noj ssa`noj T` T`ne ne Jbocbr Jbocbrs. s. J`s Onebjbs7 S`vby, ?144. Von C`rbn, ]`mbrt. ?162.  O Yrodtadoj Yrodtadoj Euacb f`r @reonasts onc Dh`ar Carbdt`rs.

Dhorj`ttb, ND7 Mr`ct Lusad, ?162. Vbnomjbs, J. D.  ?886. Dh`roj onc @rdhbstroj T`dabtabs7 O M``k `f Hants `n Shbar @reonasota`n, onc Musanbss onc Lusadoj Lonoeblbnt. J`nc`n7 Durwbn & T`ns, ?886. Vbrbanseomb cbs Ojjeblbanbn Cbutsdhbn Dãdajabn-Vbrbans fúr cos Gohr ?859.

Úmbr cos Caraearbn koth`jasdhbr Kardhbnlusak. ]bebnsmure, Yustbt, ?859. Uoenbr, ]adhorc. ?861. @n D`ncudtane.  Sronsjotbc an ?885 my Bcworc Connrbuthbr. Nbw Q`rk7 C`vbr, ?181. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?861 uncbr thb tatjb Úmbr cos Caraeabrbn.

nc``n7 Uotts, Hor`jc B.  nc. [?1??0\. Dh`ar Sroanane an Dhurdh & Tdh``j . J`nc Vandbnt Lusad D`lpony, nc. [?1??0\

Ubmm, Euy M.,  bc. ?114.  Rp fr`nt!  Mbd`lan  Mbd`lanee thb D`lpjbtb Dh`roj D`ncudt`r. D`ncudt`r. 

M`st`n, Loss.7 BDT Yumjashane (Tdharlbr), ?114. ?23

 

rc Ubaneortnbr, Fbjax. ?812. @n D`ncudtane. Sronsjotbc fr`l thb 4  rbvasbc Ebrlon

bcata`n (?192) my Brnbst Nbwlon. Jbapzae7 Mrbatk`pf onc Hãrtbj; Nbw Q`rk7 Kojlus, ?196. @raeanojjy pumjashbc an ?812 uncbr thb tatjb Úmbr cos Caraeabrbn. Vbuthby, Ladhbj. ?11=.  Jbs sbdrbts cu dh`bur. Lonubj cb carbdta`n carbdta`n.. Jousonnb7

Bcata`ns Lusadojbs Hue, ?11=. Uajjbtts, Toncro. ?114. Rpmbot C`wnmbot7 Mosad D`ncudtane Yottbrns onc

Sbdhnaqubs. Noshvajjb, Sbnnbssbb7 Omanet`n Yrbss, ?114. ?114 .  PPP. =999.  Mby`nc thb C`wnmbo C`wnmbot7 t7 Dh`roj ]bhbo ]bhborsoj rsoj Tkajjs onc Sbdhnaq Sbdhnaqubs. ubs.  Noshvajjb7 Omanec`n Yrbss, =999.   Uajs`n Horry ]. onc Youj Von M`cberovbn. ?13=. Shb Tdh``j Lusad D`ncudt`r7

 Yr`mjbls onc Yrodtadb Yrodtadbss an Dh`roj onc Anstrulb Anstrulbntoj ntoj D`ncudtane. D`ncudtane. Dhadoe`7 Hojj & LdDjbory, ?13=.  PPP onc Godk J. Jyojj. ?125.  Muajcane o Dhurdh Dh`ar. Lannbop`jas7 Hojj &

LdDrbory, ?125.  PPP. ?121. Ortastad Dh`roj Dh`roj Taneane7 Yr Yrodtadoj odtadoj Yr`m Yr`mjbls jbls an @reo @reonazota`n, nazota`n, Sbdhnaqub, Sbdhnaqub,

onc Antbrprbtota`n. Nbw Q`rk7 Tdharlbr, ?121.

Uattb, Ebrc.?164.  Eruncrass banbr dh`rasdhbn Ttallmajcune . Kossbj Kossbj,, Nbw Q`r Q`rk7 k7

Mãrbnrbatbr, ?164. U`cbjj, Frbcbradk U. ?19?. Dh`ar onc Dh`rus D`ncudtane7 O Srbotasb `n thb

@reonazota`n, Lonoeblbnt, Sroanane onc D`ncudtane `f Dh`ars, Dh`roj T`dabtabs. ?=th bc. Yhajocbjphao7 Shb`c`rb Yrbssbr, ?14?. @reanojjy pumjashbc an ?19?. U``c, Hbnry. ?132. Om`ut D`ncudtane  D`ncudtane . J`nc`n7 J`nc`n7 Tyjvon Tyjvon Yrbss, ?132.

J`nc`n7 Osdhbrmbre Osdhbrmbre,, H`pw``c H`pw``c & U``ceotb, Jbsjab. ?133. Shb Dh`rus Lostbr . J`nc`n7 Drbw, ?133 Q`une, Ybrdy L. ?124.  O Honcm``k `f Dh`roj Sbdhnaqub. Sbdhnaqub. J`nc`n7 C. C`ms`n, ?124.   PPP. ?16=. Shb Dh`roj Srocata`n7 On Hast`radoj onc Onojytadoj Turvby fr`l thb ?6 th 

dbntury t` thb Yrbsbnt Coy. J`nc`n7 Hutdhans`n.  Wonzae, Oueustus C. ?144. D`llunaty onc Ossblmjy Taneane.  Nbw Q`rk7 L.

Uatlork & T`ns, ?144.