The Equine Distal Limb

 

The Equine Distal Limb Atlas of Clinical Anatomy Comparative Imaging and J.-M. Denoix CIRALE, Equine Clinical Unit INRA (Department of Animal Health), Anatomy Department Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort Paris, France

Manson Publishing/The Veterinary Press

 

To Nathalie, my wife, who shared these years of labour and is a continuin continuing g support in my achievements. With my admiration and love.

Copyright © 2000 Manson Publishing Ltd ISBN 1–84076–001–X All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright holder or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33–34 Alfred Place, London WC1E 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library. For full details of all Manson Publishing Ltd titles please write to Manson Publishing Ltd, 73 Corringham Road, London NW11 7DL, UK. Managing editor: Paul Bennett Project management, cover and design: Patrick Daly Colour reproduction: Jade Reprographics Printed by: Grafos SA, Barcelona, Spain

 

Contents Foreword IV

Preface V

Acknowledgements VI General Presentation of the Atlas VII The Equine Foot Dissections of the Equine Foot 1 Sagittal and Parasagittal Sections of the Equine Foot 35 Transverse Sections of the Equine Foot 63 Frontal Sections of the Equine Foot 99

The Equine Pastern Dissections of the Equine Pastern 129 Sagittal and Parasagittal Sections of the Equine Pastern 157 Transverse Sections of the Equine Pastern 183 Frontal Sections of the Equine Pastern 219

The Equine Fetlock Dissections of the Equine Fetlock 243 Sagittal and Parasagittal Sections of the Equine Fetlock 279 Transverse Sections of the Equine Fetlock 305 Frontal Sections of the Equine Fetlock 341

Glossary of English and Latin  Latin   Equivalents 374 Index 381

 

IV

Foreword  Jean-Marie Denoix is the world’s world’s foremost foremost equine musculoskeletal system anatomist, anatomist, and and using this anatomical knowledge he has become one of the world’s leading equine diagnostic ultrasonographers. No-one is better qualified to compile a reference atlas of clinical anatomy correlated with images obtained by radiography radiography,, diagnostic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. The diagnosis of lameness depends first and foremost on a detailed clinical evaluation, but it is then necessary to decide on the most appropriate imaging modality (or modalities) to use in order to help in the final diagnosis. Advanced imaging techniques require an in-depth knowledge of  anatomy for accurate interpretation; especially when using magnetic resonance imaging this must be a three-dimensional concept of anatomy. This book is a unique contribution to equine medicine and will be an invaluable reference text.

The image quality is extraordinarily high and the multiple views of each area of the distal limb provide an extremely detailed evaluation. The text clearly highlights our current limitations in localizing pain sufficiently accurately to specific anatomical structures. It emphasizes the vital importance of the knowledge of normal anatomy and the need for highly detailed evaluations using a variety of imaging techniques in order to gain maximum information about the normality or otherwise of the structures in the area under investigation. Magnetic resonance imaging has the potential in the future to enhance greatly our diagnostic capabilities in the distal limb, particularly within the foot. This book provides an excellent database of normal MRI anatomy. This work will therefore be essential for anyone involved in complex lameness evaluations, and those utilizing advanced imaging techniques.

Sue Dyson MA VetMB VetMB PhD DEO FRCVS FRCVS

 

V

Preface In the last ten years, the constant development of imaging modalities has reinforced the need for a better knowledge of anatomy. anatomy. Diagnostic imaging is now a major part of the clinical examination of lame horses and will be even more important in the future. Many of the classic books and manuals on the subject provide an anatomical basis for the understanding of the general constitution of the horse’s locomotor apparatus and are very useful for a comprehensive, overall knowledge of the anatomy of the equine limbs. But with the growing importance of diagnostic techniques, there is a need for reference anatomical documents providing providing immediate support for the interpretation of diagnostic images. The purpose of this book is to feature a direct source of information based on real, fresh anatomical specimens very close to live anatomy anatomy.. It provides reference images of the foot, pastern and fetlock – the most commonly involved areas in equine locomotor problems. The reference images include dissections, segmental anatomic sections and diagnostic images (radiographs and ultrasound scans as well as magnetic resonance imaging scans). Following the general approach of morphological sciences, based on relationships of anatomical structures and a direct analogy between images, no text is provided, but there is precise and complete labelling for each specimen or cross-section. The anatomical specimens presented in this book were prepared using various techniques of fine

dissection performed on fresh limbs, as well as on limbs injected with coloured latex into the vessels and/or synovial cavities of joints or tendon sheaths. The anatomical cross-sections were made at regular intervals in the three complementary planes of the space, after injection of coloured latex into the vessels and/or synovial cavities. Since the specimens were prepared, and the latex injected, over a considerable period of time, the colour of the latex may differ between specimens. The clinical importance of each anatomical section is illustrated by correlated diagnostic imaging documents: plain or contrast radiographic studies, ultrasound scans of sound live horses and magnetic resonance imaging scans performed on sound isolated limbs. The anatomical terms used in this book are close to those recommended in the Fourth Edition of  the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (1994) and the illustrated Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature Schaller,, 1992), but they also take into account usage among English-speaking anatomists and clini(Schaller cians, which can be found in conventional books. At the end of the book there is an alphabetical index in English, with Latin equivalents for readers in non-English speaking countries. The objective of this atlas is to provide the clinician with the anatomical basis required for the main steps in the clinical examination of locomotor problems in horses, including: • Interpretation of local deformity (inspection), based on the topography of subcutaneous structures. • Regional analgesia (nerve blocks) and intrasynovial analgesia (joint or tendon sheaths blocks), based on precise anatomical landmarks. • Interpretation of diagnostic analgesia, using nerve and synovial relationships. • Preparation and interpretation of soft tissue images, especially ultrasound scans. • Anatomical landmarks for orthopaedic surgery and local injection or treatment. My priority has been to produce a book that is informative and easy to use; I hope it will be useful in resolving the diagnosis of a large variety of clinical conditions involving the equine distal limb and for the teaching of locomotor diseases in the horse.

 Jean-Mar  Jean -Marie ie Denoix Denoix

 

VI

Acknowledgements Many individuals contributed and helped in the production of this book. I would like to thank especially P. Perrot and B. Bousseau for their invaluable help in the preparation of the anatomical sections, in the presentation of the book, as well as in the labelling of the legends. Many thanks to Professor Mathieu (Hopital Henri Mondor, Mondor, Creteil-F) for having allowed us to produce the MRI scans in his department, and to Dr J. Tapprest who provided many of them. Finally, I would like to acknowledge all the equine practitioners and colleagues who regularly encouraged me to complete this book, as they wished to have at their disposal the iconography performed on the anatomy and diagnostic imaging of one of the main parts of the horse’s horse’s locomotor system.

Grants and assistance in the production of the book This work has been completed thanks to the financial support of the INRA (National Institute of  Agronomic Research – Department of Animal Health), and of the Haras Nationaux (French Horse Breeding Institute).

 

VII

General Presentation of the Atlas Objective The aim of this book is to show the anatomy of the horse’s distal limb (foot, pastern and fetlock) exclusively in the form of dissected anatomical specimens, anatomical cross-sections cross-sections and diagnostic imaging documents – radiographs, ultrasonograms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans – with explanatory legends. These illustrations should provide:

• Basic anatomical data, as required for physical examination and for carrying out diagnostic anal• •

gesia (nerves and synovial blocks). Reference images for interpreting diagnostic imaging (radiographs, ultrasonograms and MRI scans). Anatomical guidelines, references and illustrations required for actual treatment (e.g. for surgical approaches or local injections into joint cavities and tendon sheaths, as well as in other anatomi-

cal locations). This atlas is focused on the distal parts of the equine forelimb which is the most frequently involved area when osteoarticular and tendon lesions occur in horses. Materials and methods The book contains illustrations of reference anatomical specimens and cross-sections, in conjunction with radiographic and ultrasonographic images. MRI scans are also widely used to demonstrate the correlation between anatomy and imaging techniques. Thus, the diagnostic images can easily be compared to the anatomical cross-sections performed in the transverse, frontal and sagittal planes, in order to accurately identify each joint structure, tendon or vessel. The legends are presented mainly in English according to the recommendations of the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (Nomina ( Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria,, Fourth Edition, 1994). Because of their worldwide use, some Latin names have also Veterinaria

been employed, especially for the hoof and corium.  Anatomical illustrations

Detailed photographs of precise and cleaned anatomical dissections of fresh and injected specimens cover all aspects of the areas considered in the book. For each region they are presented from the most superficial anatomical layers to the deepest. Information on the topography of each anatomical structure is provided with these specimens. There are also highly detailed anatomical cross-sections, performed on isolated frozen limbs after the injection of coloured latex into the vessels (arteries and veins) and/or synovial cavities of joints and tendon sheaths. The limbs have been clipped to avoid contamination by hair and the cross-sections have been performed in the three complementary planes of the space (sagittal, transverse and frontal planes) in order to accurately the identity, size and topography of eachby joint tendon All planes of sectiondefine are defined and illustrated with line drawings theor author author. . structure.

 

General Presentation of the Atlas

VIII

In each area selected, casting specimens have also been prepared to illustrate the regional vascular supply or synovial cavities. Diagnostic images  Based on precise and clear anatomical data, the purpose of this atlas is to present, with each anatomical cross-section, correlated diagnostic images:

• Plain and contrast radiographs of sound horses with no history of lameness, as well as normal • •

isolated limbs. Reference ultrasound scans made using sound horses. MRI scans of isolated limbs with no lesions of the locomotor system.

The radiographs were produced using high definition single emulsion films (Kodak Min R). An 8 ratio grid with parallel lead sheaths was used for dorsopalmar and lateromedial projections of  the foot. The exposure varied from 60 to 70 kV and from 12 to 63 mAs. Sound adult horses with no history of lameness provided reference transverse and longitudinal (sagittal, parasagittal and frontal) ultrasonographic images of the foot, pastern and fetlock; these images with machine 2000) equipped with 7.5 MHz and convex were linearmade probes anda anon-portable 10 MHz sector probe.(Aloka The skin of the area was clipped and linear a standoff  pad was placed between the skin and probe in order to improve contact with the limb and enhance visualization of superficial structures. All the longitudinal and transverse ultrasound scans were recorded on 3/4 inch U-Matic videotapes to allow complete retrospective analysis and manipulation. MRI scans were performed on selected normal freshly isolated limbs. These images were produced with a 1.5 Tesla field machine (Magnetom-Siemens) using a T1 weighted sequence. Some of the MRI scans were performed after injection of ‘fat material’ or latex into the arteries or veins in order to highlight the position of these structures. Legends have been placed consistently on ultrasonograms and occasionally on radiographs. In general, legends have not been added to MRI scans, except when some vessels have undergone specific preparation, as their appearance is closely related to the anatomical sections that accompany them. Presentation Sections  For each of the anatomical regions shown – foot, pastern and fetlock – four types of images are

provided:

1 Anatomical views (dissected specimens). 2 Sagittal cross-sections (anatomical cross-sections, ultrasound scans, MRI scans) as well as lateromedial radiographs. 3 Transverse cross-sections (anatomical cross-sections, radiographs, ultrasound or MRI scans). 4 Frontal cross-sections (anatomical cross-sections, ultrasound scans, MRI scans) and dorsopalmar radiographs.

 

General Presentation of the Atlas Design  The material on each anatomical specimen or cross-section is displayed on a double page. All dissected specimens or sagittal sections are presented with the dorsal aspect facing to the left; the corresponding ultrasound scans are presented with the distal aspect on the right. All transverse sections are presented with the dorsal aspect up; the corresponding transverse ultrasonograms are

presented as they are displayed on the monitor, with the superficial structures on the top and the dorsal or medial aspect on the left.

IX

 

The Equine Foot

 

1

Dissections of the Equine Foot

 

2

Dissection 1: Corium and Hoof – Dorsal Part

11 3 8

7

3 7

4

4

9c 9 5a

5

5

9b 1

9a 6

10

1

Frontal anatomical section of the foot.

Frontal MRI scan of the foot.

6

 

Dissection 1: Corium and Hoof – Dorsal Part 1 Distal phalanx 1a Foramen of the palmar process 1b Parietal sulcus 2 Ungular cartilage

11

8

3

3

3 Corium limbi 4 Corium coronae 5 Corium parietis 5a Dermal lamellae 6 Corium soleae 7 Pulvinus coronae 8 Periople 9 Hoof wall 9a Stratum internum 9b Stratum medium 9c Stratum externum 10 Sole 11 Skin 12 Shoe

4

7

9c 9b

5

2

5a 9a 1

9 10

6

1b

1a

6

12

7 4

9

1

5

6

Sagittal MRI scan of the foot after injection of contrast material in the distal interphalangeal joint.

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the corium, lateromedial view.

 

4

Dissection 2: Corium (After Removal of the Hoof) – Collateral Part

2 2

4 8 4

8  

5

6 9

 

9

10

Frontal section of the equine foot after injection of latex in the synovial cavities and vessels.

Dorsomedial aspect of the foot after removal of the medial part of the hoof.

 

Dissection 2: Corium (After Removal of the Hoof) – Collateral Part

5

1

1 Ungular cartilage 2 Corium coronae 2a Dermal papillae 3 Corium limbi 4 Corium parietis 4a Dermal lamellae 5 Corium cunei 6 Corium soleae 6a Dermal papillae 7 Heel 8 Hoof wall 9 Sole 10 Frog (apex)

3 2

7

5

4

4a

6 6a

3

2

2a

4

4a

Dermal papillae of the corium limbi and corium coronae.

Coronal sulcus: conical depressions of the epidermis coronae that fit with the dermal papillae of the corium coronae.

 

6

Dissection 3: Corium Soleae and Corium Cunei – Distal View

10

3

2 8 9c 9d 1

7 9b

9a

Distal aspect of the foot after removal of the lateral part of the hoof.

4

3a

2

1a

Distal aspect of the corium (after removal of the hoof).

 

Dissection 3: Corium Soleae and Corium Cunei – Distal View 6

1 Corium soleae 1a Dermal 2 Corium cuneipapillae 3 Corium parietis 3a Dermal lamellae 4 Corium coronae 5 Corium limbi 6 Skin 7 Sole 7a Body 7b Branch 7c Angle 8 Frog 8a Apex 8b Body 8c Branch 8d Central cuneal sulcus 8e Paracuneal sulcus 9 Hoof wall 9a Dorsal part 9b Collateral part 9c Heel 9d Bar (inflex part) 10 Bulb of the heel 11 Shoe

5

4 10

3 2

3

8d

8c 9d   8e

1 8b

7c 8a 7b

11

7a

9a

7

9 8

Frontal MRI scan of the foot showing the different parts of the corium.

7c

Proximal aspect of the sole angle showing conical depressions for the dermal papillae of the corium soleae.

 

8

Dissection 4: Vessels and Nerves of the Digit – Medial View

14 2 15a

15

13

15b

8

15a 12

Close up view of the digital vessels and nerves (see dotted area in illustration on opposite page).

15

14 14a 13 11

15c

13c

Dissected specimen showing the proper digital vessels and nerve after partial removal of the ungular cartilage.

 

Dissection 4: Vessels and Nerves of the Digit – Medial View 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Fetlock region Proximal phalanx (P1) Dorsal digital extensor tendon Extensor branch of the third interosseous muscle Palmar annular ligament Proximal digital annular ligament Distal digital annular ligament Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) Deep digital flexor tendon Digital cushion Ungular cartilage Ergot ligament Proper palmar digital artery 13a Ergot ramus 13b Dorsal ramus of P1 13c Ramus of the digital torus 14 Proper palmar digital vein 14a Coronal vein 14b Superficial ungular plexus 14c Parietal plexus 14d Lateromedial palmar anastomosis 14e Dorsal ramus of P1 15 Proper palmar digital nerve 15a Dorsal ramus 15b Intermediate ramus 15c Ramus of the digital torus (see also page 8)

Arterial supply of the digit (only half is shown after a sagittal section).

1

5 15

14

13a 13 4 2

3

6

13b 13 15a

15b 8

14e

12 9 15 7

14a

15c 13c

14d

11 14b

14c

10

9

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the digit, oblique view.

 

10

Dissection 5: Veins of the Foot – Medial View (Hoof Wall and Corium Removed)

9 8 7 6

10

11

Casting preparation of the veins and arteries of the foot.

Contrast radiographic study of the veins (venography) and plexi of the foot, lateromedial view. view.

 

Dissection 5: Veins of the Foot – Medial View (Hoof Wall and Corium Removed) 7

5 6

1 3

12 9 8 4

10

11 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Dorsal digital extensor tendon Ungular cartilage Ergot ligament Proper palmar digital artery Proper palmar digital vein

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the foot, lateromedial view. view.

 

8 vein (vein) of the middle 9 Coronal Dorsal ramus phalanx 10 Superficial ungular plexus 11 Parietal plexus 12 Intermediate ramus of the proper palmer digital nerve

Lateromedial radiographic view of the foot.

11

12

Dissection 6: Vessels and Nerves – Palmarolateral View

12

11 10

12c 10b

8

Dissected specimen with incomplete removal of the ungular cartilage.

12 12c

11 10

10b

13 8

4

12d 12e

14

Dissected specimen with incomplete removal of the ungular cartilage and deep digital flexor tendon.

 

Dissection 6: Vessels and Nerves – Palmarolateral View 2

1 Proximal phalanx (P1) 2 Extensor branch of the third interosseous muscle

1 12a

10a

12

13

3 Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) 4 Deep digital flexor tendon 5 Palmar wall of the palmar distal recess of the digital sheath 5a Mesotendon 6 Distal digital annular ligament 7 8 9 10

11

12

13 14

3

12b

4

9 11

 

5

5a 10 6

Digital Ungularcushion cartilage Ergot ligament Proper palmar digital artery 10a Dorsal ramus of P1 10b Ramus of the digital torus Proper palmar digital vein 11a Coronal vein 11b Superficial ungular plexus 11c Parietal plexus 11d Lateromedial palmar anastomosis Proper palmar digital nerve 12a Dorsal ramus 12b Intermediate ramus 12c Ramus of the digital torus 12d Ramus for the corium and distal phalanx (page 12) 12e Ramus for the distal sesamoid bone (page 12) Distal interphalangeal joint cavity (page 12) Distal sesamoid bone (page 12)

11a

12c

12b 10b 11b

 

11d 7

8

11c

10

10

10b

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the foot, oblique view.

Dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique radiographic view of Dorsomedial-palmarolateral the foot.

 

14

Preparation 7a: Venography of the Foot 1

4

4 9

8 8 5

5 7

3

4

6

2

10

10

Contrast radiographic study of the veins (venography) of the foot, dorsopalmar view.

7 4 1 8 8

1 6 4

7 2

Casting preparation of the veins and arteries of the foot, 6

lateral view.

1 2 3 4

Middle phalanx (P2) Distal phalanx Distal sesamoid bone Proper palmar digital vein 5 Ungular plexus 6 Parietal plexus

Casting preparation of the veins and arteries of the foot, dorsal view.

7 Coronal vein 8 Dorsal ramus (vein) of P2 9 Palmar ramus (vein) of P2 10 Terminal arch

 

Preparation 7b: Arteriography of the Foot 1 6

10

6

5

5 8 2

9 15

4

11

3 7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx (P2) Distal phalanx (P3) Distal sesamoid bone Proper palmar digital artery Ramus of the digital torus Terminal arch Palmar ramus of P2 Dorsal ramus of P2 Coronal artery Dorsal ramus of P3 Perforating rami

13 (circumflex Solar marginis artery artery) 14 Arteries of the corium

15

 

12 14

12

parietis 15 Arteries of the corium coronae 16 Distal artery and vein of the distal sesamoid bone (close-up view shown below)

13

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the foot, dorsopalmar view.

12

5

5 16 3

3 13 14

7

3 12 14

12

Close-up view from the illustration above (within dotted area).

Casting preparation of the veins and arteries of the foot, distal view.

 

16

Dissection 8: Digital Cushion and Ungular Cartilage – Palmaromedial View

Medial view.

Palmaromedial view.

 

Dissection 8: Digital Cushion and Ungular Cartilage – Palmaromedial View 6 7

8a

5 6

8a

1

8a 7

4

10b

9b

8

9b

9b

10b

3

9c

8

9c

10 9 10a

2

9a

10 9d 11

Palmaromedial view.

1 Middle phalanx 2 Distal phalanx 3 Collateral ligament of the distal interphalangeal joint 4 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 5 Dorsal digital extensor tendon

7 5 4

1

8a

10

17

3

6 Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) 7 Deep digital flexor tendon 8 Distal digital annular ligament 8a Proximal attachment 9 Digital cushion 9a Section plane 9b Proximal attachment 9c Toric part 9d Cuneal part 10 Ungular cartilage 10a Section plane 10b Chondrocompedal ligament 11 Corium cunei

10

2

Medial view.

 

18

Dissection 9: Interphalangeal Joints – Collateral (Lateral or Medial) View

7 12

8 10

 

14 2a

15a

16b 10 11

 

16

14

2b 6

4 15b

3

 

Dissection 9: Interphalangeal Joints – Collateral (Lateral or Medial) View

19

1 9

13

12 5 8

10

7 2a 14

2

16b

10 11

2b 6

16 14 16a

4

3

1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx 2a Flexor tuberosity 2b Distal condyle

10 11 12 13

Collateral sesamoidean ligament Collateral ligament of the DIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch)

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Distal phalanx Distal sesamoid bone Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Middle scutum Collateral ligament of the PIP joint Abaxial palmar ligament of the PIP joint

14 Deep digital flexor tendon 15 Distal digital annular ligament 15a Proximal attachment 15b Distal attachment 16 Ungular cartilage 16a Window cut in it 16b Chondrocoronal ligament

 

20

Dissection 10: Distal Interph Dissection Interphalange alangeal al Joint and Podotrochlear Apparatus – Collateral View

13

11

12

Casting preparation of the DIP joint cavity, lateral view.

13

11 12 9

Collateral (lateral or medial) view.

Casting preparation of the DIP joint cavity, lateral view.

 

Dissection 10: Distal Interph Dissection Interphalange alangeal al Joint and Podotrochlear Apparatus – Collateral View

21

1

1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx 2a Flexor tuberosity 2b Distal condyle 3 Distal phalanx 4 Distal sesamoid bone 5 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 6 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 7 Middle scutum 8 Collateral ligament of the PIP joint 9 Collateral ligament of the DIP joint 10 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 11 Proximopalmar recess of the DIP joint 12 Collateral recess of the DIP joint 13 Dorsal recess of the DIP joint 14 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 15 Deep digital flexor tendon 16 Dorsal distal recess of the digital sheath 17 Proximal recess of the podotrochlear bursa

5

8

7 14

13 2a 2

10 16

11 9

18

2b 12

6

17 4

18 Separation between the synovial recesses 19 Needle

15 3

1

1

13 2

2 11

4

17

4 3

19

3

Double contrast radiographic study of the DIP joint cavity (arthrography), lateromedial projection.

 

Contrast radiographic study of the podotrochlear bursa (bursography), lateromedial projection.

15

22

Dissection 11: Palmar Structures of the Foot and Distal Pastern – Palmar View

2

6a

5  

8

8

3a 1

1

Dissection after coloured latex injection within the digital sheath and DIP joint cavities.

3

6a

3b

Contrast radiographic study of the digital sheath (tendinography), dorsopalmar view.

 

Dissection 11: Palmar Structures of the Foot and Distal Pastern – Palmar View

23

1 Distal phalanx (palmar process) 2 Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) 3 Deep digital flexor tendon 3a Distal attachment 3b Mesotendon 4 Proximal digital annular ligament 5 Distal digital annular ligament (reclined) 5a Proximal attachment 5b Distal attachment 6 Palmar wall of the digital sheath (reflected) 6a Palmar distal recess of the digital sheath 7 Proper palmar digital artery 7a Palmar ramus of the middle phalanx 8 Proximopalmar recess of the distal interphalangeal joint cavity (top right, page 22)

4

6 7

5a 2 7 6a 3

3b

5

5 7a 7 7a 5b

1 1

7

3a

Contrast radiographic study of the arterial supply of the digital part of the deep digital flexor tendon.  

7

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the digit, dorsopalmar view.

 

24

Dissection 12: Palmar Structures of the Foot – Palmar View

2a 2

9 6 6b

Palmar view of the dissected foot. Half of the deep digital flexor tendon was removed; the other part is reflected.

10

6a

3a

 

3c

3b

 

Dissection 12: Palmar Structures of the Foot – Palmar View 1

6

5

5

8

6

7 7a

7a

2a 7

7b

25

8

8a 6b

4

7b

3c 6a 6b 6a

3a 3b

3

1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx 2a Flexor tuberosity 3 Distal phalanx 3a Semilunar line 3b Planum cutaneum 3c Palmar process 4 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 5 Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branches) 6 Deep digital flexor tendon 6a Sagittal distal insertion 6b Collateral distal insertion 7 Distal digital annular ligament 7a Proximal attachment 7b Distal attachment 8 Ungular cartilage 8a Chondroungular ligament 9 Distal sesamoid bone (page 24) 10 Impar distal sesamoidean ligament (page 24)

5

6 8

 

8

6b

3c

Frontal MRI scan of the palmar structures of the digit after injection of latex in the arteries and veins.

 

26

Dissection 13: Distal Interphala Interphalangeal ngeal Joint and Podotrochlear Apparatus – Palmar View

1 1 7 3

3

7

2 2 Dorsopalmar (horizontal) radiographic view of the foot.

Contrast radiographic study of the podotrochlear bursa (bursography), dorsopalmar view.

 

Interphalangeal ngeal Joint Dissection 13: Distal Interphala and Podotrochlear Apparatus – Palmar View 1a

4

1

4

5 4a 10 9

10 3a

3b

8 7

2a 2a 6

1 1 4 5 3

8

3

27

6

3a 2a

Frontal MRI scan of the podotrochlear apparatus after injections of latex in the arteries and veins.

1 Middle phalanx 1a Flexor tuberosity 2 Distal phalanx (P3) 2a Palmar process 3 Distal sesamoid bone 3a Flexor surface 3b Sagittal ridge 4 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 4a Sagittal union

2a

3b  

Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique (sky-line) radiographic view of Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal the palmar structures of the foot.

5 Proximopalmar recess of the distal interphalangeal joint 6 Deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) (reclined) 7 Podotrochlear bursa 8 Ungular cartilage (most of it was removed) 9 Proper palmar digital artery 10 Collateral attachment between the distal sesamoid bone, the DDFT and P3

 

28

Dissection 14: Podotrochlear Apparatus

1a

2a

1 Middle phalanx 1a Flexor tuberosity 2 Distal phalanx

2a Palmar process 2b Flexor surface 2c Semilunar line 2d Planum cutaneum 2e Solar sulcus 2f Solar foramen 3 Distal sesamoid bone 3a Flexor surface 3b Proximal articular border 3c Lateral angle

1 4

5

3b

5

7

5a 3e 3c

3a

3d

3g

8

2a Proximal view.

 

Dissection 14: Podotrochlear Apparatus

3d Medial angle 3e Proximal border 3f Distal border 3g Sagittal ridge 4 Distal interphalangeal  joint 5 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 5a Sagittal union

5

5

5a

3c

3e 3a

 

29

3g

3d 8

2a 3f

6 Impar distal sesamoidean ligament 7 Ungular cartilage 8 Chondrosesamoidean ligament

2e

6 2f 2b

2d

2c

Palmar view.

 

30

Dissection 15: Distal Interphalang Interphalangeal eal Joint 12

10 9 2

11

8

3a Dissection after coloured latex injection in the joint cavities, dorsal view.

1

2

11 3a

3

Casting preparation of the DIP  joint cavity, dorsal view. view.

 

Dissection 15: Distal Interphalan Interphalangeal geal Joint

31

1

1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx 2a Extensor process 3 Distal phalanx 3a Extensor process

4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

7 5

3b Parietal surface 3c Articular surface 3d Palmar process Distal sesamoid bone 4a Articular surface 4b Proximal border Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Collateral ligament of the PIP joint Collateral ligament of the DIP joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament 9a Sagittal reunion Dorsal recess of the PIP joint cavity (page 30) Dorsal recess of the DIP joint cavity (page 30) Dorsal digital extensor tendon (page 30)

2a

9

2

8

3a

6

3b Dorsal view.

3a

8

3b

3c  

8

4a

4b 9 Proximal view (the middle phalanx has been removed).

9 3d

9a

 

Dissection 16: Synovial Recesses of the Foot

32

(After Coloured Latex Injections)

1

5a

2 6d

6e

6g 3a

6a

3b

3

Casting preparation of the DIP joint cavity, dorsolateral view.

2 6e

4

Lateral view.

3b 6f Casting preparation of the DIP joint cavity, palmarodistal view.

 

Dissection 16: Synovial Recesses of the Foot (After Coloured Latex Injections)

33

1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx 3 Distal phalanx 3a Extensor process 3b Palmar process 3c Solar sulcus 3d Flexor surface 4 Distal sesamoid bone

1 9b 5 8a

5 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 5a Collateral ligament 5b Distodorsocollateral recess 6 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 6a Collateral ligament 6b Collateral sesamoidean ligament 6c Impar distal sesamoidean ligament 6d Dorsal recess 6e Proximopalmar recess 6f Distopalmar recess 6g Collateral recess 7 Deep digital flexor tendon 8 Distal digital annular ligament 8a Proximal attachment 8b Distal attachment 9 Digital sheath synovial cavity 9a Dorsal distal recess 9b Palmar distal recess 10 Podotrochlear bursa

5a 2

9a 8

5b 7 6e 10 6b

6a

8b

6g

3b 3

6b 6e

 

5b

2

 

2

6b 6d 6a

4 3b 3a 6c

 

6f

3c

3d Palmar view.

 

3 Dorsal view.

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35

Sagittal and Parasagittal Sections of the Equine Foot 1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 11

1 2 3 4 5 6

Sagi Sa gitt ttal al

7 8 9 10 11 11

Para Pa rasa sagi gitt ttal al

 

36

S1a: Sagittal Section of the Digit

Sagittal MRI scan of the foot.

 

S1a: Sagittal Section of the Digit 15

32

 

1

13

37

6 14

26

11 12

17

18 3

28 16

32

7

25 21

3 23

2 Sagittal ultrasound scan of the distal pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration at right).

42 30

2

16

27

10

24

25

12

9

34

33

8

  5

19 31 29

22 4 35

20 37

39

41 36

38

40

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Third metacarpal bone Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Distal sesamoid bone Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Cruciate sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Dorsal articular capsule Distopalmar recess of the MP joint Dorsal recess of the MP joint

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Distopalmar recess of the DIP joint Dorsal recess of the DIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Proximal digital annular ligament Distal digital annular ligament Digital sheath cavity Podotroclear bursa Skin Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Corium soleae

16 17 18 19 20 21

Middle scutum Palmar recess of the PIP joint Dorsal recess of the PIP joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Impar distal sesamoidean ligament Proximopalmar recess of the DIP joint

37 38 39 40 41 42

Corium cunei Digital cushion Hoof wall Sole Frog Ergot

 

38

S1b: Sagitt Sagittal al section section of of the Foot

26 25 27

18

11 3a

Sagittal MRI scan of the foot.

2 Sagittal ultrasound scan of the distal interphalangeal joint, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration at top of facing page).

 

S1b: Sagitt Sagittal al section section of of the Foot 25

26

33 28

7 16b

5

20 19

11

27

2

16a   14

12 3a 6

34c 34a

34b 29

8

1

18

9   13

3

3f 22 3b 3e 3d   3c

4 10

35

31

36a

1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx (P2) 3 Distal phalanx 3a Extensor process 3b Flexor surface 3c Semilunar line 3d Planum cutaneum 3e Solar border 3f Solar canal and terminal arch 4 Distal sesamoid bone 5 Proximal interphalangeal joint 6 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 7 8 9 10 11 12

Middle scutum Straight sesamoidean ligament Collateral sesamoidean ligament Impar distal sesamoidean ligament Dorsal recess of the DIP joint Proximopalmar recess of the DIP joint

23

21 17a 15

24b

17b 24a

30

39

32

37 36d

36b

36c

20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

36e

Dorsal rami of P2 Palmar ramus (artery) of P2 Terminal arch Lateromedial palmar anastomosis Digital cushion 24a Cuneal part 24b Toric part Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Corium cunei Periople Hoof wall 34a Stratum internum

13 14 15 16

Distopalmar recess of the DIP joint Deep digital flexor tendon Distal digital annular ligament Digital sheath 16a Dorsal distal recess 16b Palmar distal recess 17 Podotrochlear bursa 17a Proximal recess

34b 34c 35 Sole 36 Frog 36a 36b 36c 36d

17b Distal 18 Dorsal digitalrecess extensor tendon 19 Coronal artery and vein

36e Central cuneal sulcus 37 Heel

Stratum medium Stratum externum

Apex Body Branch Base

 

40

S1c: Sagittal Section of the Interphalangeal Joints

Lateromedial radiographic view of the interphalangeal joints.

14

10 Sagittal section of the foot after injection of colou-

15a

15b

11

red latex in the synovial cavities.

 

S1c: Sagittal Section of the Interphalangeal Joints 1

1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx (P2) 2a Flexor tuberosity 2b Distal condyle 3 Distal phalanx 3a Articular surface 3b Sesamoidean articular surface 3c Flexor surface 3d Distopalmar compact bone 4 Distal sesamoid bone 5 Proximal interphalangeal joint 6 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 7 Middle scutum 8 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 9 Impar distal sesamoidean ligament 10 Proximopalmar recess of the DIP joint 11 Distopalmar recess of the DIP joint 12 Deep digital flexor tendon 12a Fibrous parts 12b Fibrocartilaginous parts

5

12a

2a

2

10 16 8 15a

2b 6 3a

4  

3b 11 9

3 3c 3d

12 15a 8 4 6

Sagittal ultrasound scan of the distal interphalangeal  joint, palmar approach (see box above).

13 12b 15b 17

17

2

18

12b

18

10

7 14

13 Distal digital annular ligament 14 Digital sheath (dorsal distal recess) 15 Podotrochlear bursa 15a Proximal recess 15b Distal recess 16 Palmar ramus (artery) of P2 17 Digital cushion 18 Skin 19 Corium cunei 20 Frog

14

41

Sagittal MRI scan of the foot after injection of contrast material into the distal interphalangeal joint.

12a 19

20

 

S1d: Sagittal Section of the Podotrochlear Apparatus

42

9a

3 9b

Double contrast radiographic study of the podotrochlear bursa (bursography), lateromedial view.

1

2

4  

3a 3b

Lateromedial radiographic view of the distal sesamoid bone.

 

S1d: Sagittal Section of the Podotrochlear Apparatus

43

1

8 4a

7a

1

10 12

7a

3

5

14

7b 3e

3f  

4

3c

3a

3g

6 8

2

8a

3b

3j

7b

2

11

3i

3h 2a

9a

3d

Sagittal MRI scan of the podotrochlear apparatus after injection of contrast material into the distal interphalangeal  joint.

6

8

3j

3c

8 8

  4a

2

6

9b 14

13

14 Sagittal ultrasound scan of the podotrochlear apparatus, palmarodistal (transcuneal) approach (see dotted area in illustration at left).

1 Middle phalanx (P2) 2 Distal phalanx (P3) 2a Sesamoidean articular surface 3 Distal sesamoid bone 3a Spongious bone 3b Palmar compact bone 3c surface border 3d Flexor Proximopalmar 3e Proximodorsal border 3f Articular surface with P2 3g Distodorsal border 3h Articular surface with P3 3i Synovial groove 3j Distopalmar border 4 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 4a Synovial membrane and villi 5 Collateral sesamoidean ligament (sagittal reunion)

6 Impar distal sesamoidean ligament 7 Recesses of the DIP joint 7a Proximopalmar recess 7b Distopalmar recess 8 Deep digital flexor tendon 8a Sagittal arterial supply 9 Podotrochlear bursa 9a Proximal recess 9b Distal recess 10 Synovial membranes of the podotrochlear bursa, DIP joint and digital sheath 11 Distal digital annular ligament 12 Proximal ramus (artery) of the distal sesamoid bone 13 Distal rami (artery and vein) of the distal sesamoid bone 14 Digital cushion (cuneal part)

 

44

S2: Para Parasagi sagittal ttal Section Section of of the Foot

9a 9b

4

9c

Contrast radiographic study of the distal interphalangeal joint (arthrography) lateromedial view.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot after injection of contrast material into the distal interphalangeal joint.

 

S2: Para Parasagi sagittal ttal Section Section of of the Foot 23 13

18

32 24

20 25 26

33

27 21

9a

5

6 3e

7

8 9c

10

15

19

9b 4

3b

11 12

17

2

3a

3c

1

45

14

16a 22a

22

28 3d 30 34

29

16b

22b

35

31 36

1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx (P2) 3 Distal phalanx 3a Extensor process 3b Spongious bone 3c Distopalmar compact bone 3d Solar border 3e Subchondral bone 4 Distal sesamoid bone 5 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 6 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 7 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 8 Impar distal sesamoidean ligament 9 Articular recesses of the DIP joint cavity 9a Dorsal recess 9b Proximopalmar recess 9c Distopalmar recess 10 Middle scutum 11 Palmar recess of the PIP joint 12 Straight sesamoidean ligament 13 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 14 Deep digital flexor tendon 15 Distal digital annular ligament 16 Podotrochlear bursa

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

16a Proximal recess 16b Distal recess Digital sheath (dorsal distal recess) Dorsal ramus (vein) of P2 Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P2 Coronal artery and vein Terminal arch within the solar canal Digital cushion 22a Toric part 22b Cuneal part Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Corium cunei Periople Hoof wall

34 Zona alba (white zone) 35 Sole 36 Frog

 

46

S3: Para Parasagi sagittal ttal Section Section of of the Foot

9a

18 9b 17a

Parasagittal section of the foot after injection of coloured latex in the synovial cavities.

9c 17b

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot.

 

S3: Para Parasagi sagittal ttal Section Section of of the Foot 13 19

26

9a

10 2

34

32

31 35

1 2 3 4

Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx (P2) Distal phalanx Distal sesamoid bone

36

25a

4 15

8

23 24

17a

7 9c

3

16

20

9b

30

15

18

27 6

29

12 14

5

21 28

11

1

47

25

  17b

22

25b  

33 37

18 19 20 21

Digital sheath (dorsal distal recess) Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2 Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P2 Coronal artery and vein

5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Impar distal sesamoidean ligament Articular recesses of the DIP joint cavity 9a recess recess 9b Dorsal Proximopalmar 9c Distopalmar recess Middle scutum Palmar recess of the PIP joint Straight sesamoidean ligament Dorsal digital extensor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) Deep digital flexor tendon Distal digital annular ligament Podotrochlear bursa 17a Proximal recess 17b Distal recess

22 Ramus of the digital torus 23 Distal rami (artery and vein) of the distal sesamoid bone 24 Terminal arch 25 Digital cushion

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

25a part 25b Toric Cuneal part Skin Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Corium cunei Hoof wall Zona alba (white zone) Sole Frog

 

48

S4: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the the Foot Foot

Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the distal interphalangeal joint, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration on facing page).

34 25 27 13

9a 2

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot after injection of contrast material in the distal interphalangeal joint.

   

S4: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the the Foot Foot

5

19  20 26 27 9a 28

30 3b

29 22

35

3c

23 3d

31

32

14

12

34

3a

11

1

25 13

49

2

16 9b

6 3e 9c

10 18

7

17a

21

4 8

15 17b 24

3f 3g  

33 38

37 36

1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx (P2) 3 Distal phalanx 3a Coronal border 3b Spongious bone 3c Distopalmar compact bone 3d Solar border 3e Subchondral bone 3f Solar canal 3g Solar foramen 4 Distal sesamoid bone 5 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint

16 Distal digital annular ligament 17 Podotrochlear bursa 17a Proximal recess 17b Distal recess 18 Digital sheath (palmar distal recess) 19 Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2 20 Coronal artery and vein 21 Ramus (artery) of the digital torus 22 Proper palmar digital artery and terminal arch within the solar canal 23 Perforating ramus 24 Digital cushion

6 7 8 9

25 26 27 28 29

Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Impar distal sesamoidean ligament Articular recesses of the DIP joint cavity 9a Dorsal recess

Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis

10 11 12 13 14 15

9b Proximopalmar recess 9c Distopalmar recess Middle scutum Palmar recess of the PIP joint Distodorsocollateral recess of the PIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) Deep digital flexor tendon

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Corium cunei Periople Hoof wall Zona alba (white zone) Sole Frog

 

S5: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the the Foot Foot

50

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot.

9a

a 9b 16a

9c

16b

Parasagittal section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities (a Dorsal distal recess of the digital sheath).

 

S5: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the the Foot Foot 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13

Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx (P3) Distal sesamoid bone Proximal interphalangeal joint 5a Distodorsocollateral recess Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 6a Collateral ligament Collateral sesamoidean ligament Impar distal sesamoidean ligament Articular recesses of the DIP joint cavity 9a Dorsal recess 9b Proximopalmar recess 9c Distopalmar recess Middle scutum Dorsal digital extensor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal insertion) Proximal digital annular ligament (distal insertion)

14 tendon 15 Deep Distal digital digital flexor annular ligament 16 Podotrochlear bursa 16a Proximal recess 16b Distal recess 17 Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2 18 Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P2 19 Ramus of the digital torus 20 Proper palmar digital artery 21 Perforating ramus 22 Deep ungular plexus 23 Digital cushion 24 Ungular cartilage 25 Skin 26 Corium limbi 27 Pulvinus coronae 28 Corium coronae 29 Corium parietis 30 Dermal and epidermal lamellae 31 Solar subcutaneous layer 32 Corium soleae 33 Corium cunei 34 Periople 35 Hoof wall 36 Sole (branch) 37 Frog (paracuneal sulcus)

51

 

13 11

25

12 1 10

19

15

5

22

18

5a

24

2

17

9b 6a

34

28

26 35

23

9c

8

6 20

16b

3  

21

29

31 30

33

4 14

9a 27

16a

7

36

32

37

 

52

S6: Parasagittal Section of the Foot

16 10c

10b Parasagittal section of the foot after injection of coloured latex in the synovial cavities.

15 10d

15a

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot.

 

S6: Parasagittal Section of the Foot

53

12

26 18 27 28 34

10a'

30

17

29 3a 22 3c 31   32

5

25

11

20

10c

16

11 12 13 14

23

19

8 10d

3d 6 15a 3b

9

4

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot.

15

24

14

21

35

 

23

33  

36

1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx (P2) 3 Distal phalanx

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

26

2

7 10b 10a

13

1

8

3a bone 3b Spongious Distopalmar compact bone 3c Solar border 3d Subchondral bone Distal sesamoid bone Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Collateral ligament of the DIP joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Impar distal sesamoidean ligament Articular recesses of the DIP joint cavity 10a Synovial membrane 10a' Synovial plica 10b Dorsal recess 10c Proximopalm Proximopalmar ar recess 10d Distopalmar recess Middle scutum PIP joint cavity Dorsal digital extensor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon

15 Podotrochlear bursa 15a Distal recess 16 Digital sheath (dorsal distal recess) 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Dorsal (artery Coronalrami artery and and vein vein) of P2 Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P2 Ramus of the digital torus Proper palmar digital artery Perforating ramus (from the terminal arch) Deep ungular plexus Digital cushion Ungular cartilage Skin Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Corium cunei Hoof wall Sole Frog

 

54

S7: Parasagittal Section of the Foot

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot.

a

a b

Parasagittal section of the foot after injection of coloured latex in the synovial cavities: a Distal interphalangeal joint cavity (collateral recess); b Podotrochlear bursa.

 

S7: Parasagittal Section of the Foot 1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx (P2) 2a Flexor tuberosity 2b Distal condyle 3 Distal phalanx (P3) 4 Collateral ligament of the distal interphalangeal joint 5 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 6 Ungular cartilage 7 Proper palmar digital artery

55

11 1 13 5 13

9

2a 10

6 12

7 6

22c

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Perforating ramus Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2 Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P2 Proper palmar digital vein Deep ungular plexus Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Periople Hoof wall 22a Collateral part (quarter)

5

2b

14 15

4 16

11

22b

21 17

3

19

8 18

20 8 23

22a

24

22b Inflex part (bar) 22c Heel 23 Sole 24 Zona alba (white zone)

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material in the arteries and latex in the veins.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material in the arteries and latex in the veins.

 

56

S8: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the the Foot Foot

Proximolateral-distomedial oblique radiographic view of the palmar process of the distal phalanx.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot.

 

S8: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the the Foot Foot 10 18

8 11

13

3

5

4

12 13

3

2 9 15

19a

6

14 7 16

1

3 1a

17 20

1 Distal phalanx (P3) 1a Palmar process 2 Collateral ligament of the distal

14 19b

11 Corium limbi 12 Pulvinus coronae 13 Corium coronae

57

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

interphalangeal joint Ungular cartilage Dorsal ramus (artery) of the middle phalanx Coronal artery Dorsal ramus (artery) of P3

14 15 16 17 18 19

Perforating Coronal veinramus (from the terminal arch) Deep ungular plexus Skin

19a 19b Collateral Inflex partpart (bar)(quarter) 20 Sole (angle)

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot.

Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Periople Hoof wall

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

S9: Parasagittal Sections of the Foot

58

4 7 2

 

5 5 16b

8

11 3

9 15

10 1

11

16a

17 12 13 14 6

9

1 Distal phalanx 2 Ungular cartilage 3 Dorsal ramus of the distal phalanx 4 Coronal vein and artery 5 Ungular plexus 6 Circumflex artery and vein 7 8 9 10 11

12 Dermal and epidermal lamellae 13 Solar subcutaneous layer with its venous plexus 14 Corium soleae 15 Periople 16 Hoof wall

Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis with its venous plexus

16a Collateral (quarter) part 16b Heel 16c Inflex part (bar) 17 Sole (angle)

10

 

S10: Parasagittal Sections of the Foot

15

8

4

10 9 2

7

59

16a 5 12

11

3 1

6

13

14 17

 

12 16b

16c

 

60

S11: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section of the the Foot Foot

2

13 6

9 1

8

11 13

10

Parasagittal anatomical section.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot.

 

S11: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section of the the Foot Foot 1 2 3 4 5

Distal phalanx Ungular cartilage Perforating ramus from the terminal arch Skin Corium limbi

6 7 8 9 10

Pulvinus coronaewith its venous plexus Corium coronae Corium parietis with its venous plexus Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer with its venous plexus Corium soleae Periople Hoof wall (collateral part) 13a Stratum internum 13b Stratum medium Sole (angle)

11 12 13

14

61

4

2

5 12

6 13 7 9 9

13b

8 3 1

13a 3

10

14

11

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

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63

Transverse Sections of the  the  Equine Foot

11 8

Sections perpendicular to the bone axis

6 2

12 10 7 1

4

Sections parallel to the coronal region

16 15 14 13 9 5 3

 

64

T1: Transver ransverse se Section Section of the Foot Foot

Transverse anatomical section after injection

Transverse Tra nsverse anatomical section after injection

of coloured latex into the vessels.

of coloured latex into the vessels.

 

ransverse rse Section Section of the the Foot T1: Transve 8b 8c

8a 4 1a

5

1 2

1b

7

 

7a

6

65

3

3

10 9

11 12

1 Distal phalanx (solar border) 1a Parietal surface 1b Planum cutaneum 2 Perforating ramus 3 Solar marginal artery (circumflex artery) 4 Corium parietis 5 Dermal and epidermal lamellae 6 Solar subcutaneous layer 7 Corium soleae 7a Dermal papillae 8 Hoof wall 8a Stratum internum 8b Stratum medium 8c Stratum externum 9 Zona alba (white zone) 10 Sole 11 Frog (apex) 12 Paracuneal sulcus

Parasagittal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

 

1

1

3

2

2 Dorsopalmar underexposed radiographic view of the solar border of the distal phalanx.

Contrast radiographic study (arteriography) of the solar marginal (‘circumflex’) artery, dorsopalmar view.

 

66

T2: Transver ransverse se Section Section of the Foot Foot

10b

B 10a

Close-up view of the lamellae (area A in illustration at top of facing page).

6

5 Histological section of the lamellae (area B in picture at left).

 

ransverse rse Section Section of the the Foot T2: Transve

67

10c 10b

10a

A

5

1a 2a  1e

 

6 1d

2 1b

1

1c 3

8

8a

7 4

3

9 12

12 9a 13

1 Distal phalanx 1a Spongious bone

14

8 Corium soleae 8a Dermal papillae

11

1b Distopalmar compact bone 1c Planum cutaneum 1d Parietal surface 1e Solar canal 2 Terminal arch 2a Perforating ramus 3 Circumflex artery

9 Corium cunei 9a Dermal papillae 10 Hoof wall 10a Stratum internum 10b Stratum medium 10c Stratum externum 11 Zone alba (white zone)

4 5 6 7

12 Sole 13 Frog (body) 14 Paracuneal sulcus

Digital cushion (cuneal part) Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

 

68

T3: Transverse Section of the Foot

Transverse Tra nsverse section of the foot.

Transverse Tra nsverse section of the foot.

 

T3: Transverse Section of the Foot 10a 6 1d 2 10b

5

1 1e

2a 1a

1b

10b

1c

8 7

11

49

3 8a

10d 14

9a 12a

10d 12b

10c

13

12c

10c

1 Distal phalanx 1a Spongious bone 1b Distopalmar compact bone 1c Planum cutaneum 1d Parietal surface 1e Solar canal 2 Terminal arch 2a Perforating rami 3 Circumflex artery 4 Digital cushion (cuneal part) 5 Corium parietis 6 Dermal and epidermal lamellae

9 Corium cunei 9a Dermal papillae 10 Hoof wall 10a Dorsal part (toe) 10b Collateral part (quarter) 10c Heel 10d Inflex part (bar) 11 Sole 12 Frog 12a Spine 12b Branch 12c Base

7 Solar subcutaneous layer 8 Corium soleae 8a Dermal papillae

13 Central cuneal sulcus 14 Paracuneal sulcus

69

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

 

70

T4: Transverse Section of the Foot

Transverse Transverse MRI scan of the foot after

injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

Transverse anatomical section of the foot after Transverse injection of coloured latex into the vessels.

 

T4: Transverse Section of the Foot 5

1h 1a

10a 10b

6

10c 1c 1d 1

1g 1b

3

2

1f 1e

1e 8

4

11 8a

1 Distal phalanx 1a Spongious bone 1b Distopalmar compact bone 1c Solar canal with terminal arch 1d Solar foramen 1e Palmar process 1f Planum cutaneum 1g Flexor surface 1h Parietal surface 2 Deep digital flexor tendon 3 Proper palmar digital artery 4 Digital cushion (cuneal part) 5 Corium parietis

12a

7 9

8 12  

13

 

8a

6 Dermal and epidermal lamellae 7 Solar subcutaneous layer 8 Corium soleae 8a Dermal papillae 9 Corium cunei 10 Hoof wall 10a Stratum internum 10b Stratum medium 10c Stratum externum 11 Sole 12 Frog (body) 12a Spine 13 Paracuneal sulcus

71

Transverse Tra nsverse MRI scan of the foot.

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the foot, dorsopalmar view.

 

72

T5: Trans ransvers verse e Section Section of the Foot

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after Transverse injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

Transverse Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

 

T5: Trans ransvers verse e Section Section of the Foot

73

1

Distal phalanx (P3) 1a Palmar process 1b Parietal surface 1c Insertion fossa for the collateral ligament 2 Collateral ligament of the distal interphalangeal  joint 3 Impar distal sesamoidean ligament 4 Distopalmar recess of the distal interphalangeal  joint 5 Deep digital flexor tendon 6 Podotrochlear bursa (distal recess) 7 Digital cushion (cuneal part) 8 Ungular cartilage 9 Proper palmar digital artery and vein 10 Dorsal ramus of P3 11 Corium parietis 12 Corium cunei 13 Hoof wall 13a Dorsal part (toe) 13b Collateral part (quarter) 13c Heel 13d Inflex part (bar) 14 Frog

13a 11 1b 1

2 1a

4 9

1c

6

3

9

2 13b

1a

5

10

8

10

8 13d 14a

7

12

13c

14b

15

14a 14b

15

Spine Base Bulb of the heel

2

2 1

1c 1 3   6

3

4

9

4 9

6 5

5 8

8 7

7

1a

Transverse section of the foot after injection of coloured Transverse latex into the synovial cavities.

Transverse section of the foot after injection of coloured Transverse latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

74

T6: Trans ransvers verse e Section Section of the Foot

12 13 14

1d

1

4

Transverse Tra nsverse MRI scan of the foot. 3 2 6

5

1b

7

Transverse anatomical section of the foot Transverse after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

 

T6: Trans ransvers verse e Section Section of the Foot 14a 1c

13

1

1d

12 4

4

3

14b 9

1a 2

6

9

75

11 5

10

10 8

7a

1b

1b 12

14d

16a 7b

15 18

1

2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9

Distal phalanx (P3) 1a Subchondral bone 1b Palmar process 1c Parietal surface 1d Insertion fossa for the collateral ligament Distal sesamoid bone (distal border) Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint (distopalmar recess) Collateral ligament of the DIP joint Deep digital flexor tendon Podotrochlear bursa Digital cushion 7a Toric part 7b Cuneal part Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery and vein

14c 17

16b

10 11 12 13 14

15 16

17 18

Dorsal ramus of P3 (in the foramen of the palmar process) Proper palmar digital nerve Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Hoof wall 14a Dorsal part (toe) 14b Collateral part (quarter) 14c Heel 14d Inflex part (bar) Corium cunei Frog 16a Spine 16b Base Central cuneal sulcus Paracuneal sulcus

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

 

76

T7: Trans ransvers verse e Section Section of the Foot

4

1b

3b

3

4

1a

3a

4

2a

3

2

15

3a

7

11

2

2b

1c

6

8

7

8a

6

9

Transverse section of the foot after injection of Transverse coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

Transverse section of the foot after Transverse injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T7: Trans ransvers verse e Section Section of the Foot

1 16

1a

3b

17

20a

1b

4

1c

3a 11 13

4

5 15 11

2a

2

2b

12

7 6

8a

8a 10

10

8

9 19 14 21

1

Distal phalanx (P3)

18

21a

9

20b

Digital cushion

77

1a 1b

2

3

4 5 6 7 8

Subchondral bone Articular cartilage of the DIP joint 1c Palmar process Distal sesamoid bone (distal border) 2a Synovial fossa 2b Flexor surface Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 3a Distopalmar recess

10 11 12 13

3b Collateral recess Collateral ligament of the DIP joint Impar distal sesamoidean ligament Deep digital flexor tendon Podotrochlear bursa Distal digital annular ligament 8a Distal attachment

18 19

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

14 15 16 17

20

21

Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery Dorsal ramus of P3 Distal ramus (artery) of the distal sesamoid bone Circumflex artery Proper palmar digital nerve Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Corium Dermal cunei papillae Hoof wall 20a Collateral part (quarter) 20b Inflex part (bar) Frog 21a Spine

Transverse Tr ansverse MRI scan of the foot.

 

78

T8: Trans ransvers verse e Section Section of the Foot

Transverse section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T8: Trans ransvers verse e Section Section of the Foot

79

15

1

2 3

4

5 6 7 8 9

10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20

Distal phalanx 1a Subchondral bone 1b Articular cartilage Distal condyle of the middle phalanx Distal sesamoid bone 3a Synovial fossa (enlarged) 3b Flexor surface Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 4a Collateral recess 4b Distopalmar recess Collateral ligament of the DIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Podotrochlear bursa Distal digital annular ligament 9a Distal attachment Digital cushion 10a Toric part 10b Cuneal part Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery and vein Ramus of the digital torus Proper palmar digital nerve Corium coronae Dermal papillae Corium parietis Corium cunei Hoof wall 19a Collateral part (quarter) 19b Heel 19c Inflex part (bar) Frog

16

6 1a 19a

4a 2 4

5

 

1b

2 4

3a

11

3b

4b 11

12

3

17

5

8 7

9a

9

14

10a

13 22

20b

20a 10b

19c 18

21

19b

20a

21 22

Spine 20b Base Central cuneal sulcus Paracuneal sulcus Transverse MRI scan of the foot.

 

80

T9: Trans ransvers verse e Section Section of the Foot

6 1a

5

2 4

1b 4a 8a

3

7

8

Transverse Transverse section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of contrast material into the DIP joint.

 

T9: Trans ransvers verse e Section Section of the Foot

1

2

3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Distal phalanx 1a Extensor process 1b Articular cartilage Middle phalanx (distal condyle) 2a Articular cartilage

15 6

1a 4

5

2

2 5

2a

21

1b 3a

18

4a

3 3b

8a

12

8 7

11

9

9a

14

11 10 19

22 20 13 23

 

2

23

2 3

1

1

Proximopalmar-distodorsal radiographic projection Proximopalmar-distodorsal (skyline view) of the palmar part of the foot.

16

15 6

1a 2a 2

16

17

Distal sesamoid bone 3a Articular surface 3b Flexor surface Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 4a Collateral recess Collateral ligament of the DIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Podotrochlear bursa 8a Collateral recess Distal digital annular ligament 9a Distal attachment Digital cushion (toric part) Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery artery,, vein and nerve Ramus of the digital torus Superficial ungular plexus Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Dermal papillae Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Corium cunei Hoof wall Spine of the frog Bulb of the heel

 

81

2

Transverse Tra nsverse ultrasound scan, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

 

82

T10: Transverse Section of the Foot

18

7

22

6a

5 1

23 6b

4 3 13 9 8

2b

Transverse section of the foot after Transverse injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

Transverse nsverse MRI scan of the foot Tra after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

 

T10: Transverse Section of the Foot

1 2

3

4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

83 17   22

Middle phalanx Distal phalanx 2a Extensor process 2b Palmar process Distal sesamoid bone 3a Spongious bone 3b Palmar compact bone 3c Flexor surface Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Collateral ligament of the DIP joint Recesses of the DIP joint 6a Dorsal recess 6b Collaterall recess Dorsal digital extensor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Podotrochlear bursa Distal digital annular ligament 10a Distal attachment Digital cushion (toric part) Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery and vein Deep ungular plexus

18 18

6a

7 2a

19

5

1

23  

4 2b

3b

16

15

13

9

8

10a 20

3c

3a

13

6b

14

10 11

  24

Superficial ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Corium cunei Periople Hoof wall Spine of the frog Bulb of the heel

12

21

25

22

18

Palmaroproximal-dorsodistall oblique radiographic Palmaroproximal-dorsodista view (skyline view) of the distal sesamoid bone.

12 5

1

Transverse ultrasound scan of the collateral ligament of the DIP joint (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

 

84

T11a: Transverse Section of the Foot

Transverse MRI scan of the foot Transverse after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

7 6a 4

1 6b

Transverse anatomical section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

3

12a

5

9

17

12

2a

8

13 17

11

 

T11a: Transverse Section of the Foot 1 2

3 4

Middle phalanx Distal sesamoid bone 2a Proximal border 2b Flexor surface Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Collateral ligament of the DIP joint

85

A 18

21 19

B 7 6a

5 6

18 19

Collateral sesamoidean ligament Recesses of the DIP joint 6a Dorsal recess 6b Collateral recess Dorsal digital extensor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Podotrochlear bursa Distal digital annular ligament Digital cushion (toric part ) Ungular cartilage 12a Chondrosesamoidean ligament Proper palmar digital artery (vein not injected Ramus of the digital torus Deep ungular plexus Superficial ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae

20 21 22 23 24 25

Corium Perioplecoronae Hoof wall Spine of the frog Central cuneal sulcus Bulb of the heel

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

4 1

22

3

6b

12a 2

13 17

5

2a

13 17

9 8 2b 12

10

16

11 15 23

20

14

24 25

18

21

18

4

21 19

19

7 6a 4 12 1 A

Transverse Tran sverse ultrasound scan, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right). Crosses show the articular cartilage.

1 B

Transverse Tra nsverse ultrasound scan, dorsolateral approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

86

T11b:: Trans T11b ransvers verse e Section Section of the Foot

18

4 12

1

4

7 3 1 2

13

Transverse ultrasound scan of the coronet, dorsolateral approach (see dotted area in illustration on facing page).

9 8

17

11

Transverse anatomical section of the foot Transverse after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

 

T11b: Transverse Section of the Foot

87

4

18 1

1a

3

1a

7

6

13 14

2a

5

9

17

12

13 2b 8

14

2c

10

15 16 11

10a

17

1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8

Middle phalanx 1a Distal condyle Distal sesamoid bone 2a Spongious bone 2b Palmar compact bone 2c Flexor surface Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Collateral ligament of the DIP joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Chondrosesamoidean ligament Collateral recess of the DIP joint Deep digital flexor tendon

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

9

12 13 14 15

Podotrochlear bursa Distal digital annular ligament 10a Distal attachment Digital cushion (toric part) Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery Proper palmar digital vein (non-injected) Deep ungular plexus

16 17 18

Superficial ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Pulvinus coronae

10 11

Transverse Tr ansverse MRI scan of the foot.

 

88

T12: Transverse Section of the Foot

21

22

7

4

12

1a 6b 5

13 23

18

9

8

Transverse Transverse section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

Transverse Tra nsverse MRI scan of the foot.

 

T12: Transverse Section of the Foot

1

Middle phalanx 1a Distal condyle

2 3 4 5 6

Distal sesamoid bone (proximal border) Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Collateral Collat eral ligament ligament of the DIP joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Recesses of the DIP joint 6a Dorsal recess 6b Proximopalmar recess 6c Collateral recess Dorsal digital extensor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Podotrochlear bursa 9a Collateral recess Distal digital annular ligament Digital cushion (toric part)

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Ungularpalmar cartilage Proper digital artery Ramus of the digital torus Proper palmar digital vein Deep ungular plexus Superficial ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Periople Hoof wall Bulb of the heel

24 21

89

20

7 6a 4 4 25

1 1a

1a 2

3

6b

22

5 15

5

13 18

6c

9a

9

8 10 17 16

23 12

11

26

12 14 19

11

8

8

5 6b

1

Transverse ultrasound scan oblique dorsodistally of Transverse the palmar part of the foot (see dotted area in illustration above right).

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

 

90

T13: Transverse Section of the Foot

5

4a

2

1

4c 10

3 4b 7 6

Transverse nsverse section of the foot after Tra injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection latex into the of arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

T13: Transverse Section of the Foot 1 2 3 4

Middle phalanx (P2) Collateral ligament of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Recesses of the DIP joint

18 14 21

4a 4b 4c

5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Dorsal recess Proximopalmar recess Collateral recess Dorsal digital extensor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon 6a Fibrous part 6b Fibrocartilaginous part Podotrochlear bursa (proximal recess) Distal digital annular ligament Digital cushion (toric part) Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery Ramus of the digital torus Palmar ramus of P2 Coronal artery Deep ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Periople Hoof wall Bulb of the heel

21 18 19

5 4a

1

91

5

4a

2

2

19

1

4c

20

11

3 4b

16

11

4b 13

7 6a

3

22

7

6b

16

8 15

15 9

10

10 12 17

23

Transverse ultrasound scan of the dorsal part of Transverse the coronet, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of Transverse latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

92

T14: Transverse Section of the Foot

5 4a

3

1 2 4c 4b

8

10 6 7 9

Transverse section of the foot after Transverse injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

Transverse MRI

scan of the foot.

 

T14: Transverse Section of the Foot

93

1 2 3

Middle phalanx (P2) Collateral sesamoidean ligament Chondrocoronal ligament 4 Recesses of the distal interphalangeal  joint 4a Dorsal recess 4b Proximopalmar recess

17 5 4a

4c 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

3

Collateral recess tendon Dorsal digital extensor Deep digital flexor tendon 6a Fibrous part 6b Fibrocartilaginous part Distal digital annular ligament Dorsal distal recess of the digital sheath Digital cushion (toric part) Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery Ramus of the digital torus Dorsal ramus of P2 Deep ungular plexus Superficial ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Skin Periople Bulb of the heel

3

18

1 13

2

2 4b 8

11 16

6b 6a

10 15

4c

13

7

14

4b

11 16 10

9 12 17 19

17

11 2 9 6 1

Transverse ultrasound scan of the coronet, palmarolateral Transverse approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

 

94

T15: Transverse Section of the Foot

Transverse Tra nsverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

T15: Transverse Section of the Foot 20 3a 4

5

18 15

95

2

2

1

10

14 12

1a

14

3b 8

6b

11

6a

11

9a 16

17 7 10 13

17

9

19

1

Middle phalanx (P2) 1a Flexor tuberosity 2 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 3 Recesses of the distal interphalangeal  joint

8 9 10 11

3a 3b

4 5 6

7

Dorsal recess recess Proximopalmar Distodorsocollateral recess of the proximal interphalangeal joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon 6a Fibrous part 6b Fibrocartilaginous part Distal digital annular ligament

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Dorsal distal recess of the digital sheath Digital cushion (toric part) 9a Proximal attachment Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery Proper palmar digital Rami (artery and vein)vein of the digital torus Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P2 Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2 Deep ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Skin Bulb of the heel Coronal region

18

9

6a

8

6b

1a

Transverse ultrasound scan of the deep digital flexor tendon, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

Transverse Tra nsverse MRI scan of the foot.

 

96

T16: Transverse Section of the Foot

2 1

8 5

Transverse MRI scan of the foot.

3

6a  

4

7

14

6

Transverse section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

 

T16: Transverse Section of the Foot 2 16

1

10 5

12

1a 6a

11

8 14

7

 

3b  

3a

9

13

8 4a

6a 7

4

10

6 9

15

  13

97

1 2 3

4

Middle phalanx (P2) 1a Flexor tuberosity Collateral ligament of the proximal interphalangeal joint Deep digital flexor tendon 3a Fibrous part 3b Fibrocartilaginous part Distal digital annular ligament 4a

5 6

Proximal attachment Dorsal distal recess of the digital sheath Digital cushion (toric part)

6a

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Proximal attachment Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery Ramus of the digital torus Coronal artery Palmar ramus of P2 Proper palmar digital vein Ungular plexus Proper Skin palmar digital nerve Coronal region

15 4

 

6

3a 3b

1a

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach Transverse (see dotted area in illustration at top of page).

Transverse MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

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99

Frontal Sections of the  the  Equine Foot

14

13 12 11 10 10 9

8 7

6

5

4

3

2

1

 

100

F1: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot

6 4 3 5

2 1

1 14a

11

3

13

15

13

16

Frontal anatomical section of the equine foot, dorsal view.

 

F1: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot

101

6 3

7 12

 

8 4

2

5

2

1 9 9 1a

 

14a

10 1a

13

13

11 14b 15 16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Digital cushion 1a Cuneal part Ungular cartilage Ramus of the digital torus Lateromedial palmar anastomosis Deep ungular plexus Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae

6 1 11

1a 14

16

10 11 12 13 14

15 16

Dermal papillae Corium cunei Periople Hoof wall (heel) Frog 14a Spine 14b Base Central cuneal sulcus Paracuneal sulcus

Frontal ultrasound scan of the palmar part of the foot, proximopalmar approach (see dotted area in illustration at top of page).

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

F2: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot

102

6

6 4 1 1

Frontal ultrasound scan of the palmar 15a

part of the foot, proximopalmar approach (see dotted area in illustration at top of facing page).

5

3

2

14a

15a 10 14b

12

11

15b 17

Frontal anatomical section of the equine foot after injection of coloured latex into the vessels, dorsal view.

14c

 

F2: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot

3

6

 

7

3 4 5

9

2

7

2

8

13

1a 1 10

11 1b

11

15a

14a

12

14b

15b 14c

17

1

Digital cushion 1a Toric part

2 3 4

Cuneal part Ungular cartilage Ramus of the digital torus Lateromedial palmar anastomosis Deep ungular plexus Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis

 

1b

5 6 7 8 9 10

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

15b 16

17

11 12 13 14

15

16 17

Dermal and epidermal lamellae Corium cunei Periople Hoof wall 14a Collateral part (quarter) 14b Inflex part (bar) 14c Heel Frog 15a Spine 15b Branch Central cuneal sulcus Paracuneal sulcus

Frontal MRI scan of the foot.

103

104

F3: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot

3 5 1 2

18a

16a

14 13

16b

17

Frontal MRI scan of the foot.

Frontal anatomical section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the vessels, palmar view.

 

F3: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot

105

7 3

3

8 4

6

5 2

9 15

10 1a 2

1 11

12

12

13

1b

16a 18a   14 19

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Digital cushion 1a Toric part 1b Cuneal part Ungular cartilage Ramus of the digital torus Coronal artery Deep ungular plexus Superficial ungular plexus Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

13 17

18b

20

1

16b

20

12 13 14 15 16

17 18

19 20

Dermal and epidermal lamellae Corium soleae Corium cunei Periople Hoof wall 16a Collateral part (quarter) 16b Inflex part (bar) Sole (angle) Frog 18a Spine 18b Branch Central cuneal sulcus Paracuneal sulcus

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

F4: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot 106

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

Frontal anatomical section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the vessels and synovial cavities.

 

F4: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot 2

5a

 

3

7

8a

5a

15

4b 19

14

17 21

10 8a

18

9

22

12

  6

4a

20

16 9

27

6

5 8b

28a

23

13

1

8c

25

26 31

11

24 28b 30

29

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

107

32

1 2

Palmar process of the distal phalanx (P3) Middle scutum Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) Deep digital flexor tendon 4a Fibrous part 4b Fibrocartilaginous part

15 16 17

5

Distal digital annular ligament 5a Proximal attachment

6 7

Podotrochlear bursa (proximal recess) Dorsal distal recess of the digital sheath Digital cushion 8a Proximal attachment 8b Toric part 8c Cuneal part Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery Circumflex artery Coronal artery Dorsal ramus of P3 Proper palmar digital vein

22 23 24 25 26 27

3 4

8

9 10 11 12 13 14

18 19 20 21

28

29 30 31 32

Coronal vein Deep ungular plexus Superficial ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium Corium coronae parietis Solar subcutaneous layer Corium solae Corium cunei Periople Hoof wall 28a Collateral part (quarter) 28b Inflex part (bar) Zona alba Sole (branch) Frog (body) Paracuneal sulcus

 

108

F5: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot

2

3 4a

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

4

7

4b

1

Dissected specimen, palmar aspect.

   

F5: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot

109

2 14 10 6a

4a

5

10

4a 8

8

6a

13 12 15

3

7

22

7

11 17

16

11 4b 4b

9 23

4

1

1 26

20

1 2 3 4

5 6

9

24

6b 21

25

Palmar process of the distal phalanx Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) Deep digital flexor tendon (fibrous part) Distal digital annular ligament 4a Proximal attachment 4b Distal attachment Dorsal distal recess of the digital sheath Digital cushion

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

19

18

Superficial ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Solar subcutaneous layer

6a 6b 7 8 9 10 11

Proximal insertion Cuneal part

Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery Dorsal ramus of the distal phalanx Proper palmar digital vein Deep ungular plexus

20 21

Corium soleae Corium cunei

22 23 24

Periople Hoof wall (quarter) Sole (branch) Frog (body) Paracuneal sulcus

25 26

Frontal MRI scan of the foot.

14 4a

3

Frontal ultrasound scan of the deep digital flexor tendon, lateral approach (see dotted area in illustration at top of page).

 

110

F6: Frontal Section of the Foot

a 12

8 7

2 5

3a 16

1

3b 5

6

Frontal MRI scan of the foot.

Frontal anatomical section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the vessels and synovial cavities. a Digital sheath (dorsal distal recess).

 

F6: Frontal Section of the Foot 17

2

15

3b

15 9

8 13

5

111

17 18 8 19

12

7

20 7

20 16

14

16

3a 10

10

21   26

4

26 1 23

6 24

25 27

1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

22

1

Palmar process of the distal phalanx (P3) Proximopalmar recess of the distal interphalangeal joint Deep digital flexor tendon 3a Fibrous part 3b Fibrocartilaginous part Distal digital annular ligament Podotrochlear bursa Digital cushion (cuneal part) Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery Palmar ramus (artery) of middle phalanx Dorsal ramus of P3 Circumflex artery Proper palmar digital vein Deep ungular plexus

28

11 29

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

27

Superficial ungular plexus Palmar ramus (vein) of middle phalanx Proper palmar digital nerve Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Corium cunei Hoof wall (collateral part – quarter) Sole (branch) Frog (body) Paracuneal sulcus

Contrast radiographic study of the podotrochlear bursa (bursography), dorsopalmar view.

Frontal MRI scan of the foot.

 

112

F7: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot

15

1

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

5 10 8 3

11

6

Frontal anatomical section of the foot after injection of

18 2

9

coloured latex into the vessels and synovial cavities.

 

F7: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot 19

15

1

16

21

10

11

20

12

5 8a

10

4

22 17

3 8

11

6 18 27

23

13

7  

2

9

14 29

2 24 26

31

1 2 3

Middle phalanx (flexor tuberosity) Palmar process of the distal phalanx Distal sesamoid bone

15 16

4 5

Collateral sesamoidean ligament Proximopalmar recess of the distal interphalangeal joint Deep digital flexor tendon Distal digital annular ligament (distal attachment) Podotrochlear bursa 8a Proximal recess Digital cushion (cuneal part) Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery Dorsal ramus of the middle phalanx Dorsal ramus of the distal phalanx Circumflex artery

18 19 20 21 22

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

14

30

28

6 7

25

17

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Proper palmar digital vein Deep ungular plexus Superficial ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Corium cunei Hoof wall (quarter) Zona alba Sole (branch) Frog (body) Paracuneal sulcus

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat

into the arteries and veins.

material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

113

 

F8: Frontal Section of the Foot

114

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

Frontal MRI scan of the foot.

 

F8: Frontal Section of the Foot 1

20 19

16

115

17 13

18

6

22

28

10

12

13 4

4

10

6

21 23

3 29

5

14

8

11 2

7

11

2

14

24 9

25 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

30

27

31

26

16 17

Middle phalanx, P2 (flexor tuberosity) Palmar process of the distal phalanx (P3) Distal sesamoid bone Collateral sesamoidean ligament Impar distal sesamoidean ligament Proximopalmar recess of the distal interphalangeal joint Deep digital flexor tendon Podotrochlear bursa (distal recess) Digital cushion (cuneal part) Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery Coronal artery Dorsal ramus of P2 Dorsal ramus of P3 Circumflex artery

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Proper palmar digital vein Deep ungular plexus Superficial ungular plexus Palmar ramus (vein) of P2 Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Corium cunei Periople Hoof wall (quarter) Sole (branch) Frog (body)

Frontal MRI scan of the foot.

4

Frontal ultrasound scan of the foot, collateral approach (see dotted area in illustration at top of page).

1

 

116

10

F9: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot

3

2

4

 

6a 1a 6c 3

6b

5 5

8

7

11

15 11

23

24

24a

9

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

2a

Frontal anatomical section of the foot after injection of coloured latex in the vessels and synovial cavities.

 

F9: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot 15 17 1

6c

12

 

18

16

26

4  

4

19

6a 1a

10

10

20

3 6b 11

8

5

2c

7 2a

15

11

9 14

24

25

27

2b

 

21 13

22

117

23

30

29

31

1 2

3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11

Middle phalanx (P2) 1a Distal condyle Distal phalanx (P3) 2a Palmar process 2b Articular surface 2c Solar sulcus Distal sesamoid bone

12

Collateral sesamoidean ligament Impar distal sesamoidean ligament Recesses of the distal interphalangeal joint 6a Proximopalmar recess 6b Distopalmar recess 6c Collateral recess Deep digital flexor tendon Podotrochlear bursa (distal recess) Digital cushion (cuneal part) Ungular cartilage Proper palmar digital artery

19 20 21

13 14 15 16 17 18

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

28 24a 24 a

Dorsal ramus of P2 Dorsal ramus of P3 Circumflex artery Proper palmar digital vein Superficial ungular plexus Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae 24a Dermal papillae Corium cunei Periople Hoof wall (quarter) Zona alba Sole (branch) Frog (apex) Paracuneal sulcus

Frontal MRI scan of the foot.

 

118

F10: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the the Foot

11a

1 11

7a 3

4

12 9

7b

14

8

2

10 24 25

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

Frontal anatomical section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the vessels and synovial cavities.

 

F10: Fron Frontal tal Sectio Section n of the Foot Foot 19

13

13

17 20

5

21

1

27

10

11

11a 1a

18 7a

3 7b

2b 12

14

9   10

28 23

2e

8

2

16

26

15

12

6

2c

22

4

2a

2d

119

25

24

30

31 32

29

1 2

Middle phalanx (P2) 1a Distal condyle Distal phalanx (P3) 2a Subchondral bone 2b Palmar process 2c Parietal surface 2d Planum cutaneum

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Corium cunei

2e

3 4

Solar sulcus Distal sesamoid bone Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint

5 6 7

Collateral sesamoidean ligament Impar distal sesamoidean ligament Recesses of the DIP joint 7a Collateral recess 7b Distopalmar recess 8 Deep digital flexor tendon 9 Podotrochlear bursa (distal recess) 10 Digital cushion (cuneal part) 11 Ungular cartilage 11a Chondrocoronal ligament 12 Proper palmar digital artery 13 Dorsal ramus (artery) of P2 14 Dorsal ramus (artery) of P3 15 Circumflex artery 16 Proper palmar digital vein 17 Dorsal ramus (vein) of P2 18 Superficial ungular plexus 19 Skin

27 28 29

Periople Hoof wall (quarter) Zona alba

30 31

Sole Frog (apex) Paracuneal sulcus

32

19 28

5 1

2

Frontal ultrasound scan of the foot, collateral approach (see dotted area in illustration at top of page).

 

F11: Fro Frontal ntal Section Section of the the Foot Foot

120

10 5

8

1 6 3

4

2

4

9 Frontal anatomical section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the vessels and synovial cavities.

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

 

F11: Fron Frontal tal Section Section of the the Foot Foot 14

15 10

13 16

5

1

8

8

18

8a

  17

24

6 3

4 9

20 19

4 2a

2

9

25

2b

11

2c 12

21 22

7 26

1 Middle phalanx (P2) 2 Distal phalanx (P3) 2a Subchondral bone 2b Solar canal 2c Distopalmar compact bone 2d Parietal surface 2e Solar border 2f Planum cutaneum 3 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 4 Collateral ligament of the DIP joint 5 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 6 Collateral recess of the DIP joint 7 Digital cushion (cuneal part) 8 Ungular cartilage 8a Chondrocoronal ligament 9 Proper palmar digital artery (terminal arch) 10 Dorsal ramus (artery) of P2

 

2f

23 27

12

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

2d 2e

Dorsal ramus (artery) of P3 Circumflex artery Dorsal ramus (vein) of P2 Coronal vein Skin Corium limbi Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Corium cunei Periople

25 Hoof wall (quarter) 26 Sole 27 Frog (apex)

121

Double contrast radiographic study of the DIP joint (arthrography), dorsopalmar projection.

Frontal MRI scan of the foot.

 

122

F12: Fro Frontal ntal Section Section of the the Foot Foot

3 14

10 7

8

1

5

4 2 9

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

Frontal anatomical section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the vessels and synovial cavities.

 

F12: Fron Frontal tal Section Section of the the Foot Foot 3

13

10

15 16 23

10 7 8

8

17 6

1a 5

4 2a

2d 24

20

2

19

2b 2c

2f 11

12 25

14

 1

7 18

123

9 2e 21

22  

26

1 Middle phalanx (P2) 1a Distal condyle 2 Distal phalanx (P3) 2a Subchondral bone 2b Solar canal 2c Distopalmar compact bone 2d Articular surface 2e Parietal surface 2f Planum cutaneum 2g Solar border 3 Collateral ligament of the proximal interphalangeal joint joint and collateral sesamoidean ligament 4 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 5 Collateral ligament of the DIP joint 6 Collateral recess of the DIP joint 7 Ungular cartilage 8 Chondrocoronal ligament 9 Proper palmar digital artery (terminal arch) 10 Dorsal ramus of P2 11 Perforating ramus 12 Circumflex artery 13 Dorsal ramus (vein) of P2 14 Coronal vein 15 Skin 16 Corium limbi

2g

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Pulvinus coronae Corium coronae Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer Corium soleae Periople Hoof wall (quarter) Zona alba Sole (body)

7

1

5 1a

 

4 2

Frontal ultrasound scan of the coronet, collateral approach (see dotted area in illustration at top of page).

 

124

F13: Fro Frontal ntal Section Section of the the Foot Foot

6

1

6

5 4

2

Anatomical specimen after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities, dorsal view.

6 5

11

3

2 8

Frontal anatomical section of the foot after injection of coloured latex into the vessels and synovial cavities.

 

F13: Fron Frontal tal Section Section of the the Foot Foot

125

1 Middle phalanx, P2 (distal condyle) 2 Distal phalanx 2a Articular surface 2b Parietal surface 2c Planum cutaneum 2d Solar border 2e Solar canal 3 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 4 Collateral ligament of the DIP joint 5 Dorsal recess of the DIP joint 6 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 7 Chondrocoronal ligament 8 Proper palmar digital artery (terminal arch) 9 Perforating ramus 10 Circumflex artery 11 Coronal artery and vein 12 Dorsal ramus (artery and vein) of P2 13 Skin 14 Pulvinus limbi 15 Corium limbi 16 Pulvinus coronae 17 Corium coronae 18 Dermal papillae 19 Corium parietis 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

13 6 12 14

11

11

5 24

1

4

18

15

7

16 17

3 2a

25

19 20 2e 9 21 10

2d

8

2b

2c 22

27

Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneus layer Corium soleae Dermal papillae Periople Hoof wall Zona alba Sole (body)

Fron Fr onttal MR MRII sca scan n of of the the foo oot. t.

23 26

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

 

126

F14: Fro Frontal ntal Section Section of the the Foot Foot

8 9 10

12 11

2

1

13 Frontal section of the foot after injectionanatomical of coloured latex into the vessels.

Frontal MRI scan of the foot.

 

F14: Fron Frontal tal Section Section of the the Foot Foot 1 Distal phalanx 1a Parietal surface 1b Planum cutaneum 2 Perforating ramus 3 Circumflex artery 4 Coronal vein 5 Skin 6 Pulvinus limbi 7 Corium limbi 8 Pulvinus coronae 9 Corium coronae 10 Dermal papillae

127

5 6

16 8 10

4

7 9

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Corium parietis Dermal and epidermal lamellae Solar subcutaneous layer Corium solae Dermal papillae Periople Hoof wall 17a Stratum externum 17b Stratum medium 17c Stratum internum 18 Sole (body)

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

17a

12 11

17b

1a 2

17c 2 3

13

1b 15   14 18

Frontal MRI scan of the foot after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

 

The Equine  Equine  Pastern

 

129

Dissections of the Equine Pastern

 

130

Dissection 1: Vessels and Nerves of the the Digit – Dorsomedial View

9 2

12

10

12a

13 11

Vessels and nerves of the pastern, lateral view.

1

10 2

10

10a

3

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the digit, lateromedial view.

 

Dissection 1 1:: Vessels and and Nerves of the Digit – Dorsomedial View

131

1

1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Proximal phalanx (P1) 7

3 phalanx(P3) (P2) 4 Middle Distal phalanx 4a Parietal surface 4b Solar border 5 Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 6 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 7 Dorsal capsule of the MP joint 8 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 9 Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle 10 Proper palmar digital artery 10a Dorsal ramus of P1 11 Proper palmar digital vein 11a Parietal plexus 11b Superficial ungular plexus 11c Coronal vein 11d Dorsal ramus of P2 11e Dorsal ramus of P1 12 Proper palmar digital nerve 12a Dorsal ramus 13 Ergot ligament 14 Ungular cartilage 15 Heel

11

12 8

2   9 10a 12a 11 11e

10 13

6 3

8 11c

11d

14 11b 15

11a

4a

4b 4

11

5

11

2

a

Frontal ultrasound scan of the proper palmar digital vein (see dotted area in illustration above, right). a Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch). 6

Contrast radiographic study of the digital veins demonstrating numerous valves, lateromedial view.

 

132

Dissection 2: Vessels of the the Digit – Palmar Palmar View View

9 14

10

15 18 13 17

16

Dissected specimen after removal of the flexor tendons, palmar view.

9

9b

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the digit, dorsopalmar view.

 

Dissection 2: Vessels of the Digit – Palmar Palmar View View 1 Proximal phalanx (P1), palmar eminence 2 Third interosseus muscle extensor branch 3 Superficial digital flexor tendon 3a Distal branch 4 Deep digital flexor tendon 5 Palmar annular ligament 6 Proximal annular ligament 6a Withdigital window cut into it 7 Distal digital annular ligament 8 Digital sheath 8a Wall 8b Cavity 8c Mesotendon 9 Proper palmar digital artery 9a Ergot ramus 9b Ramus of the digital torus 10 Proper palmar digital vein 10a Superficial ungular plexus 10b Lateromedial palmar anastomosis 11 Ergot ligament 12 Digital cushion 13 Ungular cartilage 14 Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P1 15 Palmar rami (artery and vein) of the middle phalanx 16 Proximal ramus of the distal sesamoid bone 17 Distal ramus of the distal sesamoid bone 18 Proximopalmar recess of the distal interphalangeal joint

3

5 9 9

9a 8b

6a

  10

6

3a

11

3a

4

8a 8c

9

1

2

9

7 13

9b

10b

10a 12

10

9

a 4

Frontal ultrasound scan of the proper palmar digital artery (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

133

Contrast radiographic study of the veins (venography) of the digit, dorsopalmar view (see the valves). a Proximal interphalangeal joint.

 

134

Dissecti Diss ection on 3: Annu Annular lar Ligament Ligaments s

16a

5b   2

17

8 16b

9

Palmarolateral aspect of the pastern after latex injection into the synovial cavities.

16c 3

 

Dissecti Dissection on 3: Annu Annular lar Ligamen Ligaments ts

135

1

1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Proximal phalanx 2a Palmar eminence 3 Middle phalanx 4 Collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 5 Third interosseus muscle 5a Distal branch 5b Extensor branch

5a 10

10a

4

6

2a

7

Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament 10a Attachment to the proximal sesamoid bone 11 Proximal digital annular ligament 11a Proximal attachment 11b Distal attachment 12 Distal digital annular ligament 12a Proximal attachment 13 Digital cushion 14 Ungular cartilage 15 Canulated probe 16 Digital sheath synovial cavity 16a Collateral recess 16b Palmar distal recess 16c Dorsal distal recess 17 Palmar recess of the proximal interphalangeal  joint 6 7 8 9 10

11a 11 5b 6 7 2

8 11b 12a

9

12 3

Palmarolateral aspect.

10

10a

2a

6

6

11a 11 5b

2 8

9

11b 12a

8

8

15

9

7

12

14

14

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach Transverse (see arrow on illustration at right).

13

Palmar aspect.

 

136

Dissection 4: Flexor Tendons in the Digit – Palmar View (With Annular Ligaments Removed)

a

c 2

b

d 3

Dorsopalmar radiographic view of the digit.

4

4a 4b

Contrast radiographic study of the arterial supply of the superficial digital flexor tendon, dorsopalmar view.

 

Dissection 4: Flexor Tendons in the Digit – Palmar View (With Annular Ligaments Removed) Proximal sesamoid bone (palmar border) Middle phalanx, P2 (flexor tuberosity) Distal phalanx (palmar process) Superficial digital flexor tendon 4a Sagittal part 4b Distal branch 5 Deep digital flexor tendon 5a Distal attachment 6 Palmar annular ligament insertion 7 Distal digital annular ligament (proximal 1 2 3 4

4

9a

6

6

1

1

8a

137

insertion, reflected)

9b

8 Proper palmar digital artery 8a Ergot ramus 8b Ramus of the digital torus 8c Dorsal ramus of the proximal phalanx 8d Palmar ramus of P2 9 Third interosseus muscle 9a Distal branch 9b Extensor branch

4a

8c 8

8 A 5

4b 7

B 8b

2

Ultrasound scans A and B below, and radiograph on facing page: a Proximal phalanx b Distal sesamoid bone c Proximal interphalangeal joint d Distal interphalangeal joint e Straight sesamoidean ligament f Oblique sesamoidean ligament

8d 8

8d

5a

3

4a 5 4b 4b

4b

2 e f

A Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see arrow on illustration above, right).

B Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmaro-lateral approach (see arrow on illustration above).

 

138

Dissection 5: Flexor Tendons in the Digit – Palmarolateral View (With Annular Ligaments, Nerves and Major Part of Blood Vessels Removed)

19a 19a

19

  19b

19

19c 19d 19e

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries of the digit, oblique dorsolateral view.

15b 16

a 3

A Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmarolateral approach (see arrow on illustration on facing page).

   

Dissection 5: Flexor Tendons in the Digit – Palmarolateral View (With Annular Ligaments, Nerves and Major Part of Blood Vessels Removed) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Oblique sesamoidean Collateral ligament ofligament the MP joint Collateral ligament of the PIP joint Abaxial palmar ligament of the PIP joint Superficial digital flexor tendon 15a Manica flexoria 15b Distal branch 16 Deep digital flexor tendon 17 Digital synovial sheath 11 12 13 14 15

1

Third metacarpal bone Proximal sesamoid bone (palmar border) Proximal phalanx (P1) Middle phalanx (P2) 4a Flexor tuberosity Distal phalanx (palmar process) Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 7a Middle scutum Distal interphalangeal joint Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Collateral sesamoidean ligament

15 17a

15a

18a 9

19

2 12

10

6 17b 19b 11 18b

3

15

19

19b

19a A

14 7

15b 7a

B C 19c

19

139

17a Proximal dorsal recess 17b Collateral recess 17c Dorsal distal recess 18 Third interosseus muscle 18a Distal branch 18b Extensor branch

4a

13

16 19d

4 17c 19e

8

19

5

19 Proper palmar digital artery 19a Dorsal ramus of P1 19b Palmar ramus of P1 19c Ramus of the digital torus 19d Dorsal ramus of P2 19e Palmar ramus of P2 a Straight sesamoidean ligament

B Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmarolateral approach (see arrow on illustration at top right). 15b

16

16 7a

7a

C Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmarolateral approach (see arrow on illustration above).

3

 

140

Dissection Dissectio n 6: Isolate Isolated d Flexor Tendon Tendons s – Dorsal View View

Contrast radiographic study of the arterial supply of the digital part of the DDFT DDFT,, dorsopalmar view.

 

Dissection Dissecti on 6: Isolate Isolated d Flexor Tendon Tendons s – Dorsal View View 2a 2 2 Fetlock

1

1 A a B

3

A Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the digital flexor tendons, palmar approach (see arrow at left). 2b

Pastern

d 2

C 1a

1  

2b

2b

3

4 Distal sesamoid

1b

a

bone

b

1 Deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) 1a Phalangeal fibrocartilaginous part in contact with the flexor tuberosity of the middle phalanx 1b Distal part in contact with the distal sesamoid bone 2 Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)

b

B Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the digital flexor tendons, palmar approach (see arrow on illustration above, left).

141

2a Manica flexoria 2b Distal branch 3 Synovial fold between the 2 SDFT distal branches 4 Synovial membranes of the digital sheath and podotrochlear bursa inserted on the DDFT

1

1a

Ultrasound scans A, B and C:

a Straight sesamoidean ligament b Oblique sesamoidean ligament c scutum d Middle Proximal digital annular ligament

c

C Transverse ultrasound scan of the DDFT, palmar approach (see arrow on illustration above, left).

 

142

Dissection 7: Digital Sheath

14a

14c

14e

Isolated digital flexor tendons with latex injected into the digital sheath cavity, dorsolateral view.

14a 1

14b 3

14c

14d 4 14e

Contrast radiographic study of the digital sheath (tenography), lateromedial view.

 

Dissection 7: Digital Sheath

143

10 1

2

7

12

9 9a

14a

a

9

9b 10

5b

7a

8 b 11

5a

5d

A Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmarolateral approach (see arrow on illustration at left).

8

3 14b

1a 5c

5

A

12a B

7b

3

14c 8

12 a

B

9

6d 12b

14c 9b

10 14d

6c 13a

3 10 8

6b

  6a

4

b

13

1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle 2 Fourth metacarpal bone 3 Proximal phalanx 4 Middle phalanx 5 Metacarpophalangeal joint 5a Collateral ligament 5b Proximopalmar recess 5c Collateral recess 5d Collateral sesamoidean ligament 6 Proximal interphalangeal joint 6a Collateral ligament 6b Collateral sesamoidean ligament 6c Abaxial palmar ligament 6d Axial palmar ligament 7 Third interosseus muscle 7a Distal branch 7b Extensor branch 8 Oblique sesamoidean ligament 9 Superficial digital flexor tendon

10 11 12

13 14

B Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern palmarolateral approach (see arrow on illustration at left).

9a Manica flexoria 9b Distal branch Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Proximal digital annular ligament 12a Proximal attachment 12b Distal attachment Distal digital annular ligament 13a Proximal attachment Digital sheath 14a Dorsal proximal recess 14b Palmar proximal recess 14c Collateral recess 14d Palmar distal recess 14e Dorsal distal recess

Ultrasound scans A and B:

a Proper palmar digital artery b Straight sesamoidean ligament

 

144

Dissecti Diss ection on 8: Dig Digital ital Sheat Sheath h 11a

11b

11c

11d

11e

Contrast radiographic study of the digital sheath (tenography), dorsopalmar view.

11a

11c

6b

Isolated digital flexor tendons with latex injected into the digital sheath cavity, dorsal aspect.

 

11e

7

Dissect Diss ection ion 8: Dig Digital ital Sheath Sheath

145 1

1 2 3 4 5

Third metacarpal bone Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx (palmar process) Third interosseus muscle 5a Distal branch 5b Extensor branch 6 Superficial digital flexor tendon 6a Digital sagittal part

6

11a

5a 8

11b 13

6b Distal branch Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Proximal digital annular ligament Distal digital annular ligament 10a Proximal attachment 11 Digital sheath 11a Dorsal proximal recess 11b Palmar proximal recess 11c Collateral recess 11d Palmar distal recess 11e Dorsal distal recess 12 Ungular cartilage 13 Collateral recess of the metacarpophalangeal 7 8 9 10

9 11c

11c

2

5b 6a 6b 11d A

7 10a

B

3 10

14 12

14  joint Proximopalmar recess of the distal interphalangeal joint

7

4

7

10 6b

7 11e 3

A Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see arrow on illustration above right).

B Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see arrow on illustration above).

 

146

Dissection 9: Palmar Aspect of the Pastern (After Removal of the Flexor Tendons)

1

10

3

2

Contrast radiographic study of the PIP  joint (arthrography), dorsopalmar view.

5

1

10

9

8

11

11 7

Dissected specimen after latex injection into the PIP joint, palmar view.

 

147

Dissection Palmar Aspect the Pastern (After9: Removal of the Flexorof Tendons) 1 Proximal phalanx (P1) 1a Palmar eminence 2 Middle phalanx 2a Flexor tuberosity 3 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 4 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 5 Oblique sesamoidean ligament 6 Straight sesamoidean ligament 7 Middle scutum

4

1a

1a 5

A

5

12 16

8 9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16

Axial palmar ligament of the PIP joint Abaxial palmar ligament of the PIP joint Palmar recess of the PIP joint Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) Proximal digital annular ligament (proximal attachment) Proper palmar digital artery 13a Palmar ramus of P1 13b Dorsal ramus of P1 13c Ramus of the digital torus Proper palmar digital vein 14a Palmar ramus of P1 Ergot ligament Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle

14 16 1

6

13

13b

14a 13

13a

14a 10 8

9

B

11

10

15

11 3

7

13

Ultrasound scans A and B: 2

a Deep digital flexor tendon 5a Sagittal part of the oblique sesamoidean ligament

2a

13c

a

6

5

 

9

5a

5 1

 

A Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see arrow on illustration above, right).

1

B Frontal ultrasound scan of the pastern (see arrow on illustration above).

 

148

Dissection 10: Palmarolateral View of the Pastern (After Removal of the Flexor Tendons) 1

5

13 6 14

8 11

9

12 7

10

2a

Dissected specimen after latex injection in the PIP joint, palmarolateral view.

Anatomical specimen with casting preparation of the proximal interphalangeal joint cavity cavity,, palmarolateral view.

 

Dissection 10: Palmarolateral View of the Pastern

149

(After Removal of the Flexor Tendons) 1 Proximal phalanx (P1) 2 Middle phalanx 2a Flexor tuberosity 3 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 4 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 5 Oblique sesamoidean ligament 6 Straight sesamoidean ligament 7 Middle scutum 7a Insertion on P1 8 Axial palmar ligament of the PIP joint 9 Abaxial palmar ligament of the PIP joint 10 Collateral ligament of the PIP joint 11 Palmar recess of the PIP joint 12 Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) 13 Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle 14 Proximal attachment of the distal digital annular ligament and digital cushion (on the dissected specimen, facing page)

4

5 5

6 13 1

9 11 8

12

7a 9

12 A

3

7

Ultrasound scan A:

B

a Proper palmar digital artery 10

2a 2

a

12

10 7a 7

1

 

1

3

11

A Transverse Tra nsverse ultrasoundapproach scan of the oblique palmarolateral (seepastern, arrow on illustration, above right).

B Frontal (see ultrasound scan of the pastern, lateral approach arrow on illustration above).

 

150

2

Dissection 11: Sesamoidean Ligaments

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern.

Transverse MRI scan of the proximal pastern Transverse showing the cruciate sesamoidean ligaments

 

Dissection 11: Sesamoidean Ligaments

151

3b

a 4

3a

10

5a 2a

6

5b

2a 3

12a 5a 5a

13 2

Sagittofrontal oblique ultrasound scan of the oblique sesamoidean ligament (see arrow on illustration at left). a Proximal attachment of the proximal digital annular ligament.

Palmar aspect.

1

1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle 2 Proximal phalanx 2a Palmar eminence 3 Proximal sesamoid bone 3a Palmar border 3b Interosseus face 4 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 5 Oblique sesamoidean ligament

4

11

12b

3b

5a Collateral (main) part 5b Sagittal part 6 Cruciate sesamoidean ligament 7 Superficial digital flexor tendon 8 Palmar annular ligament 9 Proximal digital annular ligament (proximal attachment) 10 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 11 Collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 12 Recesses of the metacarpophalangeal joint

10 1a

11 8

2a

9

5

7 2

12a Distopalmar recess 12b Proximopalmar recess 13 Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle

Lateral aspect (the metacarpophalangeal  joint is flexed).

 

152

Dissection 12: Proximal Interphalangeal Joint – Lateral View 1 8

6 7 11

5 2b

2

3a 9

10

11

  2c

4

3

Extended joints.

1

13

12 7 2

11

14

10

3

Dissectedlatex specimen injection of coloured in theafter interphalangeal  joints, dorsolateral view.

 

Dissection 12: Proximal Interphalangeal Joint – Lateral View

1

11

2a 2 5 3a

2c

7

8

9 11

10

2b

6

4

Angulation of the interphalangeal joints on a isolated limb under compression (pressure on the radius = 10 000 N).

3

Flexed joints.

1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx 2a Extensor process 2b Flexor tuberosity 2c Distal condyle 3 Distal phalanx 3a Extensor process

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Middle scutum Collateral ligament of the PIP joint Abaxial palmar ligament of the PIP joint Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Collateral ligament of the DIP joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Dorsal recess of the PIP joint

153

4 Distal sesamoid bone

13 Palmar recess of the PIP joint

5 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint

14 Dorsal recess of the DIP joint

 

154

Dissection Dissecti on 13: Recesse Recesses s of the Proximal Proximal Interphalange Interphalangeal al Joint – Dorsal View 1 13 12

8

6 4 7

2

10

11 12

12

3a

3

12

13

12

14

Dissected digit, dorsal view.

 

Dissection Dissectio n 13: Recesse Recesses s of the Proximal Proximal Interphalange Interphalangeal al Joint – Dorsal View 1

8

6

6

7

7

4 2

9

9

11

 

10

3b 10

3a

5

1 8

1 Proximal phalanx 2 Middle phalanx (P2) 3 Distal phalanx 3a Extensor process 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

 

3b Palmar process Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Collateral ligament of the PIP joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Dorsal recess of the PIP joint Distodorsocollateral recess of the PIP joint Collateral ligament of the DIP joint Dorsal recess of the DIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Third interosseus muscle extensor branch Coronal artery and vein Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2

9

2

9

15

11

14

Anatomical relationships between the dorsal recesses and vessels.

155

This page intentionally left blank

 

157

Sagittal and Parasagittal Sections of the Equine Pastern

  3 4  5 6 7 12

M

1 2 3 4 567

 

158

S1a: Sagitt Sagittal al Section Section of the the Pastern Pastern

Double contrast radiographic study of the PIP joint (arthrography), lateromedial view.

 

Sagittal al Section Section of the the Pastern Pastern S1a: Sagitt

159

1

1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Sagittal ridge 2 Proximal phalanx (P1) 2a Proximal sagittal groove 2b Distal sagittal groove 3 Middle phalanx (P2) 3a Sagittal ridge 3b Flexor tuberosity 4 Distal phalanx, P3 (extensor process) 5 Distal sesamoid bone 6 Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 7 Dorsal articular capsule 8 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 9 Cruciate sesamoidean ligament 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Distopalmar recess of the MP joint Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Middle scutum Palmar recess of the PIP joint Dorsal recess of the PIP joint

1a

7

1a

8

33 24

23a

9

6

22

2a

12

21a 27 34

10   11   23 30

29 2

27a

21

15

25 27b

16 14 2b 21b

13

3a

27c 3b

23b

17 18 19 20 21

Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Proximopalmar recess of the DIP joint Dorsal recess of the DIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon 21a Insertion on P1 21b Insertion on the extensor process of P2

32

31 19

20

3

26 18

21c

 

4

17

28

5

21c Insertion onflexor the extensor 22 Superficial digital tendon process of P3 23 Deep digital flexor tendon 23a MP fibrocartilaginous part 23b Phalangeal fibrocartilaginous part 24 Palmar annular ligament 25 Proximal digital annular ligament 26 Distal digital annular ligament 27 Digital sheath cavity 27a Synovial fold 27b Palmar distal recess 27c Dorsal distal recess 28 Proximal recess of the podotrochlear bursa 29 Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P1 30 Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 31 Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2 32 Digital cushion 33 Ergot 34 Skin

Sagittal MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

160

S1b: Sagittal Section of the Palmar Pastern – Proximal Part

8

13

Section of the proximal pastern after latex injection in the MP joint and digital sheath cavities.

Sagittal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

S1b: Sagittal Section of the Palmar Pastern – Proximal Part 1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Sagittal ridge 2 Proximal phalanx 2a Proximal sagittal groove 3 Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 4 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 5 Cruciate sesamoidean ligament 6 Oblique sesamoidean ligament 6a Sagittal part 6b Collateral part 7 Straight sesamoidean ligament 8 Distopalmar recess of the MP joint 9 Superficial digital flexor tendon 10 Deep digital flexor tendon 10a MP fibrocartilaginous part 11 Palmar annular ligament

1

4

161

13 11 15

1a

10a 9

3

5

2a 8

6a

12 Proximal digital annular ligament 13 Digital sheath cavity 13a Synovial fold 14 Palmar ramus (vein) of P1 15 Ergot cushion 16 Skin

10

16

13 2

6 12

7 13 13a

6b 14

12 9

9

10

13a 10

7

13 6a

6 7

5 8

2

Sagittal ultrasound scan of the proximal pastern, palmar approach (7.5 MHz

Sagittal ultrasound scan of the proximal pastern, palmar approach (10 MHz sector probe).

linear probe).

 

162

S1c: Sagittal Section of the Palmar Pastern – Proximal Part

Section of the middle pastern after latex injection into the joints and digital sheath cavities.

Sagittal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

S1c: Sagittal Section of the Palmar Pastern – Middle Part 1 Proximal phalanx (P1) 1a Distal condyle 1b Trigone of P1 2 Oblique sesamoidean ligament

11

13

7

11 9

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Straight sesamoidean ligament Middle scutum Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Palmar recess of the PIP joint Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Proximal digital annular ligament Distal digital annular ligament Digital sheath cavity 11a Dorsal distal recess 11b Palmar distal recess 12 Synovial fold 13 Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P1 14 Skin

8 2

13

1 13

12 14

6

3

1b 11b

4

1a

10

11a

5

7

163

9

7 8

8 11 3

12 3

2

1

Sagittal ultrasound scan of the middle pastern, palmar approach (7.5 MHz linear probe).

Sagittal ultrasound scan of the middle pastern, palmar approach (10 MHz sector probe).

 

164

S1d: Sagittal Section of the Palmar Pastern – Distal Part

Section of the distal pastern after latex injection into the digital sheath and PIP joint cavities.

Sagittal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

S1d: Sagittal Section of the Palmar Pastern – Distal Part

165

10

16

1 Proximal phalanx (P1) 1a Distal sagittal groove 1b Trigone of P1 2 Middle phalanx 2a Sagittal ridge 2b Flexor tuberosity 3 Collateral sesamoidean ligament

12

4 5 8

1

11 1b

18

14 14b

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18

Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Middle scutum Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Palmar recess of the PIP joint Proximopalmar recess of the distal interphalangeal joint Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon 11a Phalangeal fibrocartilaginous part Proximal digital annular ligament Distal digital annular ligament Digital sheath cavity 14a Dorsal distal recess 14b Palmar distal recess Proximal recess of the podotrochlear bursa Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P1 Digital cushion (toric part) Skin

6 1a 14a 7

2b 2a 11a

17

13 2

9 3 15

18 18

12

10 13 11

11 11a

5

6 2b

5

1

Sagittal ultrasound scan of the distal pastern, palmar approach (7.5 MHz linear probe).

Sagittal ultrasound scan of the distal pastern, palmar approach (10 MHz sector probe).

 

166

S1e: Sagittal Section of the Dorsal Pastern – Middle Part

1 5

7

3 2

Section of the pastern after latex injection into the dorsal recess of the PIP joint.

1

5

2 6

Dissected specimen after latex injection into the recesses of the interphalangeal joints.

 

S1e: Sagittal Section of the Dorsal Pastern – Middle Part 1 Proximal phalanx 1a Distal sagittal groove 2 Middle phalanx (P2) 2a Sagittal ridge 2b Extensor process 3 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint

8

7

167

4 Synovial membrane 4a Synovial plica 5 Dorsal recess of the PIP joint 6 Dorsal recess of the distal interphalangeal

1 5

 joint 7 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 7a Insertion on the extensor process of P2 8 Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 9 Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2 10 Skin

10 4 1a 4a 7a

3

2b

2a 2 7   9

6

10

7

5 2b

1 3

Sagittal ultrasound scan of the pastern, dorsal approach. Sagittal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

168

S1f: Sagittal Section of the Dorsal Pastern – Distal Part

7 8

2

3b

3

Sagittal section of the coronet after latex injection into the DIP joint.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

S1f: Sagittal Section of the Dorsal Pastern – Distal Part 1 Proximal phalanx (P1) 1a Distal sagittal groove 2 Middle phalanx (P2) 2a Sagittal ridge 2b Extensor process 2c Sagittal groove 2d Dorsal margin of the distal articular surface 3 Distal phalanx (P3) 3a Sagittal ridge 3b Extensor process 3c Parietal surface 4 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 5 interphalangeal 6 Distal Synovial membrane (DIP) joint 6a Synovial plica 7 Dorsal recess of the DIP joint 8 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 8a Insertion on the extensor process of P2

169

1

8 8a 2b

1a

4

2a

9 17 8

7

2

6

2d 10 12

6a 8b

2c

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

8b Insertion on the extensor process of P3 Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2 Coronal artery and vein Pulvinus coronae Corium limbi Corium coronae Corium parietis Periople Hoof wall Skin

11 15

5

3b 13

3a 3 16

17

14

3c

17

12

11

11

8 8

8

7

2

5

3b

7 2d 2

Sagittal ultrasound scan of the distal pastern and coronet, dorsal approach (7.5 MHz linear probe).

6a 5

3b

Sagittal ultrasound scan of the distal pastern and coronet, dorsal approach (10 MHz sector probe).

 

170

S2: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section of the the Pastern Pastern

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

 

S2: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the the Pastern Pastern

171

1 Metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle 2 Proximal phalanx (P1) groove 2a Proximal sagittal 2b Distal sagittal groove 3 Middle phalanx (P2) 3a Sagittal ridge 3b Flexor tuberosity 4 Proximal sesamoid bone 5 Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 6 Dorsal articular capsule 7 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 8 Cruciate sesamoidean ligament 9 Oblique sesamoidean ligament 10 Straight sesamoidean ligament 11 Proximopalmar recess of the MP joint 12 Distopalmar recess of the MP joint 13 Dorsal recess of the MP joint 14 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 15 Middle scutum 16 Palmar recess of the PIP joint 17 Dorsal recess of the PIP joint 18 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 18a Insertion on P1 18b Insertion on the extensor process of P2 19 Superficial digital flexor tendon 20 Deep digital flexor tendon 21 Palmar annular ligament 22 Proximal digital annular ligament 23 Digital sheath 23a Synovial membrane 24 Common palmar digital artery

24 27

19 25

1

26 11

20 7

13 1a

6

4 2a

5 8

18a 12 18

17

23   10

22

23a 18b 14

16

2b

3a 3

28

2 9

3b

15

29 23

29 22 19

21

25 26 27 28 29

Common palmar digital vein Palmar metacarpal arteries Palmar metacarpal veins Ergot Skin

20 23 23a 10

Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

172

S3: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section of the the Pastern Pastern

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

 

S3: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the the Pastern Pastern 1

1 Metacarpal condyle (medial part) 2 Proximal phalanx (P1) 2a Medial glenoid cavity 2b Medial condyle 2c Trigone of P1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

173

8

4

17

5

2a

8

A 7

Middle phalanx (flexorjoint tuberosity) Metacarpophalangeal (MP joint) Cruciate sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Distopalmar recess of the MP joint Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Middle scutum Axial palmar ligament of the PIP joint Palmar recess of the PIP joint Dorsal recess of the PIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon 16a Phalangeal fibrocartilaginous part Palmar annular ligament Proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath Synovial fold Connective tissue Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P1 Dorsal rami ( artery and vein) of P1 Skin

15

6

20

23

21

19 B 16

2 22 2c 11

24 14

18 13 12 10

2b

9 3

13

16a

15 16 16 20 7 7 6 6 2c 2

A Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the proximal

19

2

B Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the middle pastern,

pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

174

S4: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section of the the Pastern Pastern

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

 

S4: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the the Pastern Pastern 1

1 Metacarpal condyle (medial part) 2 Proximal phalanx (P1) 2a Medial glenoid cavity 2b Medial condyle 2c Trigone of P1 3 Middle phalanx (P2) 3a Flexor tuberosity 4 Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 5 Cruciate sesamoidean ligament 6 Oblique sesamoidean ligament 7 Straight sesamoidean ligament 8 Distopalmar recess of the MP joint 9 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 10 Middle scutum 11 Axial palmar ligament of the PIP joint 12 Palmar recess of the PIP joint 13 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, proximopalmar recess 14 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 15 Proximopalmar recess of the DIP joint 16 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 17 Superficial digital flexor tendon 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26

175

8

4

18 5

7

2a

  21

19

26 17 6 21a

2

A 23

26

2c 11

16

20

12

B

17a

10 2b 3a

9

18 21b

17a Distal branch Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath 21a Collateral recess 21b Dorsal distal recess Proximal recess of the podotrochlear bursa Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P1 Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2 Digital cushion (pars torica) Skin

25

3 24

 

15 13

22 14

17

18

21a

6 18 17 10

12

3a 2b

2c 2

A Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

9

B Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

 

176

S5: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section of the the Pastern Pastern

Parasagittal section oflatex the pastern injection of coloured into theafter synovial cavities.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

S5: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the the Pastern Pastern 1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Medial part 2 Proximal phalanx (P1) 2a Medial glenoid cavity 2b Medial condyle

177

1

4

10 6 5

1a

 

11

7

9

18

3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 26 27 28

2c Trigone of P1 Middle phalanx (P2) 3a Medial glenoid cavity 3b Flexor tuberosity Medial proximal sesamoid bone Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint Dorsal articular capsule Cruciate sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Dorsal recess of the MP joint Distopalmar recess of the MP joint Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Middle scutum 13a Insertion on P1 Palmar recess of the PIP joint Distodorsocollateral recess of the PIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon 17a Distal branch Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Proximal digital annular ligament Distal digital annular ligament Digital sheath 22a Collateral recess 22b Palmar distal recess Palmar ramus (artery) of P1 Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 Proper palmar digital vein Digital cushion (toric part) Ergot Skin

19 27

2a 8

22a 20 17

2c 25 24

28

23 28

16

17a 14 13a 22b 12

2b

15

3a

B

13 3b

18

3

21 26

18

17a 3b

13

2b 12 17 18

B Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

9

8 2

A Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

 

178

A

2

S6: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section of the the Pastern Pastern

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

 

S6: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the the Pastern Pastern 1 Metacarpal condyle (medial part) 2 Proximal phalanx (P1) 2a Medial glenoid cavity 2b Medial condyle 3 Middle phalanx (P2) 3a Medial glenoid cavity 3b Medial condyle 3c Flexor tuberosity 4 Distal phalanx (P3) 4a Medial glenoid cavity 5 Distal sesamoid bone 6 Metacarpophalangeal joint 7 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 8 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 9 Oblique sesamoidean ligament 10 Middle scutum 10a Insertion on P1 11 Recesses of the PIP joint

6

1

179

9

2a

21 17

31

18

19 21a

24 25 24

23

2

20a

15

19a 17a

10a 11b

 

31

10 26

2b 3c

7 11a

3a

28

21b 20

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

11a Distodorsocollateral recess 11b Palmar recess Collateral sesamoidean ligament Impar distal sesamoidean ligament Proximopalmar recess of the DIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon 17a Distal branch Palmar annular ligament

19 Proximal digital annular ligament 19a Distal insertion 20 Distal digital annular ligament 20a Proximal attachment 21 Digital sheath 21a Collateral recess 21b Dorsal distal recess 22 Podotrochlear bursa (proximal recess) 23 Proper palmar digital artery 24 Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P1 25 Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P1 26 Ramus of the digital torus 27 Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2 28 Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P2 29 Digital cushion 30 Ungular cartilage 31 Skin

3 29

27 14

12 5

15

22 16

3b 8 4a

13

4

6

23

24

25

26

7

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the digit, lateromedial view.

27

 

180

S7: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section of the the Pastern Pastern

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern after

 

30

injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

S7: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the the Pastern Pastern

181 9 16

1 Proximal phalanx (P1) 1a Medial condyle

10 11

2 Middle phalanx 2a Medial glenoid cavity 2b Flexor tuberosity 3 Proximal interphalangeal joint 3a Distodorsocollateral recess 3b Abaxial palmar ligament 4 Middle scutum 5 Collateral sesamoidean ligament (of the distal interphalangeal joint) 6 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 7 Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle 8 Distal digital annular ligament (proximal attachment) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Proper Proper palmar palmar digital digital artery vein Dorsal ramus (vein) of P1 Palmar ramus (artery) of P1 Palmar ramus (vein) of P1 Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2 Ramus of the digital torus Proper palmar digital nerve Digital cushion Skin

13 10 12 7 10

1

6

8

9

18

3b

9

5

15 4 1a

3

2a

3a

 

2b

2 14

17

4

8 3b

1

1a

Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

Parasagittal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

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183

Transverse Sections of the  the  Equine Pastern

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

8

 

184

T1: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse anatomical section after latex injection into the digital sheath cavity and arteries.

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

T1: Transverse Section of the Pastern

185

5 14 4

4 3

14

1 17

17 13

9

2 1b

11 15

1a

16

1

2 3 4 5 6

7

Middle phalanx (P2) 1a Flexor tuberosity 1b Fibrocartilaginous surface Collateral ligament of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Distodorsocollateral recess of the PIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon 6a Fibrous part 6b Phalangeal fibrocartilaginous part Distal digital annular ligament

9

11

6a

7 12

 

8

6b  

10a

16 10

12

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Digital sheath (dorsal distal recess) Ungular cartilage Digital cushion 10a Proximal attachment Proper palmar digital artery Ramus of digital torus Proper palmar digital vein Dorsal ramus (vein) of P2 Deep ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Skin

7 6a

6b 1b 1a

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of fat Transverse material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the distal pastern, palmar Tr approach (see dotted area in illustration at top of page).

 

186

T2a: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse anatomical section after latex injection into the synovial cavities and arteries.

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

T2a: Transverse Section of the Pastern

1

Middle phalanx (P2) 1a Extensor process 1b Articular cartilage of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP)

187

8 5

5

2 3

 joint 1c Flexor tuberosity Articular cartilage of the proximal phalanx Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint space

4 5

1a 7 19 17

7 1b

6

3

6 17

1c

15

Middle scutum Distodorsocollateral recess of the PIP  joint 6 Collateral ligament of the PIP joint 7 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 8 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 9 Deep digital flexor tendon 9a Fibrous part 9b Phalangeal fibrocartilaginous part 10 Distal digital annular ligament 11 Dorsal distal recess of the digital sheath 12 Digital cushion 12a Proximal attachment 13 Ungular cartilage 14 Proper palmar digital artery 15 Proper palmar digital vein 16 Ungular plexus 17 Dorsal ramus (vein) of P2 18 Proper palmar digital nerve 19 Skin

19

2

11 15

4 9b 9a

13 12a 14

12a

18

10

12

14 13 18 16

19

10

9a 9b

1c

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach Transverse (see dotted area in illustration above).

19

12 10

9a

Transverse Tr ansverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration at top of page).

9b

 

188

T2b: Transverse Section of the Pastern

1

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern.

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

 

T2b: Transverse Section of the Pastern

1 12

11

1a 2

10 5a 7

3b

8

16

3 3a

14

4 9

6

A

15 5b

B

A

13 17

189

1 2 3

4 5

6

Middle phalanx (P2) 1a Flexor tuberosity Middle scutum Deep digital flexor tendon 3a Fibrous part 3b Phalangeal fibrocartilaginous part Distal digital annular ligament Digital sheath 5a Dorsal distal recess 5b Mesotendon Ungular cartilage

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Proximal attachment of the digital cushion Proper palmar digital artery Ramus of the digital torus Coronal artery Proper palmar digital vein Coronal vein and dorsal ramus of P2 Ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Ramus of the digital torus Skin Heel

16

4 16 3

4 8 3

2 1a

1a

A

Transverse Tra nsverse ulltrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

B

Transverse ulltrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted line in illustration above).

 

190

T3: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse anatomical section after latex injection into the synovial cavities and arteries.

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern.

 

T3: Transverse Section of the Pastern 19 8 7

8a  

7

6

2a

6

1c

1a 5

1b

5

3 14 2b 13

4

13 18 10a 12 17

16 15

11

10a 18

9b

12

9a

16

17

10 19

1

2

3 4 5

Proximal phalanx (distal extremity) 1a Medial condyle 1b Lateral condyle 1c Distal sagittal groove Middle phalanx (P2) 2a Extensor process 2b Flexor tuberosity Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Middle scutum Collateral ligament of the PIP joint

9

10 11 12 13 14 15

Deep digital flexor tendon 9a Fibrous part 9b Phalangeal fibrocartilaginous part Distal digital annular ligament 10a Proximal attachment Digital sheath Proper palmar digital artery Proper palmar digital vein Dorsal ramus (vein) of P2 Ungular plexus

191

6 7 8

Collateral sesamoidean ligament Distodorsocollateral recess of the PIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon 8a Insertion on the extensor process of P2

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of fat Transverse material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

16 17 18 19

Proper palmar digital nerve Ungular cartilage Proximal attachment of the digital cushion Skin

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex Transverse into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

192

T4: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Transverse anatomical section after latex injection into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T4: Transverse Section of the Pastern

193

7 8 5

5

17 1

4

4

2 1a

1b 6

16

16

11

3

14

14 13 17

10a 15  

  9

13 15

12

B

10

18

A 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Proximal phalanx 1a Medial condyle 1b Lateral condyle Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Middle scutum Collateral ligament of the PIP joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Palmar recess of the PIP joint Dorsal recess of the PIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Distal digital annular ligament 10a Proximal attachment Digital sheath cavity Mesotendon Proper palmar digital artery Proper palmar digital vein Proper palmar digital nerve Proximal attachment of the digital cushion Skin Heel

14 10

16

15

13 10a

9

9

3

1b

2

3  

1

1a

A

B

Transverse Tra nsverse scan of the pastern, palmar approach (seeultrasound dotted area in illustration above).

Transverse Tra nsverse ultrasound the pastern, palmarolateral approach scan (see of dotted area in illustration above).

 

194

T5: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of fat Transverse material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

T5: Transverse Section of the Pastern B 7a 4

7b

6

6

3

4

 

3

1 16

16

5 13

13 2

15

15

 

12 9 14

9

8

12 14

11 10

A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

Proximal phalanx Middle scutum Collateral ligament of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Palmar recess of the PIP joint Dorsal recess of the PIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon 7a Fibrous part 7b Fibrocartilaginous part Deep digital flexor tendon

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16

Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) Distal digital annular ligament Digital sheath cavity (palmar distal recess) Proper palmar digital artery Proper palmar digital vein Proper palmar digital nerve Proximal attachment of the digital cushion and distal digital annular ligament Skin

16 10 8

7 9

9

1

2 1 A

Transverse Tran sverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

B

Transverse Tr ansverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

195

196

T6: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of fat Transverse material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

T6: Transverse Section of the Pastern

7a 6

7b  

6

197

4

4 3

 

3

1 16

16

5

13

13

2

15 12

15

 

9

14

9

8 10

B

12 14

11

A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

Proximal phalanx Middle scutum Collateral ligament of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Collateral sesamoidean ligament Palmar recess of the PIP joint Dorsal recess of the PIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon 7a Fibrous part 7b Fibrocartilaginous part Deep digital flexor tendon

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

16

Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) Distal digital annular ligament Digital sheath cavity (palmar distal recess) Proper palmar digital artery Proper palmar digital vein Proper palmar digital nerve Proximal attachment of the digital cushion and distal digital annular ligament Skin

16 13

12 14

8 9

15 9 8

2

2

A

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, Transverse palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

B

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmarolateral approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

T7: Transverse Section of the Pastern 198

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of fat Transverse material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

T7: Transverse Section of the Pastern

7 6

8

8 3

16

3

4

1

4

16

2a 13

5

2a

13 15

15 2 9

9

12 14

12 14

B

199

10

11b

11a

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Proximal phalanx (P1) Middle scutum 2a Insertion on P1 Collateral sesamoidean ligament Collateral ligament of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Palmar recess of the PIP joint Dorsal recess of the PIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch)

10 11

12 13 14 15

16

Deep digital flexor tendon Digital sheath 11a Wall 11b Cavity Proper palmar digital artery Proper palmar digital vein Proper palmar digital nerve Abaxial palmar ligament of the PIP joint, proximal attachment of the digital cushion and distal digital annular ligament Skin

16

16

12

14

13

10

15

9

9

9

15 2

10

2a 1 1 A

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

2

B

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmarolateral approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

200

T8: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse nsverse anatomical section after latex injection into Tra the synovial cavities and vessels.

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of Transverse fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

 

T8: Transverse Section of the Pastern 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

201

Proximal phalanx (P1) Axial palmar ligament of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Abaxial palmar ligament of the PIP joint Sagittal palmar recess of the PIP joint Collateral palmar recess of the PIP joint Dorsal recess of the PIP joint Straight sesamoidean ligament Dorsal digital extensor tendon Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) Deep digital flexor tendon Digital sheath cavity Proper palmar digital artery Dorsal ramus of P1 Proper palmar digital vein Dorsal ramus of P1 Palmar rami of P1 Proper palmar digital nerve 18a Intermediate ramus Ergot ligament Proximal attachment of the digital cushion and distal digital annular ligament Skin

21 8 14

6 9

9 16

1

17

5 3

5

  17

5

4

3 19

15 2

20 18a 13 18

10

7     12

2

18a 10

13 18

11 21

21

11

12

10

10

7

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar Transverse approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

202

T9: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse anatomical section after latex injection into Transverse the synovial cavities and vessels.

Tra Transverse nsverse anatomical section after latex injection into the synovial cavities and arteries.

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern.

 

T9: Transverse Section of the Pastern

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Proximal phalanx (P1) Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Axial palmar ligament of the proximal

7

interphalangeal (PIP) joint Abaxial palmar ligament of the PIP joint Sagittal palmar recess of the PIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) Deep digital flexor tendon Proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath 12a Wall 12b Cavity Proper palmar digital artery Dorsal ramus of P1 Palmar ramus of P1 Proper palmar digital vein Dorsal ramus of P1 Palmar ramus of P1 Proper palmar digital nerve 19a Intermediate ramus Proximal attachment of the digital cushion and distal digital annular ligament Skin

21 10 9

11 9

3

2

203

21

8

8 17

1 14

20

20 15

16

5 4

19a 13 19

18

 2 6

11

15

4

3

13

 

9

5

9 19

12b

10 21 12a

1

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right). Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

204

T10: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse anatomical section after latex injection into Transverse the synovial cavities and vessels.

Transverse nsverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of Tra fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

 

T10: Transverse Section of the Pastern

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Proximal phalanx (P1) Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Axial palmar ligament of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Abaxial palmar ligament of the PIP joint Dorsal recess of the PIP joint Sagittal palmar recess of the PIP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Superficial digital flexor tendon 10a Distal branch 10b Sagittal part Deep digital flexor tendon Proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath 13a Cavity 13b Synovial fold (mesotendon) Proper palmar digital artery Palmar ramus of P1

205

20 21

8 6 9

9

1 19 5

  2

4

16

5

14

15

13b   13a

10a 12

10a 14

 

18

10b

20 10b

11 10a 13a

13b

3 7 2

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

15

17

3

11

Proper digital Palmar palmar ramus of P1 vein Proper palmar digital nerve 18a Intermediate ramus Proximal attachment of the digital cushion and distal digital annular ligament Skin Artefact: subcutaneous reflux of latex

16

4 17 7

18a

18

19

17

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern Transverse after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

18a

 

206

T11: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse anatomical section after latex injection into Transverse the synovial cavities and vessels.

Transverse anatomical section after latex injection into Transverse the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T11: Transverse Section of the Pastern

5

207

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Proximal phalanx (P1) Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Abaxial palmar ligament of the proximal interphalangeal joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Superficial digital flexor tendon

16

6

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

6 1

12

7a 7b

8 9

12

Distal branch Sagittal part Deep digital flexor tendon Proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath cavity Proper palmar digital artery Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 Proper palmar digital vein Palmar ramus (vein) of P1 Proper palmar digital nerve Skin

4

12

13 2 11 15

14

  14

13

2 14 11

3 7a

10 7a 8

9 16

7b

7b 8

7a

10 7a 3

2 1

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach Transverse (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

208

T12: Transverse Section of the Pastern

15

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of Transverse fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

Transverse anatomical section after latex injection into Transverse the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T12: Transverse Section of the Pastern

1 2

Proximal phalanx (P1) Oblique sesamoidean ligament 3 Straight sesamoidean ligament 4 Dorsal recess of the proximal interphalangeal  joint 5 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 6 Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle 7 Superficial digital flexor tendon 7a Distal branch 7b Sagittal part 8 Deep digital flexor tendon 9

Proximal digital annular ligament

17

209

5 4 12

14

12 6 6 1

13

13

10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Digital sheath 10a Cavity (collateral recess) 10b Synovial fold Proper palmar digital artery Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 Proper palmar digital vein Dorsal ramus (vein) of P1 Palmar ramus (vein) of P1 Proper palmar digital nerve Skin

15

2 15 11

10a

16 7a

  3

10a

10b

7a

8

11 16 9

10

7b 17

17 7b

 

9

8 7a 10b 3

2

 

2

1

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar Transverse approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right). Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

210

T13: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse anatomical section after injection of latex Transverse into the arteries.

Transverse anatomical section after latex injection into Transverse the synovial cavities and vessels.

Transverse Tra nsverse MRI scan of the pastern.

 

T13: Transverse Section of the Pastern

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Proximal phalanx (P1) Oblique sesamoidean ligament 2a Sagittal part Straight sesamoidean ligament Distal insertion of the collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath cavity 10a Collateral recess 10b Synovial fold Proper palmar digital artery Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 Palmar ramus (artery) of P1 Proper palmar digital vein Palmar ramus (vein) of P1 Proper palmar digital nerve Skin

5

12

17

6 6

1 4

14

14 13 2

2a 3 10b

11

10

16

8 9 7 17

7

211

2 15 10a   11 16

8

10

10b

10a 3

2a 2

1

Transverse Tra nsverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right). Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

212

T14: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse nsverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of Tra latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Transverse anatomical section after latex injection into Transverse the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T14: Transverse Section of the Pastern

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17 18

19 20

Proximal phalanx (P1) Distal insertion of the collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint Distal insertion of the dorsal articular capsule of the MP joint Cruciate sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament 5a Sagittal part Straight sesamoidean ligament Distopalmar recess of the MP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath cavity 13a Collateral recess

213

8 3

20

9

1 9

 

2

15 4

16 15 14

5 13a 18

13

12

10

19

A

20 20 12

18 14

11 13

16

18b

19a

10

18a

5a

14

11 18 13b

Palmar middle recess Proper palmar digital artery Palmar ramus (artery) of P1 Proper palmar digital vein Palmar ramus (vein) of P1 Proper palmar digital nerve 18a Dorsal ramus 18b Intermediate ramus Ergot 19a Ergot cushion Skin

17

6

5

13b

7

12 10 11

20

B

5

6 5a

5 1 A

 

7

5

6 1

1

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

B

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmarolateral approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

214

T15: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of Transverse latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Transverse nsverse anatomical section after latex injection into Tra the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T15: Transverse Section of the Pastern

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Proximal phalanx (P1) Distal insertion of the collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint Distal insertion of the dorsal articular capsule of the MP joint Cruciate sesamoidean ligament

8

3

15

Oblique sesamoidean ligament 5a Sagittal part Straight sesamoidean ligament Distopalmar recess of the MP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath cavity Proper palmar digital artery Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 Palmar ramus (artery) of P1 Ergot ramus Proper palmar digital vein Proper palmar digital nerve Ergot cushion Skin

21

215

1

9

9

2 7 4 5

5a

13

18

5

6

14 16

19

14

11

19

10 12

17

20 A

 

21

B

10 10 11

11

6 5a 5

6 5

4 1 A

5a

7

Transverse ultrasound scan of the Transverse pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

5 B

18

4

 

5

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

216

T16: Transverse Section of the Pastern

Transverse MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Transverse anatomical section after latex injection into Transverse the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T16: Transverse Section of the Pastern

217

1

2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Metacarpal condyle 1a Sagittal ridge 1b Medial part 1c Lateral part Proximal phalanx 2a Medial palmar eminence 2b Lateral palmar eminence Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint Dorsal articular capsule of the MP joint

13

14

4

2 12 1a  

1c 5

Collateral ligament of the MP joint Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Cruciate sesamoidean ligament Short sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Distopalmar recess of the MP joint Collateral recess of the MP joint Dorsal digital extensor tendon Lateral digital extensor tendon Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath cavity Proper palmar digital artery Ergot ramus Proper palmar digital vein Proper palmar digital nerve Ergot cushion Skin

1b 3

15 2b

22 20 21

2a

11

8

7

8

9

10

9

6 23

23 19

16

B 18

24 25 A

18

16 20

16

17 17

9

10 10 9 7 2 A

2

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, Transverse palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

 

22 20

17

24

9

5

2a B

1a

7

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, palmaromedial approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

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219

Frontal Sections of the  the  Equine Pastern 11 10 9

Frontal sections parallel

8

to the deep digital flexor and dorsal digital extensor tendons

4 2 1

7

Frontal sections parallel to the dorsal aspect of the proximal phalanx

 

220

F1: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the Paste Pastern rn

6

5

3

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

3

4a

3

11 4

b

14

8a g

g Frontal anatomical section of the pastern and foot after injection of coloured latex into the vessels.

 

Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the Paste Pastern rn F1: Fro

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

221

7

1

Lateral proximal sesamoid Medial proximal sesamoid bone bone Superficial digital flexor tendon 3a Distal branch Deep digital flexor tendon 4a Vascular supply Proximal digital annular ligament Distal digital annular ligament Digital sheath cavity 7a Collateral recess Digital cushion 8a Proximal attachment Ungular cartilage Lateral proper palmar digital artery Medial proper palmar digital artery Ramus of the digital cushion Ergot ramus (vein) Deep ungular plexus Lateral proper palmar digital nerve Ergot ramus (nerve) Skin

2 11

4 7

13 3

4a

3 5

5

7 7a

7a 3a

3a

17

15 6 16

10

12 8a

9

6

14

4 8

3a

4

Frontal ultrasound scan of the deep digital flexor tendon, lateral approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

222

F2: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the Paste Pastern rn

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern.

14

9

Frontal anatomical section after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the Paste Pastern rn F2: Fro 6 1 2 3 4

5

6 7 8 9 10

Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Middle scutum Superficial digital flexor tendon

223

1

1 4b

7

3a Distal branch Deep digital flexor tendon 4a Phalangeal fibrocartilaginous part 4b Metacarpophalangeal fibrocartilaginous part Digital sheath cavity 5a Collateral recess 5b Dorsal distal recess Proper palmar digital artery Ergot ramus (artery) Ergot ramus (vein) Proximal attachment of the digital cushion Skin

8

5a

5a 3

3 4

10

5 6

3a

3a

2

9   5b

9

4a

10

3

4

6

Frontal ultrasound scan of the digital flexor tendons, lateral approach (see dotted area in illustration above). Frontal MRI scan of the pastern after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

 

224

F3: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the Paste Pastern rn

contrast radiographic study (tenography) of the digital sheath, In vivo

dorsopalmar projection.

 

Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the Paste Pastern rn F3: Fro 2

5 1 2

Palmar eminence of the proximal phalanx (P1) Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 3 Oblique sesamoidean ligament 4 Straight sesamoidean ligament 5 Distocollateral recess of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 6 Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branches) 7 Deep digital flexor tendon 8 Proximal digital annular ligament 8a Proximal insertion 8b Distal insertion 9 Distal digital annular ligament 10 Digital sheath 10a Collateral recess 10b Synovial fold 10c Palmar distal recess 11 Digital cushion (toric part) 11a Proximal attachment 12 Ungular cartilage 13 14 15 16 17

18 19

Proper palmar digital artery Ramus of the digital torus Proper palmar digital vein Palmar rami (artery and vein) of P1 Ungular plexus 17a Deep ungular plexus 17b Superficial ungular plexus Proper palmar digital nerve Skin

225

1 3

3

15

15

4

8a

8a

16

16

13 10a 13

10b

18

19 6

6 8b

8b 7 10c 15

10c 11a

14 9

12 17a 12  17a

15

9  

11

17b 12

17a

2

5 3

5 3

  4

15 8a

15 13

16 10a

13 10b 18 6 8b

6 19 8b

7

10c

15 9

12 17b

11

14 12 17a

 

226

F4: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the Paste Pastern rn

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern.

Frontal anatomical section after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the Paste Pastern rn F4: Fro

227

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

4

1

Lateral proximal sesamoid bone Medial proximal sesamoid bone Middle phalanx (flexor tuberosity) Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Middle scutum Deep digital flexor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon 9a Distal branch Proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath (synovial cavity) Lateral proper digital artery Medial proper digital artery Medial proper palmar digital vein Palmar ramus (vein) of the proximal phalanx Proximal attachment of the digital cushion Skin

2 8

12

 

5

5 13

6 15 10

10 16 11

8

8 9

A 9 12

12

B 9a

17

7

16  

3

3

14

17 16

9a

9

3

7

8 A

Frontal ultrasound scan of the digital flexor tendons, lateral approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

B

Frontal ultrasound scan of the digital flexor tendons, lateral approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

228

F5: Frontal Section of the Pastern

Frontal anatomical section after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

Frontal anatomical section after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

F5: Frontal Section of the Pastern 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Metacarpal condyle Proximal phalanx (P1) 2a Lateral palmar eminence 2b Medial palmar eminence Lateral proximal sesamoid bone (base) Medial proximal sesamoid bone (base) Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Cruciate sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Collateral sesamoidean ligament of the

3 9   12

 

229

1  

12 10

4

9

5  

2a

2b

6 11 19

19 15a

7

7

20

metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al (MP) joint 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Metacarpophalangeal joint cavity Distopalmar recess of the MP joint Collateral recess of the MP joint Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branch) Deep digital flexor tendon Proximal digital annular ligament 15a Proximal attachment 15b Distal attachment Distal digital annular ligament (proximal attachment) Digital sheath 17a Collateral recess 17b Dorsal distal recess 17c Synovial fold Proper palmar digital artery Proper palmar digital vein Palmar ramus (vein) of P1 Deep ungular plexus Ungular cartilage Proximal attachment of the digital cushion Skin

17a 8

17a

24 18 15b

  13

18 13

17c 16

 

16 17b

18

14

22

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins. Frontal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

230

15

F6: Fro Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the Paste Pastern rn

19

21

23

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern.

Frontal anatomical section after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

Frontal ntal Secti Section on of the Paste Pastern rn F6: Fro 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14

15 16 17

1

Metacarpal condyle Proximal phalanx (P1) Middle phalanx (P2) (flexor tuberosity) Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint Collateral ligament of the MP joint Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Middle scutum Axial palmar ligament of the PIP joint Sagittal palmar recess of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Collateral palmar recess of the PIP joint Superficial digital flexor tendon (distal branches) Deep digital flexor tendon 13a 13b

Phalangeal fibrocartilaginous part Fibrous part Proximal digital annular ligament 14a Proximal attachment 14b Distal attachment Distal digital annular ligament Digital sheath (dorsal distal recess) Proximopalmar recess of the distal interphalangeal joint

231

5

5

4

14a 2 25 6

26

29

6

22

11 10 9

14b

9

14b 25

15 12

20

7

12

15 20

8

3 23 16 27

17 17

21

17

18

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Proximal recess of the podotrochlear bursa Ungular cartilage Proximal attachment of the digital cushion Proper palmar digital artery Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 Dorsal ramus (artery) of P2 Palmar ramus (artery) of P2 Proper palmar digital vein Palmar ramus (vein) of P1 Palmar ramus (vein) of P2 Deep ungular plexus Skin

13a

21 19

28

24 18

13b

19

13b

29 20

25 15

12 8

Frontal ultrasound scan of the pastern, lateral approach (see dotted area on illustration above, right).

Contrast radiographic study (arthrography) of the PIP joint, dorsopalmar projection.

 

232

F7: Frontal Section of the Pastern

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern.

Frontal anatomical section after injection of coloured latex into the synovial and cavities vessels.

 

F7: Frontal Section of the Pastern

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Metacarpal condyle Proximal phalanx (P1) Middle phalanx (P2) (flexor tuberosity) Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint Collateral ligament of the MP joint Oblique sesamoidean ligament Middle scutum Axial palmar ligament of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint Abaxial palmar ligament of the PIP joint Sagittal palmar recess of the PIP joint Collateral palmar recess of the PIP joint Proximopalmar recess of the distal interphalangeal joint Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Dorsal distal recess of the digital sheath Ungular cartilage Proximal attachment of the digital cushion Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 Dorsal ramus (artery) of P2 Proper palmar digital vein Deep ungular plexus Skin

21 19

9

5

4

233 5

1

13

13

2 21

19 17 8

6

8

11 9

9 10

16 19 7

3 15

12

12 14

18

 20

15

11

2

Frontal ultrasound scan of the pastern, lateral approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right). Frontal MRI scan of the pastern after injection of fat material into the arteries and latex into the veins.

 

234

F8: Fro Frontal ntal Sectio Section n of the Pastern Pastern

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern.

Frontal anatomical section after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

F8: Fro Frontal ntal Section Section of the Paste Pastern rn

235

1

1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Sagittal ridge 2 Proximal phalanx (P1) 2a Proximal sagittal groove 2b Medial glenoid cavity 2c Lateral glenoid cavity 2d Medial condyle 2e Lateral condyle 2f Distal sagittal groove 3 Middle phalanx 3a Medial glenoid cavity 3b Lateral glenoid cavity 4 Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 5 Collateral ligament of the MP joint 6 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 7 Collateral ligament of the PIP joint 8 Abaxial palmar ligament of the PIP joint 9 Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle 10 Proximal attachment of the digital cushion 11 12 13 14

5

5

1a 2b

2c

4 2a

9

9 11

12 12

2

8 12 10 14

and distal digital annular ligament Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 Dorsal ramus (vein) of P1 Coronal vein Skin

2f 7

2d 13

3a

6

3b 3

14 13

7 3 2e

2e

6

Frontal ultrasound scan of the equine pastern, lateral approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and

7 13

veins.

 

236

F9: Frontal Section of the Pastern

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern after injection of latex into the arteries and veins.

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

F9: Frontal Section of the Pastern

237

1

1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Sagittal ridge 2 Proximal phalanx (P1) 2a Proximal sagittal groove 2b Medial glenoid cavity 2c Lateral glenoid cavity 2d Medial condyle 2e Lateral condyle

5 6

2c

4

1a

5 2b

2a 15

11

2f Distal sagittal groove 3 Middle phalanx 3a Medial glenoid cavity 3b Lateral glenoid cavity 4 Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 5 Collateral ligament of the MP joint 6 Collateral recess of the MP joint 7 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 8 Collateral ligament of the PIP joint 9 Abaxial palmar ligament of the PIP joint 10 Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle 11 Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 12 Dorsal ramus (vein) of P1 13 Coronal vein 14 Ungular cartilage 15 Skin

12 10 10

2

A 11

12

B

9

8 13

8

2f 2e

2d

7

3b

13

3a 3

14

15 15 10

8

2

3 2d

A Frontal ultrasound scan of the equine pastern, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

7

B Frontal ultrasound scan of the equine pastern, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

238

 

F10: Fro Frontal ntal Section Section of the Pastern

Frontal of the pastern after injection of latex MRI intoscan the arteries and veins.

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

239

F10: Fron Frontal tal Section Section of of the Pastern Pastern 1 Metacarpal condyle (sagittal ridge) 2 Proximal phalanx 2a Dorsal cortex 2b Medial condyle 2c Lateral condyle 2d Distal sagittal groove 3 Middle phalanx (P2) 3a Extensor process 4 Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint

1

4b 4d

4a

4e 4c

2a

8

5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

4a Dorsal articular capsule 4b Dorsal recess 4c Distodorsal recess 4d Distodorsal synovial fold 4e Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint 5a Collateral sesamoidean ligament 5b Dorsal recess 5c Distodorsocollateral recess 5d Synovial membrane Dorsal digital extensor tendon Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 Dorsal ramus (artery) of P2 Dorsal ramus (vein) of P2 Coronal vein Skin

6

6

12

7 A

5b 6

5a

2c   2d

 

3a

10 5c 9

5d 6

B

5

11

 

3

 

2b

5a 5c 5a 9

6 5d

6 5b

5d 5d

2

A Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

5b

2

B Tr Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

240

F11: Fro Frontal ntal Section Section of the Pastern

10 11

Frontal MRI scan of the pastern.

 

Frontal tal Section Section of of the Pastern Pastern F11: Fron 1

1 Proximal phalanx (P1) 1a Medial distal condyle 1b Lateral distal condyle 2 Middle phalanx (P2) 2a Extensor process 2b Medial distal condyle 2c Dorsal articular margin 3 Distal phalanx 3a Extensor process 4 Metacarpophalangeal joint 4a Dorsal articular capsule 4b Dorsal recess 4c Distodorsal recess 4d Lateral digital extensor tendon 4e Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia 5 Proximal interphalangeal joint 5a Collateral sesamoidean ligament 5b Dorsal recess 5c Distodorsocollateral recess 6 Distal interphalangeal joint 6a Collateral ligament 6b Dorsal recess

241

9 8

8 5b 7 1b

1a 2a

  5a

17

5

7 7 5c

10

10 11 12

12

6b 6a

2c 7 13

2b 3a

6

7

13 14

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Dorsal digital extensor tendon Extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P1 Dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P2 Coronal artery Coronal vein Coronal cushion Corium coronae Corium parietis Hoof wall Skin

3

16

15

4b 4e

4b 4d

4a

4c 9

7

17

17

7 7 5b 5b

7 1a

2

Transverse ultrasound scan of the pastern, dorsal Transverse approach (see arrows in illustration at right).

5a

5

1b

5a

2a

10 5c

2

5c

 

The Equine Fetlock

 

243

Dissections of the Equine Fetlock

 

244

Dissection Dissect ion 1: Fetlock Area – Medial Aspect (Superficial Elements)

Digital and metacarpal vessels and nerves of the fetlock, medial aspect.

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the fetlock, lateromedial projection.

 

Dissection Dissecti on 1: Fetlock Area – Medial Medial Aspect

245

(Superficial Elements) Third metacarpal bone Proximal phalanx (P1) Medial proximal sesamoid bone Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 5 Metacarpophalangeal fascia 6 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 7 Third interosseus muscle 7a Medial branch 7b Medial extensor branch 8 Superficial digital flexor tendon (medial branch) 9 Deep digital flexor tendon (covered by the digital sheath wall) 10 Palmar annular ligament 11 Proximal digital annular ligament 12 Digital sheath wall 13 Vascular network of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 14 Medial proper palmar digital artery

15 16 17 18

19

14a Ergot ramus 14b Dorsal ramus of P1 Medial common palmar digital vein Medial proper palmar digital vein 16a Dorsal ramus of P1 Medial common palmar digital nerve Medial proper palmar digital nerve 18a Dorsal ramus 18b Intermediate ramus Ergot ligament

16

14 18

17

7a

1

1 2 3 4

15

10

5

4

3

13

 

14 A

18a

14a 18 16

B 11

7b

6

18b 14b 2 18a 19

8 12

16a 9

14

3

9

Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the vessels and nerves A Tra

B Longitudinal ultrasound scan of the proper palmar

of the fetlock, palmaromedial approach (see arrow in illustration above, right).

digital artery (see arrow in illustration above).

 

246

Dissection Dissect ion 2: Fetlock Area – Medial Aspect

Dissected specimen after injection of coloured latex into the vessels.

Dissected specimen after latex injection into the synovial cavities, medial aspect.

Dissected specimen after injection of coloured latex into the dorsal subtendinous bursa, lateral aspect.

 

Dissection Dissecti on 2: Fetlock Area – Medial Medial Aspect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Third metacarpal bone Second metacarpal bone Proximal phalanx Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint Medial collateral ligament (superficial part) Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament

1

247

12

14 13

2 17 11 13a  

6

9 Medial ligament 10 Abaxialoblique palmar sesamoidean ligament of the proximal interphalangeal joint 11 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 12 Third interosseus muscle 12a Medial branch 12b Medial extensor branch 13 Superficial digital flexor tendon 13a Manica flexoria 13b Medial branch 14 Deep digital flexor tendon 15 Palmar annular ligament 16 Proximal digital annular ligament 16a Proximal attachment 17 Digital sheath cavity 17a Collateral recess

7

12a

5

15 B

4

6

A

17a 16a 16

3 9 11

  12b

8 17a

Ultrasound scans A and B below:

10

13b

  a

c

a Medial proper palmar digital artery b Medial proper palmar digital vein (collapsed) c Medial proper palmar digital nerve d Medial proximal sesamoid bone

4

b

15

5 12a

d

3 1

A Longitudinal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, dorsomedial approach (see arrow in illustration above, right).

Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, B Tra medial approach (see arrow in illustration above).

 

248

Dissect Diss ection ion 3: Fet Fetloc lock k Area (Flexor Tendons)

Flexor tendons and suspensory apparatus on the flexed fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle 2 Second metacarpal bone 3 Fourth metacarpal bone 4 Proximal phalanx 4a Palmar eminence 5 Proximal sesamoid bone 5a Interosseus face 5b Articular surface 6 Collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint 6a Superficial part 6b Deep part

 

Dissecti on 3: Fet Fetlock lock Area Area Dissection (Flexor Tendons)

249

2 12 11

3

12

1

11 7

11a

1 2

11a 7

5b 1a

6a

5a 13

6b

5a 5b

6a

13

8 4a

9

6b 14a

9

4

6b 8

1a 4a

14

6a

10

14a

14

9 4

11b 15

Extended joint.

7 8 9 10 11

11b

12

Flexed joint.

Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Collateral sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Superficial digital flexor tendon 11a Manica flexoria

11b digital Distal flexor branchtendon 12 Deep 13 Palmar annular ligament 14 Proximal digital annular ligament 14a Proximal attachment 15 Distal digital annular ligament (proximal attachment) Single contrast radiographic study (tenography) of the digital sheath, lateromedial view.

 

250

Dissection 4: Metacarpophalangeal Joint – Medial Aspect (Deep Elements)

Sagittal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

Dissected specimen after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

 

Dissection 4: Metacarpophalangeal Joint – Medial Aspect (Deep Elements) 1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle 2 Second metacarpal bone 3 Fourth metacarpal bone 4 Proximal phalanx 4a Palmar eminence 5 Medial proximal sesamoid bone 6 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 7 Medial collateral ligament (superficial part) 8 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 9 Straight sesamoidean ligament 10 Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament 11 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 12 Third interosseus muscle 12a Medial branch 12b Medial extensor branch 13 Proximal attachment of the proximal

12 1

2

3 11 8 12a 7

1a

6

5 A

4a

251

digital annular ligament

13 10 12b 11

9

B 4

12b

7

4

1a

A Longitudinal ultrasound scan of the medial collateral ligament (see arrow in illustration above, right).

4

B Longitudinal ultrasound scan of the extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle (see arrow in illustration above).

 

252

Dissection 5: Metacarpophalangeal Joint (Extended Joint – Collateral and Sesamoidean Ligaments)

Casting preparation of the metacarpophalangeal  joint synovial synovial cavity. cavity.

 

Dissection 5: Metacarpophalangeal Joint

253

(Extended Joint – Collateral and Sesamoidean Ligaments) 12

1 Third metacarpal bone 1

1a Metacarpal condyle 2 Second metacarpal bone 3 Fourth metacarpal bone 4 Proximal phalanx 4a Medial palmar eminence 5 Medial proximal sesamoid bone 5a Interosseus face 5b Articular surface 6 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 7 Medial collateral ligament 7a Superficial part 7b Deep part 8 Medial collateral sesamoidean ligament 9 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 10 Straight sesamoidean ligament 11 Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament 12 Third interosseus muscle 12a Medial branch 12b Medial extensor branch (sectioned and removed)

3

9

12b 7a

1a

5a 7b

5b

 

1a 5b 5a

6 8 11 4a

11 4

9 1a

12a

11

1

7a

2

10

8 4a

4

11 10

Contrast arthrography of the metacarpophalangeal joint, lateromedial projection.

 

254

Dissection 6: Metacarpophalangeal Joint (Flexed Joint – Collateral and Sesamoidean Ligaments)

Deep part of the lateral collateral ligament.

 

Dissection 6: Metacarpophalangeal Joint

255

(Flexed Joint – Collateral and Sesamoidean Ligaments) 1

10

2 1 6 4c 2

6 4b

4c 5a 4a 1b

1a

4a 5a

5a

4b

1a

5a

3a 8 7

3

1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle 1b Sagittal ridge 2 Fourth metacarpal bone 3 Proximal phalanx 3a Lateral palmar eminence 4 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone

6 7 8 9 10

9

8

7

5

4d

5b

5b 3a

1b

5b

4d

1b

 

1b

4a Articular surface 4b Interosseus face 4c Apex 4d Base Lateral collateral ligament 5a Superficial part 5b Deep part Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament Third interosseus muscle medial branch

3

Lateromedial radiographic view of the flexed fetlock.

 

256

Dissection 7: Metacarpophalangeal Joint (Collateral Ligament)

 

Dissection 7: Metacarpophalangeal Joint

257

(Collateral Ligament) 2

1

1

6 5a 4a 4d 1b

6

1b

1a

4a 1a

5b 3a

3

4c

4d

5a 4e

4b

5b

4b

4c

9

3a 9

8 8

7

3 7

 

1

1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle 1b Sagittal ridge 2 Fourth metacarpal bone 3 Proximal phalanx 3a Lateral palmar eminence 4 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 4a Apex 4b Body 4c Base 4d Interosseus face 4e Articular surface 5 Lateral collateral ligament 5a Superficial part ( section) 5b Deep part 6 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 7 Straight sesamoidean ligament 8 Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament 9 Collateral sesamoidean ligament (sectioned)

2

6

4a 4e 4b 4c

5a 1a

5b

9

↔

3a

8 3

7

 

258

Dissection 8: Fetlock Area – Palmarolateral Aspect

Dissected fetlock with injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

Dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique radiographic view of the metacarpophalangeal joint.

 

Dissection 8: Fetlock Area – Palmarolateral Aspect 1 2 3 4 5 6

Third metacarpal bone Fourth metacarpal bone Proximal phalanx Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint Lateral collateral ligament (superficial part) Collateral sesamoidean ligament

10

12

12b

14

1 11

2 13a 7

259 13

7 8 9 10 11 12

13

14 15 16

Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Lateral digital extensor tendon Dorsal digital extensor tendon Third interosseus muscle 12a Lateral branch 12b Medial branch 12c Lateral extensor branch Superficial digital flexor tendon 13a Manica flexoria 13b Lateral branch Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Proximal digital annular ligament 16a Proximal attachment

12a 5 15

4

A

6

9   8 B

12c 16a 11 16

Ultrasound scans A and B below:

3

a Lateral proper palmar digital artery

13b

b Lateral proper palmar digital vein c Lateral proper palmar digital nerve

a

b

b

c

 

a

c

16 13

14

9 9

8

3

Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the lateral A Tra oblique sesamoidean ligament, palmarolateral approach (see arrow in illustration above, right).

Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the proximal B Tr pastern, palmarolateral approach (see arrow in illustration above).

 

260

Dissection 9: Metacarpophalangeal Joint – Palmarolateral Aspect

Injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavity demonstrating the palmar recesses of the joint.

1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle 1b Sagittal ridge 2 Second metacarpal bone 3 Proximal phalanx 3a Palmar eminence 4 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 4a Apex 4b Base 4c Interosseus face 5 Lateral collateral ligament 5a Superficial part 5b Deep part

 

Dissection 9: Metacarpophalangeal Metacarpophalangeal Joint – Palmarolateral Aspect

261

6 2 1 4a 1b 1a

7 4c

5a 5b 3

4b

4

7 1a

A

5a

6 3a

C 9

5a B

A Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock imaging the collateral sesamoidean ligament, palmarolateral approach (see arrow in illustration at left).

9 8  

3

c

a b d 9

6 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 7 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 8 Straight sesamoidean ligament 9 Oblique sesamoidean ligament

8

3

Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the proximal B Tra pastern, palmarolateral approach (see arrow in illustration above, left).

Ultrasound scans A, B and C:

a b c d

Lateral proper palmar digital artery Lateral proper palmar digital vein Lateral proper palmar digital nerve Proximal digital annular ligament (proximal attachment)

d

4b

9

C Longitudinal ultrasound scan of the oblique sesamoidean ligament (proximal attachment), palmarolateral approach (see arrow in illustration above, left).

 

262

Dissection 10: Metacarpophalangeal Joint – Palmar Aspect

Dissected specimen after injection of coloured latex into the digital sheath cavity.

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the fetlock, dorsopalmar view.

 

Dissection 10: Metacarpophalangeal Joint – Palmar Aspect 2

1 Third interosseus muscle

2

3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1a 1b Lateral Lateral branch extensor branch Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) 2a Lateral branch 2b Medial branch (covered by the proximal digital annular ligament) Deep digital flexor tendon (covered by the digital sheath wall) Palmar annular ligament Proximal digital annular ligament 5a Window dissected at the junction between the palmar annular ligament and the proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath wall Lateral proper palmar digital artery Medial proper palmar digital artery 8a Ergot ramus Distal metacarpal arterial anastomosis of the SDFT Proximal digital arterial anastomosis of the SDFT Medial proper palmar digital vein Ergot ligament

263

1a 9

4 7

 

A

8 B

8a 10

5a

10

2

1b

5

Ultrasound scans A and B:

a Proximal sesamoid bone b Medial proper palmar digital nerve

11

12 2a 7

3

2b  

6

8

4

b

11 7

 

8

b

2 a

3 a

A Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmarolateral approach (see arrow in illustration above, right).

B Tr Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the proper palmar digital vessels, palmarolateral approach (see arrow in illustration above).

 

264

Dissection 11: Fetlock Area – Palmar Aspect

Dorsopalmar radiographic projection of the metacarpophalangeal joint.

Contrast radiographic study of the digital sheath (tenography), dorsopalmar view.

 

Dissection 11: Fetlock Area – Palmar Aspect 1

1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Proximal phalanx 3 Superficial digital flexor tendon 3a Distal branch 4 Palmar annular ligament 5 Proximal digital annular ligament 5a Proximal attachment 6 Third interosseus muscle 6a Distal branch 6b Extensor branch 7 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 8 Oblique sesamoidean ligament 9 Digital sheath wall

265 1

3

9 6a

6a

4

A B

7

Ultrasound scans A and B: a Proximal sesamoid bone b Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament c Deep digital flexor tendon

7 4 8

8 5a 2

5

2

6b

6b

3a

3a

4

4

3 3

c c b

a b

a

A Tr Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see arrow in illustration above, right).

Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, B Tr palmarolateral approach (see arrow in illustration above).

 

266

Dissection 12: Fetlock Area – Palmar Aspect (Palmar Ligament Reflected)

Dissected specimen after injection of coloured latex into the digital sheath cavity.

Contrast radiographic study of the digital sheath (tenography), dorsopalmar view.

 

Dissection 12: Fetlock Area – Palmar Aspect

267

(Palmar Ligament Reflected) 1 Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) 2 Palmar annular ligament 2a Medial part 2b Lateral part (reclined) 3 Proximal digital annular ligament 3a Proximal attachment 4 Digital sheath cavity 4a Cavity 4b Synovial membrane 5 Third interosseus muscle 5a Distal branch 5b Extensor branch 6 Medial palmar proper digital artery 7 Lateral palmar proper digital artery 8 Distal metacarpal arterial anastomosis of the SDFT 9 Proximal digital arterial anastomosis of the SDFT 10 Ergot ramus

1

5a

8

6

2b

2a

4

9 7

10

1 3a

6  

3

1

3

1

8

5a

2

4b

9

2 4a

1 1 3a

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the isolated superficial digital flexor tendon.

3 5b

 

268

Dissection Dissecti on 13: Fetloc Fetlock k Area – Metacarpophala Metacarpophalangeal ngeal Joint Joint

Palmar Aspect (Suspensory Apparatus)

Dissected specimen after injection of coloured latex into the. metacarpophalangeal joint cavity. cavity

Casting preparation of the palmar recesses of the metacarpophalangeal joint, palmar aspect.

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries of the suspensory apparatus, dorsopalmar view.

 

Dissection Dissecti on 13: Fetloc Fetlock k Area – Metacarpophal Metacarpophalangeal angeal Joint Joint Palmar Aspect (Suspensory Apparatus) 1 2 3 4

Third metacarpal bone Second metacarpal bone Fourth metacarpal bone Proximal phalanx (palmar eminence)

3

 

11

2

269

5 6 7 8 9

Medial proximal sesamoid bone Lateral proximal sesamoid bone Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament

1

1

1

10 oblique sesamoidean ligament 11 Lateral Third interosseus muscle 11a Medial branch 11b Lateral branch 11c Medial extensor branch 12 Fibrous union between the third interosseus muscle and the palmar ligament

11b

11a 12

Ultrasound scans A and B: a Superficial digital flexor tendon b Deep digital flexor tendon

B 7 A 6

4

5

10

9

8

11c

a a b b

5

7

 

6

7

5 1

A Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see arrow in illustration above, right).

6 1

B Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see arrow in illustration above).

 

270

Dissection Dissecti on 14: Metaca Metacarpoph rpophalange alangeal al Joint – Palmar Aspect Aspect (Oblique and Cruciate Sesamoidean Ligaments)

c b

d

6

7

5 8

A Tr Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the distal fetlock, palmar approach (see arrow on illustration opposite).

1a

1a a

 

Dissection on 14: Metacar Metacarpopha pophalangea langeall Joint – Palmar Aspect Dissecti (Oblique and Cruciate Sesamoidean Ligaments)

3

10a 3

4

4 2 2

A

4 8

B 8

1a 9

7

5

9 7

6

1a

271

1

10b 1

1

1 Proximal phalanx 1a Palmar eminence 2 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 3 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 4 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 5 Sagittal bundle of the oblique sesamoidean ligament 6 Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament 7 Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament 8 Cruciate sesamoidean ligament 9 Distopalmar recess of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al joint 10 Third interosseus muscle 10a Medial branch 10b Medial extensor branch

c b

d 6

7 5 8 9

1a

 

1

1a

B Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the distal fetlock, palmar approach (see arrow in illustration above, left).

Ultrasound scans A (left) and B (right): a Sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal bone b Deep digital flexor tendon c Superficial digital flexor tendon d Straight sesamoidean ligament

 

272

Dissection Dissecti on 15: Metaca Metacarpoph rpophalange alangeal al Joint Joint (Deep Palmar Structures Structures))

1

8 2

Contrast radiographic study of the metacarpophalangeal  joint cavity (arthrography), dorsopalmar view.

 

Dissection Dissecti on 15: Metaca Metacarpoph rpophalange alangeal al Joint Joint

273

(Deep Palmar Structures Structures))

1 Proximal Metacarpal condyle 2 phalanx (PI) 2a Palmar eminence 2b Insertion surface of the oblique sesamoidean ligament (trigone of PI) 3 Medial proximal sesamoid bone 4 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 5 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 6 Cruciate sesamoidean ligament 7 Short sesamoidean ligament 8 Distopalmar recess of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al joint 9 Oblique sesamoidean ligament 10 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 11 Collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al joint 12 Distal branch of the third interosseus muscle

5

4 3 1 7

7 6

2a 8

2

2b

Palmar aspect.

12

6

2a

2b

3

4 5

10 9 7

7 6 8

11

11

2

Dorsal aspect.

 

274

Dissection Dissectio n 16: Fetlock Area – Dorsal Aspect (Superficial Structures)

Dissected specimen after injection of coloured latex into the subtendinous extensor bursa.

 

Dissection Dissectio n 16: Fetlock Area – Dorsal Dorsal Aspect

275

(Superficial Structure Structures) s) 1 1

10c 7

7

8 9

6

9 8

5

3 6

4

4 3

6

8

2

10b

2 10a

10b

7

7

Dorsal aspect.

1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Proximal phalanx 3 Dorsal metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalangeal fascia 4 Dorsal articular capsule 5 Medial collateral ligament (superficial part) 6 Lateral collateral ligament (superficial part) 7 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 8 Lateral digital extensor tendon 9 Accessory digital extensor tendon 10 Third interosseus muscle 10a Medial extensor branch

Dorsolateral aspect.

6

8

 

7

1

Transverse ultrasound scan of the extensor Transverse tendons, dorsal approach (see arrow above).

10b Lateral extensor branch 10c Lateral branch

 

276

Dissection 17: Fetlock Area – Metacarpophalangeal Joint (Dorsal Aspect – Deep Structures)

Dissected specimen with injection of coloured latex into the metacarpophalangeal cavity. cavity.

d

 

c

e

1a

1b

Metacarpophalangeal joint in flexion, dorsal aspect.

1c

A Transverse ultrasound scan of the flexed fetlock, dorsal

approach (see arrow on illustration opposite).

 

Dissection 17: Fetlock Area – Metacarpophalangeal Joint (Dorsal Aspect – Deep Structures) 1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle sagittal ridge 1b Metacarpal condyle medial part 1c Metacarpal condyle lateral part 1d Metacarpal condyle dorsal margin 2 Proximal phalanx 3 Metacarpophalangeal Metacarpophalangeal joint 4 Medial collateral ligament (superficial part) 5 Lateral collateral ligament (superficial part)

1

4 5

Ultrasound scans A and B:

a b c d e f

1d

Subchondral bone Articular cartilage Dorsal articular capsule Dorsal digital extensor tendon Lateral digital extensor tendon Skin

1a 1b

A

 

1c

B

3

3

2

f f e d

e

c 1a

b 1b

a

 

A Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, dorsal approach (see arrow in illustration above, right).

 

c 1c

b a

B Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, dorsolateral approach (see arrow in illustration above).

277

This page intentionally left blank

279  

Sagittal and Parasagittal Sections

of the Equine Fetlock 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 89 10

 

280

S1a: Sagitt Sagittal al Section Section of the the Digit Digit

Sagittal MRI scan of the digit after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

Sagittall Section Section of of the Digit S1a: Sagitta 1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle (sagittal ridge) 2 Proximal phalanx 2a Proximal sagittal groove 2b Distal sagittal groove 3 Middle phalanx 3a Flexor tuberosity 4 Distal phalanx 5 Distal sesamoid bone 6 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 7 Synovial cavity of the metacarpophalange metacarpophalangeal al  joint 7a Dorsal recess 7b Proximopalmar recess 7c Distopalmar recess

281 17 7b

1

17a 17 a

16 18

1a 7a 6

1a

 

8 19 17 15

16 2a

7c

21 2

14 13

9a

20 2b

9b

22

8 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 9 Synovial cavity of the proximal interphalangeal joint 9a Dorsal recess 9b Sagittal palmar recess 10 Middle scutum 11 Synovial cavity of the distal interphalangeal  joint 11a Dorsal recess 11b Proximopalmar recess 12 Collateral sesamoidean ligament 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Straight sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Cruciate sesamoidean ligaments Dorsal digital extensor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon 17a Manica flexoria Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Digital sheath cavity Skin Ergot Digital cushion Hoof wall Sole

26 Frog

10

11a

3a 3 12 5

24

4

11b 23 26

25

21 19 17

18

8

Sagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

282

S1b: Sagittal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Sagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

Sagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

   

S1b: Sagittal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Metacarpal condyle 2a Sagittal ridge 2b Dorsal margin 2c Palmar margin 3 Proximal phalanx 3a Proximal sagittal groove 3b Proximodorsal articular margin 3c Proximopalmar articular margin 4 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint 5 Synovial membrane 5a Proximodorsal synovial fold 5b Distodorsal synovial fold 6 Synovial cavity 6a Dorsal recess 6b Distodorsal recess

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

6c Proximopalmar recess 6d Synovial villi 6e Distopalmar recess Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Proximal scutum (palmar surface) Straight sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Cruciate sesamoidean ligaments Dorsal digital extensor tendon Subtendinous bursa Superficial digital flexor tendon 14a Manica flexoria Deep digital flexor tendon

283

20 19 1

22

14 18

12

B

15

6d 6c

14a

2c

5a

7

6a 2b

13 5b

8

4  

6b

2a

2

2a

16

3b 15a 3a

A

11

3c

12 21

6e 9 3 17b 10 22 17a

16 17

18 19 20 21 22

15a Metacarpophalangeal Metacarpophalangeal fibrocartilaginous part Palmar annular ligament Digital sheath 17a Synovial membrane 17b Synovial cavity Common palmar digital artery Common palmar digital vein Palmar metacarpal artery Ergot Skin

14 15

14a 7

2a

A Sagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

22 12

4 3b 2a

B Sagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration at top of page).

 

284

S2: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalang Metacarpophalangeal eal Joint

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

7c

7a 4

2

18b 7b

3 7e 7d

Parasagittal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities.

 

S2: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalan Metacarpophalangeal geal Joint

285

19

1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Metacarpal condyle 2a Base of the sagittal ridge 2b Dorsal margin

22

1

15

20

7d

24

7c

2c Palmar margin 3 Proximal phalanx 3a Border of the proximal sagittal groove 3b Proximodorsal articular margin 3c Proximopalmar articular margin 4 Proximal sesamoid bone (axial border) 5 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 6 Synovial membrane 6a Proximodorsal synovial fold 6b Distodorsal synovial fold 7 Synovial cavity 7a Dorsal recess 7b Distodorsal recess 7c Proximopalmar recess 7d Synovial villi 7e Distopalmar recess 8 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 9 Proximal scutum (palmar surface) 10 Straight sesamoidean ligament 11 Oblique sesamoidean ligament 12 Cruciate sesamoidean ligaments 13 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 14 Subtendinous bursa 15 Superficial digital flexor tendon 15a Manica flexoria 16 Deep digital flexor tendon 16a Metacarpophalangea Metacarpophalangeall fibrocartilaginous part 17 Palmar annular ligament 18 Digital sheath 18a Synovial membrane 18b Synovial cavity 19 Medial common palmar digital artery 20 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 21 Palmar metacarpal artery 22 Medial common palmar digital vein 23 Ergot

21

18a

13 8

14 6a 5 2b

6b

9

7a 7b

15a

2c

2

2a

15

4 2a

3b

17 16a 3a

3c 12 7e

23 16

10 3

18b

11

15 24

18a

15

16

10

7e 12 3c

 

3

Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock,

23 Ergot 24 Skin

palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

286

S3a: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalang Metacarpophalangeal eal Joint

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

S3a: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalan Metacarpophalangeal geal Joint 1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle (lateral part) 2 Fourth metacarpal bone 3 Proximal phalanx 3a Lateral glenoidal cavity 3b Dorsal margin 3c Palmar margin 4 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 4a Base 4b Apex 4c Articular surface 4d Flexor surface 5 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 6 Synovial membrane 6a Proximodorsal synovial fold 6b Distodorsal synovial fold 7 Synovial cavity 7a Dorsal recess 7b Proximopalmar recess 7c Synovial villi 7d Distopalmar recess Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Proximal scutum (palmar surface) Straight sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Cruciate sesamoidean ligaments Third interosseus muscle (lateral branch) Lateral digital extensor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon 15a Manica flexoria 16 Deep digital flexor tendon 17 Palmar annular ligament 18 Digital sheath 18a Synovial membrane

2 23

21 20 1

 

18b Synovial cavity digital artery Lateral proper palmar Lateral proper palmar digital vein Palmar metacarpal artery and vein Ergot Skin

 

19

7b 8

5

15a

4b

6a

17

4

6b

9

7a 1a

3b

3a

7d

3c 12

4c

 

4d

4a

16 17

10 11 22 3

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

19 20 21 22 23

13 7c

14

23

18b 18a 15

15 16

10 11

12

Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the distal fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

287

288

S3b: Parasagittal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

Parasagittal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

   

S3b: Parasagittal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle (lateral part)

2

289

2 Fourth metacarpal bone 3 Proximal phalanx 3a Lateral glenoidal cavity 3b Proximodorsal articular margin 3c Proximopalmar articular margin 4 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 4a Base 4b Articular surface

5 6

7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21

21

1

13 20

19

7b A

7c

14

18

8

6a

4c Flexor surface 4d Interosseus face Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint Synovial membrane 6a Proximodorsal synovial fold 6b Distodorsal synovial fold Synovial cavity 7a Dorsal recess 7b Proximopalmar recess 7c Synovial villi 7d Distopalmar recess Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Proximal scutum (palmar surface) Straight sesamoidean ligament

7a

5

 

4d

16

6b

4c 4b

4

9

1a

3b

7d 3a

3c 12

17b

4a 10

15 B

17a

21

11 3

Oblique Cruciate sesamoidean sesamoidean ligament ligaments Third interosseus muscle (lateral branch) Lateral digital extensor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Digital sheath 17a Synovial membrane 17b Synovial cavity Lateral proper palmar digital artery Lateral proper palmar digital vein Palmar metacarpal artery and vein Skin

21 16 15 17b 10 4a 11 12

21

B Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

14

3b

5 6a 7a 1a

A Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

 

290

3

S4: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalang Metacarpophalangeal eal Joint

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalan Metacarpophalangeal geal Joint S4: Parasag 1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle (medial part) 2 Second metacarpal bone 3 Proximal phalanx 3a Medial glenoidal cavity 3b Dorsal margin 3c Palmar margin 3d Medial palmar eminence 4 Medial proximal sesamoid bone 4a Base 4b Articular surface 4c Interosseus face 4d Palmar border 4e Flexor surface 5 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal

2

1

21

19

12a 17

A 16 18

7c 6

8

7b 6a 5

4d

291

4c

 joint 6 Synovial membrane 6a Proximodorsal synovial fold 7 Synovial cavity 7a Dorsal recess 7b Proximopalmar recess 7c Synovial villi 7d Distopalmar recess 8 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 9 Proximal scutum 10 Oblique sesamoidean ligament 11 Short sesamoidean ligament

7a

4b

1a 7d 11

3b 3a

3c 3

4e 13 4a 14

10

15

12 Third muscle 12a interosseus Medial branch 12b Medial extensor branch 13 Superficial digital flexor tendon 14 Palmar annular ligament 15 Digital sheath (collateral recess) 16 Medial proper palmar digital artery 17 Medial proper palmar digital vein 18 Medial proper palmar digital nerve 19 Palmar metacarpal vein and artery 20 Ergot 21 Skin

20

3d 20

12b

9

  16

 

B

18

17

13 4a 10 3d

B Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the distal fetlock, 21

palmar above). approach (see dotted area in illustration

5

1a

 

3b

A Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the distal fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

 

292

S5: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalang Metacarpophalangeal eal Joint

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

S5: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalan Metacarpophalangeal geal Joint 1 Third metacarpal bone 2 3

4

5 6 7

8 9 10 11

1a Metacarpal condyle Second metacarpal bone (medial part) Proximal phalanx (P1) 3a Medial glenoidal cavity 3b Proximodorsal articular margin 3c Proximopalmar articular margin 3d Palmar eminence Medial proximal sesamoid bone 4a Base 4b Articular surface 4c Interosseus face 4d Palmar border 4e Flexor surface Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint Synovial membrane Synovial cavity 7a Dorsal recess 7b Proximopalmar recess 7c Synovial villi 7d Distopalmar recess Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Short sesamoidean ligament Third interosseus muscle 11a Medial branch 11b Medial extensor branch

293

2

1

16 A

15 14 17

11a

7c

14b

7b

6

4d

18 5

8

4c 4b

4e

1a

7a

7d

3b

3c 3a 3d 3

10

6

4a

12

9 18 13 B

15b

11b

15a  

15 14a

14

12 Palmar annular ligament 13 Digital sheath (collateral recess) 14 Medial proper palmar digital artery

15

16 17 18

14a Palmar ramus of P1 14b Ramus of the proximal sesamoid bone Medial proper palmar digital vein 15a Palmar ramus of P1 15b Dorsal ramus of P1 Medial palmar metacarpal artery and vein Medial proper palmar digital nerve Skin

14 9

4a

10

3d

B Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above). 11a 4c 7b 1a

A Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

 

294

S6: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalang Metacarpophalangeal eal Joint

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

19 12

5

1a

3b

A Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration on facing page).

 

Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalan Metacarpophalangeal geal Joint S6: Parasag 2

1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle (lateral part) 2 Fourth metacarpal bone 3 Proximal phalanx 3a Lateral glenoidal cavity 3b Proximodorsal articular margin 3c Proximopalmar articular margin 3d Lateral palmar eminence 4 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 4a Base 4b Articular surface 4c Interosseus face 4d Palmar border 5 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 6 Lateral collateral ligament 7 Synovial cavity 7a Dorsal recess

19

16

1 12

6

8 9 10 11

12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19

17

16

18

14

7c

13

15

11a 19

13a 7b

A

8

4d

5

4c

7a 1a

3b

B

4b 7d

4a

4d

3c 10

3a

7b Proximopalmar recess 7c Synovial villi 7d Distopalmar recess Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Short sesamoidean ligament Third interosseus muscle 11a Lateral branch 11b Lateral extensor branch Lateral digital extensor tendon Lateral proper palmar digital artery 13a Ramus for the proximal sesamoid bone Lateral proper palmar digital vein Lateral proper palmar digital nerve Lateral palmar metacarpal artery Lateral palmar metacarpal vein Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia Skin

295

9 3

11b

15

3d

C

13

14 19

19

9 3d 4a

10

19

C Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

8 4d

B Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration at top, right).

 

296

S7: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalang Metacarpophalangeal eal Joint

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

S7: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalan Metacarpophalangeal geal Joint 1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle (lateral part) 2 Proximal phalanx 2a Lateral glenoidal cavity 2b Proximodorsal articular margin 2c Proximopalmar articular margin 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

2d Lateral palmar eminence Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 3a Base 3b Articular surface 3c Interosseus face 3d Palmar border Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al joint Lateral collateral ligament Synovial cavity 6a Dorsal recess 6b Proximopalmar recess 6c Synovial villi 6d Distopalmar recess Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament Third interosseus muscle 9a Lateral branch 9b Lateral extensor branch Lateral digital extensor tendon Lateral proper palmar digital artery Lateral proper palmar digital vein Lateral proper palmar digital nerve Lateral palmar metacarpal artery Lateral palmar metacarpal vein Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia Skin

14

17 15

5 1

9a

10

12  

6c

11 13

6b A

16

 

3c

4

3d 17

3b 6a 1a

2b

2a

6d 8

2c

3a 7 13

2d 2

17

12

11

B

9b

17 16

4

1a 2b

A Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the half-flexed fetlock, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

17

11

8

B Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration at top, right).

297

3a

2d

 

298

S8: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalang Metacarpophalangeal eal Joint (The Joint is Half-flexed)

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

S8: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalan Metacarpophalangeal geal Joint (The Joint is Half-flexed)

299

1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Metacarpal condyle (lateral part) 2 Proximal phalanx 2a Lateral glenoidal cavity 2b Lateral palmar eminence 3 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 3a Articular surface 3b Interosseus face 3c Palmar border 3d Base 4 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al joint 5 Synovial membrane (distodorsal synovial fold) 6 Synovial cavity 6a Proximopalmar recess 6b Synovial villi 7 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 8 Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament 9 Third interosseus muscle 9a Lateral branch 9b Lateral extensor branch 10 Lateral digital extensor tendon

6a

12

15 17

6a

9a

6b

14 11

10 6a 1

3b   3c 3a 3d

4 5

1a 2a

8

6  

7 11a

2b 11

16

9b

11 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 11a Articular branch 12 Lateral palmar common digital vein 13 Lateral palmar proper digital vein 14 Lateral palmar proper digital nerve 15 Lateral palmar metacarpal artery 16 Ergot ligament 17 Skin

13

17

11

11 3 1a

2

Contrast radiographic study of the arteries (arteriography) of the fetlock, lateromedial projection.

3

8

Parasagittal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

300

S9: Parasag Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalang Metacarpophalangeal eal Joint

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

Parasagittal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the vessels.

 

Parasagittal ittal Section Section of the Metacarpophalan Metacarpophalangeal geal Joint S9: Parasag 1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Collateral fossa 2 Proximal phalanx 2a Glenoidal cavity 2b Dorsal margin 2c Palmar eminence 3 Proximal sesamoid bone 3a Articular surface 3b Interosseus face 4 Dorsal articular capsule 5 Synovial cavity 5a Collateral recess 6 Collateral ligament of the

14 12 14a

6b 13

8a

10 9 11

301

7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14

metacarpophalangeal joint metacarpophalangeal 6a Deep part 6b Superficial part Oblique sesamoidean ligament Third interosseus muscle 8a Distal branch 8b Extensor branch Proper palmar digital artery Proper palmar digital vein Proper palmar digital nerve Metacarpal artery Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia Skin 14a Skin section

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

14a

4

6a   1a

1 3a

3b

13

3 5

5a

2b

7

2a

11 2

2c 5a

9

14a

10 8b

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

302

S10: Parasagittal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

Dorsopalmar radiograph of the sectioned structures.

 

S10: Parasagittal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Proximal phalanx (palmar eminence) 2 Collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al joint (deep part) 3 Third interosseus muscle 3a Distal branch 3b Extensor branch 4 Proper palmar digital vein 5 Vascular network of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al joint 6 Dorsal metacarpophalange metacarpophalangeal al fascia 7 Skin 7a Skin section

7a

7

5

5

5 3a 6 2 4 1 3b

7a

303

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

Parasagittal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

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305

Transverse Sections of the  the  Equine Fetlock

1 2

3

4 5 6 7 8 9

10

11

12 13 14 15 16

17

 

306

T1: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse Tra nsverse MRI scan of the fetlock.

Transverse nsverse anatomical section of the fetlock area after Tra injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T1: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Third metacarpal bone Second metacarpal bone Fourth metacarpal bone Proximopalmar recess of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al joint cavity 4a Synovial plica

 

7

5

6

17

19 1

Dorsal digital Lateral digitalextensor extensortendon tendon Accessory digital extensor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Third interosseus muscle (branches) Digital sheath (synovial cavity) 11a Synovial membrane 11b Dorsal proximal recess Medial common palmar digital artery Common palmar digital veins Common palmar digital nerves Palmar metacarpal arteries Palmar metacarpal veins Dorsal metacarpal fascia Palmar metacarpal fascia Skin

 

3

2

4

4a

16

10

10

15 12

13

 

11b

14

  9

13

14   11a

18

B

8

Ultrasound scans A and B:

19

a Proper palmar digital artery b Proper palmar digital vein

A

19 19

18 8 b

10 9

a

4

11b

A Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

307

B Tr Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, lateral approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

308

T2: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse Tra nsverse MRI scan of the fetlock.

Transverse nsverse anatomical section of the fetlock area after Tra injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T2: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

309

1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Cancellous bone 1b Cortical bone 1c Periosteum 2 Fourth metacarpal bone 3 Proximopalmar recess of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al joint cavity 3a Synovial plica 4 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

4

6

16

5 1c

18 1a 1b B

Lateral digital extensor tendon Accessory digital extensor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Third interosseus muscle (branches) Digital sheath (synovial cavity) 10a Synovial membrane 10b Dorsal proximal recess Common palmar digital artery (bifurcation) Common palmar digital vein Common palmar digital nerve Palmar metacarpal arteries 14a Anastomosis with the digital arteries Palmar metacarpal veins Dorsal metacarpal fascia Palmar metacarpal fascia Skin

2 15 9

3a

14

3

  15

14

15

9

14a 11 12

12 10b

10a

13 8

13

17 7 18 A

18

18 7

9 12

8 10b 10a 3 9

A Tr Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

9

B Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

310

T3: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse section of the fetlock after injection of Transverse coloured latex into the vessels.

Transverse section of the fetlock after injection of Transverse coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T3: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Cancellous bone 1b Cortical bone 1c Periosteum 2 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 3 Synovial membrane 3a Synovial plica 3b Synovial villi 4 Proximopalmar recess of the MP joint cavity 5 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 6 Proximal scutum (palmar surface)

7

9 8 20

311

23 2

1c 1a 25

1b

16

3

20

7 8 9 10

14 15 16

Dorsal digital extensor tendon Lateral digital extensor tendon Accessory digital extensor tendon Third interosseus muscle 10a Lateral branch 10b Medial branch Superficial digital flexor tendon 11a Manica flexoria Deep digital flexor tendon Digital sheath 13a Synovial membrane 13b Dorsal proximal recess Lateral proper palmar digital artery Medial proper palmar digital artery Palmar metacarpal artery

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Lateral proper palmar digital vein Medial proper palmar digital vein Palmar metacarpal vein Vascular network of the MP joint Lateral proper palmar digital nerve Medial palmar proper digital nerve Dorsal metacarpal fascia Palmar metacarpal fascia Skin

11 12 13

3a

 

3b

4 10b

10a

19

5 17

 

14

 

6

15

18

13b 21

11a

13a 24

12

11

25 24 11

Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

12

11a 5

Transverse MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

312

T4: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

22

Transverse Tra nsverse MRI scan of the fetlock.

Transverse section of the fetlock after injection of Transverse coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T4: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Cancellous bone 1b Cortical bone 2 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 3 Synovial membrane 3a Synovial villi 4 Proximopalmar recess of the MP joint cavity 5 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 6 Proximal scutum (palmar surface) 7 Lateral collateral ligament (superficial part) 8 Medial collateral ligament (superficial part) 9 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 10 Lateral digital extensor tendon 11 Accessory digital extensor tendon 12 Third interosseus muscle 12a Lateral branch 12b Medial branch 13 Superficial digital flexor tendon 13a Manica flexoria 14 Deep digital flexor tendon 15 Palmar annular ligament 16 Digital sheath (synovial cavity) 17 Lateral proper palmar digital artery

313

9 11 10

2

24

25

8

7 1a

1b

3a

4 12a

  5

3

12b

6

20

19 22

B

21

21

18 17

13a 16 14

25

23

18 19 20 21 22

Medial proper palmar digital artery Lateral proper palmar digital vein Medial proper palmar digital vein Vascular network of the MP joint Lateral proper palmar digital nerve

13 15 A

23 proper palmar digital fascia nerve 24 Medial Dorsal metacarpophalangeal 25 Skin

25 15

25

13

20 21

12b

23 18

14 3

13a

5

5

A Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

B Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

314

T5: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Tra Transverse nsverse section of the fetlock after injection of latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

Transverse section of the fetlock after injection of Transverse coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T5: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Cancellous bone 1b Cortical bone 2 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 3 Synovial membrane 3a Synovial villi 4 Proximopalmar recess of the MP joint cavity 5 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 6 Proximal scutum (palmar surface) 7 Lateral collateral ligament (superficial part) 8 Medial collateral ligament (superficial part) 9 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 10 Lateral digital extensor tendon 11 Accessory digital extensor tendon 12 Subtendinous bursa 13 Third interosseus muscle 13a Lateral branch

11

12

10

2 25 8

7 1a

1b

22 22 4 3

3a

4 13a

13b 5 6

23

21

 

19

18

14a 15

17

14 26

26 Skin

16

26 9

20

13b Medial branch 14 Superficial digital flexor tendon 14a Manica flexoria 15 Deep digital flexor tendon 16 Palmar annular ligament 17 Digital sheath (synovial cavity) 18 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 19 Medial proper palmar digital artery 20 Lateral proper palmar digital vein 21 Medial proper palmar digital vein 22 Vascular network of the MP joint 23 Lateral proper palmar digital nerve 24 Medial proper palmar digital nerve 25 Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia

26

315

16

24

14

15

14a 5

Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

Transverse Tran sverse MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

316

T6: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse section of the fetlock after injection of latex Transverse into the synovial cavities and vessels.

Tra Transverse nsverse section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T6: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 13

1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Sagittal ridge of the metacarpal condyle 3 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 4 Synovial membrane 4a Proximodorsal synovial fold 4b Synovial 5 Synovial cavityvilli of the MP joint 5a Dorsal recess 5b Proximopalmar recess 6 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 7 Proximal scutum (palmar surface) 8 Lateral collateral ligament (superficial part) 9 Medial collateral ligament (superficial part) 10 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 11 Lateral digital extensor tendon 12 Accessory digital extensor tendon 13 Subtendinous bursa 14 Third interosseus muscle 14a Lateral branch 14b Medial branch 15 Superficial digital flexor tendon 15a Manica flexoria 16 Deep digital flexor tendon 17 Palmar annular ligament 18 Digital sheath 18a Synovial membrane 18b Synovial cavity 18c Loose connective mesotendon 19 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 20 Medial proper palmar digital artery 21 Lateral proper palmar digital vein 22 Medial proper palmar digital vein 23 Vascular network of the MP joint 24 Lateral proper palmar digital nerve 25 Medial proper palmar digital nerve 26 Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia 27 Skin

27

 

17

18c 15

Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area on illustration

16

15a

6

317

10

12

3

11

26

5a

4a

8

27

9

1

23 4b

2

5b 14b

14a 6 21

22

20

7

25

19

15a

24

18a 16

18b

15

17 18a

27

18c

above, right).

Transverse Tran sverse MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

318

T7: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 28 13

 

12 5

2b

6a

A Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration on facing page).

Transverse Tra nsverse MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

T7: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

319

28 A

14 15

19

13

12

18

6a 2b

17a

1

10

11

6b

 

4

3 8

23 25

2a

B Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar

8 C

16a

17

27

5

7a

28

20c

4

3

approach (see dotted area in illustration left).

7b 16b 22

24

24 22

26

26

9

21 17a

20a

18

20b

B

C Transverse ultrasound scan of

19

17 28

16b

20a 20c

1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Metacarpal condyle 2a Sagittal ridge 2b Dorsal margin 3 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone (apex) 4 Medial proximal sesamoid bone (apex) 5 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 6 Synovial membrane of the MP joint 6a Proximodorsal synovial fold 6b Synovial villi 7 Synovial cavity of the MP joint 7a Dorsal recess 7b Proximopalmar recess 8 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 9 Proximal scutum (palmar surface) 10 Lateral collateral ligament 11 Medial collateral ligament 12 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 13 Lateral digital extensor tendon 14 Accessory digital extensor tendon

4

the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration left).

15 Subtendinous bursa 16 Third interosseus muscle 16a Lateral branch 16b Medial branch 17 Superficial digital flexor tendon 17a Manica flexoria 18 Deep digital flexor tendon 19 Palmar annular ligament 20 Digital sheath 20a Synovial membrane 20b Synovial cavity 20c Loose connective mesotendon 21 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 22 Medial proper palmar digital artery 23 Lateral proper palmar digital vein 24 Medial proper palmar digital vein 25 Lateral proper palmar digital nerve 26 Medial proper palmar digital nerve 27 Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia 28 Skin

 

320

T8: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse Tra nsverse MRI scan of the fetlock.

Transverse section of the fetlock Transverse after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T8: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 27 19 14 13

5 7a

6a

12

15

17 27 17a

10

1

20c

11

18

8 4

3

A Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration left).

321

2b 7b

16a

 

2a

7b

3

8

4

6b 16b

27

9 23 21

17a

25 20a

B

22 26

24

24 22

24a

16b

18 27

19 20b

17

20c 20 c

A

1

4

B Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration left).

1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Metacarpal condyle 2a Sagittal ridge 2b Palmar margin 3 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 4 Medial proximal sesamoid bone 5 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al (MP) joint 6 Synovial membrane of the MP joint 6a Proximodorsal synovial fold 6b Synovial villi 7 Synovial cavity of the MP joint 7a Dorsal recess 7b Proximopalmar recess 8 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 9 Proximal scutum (palmar surface) 10 Lateral collateral ligament (superficial part) 11 Medial collateral ligament (superficial part) 12 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 13 Lateral digital extensor tendon 14 Accessory digital extensor tendon

15 Subtendinous bursa 16 Third interosseus muscle 16a Lateral branch 16b Medial branch 17 Superficial digital flexor tendon 17a Manica flexoria 18 Deep digital flexor tendon 19 Palmar annular ligament 20 Digital sheath 20a Synovial cavity 20b Synovial membrane 20c Loose connective mesotendon 21 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 22 Medial proper palmar digital artery 23 Lateral proper palmar digital vein 24 Medial proper palmar digital vein 24a Ergot ramus 25 Lateral proper palmar digital nerve 26 Medial proper palmar digital nerve 27 Skin

 

322

T9: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse ansverse section of the fetlock after injection of Tr coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

Transverse MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

T9: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 28

Medial

13

18

11 14

12

16

4

6a

5a

27

17 1

9

1b   10

1a

3

 7

B 15b

26 6b 1c 15a

22

2

28 3b 3a

8

3d

15c

23 21

23

3e 19 17

15d 10

21

3c

24

15d

5b

7

20

25

15c

19 16

2

A Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration left).

1

B Transverse ultrasound scan of

323

18

3 28 A

1 Metacarpal condyle

2 3

4 5

1a Lateral part (lateral condyle) 1b Medial part (medial condyle) 1c Sagittal ridge Lateral proximal sesamoid bone Medial proximal sesamoid bone 3a Body 3b Articular surface 3c Flexor surface 3d Interosseus face 3e Palmar border Dorsal capsule of the MP joint Synovial membrane 5a Proximodorsal synovial fold 5b Synovial villi

6 Synovial cavity 6a Dorsal recess 6b Proximopalmar recess 7 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 8 Proximal scutum (palmar surface) 9 Lateral collateral ligament (superficial part) 10 Medial collateral ligament (superficial part)

the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration left).

11 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21

Lateral digital extensor tendon Accessory digital extensor tendon Subtendinous bursa Third interosseus muscle 15a Lateral branch 15b Lateral extensor branch 15c Medial branch 15d Medial extensor branch Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Digital sheath cavity Lateral proper palmar digital artery Medial proper palmar digital artery

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Lateral Medial proper proper palmar palmar digital digital vein vein Lateral proper palmar digital nerve Medial proper palmar digital nerve Nutrient vessels for the metacarpal condyle Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia Skin

 

324

T10: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Transverse section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

29

20

18

19

A Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock (zoom), palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration on facing page).

 

T10: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Lateral part (lateral condyle) 1b Medial part (medial condyle) 1c Sagittal ridge 2 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 3 Medial proximal sesamoid bone 3a Body 3b Articular surface 3c Flexor surface 3d Interosseus face 3e Palmar border 4 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al joint 5 Synovial membrane 6 Synovial cavity 6a Dorsal recess 6b Palmar recess 7 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 8 Proximal scutum (palmar surface) 9 Lateral collateral ligament 10 Medial collateral ligament 10a Superficial part 10b Deep part 11 Lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament 12 Medial collateral sesamoidean ligament 13 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 14 Lateral digital extensor tendon 15 Accessory digital extensor tendon 16 Subtendinous bursa 17 Third interosseus muscle 17a Lateral branch 17b Lateral extensor branch 18 19 20 21

Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Digital sheath cavity

325

15 13 14 4 28

1c

6a

16

5 B 10b 10a

9 1a

1b

12

11 17b

6b

1c

3b

2

3a 7

24 17a 22

3d

3c 25 23

8

26

3e

19

21 18

29

20 A

29 28 10a 10b

17

27

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Lateral proper palmar digital artery Medial proper palmar digital artery Lateral proper palmar digital vein Medial proper palmar digital vein Lateral proper palmar digital nerve Medial proper palmar digital nerve Metacarpophalangeal fascia Skin

1b

B Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

326

T11: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Transverse section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

15 28 13 14

4

1a

A Tr Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration on facing page).

 

T11: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint A

1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Sagittal ridge 1b Collateral fossa 2 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 3 Medial proximal sesamoid bone 3a 3b Body Articular surface 3c Flexor surface 3d Palmar border 4 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 5 Synovial membrane 6 Synovial cavity 6a Dorsal recess 6b Palmar recess 7 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 8 Proximal scutum (palmar surface) 9 Lateral collateral ligament 10 Medial collateral ligament 10a Superficial part 10b Deep part 11 Lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament 12 Medial collateral sesamoidean 13 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 14 Lateral digital extensor tendon 15 Accessory digital extensor tendon 16 Third interosseus muscle 16a Lateral extensor branch 16b Medial extensor branch 17 Superficial digital flexor tendon 18 Deep digital flexor tendon 19 Palmar annular ligament 20 Digital sheath cavity 21 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Medial proper palmar digital artery Lateral proper palmar digital vein Medial proper palmar digital vein Lateral proper palmar digital nerve Medial proper palmar digital nerve Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia Skin

327

13

14

27

15 4

6a 1a

5 10b 10a

9

1b

1b 16a

16b 12

11

6b

1a 23

2

3b 3a

7

21

  26

3c

8

25

18 28

24

20

17

19

B

28 19

17

18

3c 3

7

2

B Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

22

3d

 

328

T12: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Transverse section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

30

15

4

1a

1c

A Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, dorsolateral approach (see dotted area in illustration on facing page).

 

T12: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Lateral part (lateral condyle) 1b Medial part (medial condyle) 1c Sagittal ridge 1d Collateral fossa 2 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone (base) 3 Medial proximal sesamoid bone (base) 4 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 5 Synovial cavity of the MP joint 5a Dorsal recess 5b Palmar recess 5c Collateral recess 6 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 7 Proximal scutum (palmar surface) 8 Lateral collateral ligament 8a Superficial part 8b Deep part 9 Medial collateral ligament 10 Lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament 11 Medial collateral sesamoidean ligament 12 Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament 13 Medial short sesamoidean ligament 14 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 15 Lateral digital extensor tendon 16 Accessory digital extensor tendon 17 Subtendinous bursa 18 Third interosseus muscle 18a Lateral extensor branch 18b Medial extensor branch 19 Superficial digital flexor tendon 20 Deep digital flexor tendon 21 Palmar annular ligament 22 Digital sheath cavity 23 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 24 Medial proper palmar digital artery 25 Lateral proper palmar digital vein 26 27 28 29 30

Medial proper palmar digital vein Lateral proper palmar digital nerve Medial proper palmar digital nerve Ergot cushion Skin

 A

16 15

30

17

4 1c

8a

14  

5a 4

1a

1b

8b

9 1d

1d

11 10 18a

1c

13 5c

5b

2

12

3 6

22 25

26

7 23

27

24

20

28 21

19

21 30

18b

29 B

30 21 19

20

3

6

2

B Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

330

T13: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

329

Transverse MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

30 16

17

4 1c

1a

1b

A Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration on facing page).

30

18b 9

1b

B Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, dorsomedial approach (see dotted area in illustration on facing page).

 

T13: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Lateral part (lateral condyle) 1b Medial part (medial condyle) 1c Sagittal ridge 1d Collateral fossa 2 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone (base) 3 Medial proximal sesamoid bone (base) 4 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal

331

A 30 17

4 5a

4

16

1c B

(MP) joint 5 Synovial cavity of the MP joint 5a Dorsal recess

6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

5b Palmar recess 5c Collateral recess Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Proximal scutum (palmar surface) Lateral collateral ligament 8a Superficial part 8b Deep part Medial collateral ligament Lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament Medial collateral sesamoidean ligament Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament Lateral short sesamoidean ligament Medial short sesamoidean ligament

16 Lateral Dorsal digital 17 digitalextensor extensortendon tendon 18 Third interosseus muscle 18a Lateral extensor branch 18b Medial extensor branch 19 Superficial digital flexor tendon 20 Deep digital flexor tendon 21 Palmar annular ligament 22 Digital sheath cavity 23 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 24 Medial proper palmar digital artery 25 Lateral proper palmar digital vein 26 Medial proper palmar digital vein 27 Lateral proper palmar digital nerve 28 Medial proper palmar digital nerve 29 Ergot cushion 30 Skin

1d

1b

9

8a 1a 8b 18a 10

18b

5b 14 12

1c 2

11

6

3

15 5c 13

22 25 23

7

26

24

27

20

28 C 21

19 30

29

30 21

19

11 20 13

C Tr Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmaromedial approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

332

T14: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse Tra nsverse MRI scan of the fetlock.

1 Metacarpal condyle 2 Proximal phalanx 2a Sagittal groove 2b Proximodorsal articular margin 2c Proximopalmar articular margin 2d Medial palmar eminence 3 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint 4 Synovial cavity 4a Distodorsal recess 4b Distopalmar recess 5 Lateral collateral ligament 5a Superficial part 5b Deep part 6 Medial collateral ligament 7 Lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament 8 Medial collateral sesamoidean ligament 9 Straight sesamoidean ligament

   

T14: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint A

26 16 15

16

15 3

3

2b

2a  

4a 2b

2b 1

2b

5a 17a 1 4 6

5b

7

A Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, dorsal approach (see dotted area in illustration at left).

17b 2c 13

8

26

2d

4b 12

20

14

10

18

11 9 19

23 21

19

22 24

9

333

26

18

20

C

11

10

25 B

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament Cruciate sesamoidean ligaments Lateral short sesamoidean ligament Medial short sesamoidean ligament Dorsal digital extensor tendon Lateral digital extensor tendon Third interosseous muscle 17a Lateral extensor branch 17b Medial extensor branch Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Digital sheath cavity Medial proper palmar digital artery Medial proper palmar digital vein Medial proper palmar digital nerve Ergot cushion Skin

12

B Tr Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration at left).

26 20 18 2d

19

11 9

C Tr Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmaromedial approach (see dotted area in illustration above, left).

 

334

T15: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse MRI scan of the fetlock after Transverse injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Transverse section of the fetlock after injection of Transverse coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

T15: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 28 14

15 3

5a

18

2b

2a

19 17

2a 1a

6

1c

8

7

1b 16b

16a

9

10

11

5 2c

5b 12

23

9

11

2d 4 B

13

 

28

10 8 24

21 25

A Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration at left).

18

19

7

22

20

26 19

1b

17 27

28

A

Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial B Tr approach (see dotted area in illustration at left).

1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Lateral part (lateral condyle)

11 Cruciate sesamoidean ligaments 12 Lateral short sesamoidean ligament

1b Medial part (medial condyle) 1c Sagittal ridge 2 Proximal phalanx

13 Medial short sesamoidean ligament 14 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 15 Lateral digital extensor tendon

335

2a Proximodorsal articular margin 2b Sagittal groove 2c Lateral palmar eminence 2d Medial palmar eminence 3 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 4 Synovial membrane (synovial villi) 5 Synovial cavity 5a Distodorsal recess 5b Distopalmar recess 6 Lateral collateral ligament 7 Medial collateral ligament 8 Straight sesamoidean ligament 9 Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament 10 Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament

16 Third interosseous muscle 16a Lateral extensor branch 16b Medial extensor branch 17 Superficial digital flexor tendon 18 Deep digital flexor tendon 19 Palmar annular ligament 20 Digital sheath cavity 21 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 22 Medial proper palmar digital artery 23 Lateral proper palmar digital vein 24 Medial proper palmar digital vein 25 Lateral proper palmar digital nerve 26 Medial proper palmar digital nerve 27 Ergot cushion 28 Skin

 

336

T16: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse MRI scan of the fetlock after Transverse injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Transverse section of the fetlock after injection of Transverse coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

   

T16: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 27

26 18

14

16

13 3 4a

17 27

A Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration at left).

2a 1

5a

7

6

15a

5b

2c

10

11 4c

15b

4b

2b

12 19

8

9

7

22 20 19a 24

  17

19a

16

27

4c 27

23 21

23

25 21

16

25 17

2c

18 B

9

26

7

20a A

1 Metacarpal condyle (sagittal ridge) 2 Proximal phalanx 2a Sagittal groove 2b Lateral palmar eminence 2c Medial palmar eminence 3 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 4 Synovial cavity 4a Distodorsal recess 4b Distopalmar recess 4c Collateral recess 5 Lateral collateral ligament 5a Superficial part 5b Deep part 6 Medial collateral ligament 7 Straight sesamoidean ligament 8 Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament

12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

B Transverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmaromedial approach (see dotted area in illustration at left).

Medial short sesamoidean ligament Dorsal digital extensor tendon Lateral digital extensor tendon Third interosseus muscle 15a Lateral extensor branch 15b Medial extensor branch Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Digital sheath cavity 19a Collateral recess Lateral proper palmar digital artery 20a Ergot ramus Medial proper palmar digital artery Lateral proper palmar digital vein Medial proper palmar digital vein Lateral proper palmar digital nerve

337

9 Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament 10 Cruciate sesamoidean ligaments

25 Medial proper palmar digital nerve 26 Ergot cushion

11 Lateral short sesamoidean ligament

27 Skin

 

338

T17: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Transverse MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of Transverse latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

Transverse section of the fetlock after injection of Transverse coloured latex into the vessels.

 

T17: Transverse Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Proximal phalanx 1a Lateral palmar eminence 1b Medial palmar eminence 2 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al (MP) joint 3 Distopalmar recess of the MP joint 4 Lateral collateral ligament (superficial part) 5 Medial collateral ligament (superficial part) 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

10 2 23

1

Straight sesamoidean ligament Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament Cruciate sesamoidean ligament Dorsal digital extensor tendon Third interosseus muscle 11a Lateral extensor branch 11b Medial extensor branch Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath cavity 15a Collateral recess Lateral proper palmar digital artery 16a Ergot ramus Medial proper palmar digital artery Lateral proper palmar digital vein Medial proper palmar digital vein Lateral proper palmar digital nerve Medial proper palmar digital nerve Ergot 22a Ergot cushion Skin

4

5 11b

11a

 

1a

18 15a

16

3

9

16a 7

1b

  6

8

15

15a

17 21 14

12 20

B 22a

23

22 A

14 19

12

  17 14

12

13

15a

6

A Tra Transverse nsverse ultrasound scan of the fetlock, palmar approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

13

8

15 1b

 

19

13

23

15a

339

6 15

Transverse ansverse ultrasound scan of the B Tr fetlock, palmaromedial approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

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341

Frontal Sections of the  the  Equine Fetlock

9

14

17

16

15

13 12 11 10

8

7

6

5 4 3 2

 

342

F1: Fron Frontal tal Sectio Section n of the Fetloc Fetlock k

1

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

F1: Fron Frontal tal Sectio Section n of the Fetloc Fetlock k

7

7a

343

7a

1 4c

4a 4c

4a 4b 4b 4b 2

7

5

1 5

1 3

7a

3

6

5 7a

1 2 3 4

5 6 7

Superficial digital flexor tendon Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Digital sheath 4a Synovial membrane 4b Synovial cavity 4c Proximal recess Ergot ramus of the proper palmar digital vein Ergot cushion Skin 7a Skin section

6

7

1

Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, lateral approach (see dotted area in illustration above, left).

 

344

F2 and F3: Frontal Sections of the Fetlock

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

F2 and F3: Frontal Sections of the Fetlock

345

5b 4a 8

1

8

4a 2

4c

1a 4a

4b

4b

3 5a

5 5 3 7

1

3

6

6 5a 7

1 2 3 4

Superficial digital flexor tendon 1a Manica flexoria Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Digital sheath 4a 4b

Synovial membrane Synovial cavity

8

8 1 1a

4b

4b

Synovial cavity Proximal recess Proper palmar digital artery 5a Ergot ramus 5b Rami for the flexor tendons Proper palmar digital nerve Ergot cushion Skin 4c

5

6 7 8

2

Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, lateral approach (see dotted area on illustration above).

 

346

F4: Fron Frontal tal Sectio Section n of the Fetloc Fetlock k

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the vessels.

 

F4: Fron Frontal tal Sectio Section n of the Fetloc Fetlock k

347 3

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11

Lateral proximal sesamoid bone (palmar border) Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Superficial digital flexor tendon 3a Manica flexoria Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Digital sheath cavity 6a Synovial membrane 6b Collateral recess 6c Proximal recess (uncompletly filled) Ramus of the lateral proper palmar digital vein Ramus of the medial proper palmar digital vein Ergot rami (artery and vein) Ergot cushion Skin

A

11 6c

6a

4

6c

B 3a

3a

6

2 7 1

8 6

11

5

5

9 6b

3

11

8

9 10

11 11

A

3

3a

4

4

Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

B

Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

348

F5: Frontal Section of the Fetlock

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the vessels.

 

F5: Frontal Section of the Fetlock

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13

Lateral proximal sesamoid bone (palmar border) Medial proximal sesamoid bone (palmar border) Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Superficial digital flexor tendon 4a Manica flexoria Deep digital flexor tendon Palmar annular ligament Proximal digital annular ligament Digital sheath 8a Synovial membrane 8b Proximal recess (incompletely filled) 8c Collateral recess Lateral proper palmar digital artery 9a Ergot ramus Ramus of the lateral proper palmar digital vein Ramus of the medial proper palmar digital vein Lateral proper palmar digital nerve Skin 13a

349 4 5

8b 8a

8b

  4a

8b 4a

3

3

10 8  

1 9

2 11

5

12 6 9a 8c

4

Skin section 7 13a

13

b a

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

350

Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock area demonstrating the proper palmar digital artery (a) and vein (b).

F6: Fron Frontal tal Section Section of the Fetlock Fetlock

1 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 1a Apex 1b Base 1c Interosseus face 1d Flexor surface 2 Medial proximal sesamoid bone 3 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 4 Straight sesamoidean ligament 5 Third interosseus muscle (distal branch insertion) 6 Superficial digital flexor tendon

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

Frontal tal Section Section of the Fetlock Fetlock F6: Fron

351

10

7

7

10

13

9b 10a

9b

9a

18a

11 12

11 3

3

15

1a 14

5 1c

1d

5

2

15

14 5

 

1

2

5

1b 4

3  

3 4

9c

11 16 18a

9c

12 17

7

12

4 11

9c

9c 7

16

6 8

18a

6 8

18

7 Deep digital flexor tendon 8 Proximal digital annular ligament 9 Digital sheath 9a Synovial membrane 9b Proximal recess 9c Collateral recess 10 Medial common palmar digital artery 10a Bifurcation 11 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 12 Medial proper palmar digital artery 13 Lateral common palmar digital vein 14 Lateral proper palmar digital vein 15 Medial proper palmar digital vein 16 proper palmar palmar digital digital nerve nerve 17 Lateral Medial proper 18 Skin 18a Skin section Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

352

F7: Fron Frontal tal Section Section of the Fetlock Fetlock

17

1 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 1a Apex 1b Base 1c Interosseus face 1d Flexor surface 2 Medial proximal sesamoid bone 3 Proximopalmar recess of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al joint j oint 4 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 5 Straight sesamoidean ligament 6 Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament 7 Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament 8 Third interosseus muscle 8a Lateral branch 8b Medial branch

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

Frontal tal Section Section of the Fetlock Fetlock F7: Fron 17

14 22

17 9

3  

22

14 17 8a

9

3

3

8b

9

22 8c

8c 8a

4

4

8b 1a

1a 1c

1

1d

 4

2

2

1d 1b 6

6

4

1

1c

1b

18

353

5

7

12

18 19

12

7 5

13a

19 12 15 13c

13a

12 15

10

13d

16 10 16 10

13c

11

13b

10 Superficial digital flexor tendon 11 Deep digital flexor tendon 12 Proximal attachment of the proximal digital annular ligament 13 Digital sheath 13a Synovial membrane 13b Synovial cavity 13c Collateral recess 13d Synovial fold 14 Anastomosis between the common palmar digital and metacarpal arteries 15 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 16 Medial proper palmar digital artery 17 Anastomosis between the common 18 19 20 21 22

21 13b

20

11

8c Attachment to palmar ligament 9 Metacarpointersesam Metacarpointersesamoidean oidean ligament

10

22

8b

4

2

Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

palmar metacarpal veins Lateral digital proper and palmar digital vein Medial proper palmar digital vein Lateral proper palmar digital nerve Medial proper digital nerve Skin

 

354

 

F8: Fron Frontal tal Section Section of the Fetlock Fetlock

1 Metacarpal condyle (sagittal ridge) 2 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 2a Apex 2b Base 2c Interosseus face 2d Articular surface 3 Medial proximal sesamoid bone 4 Recesses of the metacarpophalangeal  joint 4a Proximopalmar recess 4b Distocollateral recess 5 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 6 Metacarpointersesamoidean ligament 7 Straight sesamoidean ligament 8 Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

F8: Fron Frontal tal Section Section of the Fetlock Fetlock 17

18 6

18

17

4a

355

6

4a

25

25 5

12b

12b

12a

2a

12a

5

2a 4a

2c

2d

2b 11

1

 

2c

3

2b

1

  5

4b 8

8

9

15

7

16c

22

22

21 15

13

16c 19

13

24

16c 16a

23

13

14

Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament Cruciate sesamoidean ligament Short sesamoidean ligament Third interosseus muscle 12a Medial branch

15 20

7

20

16a

9

16b

9 10 11 12

11 10

4b

16c

23

3

10

15 19

11

11

5

4b 21

2d

13 14

25

24 16b 25

12b Lateral branch 13 Superficial digital flexor tendon 14 Deep digital flexor tendon 15 Proximal digital annular ligament (proximal attachment) 16 Digital sheath 16a Synovial cavity 16b Synovial fold 16c Collateral recess 17 Palmar metacarpal arteries 18 Palmar metacarpal veins 19 Lateral proper palmar digital artery 20 Medial proper palmar digital artery 21 Lateral proper palmar digital vein 22 23 24 25

12a 3

5

Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above, left).

Medial palmar digital digital nerve vein Lateral proper proper palmar Medial proper palmar digital nerve Skin

 

356

F9: Fro Frontal ntal Section of the Metacarpop Metacarpophalang halangeal eal Joint

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the vessels.

Dissected specimen after injection of coloured latex into the metacarpophalangeal  joint cavity.

 

F9: Fron Frontal tal Section of the the Metacarpophal Metacarpophalangeal angeal Joint Joint 1 2 3 4

Metacarpal condyle (sagittal ridge) Second metacarpal bone Fourth metacarpal bone Proximal phalanx 4a Lateral palmar eminence

4b Medial palmar eminence 5 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 5a Apex 5b Base 5c Articular surface 5d Interosseus face 6 Medial proximal sesamoid bone 7 Synovial cavity of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al joint 7a Proximopalmar recess 7b Synovial villi 8 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 9 Lateral collateral sesamoidean 10 ligament Medial collateral sesamoidean ligament 11 Metacarpointersesamoidean ligament 12 Straight sesamoidean ligament 13 Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament 14 Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament 15 Cruciate sesamoidean ligament 16 Short sesamoidean ligament 17 Third interosseus muscle 17a Lateral branch 17b Medial branch 17c Lateral extensor branch 17d Medial extensor branch 18 Superficial digital flexor tendon 18a Lateral branch 18b Medial branch 19 Proximal digital annular ligament (proximal attachment) 20 Digital sheath (collateral recess) 21 Medial common palmar digital artery 22 Palmar metacarpal artery

3

2 21 22

25

22

7a

7b 11

 

11

7a 8 A 17a 5d

17c

17b

5a 5c

1

9

6

10

5b

16

16

15 4a

4b 14

13

B 19 27

26 19 20

28

17d

20

24

12 23 18b 24

18a

24

23

28

17b

6

28

24

A Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, palmaromedial approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

357

23 24 25 26

Lateral proper palmar digital artery Medial proper palmar digital artery Palmar metacarpal vein Lateral proper palmar digital vein

27 proper palmar digital vein 28 Medial Skin

24

B Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock area, palmaromedial 13

approach (see dotted area in illustration at top).

 

358

F10: Frontal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the

synovial cavities and vessels.

 

F10: Frontal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

359

18

1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Sagittal ridge 1b Lateral part 1c Medial part 2 Proximal phalanx (P1) 2a Lateral palmar eminence 2b Medial palmar eminence 3 Lateral proximal sesamoid bone (apex) 4 Medial proximal sesamoid bone 4a Apex 4b Base 5 Synovial cavity of the metacarpophalangeal joint 5a Proximopalmar recess 5b Distopalmar recess 6 Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament 7 Straight sesamoidean ligament 8 Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament 9 Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament 10 Lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament 11 Medial collateral sesamoidean ligament 12 Lateral collateral ligament (deep part) 13 Medial collateral ligament (deep part)

17 14b

17 14a

22 5a

5a 6

22

3

4a 1a

1b

1c

12

13 14c

1a

5

10 2a

14d

4b

11 2b

5b

21

20 8

15 16

14 Third interosseus muscle 14a Lateral branch 14b Medial branch 14c Lateral extensor branch 14d Medial extensor branch 15 Proximal digital annular ligament (proximal attachment) 16 Digital sheath (collateral recess) 17 Palmar metacarpal artery 18 Palmar metacarpal vein 19 Ramus (artery) of P1 20 Lateral proper palmar digital vein 20a Ramus (artery and vein) of P1 21 Medial proper palmar digital vein 21a Ramus (artery and vein) of P1 22 Skin

9

 

20a

15

21a

16

19

19 7

Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in picture above).

22 14d 11

1c

2b

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

360

F11: Fron Frontal tal Section of the Metacarpoph Metacarpophalange alangeal al Joint

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

Frontal tal Section of the Metacarpoph Metacarpophalange alangeal al Joint F11: Fron 15

1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Metacarpal condyle 2a Lateral part (lateral condyle) 2b Medial part (medial condyle)

5a

4a

4 14 5a

1

20

361

2c Sagittal ridge 3 Proximal phalanx (P1) 3a Lateral glenoid cavity 3b Medial glenoid cavity 3c Sagittal groove 4 Synovial membrane of the

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

5a

2 2a

2b

6

metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint metacarpophalangeal 4a Synovial fold Synovial cavity of the MP joint 5a Proximopalmar recess Lateral collateral ligament (deep part) Medial collateral ligament (deep part) Lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament Medial collateral sesamoidean ligament Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament Lateral third interosseus extensor branch Medial third interosseus extensor branch Palmar metacarpal artery Palmar metacarpal vein Ramus (artery) of P1 Lateral proper palmar digital vein 17a Palmar ramus of P1 Medial proper palmar digital vein Palmar recess of the proximal interphalangeal joint Skin

7 12

8

5

13

2c  

3a

9

3b

3c 8 3 17

18

17

10

11 18

16

16

17a 19

20

20 13 7 9 2b

Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

3

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

362

F12: Frontal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the vessels.

 

F12: Frontal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Metacarpal condyle 2a Lateral part (lateral condyle) 2b Medial part (medial condyle) 2c Sagittal ridge 3 Proximal phalanx (P1) 3a Lateral glenoid cavity 3b Medial glenoid cavity 3c Sagittal groove 4 Synovial membrane of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 4a Metacarpophalangeal synovial fold 5 Synovial cavity of the MP joint 6 Lateral collateral ligament (deep part 7 Medial collateral ligament (deep part) 8 Lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament 9 Medial collateral sesamoidean ligament

363

1

15 21

16

A

2  

7

6 8

2a 2c 3a

5

2b 3b

9

4a

12

10 Lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament 11 Medial oblique sesamoidean ligament 12 Lateral third interosseus muscle extensor branch 13 Medial third interosseus muscle extensor branch 14 Proximal digital annular ligament 15 Palmar metacarpal artery 16 Palmar metacarpal vein 17 Palmar ramus of P1 18 19 20 21

3c 13 3

18

14

14

19

17

B

20 10

11

 

17

Lateral Medial proper proper palmar palmar digital digital vein vein Palmar ramus of P1 Skin

21

21 13

13

9 7 7 2

A Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

3

3

B Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

 

364

F13: Fron Frontal tal Section of the Metacarpoph Metacarpophalange alangeal al Joint

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

F13: Fron Frontal tal Section of the Metacarpoph Metacarpophalange alangeal al Joint

365

1 Third metacarpal bone 1a Lateral cortex 1b Medial cortex 2 Metacarpal condyle 2a Lateral part (lateral condyle) 2b Medial part (medial condyle) 2c Sagittal ridge 2d Lateral collateral fossa 2e Medial collateral fossa 3 Proximal phalanx (P1) 3a Lateral glenoid cavity 3b Medial glenoid cavity 3c Sagittal groove 4 Synovial membrane of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 4a Metacarpophalangeal synovial fold

1a

15

1b 1

11

16

7a 6b

2d

2

2e 7b

6a 5 2a

5 cavity ofligament the MP joint 6 Synovial Lateral collateral 6a Superficial part 6b Deep part 7 Medial collateral ligament 7a Superficial part 7b Deep part 8 Lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament 9 Medial collateral sesamoidean ligament 10 Third interosseus muscle 10a Lateral extensor branch 10b Medial extensor branch 11 Vascular network of the MP joint 12 Lateral dorsal ramus of P1

3a

2c  

8

3c

4a

10a

2b 3b

9

10b

13 3

12 14

13 14 15 16

Medial dorsal rami (artery and vein) of P1 Lateral proper palmar digital vein Dorsal metacarpal fascia Skin

16

7a

1

7b

2e

Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

366

F14: Frontal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

 

F14: Frontal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Metacarpal condyle 2a Medial part (medial condyle) 2b Sagittal ridge 3

4

5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12

12 1

11

2c Medial collateral fossa Proximal phalanx (P1) 3a Medial glenoid cavity 3b Sagittal groove Synovial membrane of the metacarpophalangeall (MP) joint metacarpophalangea 4a Metacarpophalangeal synovial fold Synovial cavity of the MP joint Medial collateral ligament 6a Superficial part 6b Deep part Dorsal capsule of the MP joint Medial collateral sesamoidean

6a

6b

2a 2b

3a 8 9

3

9 6a 8

2a

4a

3b

12

2c

7 5

ligament Medial extensor branch of the third interosseus muscle Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia Skin

6b

2c

2

10

367

Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

368

F15: Fron Frontal tal Section of the Metacarpoph Metacarpophalange alangeal al Joint

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the synovial cavities and vessels.

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of

latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

F15: Fron Frontal tal Section of the Metacarpoph Metacarpophalange alangeal al Joint

369

1

1 Third metacarpal bone 2 Metacarpal condyle 2a Lateral part (lateral condyle) 2b Medial part (medial condyle) 2c Sagittal ridge 2d Lateral collateral fossa 2e Medial collateral fossa

9

A

9

11 12

3 Proximal phalanx (P1) 3a Lateral glenoid cavity 3b Medial glenoid cavity 3c Sagittal groove 4 Synovial membrane and capsule of the metacarpophalangeal metacarpophalange al (MP) joint 4a Metacarpophalangea Metacarpophalangeall synovial fold 5 Synovial cavity of the MP joint 6 Lateral collateral ligament 6a Superficial part 6b Deep part 7 Medial collateral ligament 7a Superficial part 7b Deep part 8 Third interosseus muscle 8a Lateral extensor branch 8b Medial extensor branch 9 Vascular network of the MP joint 10 Dorsal ramus (artery) of P1 11 Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia 12 Skin

6a

7a B

6b 2d

7b

2

2e

5 2a 4a 3a

2b 2c

5

4 3b

3c

10

10 8a

8b 3

12

12

7a

7a

7b 2b 1 2e

A Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

 

2e

B Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above).

370

F16: Frontal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Frontal section of the fetlock after injection of coloured latex into the vessels.

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock after injection of latex into the arteries and fat material into the veins.

 

F16: Frontal Section of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint 1 Metacarpal condyle 1a Medial part (medial condyle)

11

371

1b Sagittal ridge 2 Proximal phalanx 2a Sagittal groove 2b Proximodorsal articular margin 3 Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeall (MP) joint metacarpophalangea 4 Synovial membrane of the MP  joint 4a Proximodorsal synovial fold 4b Metacarpophalangeal synovial fold 5 Synovial cavity of the MP joint 6 Dorsal digital extensor tendon 7 Lateral digital extensor tendon 8 Subtendinous bursa 9 Third interosseus muscle 9a Lateral extensor branch 9b Medial extensor branch 10 Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia 11 Skin

6 7 11a 8 10 4a

10 5

1b

3

4b

5

3 2b

2a 2

11

11a

9a

11a Skin section

1a

2

9b

11 10 3 2 4b 1a

Frontal ultrasound scan of the fetlock, medial approach (see dotted area in illustration above, right).

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

372

F17: Fron Frontal tal Section of the Metacarpoph Metacarpophalange alangeal al Joint

Casting preparation of the dorsal recess of the metacarpophalangeal  joint, dorsal view.

 

Frontal tal Section of the Metacarpoph Metacarpophalange alangeal al Joint F17: Fron 7 10 6 12a

4a

7

3

1b

5a   5a

1a 7 3

4b

11 5b

12a

8

11 5b

3

373

2 7

6

6

6

12

12a 9a

9b 6

1 Metacarpal condyle

2 3 4

5

6 7 8 9

10 11 12

1a Medial part (medial condyle) 1b Sagittal ridge Proximal phalanx Dorsal capsule of the metacarpophalangeall (MP) joint metacarpophalangea Synovial membrane of the MP joint 4a Proximodorsal synovial fold 4b Metacarpophalange Metacarpophalangeal al synovial fold Synovial cavity of the MP joint 5a Dorsal recess 5b Distodorsal recess Dorsal digital extensor tendon Lateral digital extensor tendon Accessory digital extensor tendon Third interosseus muscle 9a Lateral extensor branch 9b Medial extensor branch Dorsal metacarpal fascia Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia Skin 12a Skin section

Frontal MRI scan of the fetlock.

 

374

Glossary of English and Latin Equivalents Note: not every English name has a Latin equivalent; asterisks indicate names that are used only rarely to identify structures of the equine distal limb.

English

Latin

REGIONS Metacarpophalangeal Metacarpophal angeal region (fetlock) Pastern region Coronal region (coronet) Foot

REGIONES Regio metacarpophalan metacarpophalangea gea Regio compedis Regio coronalis

BONES

OSSA

Cortical Compactbone bone Spongious (cancellous) bone

Substantia corticalis Substantia compacta Substantia spongiosa

Metacarpal bones II, III, IV Body Dorsal surface Palmar surface Medial border

Os metacarpalia II, III, IV Corpus Facies dorsalis Facies palmaris Margo medialis

Lateral border

Margo lateralis

Head (metaca (metacarpal rpal condyle) condyle) Sagittal ridge Lateral part (lateral condyle) Medial part (medial condyle) Dorsal margin Palmar margin

Caput

Proximal phalanx Base of the proximal phalanx (proximal end) Articular fossa Proximal sagittal groove Medial glenoid cavity Lateral glenoid cavity Dorsal margin Palmar margin Medial palmar eminence Lateral palmar eminence Body of the proximal phalanx Trigone of the proximal phalanx Head of the proximal phalanx (distal condyle) Distal sagittal (intercondylar) groove Medial distal condyle Lateral distal condyle

Phalanx proximalis (os compedale) Basis phalangis proximalis Fovea articularis

Middle phalanx Base of the middle phalanx (proximal end)

Phalanx media (os coronale) Basis phalangis mediae

Articular fossa Medial glenoid cavity Lateral glenoid cavity Extensor process Flexor tuberosity Body of the middle phalanx Head of the middle phalanx (distal condyle)

Eminentia palmaris medialis Eminentia palmaris lateralis Corpus phalangis proximalis Trigonum phalangis proximalis Caput phalangis proximalis

Fovea articularis Processus extensorius Tuberositas flexoria Corpus phalangis mediae Caput phalangis mediae

 

Glossary of English and Latin Equivalents Distal phalanx Spongious bone* Subchondral bone* Distopalmar compact bone* Insertion fossa for the collateral ligament* Articular surface Sesamoidean articular surface Parietal surface Medial part Medial parietal sulcus (groove) Medial palmar process Foramen of the medial palmar process Incisura (notch) of the medial palmar process Dorsal part Lateral part Lateral parietal sulcus (groove) Lateral palmar process Foramen of the lateral palmar process Incisura (notch) of the lateral palmar process Solar surface Flexor surface

Phalanx distalis (os ungulare)

Semilunar line Planum cutaneum Medial solar sulcus Lateral solar sulcus Medial solar foramen Lateral solar foramen Solar canal Coronal (coronary) border Extensor process Solar (distal) border (Crena marginis solearis)

Linea semilunaris Planum cutaneum Sulcus solearis medialis Sulcus solearis lateralis Foramen soleare mediale Foramen soleare laterale Canalis solearis Margo coronalis Processus extensorius Margo solearis (Crena marginis solearis)

Medial ungular cartilage

Cartilago ungularis medialis

Lateral ungular cartilage

Cartilago ungularis lateralis

Facies articularis Facies articularis sesamoidea Facies parietalis Pars medialis Sulcus parietalis medialis Processus palmaris medialis Foramen processus palmaris medialis Incisura processus palmaris medialis Pars dorsalis Pars lateralis Sulcus parietalis lateralis Processus palmaris lateralis Foramen processus palmaris lateralis Incisura processus palmaris lateralis Facies solearis Facies flexoria

375

Proximal sesamoid bone Articular surface

Ossa sesamoidea proximalia Facies articularis

Flexor surface Interosseus face Apex Body Base Palmar border

Facies musculus flexoria interossei Facies

Distal sesamoid bone Spongious bone* Compact bone* Flexor surface Sagittal ridge Articular surface Proximal border Distal border Lateral angle Medial angle

Os sesamoideum distale

JOINTS Articular cartilage Synovial fossa Articular (joint) cavity Articular (joint) margin

ARTICULATIONES Cartilago articularis Fossae synoviales Cavum articulare Labrum articulare

Facies flexoria Facies articularis Margo proximalis Margo distalis

 

Glossary of English and Latin Equivalents

376

Articular (joint) capsule Fibrous layer Synovial layer (synovial membrane) Synovial plica (fold)

Capsula articularis Stratum fibrosum Stratum synoviale Plica synovialis

Synovial villi Synovial fluid Ligament

Villi synoviales Synovia Ligamenta

Metacarpophalangeal joint  Joint (articular) capsule (dorsal capsule) Dorsal recess (pouch) Proximodorsal synovial fold* Distodorsal recess* Distodorsal (metacarpophalangeal) synovial fold* Palmar recess (pouch) Proximopalmar recess Distopalmar recess Collateral recess Distocollateral recess* Collateral ligament Palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament Collateral sesamoidean ligament Metacarpointersesamoidean Metacarpointerse samoidean ligament Straight sesamoidean ligament Oblique sesamoidean ligament Sagittal part* Short sesamoidean ligament Cruciate sesamoidean ligament

Articulatio metacarpophalangea Capsula articularis Recessus dorsales

Proximal interphalangeal joint Articular (joint) capsule Dorsal recess (pouch) Distodorsocollateral Distodorsocollater al recess* Palmar recess (pouch) Sagittal palmar recess* Collateral palmar recess* Collateral ligament Palmar ligament Axial palmar ligament* Abaxial palmar ligament*

Articulatio interphalangea proximalis manus Capsula articularis Recessus dorsales

Distal interphalangeal joint Articular (joint) capsule Dorsal recess

Articulatio interphalangea distalis manus Capsula articularis Recessus dorsales

Recessus palmares

Ligamentum collateralia Ligamentum palmaria Ligamentum sesamoidea collateralia Ligamentum metacarpointerse metacarpointersesamoideum samoideum Ligamentum sesamoideum rectum Ligamentum sesamoidea obliqua Ligamentum sesamoidea brevia Ligamentum sesamoidea cruciata

Recessus palmares Ligamentum collateralia Ligamentum palmaria

Palmar recess Proximopalmar recess Distopalmar recess Collateral recess Collateral ligament Collateral sesamoidean ligament (Impar) distal sesamoidean ligament Chondrocompedal Chondrocom pedal ligament Chondrocoronal Chondrocoro nal ligament Chondrosesamoidean Chondrosesam oidean ligament Collateral chondroungular ligament Cruciate chondroungular ligament

Recessus palmares

Ligamentum collateralia Ligamentum sesamoidea collateralia Ligamentum sesamoideum distale impar Ligamentum chondrocom chondrocompedalia pedalia Ligamentum chondrocoro chondrocoronalia nalia Ligamentum chondrosesam chondrosesamoidea oidea Ligamentum chondroungularia collateralia Ligamentum chondroungularia cruciata

MUSCLES Superficial digital flexor muscle Manica flexoria

MUSCULI Musculus flexor digitalis superficialis Manica flexoria

 

Glossary of English and Latin Equivalents

 

Deep digital flexor muscle Metacarpophalangeal Metacarpophalan geal fibrocartilaginous part* Phalangeal fibrocartilaginous part* Dorsal digital extensor muscle Lateral digital extensor muscle Accessory digital extensor tendon*

Musculus flexor digitalis profundus

Third interosseus muscle Distal branch Extensor branch Dorsal fascia of the manus Dorsal metacarpal fascia* Dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia* Palmar fascia Palmar metacarpal fascia* Digital fascia Dorsal digital fascia* Palmar annular ligament

Musculus interosseus III

Digital sheath fibrous wall

Vaginae fibrosae digitorum manus Pars anularis vaginae fibrosae (ligamentum anulare digiti) Pars cruciformis vaginae fibrosae

Proximal digital annular ligament (2 pars anulares + 1 pars cruciformis) Proximal attachment* Distal attachment* Distal digital annular ligament (1 pars anularis + 1 pars cruciformis) Proximal attachment* Distal attachment* Proximal scutum Middle scutum Distal scutum

Musculus extensor digitalis communis Musculus extensor digitalis lateralis

Fascia dorsalis manus Fascia palmaris Fascia digiti Ligamentum metacarpeum metacarpeum transversum superficiale superficiale (ligamentum anulare palmare)

Scutum proximale Scutum medium Scutum distale

Digital synovial tendon sheath Dorsal proximal recess* Palmar proximal recess* Collateral metacarpal recess* Palmar middle recess* Collateral digital recess* Palmar distal recess* Dorsal distal recess*

Vagina synovialis tendinum digitorum manus

Tendon vincula Loose connective mesotendon* Subtendinous bursa of the third interosseus muscle Podotrochlear bursa Proximal recess Distal recess Collateral recess*

Vincula tendinum Bursa subtendinea musculus interosseus III Bursa podotrochlearis manus

377

ARTERIES Palmar metacarpal arteries II and III Lateral common palmar digital artery III Medial common palmar digital artery II

ARTERIAE Arteriae metacarpeae palmares II et III Arteria digitalis palmaris communis III Arteria digitalis palmaris communis II

Medial (proper palmar) digital artery Ergot ramus* Palmar ramus of the proximal phalanx Dorsal ramus of the proximal phalanx

Arteria digitalis (palmaris propria III) medialis

Palmar ramus ramus of of the the middle middle phalanx phalanx Dorsal

Ramus dorsalis palmarisphalangis phalangismediae mediae Ramus

Ramus palmaris phalangis proximalis Ramus dorsalis phalangis proximalis

 

Glossary of English and Latin Equivalents

378

Ramus of the digital torus Coronal artery Dorsal ramus of the distal phalanx Terminal arch Solar marginal artery (circonflex artery)

Ramus tori digitalis Arteria coronalis Ramus dorsalis phalangis distalis Arcus terminalis Arteria marginis solearis

Lateral (proper palmar) digital artery Palmar ramus of the proximal phalanx

Arteria digitalis (palmaris propria III) lateralis Ramus palmaris phalangis proximalis

Dorsal ramus of the proximal phalanx Intermediate ramus* Palmar ramus of the middle phalanx Dorsal ramus of the middle phalanx Ramus of the digital torus Coronal artery Dorsal ramus of the distal phalanx

Ramus dorsalis phalangis proximalis

VEINS Lateral common palmar digital vein

VENAE Vena Ve na digitalis palmaris communis III

Lateral (proper palmar) digital vein Coronal vein Terminal arch

Vena digitalis (palmaris propria III) lateralis Vena coronalis Arcus terminalis

Palmar metacarpal veins II and III Distal deep palmar anastomosis

Venae metacarpeae palmares II et III Venae Arcus palmaris profundus distalis

Medial common palmar digital vein Medial (proper palmar) digital vein Coronal vein Ungular plexus Superficial ungular plexus* Deep ungular plexus* Lateromedial palmar anastomosis*

Vena digitalis palmaris communis II Vena Vena digitalis (palmaris propria III) medialis Vena coronalis Plexus ungularis

NERVES Medial common palmar digital nerve

NERVI Nervus palmaris medialis (nervus digitalis palmaris communis II)

Medial (proper palmar) digital nerve Dorsal ramus Intermediate ramus* Lateral common palmar digital nerve Medial palmar metacarpal nerve Lateral palmar metacarpal nerve

Nervus digitalis palmaris (proprius) medialis Ramus dorsalis

Lateral (proper palmar) digital nerve Dorsal ramus Intermediate ramus*

Nervus digitalis palmaris (proprius) lateralis Ramus dorsalis

INTEGUMENT Ergot Ergot cushion* Ergot ligament*

INTEGUMENTUM COMMUNE Calcar metacarpeum

CORIUM HOOF AND PAD Limbus Periople (stratum externum of the hoof wall)

UNGULA Limbus Epidermis limbi (perioplum)

Ramus palmaris phalangis mediae Ramus dorsalis phalangis mediae Ramus tori digitalis Arteria coronalis Ramus dorsalis phalangis distalis

Nervus palmaris lateralis (nervus digitalis palmaris communis III) Nervus metacarpeus palmaris medialis Nervus metacarpeus palmaris lateralis

Horn (epidermal) tubules Limbic (perioplic) dermis (limbic corium) Dermal (corial) papillae

Tubuli epidermales Dermis (corium) limbi Papillae dermales (coriales)

Limbic cushion

Tela subcutanea limbi (pulvinus limbi)

 

Glossary of English and Latin Equivalents Corona Coronal (coronary) epidermis Horn (epidermal) tubules Coronal (coronary) dermis Dermal (corial) papillae Coronal cushion

Corona Epidermis coronae Tubuli epidermales Dermis (corium) coronae Papillae dermales (coriales) Tela subcutanea coronae (pulvinus coronae)

Paries (hoof wall) Parietal epidermis (stratum internum of the hoof wall) Epidermal lamellae Parietal dermis (parietal corium) Dermal (corial) lamellae Horny wall Limbic (perioplic) horn Coronal (coronary) horn Parietal horn White zone Collateral (lateral) part (quarter) Collateral (medial) part (quarter) Dorsal part (toe) Lateral inflex part (lateral bar) Medial inflex part (medial bar) Lateral palmar border (lateral heel) Medial palmar border (medial heel) Lateral palmar parietal angle Medial palmar parietal angle Coronal (coronary) border (proximal border) Solear border (distal border)

Paries Epidermis parietis Lamellae epidermales Dermis (corium) parietis Lamellae dermales (coriales) Paries corneus (lamina) Stratum externum Stratum medium Stratum internum Zona alba Pars lateralis Pars medialis Pars dorsalis Pars inflexa lateralis Pars inflexa medialis Margo palmaris lateralis Margo palmaris medialis Angulus parietis palmaris lateralis Angulus parietis palmaris medialis Margo coronalis Margo solearis

External face Internal face Limbic sulcus (groove) Coronal (coronary) sulcus (groove)

Facies Facies externa interna Sulcus limbalis Sulcus coronalis

Sole Epidermis of the sole Horn (epidermal) tubules Dermis (corium) of the sole Dermal (corial) papillae Solar subcutaneous layer Horny sole Body of the sole Lateral branch of the sole Medial branch of the sole Parietal border Central border Lateral angle of the sole Medial angle of the sole External face Internal face

Solea Epidermis soleae Tubuli epidermales Dermis (corium) soleae Papillae dermales (coriales) Tela subcutanea soleae Solea cornea Corpus soleae Crus soleae laterale Crus soleae mediale Margo parietalis Margo centralis Angulus soleae lateralis Angulus soleae medialis Facies externa Facies interna

Hoof (digital) pad Epidermis of the hoof (digital) pad Epidermal tubules Dermis (corium) of the hoof (digital) pad Dermal (corial) papillae

Torus ungulae Epidermis tori Tubuli epidermales Dermis (corium) tori Papillae dermales (coriales)

Digital cushion Proximal attachment (suspensory ligament)* Toric (proximal) part of the digital cushion (bulb of the heels) Horny part of the hoof pad Bulb of the lateral heel Bulb of the medial heel External face Internal face

Tela subcutanea tori (pulvinus digitalis) Pars torica pulvini digitalis Torus corneus Pars lateralis Pars medialis Facies externa Facies interna

 

379

 

Glossary of English and Latin Equivalents

380

Frog Epidermis of the frog Horn (epidermal) tubules Dermis (corium) of the frog Dermal (corial) papillae Cuneal (distal) part of the digital cushion Horny frog Apex of the frog Base of the frog Lateral crus (branch) of the frog Medial crus (branch) of the frog External face Internal face Lateral paracuneal sulcus (groove) Medial paracuneal sulcus (groove) Central cuneal sulcus (groove) Spine of the frog

Cuneus ungulae Epidermis cunei Tubuli epidermales Dermis (corium) cunei Papillae dermales (coriales) Tela subcutanea cunei (pars cunealis pulvini digitalis) Cuneus corneus Apex cunei Basis cunei Crus cunei laterale Crus cunei mediale Facies externa Facies interna Sulcus paracunealis lateralis Sulcus paracunealis medialis Sulcus cunealis centralis Spina cunei

Horny hoof, hoof capsule Solear face Contact face Fornix face Dorsal angle Lateral angle Medial angle Lateral palmar angle Medial palmar angle

Capsula ungulae Facies solearis Facies contactus Facies fornicis Angulus dorsalis Angulus lateralis Angulus medialis Angulus palmaris lateralis Angulus palmaris medialis

References International Comittee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature (1994) Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria,, 4th edn. World Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Ithaca, New York. Veterinaria Schaller,, O. (1992) Illustrated Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature. Schaller Nomenclature. Enke, Stuttgart.

381

 

Index

A abaxial palmar ligament (PIP joint) dissections 18–19, 138–9, 142–3, 146–9, 152–3, 246–7 frontal sections 232–7 parasagittal sections 180–1 transverse sections 198–207 accessory digital extensor tendon dissection 274–5 frontal sections 372–3 transverse sections 306–15, 319–29 annular ligaments

transverse sections 72–91, 84–91 MP joint dissections 134–5, 138–9, 142–3, 150–1, 248–9, 272–3 distal insertion 210–15 frontal sections 230–7 parasagittal sections 302–3 transverse sections 210–15 PIP joint dissections 18–21, 30–3, 138–9, 142–3, 148–9, 152–5 frontal sections sections 122–3, 234–7 transverse sections 96–7, 184–7, 190–9

dissections 134–5 see also distal digital annular ligament; proximal digital annular ligament arteries circonflex see solar marginal circumflex see solar marginal common palmar digital digital 170–1, 282–3, 308–9, 352–3 of corium coronae 15 of corium parietis 15 coronal 15, 39, 44–9, 52–3, 56–9, 90–1, 96–7, 104–5, 114–15, 124–5, 154–5 distal of distal sesamoid sesamoid bone 15, 42–3, 46–7, 76–7 lateral palmar palmar metacarpal 294–9 lateral proper palmar digital fetlock 259, 261–3, 266–7, 284–9, 294–9, 310–39, 348–57 pastern 220–1, 226–7 medial common palmar digital 284–5, 306–7, 350–1, 356–7 medial palmar palmar metacarpal metacarpal 292–3 medial proper palmar digital fetlock 244–5, 247, 262–3, 266–7, 290–3, 310–33, 350–7 pastern 220–1, 226–7 palmar metacarpal 170–1, 282–91, 306–11, 354–63 proper palmar digital fetlock 300–1, 306–7 foot 8–15, 22–3, 22–3, 26–7, 44–55, 70–97, 70–97, 100–1, 106–25 pastern 132–3, 138–9, 146–9, 178–9, 184–217, 222–5, 228–31 solar marginal 15, 58–9, 64–9, 76–7, 106–7, 110–27 axial palmar ligament (PIP joint) dissections 142–3, 146–9, 172–5 frontal sections 230–3 parasagittal sections 172–5 transverse sections 198–205 B bones see distal phalanx; distal sesamoid bone; fourth metacarpal bone; middle phalanx; proximal phalanx; proximal sesamoid bone; second metacarpal bone; third metacarpal bone

collateral sesamoidean ligament dissections 16–21, 25–33, 138–9, 142–3, 150–5, 248–9, 258–61, 264–5, 270–3 frontal sections 112–23, 228–9, 238–41 parasagittal sections 44–55, 174–5, 178–81 sagittal sections 36–41, 158–9, 164–5, 280–1 sagittal union 27–9, 31 transverse sections 84–95, 184–7, 190–9 see also lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament; medial collateral sesamoidean ligament common palmar digital artery 170–1, 282–3 anastomosis with metacarpal artery 352–3 bifurcation 308–9 common palmar digital nerves 306–9 common palmar digital digital veins 170–1, 282–3, 306–9 anastomosis with metacarpal veins 352–3 corium coronae arteries 15 dermal papillae 5, 78–81, 100–1, 124–7 dissections 2–7 frontal sections 100–19, 122–7, 240–1 parasagittal sections 44–61 sagittal sections 36–9, 168–9 transverse sections 78–85, 88–91 venous plexus 60–1 corium cunei dermal papillae papillae 66–9, 76–7 dissections 4–7, 17 distal view 6–7 frontal sections 100–21 parasagittal sections 44–53 sagittal sections 36–41 transverse sections 66–83 corium limbi dermal papillae 5 dissections 2–7 frontal sections 100–15, 118–27

C chondrocompedal ligament 17 chondrocoronal ligament 18–19, 92–3, 118–25 chondrosesamoidean ligament ligament 28–9, 84–7 chondroungular ligament 25 circonflex artery see solar marginal artery circonflex vein 58–9 circumflex artery see solar marginal artery collateral ligament DIP joint dissections 16–21, 30–3, 152–5 frontal sections 120–1, 240–1 parasagittal sections 50–7

parasagittal sections 44–5, 48–51, 54–61 sagittal sections 38–9, 168–9 transverse sections 82–5, 88–91 corium parietis arteries 15 dermal lamellae lamellae 2–3, 5–6 dissections 2–7 frontal sections 102–25, 240–1 parasagittal sections 44–57, 60–1, 66–7 sagittal sections 36–9, 168–9 transverse sections 64–5, 68–83, 88–9 venous plexus 58–61 corium soleae dermal papillae 4–7, 64–71, 116–17, 124–7

 

Index

382 corium soleae cont. dissections 2–7 frontal sections 104–27 parasagittal sections 44–61 sagittal sections 36–9 transverse sections 64–71 coronal artery dissections 14–15, 154–5 frontal sections 104–7, 114–15, 124–5 parasagittal sections 44–9, 52–3, 56–9

(C, D) digital cushion dissections 8–9, 12–13, 17, 132–5 cuneal part 17 toric part 17 frontal sections 100–21, 220–35 cuneal part 100–21 toric part 102–7 parasagittal sections 44–53, 174–81 cuneal part 44–7 toric part part 44–7, 174–7

sagittal sections 38–9 transverse sections 90–1, 96–7, 188–9 coronal cushion 240–1 coronal sulcus 5 coronal vein

proximal attachment 17, 94–7, 106–9, 148–9, 184–205, 220–35 sagittal sections 36–43, 164–5, 280–1 cuneal part 38–9, 42–3 toric part part 38–9, 164–5 transverse sections 66–97, 184–205

dissections 8–11,106–7, 13–14,120–1, 130–1,126–7, 154–5234–41 frontal sections parasagittal sections 44–9, 52–3, 56–9 sagittal sections 38–9 cruciate sesamoidean ligament dissections 150–1, 158–61, 270–3 frontal sections 228–9, 354–5 parasagittal sections 170–7 sagittal sections 36–7, 158–61, 280–9 transverse sections 212–17, 332–9

cuneal 66–75, 78–9 toric part papart rt 74–5, 78–97 digital extensor tendons see accessory digital extensor tendon; dorsal digital extensor tendon; lateral digital extensor tendon digital flexor tendons dorsal dissection 140–1 isolated 144–5 palmar dissection 136–7 palmarolateral dissection 140–1 see also deep digital flexor tendon; superficial digital flexor tendon digital sheath cavity see digital sheath cavity connective tissue 172–3 dissection 144–5 transverse section 190–1 wall 132–3, 198–9, 202–3, 244–5, 262–5 digital sheath cavity collateral recess 246–7, 290–1, 336–9, 346–59 dissections 134–5, 138–9, 142–5 frontal sections sections 220–5, 228–9 parasagittal sections 174–9 transverse sections 208–13 dissections 32–3, 142–3, 266–7 dorsal distal recess dissections 21, 33, 134–5, 138–9, 142–5 frontal sections 106–9, 222–3, 228–33 parasagittal sections 44–7, 52–3, 174–5, 178–9 sagittal sections 39–41, 158–9, 162–5 transverse sections 92–7, 184–9 dorsal proximal recess 138–9, 142–5, 306–11 frontal sections 106–9, 220–33, 342–57 mesotendon 132–3, 188–9, 192–3, 319–21 palmar distal recess 33 dissections 13, 22–3, 33, 39, 48–9, 134–5, 142–5 frontal sections 224–5 parasagittal sections 48–9, 176–7 sagittal sections 39, 158–9, 162–5

D deep digital flexor tendon 132–3, 138–9 arterial supply 23, 43 distal attachment 22–5, 27, 136–7 distal part in contact with distal sesamoid bone 140–1 fetlock 258–9, 262–3, 286–7 dissection 244–9 frontal sections 342–55 sagittal sections 280–3 transverse sections 306–17, 319–39 ultrasound scans 265, 269–71 fibrocartilaginous part 41, 90–7, 106–7, 110–11 metacarpophalangeal 158–61, 222–3, 282–5 phalangeal 140–1, 158–9, 164–5, 172–3, 184–91, 230–1 fibrous part 41, 90–7, 106–11, 184–91, 230–1 foot dissections 9, 12–13, 16–27, 32–3 frontal sections 106–19 parasagittal sections 44–53 sagittal sections 36–43 transverse sections 70–97 mesotendon 22–3 pastern dissections 132–43 frontal sections 220–31

isolated 140–1, 144 parasagittal sections 170–9 sagittal sections 158–63 transverse sections 184–217 ultrasound scans 144–5, 147 vascular supply 220–1 dermal lamellae 44–61 frontal sections 102–5, 110–11, 116–17, 120–7 histological section 66–7 transverse section 64–71, 74–7, 80–1 digital annular ligaments see distal digital annular ligament; proximal digital annular ligament

transverse sections 194–7 palmar middle recess 212–13 palmar proximal recess recess 142–5 palmar view 132–3 parasagittal sections 44–9, 52–3, 170–9, 284–9 proximal recess 342–51 sagittal sections 36–43, 158–9, 162–5, 280–3 synovial fold 158–63, 172–3, 204–5, 208–11, 224–5, 228–9, 352–5 synovial membrane 43, 170–1, 266–7, 282–3, 286–9, 306–11, 316–17, 319–21, 342–53 transverse sections 92–7, 192–3, 196–217, 312–39

 

Index distal digital annular ligament dissections 9, 12–13, 16–19, 22–5, 32–3, 132–7, 142–5, 148–9, 248–9 distal attachment 18–19, 22–5, 32–3, 76–83, 86–7, 108–9, 112–13 frontal sections 106–13, 220–1, 224–5, 228–31 parasagittal sections 44–9, 176–81 176–81 proximal attachment 16–19, 22–5, 32–3, 96–7, 106–9, 134–7, 142–5, 148–9, 178–81, 190–7, 228–9, 234–5, 248–9 sagittal sections 36–41, 158–9, 162–5 transverse sections 76–97, 184–97 ultrasound scans 144–5 distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint 138–9 arthrography 20–1 articular capsule 12, 22 collateral recess dissections 20–1, 32–3 frontal sections 116–23 transverse sections 76–93

(D)

 

sagittal sections 36–43, 158–9, 168–9 semilunar line 24–5, 29, 39 sesamoidean articular surface 40–3 solar border 39, 44–5, 48–9, 64–5, 120–5, 130–1 solar canal 39, 48–9, 66–71, 120–5 solar foramen 29, 48–9, 70–1 solar sulcus 29, 33, 116–19 spongious bone 44–5, 48–9, 66–71 subchondral bone 44–5, 48–9, 74–9, 118–23 transverse sections 66–83 distal sesamoid bone articular surfaces 31, 43, 80–1 collateral attachment to P3/deep digital flexor tendon 27 dissections 12, 14–15, 18–19, 18–21, 24, 26–33, 152–3 distal artery 15, 43, 46–7, 76–7 distal border 29, 74–7 distal vein 15, 43, 46–7 distodorsal border 43

383

dissections 18–19, 26–33, 132–3, 144–5, 152–5, 158–9 distopalmar recess 32–3, 116–19 frontal sections 116–19 parasagittal sections 44–9, 52–3 52–3 sagittal sections 36–43 transverse sections 72–9 dorsal recess dissections 30–3, 152–5, 158–9 frontal sections 124–5, 240–1 parasagittal sections 4–53 sagittal sections 37–9, 166–9, 280–1 transverse sections 82–5, 88–95 dorsopalmar radiograph 136 frontal sections 112–13, 118–21, 230–1, 240–1 parasagittal sections 44–53, 174–5, 178–9 proximopalmar recess dissections 20–2, 27, 32–3, 132–3, 144–5

distopalmar border 43 flexor surface 27–9, 43, 78–87 frontal sections 112–19 lateral angle 28–9 medial angle 28–9 palmar compact bone 43, 82–3, 86–7 parasagittal sections 44–53, 178–9 proximal articular articular border 28 proximal border 28–9, 31, 84–5, 88–9 proximodorsal border 43 proximopalmar border 43 sagittal ridge 27–9 sagittal sections 36–43, 158–9, 280–1 skyline view 83 spongious bone 43, 82–3, 86–7 synovial fossa 78–9 synovial groove 43

frontal sections 110–17, 230–3 parasagittal sections 43–53, 174–5, 178–9 sagittal sections 36–41, 158–69 transverse sections 88–95 sagittal sections 36–43, 158–69, 280–1 synovial membrane membrane 43, 52–3, 168–9 synovial plica 52–3, 168–9 168–9 synovial villi 43 transverse sections 72–9, 82–95 distal phalanx (P3) articular cartilage 76–9, 81–2 81–2 articular surface 31, 40–1, 116–17, 122–5 coronal border 48–9 dissections 2–3, 10–11, 14–19, 26–7, 29–33, 152–5 distopalmar compact bone 40–1, 44–5, 48–9, 66–71, 120–3 extensor process 30–1, 33, 38–9, 44–5, 81–3, 152–5, 158–9, 168–9, 240–1 flexor surface 29, 33, 38–41, 70–1 frontal sections 106–19, 240–1 insertion fossa for collateral ligament 72–5 medial glenoid cavity 178–9 palmar process 3, 22–5, 27, 29, 31–3, 56–7, 70–7, 82–3, 106–19, 136–9, 144–5, 154–5 foramen 3 parasagittal sections 42–61, 178–9 178–9 parietal sulcus 3 parietal surface 31, 64–75, 118–27, 130–1, 168–9 planum cutaneum 24–5, 29, 39, 64–71, 118–27 sagittal ridge 168–9

transverse dorsal digital sections extensor 78–89 tendon fetlock dissections 244–7, 250–1, 258–9, 274–5 frontal sections 370–3 parasagittal sections 284–5 sagittal section 280–1 subtendinous bursa 282–5, 314–15, 319–25, 328–9, 370–1 transverse sections 306–15, 319–39 fibrocartilaginous part 194–7 fibrous part 194–7 foot dissections 8–9, 11, 16–19, 21, 30 frontal sections 124–5 parasagittal sections 44–51 sagittal section 36–9 transverse sections 78–85, 88–95 insertion on P1 158–9, 166–7, 170–1 insertion on P2 158–9, 168–71, 190–1 insertion on P3 158–9, 168–9 pastern dissections 130–1, 154–5 frontal sections 238–41 parasagittal sections 172–81 sagittal sections 158–9, 168–9 transverse sections 184–7, 190–217 dorsal metacarpal fascia 306–11, 364–5, 372–3 dorsal metacarpophalangeal fascia 238–41, 244–7, 274–5, 294–7, 300–3, 312–17, 319–27, 366–73

 

384

Index E epidermal lamellae 44–61 frontal sections 102–5, 110–11, 116–17, 120–7 histological section 66–7 transverse sections 64–71, 74–7, 80–1 epidermis coronae 5 ergot 280–5, 290–1 cushion 160–1, 212–17, 328–39, 342–7 ligament 8–11, 13, 130–3, 146–7, 200–1, 244–5, 262–3, 298–9 F fourth metacarpal bone dissections 142–3, 248–59, 268–9 frontal sections 356–7 parasagittal sections 286–9, 294–5 294–5 transverse sections 306–9 frog apex 4, 7, 38–9, 64–5, 116–21, 120–1 base 38–9, 68–9, 74–5, 78–9, 100–1 body 7, 38–9, 66–7, 108–15 branch 7, 38–9, 68–9, 102–5 central cuneal sulcus 7, 38–9, 68–9, 74–5, 78–9, 78–9, 84–5, 100–5 dissections 4, 6–7 frontal sections 100–21 paracuneal sulcus 7, 50–1, 64–71, 78–9, 100–13, 116–19 parasagittal sections 44–53

(E–L) L lamellae 44–9, 51–61 frontal sections 102–5, 110–11, 116–17, 120–7 histological section 66–7 transverse section 64–71, 74–7, 80–1 lateral collateral ligament (MP joint) dissections 254–61, 274–7 frontal sections 358–65, 368–9 parasagittal sections 294–7 transverse sections 312–39 lateral collateral sesamoidean ligament (MP joint) 254–5, 324–5, 328–33, 360–51 lateral common palmar digital vein 350–1 lateral digital extensor tendon dissections 258–9, 274–5 frontal sections 370–3 parasagittal sections 286–9, 294–9 transverse sections 216–17, 306–15, 319–37 lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament 268–71, 296–9, 330–9, 352–63 lateral palmar common digital vein 298–9 lateral palmar metacarpal artery 294–9 lateral palmar metacarpal vein 294–7 lateral proper palmar digital artery articular branch 298–9 dissections 262–3, 266–7 ergot ramus ramus 336–9, 348–9 348–9

sagittal sections 36–41 spine 68–71, 74–85, 100–5 transverse sections 65–85

frontal sections 220–1, 226–7, 348–7 parasagittal sections 284–9, 294–9 ramus of the proximal sesamoid bone 294–5 transverse sections 310–39 ultrasound scans 259, 261 lateral proper palmar digital nerve frontal sections 348–55 parasagittal sections 294–9 transverse sections 312–17, 319–31, 334–9 ultrasound scan 259, 261 lateral proper palmar digital vein

H heel bulb 7, 72–3, 88–95 dissections 6–7 frontal sections 100–3 parasagittal sections 54–5, 58–9 58–9 transverse sections 68–9, 72–5, 78–81

hoof wall part (quarter) 6–7, 54–61, 68–9, 72–9, 102–23 collateral dissections 2–7 dorsal part (toe) 6–7, 68–9, 72–5 frontal sections 100–27 inflex part (bar) 6–7, 54–9, 68–9, 72–9, 102–7 parasagittal sections 44–61 sagittal sections 36–9 stratum externum 2–3, 39, 64–7, 70–1, 126–7 stratum internum 2–3, 39, 60–1, 64–7, 70–1, 126–7 stratum medium 2–3, 39, 64–7, 70–1, 126–7 transverse sections 64–85, 87–91 I impar distal sesamoidean ligament dissections 24, 29, 33 frontal sections 114–19 parasagittal sections 44–53, 178–9 178–9 sagittal sections 36–43 transverse sections 72–3, 76–7 intersesamoidean ligament see palmar ligament J joints see distal interphalangeal joint; metacarpophalangeal joint; proximal interphalangeal joint

frontal palmar sections ramus of350–65 ramus P1 358–63 parasagittal sections 286–9, 294–9 ramus of proximal sesamoid bone 346–9 transverse sections 310–31, 334–9 ultrasound scan 259, 261 lateral proximal sesamoid bone apex 254–7, 260–1, 286–7, 319–21, 350–9 articular surface 254–7, 286–9, 294–9, 354–7 base 254–7, 260–1, 286–9, 294–9, 350–7 body 256–7 dissections 268–73 flexor surface 286–9, 350–3 frontal sections 220–1, 226–9, 346–59 interosseus face 254–7, 260–1, 288–9, 294–9, 350–7 palmar border 294–9, 346–9 parasagittal sections 286–9, 294–9 transverse sections 319–31 lateral short sesamoidean ligament 330–1, 334–7 ligaments abaxial palmar (PIP joint) dissections 18–19, 138–9, 142–3, 146–9, 152–3, 246–7 frontal sections 232–7 parasagittal sections 180–1 transverse sections 198–207 axial palmar (PIP joint) dissections 142–3, 146–9, 172–5

 

Index frontal sections 230–3 parasagittal sections 172–5 transverse sections chondrocompedal 17 198–205 chondrocoronal 18–19, 92–3, 92–3, 118–25 chondrosesamoidean 28–9, 84–7 chondroungular 25 collateral (DIP joint) dissections 16–21, 30–3, 152–5 frontal sections 120–1, 240–1 parasagittal sections 50–7 transverse sections 72–91 collateral (MP joint) dissections 134–5, 138–9, 142–3, 150–1, 216–17, 230–1, 248–9, 272–3 distal insertion 210–15 frontal sections 230–7 parasagittal sections 302–3 collateral (PIP joint) dissections 18–21, 30–3, 138–9, 142–3, 148–9, 152–5 frontal sections 122–3, 122–5, 234–7 transverse sections 96–7, 184–7, 190–9 collateral sesamoidean dissections 16–21, 25–33, 138–9, 142–3, 150–5, 248–9, 258–61, 264–5, 270–3 frontal sections 112–23, 228–9, 238–41 parasagittal sections 44–55, 174–5, 178–81 sagittal sections 36–41, 158–9, 164–5, 280–1 transverse sections 84–95, 184–7, 190–9 collateral sesamoidean (MP joint) 138–9, 142–3, 150–5, 228–9, 238–41, 248–9, 256–61, 264–5, 270–3 cruciate sesamoidean dissections 150–1, 158–61, 270–3 frontal sections 228–9, 354–5

(L, M)

 

lateral short sesamoidean 330–1, 334–7 medial collateral (MP joint) dissections 246–7, 250–3, 274–7 frontal sections 358–69 transverse sections 312–39 medial collateral sesamoidean (MP joint) 252–3, 324–33, 360–7 medial oblique sesamoidean 246–7, 250–3, 268–71, 328–39, 352–63 medial short sesamoidean 328–37 metacarpointersesamoidean 352–5 oblique sesamoidean collateral part 150–1, 160–1 160–1 dissections 134–43, 146–51, 248–9, 254–61, 264–5, 270–3 frontal sections 224–33 parasagittal sections 170–9, 284–95, 300–1 sagittal part 147, 150–1, 160–1, 212–13 sagittal sections 36–7, 158–65, 280–3 transverse sections 202–17 palmar dissections 138–9, 146–51, 246–61, 268–73 frontal sections sections 222–9, 346–59 parasagittal sections 170–1, 284–99 sagittal sections 36–7, 158–61, 280–3 transverse sections 216–17, 310–31 ultrasound scans 265 palmar annular attachment to proximal sesamoid bone 134–5 dissections 9, 134–7, 142–5, 150–1, 244–7, 258–9, 262–7 frontal sections sections 342–3, 342–9 insertion 136–7 lateral part 266–7 medial part 266–7 palmar view 132–3 parasagittal sections 170–9, 284–91

385

parasagittal sections 170–7 sagittal sections 36–7, 158–61, 280–9 transverse sections 212–17, 332–9 distal digital annular dissections 9, 12–13, 16–19, 22–5, 32–3, 132–7, 142–5, 148–9,

sagittal sections 158–61, 280–3 transverse sections 312–37 parasagittal sections 170–9, 284–91 proximal digital annular dissections 9, 22–3, 132–5, 142–7, 244–51, 258–9, 262–7

248–9 distal attachment 18–19, 22–5, 32–3, 76–83, 86–7, 112–13 frontal sections 106–13, 220–1, 224–5, 228–31 parasagittal sections 48–9, 176–81 proximal attachment 16–19, 22–5, 32–3, 96–7, 106–9, 134–7, 142–5, 148–9, 178–81, 190–7, 228–9, 234–5, 248–9 sagittal sections 36–41, 158–9, 162–5 transverse sections 76–97, 184–97 ultrasound scan 144–5 ergot 8–11, 13, 130–3, 146–7, 200–1, 244–5, 262–3, 298–9 impar distal sesamoidean dissections 24, 29, 33 frontal sections 114–19 parasagittal sections 44–53, 178–9 sagittal sections 36–43 transverse sections 72–3, 76–7 intersesamoidean see palmar ligament lateral collateral (MP joint)

frontal sections 220–1, 224–31, 348–51, 354–5, 362–3 palmar view 132–3 parasagittal sections 50–1, 170–9 proximal attachment 134–5, 142–3, 146–7, 150–1, 224–5, 228–31, 246–51, 258–9, 352–9 sagittal sections 36–7, 158–65 transverse sections 202–17 ultrasound scans 141, 261 short sesamoidean 216–17, 272–3, 290–5, 354–5 straight sesamoidean dissections 134–5, 146–9, 246–61, 268–9 frontal sections 224–31, 350–5, 358–9 parasagittal sections 44–7, 170–7, 282–9 sagittal sections 36–9, 158–65, 280–1 transverse sections 200–17, 332–9 ultrasound scans 137–9, 141–3, 270–1 M

dissections 254–61, 274–7 frontal sections 358–65, 368–9 parasagittal sections 294–7 transverse sections 312–39 lateral collateral sesamoidean (MP joint) 254–5, 324–5, 328–33, 360–5 lateral oblique sesamoidean 268–71, 296–9, 330–9, 352–63

medial collateral ligament (MP274–7 joint) dissections 246–7, 250–3, frontal sections 358–69 transverse sections 312–39 medial collateral sesamoidean ligament 252–3, 324–33, 360–7 medial common palmar digital artery artery 284–5, 306–7, 350–1, 356–7 medial common palmar digital nerve 244–5

 

Index

386 medial common palmar digital vein 244–5, 284–5 medial oblique sesamoidean ligament 246–7, 250–3, 268–71, 328–39, 352–63 medial palmar metacarpal artery 292–3 medial palmar metacarpal vein 292–3 medial proper palmar digital artery dissections 262–3, 266–7, 290–1, 310–13 dorsal ramus of P1 244–5 ergot ramus 244–5, 262–3, 266–7 frontal sections 220–1, 226–7, 350–7 palmar ramus ramus of P1 292–3 parasagittal sections 290–1 ramus of the digital cushion 220–1 ramus of the proximal sesamoid bone 292–3 transverse sections 310–39 ultrasound scan 247 medial proper palmar digital nerve dissections 244–5 dorsal ramus 244–5 frontal sections 350–5 intermediate ramus 244–5 parasagittal sections 290–3 transverse sections 310–39 ultrasound scan 247 medial proper palmar digital vein dissections 262–3 dorsal ramus of P1 244–5, 292–3 ergot ramus 320–1 frontal sections 226–7, 350–63 parasagittal sections 290–3 ramus of lateral proximal sesamoid bone 346–7, 346–9 ramus of P1 226–7, 292–3, 358–9 ramus of proximal sesamoid bone 348–9 transverse sections 310–39 ultrasound scan (collapsed) 247 medial proximal sesamoid bone apex 319–21, 358–9 articular surface 252–3, 290–3, 322–7 base 290–3, 330–1, 358–9 body 322–7 dissections 244–5, 250–1, 268–9, 272–3 flexor surface 290–3, 322–7

(M) sagittal ridge 158–61, 216–17, 234–9, 254–7, 260–1, 270, 276–7, 280–5, 318–31, 334–7, 354–73 sagittal sections 158–61, 280–3 transverse sections 216–17, 330–9 metacarpal fascia 306–11, 372–3 metacarpointersesamoidean ligament 352–5 metacarpophalangeal fascia 238–41, 244–7, 294–7, 300–3, 312–17, 319–27, 366–73 metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint articular capsule dissections 130–1, 244–7, 250–3, 258–9, 274–5 distal insertion 212–15 frontal sections 228–9, 238–41, 362–73 parasagittal sections 170–1, 176–7, 284–301 sagittal sections 37, 158–9, 280–1 transverse sections 216–17, 306–39 ultrasound scan 277 articular cartilage 277 collateral recess 142–5, 216–17, 228–9, 236–7, 300–1, 328–31, 336–7 dissections 130–1, 251–7 distocollateral recess 224–5, 352–3 distodorsal recess distopalmar recess 238–41, 282–5, 334–7 dissections 37, 150–1, 270–3 frontal sections sections 228–9, 358–9 parasagittal sections 170–7, 284–97 sagittal sections 158–61, 280–3 transverse sections 212–17, 334–9 dorsal recess 37, 170–1, 176–7, 238–41, 280–97, 319–31 frontal sections 230–41 palmar recess 324–31 parasagittal sections 170–9, 284–303 proximopalmar recess dissections 142–3, 150–1 frontal sections 352–61 parasagittal sections 170–1, 284–99 sagittal sections 280–3 synovial plica 306–9 transverse sections 306–15, 319–23 sagittal sections 36–7, 158–61, 280–3 synovial membrane 292–3, 312–13, 324–7, 364–9

frontal sections 220 1, 226 9, 348 59 interosseus face 252–3, 290–3, 322–5 palmar border 290–3, 322–7, 348–9 parasagittal sections 176–7 transverse sections 319–31 ultrasound scan 247 medial short sesamoidean ligament 328–31, 334–7 metacarpal artery 300–1 metacarpal bone see fourth metacarpal bone; second metacarpal bone; third metacarpal bone metacarpal condyle 248–57, 260–1, 272–3 collateral fossa 300–1, 326–31 dissections 142–3, 150–1 dorsal margin 276–7, 282–5, 318–19 frontal sections 228–39, 354–61 lateral part 216–17, 276–7, 286–9, 294–9, 322–5, 328–31, 334–5, 358–65, 368–9 medial part 216–17, 276–7, 290–3, 322–5, 328–31, 334–5, 358–73 nutrient vessels 322–3 palmar margin 282–5, 320–1 320–1 parasagittal sections 170–9

distodorsal fold 238 9, 282 91, 298 9 metacarpophalangeal fold 362–9 proximodorsal fold 282–9, 319–23 synovial plica 306–11 synovial villi 282–99, 310–15, 319–25, 356–7 transverse sections 216–17, 306–39 vascular network 244–5, 302–3, 310–17, 364–5, 368–9 middle phalanx (P2) articular cartilage 80–1, 186–7 dissections 11, 14–17, 24–7, 130–1, 134–9, 142–9, 152–5 distal articular surface 168–9 distal condyle dissections 18–21, 152–3 frontal sections sections 116–19, 122–5 parasagittal sections 54–5 sagittal sections 40–1 transverse sections 78–9, 86–7 extensor process 31, 152–3, 166–9, 186–7, 190–1, 238–41 fibrocartilaginous surface 184–5 flexor tuberosity dissections 18–21, 24–9, 136–9, 146–9, 152–3 frontal sections 112–15, 226–7, 230–3

 

Index parasagittal sections 54–5, 170–81 sagittal sections 40–1, 158–9, 164–5, 280–1 transverse sections 94–7, 184–91 frontal sections 118–21, 226–7, 230–41 lateral glenoid cavity 234–7 medial condyle 178–9 medial glenoid cavity 176–81, 234–7 parasagittal sections 170–81 sagittal groove 168–9 sagittal ridge 158–9, 164–71 sagittal sections 36–7, 158–9, 164–9, 280–1 transverse sections 80–97, 184–91, 190–1 middle scutum 138–9, 146–7, 158–9 dissections 18–19, 21 frontal sections 106–7, 146–7, 222–3, 226–7 insertion on P1 148–9, 176–9, 198–9 parasagittal sections 44–53, 170–5, 180–1 sagittal sections 37–41, 158–9, 162–5, 280–1 transverse sections 186–97 ultrasound scan 141 muscles see third interosseus muscle N nerves

common palmar palmar digital digital 306–9 lateral proper palmar digital 259, 261, 294–9, 310–17, 319–31, 348–55 medial common palmar digital 244–5 medial proper palmar digital 244–5, 247, 290–3, 310–39, 350–5 350–5 proper palmar digital fetlock 300–1 foot 8–14, 74–5, 78–97, 106–13 pastern 180–1, 184–9, 192–203, 206–17, 220–1, 224–5 O oblique sesamoidean ligament collateral part part 150–1, 160–1 dissections 134–43, 146–51, 248–9, 254–61, 264–5, 270–3 frontal sections 224–33 parasagittal sections 170–9, 284–95, 300–1 sagittal part 147, 150–1, 160–1, 212–13 sagittal sections 36–7, 158–65, 280–3 transverse sections 202–17 ultrasound scans 137–41 see also lateral oblique sesamoidean ligament; medial oblique sesamoidean ligament P palmar annular ligament attachment to proximal sesamoid bone 134–5

(M–P)

 

transverse sections 216–17, 310–31 ultrasound scans 265 palmar metacarpal arteries anastomosis with digital arteries 308–9 frontal sections 354–63 parasagittal sections 170–1, 284–91 ramus of P1 358–61 sagittal sections 282–3 transverse sections 306–11 palmar metacarpal fascia 306–11 palmar metacarpal veins frontal sections 354–63 palmar ramus ramus of P1 362–3 parasagittal sections 170–1, 286–91 transverse sections 306–11 periople 3, 48–51, 54–61, 100–3 podotrochlear bursa bursography 42, 110–11 collateral recess recess 80–1, 88–9 dissections 21, 26–33 distal recess 39–41, 43–53, 72–3, 114–19 frontal sections 106–7, 110–19, 230–1 palmar view 26–7, 29 parasagittal sections 44–53, 158–9, 164–5, 174–5, 178–9 proximal recess 21, 39–51, 90–1, 106–7, 112–13, 158–9, 164–5, 174–5, 178–9 proximal view 28 sagittal sections 36–43, 158–9, 164–5 synovial membrane 43 transverse sections 72–91 proper palmar digital artery arteriography 8–9, 13–15, 13–15, 22–3 coronal artery 14–15, 38–9, 44–9, 52–3, 56–9, 90–1, 96–7, 104–7, 114–15, 124–5, 154–5, 188–9 dorsal ramus of P1 8–9, 12–13 dissections 130–1, 136–9, 146–7 frontal sections 230–41 parasagittal sections 176–9 sagittal sections 158–9, 166–7, 176–9 transverse sections 200–3, 206–11, 214–15 dorsal ramus of P2 dissections 14–15, 138–9, 154–5 frontal sections 106–25, 230–3, 238–41 parasagittal sections 46–57, 174–5, 178–81 sagittal sections 38–9, 158–9, 166–7 transverse sections 92–5 dorsal ramus of P3 14–15, 50–9, 72–7, 106–21 ergot ramus 9, 132–3, 136–7, 214–17, 222–3, 344–5 fetlock frontal sections 344–5

387

dissections 9, 134 7, 142 5, 150 1, 244 7, 258 9, 262 7 frontal sections 342–3, 342–9 insertion 136–7 lateral part 266–7 medial part 266–7 palmar view 132–3 parasagittal sections 170–9, 284–91 284–91 sagittal sections 36–7, 158–61, 280–3 transverse sections 312–37 palmar (intersesamoidean) ligament dissections 138–9, 146–51, 246–61, 268–73

parasagittal sections 300 1 rami for the flexor tendon 344–5 ultrasound scan 306–7 foot dissections 8–15, 22–3, 26–7 frontal sections sections 100–1, 106–25 parasagittal sections 44–55 transverse sections 70–97 palmar ramus of P1 dissections 138–9, 146–7 frontal sections 224–5

frontal sections 222–9, 346–59 parasagittal sections 170–1, 284–99 284–99 sagittal sections 36–7, 158–61, 280–3

parasagittal sections 174–81 sagittal sections 158–9, 164–5 transverse sections 200–5, 210–15, 224–5

 

Index

388

(P)

proper palmar digital artery cont. palmar ramus of P2 dissections 14–15, 22–3, 136–9 frontal sections 110–11, 230–1 parasagittal sections 40–7, 50–5, 178–9 sagittal sections 38–9 transverse sections 70–1, 90–1, 94–7 pastern dissections 130–3, 136–9, 146–7 frontal sections 222–5, 228–31 parasagittal sections 178–81 transverse sections 184–217 ultrasound scans 142–3, 148–9 ramus of the digital torus dissections 8–9, 12–15, 132–3, 136–9, 146–7 frontal sections 224–5, 230–1 parasagittal sections 46–53, 178–81 178–81 transverse sections 78–81, 84–5, 88–97, 184–5, 188–9 solar marginal artery 15, 58–9, 64–9, 76–7, 106–7, 110–27 terminal arch 14–15, 38–9, 44–9, 64–9, 120–5 perforating rami 14–15, 48–57, 60–1, 64–9, 122–7 see also lateral proper palmar digital artery; medial proper palmar digital artery proper palmar digital nerve dorsal ramus 8–9, 12–13, 130–1, 212–13 ergot ramus 220–1

frontal sections 100–1, 106–13, 116–19 transverse sections 72–3, 80–3, 86–9, 94–7 lateromedial palmar anastomosis 9, 13, 100–3 palmar ramus of P1 dissections 146–7 frontal sections sections 224–5, 230–1 parasagittal sections 174–5, 180–1 sagittal sections 158–61, 164–5 transverse sections 188–9, 200–13 palmar ramus of P2 14, 38–9, 44–7, 50–5, 94–5, 110–11, 114–15, 230–1 parietal plexus 9, 11, 13–14, 130–1 pastern deep ungular plexus 228–9 dissections 132–3, 146–7 frontal sections sections 224–5, 228–33 palmar ramus ramus of P1 228–9 parasagittal sections 176–7 transverse sections 184–217 ramus of the digital torus 94–5, 100–5 terminal arch 14 ungular plexus see ungular plexus proximal digital annular ligament dissections 9, 22–3, 132–5, 142–7, 244–51, 258–9, 262–7 distal insertion 50–1, 134–5, 142–3, 178–9, 224–5, 228–31 frontal sections 220–1, 224–31, 348–51, 354–5, 362–3

fetlock frontal sections 344–5 parasagittal sections 300–1 foot 8–13 frontal sections 106–13 transverse sections 74–97 intermediate ramus 8–9, 11–13, 200–5, 212–13 parietal plexus 10–11, 14 pastern 180–1 frontal sections 220–1, 224–5 transverse sections 184–9, 192–217 ramus of the corium and distal phalanx 12 ramus of the digital torus 8–9, 12–13, 80–1, 188–9 ramus for the distal sesamoid bone 12 proper palmar digital vein coronal vein dissections 8–11, 13–14, 130–1, 154–5 frontal sections 106–7, 120–1, 126–7, 234–41

palmar view 132–3 parasagittal sections 50–1, 170–9 proximal attachment 134–5, 142–3, 146–7, 150–1, 224–5, 228–31, 246–51, 258–9, 261, 264–7, 352–9 sagittal sections 36–7, 158–65 transverse sections 202–17 ultrasound scans 141, 261 proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthrography 146–7 collateral palmar recess 200–1, 230–3 dissections 18–19, 21, 31–3, 130–1, 148–9, 152–5 distodorsocollateral recess dissections 33, 154–5 frontal sections 238–41 parasagittal sections 48–51, 176–81 transverse sections 94–5, 184–7, 190–1 dorsal recess dissections 30, 152–5

parasagittal sections sagittal sections 38–944–9, 52–3, 56–9 dorsal ramus of P1 9 dissections 130–1 frontal sections 234–7, 240–1 parasagittal sections 180–1 transverse sections 200–3, 208–9 dorsal ramus of P2 10–11, 14, 39, 44–55, 94–5, 118–25 dissections 130–1, 154–5 frontal sections 238–9 parasagittal sections 174–5 sagittal sections 158–9, 166–7 transverse sections 184–7, 190–1 ergot ramus 220–3, 342–3, 346–7 fetlock

frontal sections 238–41 parasagittal sections 170–3 sagittal sections 36–7, 158–9, 166–7, 280–1 transverse sections 192–201, 204–5, 208–9 frontal sections 234–41 lateral distal condyle 240–1 medial distal condyle 240–1 middle scutum dissections 18–19, 138–9, 146–7, 152–3 frontal sections 106–7, 146–7, 222–3, 226–7, 232–3 insertion on P1 148–9, 176–9, 198–9 parasagittal sections 44–53, 170–5, 180–1 sagittal sections 37–41, 158–9, 162–5, 280–1 transverse sections 186–97 ultrasound scan 141