The Darby Company Case

LAXMI PRASANNA KEESARA ANUJ SHARMA RAFAEL NADOFF

Background Darby Company manufactures and distributes meters used to measure electric power consumption. The company has production plants in El Paso, Texas and San Bernardino, California. The company also has three distribution centers in Fort Worth, Texas; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and Las Vegas, Nevada. The company has nine customer zones that its product is shipped to from the three distribution centers and they are; Dallas, San Antonio, Wichita, Kansas City, Denver, Salt Lake City, Phoenix, Los Angeles, and San Diego. objective Due to the rapid growth that Darby Company has experienced, the overall efficiency of our distribution system is being assessed to verify that Darby Company is maximizing its distribution resources. Results obtained Table 1

Master Summary Table Unit Cost TOTAL COST

# Units

Version 1

Version 2

Version 3

$

$ 600,942

$ 553,534

620,770

Manufacturing Cost * Units ( El Paso)

$10.50

28,220

21,260

21,260

* Units ( San Bernardino)

$10.00

13,040

20,000

20,000

Total Units

41,260

41,260

41,260

TOTAL MANUFACTURING

$426,710

$423,230

$423,230

TOTAL TRANSPORTATION

$194,060

$177,712

$130,304

$/Units

$15

$15

$13

Version 3 costs $2 less per meter to ship than Version 1 or Version 2

Recommendation After a thorough analysis of the Darby Company distribution system, Version 3 of the distribution methods analyzed is the distribution network that Darby Company should pursue to maximize its resources and minimize costs. We further recommend Darby not expand manufacturing operations until its demand has grown to meet and exceed its supply capabilities.

Rationale

2

Should Darby choose to include some shipping directly from the manufacturer in its schedule, it will save $3480.00 in manufacturing costs as well as $67,236 in transportation costs at its current demand schedule. Darby also has the potential in save $2.00 in transportation costs per unit and, therefore, could face an additional potential savings of $17,480 as its demand increases, totaling a potential cost savings of $88,196. Further, Darby has the ability to meet an increase of demand up to 8740 units before it is forced to expand its manufacturing operations. If the cost of opening a new plant is an average near $2 million, and the costs of shipping up to 8740 additional units is approximately $120,000, Darby can save, $1.8 million by waiting to increase production. Managerial Report #1. If the company does not change its current distribution strategy, what will its distribution costs be for the following quarter?

Distribution Network Version 1

FORT WORTH DIST PLT SANTE FE DIST PLT LAS VEGAS DIST PLT

UNITS UNIT COST

DALLAS

SALT LAKE

14,520 13,700 13,040

6300

4880

San Bern ElPaso Production Plant Productio KANSAS SALT LOS WICHITA CITY DENVER PHOENIX LAKE ANGELES 2130

1210 6120

2750

8580

TOTAL UNITS (EL PASO) 28,220 $ 10.50 $ 296,310.00 TOTAL UNITS (SAN BERNADION) 13,040 $ 10.00 $ 130,400.00 TOTAL UNITS 41,260 TOTAL MANUFACTURING TOTAL TRANSPORTATION TOTAL COST Table 2

4830

$ 426,710.00 $ 194,060.00 $ 620,770.00

#2. Suppose that the company is willing to consider dropping the distribution center limitations; that is, customers could be served by any of the distribution centers for which costs are available. Can costs be reduced? By how much?

3

Distribution Network Version 2 ElPaso Production Plant

FORT WORTH DIST PLT SANTE FE DIST PLT LAS VEGAS DIST PLT

UNITS UNIT COST

DALLAS

SALT LAKE

14,520 6,740 20,000

6300

4880

San Bernardino Production Plan KANSAS SAN SALT LOS SAN WICHITA CITY DENVER DIEGO LAKE PHOENIX ANGELES DIEG 2130

1210 6120

620 4830

TOTAL UNITS (EL PASO) 21,260 $ 10.50 $ 223,230.00 TOTAL UNITS (SAN BERNADION) 20,000 $ 10.00 $ 200,000.00 TOTAL UNITS 41,260 TOTAL MANUFACTURING TOTAL TRANSPORTATION

$ 423,230.00 $ 177,712.00

TOTAL COST Table 3

$ 600,942.00

Transportation costs will be reduced from version 1 to version 2 by $16,348. This is largely due to the lower production cost in San Bernardino passed on to the distribution center then onto the transportation cost. #3. The company wants to explore the possibility of satisfying some of the customer demand directly from the production plants. In particular, the shipping cost is $0.30 per unit from San Bernardino to Los Angeles and $0.70 from San Bernardino to San Diego. The cost for direct shipments from El Paso to San Antonio is $3.50 per unit. Can distribution costs be further reduced by considering these direct plant to customer shipments?

4

2750

8580

384

Distribution Network Version 3 San Bernardino Production Plants

ElPaso Production Plants

SALT KANSAS SALT SAN LOS SAN LOS DALLAS LAKE WICHITA CITY DENVER PHOENIX LAKE ANTONIO ANGELES DIEGO ANGELES

UNITS UNIT COST FORT WORTH DIST PLT 9,640 SANTE FE DIST PLT 6,740 LAS VEGAS DIST PLT 6,960 El PASO (Direct Line) 4,880 SAN BERNARDINO (Direct Line) 13,040

6300 4880

2130

1210 6120

2750

4830 8580 4880

8580

TOTAL UNITS (EL PASO) 21,260 $ 10.50 $ 223,230.00 TOTAL UNITS (SAN BERNADION) 20,000 $ 10.00 $ 200,000.00 TOTAL UNITS 41,260 TOTAL MANUFACTURING TOTAL TRANSPORTATION TOTAL COST Table 4

$ 423,230.00 $ 130,304.00 $ 553,534.00

Version 3 costs $67,236 less than Version 1

#4. Over the next five years, Darby is anticipating moderate growth (5000 meters) to the North and West. Would you recommend that they consider plant expansion at this time? Due to the fact that Darby is currently under-selling its current supply of 50,000 meters, it is not practical for Darby to expand its plant operations at this time. If the company grows by approximately 5000 meters, there will still be a remaining portion of 3,740 of the supply remaining.

Delivery System Growth Analysis Total Units Available Total Units Shipped Units Remaining Growth Expectancy Total Units After Growth

4460

50,000 41,260 8,740 5,000 3,740

Table5

5

Version 3 has a savings of $67,236 compared to Version 1

Appendix Table 1

Master Summary Table Unit Cost TOTAL COST

# Units

Version 1

Version 2

Version 3

$

$ 600,942

$ 553,534

620,770

Manufacturing Cost * Units ( El Paso)

$10.50

28,220

21,260

21,260

* Units ( San Bernardino)

$10.00

13,040

20,000

20,000

Total Units

41,260

41,260

41,260

TOTAL MANUFACTURING

$426,710

$423,230

$423,230

TOTAL TRANSPORTATION

$194,060

$177,712

$130,304

$/Units

$15

$15

$13

Version 3 costs $2 less per meter to ship than Version 1 or Version 2

6

Warehouse Expansion Unit Cost TOTAL COST

# Units

Version 1 $

620,770

Version 2 $

600,942

Version 3 $

553,534

Manufacturing Cost * Units ( El Paso)

$10.50

28220

21260

21260

* Units ( San Bernadino)

$10.00

13040

20000

20000

TOTAL MANUFACTURING

$426,710

$423,230

$423,230

TOTAL TRANSPORTATION

$194,060

$177,712

$130,304

Case 3-1

Case 3-2

Case 3-3a

EPFW EPSF EPLV EPSA SBSF SBLV SBLA SBSD FWDA FWSA FWWI FWKC FWDE SFDA SFSA SFWI SFKC SFDE SFSL SFPH SFLA SFSD LVDE LVSL LVPH LVLA LVSD

Variable X13 X14 X15 X17 X24 X25 X213 X214 X36 X37 X38 X39 X310 X46 X47 X48 X49 X410 X411 X412 X413 X414 X510 X511 X512 X513 X514

14520 13700 0 -

14520 6740 0 -

0 13040 -

0 20000 -

6300 4880 2130 1210 -

6120 4830 2750 -

8580 4460

6300 4880 2130 1210 0 0 0 0 0 6120 0 0 0 620 0 4830 2750 8580 3840

9640 6740 0 4880 0 6960 8580 4460 6300 0 2130 1210 0 0 0 0 0 6120 0 620 0 0 0 4830 2130 0 0

7

Shipping Cost Per Unit from Production Plants to Distribution Centers (in $) Distribution Center Fort Worth

Santa Fe

Las Vegas

El Paso

3.2

2.2

4.2

San Bernardino

*

3.9

1.2

Plant

Quarterly Demand Forecast Customer Zone

Demand (meters)

Dallas San Antonio Wichita Kansas City Denver Salt Lake City Phoenix Los Angeles San Diego

6300 4880 2130 1210 6120 4830 2750 8580 4460

Shipping Cost from the Distribution Centers to the Customer Zones

Customer Zone Dallas San Antonio Wichita Kansas City Denver Salt Lake City Phoenix Los Angeles San Diego

Distribution Center Fort Santa Worth Fe 0.3 5.2 2.1 5.4 3.1 4.5 4.4 6 6 2.7 * 4.7 * 3.4 * 3.3 * 2.7

Las Vegas * * * * 5.4 3.3 2.4 2.1 2.5

8

Version 1 Network Dallas 6300 6

.30 x36

San Antonio

` 2.10

x37

4880 7

Fort Worth x13 30000

El Paso

x38

13.70

3.10

Wichita 2130

3

x39

x14 1

8

4.40

Kansas City

12.70 14.70

1210 9

x15 x410

Sante Fe

2.70

Denver 6120

x24

x411 4.70

4

13.90 20000

10

Salt Lake

x412

San Bernadino

x25

4830

3.40

11

11.20

2

Phoenix 2750

Las Vegas

12 x513 2.10

Los Angeles

5

8580 x514

13 2.50

San Diego

4460

14

Distribution Network Version 1 San Bernardino Production Plant KANSAS SALT LOS SAN WICHITA CITY DENVER PHOENIX LAKE ANGELES DIEGO

ElPaso Production Plant

FORT WORTH DIST PLT SANTE FE DIST PLT LAS VEGAS DIST PLT

UNITS UNIT COST

DALLAS

SALT LAKE

14,520 13,700 13,040

6300

4880

2130

1210 6120

2750

4830 8580

TOTAL UNITS (EL PASO) 28,220 $ 10.50 $ 296,310.00 TOTAL UNITS (SAN BERNADION) 13,040 $ 10.00 $ 130,400.00 TOTAL UNITS 41,260 TOTAL MANUFACTURING TOTAL TRANSPORTATION

$ 426,710.00 $ 194,060.00

TOTAL COST

$ 620,770.00

9

4460

Linear Model Objective Function Model MIN 13.7x13+12.7x14+14.7x15+13.9x24+11.2x25+.3x36+2.1x37+3.1x38+4.4x39+2.7x410+4.7x411+3.4x412+2.1x513+2.5x514 s.t. x13+x14+x15 x24+x25 x13-x36-x37-x38-x39 x14+x24-x410-x411-x412 x15+x25-x513-x514 x36 x37 x38 x39 x410 x411 x412 x513 x514 Xij

Layout x13 x14 x15 x24 x25 x36 x37 x38 x39 x410 x411 x412 x513 x514

< < = = = = = = = = = = = = >

30000 20000 0 0 0 6300 4880 2130 1210 6120 4830 2750 8580 4460 0

14520 13700 0 0 13040 6300 4880 2130 1210 6120 4830 2750 8580 4460

13.7x13+12.7x14+14.7x15+13.9x24+11.2x25+.3x36+2.1x37+3.1x38+4.4x39+2.7x410+4.7x411+3.4x412+2.1x513+2.5x514 620770 x13+x14+x15 x24+x25 x13-x36-x37-x38-x39 x14+x24-x410-x411-x412 x15+x25-x513-x514 x36 x37 x38 x39 x410 x411 x412 x513 x514

28220 13040 0 0 0 6300 4880 2130 1210 6120 4830 2750 8580 4460

10

Microsoft Excel 12.0 Answer Report Worksheet: [DARBY.xlsx]V1 Report Created: 7/23/2010 11:21:22 PM

Target Cell (Min) Cell $C$44 >

Adjustable Cells Cell $C$28 x13 > $C$29 x14 > $C$30 x15 > $C$31 x24 > $C$32 x25 > $C$33 x36 > $C$34 x37 > $C$35 x38 > $C$36 x39 > $C$37 x410 > $C$38 x411 > $C$39 x412 > $C$40 x513 > $C$41 x514 >

Name

Original Value 0

Final Value 620770

Name

Original Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Final Value 14520 13700 0 0 13040 6300 4880 2130 1210 6120 4830 2750 8580 4460

Cell Value 28220 13040 0 0 0 6300 4880 2130 1210 6120 4830 2750 8580 4460

Formula $C$46 $C$48 x13-x36-x37-x38-x39 > $C$49 x14+x24-x410-x411-x412 > $C$50 x15+x25-x513-x514 > $C$51 x36 > $C$52 x37 > $C$53 x38 > $C$54 x39 > $C$55 x410 > $C$56 x411 > $C$57 x412 > $C$58 x513 > $C$59 x514 >

Status Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding

Slack 1780 6960 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11

Version 2 Network Dallas 6300 6 .30

x36

2.10

x37

Fort Worth x13 30000

El Paso

x39

x14

3

x310

x47

5.20 1

12.70

14.70

5.40 4.50

Wichita 2130

4.40

x46

8

6.00

Kansas City

x48 x49 6.00 x410

Sante Fe

Denver

2.70

4.70 x24

2

6120

5.40

x411

13.90 20000

1210 9

x15

San Bernadino

4880 7

3.10

x38

13.70

San Antonio

10

4 3.40

x412 x25

Salt Lake

x414

4830 2.70

x413

11.20

11 3.30

x510

x511

3.30

Phoenix 2750

2.40

Las Vegas

x512

12 x513 2.10

Los Angeles

5 x514

8580 13

2.50

San Diego

4460

14

Distribution Network Version 2 ElPaso Production Plant

FORT WORTH DIST PLT SANTE FE DIST PLT LAS VEGAS DIST PLT

UNITS UNIT COST

DALLAS

SALT LAKE

14,520 6,740 20,000

6300

4880

San Bernardino Production Plan KANSAS SAN SALT LOS SAN WICHITA CITY DENVER DIEGO LAKE PHOENIX ANGELES DIEG 2130

1210 6120

620 4830

TOTAL UNITS (EL PASO) 21,260 $ 10.50 $ 223,230.00 TOTAL UNITS (SAN BERNADION) 20,000 $ 10.00 $ 200,000.00 TOTAL UNITS 41,260 TOTAL MANUFACTURING TOTAL TRANSPORTATION

$ 423,230.00 $ 177,712.00

TOTAL COST

$ 600,942.00

12

2750

8580

384

Objective Function Model MIN

13.7x13+12.7x14+14.7x15+13.9x24+11.2x25+.3x36+2.1x37+3.1x38+4.4x39+6x310+5.2x46+5.4x47+4.5x48+6x49+2.7x410+4.7x411+3.4x412+3.3x413+2.7x414+5.4x510+3.3x511+2.4x512+2 s.t. x13+x14+x15 x24+x25 x13-x36-x37-x38-x39-x310 x14+x24-x46-x47-x48-x49-x410-x411-x412-x413-x414 x15+x25-x510-x511-x512-x513-x514 x36+x46 x37+x47 x38+x48 x39+x49 x310+x410+x510 x411+x511 x412+x512 x413+x513 x414+x514

Layout x13 x14 x15 x24 x25 x36 x37 x38 x39 x310 x46 x47 x48 x49 x410 x411 x412 x413 x414 x510 x511 x512 x513 x514

< < = = = = = = = = = = = =

30000 20000 0 0 0 6300 4880 2130 1210 6120 4830 2750 8580 4460

14520 6740 0 0 20000 6300 4880 2130 1210 0 0 0 0 0 6120 0 0 0 620 0 4830 2750 8580 3840

13.7x13+12.7x14+14.7x15+13.9x24+11.2x25+.3x36+2.1x37+3.1x38+4.4x39+6x310+5.2x46+5.4x47+4.5x48+6x49+2.7x410+4.7x411+3.4x412+3.3x413+2.7x414+5.4x510+3.3x511+2.4x512+2.1x513+2.5 600942 x13+x14+x15 x24+x25 x13-x36-x37-x38-x39-x310 x14+x24-x46-x47-x48-x49-x410-x411-x412-x413-x414 x15+x25-x510-x511-x512-x513-x514 x36+x46 x37+x47 x38+x48 x39+x49 x310+x410+x510 x411+x511 x412+x512 x413+x513 x414+x514

21260 20000 0 0 0 6300 4880 2130 1210 6120 4830 2750 8580 4460

13

Microsoft Excel 12.0 Answer Report Worksheet: [DARBY.xlsx]Sheet2 Report Created: 7/24/2010 12:33:40 AM

Target Cell (Min) Cell $C$54 >

Adjustable Cells Cell $C$28 x13 > $C$29 x14 > $C$30 x15 > $C$31 x24 > $C$32 x25 > $C$33 x36 > $C$34 x37 > $C$35 x38 > $C$36 x39 > $C$37 x310 > $C$38 x46 > $C$39 x47 > $C$40 x48 > $C$41 x49 > $C$42 x410 > $C$43 x411 > $C$44 x412 > $C$45 x413 > $C$46 x414 > $C$47 x510 > $C$48 x511 > $C$49 x512 > $C$50 x513 > $C$51 x514 >

Name

Original Value 0

Final Value 600942

Name

Original Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Final Value 14520 6740 0 0 20000 6300 4880 2130 1210 0 0 0 0 0 6120 0 0 0 620 0 4830 2750 8580 3840

Cell Value 21260 20000 0 0 0 6300 4880 2130 1210 6120 4830 4460 8580 2750

Formula $C$56 $C$58 x13-x36-x37-x38-x39-x310 > $C$59 x14+x24-x46-x47-x48-x49-x410-x411-x412-x413-x414 > $C$60 x15+x25-x510-x511-x512-x513-x514 > $C$61 x36+x46 > $C$62 x37+x47 > $C$63 x38+x48 > $C$64 x39+x49 > $C$65 x310+x410+x510 > $C$66 x411+x511 > $C$69 x414+x514 > $C$68 x413+x513 > $C$67 x412+x512 >

Status Not Binding Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding

Slack 8740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14

Version 3 Network Dallas 14.00

6300

x17 6 .30

x36

2.10

x37

Fort Worth x13 30000

El Paso

x39

x14

3

x310

x47

5.20 1

12.70

14.70

5.40

Wichita 2130

4.40

x46

8

6.00

Kansas City

x48 x49

4.50

6.00 x410

Sante Fe

Denver

2.70

4.70 x24

10

4 3.40

x412 x25

Salt Lake

x414

4830 2.70

x413

11.20

2

6120

5.40

x411

13.90 20000

1210 9

x15

San Bernadino

4880 7

3.10

x38

13.70

San Antonio

11 3.30

x510

3.30

x511

Phoenix 2750

2.40

Las Vegas

x512

12 x513 2.10

Los Angeles

5 x514

2.50

8580 13

x213 10.30

x214

San Diego 10.70

4460

14

DistributionNetworkVersion3 SanBernardino ProductionPlants

ElPasoProductionPlants UNITS UNITCOST FORTWORTHDISTPLT 9,640 SANTEFEDISTPLT 6,740 LASVEGASDISTPLT 6,960 El PASO(Direct Line) 4,880 SANBERNARDINO(Direct Line) 13,040

SALT KANSAS SALT SAN LOS SAN LOS SAN DALLAS LAKE WICHITA CITY DENVER PHOENIX LAKE ANTONIO ANGELES DIEGO ANGELES DIEGO 6300 4880 2130

1210 6120

2750 4830 8580

8580 4460

TOTALUNITS(ELPASO) 21,260 $10.50 $223,230.00 TOTALUNITS(SANBERNADION) 20,000 $10.00 $200,000.00 TOTALUNITS 41,260 TOTALMANUFACTURING TOTALTRANSPORTATION TOTALCOST

4460

4880

$423,230.00 $130,304.00 $553,534.00

15

Objective Function Model MIN

13.7x13+12.7x14+14.7x15+14x17+13.9x24+11.2x25+10.3x213+10.70x214+.3x36+2.1x37+3.1x38+4.4x39+6x310+5.2x46+5.4x47+4.5x48+6x49+2.7x410+4.7x411+3.4x412+3.3x413+2.7x414+5.4 s.t. x13+x14+x15+x17 x24+x25+x213+x214 x13-x36-x37-x38-x39-x310 x14+x24-x46-x47-x48-x49-x410-x411-x412-x413-x414 x15+x25-x510-x511-x512-x513-x514 x36+x46 x37+x47+x17 x38+x48 x39+x49 x310+x410+x510 x411+x511 x412+x512 x213+x413+x513 x214+x414+x514 Xij Layout x13 x14 x15 x17 x24 x25 x213 x214 x36 x37 x38 x39 x310 x46 x47 x48 x49 x410 x411 x412 x413 x414 x510 x511 x512 x513 x514

< < = = = = = = = = = = = = >

30000 20000 0 0 0 6300 4880 2130 1210 6120 4830 2750 8580 4460 0

9640 6740 0 4880 0 6960 8580 4460 6300 0 2130 1210 0 0 0 0 0 6120 0 620 0 0 0 4830 2130 0 0

13.7x13+12.7x14+14.7x15+14x17+13.9x24+11.2x25+10.3x213+10.70x214+.3x36+2.1x37+3.1x38+4.4x39+6x310+5.2x46+5.4x47+4.5x48+6x49+2.7x410+4.7x411+3.4x412+3.3x413+2.7x414+5.4x510+3 553534 x13+x14+x15+x17 x24+x25+x213+x214 x13-x36-x37-x38-x39-x310 x14+x24-x46-x47-x48-x49-x410-x411-x412-x413-x414 x15+x25-x510-x511-x512-x513-x514 x36+x46 x17+x37+x47 x38+x48 x39+x49 x310+x410+x510 x411+x511 x412+x512 x213+x413+x513 x214+x414+x514

21260 20000 0 0 0 6300 4880 2130 1210 6120 4830 2750 8580 4460

16

Microsoft Excel 12.0 Answer Report Worksheet: [DARBY.xlsx]V3 Report Created: 7/24/2010 12:52:11 AM

Target Cell (Min) Cell $C$57 >

Adjustable Cells Cell $C$28 x13 > $C$29 x14 > $C$30 x15 > $C$31 x17 > $C$32 x24 > $C$33 x25 > $C$34 x213 > $C$35 x214 > $C$36 x36 > $C$37 x37 > $C$38 x38 > $C$39 x39 > $C$40 x310 > $C$41 x46 > $C$42 x47 > $C$43 x48 > $C$44 x49 > $C$45 x410 > $C$46 x411 > $C$47 x412 > $C$48 x413 > $C$49 x414 > $C$50 x510 > $C$51 x511 > $C$52 x512 > $C$53 x513 > $C$54 x514 >

Name

Original Value 0

Final Value 553534

Name

Original Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Final Value 9640 6740 0 4880 0 6960 8580 4460 6300 0 2130 1210 0 0 0 0 0 6120 0 620 0 0 0 4830 2130 0 0

Cell Value 21260 20000 0 0 0 6300 4880 2130 1210 6120 4830 2750 8580 4460

Formula $C$59 $C$61 x13-x36-x37-x38-x39-x310 > $C$62 x14+x24-x46-x47-x48-x49-x410-x411-x412-x413-x414 > $C$63 x15+x25-x510-x511-x512-x513-x514 > $C$64 x36+x46 > $C$65 x17+x37+x47 > $C$66 x38+x48 > $C$67 x39+x49 > $C$68 x310+x410+x510 > $C$69 x411+x511 > $C$70 x412+x512 > $C$71 x213+x413+x513 > $C$72 x214+x414+x514 >

Status Not Binding Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding Not Binding

Slack 8740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

17

18