The Encyclopaedia of the Sikhism Volume I-Harbans Singh- English.pdf

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THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SIKHISM

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THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF

SIKHISM Volume I

A-D

HARBANS SINGH Editor-in-Chief

PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA

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© Punjabi University, Patiala

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Harbans Singh: Editor-in-Chief Harminder Singh Kohli: Assistant Editor Sardar Singh Bhatia: Reader Dharam Singh : Reader Gumek Singh: Lecturer Major Gurmukh Singh (Retd.) : Research Assistant Gurcharan Singh Giani: Research Scholar

ISBN-8l-7380-100-2

First Edition: 1992 Second Edition: 1995 Third Edition: 1998 Fourth Edition: 2002 Copies: 1100 Price: 800/- Rs.

Production & Planning: Dr. Sukhdial Singh, Head, Publication Bureau Designing & Layout : S. Harjeet Singh, Art Executive Technical Assistance: Mrs. Paramjit Kaur, MA., MPhi/. Pub ished by Dr. B.S. Bhatia, Registrar, Punjabi University, Patiala and Printed at Anand Sons, Delhi.

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To the memory ofmy wife KAILASH KAUR

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FOREWORD TO THE SECOND -EDITION Encyclopaedias are not easy to make. They are generally a long time in preparation. This is a fact commonly known. That they vanish into thin air as quickly as did this first volume of the Sikh Encyclopaedia was nowhere within our calculations. Maybe, we had erred when putting down our initial arithmetic on paper. This was the first publication of its kind under Sikh auspices. So it may not be allowcd to lapse. It must be kept alive. Hence, this hurried reprint. The volume presents Sikh life and letters on a wide spectrum. All entries, over 800 of them, have been very carefully chosen, covering major aspects of Sikh life and cult}lfc. Thcre are detailed, wcll-researched essays in it on Sikh philosophy, history and scriptural tcxts. Also, on important Sikh shrines and locales. And, on important names. Professor Harbans Singh has laboured hard and created a work of high literary excellence. The writing aims at clarity, shunning all artifice and rhetoric. Easy intelligibility has been the principal focus. The work will be as useful to the lay reader as to the specialist. Its direct style of writing, its precision of language, and its well-attuned and orchestrated phrase are notable inputs of this composition. The venture seems to have been under the protection of some good angel. Five years ago, the Editor-in-Chief was felled by a stroke. He has been able to carry on despite the scvere disability.

JOGINDER SINGH PUAR Vice-Chancellor

1'1Injabi University l'atiala

January 13,

1~)5

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FOREWORD The Punjabi University rejoices today that it has been able to keep its tryst with the scholarly community. Some years ago it promised to produce a major reference work - an Encyclopaedia of Sikh faith. Happily, the first volume in a four-pan series is being released today. "Talent alone cannot make a writer. There must be a man behind the book." To this affirmation of R.L. Emerson may be added the words that creating a work like an Encyclopaedia is more a matter offaith, of sustained labour and indefatigable search for accuracy. I personally felt very happy when Professor Harbans Singh opted to put himself behind the task, for I have had great confidence in his moral strength and intellectual abilities. By his lifelong devotion to Sikh learning, by his analytical acumen, and by his unmatched powers of concentration, he has been able to accomplish the task with outstanding success. Professor Harbans Singh has been known as a most distinguished scholar writing in English. The present work is a tribute to his spirit of dedication, immaculate scholarship and mastery of the English idiom. Encyclopaedias encapsulate accurate information in a given area of knowledge and have become indispensable in an age in which the volume and rapidity ofsocial change are making inaccessible much that lies outside one's immediate domain of concentration. At a time when Sikhism is attracting world-wide notice, a reference work embracing all essential facets of this vibrant faith is a singular contribution to the world of knowledge. In the recent decades, Sikhism has experienced a very vital impulse to education and culture. The efflorescence of schools, colleges and universities is witness to this phenomenon. And then the mass of seminar deposits, learned works and other literature pouring forth from them. The latest is this Encyclopaedia of Sikhism which I have pleasure in issuing on behalf ofthe Punjabi University, Patiala. Sikhism already possesses that monumental work, Gurushabad Ratanakar Mahan Kosh, the creation of an individual, the celebrated Bhai Kahn Singh, of Nabha. I have often wondered at the spaciousness of the Bhai Sahib's genius. How he conceived the enterprise and how he accomplished the task which more aptly belonged to learned bodies and universities. That work is happily in Punjabi. This publication, an offering from the Punjabi University, especially focusing on Sikh r~ligion, will appear in a Punjabi version as well. One of my predecessors in the line of vice-chancellors, in whose time the work was initiated, entrusted it to Professor Harbans Singh. Professor Harbans Singh took it over willingly and has worked on it with a rare single-mindedness. I have had chances of seeing as part of official routine his files heavily worked over by him. I have also read some of the entries beyond the requirements of official duty. I can testify to the fact that each entry has been rethought and rewritten, partly or wholly, and has in the process gained a new clarity and ix

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FOREWORD

authenticity. Overall, the entries read very lucidly and definitively explaining themselves as they go along. The emphasis is on information rather than on erudition. I admire Professor Harbans Singh's industry and diligence and his search for the exacmess of idea and expression. His economy of phrase and a finely attuned verbal sense lend the text readability. On behalf of the Punjabi University I am releasing this publication in the hope that it will prove useful to the cognoscente and the layman alike, and help elucidate several of the issues in Sikh theology and doctrine. I must also take this opportunity to thank scholars from within the University as well as from the outside who have contributed to the Encyclopaedia To this, I add my personal gratitude and tribute to Professor Harbans Singh. H.K. MANMOHAN SINGH Vice-Chancellor

Punjabi University Patiala 31 December 1992

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PREFACE "Encyclopaedias do not grow on trees," I had read somewhere as I was browsing among materials in the library, My object was to delve deeper into the mystique of the genre preparatory to drawing up my own plan of work on an Encyclopaedia of Sikhism I had been assigned to by the Syndicate of the Punjabi University. But I was not daunted by the dictum. I let it pass up. However, the admonishment it contained was not entirely lost upon me. I knew it would by no means be an easy task. It would be hard, arduous labour all the way up, demanding unceasing search and toil. I was not totally unaware of it, nor unprepared for it. The Sikh Encyclopaedia was the brainchild ofProfessor Kirpiil Singh Niirang who was then the vice-chancellor of the Punjabi University.'He had worked overtime to draw up for the University an elaborate programme in honour of the 300th anniversary of the birth of Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru or prophet-mentor of the Sikhs, which came off in 1966-67. The celebrations bequeathed to Patiiilii two permanent monuments; one, Guru Gobind Singh Bhavan, an intriguing, modern-looking structure, planted as if it were in the heart of the University campus and, second, a department of Religion, embracing the study of five world traditions - Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Sikhism, with the sixth, jainism, diving in from the side a little later. Prior to putting down his plans on paper the vicechancellor had taken a special trip out to Harvard University to seek the advice of the famous Professor Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Director, Center for the Study of World Religions. The department at Patiiilii was going to be the first academic set-up of its kind in India where Religion in the academe had been considered a highly combustible substance and where everyone seemed to have a hush-hush attitude towards it. Professor Kirpal Singh Narang, with the weight of his argument and with a dash of prescience had his way. He linked up the academic programme with the Guru Gobind Singh celebrations and, made it look generally as acceptable as the latter, When working out the courses of study and syllabi for the various traditions it soon became obvious that Sikhism among them was the least well-served by existing literary and historical materials. The suggestion emerged that the creation of a comprehensive reference work would be the first thing to do. The vice-chancellor promptly spelt out the title - the Encyclopaedia of Sikhism - and simultaneously nominated the chairman of the Guru Gobind Singh Department of Religious Studies to take charge of the matter. How simplistic were the notions I had been nurturing in my mind began soon to dawn upon me. Also readily began to show up the shortcomings in the scheme I had devised. I had planned that, since it would not be practicable to collect under one roof specialists in different fields, most of the articles of the Encyclopaedia would be written by "outside" experts and that

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we would have a small editorial unit at the University to shepherd the manuscripts, fact-check them, and revise them to ensure some kind ofa literary discipline and symmetry. It seems I was not above exaggerating my own editorial experience and capacities. Three or four of the scholars whose names were on the top of my list were too busy and were chary of putting anything additional on their plate. They declined our invitations. This in fact turned out to be the principal pitfall. The number of contributors we could call upon fell dismally short of our needs. Scholars with experience of research in Sikh studies and ofspecialized writing were few and far between. Our choice was thus severely limited. In some cases our invitations for articles got accumulated in a few pairs of hands and our files were soon bursting at the seams with copies of reminders we had had to send out chasing after our contributors. We had to wait for long periods of time before securing manuscripts from them. Still we had no choice except to adhere to the plan we had originally prepared. Then we had no precedents to go by. On Sikh doctrine no concisely argued work existed. Even historical fact was far from well sifted. To this may be added the paucity of reliable and firm documentation. Authorities of whatever vintage hopelessly contradicted one another. This, despite the fact that most of the Sikh enterprise had occurred within the full view of history! It seems the focus has been woefully warped at some point. Efforts atrectification have remained tentative. It is not easy to restate and repack the entire range of information and knowledge ofa people. An attempt has been made here precisely to define the ideas and terms ofSikhism. The writing is intended to be simple and tight, shunning the purple and the loose alike. The aim throughout has been clarity and precision. Bypassing Amritsar, religious headquarters of Sikhism, as well as Anandpur Sahib, the birthplace of the Khalsa, Patiala became the focus of the world-wide Guru Gobind Singh celebrations in 1966-67. It is not on record if any other anniversary on the Sikh calendar had been observed with similarzeal and eclat. M.A. Macauliffe (1841-1913), British historian of the Sikhs, did draw their attention to the 200th birth anniversary of the Khalsa, due in 1899, but the event did not draw much popular attention. However, the tercentenary of Guru Gobind Singh's birth, 67 years later, was an event celebrated round the globe with unprecedented fervour. Festive and academic programmes to mark the occasion were set up in many parts of the world. The largest share of the responsibility was claimed by Patiala where Guru Gobind Singh Foundation was formed to direct and guide the celebrations. The chief minister of the Punjab, Ram Kishan, called on 8 August 1965, a convention representative of the religious, literary and lay elements in the life of the country. This gathering was the precursor ofthe permanent body called the Guru Gobind Singh Foundation. Maharaja Yadavinder Singh (1913-1974) of Papala was chosen to be the president of the Foundation and a sum ofRs 12lakhs was set apart for the celebrations by the State government in its annual budget which amount was, happily through an oversight, most unusual for a financial set-up anywhere in the world, repeated in the following year's budget. The Foundation was thus born with a "silver spoon" in its mouth. The next meeting of the Foundation took place in the chandeliered hall of the palace of the Maharaja of Patiala, with a large portrait of Maharaja Ala Singh, 18th century Sikh hero and founder of the Patiala dynasty, overlooking the assembly from one side and the Hungarian painter August Schoeftt's famous canvas depicting Maharaja RaQjit Singh's court with a replica in gold of the Amritsar Golden Temple underneath it, from the other. Past and present thus converged at the time of that small Sikh assembly on 30 November 1965, refracting history into the current moment. ChaQQigarh, the State capital, was named the headquarters of the xii

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Foundation with Giani Zail Singh as the general secretary. One of the several committees appointed was charged with planning and bringing out literature appropriate to the occasion. From the offices of the Foundation soon began to flow a steady stream ofliterature comprising a commemoration volume, illustrated books for young readers, annotated editions of Guru Gobind Singh's works, and a biography of Guru Gobind Singh in English which was simultaneously transl~ted into all major Indian languages such as Sanskrit, Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, Assamese, Marathi, Gujarati, Oriya, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, KannaQa, Kashmiri and Maithili. In this spontaneous enthusiasm for anniversary celebration is reflected the Sikhs' response to the historical memory of the Gurus and to the importan t events of their history. Visible here is also their deep commitment to their faith, their joyous and urgent participation in their historical tradition, their cohesion and their love of the spectacular. The burgeoning of interest in the study of Sikhism brought to light the grave paucity of materials on Sikhism, highlighting at the same time the need for serious academic research and study. The present publication aims at supplying the gap. The purpose of the undertaking was to prepare in English and Punjabi a general reference work about Sikh religion. The work was to be comprehensive in scope and was to cover topics such as Sikh theology, philosophy, history, ethics, literature, art, ceremonies, cust.oms, personalities, shrines, sects, etc. The details of the scheme were worked out under t.he aegis of an advisory committee consisting of leading scholars ofthe day - Dr BhaiJodh Singh, Dr GaQQ;l Singh, Professor Gurbachan Singh Talib, Dr Fauja Singh, Dr Taran Singh and Professor Gulwant Singh. The staff originally provided consisted of the Editor (Professor Harbans Singh), lwo Assistant Editors (Dr Harkirat Singh and Professor Harminder Singh Kohn; the former was on his retirement replaced by Dr Jodh Singh), two Senior Research Fellows (Sardar Singh Bhatia and G.S. Nayyar), one Research Associate (Dharam Singh), two Research Assistants (Gurnek Singh and Major Gurmukh Singh), and Research Scholar (Giani Gurcharan Singh). Some initial exploration was made by Himat Singh. The first ra;;k was to compile a list of subject-t.ides to be included in the Encyclopaedia. To this end, the staff, in t.he first instance, rummaged through libraries - on the campus, t.he University Library, Bhai Mohan Singh Vaid collection and Bhai Kahn Singh collection, and off the campus, the Motibagh Palace library, and the State Archives, and compiled a list oflikely topics. A list of nearly 4,000 tides thus emerged. At the same time a roster oflikely authors was prepared. This comprised lists in Punjabi and in English. Those who did not write in English were free to write in Punjabi. We had their work translated into English. Having to work on a long-term project has its own hazards. I passed through several health crises. At one point, I was incapacitated following an eye-surgery, but was, thanks to the skill and devoted care of the surgeon, Dr Robert M. Johnston, Leesbmg, U.S.A., rescued from a hopeless situation recovering the full use of the eye. In 1989 I was felled by a stroke which led to serious physical decrepity but, fortunately, left my mental faculties generally intact. This was all the Guru's own mercy and I was able to continue my work on the Encyclopaedia. A tragedy hit me on the eve of the release of this volume. My beloved wife, Kailash Kaur, who had waited for a long time for the consummation of my life's work and who had nursed me most lovingly throughout this period, passed away sl.lddenly on 12 November 1992, leaving me utterly forlorn and shaken. . I must record here my gratitude to the Punjabi University for providing me with the necessary facilities and help. Successive vice-chancellors after Professor Kirpal Singh Narang, xiii

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namely, Mrs Inderjit Kaur Sandhu, Dr Ainrik Singh, Dr S.S.Johl, Dr Bhagat Singh and Dr H.K. Manmohan Singh nursed the project with all their heart, and treated me personally with much courtesy and affection. Dr H.K. Manmohan Singh has especially been alive to its scholarly nee-ds and I am very happy that the first volume is being issued during his time. The first thing the newly arrived Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Dr j.S. Puar, did upon stepping on the campus was graciously to call upon the ailing editor-in-chief. On that occasion and subsequently he had many a positive word to say about the Encyclopaedia project. I need scarcely say how delighted I am to see the Encyclopaedia in print. I trust it will fulfil the hopes with which it was launched and help fertilize Sikh learning. I feel especially gratified fulfilling the promise I made to the academic fraternity several years ago. To my colleagues I render my heart-felt, affectionate thanks for the solid manner in which they stood by me, through thick and thin. Dr Hazara Singh, Head, Publication Bureau, who has earned wide acclaim for himself in this part of the country by his contribution to the art of printing, had reserved his special love for this publication. I must thank him for the attention and care he gave it. I must not omit the name of Santosh Kumar, my P.A., who very cheerfully gave this work many of his Sundays and holidays especially after I had been struck down and spent many a long hour when taking down notes trying to come to terms with my speech somewhat lisped by the malady. I thank him and all the rest of my colleagues for bearing with me so sportingly. HARBANS SINGH

A-I, Punjabi University

Editor-in-Chief

Patiala 12 December 1992

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TRANSCRIPTION/PRONUNCIATION KEY FOR NON-ENGLISH WORDS/PHRASES

Certain names and terms have been used in the text in their original Punjabi form. In order to facilitate their correct pronunciation. the following key has been used while transcribing the original into the Roman script: Punjabi phonemes (Gunnukhi script)

Hindi/Sanskrit phonemes (Devanigari script)

Letter/Vowel symbol

Letter/Vowel symbol

3l

l)f T

))fT

re-

f 1

~

~

~ ~

~ ij'

...

l)f

-

. ,

..

-..

an

T

l

f

l

1

~

OJ ~

~

air

atr

~

... '\

"

, )

Urdu/Persian Arabic phonemes (Persian script)

,

Roman script equivalents

Letter/Vowel symbol

-'"

1 ~

J-t-l

,-

+,

....

I

I

J

L..;t~ ~,

.JI

-r ()

-

~

~

& U'"'

a i i

u

J

ii

'-

e

'-

ai

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0

.J

JI

(J"

(

a

au

t ..::,

s

t;

h

Jr

lI'

U

~

ar

Cf)

J

k

l:I'

"{I

kh

ar ur

lJ

£ J

~

i"

'&

V

';;f

ir

lJ

if

\if

V'

l'

~

'3{

~

0

..-

T

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(

r-

g gh Ii

6-

ch or c (1)

~

chh or ch (1)

c-

j

~

jh Ii

~

-

~

t

'0

.J

th

~

Jr

Q

V

~

~

'UJ

.)

j;

#:J

-

Qh t:l

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TRANSCRIPTION/PRONUNCIATION KEY Punjabi phonemes (Gurmukhi script).

Hindi/Sanskrit phonemes (Devanigari script)

Urdu/Persian Arabic phonemes (Persian script)

Letter/Vowel symbol

Letter/Vowel symbol

Letter/Vowel symbol

..

J,

t ,;.

Roman script equivalents

"i1

(f

11

~

~

th

~

G

.)

tr

'i

.. ,

d dh

n

';f

cJ

U

'q'

..-

i"

'q;

~

..

'if

H'

II

'iii'

~

a

~

.-J

r

J

I

11

n

~

p ph b bh

(

rn

•

~

'1

,., .'

Y

H"

~

q"

q

;r

~

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:J

~

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11

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J

.,

v, w (2)

r (3) rh

P

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sh, S kh

t

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c"

:aT

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,./ t j

-:"

'It

t

gh z f

r (4)

l(

~

llJ

~

~

tr

'i

jii, gi, gy (5)

t..

iJ

(4)

, followed by vowel symbol

q

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TRANSCRIPTION/PRONUNCIATION KEY

Nasalization (i) it preceding Jr,