^jm Culturm G`nustry d`n Vdrtgcgpdthry Dungm`cms
Miid Emltgm
^jm Culturm G`nustry d`n Vdrtgcgpdthry Dungm`cms
Miid Emltgm G`stgtutm ahr Culturm d`n Shcgmty [mstmr` Syn`my ]`gvmrsgty Vm`rgtj, @mw Shutj [dlms, Dustrdlgd
GSB@ GSB@ 7; 7;::-33-34 3477->7 >762 62;;-> > GSB@ GSB@ 7; 7;::-33-34 3477->7 >762 62::-4 4 (m (mBh Bhhe he)) NHG 46.466;/7;:-3-347-> 46.466;/7;:-3-347->762:-4 762:-4 Lgbrdry ha Ch`krmss Ch`trhl @uibmr? 26417=::6; © ^jm Mngthr(s) (ga dpplgcdblm) d`n ^jm Dutjhr(s) 264; ^jgss whr ^jg whree gs sub subomc omctt th chpyrg chpyrgkjt kjt.. Dll Dll rgk rgkjts jts drm shl shlml mlyy d`n mxclu mxclusgv sgvmly mly lgcm`smn lgcm`smn by tjm Vublgsjmr, wjmtjmr tjm wjhlm hr pdrt ha tjm idtmrgdl gs ch`cmr`mn, spmcg fflcdlly tjm rgkjts ha trd`sldtgh` trd`sl dtgh`,, rmprg rmprg`tg` `tg`k, k, rmusm rmusm ha gllustrdtg gllustrdtgh`s, h`s, rmcgtdtgh` rmcgtdtgh`,, brhdn brhdncdstg cdstg`k, `k, rmprh rmprhnuct nuctgh` gh` h` igcrhffllis hr g` d`y htjmr pjysgc pjysgcdl dl wdy wdy,, d`n trd`sigs trd`sigssgh sgh` ` hr g`ahr g`ahridt idtgh gh` ` sth sthrdk rdkmm d`n rmtrgmvdl, mlmctrh`gc dndptdtgh`, chiputmr shatwdrm, hr by sgigldr hr ngssgigldr imtjhnhlhky `hw e`hw` hr jmrmdatmr nmvmlhpmn. ^jm usm ha km`mrdl nmscrgptgvm `dims, rmkgstmrmn `dims, trdnmidres, smrvgcm idres, mtc. g` tjgs publgcdtgh` nhms `ht giply, mvm` g` tjm dbsm`cm ha d spmcg fflc stdtmim`t, tjdt sucj `dims drm mxmipt arhi tjm rmlmvd`t prhtmctgvm ldws d`n rmkuldtgh`s d`n tjmrmahrm armm ahr km`mrdl usm. ^jm publgsjmr, tjm dutjhrs d`n tjm mngthrs drm sdam th dssuim tjdt tjm dnvgcm d`n g`ahridtgh` g` tjgs bhhe drm bmlgmvmn th bm trum d`n dccurdtm dt tjm ndtm ha publgcdtgh`. @mgtjmr tjm publgsjmr `hr tjm dutjhrs hr tjm mngthrs kgvm d wdrrd`ty, mxprmss hr giplgmn, wgtj rmspmct th tjm idtmrgdl ch`tdg`mn jmrmg` hr ahr d`y mrrhrs hr higssgh`s tjdt idy jdvm bmm` idnm. ^jm publgsjmr rmidg`s `mutrdl wgtj rmkdrn th ourgsngctgh`dl cldgis g` publgsjmn idps d`n g`stgtutgh`dl da ffllgdtgh`s. Chvmr gllustrdtgh`? Dkm`cod Ahthkrdfflcz`d Cdrh / Dldiy Sthce Vjhth Vrg`tmn h` dcgn-armm pdpmr ^jgs Vdlkrdvm Idciglld` giprg`t gs publgsjmn by Sprg`kmr @dturm ^jm rmkgstmrmn chipd`y gs Sprg`kmr G`tmr`dtgh`dl Vublgsjg`k DK ^jm rmkgstmrmn chipd`y dnnrmss gs? Kmwmrbmstrdssm 44, 1336 Cjdi, Swgtzmrld`n
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^jm G`tmr`mt gs thutmn ds d nmihcrdtgc spdcm g` wjgcj d`yh`m cd` pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturdl prhnuctgh`. Imngd ch`vmrkm`cm gs cjd`kg`k tjm `dturm ha bhtj imngd prhnuctgh` d`nstructurms ch`suiptgh`, wjglst ngkgtdl tmcj`hlhky jds m`dblmn d sjgat g` tjm shcgdl surrhu`ng`k tjm crmdtgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh` ha imngd ch`tm`t. Ds d rmsult, tjm imngd g`nustry gs mvhlvg`k th dndptt th tjm dndp tjmsm sm sjg sjgatg atg`k `k ch` ch`suim suimr/p r/prhn rhnucmr ucmr prd prdctg ctgcms cms ha pdr pdrtgc tgcgpd gpdtgh tgh`. `. Shcgdl imngd pldtahris, dpps d`n thhls ha prhnuctgh` dllhw tjhsm wgtj dccmss d`n g`clg`dtgh` th prhnucm imngd ch`tm`t d`n publgsj gt h`lg`m. ^jmsm dctgvgtgms cd` g`clunm uplhdng`k ch`tm`t th shcgdl imngd5 chiim`tg`k h` `mws/b `mws/blhk lhk sgtms5 sjdrg`k drtwhr drtwhres es sucj ds gidkms, iusgc d`n vgnmh5 hr prhnucg`k sjhrt ffllis hr [mb smrgms th ngstrgbutm h`lg`m. Cjd`kms th ngkgtdl ngstrgbutgh` rmsult g` cjd`kms th tjm wdy imngd gs ch`suimn.. Nhw`lhdng`k, strmdig ch`suimn strmdig`k `k d`n NQNs jdvm cjd`kmn tjm wdy tjm cultu cul turm rm g` g`nus nustr try y cd` ngs ngstr gbutm tm ch`t ch `tm` m`t5 t5 tjm d`nculturm du dung ngm`c m`cms ms drm drm dbl dblm m th sjdr sjdrm m d` d`n vgmw ch`tm`t crmdtmn bytrgbu tjhsm hutsgnm g`nustry g` `mw wdys n – Whu^ubm, ahr mxdiplm, dllhws vgmwmrs th ihvm bmtwmm` ch`suig`k prhamssg ams sgh` h`dl dl d` d`n n did didtm tmur ur ch ch`t `tm`t m`t h` tj tjmm sdim sdim pl pldt dtahr ahri. i. Ch Ch`c `chig higtd td`t `tly, ly, ch`suimrs ha imngd drm `hw dblm th pdrtgcgpdtm g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha ch`tm`t ahr ngstrgbutgh` vgd tjmsm pldtahris. Vdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms hccur wgtjg` structurms tjdt ch`tg`um th bm nm nmvm vmlh lhpm pmn n wg wgtj tjg` g` d cd cdpg pgtd tdlg lgst st syst systmi mi ha cu cult ltur urdl dl pr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h`.. Vdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjmsm prdctgcms d`n g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturdl prhnucts tdems pldcm nurg`k tjm lmgsurm tgim ha ch`suimrs, wjh, g` d sm`sm, ldbhur th
© ^jm Dutjhr(s) 264; M. Emltgm, ^jm Culturm G`nustry d`n Vdrtgcgpdthry Dungm`cms , NHG 46.466;/7;:-3-347-> 46.466;/7;:-3-347->762:-4X4 762:-4X4
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^JM C]L^] C]L^]RM RM G@N]S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^ VDR^GCGVD^HRW HRW D]NGM@CM D]NGM@CMS S
crmdtm culturdl khhns. ^jgs bhhe g`vmstgkdtms jhw sucj pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms drm bmg`k chlh`gsmn d`n cdpgtdlgsmn by tjm culturm g`nustry, d`n mxplhrms tjm rmkuldthry structurms tjdt hpmrdtm th lmkgtgigsm shim culturdl tmxts hvmr htjmrs tjrhukj au`ng`k d`n trdngtgh`dl ngstrgbutgh`. By mxdig`g`k imngd tjmhry phsgtgh`s sucj ds Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr ‗s ‗
cult culturm urm g`nust ustry rys tjm tjmsgs ,ltur Om` Om`eg` sung`k tjmh tj`k mhry ry ha `cm pd pdrt rtgcg gcgpdt pdthr hry cultu turm rm, d`n n brhdn br hdnmr mr g`n tj tjmhr mhrgm gms ha sgs, cu cult urmmeg`s g`cl g`sclung du dungm ngm`cm tj tjmhr mhry, y, ysmigh smcul ightg tgcs cs, d` d` d`n n `drrdtgvm, tjgs bhhe wgll prhvgnm `mw g`sgkjts g`th pdrtgcgpdthry culturm d`n tjm lgigtdtgh`s ha dkm`cy wgtjg` tjm culturm g`nustry. Bmkg``g`k `g`k wgtj d` mxplhrdtgh` ha ^jmhn hnh hr Dnhr`h d` d`n n Idx Jhrejmgimr‗s (4773 4773)) cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry tj tjms msgs gs d` d`n n d` d` d`dl dlys ysgs gs ha id idss ss imngd d`n gnmhlhkgcdl rmprhnuctgh`, tjgs whre mxplhrms tjm `ud`cms g` tjm str strukkl ukklmm bmt bmtwmm wmm` ` str struct ucturm urm d`n ddkm`c km`cyy ds tjm ccult ulturm urm g`nu g`nustr stryy rms rmsph`n ph`nss th tjm rgsm ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm. Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr chg`mn tjm tmri ‚culturm g`nustry ‗ th prhvgnm d ardimwhre th g`vmstgkdtm tjm idss prhnuctgh` prhnuct gh` ha imngd, spmcgfflcdlly, tjm idss prhnuctgh` d`n chiimrcgdlgsdtgh` tgh ` ha cul cultur dl prh prhnuc nuctgh tgh` ` u`nm u`nmr r cdpg cdpgtdl tdlgsi gsi (Em (Emll`m ll`mr r 266>, 266> , p. 262). Dnhr`h d`nturdl Jhrejmgimr wmrm wdry ha tjm phwmr ha idss imngd. ^jmy tjmhrgsmn tjdt idss imngd ngstrgbutgh` pldymn d sgk`g fflcd`t rhlm g` tjm cr crmd mdtg tgh` h` ha ids idsss du dung ngm`c m`cms ms,, d` d`n n tj tjdt dt tj tjmm id idss ss pr prhn hnuct uctgh gh` ` ha ch` ch`tm tm`t `t chuln bm usmn th rmg`ahrcm tjm gnmhlhkgms ha tjm rulg`k cldss. ^jmgr ch`cmr`s nrmw arhi cldssgcdl Idrxgst tjmhry rmkdrng`k hw`mrsjgp hvmr tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh`. ^jm jgmrdrcjgcdl ihnml prhnucmn by Dnhr`h d`n Jhre Jh rejm jmgim gimrr sd sdw w dun dungm gm`cm `cmss ds imrmly imrmly ch ch`s `suim uimrs rs ha tj tjmm pr prhn hnuct uctss d` d`n n imngd tmxts prhvgnmn by tjm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs. G` ch`trdst, pdrtgcgpdthry culturm, ds d ch`cmpt, drkudbly m`dblms dungm`cms th cjdllm`km tjm phwmr structurm ha tjm culturm g`nustry by pdrtgcgpdtg`k `ht g` tjm ch`suiptgh` ha culturdl but dlsh tjmgr prhnuctgh`. prhnuc tgh`.h`ly Vdrtgcg Vdrtgcgpdthry pdthry culturm tjmhry drkums prhnucts, tjdt tjm idssms drm g` dblm th prhnu prhn ucm tjmgr hw` culturdl whres d`n bmchim dkm`ts ha culturdl prhnuctgh`.4 Ds d ngstrgbutgh` pldtahri, tjm G`tmr`mt m`dblms usmrs th sjdrm ch`tm`t dlihst g`std`tly d`n, wgtj tjm ihst bdsgc dccmss th shatwdrm d`n jdrnwdrm, th crmdtm d`n ngstrgbutm tjmgr hw` ch`tm`t. Chiiu`gcdtgh` tjmhry ahcusmn h` tjm G`tmr`mt jds km`mrdlly bmm` phldrgsmn? mgtjmr jgkjly phsgtgvm rmkdrng`k tjm rmvhlutgh`dry cdpdbglgtgms ha tjm G`tmr`mt hr `mkdtgvm d`n jypmrcrgtgcdl ha tjm G`tmr`mt‗s gipdcts h` shcgmty d`n culturm. Dt tjm sdim tgim, drkuim`ts tjdt adgl th tdem g`th dcchu` dcc hu`tt d phl phlgt gtgc gcdl dl mch mch`hi `hiyy d`d d`dlys lysgs gs ha tj tjmm G` G`tm tmr` r`mt mt,, d` d`n n mx mxpl plhr hrmm tj tjmm G`tmr`mt wgtjhut g`vmstgkdtg`k tjm phlgcy d`n gipdcts ha cdpgtdlgsi, igss
4 G@^RHN]C G@^RHN]C^GH@ ^GH@?? ^JM C CH@QM H@QMRKM@^ RKM@^ IMNGD LD@N LD@NSCDVM SCDVM
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d` mssm`tgdl phg`t ha d` d`ddlys ysggs (IcC cCj jms` ms`my 2643 2643,, pp. 42–4>). G`vms G`v mstg tgkd kdtg tgh` h`ss ha pdr pdrtg tgcg cgpdt pdthr hryy cu cult ltur urmm jd jdvm vm hatm hatm` ` adg adglm lmn n th td tdem em g`th g`th dcch dc chu` u`tt tj tjmm phlg phlgtg tgcd cdll mc mch` h`hi hiyy ha pr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h`,, lgig lgigtg tg`k `k tj tjmm schp schpmm ha rmsmdrcj. Ds d stmp thwdrns rmctgayg`k tjgs sgtudtgh`, tjgs whre mxdig`ms `ht h`ly currm`t prdctgcms but dlsh currm`t phlgcy. Rmsmdrcj ahcusg`kjds h`tm`nmn tjm mid`cgpdthry phtm`tgdls pdrtgcgpdthry turm, g` pdrtgculdr, th lmd` thwdrns tjm ha uthpgd` m`n ha cultjm nmbdtm ch`tg`uui rmkdrng`k tjm phtm`tgdl ha tjm G`tmr`mt5 wjglm Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr‗s culturm g`nustry tjmsgs, wjm` dpplgmn th d` u`nmrstd`ng`k ha tjm ch`vmrkmn imngd m`vgrh`im`t d`n ch`suimr prdctgcms, rgses adllg`k duthidtgcdlly thwdrns tjm nysthpgd` m`n ha sucj d ch`tg`uui. Gt gs tjm tm`sgh` g` bmtwmm` tjmsm twh phsgtgh`s tjdt tjgs bhhe wgll mxplhrm – bmtwmm` tjm ch`cmptudlgsdtgh` ha tjm culturm g`nustry ds hpprmssgvm, d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm ds d imtjhn th chu`tmr tjm nhig`d`cm ha tjm culturm g`nus g`n ustr try. y. G` ht htjm jmrr wh whrn rns, s, th wj wjdt dt mxtm`t nh imn imngd gd ch` ch`vmr vmrkm` km`cm cm d` d`n n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm dllhw ahr tjm nhig`d`cm ha tjm culturm g`nustry th bm cjdllm`kmn8 `ud`cms hapldtahris tjgs qumstgh` bm mxplhrmn d` mxdig`dtgh` ha ^jm tjm tjmhrmtgcdl tjdt wgll u`nmrpg` d`dlysgstjrhukj ha d ‚ch` vmrkmn‗ culturm g`nustry d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm5 ch`sgnmrdtgh` ha tjm g`stgt g`s tgtutg utgh`dl h`dl ard ardimw imwhre hress tjd tjdtt khvm khvmr` r` cul cultur turdl dl prh prhnuc nuctgh tgh` ` g` Dus Dustrd trdlgd, lgd, spmcgfflcdlly5 d`n d cdsm stuny bdsmn h` iy hw` pdrtgcgpdthry prdctgcm. By blm`ng`k crgtgcdl tjmhry wgtj d prdctgcm-bdsmn cdsm stuny – tjm crmdtgh` ha d 46-pdrt [mb smrgms – G dgi th dnnrmss tjm qumstgh` ha tjm lgigtdtgh`s ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm wgtjg` tjm bhu`ns ha tjm culturm g`nustry, mxplhrg`k tjm nmkrmm th wjgcj dungm`cms cd` tdem pdrt g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturdl tmxts d`n mxmrt tjmgr dkm`cy wgtjg` tjm bhu`ns ha tjm culturm g`nustry. G` 2644, G wds pdrt ha d tmdi tjdt crmdtmn d`n prhnucmn d 46-pdrt [mb @mwthw` @mwthw Kgrls Kgrls (J ). ^j[mb m dnvm` m`t t ha [ smrgha ms dtjm sd smrgms, ^jmnrhvm (Jh hr`m ha mt dl. dl . 2642) 2642 imngui tjm`nmvmlhpim`t tjgs prhomct? smrgms drmmbh`m id` id `y `m `mw w im imng ngdd ahri ahriss tjdt tjdt jd jdvm vm mimr mimrkm kmn n phs phst ch ch`v `vmr mrkm km`c `cm5 m5 tj tjmy my cd cd` ` rd`k rd`kmm arhi didtmur th prhamssgh`dl prhnuctgh`s g` tmris ha bunkmt, prhnuctgh` vdlums d`n tjm lmvml ha mxpmrgm mxpmrgm`cm `cm ha tjm crmdthr crmdthrs. s. [mb smrgms prhvgn prhvgnmm d pldtahri ahr tmlmvgsgh`-lgem smrgdl `drrdtgvms th bm ngstrgbutmn h`lg`m. ^jgs ch`tm`t cd` bm ha d`y subomct idttmr d`n cd` bm dccmssmn by d`yh`m wgtj sua fflcg cgm` m`tt bd`n bd`nwg wgnt ntj j d` d`n n G` G`tm tmr` r`mt mt lgtm lgtmrd rdcy cy.. ^jm ^jm [m [mb b smrg smrgms ms,, ds d im imng ngui ui,, gs ds brhdn ds tmlmvgsgh` wjm` gt chims th `drrdtgvm typms, km`rms d`n prhkrdiim lm lm`k `ktj tj.. ^jm ^jm [m [mb b smr mrgm gms, s, ds d imng imngui ui ha cu cult ltur urdl dl prh rhnu nuct ctgh gh`, `, gs dlsh dlsh bh bhu` u`n n up g` brhdnmr ch`cmr`s dbhut pdrtgcgpdthry culturm, mimrkg`k ahris ha sthry-
tmllg`k, smla-rmprmsm`tdtgh`, ngkgtdl ngsruptgh` d`n tjm culturm g`nustry.
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^JM C]L^] C]L^]RM RM G@N]S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^ VDR^GCGVD^HRW HRW D]NGM@CM D]NGM@CMS S
Jdvg`k pdrtgcgpdtmn g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha `uimrhus sjhrt ffllis – shim ha wjgcj jdn bmm` succmssaully m`tmrmn g`th sidll fflli amstgvdls drhu`n tjm whrln – tjm gnmd ha bmg`k dblm th crmdtm d prhnuct d`n sjdrm gt h`lg`m wgt wgtj jd wgnmr dungm`cm wds m`tgcg`k. Ds d ch`suimr ha imngd, G jdn wdtcjmn sgtms lgem Whu^ubm krhw d`n sdw tjm phtm`tgdl ahr dccmssg`k dungm`cms tjdt ffl
igkjt `ht dttm`n sjhrt liwdtcjmn amstgvdls wgtj but tjdt igkjt bm g`tmrmstmn g` tjm sthrgms G wds tmllg`k. G dlsh krmdt g`tmrmst wjm` tmlmvgsgh` smrgms sucj ds tjm Bdttlmstdr Kdldctgcd rmidem rmidem (Ihhrm 266> (Ihhrm 266>)) bmkd` th usm [mb smrgms ds d wdy th ch ch` `tg`um tjm `drrdtgvm bmtwmm` smdsh`s, ds wmll ds ch`tg`ug`k tjm sthrywhrln2 h`cm tjm tmlmvgsgh` smrgms m`nmn. ^jmsm sthrgms dppmdrmn th mxgst hutsgnm ha tjm ch`trhl ha tmlmvgsgh` `mtwhre `mtwhress d`n hutsgn hutsgnmm tjm rmqugrmim`t ahr rdtg`ks succmss g` hrnmr ahr d prhnuctgh` th ch`tg`um, m`dblg m`d blg`k `k d sp spdcm dcm th mim mimrk rkmm ahr tm tmlm lmvgs vgsgh gh``-lg lgem, em, smrg smrgdl dl `dr `drrd rdtg tgvms vms th bm crmdtmn, `ht h`ly by tjm g`nustry, but dlsh by tjhsm h`cm ch`sgnmrmn tjm dungm`cm (Rhsm` (Rhsm` 2661). 2661). Kgvm` tjm dppdrm`t armmnhi ha tjm ahri arhi mxtmr`dl g`flum`cms, tjm prhomct smmimn gnmdl dt tjm tgim. Iy rhlm wds ds d ch-crmdthr, G ngrmctmn > ha 46 g` mpgshnms. G g`gtgdllyd`n nmcgnmn th pdrtgcgpdtm tjm nmvmlhpim`t d`n prhnuctgh` ha d [mb smrgms smrgms num th iy hw` amml ammlg`k g`kss ha ngs/m ngs/miph iphwmr wmrim` im`t. t. G sdw tjm prhl prhlgam gamrdrdtgh` tgh` ha [mb smr smrgms gms mi mimr mrk kg`k g`k h` h`lg lg`m `m,, ds wml mlll ds d ldce ldce ha Du Dusstr trdl dlgd gd` ` vh vhggcm cmss bm bmg` g`k k rmpr rmprms msm` m`tm tmn n dt tj tjmm tg tgim im – dltjhu dltjhukj kj tjg tjgss jds sg` sg`cm cm cjd` cjd`kmn kmn nrd nrdidt idtgcd gcdlly lly.. Dnngtgh Dnng tgh`dl `dlly, ly, G sdw tjm [mb smr smrgms gms imn imngui gui ds d` hpphr hpphrtu` tu`gty gty th prh prhnucm nucm d`n sjdr sj drmm d qu qummr mmr `d `drr rrdt dtgv gvm. m. ^j ^jmm @mwt @mwthw hw` ` Kg Kgrl rls s ahcu ahcussms h` tj tjmm lgvm lgvmss ha d si sidl dlll krh rhup up ha qu qumm mmrr wh whim im` ` lgvg lgvg`k `k g` Sy Syn` n`my my ‗s g``mr g``mr wmst wmstmr mr` ` su subu burb rbss (^ (^jm@ jm@mw mwth thw` w`Kg Kgrl rlss 2641d). ). Tummr cjdrdctmrs drm rdrmly smm` g` Dustrdlgd` imngd? iysmla, d`n 2641d htjmrs g` tjm tmdi sdw [mb smrgms ds d wdy th crmdtm qummr ch`tm`t d`n cgrcuivm`t trdngtgh`dl brhdncdstg`k5 d`n h`lg`m ngstrgbutgh` imd`t d` g`tmr).m `dtG` `dtgh gh`d `dl l du dung m`cm m ch chul uln nrtgc ph phtm tm`t `tgd gdll lhcd lhcdtm tmrmd`n vgm vgmw wttj tjm m smrg smdrgms ms (E (Erg rgeh ehwd wd 2642). 2642 tj tjms msmmngm`c wd wdys ys, , pdrt pd gcgp gpdt dthr hry yllyycul cultu turm cd` dc dct ds ngsr ngsrup uptg tgh` h` th tj tjm prmvghusly jmln nhig`d`cm ha tjm culturm g`nustry d`n tjm idss imngd brhdncdst ihnml ha tmlmvgsgh` ngstrgbutgh` – d ihnml tjdt nmpm`ns h` lgigtmn brhdncdst brhdncdst jhurs g` wjgcj ch`tm`t cd` bm scrmm`mn scrmm`mn.. ^jm [mb smrgms ds d prhnuctgh` ihnml, chibg`mn wgtj tjm `mdr-g`ffl`gtm phtm`tgdl ha tjm G`tmr`mt ds d ngstrgbutgh` thhl, g`crmdsms tjm phssgbglgtgms ahr ngvmrsgty g` ch`tm ch` tm`t `t pr prhnu hnuct ctgh gh`. `. Ds d qum qummr mr Dust Dustrd rdlg lgd` d` smrg smrgms ms,, ^jm @mwt @mwthw` hw` Kgrl Kgrls s prhvgnms oust h`m mxdiplm ha jhw pdrtgcgpdthry culturm, d`n [mb smrgms g` pdrtgculdr, cd` bm spdcms ahr `mw vhgcms, g`jdbgtmn by d ngvmrsm rd`km ha sthr sthrgm gmss d` d`n n ch`t ch`tm` m`t. t. ^j ^jms msmm pr prdc dctg tgcm cmss jd jdvm vm tj tjmm ph phtm tm`t `tgd gdll th dllh dllhw w ahr ahr g`crmdsmn ngvmrsgty ha ch`tm`t th bm bhtj prhnucmn d`n ch`suimn.
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^jm @mwthw` Kgrls wds wds d` g`nmpm`nm`t prhomct, au`nmn tjrhukj crhwnau`ng`k d`n ngstrgbutmn h`lg`m. Ds prhomct nmvmlhpim`t wds bmkg``g`k, cjd`kms th g`nustry au`ng`k ihnmls g` Dustrdlgd wmrm bmkg``g`k th hccur. ^jmsm cjd`kms jdvm imd`t tjdt bhngms sucj ds Scrmm` Dustrdlgd drm `hw au`ng`k [mb smrgms smrgms ds d ahri ha scrmm` ch`t ch`tm`t. m`t. ^jm prhomct wds `h `htt mlgkgblm
ahr au`ng`k tjm mdrly stdkms hamtprhnuctgh` g` 2644 bmcdusm tjm khvmr`im`t prhphs prhphsmn mn ngstrg ngstrgbutgh` butgh`g`imtjhn (tjm G`tmr` G`tmr`mt – g.m. ds d [mb smrgms) rulmn gt hut ha d`y tjm` dvdgldblm au`ng`k scjmims. Dltjhukj [mb smrgms drm `hw mlgkgblm ahr au`ng`k g` Dustrdlgd, d`y prhomct crmdthrs wgll `mmn th dlrmdny jdvm crmnm`tgdls g` tjdt imngui g` hrnmr th bm mlgkgblm ahr tjdt au`ng`k. [jm` bmkg``g`k tjgs prhomct, G sdw tjm G`tmr`mt ds d spdcm wjmrm G chuln m`kdkm wgtj d`n pdrtgcgpdtm pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturdl prhn prhnuctgh` uctgh` th tmll d sthry tjdt chuln rmdcj pmhplm hutsgnm ha tjm Dustrdlgd` tmlmvgsgh` structurm, dt tjm sdim tgim phtm`tgdlly rmdcjg`k d` g`tmr`dtgh`dl dungm`cm by rmihvg`k tjm prhnuct arhi trdngtgh`dl rmkgh`dl brhdncdst lgigtdtgh`s. [jdt G ngschvmrmn wds tjdt crmdtg`k d imngd tmxt gs bhu`n up g` culturdl, shcgdl d`n mch`higc struct str ucturms urms, , wjm wjmtjm tjmr G wds g`gtgd g`gtgdlly lly wgl wgllg` lg`k kgsthphssgblm, dnigt gt gt hrgs`ht. [jg [jglst lst crm crmdtg dtg`k `k ch`tm`t hutsgnm hartjm culturm g`nustry mxtrmimly nga ffl cult th sustdg`, `ht h`ly bmcdusm ha tjm au`ng`k gssums nmscrgbmn mdrlgmr. Htjmr gssums g`clunm tjm ch`tg` ch`tg`ug`k ug`k nhig`d`cm ha cdpgtdl cdpgtdlgst gst structur structurg`k g`k ha imngd d`n tjm g`crmdsg`k chipmtgtgh` ahr dungm`cms g` tjm h`lg`m spdcm. ^jm wgnm prhlgamrdtgh` ha pdrtgcgpdthry ch`tm`t chipmtms bhtj wgtj htjmr pdrtgcgpdthry ch`tm`t d`n, ihrm d`n ihrm, wgtj strmdig`k smrvgcms haamrmn by tjm mstdblgsjmn culturm g`nustr g`nustry. y. Nmspgt Nmspgtmm dllhwg dllhwg`k `k krmdtmr pdrtgcgpdthry dccmss tjd` brhdncdst tmlmvgsgh`, tjm G`tmr`mt gs `ht d` m`tgrmly nmihcrdtgc imngui, mgtjmr th dccmss hr th usm. @mvmrtjmlmss, dungm`cmcrmdtmn tmxts, arhi shcgdl imngd dctgvgty th [mb smrgms, hpmrdtm ds ahris ha rmsgst rmsgstd`cm d`cmgsth tjmslhwly culturm g`nustry g`th. wjglst utglgsg`k h`lg`m pldtah pldtahris ris tjdt tjm g`nustry dlsh mxtm`ng`k ^jm G`tmr`mt gs d spdcm ha bhtj culturdl prhnuct prhnuctgh` gh` d`n phwmr strukk strukklm? lm? tjrhukjhut tjgs bhhe, G dgi th dnnrmss tjm structurdl lgigtdtgh`s tjdt khvmr khv mr` ` cu cult ltur urdl dl pr prhn hnuct uctgh` gh` d` d`n n jh jhw w tj tjms msmm stru struct ctur urms ms kh khvmr vmr` ` cul cultu turd rdll prdctgcm. G wgll drkum tjdt wjglst pdrtgcgpdthry culturm miplhyg`k ch`vmrkm`tt imn km` imngd gd tm tmcj cj`hl `hlhk hkgms gms m` m`dbl dblms ms imngd imngd ch ch`s `suim uimrs rs th bm bmchi chimm imn imngd gd prhnu pr hnucmr cmrs, s, tj tjgs gs td tdem emss pldcm pldcm tj tjrh rhukj ukj pl pldt dtahr ahris is ch ch`t `trh rhll llmn mn by g`nus g`nustr try, y, rmsul msulttg`k g` d ‚pdr pdrtgc tgcgpdt gpdthry hry cult culturm urm‗ ttj jdt gs dt bmst mst prhvgsgh`dl. dl. Vdrtgcgpdtg`k g` tjm crmdtgh` ha d [mb smrgms prhvgnmn g`sgkjts g`th pdrtgcgpdthry culturm ds d ihnml ha culturdl prhnuctgh`, jmlpg`k th gnm`tgay th wjdt mxtm`t pdrtgcgpdthry culturm gs phssgblm wgtjg` tjm culturm g`nustry.
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^JM C]L^] C]L^]RM RM G@N]S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^ VDR^GCGVD^HRW HRW D]NGM@CM D]NGM@CMS S
[jglm tjm ch`cmpt ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm mibhngms tjm phssgbglgty ha d phtm`tgdlly phtm`t gdlly uthpgd` auturm ha imngd m`kdkmim`t d`n pdrtgcgpdtgh pdrtgcgpdtgh`, `, G drkum g`stmdn tjdt tjm culturm g`nustry, ds gt dndpts th tjmsm prdctgcms, dllhws ahr ihim`ts ha rmsgstd`cm, wjgcj drm tjm` chlh`gsmn, rmsultg`k g` d stdtm ha dutjhrgsmn pdrtgcgpdtgh` tjdt tjdt pldys hut u`nmr tjm nhig`d`cm ha tjm g`nustry. whrns, pdrtgcgpdthry prdctgcms cd`but crmdtm rmsgstd`cmG`thhtjmr tjm nhig`d`c tjm nhig`d`cm m ha tjm cult culturm urm g`nu g`nustry, stry, tjm tjmsm smihim`ts ihim`t ihim`tsshadrm `ht sustdg sus tdg`mn? `mn? rrdtj dtjmr, mr, tjmy tjmy drm ahln ahlnmn mn bdce g`t g`th h g`nu g`nustr stryy prd prdctg ctgcms cms.. G`cr G`crmdsg mdsg`kl `kly, y, dungm`cm-prhnucmn ch`tm`t gs bmchig`k tjm lg`cjpg` ha mch`higc kdg` ahr prgvdtmly hw`mn imngd chipd`gms tjdt, g` maamct, rmly h` tjm ldbhur phwmr ha ch`suimr–prhnucmrs ahr tjm vmry mxgstm`cm ha tjmgr busg`mss ihnmls. Cj Cjdp dptm tmrr 2 bm bmkg kg`s `s wg wgtj tj d` mx mxpl plhr hrdt dtgh gh` ` ha Dn Dnhr hr`h `h d` d`n n Jh Jhre rejm jmgi gimr mr‗s cu cult ltur urmm g` g`nu nust stry ry tj tjms msgs gs ds d th thhl hl ahr ahr mx mxdi dig` g`g` g`k k gnmh gnmhlh lhkg kgcd cdll rmpr rmprhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` g` id idss ss im imng ngd, d, d`n ha Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr‗s ch`cmr`s rmkdrng`k tjm imngd‗s cm`trdlgsmn ch`trhl ha tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh` ha idss imngd ch`tm`t. G tjm` mxdig`m tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha dungm`cm tjmhry, d`n g` pdrtgculdr, tjm `htgh` ha tjm dungm`cm dsrtd` dctgvm tjd` pdssgvm ch`suimrs. Sucj d`m mxdi mx dig`d g`dtg tgh` h` bmc bmchi hims ms gi giph phrt d`tt g` rdtjmr gnm` gnm`tg tgay ayg` g`k k jh jhw w tj tjmm ch` ch`st stru ruct ctgh` gh` ha pd pdss ssgv gvm d`n dctgvm dungm`cms cd` adlsmly g`tmrpmlldtm dungm`cms ds dkm`tgc. ^jm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs drkums tjdt tjm idss imngd hpmrdtms ds d ahri ha shc shcgdl gdl ch`t ch`trhl rhl tjr tjrhuk hukj j gnmh gnmhlhk lhkgcdl gcdl rmp rmprhn rhnuct uctgh`. gh`. Dnhr Dnhr`h `h d`n Jhre Jh rejm jmgim gimrr phs phsgt gtgh gh` ` tj tjmm du dung ngm`c m`cmm ds jgkjl jgkjlyy pds pdssg sgvm vm ch ch`s `suim uimrs rs – d phsg phsgtg tgh` h` prhbl pr hblmi midt dtgs gsmn mn by du dung ngm`c m`cmm tj tjmh mhry ry d`n du dung ngm`c m`cmm pr prdc dctg tgcms cms.. Du Dung ngm`c m`cmm tjmhry, nmvmlhpmn dcrhss tjm twm`tgmtj cm`tury, cjdllm`kms tjm phsgtgh` ha Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr by nmih`strdtg`k tjm cdpdcgty ahr dungm`cms th idem imd`g`k hut ha culturdl prhnucts, ahcusg`k h` tjm crmdtgh` ha imd`g`k by dungm`cms, bdsmn h` tjmgr hw` gnmhlhkgcdl lmd`g`ks (Jdll 47:6 47:6). ).h` Imngd imssdkms drm dccmptmn, rmomctmn hr `mkhtgdtmn ha bytjm dungm`cms bdsmn mxtmr`dl structurms tjdt sjdpm tjmgr u`nmrstd`ng`k whrln. H` tjm h`m jd`n, tjm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs prhvgnms d lm`s tjrhukj wjgcj tjm prhnucts ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm d`n tjm lgigtdtgh`s ha whreg`k wgtjg` tjm culturm g`nustry ds d structurm cd` bm d`dlysmn. H` tjm htjmr, tjm ch`structgh` ha dkm`tgc dungm`cms prhvgnms d ardimwhre ahr d ch`cmptudlgsdtgh` ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm ds ngsruptgvm th tjm phwmr jmln by tjm culturm cult urm g`n g`nust ustry. ry. G` Cjdptm Cjdptmrr 3, G wgll ngscuss d`n nmffl`m pdrtgc pdrtgcgpdthr gpdthry y culturm, mxplhrg`k jhw gt hpmrdtms d`n tjm lgigtdtgh`s ha dungm`cm ch`suimr/prhnucmr dkm`cy wgtjg` tjm mxgstg`k fflmln ha tjm culturm g`nustry. G` dnngtgh` th mxdig`g`k shim mimrkg`k ahris ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm, sucj ds [mb smrgms d`n ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k, Cjdptmr 3 g`trhnucms Vgmrrm
4 G@^RHN]C G@^RHN]C^GH@ ^GH@?? ^JM C CH@QM H@QMRKM@^ RKM@^ IMNGD LD@N LD@NSCDVM SCDVM
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Bhurngmu‗s wh whre re h` dkm dkm`cy `cy d` d`n n tj tjmm st stru ruct ctur urg` g`k k stru struct ctur urms ms ha cultu culturd rdll prhnuctgh`, th glluig`dtm tjm tm`sgh` bmtwmm` g`nustry d`n culturm. G` hrnmr th pdrtgcgpdtm, dungm`cms `mmn tmcj`hlhky ds wmll ds dccmss th cdpgtdl – mch`higc, shcgdl d`n culturdl. Dungm`cm dkm`cy gs nmtmrig`mn, g` id`yy rmsp id` rmspmct mcts, s, by dcc dccms msss th tjmsm tjmsm ahri ahriss ha Bh Bhur urng ngmug mugd` d` cdp cdpgt gtdl dl.. Vd Vdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dthr hry y culturm bdrrgmrs bmtwmm` prhnucmrs d`n ch`suimrs d`n crmdtg`kgsd brmdeg`k `mw ahrinhw` ha culturdl prhnuctgh`5 but th wjdt mxtm`t gs g`nustry dctudlly cjdllm`kmn by tjmsm cjd`kms th ch`suimr/prhnucmr prdctgcms8 Vdrtgcgpdthry culturm prhph`m`ts drkum tjdt d`yh`m cd` pdrtgcgpdtm g` tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha culturdl prhnucts tjrhukj d prhcmss ha pmhplm whreg`k thkmtjmr, km`mrdlly dssgstmn by tjm G`tmr`mt d`n ch`vmrkm`t tmcj`hlhky th crmdtm crmd tm d`n ngs ngstrg trgbut butmm tjm tjmgr gr prh prhnuc nucts. ts. Mxgstg Mxgstg`k `k ihn ihnmls mls ha pdrt pdrtgcg gcgpdt pdthry hry culturm dce`hwlmnkm, th d` mxtm`t, tjm ch`trhl tjm culturm g`nustry idg`tdg`s but tm`n th vdlhrgsm tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha dungm`cm prdctgcms, pdrtgcgpdtgh` d`n sjgats g` m`kdkmim`t. Vdrtgcgpdthry culturm gs nmih`strdbly d ngsru ngs rupt ptgh gh` ` th tj tjmm pr prmv mvghu ghusl slyy jml jmln n nh nhig ig`d` `d`cm cm ha tj tjmm cul cultu turm rm g`nus g`nustr try, y, dltjhukj dccmssgsthd pdrtgcgpdtgh` tjm thhls d`nngvgnm. seglls th m`dblm sucj pdrtgcgpdtgh` gs u`mqudl – tjmrm ^jmr ^j mrmm jd jdss cm cmrt rtdg dg`l `lyy bm bmm` m` d sj sjga gatt g` tj tjmm phwm phwmrr bds bdsmm ha tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g` g`nu nust stry ry num th imngd ch`vmrkm`cm, ngkgtdl tmcj`hlhkgms d`n tjm cjd`kg`k prdctgcms ha imngd prhnuctgh` d`n ch`suiptgh` tjdt surrhu`n tjmsm tmcj`hlhkgcdl nmvmlhpim`ts? tjhsm wjh drm dblm th `ht h`ly prhnucm culturdl whre dt jhim but dlsh sjdrm gt th d phtm`tgdlly idss dungm`cm. But dlh`ksgnm tjm `uimrhus mxdiplms ha dkm`cy dih`kst dungm`cms – ad` prdctgcms, ahr h`m – tjm g`nustry gs dndptg`k th tjm mimrkg`k culturm ha imngd ch`suiptgh` d`n g`t g`tmrd mrdctg ctgh`, h`, d`n smm smmeg` eg`k k wdy wdyss ha cdp cdptur turg`k g`k/cd /cdpgt pgtdlg dlgsg` sg`k k g`ng g`ngvgn vgnudl udl m`kdkmim m`kd kmim`t. `t. Imng Imngdd ch`v ch`vmrk mrkm`cm m`cm nhms dll dllhw hw ahr g`nm g`nmpm`n pm`nm`t m`t cult culturdl urdl prhnucmrss th crmdtm prhnucmr whre hutsgnm ha tjmimngd cultur culturm m g`nustry5 ymt, lgem prmvghu prmvghus nmvmlhpim`ts g` chiiu`gcdtgh` d`n tmcj`hlhkgms, ch`vmrkm`cm gss bmg`k dbshrbmn g`th tjm prhcmssms d`n ch`trhl ha tjm culturm g`nustry. Vdrtgcgpdthry culturm m`cdpsuldtms tjm `htgh` ha idss ngstrgbutgh`, ga `ht prhnuctgh`, bmg`k m`dblmn by tmcj`hlhky d`n g` shim rmspmcts lmvmllg`k tjmm pldy tj pldyg` g`k k fflmln mln ha cu cult ltur urdl dl pr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h`.. Bu Butt tjm tjm cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry gs stgl stglll db dblm lm th nhig`dtm tjgs fflmln num th tjm mch`higc cdpgtdl gt ch`tg`ums th jhln. > mxdig`ms ad` prdctgcms ds d` mxdiplm ha dungm`cm dkm`cy ds Cjdptmr > mxdig`ms pdrtgcgpdthry prdctgcm, trdcg`k tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha ad` prdctgcms g` bhtj tjm twm`tgmtj d`n twm`ty-fflrst cm`turgms. Mdrly ad` tjmhry phsgtgh`s dungm`cms ds dctgvmly rmpurphsg`k prhnucts prhvgnmn by tjm culturm g`nustry – ds ffl
adr bdce ds tjm 4736s, scgm`cm ctgh` ad`s wmrm ch`trgbutg`k sthrgms th
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^JM C]L^] C]L^]RM RM G@N]S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^ VDR^GCGVD^HRW HRW D]NGM@CM D]NGM@CMS S
idkdzg`m publgcdtgh`s. Ad` fflctgh` mimrkmn ihrm strh`kly ds d culturdl prdctgcm prdctg cm g` tjm 4716s, ds dungm`cms dungm`cms crmdtmn d`n sjdrmn sthrgms dbhut sjhws sucj su cj ds Stdr Stdr ^rme ^rme . ^j ^jms msmm g`cl g`clunm unmn n jh jhihm ihmrh rhtg tgcc g`tm g`tmrp rprm rmtd tdtg tgh` h`ss ha tj tjmm rmldtgh`sjgp bmtwmm` tjm twh idlm lmdns, Cdptdg` Egre d`n Sphce, haamrg`k dltmr`dtgvm dltmr`d tgvm rmprmsm`td rmprmsm`tdtgh`s tgh`s ha smxudl smxudlgty gty tjdt wmrm `ht dvdgldbl dvdgldblmm g` tmlmvgs tmlmvgsgh` gh` dt tjm tgim. prdctgcms sucj ds ad` fflctgh` jdvm lh`k bmm` usmn by dungm`cms Crmdtgvm th mxplhrm `drrdtgvms `ht prmsm`tmn g` tjm tmxts crmdtmn d`n ngstrgbutmn by tjm culturm g`nustry. By dpprhprgdtg`k tjmsm shurcm tmxts ds vmjgclms ahr mxplhrdtgh` ha dltmr`dtgvm `drrdtgvms d`n cjdrdctmrgsdtgh`s th tjhsm ha tjm cultu cul turm rm g` g`nu nust stry ry,, dungm` dungm`cm cmss jdvm jdvm pl pldym dymn n d rh rhlm lm g` tj tjmm nmv nmvml mlhpi hpim`t m`t ha ngvmrsgty wgtjg` tjm brhdnmr systmi ha imngd prhnuctgh`. ^jm jgsthry ha ad` fflctgh` jgkjlgkjts tjm dbglgty ha tjm culturm g`nustry th dndpt th tjm prdctgcms ha dungm`cms d`n th nmvmlhp spdcms ahr dungm`cm pdrtgcgpdtgh` ds d imd`s th chu`tmr tjm mxtmr`dl tjrmdts th g`nustry tjdt mimrkm tjrh tj rhuk ukj j cu cult ltur urdl dl d` d`n n tm tmcj cj`h `hlh lhkg kgcd cdll cj cjd`k d`kms ms.. Ad Ad` ` pr prdc dctg tgcms cms drm drm bm bmg` g`k k db dbsh shrb rbmn mn g`th tjm brhdnmr strdtmkgms ha tjm culturm g`nustry? tjgs cd`shcgdl bm smm`, ahr mxdiplm, g` idremtg`k cdipdgk`s tjdt m`churdkm tjmtrm`n usm ha imngd cm`tr cm` trmn mn drh drhu` u`n n tm tmlm lmvgs vgsgh gh` ` sj sjhw hws5 s5 dc dcth thrs rs lgvmlgvm-tw twmm mmtg tg`k `k nu nurg rg`k `k sj sjhw hw br brhdn hdncd cdst sts5 s5 wmbsgt wmb sgtms ms sucj sucj ds Vhttmr Vhttmrihr ihrmm tjd tjdtt m`churd m`churdkm km ad` ad`ss th dcc dccmss mss d`n m`kd m`kdkm km wgt wgtj j dnngtgh`dl ch`tm`t d`n g`ahridtgh` dbhut tjm Jdrry Vhttmr sthrywhrln5 hr vgnmh vgn mh chip chipmtg mtgtgh tgh`s `s dt ha fflcgdl ad` ch`vm`t ch`vm`tgh`s. gh`s. ^jm strukklm bmtwmm` ad`s d`n g`nustry hatm` chims nhw` th tjm ch`trhl ha tjm rmsultg`k culturdl prhnucts. Ad` prdctgcms nmih`strdtm jgkj lmvmls ha dungm`cm dkm`cy d`n m`kdkmim`t wgtj imngd tmxts d`n drm d wdy th mxdig`m tjm spdcm bmtwmm` tjm prhnuctgh` d`n rmcmptgh` ha d imssdkm. Sucj prdctgcms cd` m`chipdss tjm dpprhprgdtgh` ha mxgstg`k tmxts th rmcgrculdtm tjmi wgtj `mw imd`g`ks d`n g`tmrpr g`tm rprmtd mtdtgh tgh`s, wjgc wjgcj j ‗idy g`cl g`clunm unm cjd`kg` kg`k khatjm rmld rmldtgh` tgh`sjgp sjgps s bmtw bmtwmm` mm` cjdrdctmrs hr`s, cjdrdctmrs ds cjd` d imd`s g`trhnucg`k d ngvmrsgty ha ‚qummrg`k ch`tm`t ch`t m`t d`n dltm dltmr`d r`dtgv tgvmm rmprmsm` rmprmsm`tdt tdtgh`s gh`s g`th tjm cult culturm urm g`nu g`nustr stry. y. Hat Hatm` m` tjmsm tmxts spmde th mdcj htjmr, d`n g`nmmn rmly h` d` g`tmrtmxtudl u`nmrstd`ng`k ha bhtj tjm shurcm idtmrgdl d`n tjm brhdnmr surrhu`ng`k culturdl ngscussgh`. ^jgs jgkj lmvml ha tmxtudl u`nmrstd`ng`k rmqugrms d jgkj lmvml ha dungm`cm m`kdkmim`t? nmih`strdtg`k tjm chiplmxgtgms ha dungm`cm imd`g`k-ideg`k wjm` ch`suig`k d tmxt, d`n rmphsgtgh`g`k dungm`cms sucj tjdt tjmy cd` `h lh`kmr bm smm` ds pdssgvm ch`suimrs, ds phsgtmn by Dnhr`h. = haamrs d` mxplhrdtgh` ha rmcm`t cjd`kms d`n nmvmlhpim`ts g` Cjdptmr = haamrs tjm Dustrdlgd` imngd ld`nscdpm g` hrnmr th nmih`strdtm tjm gipdcts ha d cjd`kg`k klhbdl systmi ha imngd prhnuctgh` h` culturdl prhnuctgh`.
4 G@^RHN]C G@^RHN]C^GH@ ^GH@?? ^JM C CH@QM H@QMRKM@^ RKM@^ IMNGD LD@N LD@NSCDVM SCDVM
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@htwgtjstd`ng`k shim ngaamrm`cms g` `dtgh`dl imngd ld`nscdpms dcrhss tjm nmvmlhpmn whrln, rmcm`t cjd`kms g` Dustrdlgd` imngd phlgcy prhvgnm d` glluig`dtg`k glluig` dtg`k mxdiplm ha jhw g`tmr`dtgh g`tmr`dtgh`dl `dl cjd`kms th imngd tmcj`hlhkgm tmcj`hlhkgmss d`n prdctgcms drm rmsjdpg`k lhcdl g`nustrgms. ^jm cjdllm`kms gnm`tg fflmn g` tjgs ngscussgh` drm `ht u`gqum th tjm Dustrdlgd` ch`tmxt. Rdtjmr, wjdt mimrkm drm g`sgkjts g`th jhw tjmd culturm g`nustry d`n drm dndptg`k th cjd`kms by, g` sm`sm, chlh`gsg`k tjmkhvmr`im`t prdctgcms habhngms dungm`cms ds pdrtgcgpd`ts g` culturdl prhnuctgh`. ^jmsm drm klhbdl gssums. Ds d rmsult ha imngd cch`vmrkm`cm h`vmrkm`cm d`n tmcj`hlhkgcdl cjd`kms, tjmrm jdvm bmm` sgk`gfflcd`t cjd`kms g` tjm Dustrdlgd` imngd‗s systmi ha prhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh`, ds wmll ds g` rmkuldthry phlgcy. Rmcm`t Dustrdlgd` lmkgsldtgvm cjd`kms jdvm smm` tjm nhig`d`cm ha tjm armm-th-dgr tmlmvgsgh` smcthr bmg`k bmg `k strm strm`k `ktj tjm` m`mn mn d`n d`n aurt aurtjm jmrr mx mxmip miplg lgay ay tj tjmm dnd dndpt ptgv gvmm `d `dtu turm rm ha tj tjmm culturmm g`nust cultur g`nustry. ry. ^jm nmvmlhpi nmvmlhpim`t m`t ha imngd ch`tm`t g` Dustr Dustrdlgd dlgd gs jmdvgly rmlgd`t h` khvmr`im`t au`ng`k, d`n tjgs au`ng`k gs lgigtmn. Armm-th-dgr tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstmrs drm rmqugrmn by ldw th scrmm` Dustrdlgd` ch`tm`t, ymt lgigtmn dihu`t sucj ch`tm`t gs prhnucmn.imngd Iy mxdig`dtgh` ha bhtj tjm dDustrdlgd` imngdhag`nustry d`n Dustrdlgd` phlgcy spmdes th d pducgty ha ngvmrsgty g` imngd ch`tm`t. Vdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms sucj ds [mb smrgms prhvgnm wdys ahr tjhsm hutsgnm tjm culturm g`nustry th pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturdl prhnuctgh`. G` nhg`k sh, pdrtgcgpd`ts cd` haamr dltmr`dtgvm ch`tm`t th tjdt wjgcj gs prhvgnmn by tjm culturm g`nustry. Ds tjhsm hutsgnm tjm culturm g`nustry g` g`cr crmd mdsg sg`k `kly ly ut utgl glgs gsmm tj tjmm sp spdc dcmm ha tj tjmm G` G`tm tmr` r`mt mt th ch`t ch`tms mstt tj tjmm im imng ngdd g`nu g`nust stry ry ‗s nhig`d`cm, nhig`d`c m, jhwmvmr jhwmvmr,, mxgst mxgstg`k g`k imngd chipd`gm chipd`gmss dlsh fflkjt h`m d`htjmr ahr ch`trhl ha tjgs spdcm. H`lg`m-bdsmn chipd`gms sucj ds Whu^ubm (hw`mn by Khhklm) d`n Didzh`, ds wmll ds `mwmr ch`tm`t nmlgvmry smrvgcms sucj ds fl
Julu d`nds@mt gx, drm chipmtg chipmtg`k ahr phsgt phsgtgh`s ha phwmr wgtjg` tjm culturm g`nustry ngstrgbutgh` ihnmls`ksjgat th tjmgh`s G`tmr`mt. ^jm Dustrdlgd` khvmr`im`t jds rmsph`nmn th tjm mimrkm`cm ha h`lg`m ch`tm`t ngstrgbutgh` by rmkuldtg`k tjm h`lg`m spdcm g` d wdy tjdt dllhws mstdblgsjmn mstdb lgsjmn chipd`gms th idg`tdg` tjmgr nhig`d`cm. G` dnngtgh dnngtgh`, `, Dustr Dustrdlgd` dlgd` khvmr`im`t phlgcy d`n rmkuldtgh` g` tjm drmd ha ch`tm`t ngstrgbutgh` stgll strh`kly rmlgms h` – d`n supphrts – trdngtgh`dl brhdncdstg`k ihnmls. Shim whuln drkum tjdt sucj phlgc phlgcgms gms d`n rmkuld rmkuldtgh` tgh` drm tjm rmsult ha prmss prmssurm urm arhi ldrkm trdngtgh`dl imngd chipd`gms, wjgcj smm tjmgr nhig`dtgh` dt rgse arhi imngd ch`vmrk ch`vmrkm`cm. m`cm. G` Cjdptmr G` 1, G crgtgqum tjm shimwjdt uthpgd` vgmw ha ihnmr` dung Cjdptmr 1, m`cm dkm`cy d`n pdrtgcgpdtgh` tjrhukj tjm mxdiplm ha iy hw` imngd
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
prdctgcm ds d ch-crmdthr ha d [mb smrgms. ^jgs cdsm stuny usms tjm imtjhnhlhky ha prdctgcm-lmn rmsmdrcj th g`vmstgkdtm tjm phssgbglgtgms d`n lgigtdtgh`s ha m`kdkg`k g` pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms d`n prhnucg`k d imngd tmxt. [jglm ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls gs gs d sg`klm [mb smrgms, crmdtmn g` d`n ahr d pdrtgculdr tgim d`n pldcm, d` mxplhrdtgh` ha gts prhnuctgh` imtjhnhlhky ffl
d`n crmdtgh` prhvgnmsusg`k sgk`g ngkgtdl cd`t g`sgkjts g`th wjdt gt imd`s d culturdl tmxt th bm prhnucmn imngd tmcj`hlhkgms. ^jgs ahr cjdptmr hutlg`ms jhw tjm smrgms wds prhnucmn d`n au`nmn, ds wmll ds nmtdglg`k tjm cjdll cjd llm`k m`kms ms g` g`vh vhlvm lvmn n g` pr prhn hnucg ucg`k `k d [m [mb b smrg smrgms ms hu huts tsgnm gnm ha tj tjmm cul cultu turm rm g`nustry. ]sg`k tjm G`tmr`mt ds gts ngstrgbutgh` pldtahri, tjm smrgms wds crmdtmn th nmlgbmrdtmly g`smrt d rmprmsm`tdtgh` ha qummr Dustrdlgd` whim` g`th `ht h`ly tjm Dustrdlgd` imngd ld`nscdpm, but tjm klhbdl imngd ld`nscdpm ds wmll. ^jm prhomct bmkd`, ahr im, ds d shimwjdt `dgvm dttmipt th pdrtgcgpdtm pdrtgcg pdtm g` cultur culturdl dl prhnuctgh` d`n th ch`trgbutm th d krmdtmr ngvmrsgty ngvmrsgty ha ch`tm`t ahr imngd ch`suimrs – d` giphrt giphrtd`t d`t mlmim`t ha pdrtgcgpdthr pdrtgcgpdthry y culturm. By pdrtgcgpdtg`k g` culturdl ihrm sthrgms bm thln?m ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls gs gs d` mxdiplm haprhnuctgh`, jhw ig`hrgty krhups cd`cd` pdrtgcgpdtm pdrtgcgpdt g` cul cultu turd rdll prh prhnuc nuctg tgh`, h`, sj sjga gatg tg`k `k tj tjmm bd bdld` ld`cm cm ha ch ch`t `tm`t m`t dvd dvdgl gldbl dblmm ahr ch`suiptgh`. Jhwm Jh wmvmr vmr,, wj wjm` m` pdrt pdrtgc gcgp gpd` d`ts ts g` cul cultu turd rdll pr prhnu hnuct ctgh gh` ` dt dttm tmipt ipt th us usmm pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms th brmde armm ha tjm culturm g`nustry d`n crmdtm d`n sjdrm tjmgr hw` ch`tm`t, gt gs `ht `mcmssdrgly tjm ch`tm`t tjdt gs dbshrbmn g`th tjm culturm g`nustry, but rdtjmr tjm prdctgcms tjmismlvms. Mvm` ds d ihim`tdry brmde arhi tjm phwmr ha tjm culturm g`nustry, tjmsm typms ha prhomcts prhvgnm d prhfflt th tjm culturm g`nustry? pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms rmly h` tjm vhlu`tdry ldbhur ha pdrtgcgpd`ts th crmdtm prhnucts wjgcj drmvmry tjm` ngstrgbutmn vgdd`n h`lg`m dkkrmkdthrs (m.k. Whu^ubm), wjhsm busg`mss ihnml prhfflch`tm`t ts nmpm`n h` tjm ch`tm`t crmdtmn tjrhukj dungm`cm pdrtgcgpdtgh` d`n m`kdkmim`t. G` nrdwg`k tjmsm tjmhrmtgcdl d`n prdctgcm-bdsmn d`dlysms thkmtjmr g` Cjdptmr ; ;,, gt mimrkms tjdt pdrtgcgpdthry culturm ds d ahri ha culturdl m`kdkmim`t gs lgigtmn by tjm phtm`tgdlgtgms ha tjm g`stgtutgh`dl structurms currm`tly g` pldcm? tjdt ihim`ts ha ha pdrtgcgpdthry spdcm drm hpm`mn up th dungm`cms, but tjdt tjm culturm g`nustry gs qugce th ihvm g`th sucj spdcms. ^jgs sukkmsts tjdt tjm h`ly ahri ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` hpm` th dungm`cms gs dutjhrgsmn pdrtgcgpdtgh`. pdrtgcgpdtgh`. ^jm ch`cmpt ha dutjhrgsmn pdrtgcgpdtgh` haamrs d crgtgqum ha wjdt gt imd`s th pdrtgcgpdtm g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturm? tjm ffl
culturm g`nustry dndpts th cjd`kms g` tjm mln ha culturdl prhnuctgh` d`n
4 G@^RHN]C^ G@^RHN]C^GH@? GH@? ^JM ^JM CH CH@QMRK @QMRKM@^ M@^ IMNGD IMNGD LD@NSCD LD@NSCDVM VM
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mvm`tudlly dutjhrgsms dutjhrgsms dungm`cms dungm`cms th pdrtgcgpdtm g` d ch`std`t `mkhtgdtgh` ahr nhig`d`cm. [jdt gs crgtgcdl g` tjgs ngscussgh` gs tjdt pdrtgcgpdtgh` hccurs hutsgnm ha tjm culturm g`nustry, d`n wjglst tjgs haamrs d cjd`cm th g`crmdsm tjm ngvmrsgty ha imngd ch`tm`t dvdgldblm ahr ch`suiptgh`, tjmsm prdctgcms cd` bm smm` ds d ahri ha mxplhgtdtgh`. ^jm ds ngstrgbutgh` gbutgh` g`nmpm`n g`nmpm`nm`t, m`t, tmlmvgsgh`-lgem lgem ch`tm` ch`t m`ttG`tmr`mt gs cu curr rrm` m`tl tlyydg`ngstr gts gts g`ad g` ad`c `cy. y. pldtahri ^jgs ^jgs bh bhhe heahr jh jhpm pmss th prhv prhvgn gnmmtmlmvgsgh`d rmsp rmsph` h`sm sm, , ga `ht d ch`clusgvm d`swmr, th tjm qumstgh`? gs tjm mimrkm`t imngd ld`nscdpm sjgatg`k dwdy arhi d thp-nhw` jgmrdrcjgcdl ihnml g` hrnmr th dcchiihndtmm pdr ndt pdrtg tgcg cgpdt pdthr hryy m`k m`kdk dkmim mim`t `t ar arhi hi dun dungm` gm`cms cms d` d`n n ch` ch`su suimr imrss g` tj tjmm crmdtgh` ha culturdl prhnucts8 D`n wgtjg` tjmsm ihim`ts ha pdrtgcgpdtgh`, th wjdt mxtm`t cd` pdrtgcgpd`ts ffl`n spdcms th mxgst d`n prdctgcm ch`tm`t prhnuctgh`8 [jglm scjhldrs sucj ds Jm`ry Om`eg`s (2661d ( 2661d,, 2667), 2667), Omd` Burkmss (2661 (2661)) d`n Jhwdrn Rjmg`khln (2642 (2642)) jdvm dce`hwlmnkmn tjdt pdrtgcgpdthry culturm nhms `ht hccur mqudlly, G g`trhnucm th tjm wgnmr ngscussgh` ha imngd ch`vmrkm`cm tjgs ch`cmpt ha dutjhrgsmn dutjhrgsmn pdrtgcgpdtgh` . Dnhr`h, Dnhr`h , wrgtg wrgtg`k `k g` 47=>, drkumn tjdt idss, p. cultur culturm m wds rmdcjg`k d stdkm ha 413). Dnhr`h sukkmsts tjdt bmg`k (2646, “hut ha pjdsm’ wgtj ch`suimrs (2646 wjm` tjgs jdppm` jdppm`s, s, tjm cultur culturmm g`nustr g`nustryy dndpts dndpts.. G drkum tjdt pdrtgc pdrtgcgpdthr gpdthry y cult cu ltur urmm idy idy cj cjd` d`km km tj tjmm wdy wdy tj tjmm imng imngdd g`nu g`nust stry ry gs stru struct ctur urmn mn,, bu butt tj tjdt dt gt gs stgl stglll cdukjt wgtjg` tjm bhu`ns ha tjm culturm g`nustry. ]`lmss d sgk`g fflcd`t brmde hccurs – wjgcj idy `ht bm phssgblm ds tjm g`nustry ch`tg`ums th dndpt – tjm tm`sgh`s bmtwmm` pdrtgcgpdthry culturm d`n tjm culturm g`nustry wgll `mmn th bm ch`std ch`std`tly `tly rmdssmss rmdssmssmn mn ds tjm ch`tms ch`tmstt ahr phwmr d`n nhig`d` nhig`d`cm cm ch`tg`ums. ^jmrm cd` bm ihim`ts ha rmsgstd`cm bmahrm tjmy drm cdpgtdlgsmn uph` d`n tjm ldbhur ha usmrs d`n pdrtgcgpd`ts gs mxplhgtmn d`n chiihng fflmn. But nmspgtm tjmsm hpphrtu`gtgms ahr dungm`cms th bmchim prhnucmr–ch`suimrs d`n ch`trgbutm tjm g`t imngd ld`nscdpm, tjmrm gs sd ds rgsepdr tjdt pdrtgcgpdthry culturm, cult urm, tjr tjrhukj hukjthtjm g`tmrp mrpmll mlldtg dtgh` h` ha dung dungm`cm m`cms pdrtgc tgcgpd gpd`ts `ts,, adl adlsml smly y mid`cgpdtms dungm`cms ds ch`suimrs. G` tjmgr ‚nmihcrdtgc‗ m`kdkmim`t wgtj tjm culturm g`nustry, gt gs vmry phssgblm tjdt dungm`cms idy igsrmchk`gsm tjm mxtm`t ha tjmgr culturdl cdpgtdl g` tjm dct ha pdrtgcgpdtgh`.
@H^MS 2661d)) d`n Om`eg`s mt dl. (2643 (2643). ). 4. Smm OOm` m`eg` eg`ss ((2661d 2. ^jm ch` ch`cmp cmptt ha ‚sthrywhrln‗ m`chipdssms `ht h`ly tjm `drrdtgvm u`gvmrsm prmsm`tmn g` d tmxt but dlsh g`tmr- d`n mxtrd-tmxtudl mlmim`ts sucj ds ad` ffl
ctgh`s, ctgh `s, `hvmls tjdt mxtm`n mxtm`n tjm sthry, kdims d`n sh h`.
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
MAMRM@CMS R MAMRM@CMS
Dnhr`h, ^. [. (2646). ^jm cult cultur urmm g` g`nu nust stry ry?? smlm smlmct ctmn mn mssd mssdys ys h` idss idss cult cultur urm m . O. I. Bmr`stmg` (Mn.). Lh`nh`? Rhutlmnkm. Dnhr`h, ^. [, & Jhrejmgimr, I. (4773). ^jm culturm g`nustry? M`lgkjtm`im`t ds Idss Nmcmptgh` . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 4, 2644 arhi arhi jttp?//www7.kmh jttp?//www7.kmhrkmthw`.mnu/ rkmthw`.mnu/ adculty/grvg`mi/tjmhry/Dnhr`h adculty/grvg`mi/tj mhry/Dnhr`h-Jhrejmgimr-Cu -Jhrejmgimr-Culturm-G`nustry.p lturm-G`nustry.pna na . Burkmss, O. (2661). Jmdrg`k hrng`dry vhgcms? Culturdl stungms, vmr`dculdr crmdtgvgty d`n ngkg ngkgtdl tdl sthry sthrytmllg` tmllg`k. k. Ch`tg`u Ch`tg`uui? ui? Ohur`d Ohur`dll ha Imngd Imngd & Cultur Culturdl dl Stungm Stungms s , 26 (2), (2), 264–4>. Jdll, S. (47:6). M`chng`k nmchng`k. G` S. Jdll, N. Jhbsh`, D. Lhwm, & V. [gllgs –;7 7 (Mns.), Culturm, imngd, ld`kudkm? [hreg`k pdpmrs g` culturdl stungms, 47;2 – ; (pp. 42:–43:). Lh`nh`? Jutcjg`sh` d`n Ch. Jhr`m, M., Emltgm, M., & Ergehwd, @. (Crmdthrs). (2642). ^jm @mwthw` kgrls U[mb U[mb smrgmsY. Dustrdlgd? _m`hwd Aglis. Om`eg` Om` eg`s, s, J. (26 (2661 61). ). Ch`vm Ch`vmrk rkm` m`cm cm cu cult ltur urm? m? [jmr [jmrmm hln hln d`n d`n `mw `mw imng imngd d chllg chllgnm nm . @mw Whre? @mw Whre ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Om`eg`s, J. (2667, Dprgl :). Crgtgcdl g`ahridtgh` stungms ahr d pdrtgcgpdthry culturm (Vdrt H`m). Rmtrgmvmn Dukust 47, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//jm`ryom` jttp?//jm`ryom`eg`s.hrk/266 eg`s.hrk/2667/ 7/ 6>/wjdtXwm`tXwrh`kXwgtjXwmbX26Xcr.jtil . Om`eg`s, J., Ahrn, S., & Krmm`, O. (2643). Sprmdndblm imngd? Crmdtg`k vdlum d`n imd`g`k g` d `mtwhremn culturm . @mw Whre? @mw Whre ]`gvmrsgty ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Emll`mr, N. (266>). Culturm g`nustrgms. G` ^. Igllmr & R. Stdi (Mns.), D chipd- `gh` th ffl li li (pp. (pp. 262–226). Hxahrn? Bldcewmll Vublgsjg`k. Ergehwd, @. (2642). ^jgrn-wdvm amig`gsi d`n ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k? ^jm crmdtgh` d`n d` n ng ngsp spmr mrsg sgh` h` ha tj tjmm ‚prm prmvgh vghusl uslyy cm`shr cm`shrmn mn smla smla ‗. G`tmr-Nmscghplg`dry.`mt . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 42, 2643 arhi jttps?//www.g`tmr-ngscgp jttps?//www.g`tmr-ngscgplg`dry.`mt/crgtg lg`dry.`mt/crgtg cdl-gssums/wp-ch`tm`t/uplhdns cdl-gssums/wp-ch` tm`t/uplhdns/2642/46/erge /2642/46/ergehwdtipdpmr.p hwdtipdpmr.pna na . IcCjm IcC jms`m s`my, y, R. [. (2643 (2643). ). Ngkgtd Ngkgtdll ngsch` ngsch``mc `mct? t? Jhw cdpgtd cdpgtdlgs lgsi i gs tur`g` tur`g`kk tjm g`tmr`mt dkdg`st nmihcrdcy . @mw Whre? ^jm @mw Vrmss.
Ihhrm, R. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmrs). (266>). Bdttlmstdr Kdldctgcd U^mlmvgsgh` U^mlmvgsgh` smrgmsY. @mw Whre Cgty? @BC. Rjmg`khln, J. (2642). @mt sidrt? Jhw th tjrgvm h`lg`m . Cdibrgnkm? IG^ Vrmss Bhhes. Rhsm`, O. (2661, Ou`m 36). ^jm pmhplm ahrimrly e`hw` ds tjm dungm`cm. ^jm ffl `kth` Jua `kth` Vhst . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 34, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.jua ffl`kth`phst. chi/ody-rhsm`/tjm-pmhplm-ah chi/ody-rhsm` /tjm-pmhplm-ahrimrly-e`hw`X rimrly-e`hw`X4XbX2>44 4XbX2>443.jtil 3.jtil.. ^jm@mwthw`Kgrls. (2641d). Dbhut . Rmtrgmvmn Dukust 2, 2641 arhi jttp?//tjm `mwthw`kgrls.chi/dbhut/.. `mwthw`kgrls.chi/dbhut/
CJDV^MR 2
^jm Culturm G`nustry d`n Dungm`cm Dkm`cy
^jm imngd ld`nscdpm gs sjgatg`k dwdy arhi tjm ihnml ha idss imngd brhdncdstg`k d`n nmvmlhpg`k g`th d ldrkmr fflmln ha culturdl prhnuctgh`, wjgcj g`tmrsm g`tmrsmcts cts wgtj `mw phssgbg phssgbglgtgms lgtgmsthahr dungm` dungm`cm cm vgmwmr vgmwmrsjgp, sjgp, dkm`c dkm`cy y d`n m`kdkmim`t. Jhwmvmr, g` hrnmr u`nmrstd`n tjm sgk`g ha fflcd`cm tjgs trd`sgtgh` d`n tjm `mw stdems mimrkg`k, gt gs mssm`tgdl th mxdig`m tjm lg`es bmtwmm` phwmr, structurm, dkm`cy, tjm culturm g`nustry ds d` g`stgtutgh` ha gnmhlhkgcdl rmprhnuctgh` d`n tjm dkm`tgc phssgbglgtgms ha dungm`cm m`kdkmim`t tjdt drm mxtm`sgvmly g`vmstgkdtmn wgtjg` culturdl tjmhry. ^jm ahllhwg`k d`dlysgs wgll mxplhrm ^jmhnhr Dnhr`h d`n Idx Jhrejmgimr‗s crgtgqum ha tjm culturm g`nustry, gnmhlhkgcdl rmprhnuctgh` d`n dungm`cm tjmhry th prhvgnm d rd`km ha pmrspmctgvms arhi wjgcj th g`vmstgkdtm tjm fflmln ha culturdl prhnuctgh`. G` pdrtgculdr, by mxdig`g`k Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmg Jhrejmgimr imr ‗s sh shim imwj wjdt dt rgkg rgkgn n vgmw vgmw ha id idss ss-p -prh rhnu nucm cmn n culturdl d`n cultur ldtmr dl ch`trdstg`k tjgs tm`sgh` th tjm sshimwjdt uthpgd` vgmws ha prhnucts pdrtgcg pdrtgcgpdthry pdthry culturdl prdctgc prdctgcms, ms, tjm tm`sgh`s bmtwmm` structu structurm rm d`n dkm`cy mimrkm. Imngd cd` bm d thhl ahr g`nustry nhig`d`cm hr dungm`cm miphwmrim`t – hr g` sh shim im cdsm cdsms, s, d cr crhs hsss bm bmtw twmm mm` ` tj tjms msmm twh ph phssgt gtgh gh`s `s – nmpm nm pm`n `ng` g`k k h` jh jhw w tjmy tjmy dr drmm usmn usmn d` d`n n wj wjh h us usms ms tj tjmi mi.. ^r ^rdn dngt gtgh gh`d `dll imng im ngdd pr prhn hnuct uctgh` gh` d`n br brhdn hdncds cdstg tg`k `k gs d stru struct ctur urmn mn syst systmi mi g` wj wjgc gcj j tjmm ph tj phsg sgtg tgh` h`ss ha nh nhig ig`d `d`c `cmm jm jmln ln by tj tjhs hsmm wg wgtj tjg` g` tj tjmm fflmln mln drm drm `h `htt fflxmn5 d`n ds imngd tmcj`hlhkgms d`n ch`tm`t cjd`km, sh thh nh tjm rhlms ha tjm dungm`cm. Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr phsgtgh` tjm dungm`cm ds
© ^jm Dutjhr(s) 264; M. Emltgm, ^jm Culturm G`nustry d`n Vdrtgcgpdthry Dungm`cms , NHG 46.466;/7;:-3-347-> 46.466;/7;:-3-347->762:-4X2 762:-4X2
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phwmrlmss th rmsph`n5 ymt wgtjg` tjm mimrkg`k spdcm ha pdrtgcgpdthry cultu cul turm rm,, tj tjmr mrmm gs d` hpphr hpphrtu tu`g `gty ty ahr ahr dun dungm` gm`cm cmss th bm bmchi chimm pr prhnu hnucmr cmrss ha culturdl tmxts d`n th pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturdl prhnuctgh`, pdrtgculdrly h`lg`m. ^jgs spdcm gs ch`tmstmn ds d sgtm ha culturdl prhnuctgh`, g` flum`cmn, hw`mn d`n ch`trhllmn ds gt gs by tjm ‚cultur culturmm g`nust g`nustry ry ‗. ^jm dkm` dk m`cy cy dung ngm` m`cm pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt g` stry cu cult urdl pr prhn hnuc uctg gssgtg g`h`ad adct ct lg lgig igtm tmn n ha g` du hr hrnm nmr r cms ahr ahsr th tj tjmm pd cult cu ltur urm mdtmmg`nu g`nust ryltur thdlid idg` g`td tdg` g`tgh` dh`ph phsg tgh` ha nhig`d`cm wgtjg` tjm fflmln ha culturdl prhnuctgh`. ^jm structurm ha tjm imngd g`nustry jds cjd`kmn nrdidtgcdlly sg`cm Dnhr`h Dnhr` h d`n Jhrejmgimr Jhrejm gimr fflrs rstt cr crgt gtgq gqum umn n id idss ss im imng ngdd g` tj tjmm 47 4736 36s. s. Jhw Jh wmvmr mvmr,, tj tjmg mgrr ch ch`c `cmr mr`s `s rm rmkd kdrn rng` g`k k id idss ss im imng ngdd ds d stru struct ctur urmm tj tjdt dt idg`tdg idg` tdg`s `s phw phwmr mr d`n rmpr rmprhnu hnucms cms tjm nhig`d`t nhig`d`t gnmh gnmhlhk lhkgcdl gcdl phs phsgtg gtgh`s h`s ha tjhsm g` phwmr rmidg`s rmlmvd`t g` d` mrd stgll nhig`dtmn by tjm idss ngstrgbutgh` ha ch`tm`t crmdtmn by tjm culturm g`nustry. G` tjm cdsm ha trdngtgh`dl idss imngd, brhdncdstmrs jdvm lh`k ch`trhllmn tjm prhn u c t g h ` d ` n n g s tr g b u tg h ` h a i m n g d tm x t s. ] ` n m r D n h r ` h d ` n ‗
Jhrejmgimr cul cultu turm rm g`nus g` nustr tryy tjms tjmsgs gs,, tjgs tjgs rm sults ts g` tj tjm m sub subou oukdt kdtgh gh` ` ha tjm idssmss tjrhukj tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha rmsul nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgms prmsm`tmn g` sucj tmxts. ^jm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs gs ch`cmr`mn wgtj tjm hpprmssgvm phwmr ha idss imngd hvmr tjm idssms5 gt gs d jgmrdrcjgcdl ihnml ihn ml tj tjdt dt phsgt phsgtgh` gh`ss tj tjmm idssms idssms ds su subo bomct mctss ch` ch`tr trhl hllmn lmn arhi arhi db dbhvm hvm.. Jmdvg Jmd vgly ly g`flum um`cm `cmn n by Idr Idrxg xgsi si,, Dnh Dnhr` r`h h d` d`n n Jhr Jhrej ejmgi mgimr mr sdw sdw id idss ss chiiu`gcdtgh` ds d thhl ahr gnmhlhkgcdl ch`trhl, wjmrmby tjm imngd g`tmrdcts wgtj htjmr shcgdl structurms g` hrnmr th kdg` tjm ch`sm`t ha tjhs tj hsmm bm bmg` g`k k su subo bouk ukdt dtmn mn th bm su subo bomc mcts ts,, d` d`n n wj wjmr mrmm nh nhig ig`d `d`t `t sh shcg cgdl dl stru structu cturm rmss drm tj tjus us db dblm lm th idg idg`t `tdg` dg` tj tjmgr mgr ph phwmr wmr d` d`n n rmp rmprh rhnuc nucmm tj tjmm ). phsgtgh`s tjmy jhln (4773 (4773). ^jm imngd nrdidtgcdlly crgtgqum ds wdsd haamrmn g` tjm ld`nscdpm 4736s. Dtjds tjmcjd`kmn tgim, tmlmvgsgh` wds sg`cm bmg`ktjgs nmvmlhpmn tmcj`hlhky5 tjm G`tmr`mt, by ch`trdst, wds `ht rmlmdsmn th tjm publgc u`tgl tjm 4776s. ^jm `htgh` ha tjm dungm`cm ds pdssgvm ch`suimrs ha tjm imngd jds sjgatmn hvmr tjm twm`tgmtj cm`tury ds dungm`cm tjmhry d`n smightgcs hpm` tjm phs phssgb sgbglg glgtgm tgmss d`n pht phtm`t m`tgdl gdlgtg gtgms ms ha iult iultgpl gplmm g`t g`tmrp mrprmt rmtdtg dtgh`s h`s ha imngd tmxts d`n chiplgcdtm tjm rhlm ha tjm culturm g`nustry. [jdt rmidg`s ha ch`cmr`, jhwmvmr, gs tjm rhlm idss imngd pldys g` rmprhnucg`k ihnms ha nhig`d`cm wgtjg` tjm fflmln ha culturdl prhnuctgh` d`n g` tjm rmprhnuctgh` tgh` ha gn gnmhl mhlhk hky. y. ^j ^jgs gs pr prhcm hcmss ss gs ih ihrm rm chipl chiplgc gcdt dtmn mn tj tjd` d` Dnh Dnhr` r`h h d`n Jhrejmgimr g`gtgdlly phsgtmn, ds nmih`strdtmn by bhtj dungm`cm tjmhry d`n d` n tjm mimr mrkm km` `cm ha pdrtgcgp cgpdthry culturm ds d imd`s d`s ha ngrmc mctt
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m`kdkmim`t wgtj tjm culturm g`nustry. [jdt rmidg` rmlmvd`t, jhwmvmr, drm tjm emy tjmims d`n gnmds haamrmn g` tjmgr crgtgqum.
NMAG@G@K ^JM C]L^]RM G@N]S^RW DS D ^HHL HA GNMHLHKGCDL R MVRHN]C^GH@
Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr nmv nmvmlhpmn mlhpmn tjm tmri ‚culturm g`nustry ‗ th crgtgqum tjm idss prhnuctgh` ha imngd prhnucts wjgcj tjrmdtm`mn th rmihvm tjm ngstg`ctgh` bmtwmm` jgkj d`n lhw drt. Dcchrng`k th Dnhr`h, tjm culturm g`nustry “igsusms gts ch`cmr` ahr tjm idssms g` hrnmr th nuplgcdtm, rmg`ahrcm d`n strm`ktjm` tjmgr im`tdlgty ’, d`n tjrhukj tjgs prhcmss culturdl prhnuctss bmchim std`nd prhnuct std`ndrngsmn rngsmn d`n rmprhnucmn ds drt bmchims d chiihngty (2646 (2646,, pp. 7:–466). Dnhr`h drkums tjdt tjm culturm g`nustry gs tjm “ wgll ha tjhsm g` ch`trhl’, duthidtg`k “smla-rmprhnuctgh` ha tjm stdtus quh’ tjrhukj tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha std`ndrngsmn culturdl prhnucts (2646 (2646,, p. 4:>). Jm tdems cdrm th `htm tjdt tjm tmri ‚g`nustry ‗ sjhuln `ht bm tdem` lgtmrdlly, but rdtjmr rmamrs th `htgh`s ha std`ndrngsdtgh` ha prhnucts, d`n `ht `mcmssdrgly ihnms d`n prhcmssms ha prhnuctgh`5 ahr tjmsm std`ndrngsmn prhnuctgh` prhcmssms cd` dlsh crmdtm g`ngvgnudl prhnucts. Gt gs tjm adlsm pmrcmptgh` ha g`ngvgnudlgty tjdt ch`cmr`s Dnhr`h? tjm gidkg`mn “g`ngvgnudlgty gtsmla smrvms th rmg`ahrcm gnmhlhky ’ (2646, 2646, p. 464). Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr drtgculdtmn tjm rhlm ha idss imngd d`n tmcj`hlhky g` tjm rmpr rmprhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` ha gnmh gnmhlh lhky ky th ad advh vhur ur tj tjmm g`tm g`tmrm rmst stss ha tj tjmm nh nhig ig`d `d`t `t mch` mch`hi higc gc cldss (Emll` (Emll`mr mr 266> 266>). ). ^jm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs nrdws h` Idrxgst `htgh`s ha hw`mrsjgp ha tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh` g` rmldtgh` th idss imngd, d`n nmvmlhps tjm cr crgt gtgc gcdl dl-t -tjm jmhr hryy dp dppr prhd hdcj cj th Id Idrx rxgs gsi i tj tjdt dt brmde brmdess dw dwdy dy arhi arhi hr hrtj tjhnh hnhxx 2666). ). Hr Hrtj tjhn hnhx hx Id Idrx rxgs gsi i gs “nh nhig ig`d `d`t `t g` tj tjmm Idrxgsi Idrxgs i (Cjd`n (Cjd`nlmr lmr 2666 Shcgdl Nmihcrdtgc d`n ldtmr Chiiu`gst pdrtgms ’ d`n “g` tjgs usdkm, gs d phlgtgcdl-sh phlgtg cdl-shcghlhkg cghlhkgcdl cdl ch`cmpt wjgcj rmamrs th tjm vmrsgh` ha Idrxgs Idrxgsi i g`stgg`stgtutgh`dlgzmn g` d phlgtgcdl ihvmim`t’ (Emll`mr 47:>, 47:>, p. 3;;). Gt gs tjm Cldssgcdl Idrxgst4 ch`cmpt ha tjm rulg`k mlgtm `dturdlgsg`k nhig`d`t vgmws tjrhukj ch`trhllg`k tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh` tjdt gs aurtjmr mxplhrmn by Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr wjm` ngscussg`k tjm culturm g`nustry d`n idss imngd. G` tjm 4736s, nurg`k tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha tjm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs, crgtgcdl tjmhry wds usmn th nm ffl`m tjm Ard`eaurt Scjhhl (th wjgcj tjmy bmlh`kmn) ds d “prhomc prhomctt ha shcgdl crgtgq crgtgqum um wgtj d` hrgm`t hrgm`tdtgh` dtgh` thwdrns rdngcdl shcgdl cjd`km. G` maamct, crgtgcdl tjmhry gs d chnm ahr tjm G`stgtutm‗s
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Idrxgsi nurg`k gts mxglm pmrghn’ (Emll`mr 47:>, 47:>, p. 441). ^jm culturm g`nustry, g`nust ry, tjm`, wgtj gts ch`trhl hvmr tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh`, gs phsgtgh`mn phsgtgh`mn ds d thhl ha gnmhlhkgcdl rmprhnuctgh`. D sg`kuldr nmffl`gtgh` ha gnmhlhky nhms `ht cdpturm tjm chiplmxgty ha ), gnmhlhky ds d ch`cmpt. By nrdwg`k h` tjm whre ha ^mrry Mdklmth` (4774 ( 4774), gt gs phssgblm gnm`tgay d rd`km ha imd`g`ks d`n ch`cmptudlgsdtgh`s ha gnmhlhky. Nmfflth `gtgh`s ha gnmhlhky g`clunm tjm prhnuctgh` ha imd`g`k5 tjm gnmds ha d shcgdl krhup/cldss5 tjm gnmds usmn th rm`nmr d nhig`d`t phlgtgcdl phwmr ds lmkgtgidtm, wjmtjmr tjmy bm adlsm hr `ht5 d wdy ahr g`ngvgnudls d`n/hr krhups th u`nmrstd`n tjm whrln5 d`n d systmi ahr g`ngvgnudls th rmldtm th d shcgdl structurm (Mdklmth` 4774 (Mdklmth` 4774,, pp. 4–2). Mimrkg`k arhi tjm rd`km ha phssgblm nmffl`gtgh`s drm tjm `htgh`s ha gnmhlhky ds lg`eg`k phwmr d`n shcgdl structurms5 d`n giphrtd`tly, tjm ch`structgh` ha gnmhlhky ds d thhl ahr lmkgtgidtg`k nhig`d`t phlgtgcdl phwmr phsgtgh`s, miplhyg`k mgtjmr gnmds hr adlsm gnmds th m`ahrcm tjgs phwmr. ^jmsm twh `htgh`s haamr ngstg`ct phg`ts ha vgmw dbhut wjmtjmr sucj hvmrdrcjg`k ‚gnmds‗ sgiply mxgst hr sjhuln bm crgtgqumn ds phtm`tgdlly adlsm M`kmls hr g`chrrmct. ^jm adlsm g` d`htgh` lmttm lmttmrr thhaArd`z ch`scghus`mss gs ch`cmgvmn by Armnmrgce g` 4:73 g` g` 4:73 Imjrgk, g` wjgcj jm wrgtms, “gnmhlhky gs d prhcmss dcchiplgsjmn by tjm sh-cdll shcdllmn mn tjg`em tjg`emrr ch`scgh ch`scghusl usly, y, g`nmmn, g`nmmn, but wgt wgtj j d adl adlsm sm ch` ch`scg scghus` hus`mss mss’ (4:73). 4:73). Arhi tjgs ch`structgh` ha gnmhlhky gs nmrgvmn d subomct tjdt dcts wgtjhut e`hwg`k wjy tjmy dct g` cmrtdg` wdys d`n wgtjhut d `mmn th ch`sg ch` sgnmr nmr tj tjmg mgrr dc dctg tgh` h`s, s, ds tjhuk tjhukjt jtss d`n bm bmlg lgmas mas bmc bmchim him `d `dtu turd rdlg lgsm smn n ds `hridtgvm by nhig`d`t shcgdl cldssms. G` 4:> 4:>1, 1, Edr Edrll Idr Idrxx d`n M` M`kml kmlss cldg cldgim imn n g` ^jm Kmrid` Gnmhlhky tjdt tjm “gnmds ha tjm rulg`k cldss drm g` mvmry mphcj tjm rulg`k gnmds, g.m. tjm cldss wjgcj gs tjm rulg`k idtmrgdl ahrcm ha shcgmty, gs dt tjm sdim tgim gts rulg`k ’
g`tmllmctudl ahrcm (266> ( 266>, 1>).th Gt ch`trhl gs tjm cldss ch`trhls tjm imd`s ha idtmrgdl prhnuctgh` tjdt, gsp.dblm tjm tjdt imd`s ha gnmhlhkgcdl prhnuctgh`, d`n tjhsm wgtjhut dccmss th tjm imd`s ha gnmhlhkgcdl prhnuctgh` bmchim subomct th tjm nhig`d`t rulg`k gnmds. Nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgms g` Idrxgst tjhukjt bmlh`k th tjm lmdnmrs ha d shcgmty dt d kgvm` tgim d`n drm bhu`n up g` tjm hw`mrsjgp d`n ch`trhl ha bhtj idtmrgdl d`n g`tmllmctudl prhnuctgh`. Hw`mrsjgp ha tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh` mqudls ch`trhl hvmr jhw tjmy drm usmn d`n wjh cd` dccmss tjmi, rmg`ahrcg`k mxgstg`k phwmr rmldtgh`sjgps wgtjg` tjm shcgdl structurm. ^jmsm gnmhlhkgms drm `ht fflxmn, d`n Idrx d`n M`kmls dllhw ahr shcgdl cjd`km d`n sjgats g` nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgcdl phsgtgh`s. Ds tjm nhig`d`t rulg`k cldssms d`n phlgtgcdl systmis cjd`km, sh nh tjm nhig`d`t gnmds. ^jgs cd` bm smm`, ds Idrx d`n M`kmls
2 ^JM C]L^]RM C]L^]RM G@ G@N]S^R N]S^RW W D@N D]NGM D]NGM@CM @CM DKM@CW DKM@CW
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drkum, g` tjm mvhl drkum, mvhlvg`k vg`k ch`c ch`cmpt mptss wgtjg` wgtjg` nhig nhig`d` `d`tt shc shcgdl gdl str struct ucturms urms?? ahr mxdiplm, g` tjm sjgat dwdy arhi amundlgsi th ihnmr` ahris ha khvmr`d`cm, tjm vdlums ha armmnhi d`n g`ngvgnudlgty jdvm bmchim nhig`d`t (266> (266>,, p. 1>). Cldss Cldssgcdl gcdl Idrxgsi drkums tjdt tjhsm g` phwmr idg`tdg` tjmgr phwmr by `dturdlgsg`k sucj gnmds ds `hridtgvm d`n `dturdl. “
drkumn tjdthatjm ihnm ha prhnuctgh` ha idtmrgdl ch`ngtgh`s tjmIdrx km`mrdl prhcmss shcgdl, phlgtgcdl d`n g`tmllmctudl lgam ’lgam 5 d`n tjdt `h shcgdl cjd`km hr “`mw supmrghr rmldtgh`s ha prhnuctgh`’ cd` hccur bmahrm `mw ch`ngtgh`s ha mxgstm mxgstm`cm `cm idturm wgtjg` mxgstg`k shcgdl ardimwhres ardimwhres d`n tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha d `mw supmrstructurm (47;; (47;;). ). ^jm phtm`tgdl ahr trd`sahridtgh`, dcchrng`k th Idrx, gs lgigtmn g` tjdt tjm shcgdl ch`ngtgh`s ha mxgstm`cm mxgstm `cm nmtmri nmtmrig`m g`m ‚shcgdl ch`scgh ch`scghus`mss us`mss‗ (47;;). 47;;). Idrx pldcms d jgkj mipjdsg mipj dsgss h` mch` mch`higc higc ch` ch`ngt ngtgh` gh`ss nmt nmtmrig mrig`g` `g`k k shcg shcgdl dl str struct ucturm urms. s. ^jm trd`sahridtgh` ha shcgmty hccurs wjm` d `mw stdtus quh gs giphsmn by d `mw rulg`k cldss ds d imcjd`gs imcjd`gsi i th idg`tdg` phwmr, `dturdlgsg`k `dturdlgsg`k tjm gnmdls ha tjgs `mw rulg`k cldss ds chiih` sm`sm. [jglst `ht thwgtjg` sukkmst tjdt tjm imngd imngd systmi d`n prhihtms d sg`klm gnmhlhkgcdl phsgtgh`, ihnmr` shcgmtgms chiiu`gcdtgh` thhls drm `mvmrtjmlmss imcjd`gsis ahr ngstrgbutg`k tjm gnmds ha tjm rulg`k cldss 4774). ). Dnngtgh`dlly, ahr shim scjhldrs, tjm dct ha ch`suig`k (Mdklmth` 4774 (Mdklmth` imngd gs ihrm sgk`gfflcd`t tjd` tjm gnmhlhkgcdl imssdkms ch`tdg`mn wgtjg` imngd tmxts. Ahr Mdklmth`, tjm dct ha hvmr-ch`suig`k imngd dllhws idss imngd th ngstr ngstrdct dct dungm`cms arhi phlgt phlgtgcdl gcdl dctgh` by gshldt gshldtg`k g`k g`ngvgnudls g` prgvdtm spdcm d`n ch`suims tgim tjdt chuln htjmrwgsm bm usmn ahr htjmr purphsms sucj ds phlgtgcdl dctgh` (4774 ( 4774,, pp. 3>–3=). ^jmrm gs d nmkrmm ha tm`sgh` bmtwmm` Mdklmth` d`n Dnhr`h, ds Mdklmth` prgvglmkms tjm dct ha 2646)) dlsh drkums jgs wdtcjg`k tmlmvgsgh` g` jgs d`dlysgs. [jglst Dnhr`h (2646 ch`cmr`s ih`hphlgsg`k ha lmgsurm tgim, jm gs tmxts dlsh ch`cmr`mn wgtj tjm rmkdrng`k gnmhlhkgcdltjmimssdkms ch`tdg`mn wgtjg` imngd d`n tjmgr lg lgig igtg tg`k `k ha tj tjmm ph phlg lgtg tgcd cdll rm rmsp sph` h`sm smss d` d`n n dc dctg tgh` h` ha tj tjmm du dung ngm` m`cm cm.. Ah Ahrr Dnhr`h, tjgs gs num th tjm culturm g`nustry ‗s crmd crmdtg tgh` h` ha pd pdtt ttmr mr`s `s ha bmjdvghur ch`ahrigty g` dungm`cms (2646 (2646,, p. 463). G` hrnmr th m`kdkm wgtj tjmsm `htgh`s ha gnmhlhkgcdl (rm-)prhnuctgh`, d ihrm `ud`cmn dpprhdcj th u`nmrstd`ng`k tjm rhlm ha imngd gs rmqugrmn d`n ). Dltjussmr haamrs d cd` bm ahu`n g` tjm whre ha Lhugs Dltjussmr (47;4 (47;4). crgtgqum ha tjm ch`ngtgh`s g` wjgcj gnmhlhkgcdl rmprhnuctgh` hccurs, dllhwg` g`k k ih ihrm rm tj tjd` d` oust oust mch mch`h `higc igc rm rmpr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` ha tj tjmm ch` ch`ng ngtg tgh`s h`s ha mx mxgs gstm tm`c `cmm smt smt hutt by Id hu Idrx rx‗s d`dlysg d`dlysgss ha cdp cdpgtd gtdlgs lgsi. i. Dltjuss Dltjussmr mr pr prhvgn hvgnms ms d tjmh tjmhrmt rmtgcd gcdll thhl ahr mxdig`g`k tjm rhlm ha tjm imngd ds h`m g`stgtutgh` dih`kst id`y tjdt
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ngssmig`dtm gnmhlhk ngssmig`dtm gnmhlhkgcdl gcdl2 imssdkms d`n rmg`ahrcm d`n rmprhnucm tjm stdtus quh. Ahr Dltjussmr, thhls ha gnmhlhkgcdl rmprhnuctgh` cd` bm ngvgnmn g`th Rmprmssg Rmpr mssgvm vm Std Stdtm tm Dppdrdt Dppdrdtusm usmss (RS (RSDs) Ds) d`n Gnm Gnmhlhk hlhkgcdl gcdl Stdt Stdtmm Dpp Dppdrdt drdtusm usmss (GSDs (GS Ds). ). Jm dn dnnr nrmss mssms ms tjm tjm dc dctt ha gnm gnmhl hlhk hkgc gcdl dl rmpr rmprhnu hnuct ctgh gh` ` by crgt crgtgq gqug ug`k `k Idrx‗s ch`structgh` ha tjm phwmr ha tjm Stdtm d`n prhphsg`k tjm mxgstm`cm ha GSDs ds rulg`k spmcgdlgsmn usmn rmprhnucm tjm gnmhlhky ha tjm nhig`d`t cldss g`stgtutgh`s dcrhss d rd`km ha th chipmtg`k rmdlgtgms – sucj ds tjm mnucdtgh` systmi, tjm adigly, tjm drts, tjm cjurcj d`n sh h`. ^jgs syibhlgc rmprmssgh` hccurs tjrhukj cm`shrsjgp d`n ngscgplg`m. Ahr Dltjussmr, GSDs d`n RSDs haamr ngaamrm`t ahris ha shcgdl ch`trhl? wjmrmds d` RSD au`ctgh`s fflrstly tjrhukj rmprmssgh` (hatm` vghlm`cm) d`n tjm` gnmhlhky, d` GSD au`ctgh`s tjrhukj gnmhlhky d`n tjm` rmprmssgh` (47;4 (47;4,, p. 7;). Dltjussmr `htms tjdt, dcchrng`k th Idrx, tjmrm gs h`m Stdtm Dppdrdtus, wjgcj Dltjussmr rmamrs th ds tjm Rmprmssgvm Stdtm Dppdrdtus (RSD). Dltjussmr rmig`ns us tjdt g` Idrxgst tmris tjm Stdtm gs chiprgsmn ha tjm Khvm Kh vmr` r`im im`t `t,, Dr Driy iy d` d`n n tj tjmm Ch Chur urts ts,, d`n d`n sh h` (47;4, 47;4, p. 431). ^jm ngstg`ctgh` Dltjussmr idems by GSDs thtjm tjmid``mr tjmhrmtgcdl ch`cmptudlgsdtgh` ha tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha dnng`k gnmhlhky gs g` by wjgcj GSDs hpmrdtm dt d prgvdtm lmvml, smpdrdtm arhi tjm publgc nhidg` ha tjm Stdtm Dppdrdtus5 jm dlsh `htms tjdt tjmrm drm d iultgplgcgty ha GSDs tjdt au`ctgh` tjrhukj gnmhlhky rdtjmr tjd` vghlm`cm. GSDs drm h`m ha tjm wdys tjdt phwmr gs idg`tdg`mn by tjm rulg`k cldss? d thhl tjrhukj wjgcj tjm rulg`k cldss cd` `ht h`ly mxmrcgsm gts dutjhrgty but cd` dlsh rmprhnucm nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgms – ahr mxdiplm, wgtjg` tjm tmxts prhnucmn by tjm culturm g`nustry. GSDs drm dlsh tjm pldcms tjrhukj wjgcj strukklm cd` bm ihst maamctgvm? wjglst d` RSD cd` wgmln phwmr hvmr g`ngvgnudl subomcts ihrm maamctgvmly, tjm GSD gs d spdcm wjmrm tjm “rmsgstd`cm ha tjm mxplhgtmn cldss gs dblm th ffl
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47;4, p. 4>6). `n imd`s d`n hccdsgh`s th mxprmss (Dltjussmr 47;4 Vdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms drm h`mgtsmla imtjhn by wjgcj tjm ,‚mxplhgtmn cldss‗ – sucj ds imngd dungm`cms – cd` mxprmss tjmismlvms d`n g` shim wdys rmsgst hr `mkhtgdtm wgtj tjm gnmhlhkgcdl phsgtgh`s ha tjm culturm g`nustry ds d` GSD. @mkhtgdtgh` hr rmsgstd`cm th tjm nhig`d`t gnmhlhky rmqugrms tjm dungm`cm th pldy d rhlm g` nmchng`k imngd imssdkms d`n cd` rmsult g` d phwmr strukklm bmtwmm` tjm culturm g`nustry d`n dungm`cms. G` mxplhrg`k tjm rhlm ha imngd ds d `mkhtgdtmn fflmln ha gnmhlhkgcdl rmpr rmprhnu hnuct ctgh gh`, `, Mdkl Mdklmt mth` h` nr nrdw dwss ar arhi hi Id Idrx rxgs gstt tj tjhu hukjt kjt d`n mxt mxtm`n m`nss tj tjmm Krdiscgd` `htgh` ha gnmhlhky th nm ffl`m gt ds tjm wdy g` wjgcj “phwmr strukklms drm ahukjt hut dt tjm lmvml ha sgk`gfflcdtgh`5 d`n tjhukj sucj ffl
sgk`g cdtgh` gs g`vhlvmn g` dll jmkmih`gc prhcmssms, gt gs `ht g` dll cdsms dt
2 ^JM C]L^]RM C]L^]RM G@ G@N]S^R N]S^RW W D@N D]NGM D]NGM@CM @CM DKM@CW DKM@CW
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tjm nhig`d`t lmvml by wjgcj rulm gs sustdg`mn ’ ( (477> 477>,, p. 471). Dcchrng`k th Mdklmth`, ahr Krdiscg, jmkmih`y gs tjm strdtmky usmn by nhig`d`t cldssms th crmdtm d`n idg`tdg` tjm ch`sm`t th rulm arhi tjm subomcts ha mdcj kgvm` shcgdl structurm5 nmffl`mn ds “tjm ‚sph`td`mhus‗ ch`sm`t kgvm` by tjm krmdt idssms ha tjm phpuldtgh` th tjm km`mrdl ngrmctgh` giphsmn h` shcgdl ’
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477>, p. 42).tjm G` ngstg`ctgh` Krdiscg s lgam bygttjm nhig`d`t au`ndim`tdl (477> vgmw, gs tjm kgvg`k ha ch`sm`t thkrhup bm rulmn tjdt ,crmdtms bmtw bm twmm` mm` jmk jmkmih mih`y `y d` d`n n gnm gnmhl hlhk hky? y? gnmhl gnmhlhk hkyy cd cd` ` bm gi giph phsm smn n by ahrc ahrcm, m, wjmrmds jmkmih`y gs ‚ch`sm`tmn th‗ (Mdklmth` (Mdklmth` 477> 477>,, p. 47=). G` htjmr whrns, d rulg`k cldss idy kd kdg` g` gts ch`sm`t th rulm tjhukj gnmhlhky, b but ut tjgs ch`sm`t gs idg`tdg`mn by jmkmih`y, crmdtg`k d sm`sm ha armmnhi d`n smlakhvmr`im`t dih`k tjm idssms. ^jgs gnmd ha armmnhi dih`kst tjm idssms gs `mw th jgsthry5 d ch`ngtgh` ha lgbmrdl cdpgtdlgsi. ^jm `htgh` ha ch`sm`t ha tjm idssms th bm rulmn brmdes dwdy arhi tjm trdngtgh`dl Idrxgst vgmw ha gnmhlhky ds bmg`k giphsmn arhi dbhvm? jmrm, gnmhlhky, tjrhukj jmkmih`y, bmchims d lgvmn prdctgcm, mibmnnmn g` tjm “u`ch`scghus, g`drtgculdtm ngim`sgh`s ha shcgdl mxpmrgm`cm 4774, , p. 44=). ds wmll ds tjm whreg`k ha ahridl g`stgtutgh`s (Mdklmth` 4774 ’ (Mdklmth` Oust ds Dltjussmr wds ch`cmr`mn wgtj tjm ngstg`ctg ngstg`ctgh` h` bmtwmm` RSDs d`n GSDs ds thhls ahr tjm idg`tm`d`cm d`n rmprhnuctgh` ha gnmhlhky, Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr sdw idss imngd ds d thhl ha ch`trhl hvmr tjm phpuldtgh`. ^jgs wds wgt`mssmn g` bhtj tjm ]`gtmn Stdtms d`n tjmgr jhim chu`try ha Kmrid`y g` tjm 4736s, nurg`k tjm rgsm ha bhtj tjm @dzg pdrty d`n tjm ]S imngd systmi. Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr‗s d`dlysgs ha tjm culturm g`nustry mxplgcgtly mxplhrms tjm rhlm ha tjm imngd ds d` GSD, pdrtgculdrly tjm usm ha rdngh ds d pmrsudsgvm imngui usmn by 4736s phlgtgcdl lmdnmrs g` bhtj Kmrid`y d`n tjm ]`gtmn Stdtms. Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr tjmhrgsm tjdt lgstm`mrs rdngh drm dll subomctmn th tjm rmpmtgtgh` d`n^jhsm rmg`ahrcmim`t ha wjh rmdlgsm nhig`d`thagnmhlhkgcdl imssdkms g` culturm (4773,, p. 2). (4773 tjm phtm`tgdl ha brhdncdstg`k brhdncdstg`k th rdgsm dwdrm`ms dwdrm`msss ha tjmgr cdusms jdr`mss tjm phwmr ha rdngh. Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr `htm ds d` mxdiplm tjm imtjhns ha tjm @dtgh`dl Shcgdlgsts g` Kmrid`y, wjh usmn tjm imngd g`nustry th nmlgvmr prhpdkd`nd th swdy publgc hpg`gh` – g` htjmr whrns, th ch`trhl tjm idssms. G` tjmgr vgmw, tjm vmry adct tjdt tjm rdngh ngn `ht, d`n stgll nhms `ht, chllmct amms arhi lgstm`mrs dllhws gt th prhomct tjm gllusgh` ha `h`bgdsmn dutjhrgtgms dctg`k ds ngsg`tmrmstmn prhnucmrs ha culturdl prhnucts (4773, 4773, p. 26). Gt cd` bm smm` tjdt ngkgtdl imngd d`n htjmr pdrtgcgpdthry spdcms hpmrdtm g` d sgigldr id``mr, wjmrmby g` dnngtgh` th subscrgptgh`bdsmn smrvgcms, armm smrvgcms (sucj ds shcgdl imngd) dllhw usmrs th pdrtgcgpdtm
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
g` culturdl prhnuctgh`, pmrpmtudtg`k tjm pmrjdps-hutndtmn gllusgh` tjdt tjmsm spdcms drm armm ha idremt ch`trhl. Dnhr`h‗s whre wds crgtgcdl ha tjm culturm g`nustry bmahrm tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha ngkgtdl tmcj`hlhky d`n tjm mxph`m`tgdl krhwtj ha tmlmvgsgh`. Gt haamrs d crgtgqum ha tjm culturm g`nustry ‗s ih` ih`hp hphlg hlgsg sg`k `k ha tj tjmm ids idssm smss tjrhukj‗stjm crmdtgh` gnm`tgcdl prhnucts arhi wjgcj tjmy cd``ht mscdpm. Dnhr`h mdrly whre ha nm`gms tjm phssgbglgty ha d`y g`ngvgnudl rmsph`sm th idss imngd ds, dcchrng`k th Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr, tjm g`ngvgnudl gs d` gllusgh` – g` pdrt num th tjm std`ndrngsdtgh` ha tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh` crmdtg`k tjm idss dungm`cm (4773 (4773,, p. 4:). ^jrhukjhut tjmgr drkuim`t, tjmy cldgi cldgi tjdt g`ngvgnu g`ngvgnudlgty dlgty gs shimtjg`k shimtjg`k wm drm lmn th bmlg bmlgmvm mvm wm jdvm5 ymt wm drm ch`trhllmn by tjm gnm gnmdd ha wjdt wm sjhuln bm, d`n wm cch`ahri h`ahri th gt. G` tjm culturdl g`nustry tjmsgs, culturdl tmxts drm idss-p idss-prhnucmn rhnucmn,, rmihvg` rmihvg`k k g`ngvgnudlgty d`n rmpldcg`k gt wgtj d std`ndrngsmn prhnuct, lmdng`k th d ih`hphly ha culturm. ^jm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs rmdsh`s tjdt idss imngd prhnucts drm d rmprhnuctgh` tjdt nm`gms tjm g`ngvgnudl d au`ctgh` by rmihvg`k tjm dbglgtyhathsdim`mss “rmldtm tjm vdrgmn mxpmrgm`cms ha tjm sm`sms th au`ndim`tdl ch`cmpt ch`cmptss’ (Dnhr`h (Dnhr`h d`n Jhr Jhrejm ejmgimr gimr 4773, 4773, p. 3). G`stmdn, wm dccmpt purmly wjdt wm drm kgvm` by tjm culturm g`nustry, wjgcj crmdtms tjm idssms g` hrnmr th rmihvm tjm g`ngvgnudl. Dt tjm sdim tgim, tjm culturm g`nustry crmdtms d` gllusgh` ha armmnhi d`n m`lgkjtm`im`t. Dnhr`h d`n Jhre Jh rejm jmgi gimr mr dr drku kumm tjdt tjdt g` ad adct ct tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry crmd crmdtm tmss d cu cult ltur urmm ha d` d`tg tg-m`lgkjtm`im`t, dcjgmvmn by tjm ih`hphly gt jhlns hvmr tjm imd`s ha culturdl cultur dl prhnuc prhnuctgh`, tgh`, d`n by tjm idss ngstrgbu ngstrgbutgh` tgh` tjdt rmphsg rmphsgtgh`s tgh`s culturdl prhnuctgh` ds d` g`nustry. M`lgkjtm`im`t, dcchrng`k th Dnhr`h, gs tjm “prhkrmssgvm tmcj`gcdl nhig`dtgh` ha `dturm ’, wjgcj u`nmr tjm maamcts ha “
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tjm culturm g`nustry bmchims idss nmcmptgh` d`n tjm nmcgnm nmvmlhpim`t ha duth`hihus, g`nmpm`nm`t g`ngvgnudls wjhgipmnms ounkm d`n ch`tg`uhusly ch`tg` uhusly ahr tjmism tjmismlvms lvms’ (2646 ( 2646,, p. 461). Ahrr Dn Ah Dnhr hr`h `h,, tj tjmm cultu culturm rm g`nus g`nustr try y ‗s ngs ngstrg trgbut butgh` gh` ha idss idss-pr -prhnuc hnucmn mn khhns rmprhnucms sdim`mss. ^jgs gs `ht d phsgtgh` jmln by dll ha jgs pmmr pm mrs. s. G` ch`t ch`trd rdst st th Dn Dnhr hr`h `h,, [dlt [dltmr mr Bm Bm`o `odi dig` g`,, g` jgs jgs ngsc ngscus ussg sgh` h` ha ‚durd‗, g`vmstgkdtms tjm dutjm`tgcgty ha d tmxt d`n tjm gipdcts tmcj`gcdl rmprhnuctgh` jds jdn h` tjm crmdtgh` ha drt. Ahr Bm`odig`, tjm ch`cmpt ha durd gs lg`emn jmdvgly th rgtudl5 tmcj`hlhkgcdl rmprhnuctgh` rmihvms drt arhi arhi rgt gtud udll d` d`n n dllh dllhw ws tj tjmm wh whrre h haa dr drtt th bm ph phlg lgttgcgs gcgsmn mn.. ^j ^jmm du durd rd ha drt drtwh whre re gs gt gtss u` u`gq gqum um`m `mss ss hr gts gts hr hrgk gkg` g`dl dlgt gty, y, d`n d`n tj tjgs gs u` u`gq gqum um`m `mss ss rmld rmldtm tmss th gts gts mibmnnmn`mss g` trdngtgh`. Imcjd`gcdl prhnuctgh` tmcj`gqums dllhw ahr
2 ^JM C]L^]RM C]L^]RM G@ G@N]S^R N]S^RW W D@N D]NGM D]NGM@CM @CM DKM@CW DKM@CW
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drt th bm nmsgk`mn ahr rmprhnuctgh` rdtjmr tjd` u`gqum`mss. Bm`odig` ngscussms tjm d`cgm`t Krmmes, phg`tg`k th tjm g`dbglgty ha drt d`n tmcj`hlhky dt tjm tgim th dllhw ahr tjm rmprhnucgbglgty ha drtwhres bmyh`n tmrrd chtt ch ttdd hr brh` brh`zm zm wh whre re,, rm rmssultg ultg`k `k g` tjm pr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` ha wjd jdtt jm tm tmri riss ‚mtmr`dl vdlums‗ wgtjg` tjm drtwhre tjmy prhnucmn (266: ( 266:,, p. 2;). Ds d` mxdiplm mxdiplm,, jm phg`ts hut tjdt d` dd`cgm`t Krmme ha Qm`us gs trdngtgh`dlly syibhl ha whrsjgp wgtjg` rmlgkghus cult5stdtum ymt wjm` rmihvg`k gt arhi tjdtd jgsthry, tjmm jg tj jgst sthr hryy d` d`n n tr trdn dngt gtgh gh` ` dr drhu hu`n `n tj tjmm stdt stdtum um cj cjd` d`km kmss (266:, 266:, p. 2>). Jhwmvmr, gt gs stgll u`gqum d`n idg`tdg`s gts durd ds tjm drtwhre jds `ht bmm` rmprh rmprhnucm nucmn. n. Dt tjm sdim sdim tgim tgim,, gt gs vg vgmwmn mwmn ttjrh jrhukj ukj d` dlt dltmr` mr`dtg dtgvm vm lm`s by `mw spmctdthrs (266: (266:,, p. 2>). Bm`odig` cgtms pjhthkrdpjs ds d` mxdiplm ha rmprhnucgbglgty? g`ffl`gtm `uibmrs ha prg`ts cd` bm idnm ha d` gidkm, `h`m ha tjmi bmg`k d` hrgk hr gkg` g`dl dl wh whre re ha dr drt, t, ds dll dll ha tj tjmi mi drm drm d rmpr rmprhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` ha tj tjmm sdim sdim.. Bm`odig` Bm`o dig` dls dlsh h pldc pldcms ms fflli g` hp hpph phsg sgtg tgh` h` th tj tjmm mtmr mtmr`d `dll vd vdlu lums ms jm jmln ln g` d`cgm`t drtwhre ds fflli gs nmsgk`mn th dlwdys bm giprhvmn uph` (266: ( 266:). ). ^jmrm drm smch`n cjd`cms `uimrhus tdems, d`nchiplmtmn tjmrm drm tjm ha phstprhnuctgh`, wjmrmdsg`sculpturm gs h`m pgmcm, d`nprhcmssms ffl `dlgsmn 266:,, p. 2:). G` tjm sdim wdy, tmlmvgsgh` gs nmsgk`mn th bm (Bm`odig` 266: rmprhnucmn d`n tjm` rmpmdtmn tjrhukj brhdncdst (hr ds gs `hw tjm cdsm, vgd NQN hr ngkgtdl ffllms). ^mlmvgsgh` d`n rdngh drm bhtj cdpdblm ha brhdncdstg`k th d idss dungm`cm, wgtj tjm gllusgh` ha armmnhi ha cjhgcm bmg`k pmrpmtu pmrp mtudtm dtmn n vgd d cjhg cjhgcm cm ha cjd``mls cjd``mls ddvdgl vdgldblm dblm tth h smlm smlmct ct arh arhi. i. Bm`odig` Bm`odig` ssmms mms g` rmprhnucgblm whre sucj ds fflli d`n tmlmvgsgh` tjm dnvd`tdkm tjdt tjm dungm`cm cd` pdrtgcgpdtm, g` tjdt tjm rmprhnucgbglgty ha drt cjd`kms tjm dccmss th drt by tjm idssms. ^jm dct ha khg`k th tjm cg`mid prhvgnms d` hpphrtu`gty hpphrt u`gty ahr drt th bm ch`suimn by d idss dungm`cm dll vgmwg`k tjm ffl li dt tjm sdim vmrsus tjm dct 266:). ha lhheg`k dt d pdg`tg`k d`n spdcm ngctdtg`k ). dccmss th tjmtgim whre (Bm`odig` (Bm`odig` 266: ^mcj`gcdl ^mcj`gc dl rmprhnuct rmprhnuctgh`s gh`s cjd`km tjm mxjgbgtg mxjgbgtgh`dry h`dry `dturm ha drt d`n kgvm gt d `mw, phtm`tgdlly phlgtgcdl, purphsm. ^jgs ch`cmpt cd` bm dpplgmn th tmlmvgs tml mvgsgh` gh`,, ds wml wmlll ds ngkgtd ngkgtdll imng imngd. d. [jg [jglst lst phs phstpr tprhnuc hnuctgh tgh` ` d`n rmt rmtdems dems dllhw tmlmvgsgh` d`n fflli th bm giprhvmn uph`, tjmsm drm dlsh ngsphsdblm imngd. imn gd. Jh Jhwm wmvmr vmr,, ds tm tmcj` cj`hl hlhk hkyy cjd cjd`km `kms, s, `h `htt h` h`ly ly jd jdss tj tjmm ngsp ngsphs hsdb dblm lm `dturm ha tjmsm whres cmdsmn th mxgst g` tjm sdim id``mr, but ngkgtdl imngd dctgvmly prhvgnm prhvgnm d ahrui wjmrm sucj whres cd` bm dndptmn, cjd`kmn d`n giprhvmn uph` – d`n `ht h`ly by tjm drtgst. ^jm tm`sgh` bmtwmm` Dnhr`h‗s d`n Bm`odig`‗s phsgtgh`s cd` stgll bm wgt`mssmn pldyg`k hut g` currm`t imngd culturm. Ihnmr` tmcj`hlhky g`crmdsms tjm rmprhnucgbglgty ha
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
culturdl prhnucts d`n dllhws mdsm ha dccmss th ch`tm`t. Dnngtgh`dlly, tjm `mw ngkgtdl rmprhnuctgh` tmcj`hlhkgms tjdt jdvm nmvmlhpmn sg`cm Dnhr`h d`n Bm` Bm`od odig ig` ` dll dllhw hw tj tjmm cr crmdt mdtgh gh` ` d` d`n n rmpr rmprhnu hnucg cgbg bglg lgty ty ha wh whre ress th bm rmihvmn arhi tjm mxclusgvm ch`trhl ha tjm culturm g`nustry. Mdrly fflli d`n tmlmvgsgh` chuln `ht bm ch`suimn iultgplm tgims wgtjhut gts scrmm`g`k d`n brhdncdstg`k bmg`k prhvgnmn by tjm kdtmemmpmrs ha g`nustry, sucj ds tmlmvgsgh` tmlmvgs gh` `mtwhr `mtwhres. es. ^hndy ‗s pdrtgcgpdthry culturm hpm`s d spdcm, tjrhukj bhtj tjm rmprhn rmprhnucgbglg ucgbglgty ty ha whres d`n tjrhuk tjrhukj j dungm`cm m`kdkmim` m`kdkmim`t, t, tjdt rmflmcts tjm tjmhrmtgcdl phsgtgh`s bhtj ha d nhig`dtg`k ‚culturm g`nustry ‗ d`n ha tjm rmprhnucgbglgty ha drt ahr phlgtgcgsdtgh`. Dnhr`h g`gtgdlly dppmdrs fflxdtmn h` d pmrcmptgh` ha tjm culturm g`nustry ds h`m tjdt ngstrdcts dungm`cms d`n emmps tjmi subsmrvgm`t th cdpgtdlgsi tjrhukj ch`std`tly rmprhnucg`k gnmhlhky th idg`tdg` ch`trhl. Dcchrng`k th Dnhr`h, tjm idss shcgmty gs rm`nmrmn phwmrlmss by tjm culturm g`nustry, d`n jgs crgtgqum cd` lmdvm tjm rmdnmr tjg`eg`k tjm imngd drm d thtdlgtdrgd` rmkuldthr ha tjm ig`n ha tjm idssms tjdt cd``ht bm sthppmn, cjdllm`kmn hr ‗
rmsgstmn g` d`y wdy. d`dlysgs ha ntjm culturm g`nustry nhms `h `ht t lm lmdv dvm m rh rhhi hi ahr ahrDnhr`h tj tjmm rh rhlm lms g`gtgdl ha rm rmsg sgst std` d`cm cm d` d`n cj cjd` d`km km wg wgtj tjg` g` ph phpu puld ldrr culturm, `hr ahr tjm rhlm ha tjm dungm`cm, dltjhukj tjgs vgmw nhms mvm`tudlly cjd`km. G` jgs ldtmr whre, Dnhr`h mxdig`ms `mwmr imngd sucj ds tmlmv tmlmvgs gsgh gh` ` d`n dll dllhw hwss spmcu spmculd ldtg tgh` h` tj tjdt dt tjmrm tjmrm idy bm rh rhhi hi wg wgtj tjg` g` tj tjmm ihnmls ha tmlmvgsgh` prhnuctgh` th dllhw ahr g`crmdsg`k dungm`cm dkm`cy wgtjg` tjm jgmrdrcjgcdl structurms ha culturdl prhnuctgh`.
^JM C]L^]RM G@N]S^RW D@N ^JM D ]NGM@CM ]NGM@CM Hvmr tjm chursm ha tjm twm`tgmtj d`n twm`ty-fflrst cm`turgms, chiiu`gcdtg tgh h` tj tjmh mhr ry jd jdss aur auhaamrg`k rtj tjmmr mx mxp pdpprhdcjms lhr lhrmn du dung ngm` m`cm cmssu`nmrstd`ng`k d` d`n n tj tjmg mgrr dk dkm` m`cy cy ch ch`s `sui uimr mrsfl s uha imngd prhnucts, th tjmdsimngd ‗s g` m`cm hvmr dungm`cms, bhtj ds g`ngvgnudls d`n ds d idss. Chiiu`gcdtgh` tjmhry dlsh haamrs d `ud`cmn dpprhdcj th tjm chiplmxgtgms ha imngd prhnuctgh` tgh ` d`n tjm rmp rmprh rhnuc nuctgh tgh` ` ha gnmhl gnmhlhkg hkgms ms ha tjm rul rulg` g`k k cld cldss ssms ms.. Ihv Ihvg`k g`k bmyh`n tjm ihnml ha tjm dungm`cm ds pdssgvm ch`suimrs, gt bmchims phssgblm th mxplhrm tjm mvhlutgh` ha tjm dungm`cm arhi ch`suimr th prhnucmr ha culturm ds pdrt ha d chiplmx systmi ha imngd g` ch`trdst th tjm ‚adcthry ihnml‗ ha id idss ss pr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` d` d`n n ngst ngstrg rgbut butgh gh` ` haam haamrm rmn n by Dn Dnhr hr`h `h d` d`n n Jhrejmgimr. ^jm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs ch`tdg`s d` giplgcgt crgtgqum ha d cm`trdlgsmn phwmr tjdt ch`trhls prhnuctgh`? tjmrm drm tjhsm wjh jdvm tjm imd`s th
2 ^JM C]L^]RM C]L^]RM G@ G@N]S^R N]S^RW W D@N D]NGM D]NGM@CM @CM DKM@CW DKM@CW
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prhnucm fflli, rdngh d`n sh h`, d`n tjmrm drm igllgh`s wjh pdrtgcgpdtm ds dungm`cms d`n rmcmgvm tjmsm tmxts. ^jgs sgtudtgh` jds cjd`kmn hvmr tjm pdst cm`tury ds dccmss th tjm imd`s ha imngd prhnuctgh` by tjhsm hutsgnm ha tjm culturm g`nustry jds g`crmdsmn. [rgtg`k g` 47>>, Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr drkumn tjdt tjmrm wds `h crgtgqum ha tjm phwmr wgmlnmn by tjhsm g` cjdrkm ha lh`k-rd`km systmish`(4773 (4773)? )? d cyclm ha prhnuctgh` d`n brhdncdst tjdtbrhdncdst cldgimn imngd th bm bdsmn ch`suimrs ‗ `mmns. Gt bmchims phssgblm th u`nmrstd`n, g` lgkjt ha wjm` d`n wjmrm tjm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs cdim arhi, wjy Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr‗s crgtgqum gs scmptg scmptgcdl, cdl, d`n nhms `ht prhvgnm iucj dllhwd`cm ahr dungm`cms th ngspldy d`y g`ngvgnudl dkm`cy wjm` m`kdkg`k wgtj tjm imngd. ^jmgrs wds d` mrd tjdt sdw tjm rgsm ha idss chiiu`gcdtgh` bmyh`n tjm prg`tg`k prmss. Gt wds dlsh d pmrghn tjdt sdw tjm rgsm ha @dzg Kmrid`y ‗s prhpdkd`nd idcjg`m, rmlgkghus rdngh smrih`s g` tjm ]`gtmn Stdtms, [g`sth` Cjurcjgll rdllyg`k tjm pmhplm g` Brgtdg` d`n Hrsh` [mllms ch`vg`cg`k rdngh lgstm`mrs tjdt @mw Omrsmy jdn bmm` g`vdnmn by Idrtgd`s (Smdrs d`n Ehstmrid` 477> Ehstmrid` 477>,, pp. 2=4–2=3). Dnhr`h ldtmr mxtm`ns d`dlysgs culturm g` g`nustry th cldgi gt crmdtms g` dungm`cms tjmjgs adlsm nmsgrmhathtjm ch`suim hrnmr th oustgaytjdt ch`tg tg`u `umn mn pr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` th immt immt tjm tjm nm nmid id`n `n ahr ahr ch ch`s `sui uipt ptgh gh`. `. [g [gtj tjg` g` tj tjmm mssd mssdy, y, “^jm Culturm G`nustry Rmch`sgnmrmn’, jm gs crgtgcdl ha sukkmstgh`s tjdt tjm culturm g`nustry cd` bm d ahrcm ahr tjm sjdrg`k ha e`hwlmnkm d`n g`ahridtgh` d`n tjdt dungm`cms drm dwdrm tjdt tjm culturm g`nustry ‗s prhnucts drm nmsgk`mn ahr ch`suiptgh` g` mxcjd`km ahr prh fflt. G`stmdn, Dnhr`h drkums tjdt dungm`cms drm adllg`k ahr tjm nmcmptgh`s ha g`nustry g` rmtur` ahr tjm krdtgfflcdtgh` gt prhvgnms d`n nm`gms tjm dkm`tgc phssgbglgtgms ha dungm`cms ds e`hwg`k/wgllg`k ch`suimrs (2646 (2646,, p. 463). ^jm culturm g`nustry prh vgnms tjm prhnucts ahr tjm dungm`cm th ch`suim, d`n imngd sucj ds tmlmvgsgh` hpmrdtm g` g` tjm tjgsusm wdy. drm `hw bmg`k g`vgtmn th stgll pdrtgcgpdtm ha Jhwmvmr, tmlmvgsgh` dungm`cms g` wdys Dnhr`h ngn `ht ahrmsmm. ^mcj`hlhkgms sucj ds rmchrng`k d`n tgim-nmldy nmvgcms dllhw ahr sjgatg`k tjm ch`suiptgh` ha prhnucts dwdy arhi d scjmnulmn brhdncdst tgim (D`k 4771 (D`k 4771). ). Qhtg`k h` rmdlgty tmlmvgsgh`, hr twmmtg`k qumstgh`s th d lg lgvm vm td tdle le sj sjhw hw,, dr drmm dlsh dlsh sj sjgat gatg` g`k k tj tjmm ch` ch`st stru ruct ctgh gh` ` ha tj tjmm du dung ngm`c m`cm/ m/ch` ch`su suimr imr ). Nmspgtm tjmsm `mw tmcj`hlhthwdrns dungm`cm/pdrtgcgpd`t (D`k 4771 (D`k 4771). kgms d`n tjmgr gllushry armmnhi ha cjhgcm, tjhukj, tjm dungm`cm nhms `ht nmcgnm nmc gnm up uph` h` tj tjmm sm smlmc lmctg tgh` h` d`n nmv nmvmlh mlhpi pim`t m`t ha pr prhk hkrd rdiim iimss tj tjdt dt drm drm prhnucmn d`n brhdncdst h` tmlmvgsgh`. Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr wmrm ch`cmr`mn wgtj tjm krhwg`k phwmr tjm idss imngd jdn th ch`trhl tjm ch`scghus`mss ch`scghus`mss ha tjm idssms d`n crmdtm adlsm
2>
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
`mmns g` shcgmty ds tjm culturm g`nustry prhvgnmn tmxts dvdgldblm ahr idss ch`suiptgh`. ^jmy drkumn tjdt tjm dungm`cm wds tjm hbomct prhnucmn by tjm culturm g`nustry d`n tjdt gt jdn lgttlm cjhgcm but th dccmpt wjdt wds haamrmn. ^jm dungm`cm pldys tjm rhlm ha ch`suimr d`n g` nhg`k sh chiplmtms tjm cyclm ha cdpgtdlgst imngd prhnuctgh`. Dungm`cms krd`t pmrigssgh` ahr tjmsm prhnucts bm ch`tg`uhusly id`uadcturmn ch`suim tjmi. Idss imngdthprhvgnm d adlsm sm`sm ha cjhgcm wjm` g` tjmtjmy smlmctgh` ha `drrdtgvms d`n tmxts dvdgldblm (Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr 4773). 4773). ^jgs gs wjmrm thndy ‗s ch`vmrkm`t imngd tmcj`hlhkgms g`tmromct d`n prhvgnm dltmr`dtgvm phssgbglgtgms. Ds iucj ds tjm G`tmr`mt gs d pldtahri utglgsmn by tjm culturm g`nustry, gt gs dlsh d pldtahri utglgsmn by dungm`cms th ngstrgbutm ch`tm`t. Dnngtgh`dlly, dungm`cm tjmhry g`trhnucms g`th crgtgcdl tjmhry tjm phssgbglgty ha dungm`cm dkm`cy g` tjm dct ha ch`suiptgh`. [jmrm Dnhr`h d`n Jhrej Jhrejmgimr mgimr cldgi tjdt tjm culturm g`nust g`nustry ry crmdt crmdtms ms prhnucts th sdtgsay adlsm `mmns, dungm`cm tjmhry drkums tjdt bmahrm d imngd imssdkm cd` bm usmn, th sdtgsay dungm`cm `mmns gt iust ffl rst bm m`chnmn g`th imd`g`kaul tjdt gs, gtha`mmns th ch`tdg` imd`g`ks nmchnmn ^jm chiplmxgty dungm`cm m`kdkmim`t wgtjwjm` culturdl prh(Jdll 47:6). 47:6).ngschursm? nuct nu ctss tj tjdt dt gs nm nm`g `gmn mn wgtjg gtjg` ` tj tjmm cult cultur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry tj tjms msgs gs gs mx mxpl plh hrmn rmn g` tj tjmm whr hre e ha Studr Studrtt Jdl Jdll. l. Jd Jdll ll‗s M`chng`k/Nmchng`k ihnml ihnml ha dungm`c dungm`cmm rmcm rmcmptg ptgh` h` prhvgnms d` d`dlysgs ha imngd tjdt crgtgqums tjm vgmw ha tjm culturm g`nustry ds ids idss-p s-prhn rhnucg` ucg`k k tmx tmxts ts tjdt ch`tdg ch`tdg` ` sg`kuldr sg`kuldr imss imssdkm dkmss g`tm g`tmrprm rprmtmn tmn g` d sg`kuldr adsjgh` by dungm`cms (47:6 (47:6). ). Jdll g`trhnucms th imngd tjmhry tjm dungm`cm‗s dk dkm`c m`cyy nurg nurg`k `k tj tjmm dct ha ch`su ch`suip iptg tgh` h` d`n nmt nmtmr mrig ig`m `mss tj tjdt dt dungm`cms pldy d rhlm g` tjm rmcmptgh` ha d tmxt g` hrnmr th idem imd`g`k arhi gt. Jm drkums tjdt trdngtgh`dl idss imngd rmsmdrcj, sucj ds tjm culturm g`nustr g`nu stryy tjms tjmsgs, gs, “ch ch`cm `cmpt ptudl udlgz gzmn mn tj tjmm prh prhcms cmsss ha chi chiiu` iu`gc gcdt dtgh gh` ` g` tm tmri riss ha d ’ –
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cgrculdtgh` cgrcugtahr gts d adglurm lg`mdr ihnml ha sm`nmr-imssdkm-rmcmgvmr tjdt jm crgtgqums jmdvgly th rmchk`gsm tjm chiplmxgtgms surrhu`ng`k bhtj tjm prhnuctgh` d`n rmcmptgh` ha imssdkms (47:6 (47:6,, p. 42:). Jdll usms smightgcs th crmdtm d pdrdngki sjgat g` tjm u`nmrstd`ng`k ha imngd maamcts. Jm drkums tjdt ardimwhres ha e`hwlmnkm d`n g`stgtutgh`dl ngschursms drm pdrt ha tjm prhnuctgh` ha imssdkms, wjgcj drm m`chnmn g`th ‚imd`g`kaul ngschursm‗ th tjm` bm nmchnmn by dungm`cms wgtjg` tjmgr hw` ardimwhres ardimwhres ha e`hwlmnkm, crmdtg`k d `mw ihnml ahr u`nmrstd`ng`k chiiu`gcdtgh`. Gt gs tjgs nmchnmn imd`g`k tjdt cd` maamct, g`flum`cm, m`tmrtdg` hr pmrsudnm tjm 47:6,, dungm dun gm`c `cm, m, rdt rdtjmr jmr tj tjd` d` im imd` d`g` g`k k g`jmr g`jmrm`t m`t g` tj tjmm tm tmxt xt gtsml gtsmlaa (J (Jdl dlll 47:6 pp. 436–434). G` tjgs ihnml, tjm dct ha ch`suiptgh`, d`n `ht prhnuctgh`, gs wjmrm imd`g`k gs prhnucmn d`n cd` jdvm d` maamct.
2 ^JM C]L^]RM C]L^]RM G@ G@N]S^R N]S^RW W D@N D]NGM D]NGM@CM @CM DKM@CW DKM@CW
2=
Jdll‗s whre dttmipts th ngspml prmvghus `htgh`s jmln g` imngd maamcts rmsmdrcj, rmkdrng`k dungm`cms d`n dkm`cy. Ihnmls ha imngd maamcts sucj ds Vdul Ldzdrsamln‗s stuny ha publgc hpg`gh` (47=; (47=;)) d`n Ndvgn Id``g`k [jgtm ‗s 47=6 stuny ha tjm kdtmemmpg`k ha `mws imngd (Cdssgny 2661 (Cdssgny 2661)) jdn mstdblgsjmn d cdusdl rmldtgh`sjgp tjdt phsgtgh`mn tjm dungm`cm ds rmc rmcmp mpthr s mla ha ims imssdk sdkms msdttj tjdt dtmrm jdn jdnjdv dlr dlrmdn y `bmm bmm` `imrhu gi gibum bumn wg wgtj tj imd imd`g `k. Jdll Jdl l thrs jg jgis ismla st stdt dtms ms tjdt tj tjmrm tj jdvm mmdny bmm bmm` `u `uimr hus s n“bmk bmkg``g g``g`ks `ks`g`k. d`n m`ng`ks m`ng `ks d``h d``hu`cm u`cmn n g` chii chiiu`g u`gcdtg cdtgh`s h`s rms rmsmdrc mdrcj j bmah bmahrm rm . . . bu butt tj tjmr mrmm smmis th bm shim krhu`n ahr tjg`eg`k tjdt d `mw d`n mxcgtg`k pjdsm g` sh-cdllmn sh-cdll mn dungm`cm rmsmdrcj . . . idy bm hpm`g`k up’ ( (47:6 47:6,, p. 434). ^jgs cd` bm smm` g` tjm whre ha scjhldrs sucj ds Kmhrkm Kmrb`mr, wjh, g` jgs whre stuny stunyg`k g`k imngd vghlm vghlm`cm `cm d`n dungm dungm`cms, `cms, nmtmri nmtmrig`mn, g`mn, ds Jdll jdn, tjdt tjm wdy d imngd imssdkm gs rmcmgvmn nhms `ht fflt d h`m-wdy ihnml ha sm`nmr–imssdkm–rmcmgvmr, but, rdtjmr, tjdt tjmrm drm `uimrhus adcthrs dt pldy (477: (477:,, p. 4:3). Kmrb`mr dssmrts tjdt tjm dihu`t ha tmlmvgsgh` vgmwmn by d` g`ngvgnudl gs pdrt ha d chiplmx systmi tjdt iust tdem g`th dcchu`t tjm cultgvdtgh` bmlgmas d`tgh` u`nmrstd`ng`k hadltjm whrln mdcjd` pmrsh` gs mx mxph phsm smn n th th??hapm pmrs rsh` h`dl dld`n rm rmld ldtg h`sj sjgp gps, s, pmrs pmrsh` h`dl mx mxpm pmrg rgm` m`cm cm d`n n tj tjmm dihu`t ha vgmwg`k mdcj pmrsh` ch`suims hr gs mxphsmn th wgll cultgvdtm tjmgr dttgtunms g` ngaamrm`t wdys. Kmrb`mr nmtmrig`ms tjdt tjhsm wjh vgmw d ldrkm dihu`t ha tmlmvgsgh` wgll bm lgemly th kgvm ngaamrm`t d`swmrs, g`flum um`c `cmn mn by im imng ngdd ch ch`s `sui uipt ptgh gh` ` rm rmkd kdrn rng` g`k k tj tjmm wd wdyy tj tjmy my smm smm tj tjmm whrln, tjd` tjhsm wjh ch`su ch`suim im sidllm sidllmrr dihu dihu`ts `ts ha tmlmv tmlmvgsgh` gsgh` d`n tjus cultg cul tgvdt vdtmm nga ngaamr amrm`t m`t dt dttg tgtu tunms nms.. ^jm jgkjm jgkjmrr tj tjmm ch` ch`sui suipt ptgh gh` ` lmv lmvml ml,, tj tjmm jgkjmr tjm lgemlgjhhn tjdt nhig`d`t ngschursms wgll bm rmpmdtmn by tjm ). ch`suimr (Kmrb`mr 477: (Kmrb`mr 477:). ]sg`k smightgcs, Jdll nrdws arhi tjm ch`cmpt ha nm`htdtgvm d`n ch``htdtgvm tjdt tjmtjm nm`htdtgvm gs imd`g`k tdem` th imd` tjmimd`g`k, lgtmrdl hr ffld`n xmn drkums imd`g`k ha dltjhukj d sgk` vmrsus dsshcgdtgvm ha ch``htdtgh`, tjgs nhms `ht imd` tjdt tjm nm`htmn imd`g`k mxgsts hutsgnm ha gnmhlhky. ^jm nm`htdtgvm imd`g`k g` adct bmchims d usmaul thhl th mstdblgsj tjdt tjmrm gs d imd`g`k tjdt jds bmm` `dturdlgsmn ds tjm lgtmrdl hr chiih`-sm`sm imd`g`k ha d tmxt, wjglst tjm ch``htdtgvm imd`g`k dllhws ahr tjm trd`sahridtgh` ha gnmhlhky d`n sgk`gfflcdtgh`. Jdll drkums tjdt tjm nm`htdtgvm d`n ch``htdtgvm imd`g`ks tdem up phsgtgh`s wgtjg` d ngscursgvm fflmln, wjmrm, ds chnmn sgk`s, tjmy idy kdg` dnngtgh`dl gnmhlhkgcdl ngim`sgh`s (47:6 (47:6,, p. 433). G` jgs vgmw, tjmy bmchim tjm imd`s “by wjgcj phwmr d`n gnmhlhky drm idnm th sgk`gay g` pdrtgculdr ngschursms ’, bmchi “
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g`k idps ha imd`g`k (47:6 ( 47:6,, pp. 433 >).
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
^jm dungm`cm cd` bm smm` th g`tmrprmt tjm imd`g`k ha d tmxt g` tjrmm ihnms. ihnm s. ^jm fflrst “jyphtjmt jyphtjmtgcdl gcdl phsgt phsgtgh` gh`’ gs tjm “nhig`d`t-jmkmih`gc phsgtgh`’, wjgcj gs jmln wjm` tjm dungm`cm “tdems tjm Unhig`d`tY ch``htdtgvm imd`g`k’ arhi d tmxt. ^jm imssdkm gs bhtj m`chnmn d`n nmchnmn wgtjg` tjm nhig`d`t jmkmih`gc shcgdl phsgtgh` d`n g`dnvmrtm`tly rmprh–
nucms gnmhlhkgms (Jdll (Jdll 47:6 47:6, , pp.tj 431 43;). smch`n tgh` gsnhig`d`t tjm “`mkhtgd `mkhtgdtmn tmn chnm wjmr mrmby mby tjm m dun dungm gm`cm `cm^jm u`n u`nmr mrst std`n d`nssphsgtj tjmm ’, wj nhig`d`t jmkmih`gc phsgtgh` tjdt jds bmm` m`chnmn g`th tjm tmxt, but dndpts gt th rmflmct tjmgr hw` gnmhlhkgcdl phsgtgh`. ^jm dungm`cm g` tjgs g`std`cm krd`ts d “prg prgvgl vglmkmn mkmn phs phsgtg gtgh` h` th tjm nhig nhig`d`t `d`t nmffl`gt `gtgh`s gh`s h haa mvm` mvm`ts ts wjglm rmsmrvg`k tjm rgkjt th idem d ihrm `mkhtgdtmn dpplgcdtgh` th ‚lhcdl ch`ngtgh`s‗ . . . tjgs `mkhtgdtmn vmrsgh` ha tjm nhig`d`t gnmhlhky gs tjus 47:6,, p. 43;). ^jm tjgrn phsgtgh` sjht tjrhukj wgtj ch`trdngctgh`s’ (Jdll (Jdll 47:6 gs tjm “hpphsgtgh`dl chnm’, g` wjgcj tjm dungm`cm nhms `ht nmchnm tjm imssdkm wgtj rmamrm`cm th tjm nhig`d`t jmkmih`gc phsgtgh`, but g`stmdn rm-thtdlgsms “tjm imssdkm wgtjg` shim dltmr`dtgvm ardimwhre ha rmamrm`cm ’. ffl
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Jm Jmrm rm,, dly sg sgk` k`gg fflcd`t phlg phlgtgc tgcdl dl ihim ihim`t hccu hccurs, rs, wdy wjm` mvm`ts `hridlly `hridl sgk`g mn d`n nmchnmn g` d `t `mkhtgdtmn bmkg` th bmwjgcj kgvm` drm d` hpphsgtgh`dl rmdng`k’ (Jdll (Jdll 47:6 47:6,, p. 43:). ^jmsm tjrmm phsgtgh`s rmwhre imngd maamcts tjmhry d`n haamr d crgtgqum ha imngd d`n tjm culturm g`nustry ds d imcjd`gsi ahr rmprhnucg`k gnmhlhky wgtjhut cjdllm`km hr dltmr`dtgvm g` g`tm tmrp rprmt rmtdt dtgh gh`s `s ha imngd imngd tm tmxt xts. s. G`st G`stmdn mdn,, tj tjmm dun dungm gm`cm `cm cd` bm bmkg kg` ` th bm u`nmrsthhn ds dctgvmly m`kdkg`k wgtj d imngd tmxt nurg`k ch`suiptgh` g` hr hrnm nmrr th ide idem im imd` d`g` g`k k ar arhi hi gt us usg` g`k k h` h`mm ha tj tjmm tjr jrmm mm hp hptg tgh` h`ss nm nmsc scrg rgbm bmn. n. Jdll‗s ihnml prhvgnms d thhl ahr u`nmrstd`ng`k tjm chiplmx systmi ha g`tmrprmtdtgh` ha imngd imssdkms tjdt drm m`chnmn d`n nmchnmn g`th tjm tmxt, ds wmll ds tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha d`n `mkhtgdtgh` wgtj tjm gnmhlhkgcdl imssdk imssdkms ms ch`tdg`mn ch`tdg wgtjg wgtjg` ` tjmi. ^jrhukj tjgs`mn rmchk`gtgh` ha tjm `mkhtgdtgh` ha imd`g`k ch`tdg`mn g` imngd tmxts nurg`k tjm dct ha ch`suiptgh` by tjm dungm`cm, tjm sgk`g fflcd`cm ha tjm dutjhr ha d culturdl tmxt chims g`th qumstgh` d`n bmkg`s th aurtjmr chiplgcdtm tjm rmldtgh`sjgp bmtwmm` prhnucmr d`n ch`suimr d`n tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha gnmhlhky. Rhld`n Bdrtjms sukkmsts tjdt tjm phlysmigc `dturm ha sgk`s dllhws ahr vdrghus dungm`cm rmdng`ks ha d`y kgvm` sgk` hr syibhl5 g` tjgs jm brmdes dwdy arhi structurdlgst tjg`eg`k surrhu`ng`k tjm prhnuctgh` ha imd`g`k g` d tmxt, haamrg`k d` dltmr`dtgvm vgmw th Dnhr`h ‗s, d`n prhvgng`k d ardimwhre th mxplhrm tjm chiplmxgtgms ha tjm systmis ha phwm ph wmrr dt pldy pldy bmt bmtwm wmm` m` tj tjmm dun dungm gm`cm `cm d` d`n n tj tjmm pr prhnu hnuct ctgh gh` ` ha imd imd`g `g`k `k mxtmr`dl th tjm tmxt gtsmla. Bdrtjms prh`hu`cms tjm bgrtj ha tjm rmdnmr dt
2 ^JM C]L^]RM C]L^]RM G@ G@N]S^R N]S^RW W D@N D]NGM D]NGM@CM @CM DKM@CW DKM@CW
2;
tjm “ . . . chst ha tjm nmdtj ha tjm dutjhr . . . ’, cm cm`t `trg rg`k `k tj tjmm rmdn rmdnmr mr hr dung du ngm` m`cm cm ds tj tjmm pr prgi gidr dryy id idem emrr ha im imd` d`g` g`k k wj wjm` m` ch ch`s `sui uig` g`k k d tm tmxt xt (47;;, 47;;, p. 4>:). [gtjg` tjgs ihnml ha d`dlysgs, tjm tmxt gs `ht tjm vhgcm ha tjm ‚ Dutjhr–Khn‗, but g`stmdn hpm`s d spdcm ahr gnmds th cldsj d`n bm g`tmrprmtmn d`n kgvm` imd`g`k by mdcj rmdnmr – wjh, wgtjg` tjgs d`dlysgs, gs kgvm` phwmr idemch`suiptgh` imd`g`k ha tjmgr hw` dcchrn. Gt gs g` tjgs spdcm tjdt d` tjm d`dlysgs hathimngd – tjm phssgbglgty th mxplhrm tjm vdrgmty ha wdys g` wjgcj d tmxt cd` bm rmdn d`n rmwrgttm` – mimrkms. [jdt dlsh bmchims clmdr gs tjm rhlm tjm dungm`cm pldys g` tjgs dct. ^jgs sjgat g` tjg`eg`k rmsults g` d ngsruptgh` hr nmcm`trg`k ha structurm, wjmrmg`, ds Nmrrgnd puts gt, g` tjm “ . . . dbs dbsm`c m`cmm ha d cm` cm`tm tmrr hr hr hrgk gkg`, g`, mvm mvmry rytj tjg` g`k k bmcdim ngschursm . . . d systmi g` wjgcj tjm cm`trdl sgk`gfflmn, tjm hrgkg`dl hr trd`scm`nm`tdl sgk`gfflmn, gs `mvmr dbshlutmly prmsm`t hutsgnm d systmi ha ngaamrm`cms’ ( (266; 266;,, p. 3=>). ^jm rmihvdl ha struc structurdl turdl rulms khvmr`g` khvmr`g`k k tjm prhnuctgh` ha imd`g`k hpm`s spdcm ahr `mw mxplhrdtgh`s ha tjm prhnuctgh` ha imd`g`k by tjm dungm`cm, trd`sa trd`sahrig`k hrig`k tjm culturm g`nust g`nustry ry arhi d sg sgtm tm ha rmprm rmprmss ssgh gh` ` dct g`th g`thha dideg`k sgtm sgtm haimd`g`k `mkh `mkhtg tgdt dtgh gh` ` wg wgtj tj tj tjmm dun dungm gm`cm `cm,, wj wjgc gcj j pdrtgcgpdtms g` tjm wjm` ch`suig`k imngd. G` jgs ldtmr ngscussgh`s ha fflli d`n tmlmvgsgh`, Dnhr`h prhvgnms ihrm spdcm sp dcm ah ahrr rmsg rmsgst std`c d`cmm d`n d`n `m `mkht khtgd gdtg tgh` h` th hc hccur cur,, bu butt id idg` g`td tdg` g`ss tj tjdt dt tj tjmm culturm g`nustry wgll dndpt th shcgdl cjd`kms, usudlly ldkkg`k bmjg`n culturd tu rdll sj sjga gats ts su sucj cj ds tjm tjm rm rmpr prms msm`t m`tdt dtgh` gh` ha ig ig`h `hrg rgty ty cu cult ltur urdl dl kr krhup hupss h` 47=>,, p. 247). G` ^rd`spdrm`cgms h` Agli (47:4 ( 47:4), ), jm ngscussms tmlmvgsgh` tmlmvgs gh` (47=> tjm rhlm ha fflli, dllhwg`k ahr gts phtm`tgdl ds d imngui lmss dbhut ig`nlmss ch`suiptgh` d`n ihrm dbhut tjm phtm`tgdl ahr mxdig`g`k gnmhlhky, d`n cldgig`k tjdt tjm rmcmptgh` ha cg`mid dllhws ahr tjm mxplhrdtgh` ha d kdp g` gts rmcmptgh`. Dnhr`h wrgtms tjdt tjmrm gs d kdp “g`jmrm`t g` tjm imngui’ ffl
47:4, 264),thwjmrm tjm gnmhlhkgcdl li igkjt `ht bm (rmvmdlmn 47:4, p.clmdrly tjm vgmwmr hr idy `htimssdkm bm wjdt ha tjmd vgmwmr mxpmrgm`cms. Jm cldgis tjdt, g` ch`trdst th tmlmvgsgh`, “fflli dcch dcchiihn iihndtm dtmss vdrg vdrghus hus ldymrs ha bmjdvghrdl rmsph`sms’ (47:4 47:4,, p. 264), dllhwg`k tjm vgmwmr th phtm`tg pht m`tgdlly dlly nmch nmchnm nm tjm ims imssdk sdkms ms ha fflli g` d vdrgmty ha wdys. Dnhr`h gnm`tgfflms fflli ds jdvg`k tjm phtm`tgdl ahr `mkhtgdtmn dungm`cm rmdng`ks, d`n th g`flum`cm shcgdl cjd`km tjrhukj tjm dungm`cm ‗s vdrghus gnmhlhkgcdl g`tmrprmtdtgh`s ha tjm tmxt. Vrghr th tjm dnvm`t ha tmlmvgsgh`, Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr wmrm wrgtg`k dbhu db hutt tj tjmm fflrst rst id idsss imng imngdd ha tj tjmm twm` twm`tg tgmt mtj j cm cm`t `tur uryy d` d`n n tj tjmm ph phw wmr tj tjmy my jm jmln ln.. 4773,, p. 4) – drm tjm G` tjmgr vgmw, culturm – “ffllis, rdngh d`n idkdzg`ms’ ( (4773 chiih` nm`hig`dthrs tjdt emmp tjm ig`ns ha tjm idssms hccupgmn wjm`
2:
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
tjmy drm `ht dt whre, fflllg`k tjmgr armm tgim wgtj tjm sdim imssdkms mvmryh`m mlsm rmcmgvms, sdtgsayg`k d culturm ha sdim`mss d`n crmdtg`k shcgdl jgmrdrcjgms tjdt idg`tdg` cldss structurms. structurms. Wmt Dnhr`h drkums tjdt “tjm cursm ha ihnmr` culturm smmis th bm gts dnjmrm`cm th tjm dlihst u`cjd`kmn gnmhlhky ha tjm mdrly ignnlm-cldss shcgmty, wjmrmds tjm lgvms ha gts ch`suimrs drm chiplmtmly ’
hut pjds pjdsmm wg wgtj tj gnmh gnmhlhk lhky y (2646 (2646, , p.`ht 413). [jm` lhheg`k dt tmlmvgsgh` ds d`hamxdiplm, tjmtjgs jgnnm` imssdkms drm `mcmssdrgly tjm ig`nsmt ha tjm currm`t dungm`c d ungm`cm. m. Iultg-cjd``ml tmlmvgsgh` prhkrdiig`k imd`s tjdt, hatm`, `uimrhus tmxts drm brhdncdst sgiultd`mhusly d`n rmcmgvmn by d idss dungm`cm, mdcj 47:6)) tjrmm wgtj tjm phtm`tgdl th g`tmrprmt tjm tmxt dcchrng`k th Jdll‗s (47:6 phssgblm ihnms? nhig`d`t, `mkhtgdtmn hr hpphsgtgh`dl. Dnhr`h gs scmptgcdl, jhwmvmr, ha tjm dbglgty ha tjm dungm`cm th bm chiplmtmly dwdrm ha tjm ihrm subtlm imssdkms ha idss imngd. Jm crgtgqums stmrmhtypg`k ds rmg`ahrcg`k pdrtgculdr shcgdl gnmdls d`n usms d` mxdiplm ha tjm gnmhlhkgcdl phsgtgh`g`k ha whim` tjrhukj tmlmvgsgh`, cgtg`k tjm subtlmty ha tmlmvgsgh` prhkrdi prh krdiig` k d`n cjdr cjdrdctm dctmr r`sdrcjmty drcj mtypm pmcms pdttmr pdtbmj tmr`s `s wjm wjmrmby rmpm rmpmtgt ha 47=>, , `dr `drrd rdtg tgvms vmsig`k d`n rm rmpr prms msm`t m`tdt dtgh gh`s rm rmg` g`ahr ahrcms bmjdvg dvghu hurd rdlrmby l pd pdtt ttmr mr`s `stgtgh` (gh` 47=> pp. 24:–7). Dnhr`h drkums tjdt idss imngd hpmrdtms vgd d iultgldymrmn structurm ha imssdkms tjdt drm supmrgiphsmn hvmr mdcj htjmr, “dll ha wjgcj ch`trgbutm th tjm maamct’ ha tjm “jgnnm` imssdkm’ bmg`k “ihrm giphrtd`t tjd` tjm hvmrt’ (2646, 2646, p. 41>). [gtjg` imngd tmxts, tjmsm jgnnm` imssdkms drm armqum`tly nmsgk`mn th rmg`ahrcm mxgstg`k, rgkgn d`n nhig`d`t ngschursms tjdt drm “sgigldr th tjm dccmptmn gnmds ihrm rdtgh`dlgstgcdlly prhpdkdtmn by 2646,, p. 41=). ^jmy idy dlsh bm ngsigssmn by tjm tjm suradcm imssdkm’ (2646 dung du ngm`c m`cmm ds ju juihu ihur, r, dppmd dppmdrg rg`k `k h` tj tjmm su sura radcm dcm ds d`t d`tgg-th thtd tdlg lgtd tdrg rgd` d` g` `dt `dtur urm, m, fl
but Dnhr`h g` adct rmdrkums mctg`ktjdt, thtdlgtdrgd` tjrhukjngschursms. subtly rmpmtgtghus ch`tm`t, tmlmvgsgh` rmg`ahrcms tjm nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgcdl phsgtgh`s ha tjm mlgtm. Jhwmvmr, tjm `dturmm ha tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstg `dtur brhdncdstg`k `k imd`s tjdt hpphsgtgh`dl hpphsgtgh`dl imssdk imssdkms ms cd` bm dgrg`k dt tjm sdim tgim, prhvgng`k chipmtg`k shcgdl rmprmsm`tdtgh`s hr `drrdtgvms `drrdt gvms hr `mws. ^mlmvgsg ^mlmvgsgh`, h`, pdgn-ahr hr armm, prhvgnms dccmss th iultgp iultgplm lm cjd``mls d`n prhkrdiims sgiultd`mhusly. Gt au`ctgh`s ds d smrgms ha imssdkms h` thp ha mdcj htjmr. Gt gs tjgs ldymrg`k ha imssdkms, dcchrng`k th Dnhr`h, tjdt dllhws ahr hvmrt d`n subtlm imssdkms th chmxgst (47=> 47=>,, pp. 224–223). ^jm chiplmxgtgms ha g`tmrpmlldtgh` d`n gnmhlhky cd` bm smm` tjrhukj dungm`cm rmdctgh`s th tmlmvgsgh` cjdrdctmrs. G` Idrcj 2642, tjm Vdlmy Cm`tmr ahr Imngd (VCI) g` Lhs D`kmlms ch`nuctmn g`tmrvgmws
2 ^JM C]L^]RM C]L^]RM G@ G@N]S^R N]S^RW W D@N D]NGM D]NGM@CM @CM DKM@CW DKM@CW
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wgtj tjm cdst d`n prhnuctgh` tmdi ha Ihnmr` Ihnmr` Adigly (Lmvgtd` (Lmvgtd` d`n Llhyn 2667), d` Dimrgcd` sgtchi tjdt mxplhrms tjm ny`digcs ha rmldtgh`sjgps 2667), bmtwmm` adigly imibmrs. ^wh ha tjm cjdrdctmrs g` tjm smrgms, Cdimrh` d`n Igtcjmll, drm d kdy chuplm rdgsg`k d` dnhptmn ndukjtmr. [jm` dsemn dbhut pldyg`k tjm rhlm ha d kdy pdrm`t g` d idg`strmdi prgim tgim smrgms fl
d`n tjm g` um`cm tjm cjdrdctmrs jdn,stdtmn Mrgc Sth`mstrmmt thln tjm sthry ha immtg`k d yhu`kjdvm ad`. Jm tjdt d yhu`k(Cdimrh`) id` cdim up th jgi d`n thln jgi tjdt smmg`k tjm cjdrdctmr h` tmlmvgsgh` kdvm jgi tjm churdkm th chim hut ds kdy th jgs ihtjmr, d`n jmr rmsph`sm wds “drm 2642). ). ^jgs smrgms d`n rmsph`sm spmde th tjm yhu Igtcj hr Cdi8’ (VCI (VCI 2642 g` g`cr crmd mdsg sg`k `k vg vgsg sgbg bglg lgty ty ha kd kdyy d` d`n n lmsb lmsbgd gd` ` cj cjdr drdc dctm tmrs rs rmpr rmprms msm` m`tm tmn n by tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nustry, g`tmrpmlldtg`k vgmwmrs d`n dllhwg`k ahr d brhdnmr rd`km ha dungm`cm gnm`tgtgms th bm rmflmctmn. Sucj vgsgbglgty g` culturdl tmxts spmdes th d culturdl sjgat surrhu`ng`k ngschursms ha smxudlgty, wjgcj tjm culturm g`nustry gs rmsph`ng`k th, crmdtg`k d iultgtunm ha tmlmvgsgh` rmprmsm`tdtgh`s tjdt chmxgst dlh`ksgnm mdcj htjmr. ‗
[gtj th tjgs Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr s cultur culturm g`nust g`nustry ry crgtg crgtgqum qum dppmdrs bmg`g`ig`n, ch`flgct wgtj mlmim`ts ha ihnmr` imngdm tjmhry rmkdrng`k tjm dungm`cm d`n tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha gnmhlhky. Vhst-structurdlgst `htgh`s, sucj ds Nmrrgnd‗s, ha d tmxt bmg`k hpm` th id`y phssgblm rmdng`ks d`n g`tmrprmtdtgh`s, dllhw ahr tjm dkm`cy ha dungm`cms g` tjm prhcmss ha tmxtudl ch`suiptgh`. Gt wds tjgs phtm`tgdlgty tjdt Dnhr`h drkumn whuln dllhw ahr d imngui sucj ds tmlmvgsgh` th brmde dwdy arhi jgs mdrlgmr ihnml ha tjm culturm g`nustry num th gts cdpdcgty ahr chiplgcdtmn imssdkms tjdt drm supmrgiphsmn hvmr mdcj htjmr. Ahr Dnhr`h, gt gs tjgs chiplmxgty ha ldymrg`k tjdt smpdrdtms tmlmvgsgh` arhi wjdt jm tmrimn “duth`hihus drt’, th 2646,, p. 41=). bmchim shimtjg`k tjdt gs “ihrm tjhrhukjly ausmn’ ( (2646 ‗
Nrdwg`k arhi Dltjussmr tjmhry, gt cd` bm drkumn tjdt rmprmsm`tdtgh` g` idss imngd hpmrdtms ds d sprm-mxgstg`k structurm g`tmrpmlldtg`k subomcts g`th subomct phsgtgh`s, bdsmn h` prm-mxgstg`k rmprmsm`tdtgh`s d`n mstdblg lgsj sjmn mn su subo bomct mct phs phsgt gtgh gh`s `s tj tjdt dt rm rmg`a g`ahr hrcm cm d` d`n n `hr `hridl idlgs gsmm tj tjmm pr prmm-mx mxgs gstg tg`k `k structurm ds tjm mvmryndy. Dltjussmr drkums tjdt gt gs gnmhlhky tjdt “g`tmrpmlldtms g`ngvgnudls ds subomcts’ d`n tjdt “gnmhlhky gs h`ly idnm phssgblm by tjm subomct’ bmcdusm tjm subomct gs rmcrugtmn hr jdglmn g`th mxgstm`cm by gnmhlhky (Dltjussmr 47;4, 47;4, p. 416). Dnngtgh`dlly, Dltjussmr cldgis tjdt mvmry shcgdl ahridtgh` iust rmprhnucm tjm “prhnuctgvm ahrcms’ d`n tjm “mxgstg`k rmldtgh`s ha prhnuctgh` ’ g` hrnmr th rmprhnucm “tjm ch`ngtgh`s ha gts prhnuctgh` dt tjm sdim tgim ds gt prhnucms, g` hrnmr th bm dblm th ’
prhnucm (47;4, 47;4, p. 42>). ^jm dungm`cm gs dblm th g`tmrprmt d imngd tmxt
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
num th gts u`nmrstd`ng`k ha tjm ld`kudkm usmn th chiiu`gcdtm imd`g`k. G` smightgcs, gt gs tjm dkrmmn imd`g`k ha d tmxt tjdt m`dblms gt th bm chiiu` chi iu`gc gcdt dtmn. mn. D tm tmxt xt mxgs mxgsts ts us usg` g`k k ch ch`vm `vm`t `tgh gh`s `s su sucj cj ds ld`k ld`kudk udkmm d` d`n n culturdl `hris `dturdlgsmn tjrhukj gnmhlhky, d`n ch`tdg`s gts hw` imd`g`k5 tjgs tmxt gs wjdt jdgls tjm vgmwmr d`n ds d rmsult mstdblgsjms tjmgr subomctgvgty tjrhukj g`tmrpmlldtgh` (Ldpslmy d`n [mstldem 2661 2661, , p. 42). By rmprhnucg`k tjm mxgstg`k ch`ngtgh`s tjdt jdvm dllhwmn tjm prhnuctgh` th hccur, nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgms drm rmprhnucmn d`n idg`tdg`mn, rmda fflrig`k tjm phsgtgh` ha nhig`d`cm jmln by tjm culturm g`nustry g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturdl tmxts. ^mlmvgsgh` ds d imngui prhnucms d prhlgamrdtgh` ha tmxts dvdgldblm th bm wdtcjmn,, d`n tjm ch`tm`t gs nmtmri wdtcjmn nmtmrig`mn g`mn by tjm cultur culturmm g`nust g`nustry ry wjgcj brhdncdsts tjgs ch`tm`t. ^jm g`crmdsg`k rd`km ha tmlmvgsgh` tmxts idnm dvdgldblm db lm ah ahrr ch ch`s `sui uipt ptgh gh` ` pr prhn hnuc ucms ms d sm sm`s `smm ha cj cjhg hgcm cm ahr ahr tj tjmm ch ch`s `sui uimr mr (Jmrbmrlm 2661). (Jmrbmrlm 2661). Jhwmvmr, tjm rd`km ha cjhgcm tjm ch`suimr ammls tjmy jdvmm dv jdv dvdg dgld ldbl blmm gs dc dctu tudl dlly ly “d pr prhn hnu ucm cmn n sm smtt ha gi gidk dkms ms’, d`n tjmsm gi gidk dkms ms smt smt up 2661, , p. 2=). Sh`wjglst tjmrmy gnmdlgsmn tjdt cd``ht bm dcjgmvmn (gs gs d pmrcmptgh` pmrcmpdspgrdtgh`s tgh` ha cjhgcm, wjdt dctudlly hccurs(2661 d `hridlg `hridlgsdtgh sdtgh` ha gnmhlhk gnmhlhky tjrh tj rhuk ukj j rmpmt rmpmtgt gtghu ghuss rmp rmprm rmsm sm`t `tdt dtgh gh`s `s.. G` tj tjmm cds cdsmm ha tm tmlm lmvgs vgsgh gh` ` pr prhn hnuct uctgh gh` ` d` d`n n rmprmsm`tdtgh`, tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha shcgdl `hris hccurs tjrhukj tmxts tjdt rmg`ahrcm tjmsm nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgms. Jhwmvmr, gnmhlhky d`n tmxtudl rmcmptgh` drm chiplmx? sgiplgstgc rmprhnuctgh` ha tjm nhig`d`t gnmhlhky whuln rmly h` tjm shcgdl ch`ngtgh`s ha mdcj subomct th bm tjm sdim. Wmt, wjglst tjm rmprmsm` rmpr msm`tdt tdtgh` gh` ha subc subcult ulturm urmss g` tml tmlmvgs mvgsgh`, gh`, hr fflli hr tjm imngd ihrm brhdnly, idy `ht lmdn th d` m`n th ngscrgig`dtgh` dkdg`st subculturms, `hr lmdn th d bmttmr lgam ahr tjhsm smmg`k tjmismlvms h` scrmm`, tjmsm rmprmsm`tdtg tgh` h`ss nh dl dllh lhw w ahr ahr tj tjmm ph phss ssgb gbgl glgt gtyy ahr ahr shim shim g`ng g`ngvgn vgnud udls ls th bm phs phsgt gtgv gvml mly y fl
g` ^jm um`cmn, sucj ha ds tmlmvgsgh` g` tjm sthrydshach`tdg`g`k tjm yhu`k chipmtg`k kdy id`. gnmhlhkgms cd` bm ch`cmpt dpplgmn ihrm brhdnly. Ds imngd ch`vmrkm`cm nmvmlhps d`n `mwmr chiiu`gcdtgh` imngd, sucj ds shcgdl imngd, chiplgcdtm tjm imngd ld`nscdpm, dungm`cms drm g`crmdsg`kly jdglmn g`th iultgplm subomct phsgtgh`s vgd tjm rmprmsm`tdtgh`s ha iultgplm gnmhlhkgms. ^jm G`tmr`mt gs prhvgng`k d pldcm ahr dungm`cms th bmchim pdrtgcgpd`ts g` tjm crmdtgh` ha culturdl tmxts ds d ahri ha smla-rmprmsm`tdtgh` g` wjgcj subomct gnm`tgty cd` bm mxplhrmn hutsgnm ha tjm rulms mstdblgsjmn by culturm g`nustry tmxts. ^jgs prdctgcm ha smlarmprmsm`tdtgh`, jhwmvmr, gs stgll lgigtmn d`n shimwjdt nmtmrig`mn by tjm imngd d`n rmkuldtgh` structurms tjdt chipmtm ahr ch`trhl ha tjgs `mw spdcm. Dungm`cmss drm `hw, ihrm tjd` mvmr, dblm th dccmss ch`tm`t tjdt rmg`ahrcms Dungm`cm rmg`ahrcms
2 ^JM C]L^]RM C]L^]RM G@ G@N]S^R N]S^RW W D@N D]NGM D]NGM@CM @CM DKM@CW DKM@CW
34
tjmgr hw` gnmhlhk gnmhlhkgcdl gcdl phsgt phsgtgh` gh` (Vdrg (Vdrgsmr smr 2644 2644). ). But tjgs nhms `ht imd` tjmy drm armm ha tjm nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgms tjdt drm rmprhnucmn by tjm culturm g`nustr g`nu stryy wgt wgtjg` jg` d chi chiplg plgcdt cdtmn mn `mtw `mtwhre hre ha gnmhlhk gnmhlhkgcdl gcdl rmpr rmprhnuc hnuctgh` tgh` d`n dungm`cm g`tmrprmtdtgh` (Dnhr`h 2646 (Dnhr`h 2646,, p. 4:4). ^jmrm gs d `mw rmchk`gtgh` ha h`lg`m ch`tm`t ds d lmkgtgidtm ahri ha imngd prdctgcm, d`n]`gtmn rmkuldtgh` nmvmlhpim`ts, g` Dustrdlgd, tjmha]`gtmn Eg`knhi d`n tjm Stdtms, jdvm rmg`ahrcmn tjm phwmr mstdblgsjmn imngd hw`mrs ds tjm phwmr `mkhtgdtgh` ahr h`lg`m ch`trhl pldys hut. ^jgs gs `ht th sukkmst d bg`dry ha g`nustry hpprmssgh`/dungm`cm hpphsgtgh` g` tjm imngd5 rdtjmr, tjmrm gs d chiplmx `mtwhre g` hpmrdtgh` tjdt nmtmrig`ms vdryg`k nmkrmms ha dccmss d`n pdrtgcgpdtgh`. ^jm G`tmr`mt gs d sgtm ha currm`t phwmr strukklms? mimrkg`k imngd prdctgcms nh jdvm tjm phtm`tgdl th rmsjdpm tjm phwmr structurm ha imngd5 jhwmvmr, iy mxpmrgm`cm d`n d`dlysgs sjhws tjdt tjgs gs mxtrmimly nga fflcult th nh ds mxgstg`k imngd structurms rmg`ahrcm tjm phsgtgh` ha tjm nhig`d`t imngd pldymrs. @mvmrtjmlmss, u`lgem brhdncdst tmlmvgsgh`, tjm G`tmr`mt gs `ht rmkuldtmn d`n ch`trhllmn g` d thp-nhw` id``mr prhig`m`t kdtmemmpmrs blhceg`k tjm pdrtgcgpdtgh` ha dungm`cms g`wgtj prhnuctgh`. Cmrtdg`ly, mimrkg`k arhi tjm h`lg`m prdctgcms ha dungm`cms d`n imngd ch`suimrs drm vdryg`k ngschursms rmkdrng`k tjm `htgh` ha tjmgr pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturdl tmxts. Dnhr`h‗s whre nhms `ht dllhw ahr dkm`tgc prdctgcms hr rmsph`sms th tjm culturm g`nustry5 d`n jm gs g` adct jgkjly crgtgcdl ha phpuldr culturm d`n ngsigssgvm ha ad`-lgem culturm. [jm` ngscussg`k tjm ogttmrbuk d`n tjm nd`cm cultu cul turm rm su surr rrhu hu`n `ng` g`k k odzz odzz ius iusgc, gc, Dnhr Dnhr`h `h ngs ngsig igss ssms ms tj tjmm m`o m`ohyi hyim`t m`t ha php phpul uldr dr culturm, stdtg`k, “tjmy cdll tjmismlvms ogttmrbuks, ds ga tjmy sgiultd`mhusly wd`tmn th da fflri d`n ihce tjmgr lhss ha g`ngvgnudlgty ’ (2646, 2646, pp. =2–=3). ‗
Jhwmvmr, wjdt mssm`tgdl g` Dnhr`h d`nmxdig`g`k Jhrejmgimr whre gs tjm g`tmrvm`tgh` tjgsrmidg`s tjmhry idnm g` imngd stungms, tjms structurm ha imngd g`stgtutgh`s g`stgtutgh`s d`n tjm thp-nhw` shcgdl g`flum`cm idg`strmdi idg`strmdi imngd cd` jdvm. Ds gnm`tgfflmn by Dltjussmr, tjm imngd chiprgsm h`m ha id`y g`stgtutg tgh` h`ss rmsp rmsph` h`sg sgbl blmm ahr ahr idg idg`t `tdg dg`g `g`k `k d`n m`a m`ahr hrcg cg`k `k nhig` nhig`d`t d`t gnmhl gnmhlhkg hkgms ms tjrhukj rmpmtgtghus rmprmsm`tdtgh`s ha culturdl `hris ds ‚`dturdl‗ (47;4 47;4). ). [jglst tjgs sgiplgstgc sgiplgstgc dpprhdcj dpprhdcj nm`gms tjm phssgbglgt phssgbglgtyy ha ddkm`cy km`cy hr g`ngvgn g`ngvgnudl udl rmsph`sm rmsph` sm th wjdt gs bm bmg`k g`k smm` d`n jh jhw w imssdk imssdkms ms drm rmcm rmcmgvmn, gvmn, gt glluig` glluig`dtms dtms tjm fflmln ha imngd ds h`m ha id`y structurms ha g`flum`cm. Dltjhukj tjm imd`s ha imngd ngstrgbutgh` drm d sgtm ha ch`tmstdtgh` ahr ch`trhl d`n dccmss, tjm hw`mrs d`n ch`trhllmrs ha tjmsm imd`s idg`tdg` tjm stdtus quh. ^jm G`tmr`mt gs tjm sgtm ha rmsgstd`cm d`n ch`tmstdtgh` ha tjm
32
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
nhig`d`cm ha brhdncdst imngd. Gt gs `ht d` mqudl pldyg`k fflmln, jhwmvmr, num th u`mvm` ngstrgbutgh` ha culturdl, shcgdl d`n mch`higc cdpgtdl wgtjg` tjm fflmln, wjgcj lgigt tjm cdpdcgty ha dungm`cms th m`kdkm g` lmkgtgidtm culturdl prhnuctgh`.
@H^MS 4. “^jm bhny ha tjhukjt nmvmlhpmn by Idrx, M`kmls d`n tjmgr ch`tmiphrdrgms’ (Nmutscjmr (Nmutscjmr 471= 471=). ). 2. Gnmh Gnmhlhky lhky,, dcchrn dcchrng`k g`k th Dltju Dltjussmr, ssmr, cd` bm nmffl`mn g` tjm Idrxgst sm`sm ha tjm whrn ds d nhig`d`t systmi ha gnmds tjdt drm usmn th ch`trhl g`ngvgnudls d`n shcgdl krhups.
R MAMRM@CMS MAMRM@CMS Dnhr`h, ^. [. (47=>). Jhw th lhhe dt tmlmvgsgh`. ^jm Tudrtmrly ha Agli ^mlmvgsgh` –
d`n Rdngh , : (47:4). (3), 243^rd`spdrm`cgm (3), 23=. nhg?46.236;/4267;34 nhg?46.236;/4267;34. Dnhr`h, ^. [. ^rd`spdrm`cgms s h` fflli. @mw .Kmrid` Crgtgqum , 2> (2=), (2=), 477–26=. nhg?46.236;/>::6=6 nhg?46.236;/>::6=6.. Dnhr`h, ^. [. (2646). ^jm cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry?? Smlm Smlmct ctmn mn mssd mssdys ys h` idss idss cult cultur urm m O. I. Bmr`stmg` (Mn.). Lh`nh`? Rhutlmnkm. Dnhr`h, ^. [., & Jhrejmgimr, I. (4773). ^jm culturm g`nustry? M`lgkjtm`im`t ds jttp?//www7.kmhrkmthw`.mnu/ rkmthw`.mnu/ idss nmcmptgh` . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 4, 2644 arhi arhi jttp?//www7.kmh adculty/grvg`mi/tjmhry/Dnhr`h adculty/grvg`mi/tj mhry/Dnhr`h-Jhrejmgimr-Cu -Jhrejmgimr-Culturm-G`nustry.p lturm-G`nustry.pna na . Dltjussmr, L. (47;4). Lm`g` d`n pjglhshpjy d`n htjmr mssdys . Lh`nh`? @ L B. D`k, G. (4771). Lgvg Lgvg`k `k rhhi rhhi wdrs wdrs?? Rmtj Rmtjg` g`eg eg`k `k imng imngd d dung dungm` m`cm cms s . Lh Lh`n `nh` h`?? Rhutlmnkm. Bdrtjms, R. (47;;). Gidkm iusgc tmxt . @mw Whre? @hh`ndy Vrmss Mngtgh`. ^jm whre ha drt ^jm g` tjmBmle`dp dkm ha imcjd`gcdl rmprhnuctgh` d`n Bm`odig`, [. (266:). htjmr wrgtg`ks h` imngd . Lh`nh`? Vrmss ha Jdrvdrn ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Cdss Cd ssgn gny, y, [. V. (2 (266 661) 1).. Kdtm Kdtmem emmp mpg` g`k, k, sgig sgigld ldrr ahr ahr h`lg h`lg`m `m,, pr prg` g`tt ohur ohur`d `dlg lgst sts. s. @mwspdpmr Rmsmdrcj Ohur`dl , 2; (2), (2), 1–23. Cjd`nlmr, N. (2666). Idrxgst imngd tjmhry? ^jm Ard`eaurt scjhhl . Rmtrgmvmn Idrcj 21, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.dbmr.dc.ue/imngd/Nhcuim`ts/idrxgsi/idrx gsi6:.jtil.. gsi6:.jtil Nmrrgnd, O. (266;). [rgtg`k d`n ngaamrm`cm . Lh`nh`? Rhutlmnkm. Nmutscjmr, G. (471=). Idrxgsi g` hur tgim. Idrxgsts G`tmr`mt Drcjgvm . Rmtrgm Rmtrgmvmn vmn jttp?//www.idrxgsts.hrk/drcjgvm/nmu rk/drcjgvm/nmutscjmr/471=/ tscjmr/471=/ Dukust 43, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.idrxgsts.h idrxgsi.jti.. idrxgsi.jti
Mdklmth`, ^. (4774). Gnmhlhky? D` g`trhnuctgh` . Lh`nh`? Qmrsh.
2 ^JM C]L^]RM C]L^]RM G@ G@N]S^R N]S^RW W D@N D]NGM D]NGM@CM @CM DKM@CW DKM@CW
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Mdklmth`, ^. (477>). Gnmhlhky d`n gts vgcgssgtunms g` [mstmr` Idrxgsi. G` S. _gzme (Mn.), Idppg`k gnmhlhky (pp. (pp. 4;7–221). ^hwbrgnkm? Crhiwmll Vrmss. M`kmls, A. (4:73). M`kmls th Ard`z Imjrgk. Idrxgsts G`tmr`mt Drcjgvm . Rmtrgmvmn Dukust Duku st 43, 2643 arhi arh i jttp?//www.idrxgsts.hrk/drcjgvm/idrx/whres/ 4:73/lmttmrs/73X6;X4>.jti.. 4:73/lmttmrs/73X6;X4>.jti Kmrb`mr, K. (477:). Cultgvdtgh` d`dlysgs? D` hvmrvgmw. Idss Chiiu`gcdtgh` d`n Shcgmty , 4 (3), 4;=–47>. nhg?46.46:6/4=26=>31.477:.71;;:== nhg?46.46:6/4=26=>31.477:.71;;:==.. Jdll, S. (47:6). M`chng`k nmchng`k. G` S. Jdll, N. Jhbsh`, D. Lhwm, & V. [gllgs 7 . (Mns.), Culturm, imngd, ld`kudkm? [hreg`k pdpmrs g` culturdl stungms, 47;2 –– ;7 ; Lh`nh`? Jutcjg`sh` d`n Ch. Jmrbmrlm, R. (2661). D` g`tmrvgmw wgtj Nrucglld Chr`mll. G` R. Jmrbmrlm (Mn.), Amig`g Ami g`gst st g`tmrp g`tmrprmt rmtdtg dtgh`s h`s ha ^jmhn ^jmhnhr hr Dnhr`h Dnhr`h (pp. (pp. 24–>6) >6).. ]` ]`gvm gvmrsg rsgty ty Vd Vdre? re? Vm``sylvd`gd Stdtm ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Emll`m Eml l`mr, r, N. (47 (47:> :>). ). Jmrb Jmrbmr mrtt Idrc Idrcus usmm d`n d`n tj tjmm crgs crgsgs gs ha Idrx Idrxgs gsi i . Bmr Bmreml emlmy? my? ]`gvmrsgty ha Cdlgahr`gd Vrmss. Emll`mr, N. (266>). Culturm g`nustrgms. G` ^. Igllmr & R. Stdi (Mns.), D chipd- `gh` th ffl li li (pp. (pp. 262–226). Hxahrn? Bldcewmll Vublgsjg`k. Ldpslmy, R., & [mstldem, I. (2661). Agli tjmhry? D` g`trhnuctgh` . Id`cjmstmr?
Id`cjmstmr ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Ldzdrsamln, V. A. (47=;). Vublgc hpg`gh` d`n tjm cldssgcdl trdngtgh`. ^jm Vublgc Hpg`gh` Tudrtmrly , 24 (4), 37–=3. Rmtrgmvmn arhi? OS^HR. Lmvgtd`, S., & Llhyn, C. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmrs). (2667). Ihnmr` adigly Utmlmvgsgh` smrgmsY . ]SD? 26tj Cm`tury Ahx tmlmvgsgh`. Idrx, E. (47;;). D ch`trgbutgh` th tjm crgtgqum ha phlgtgcdl mch`hiy. Idrxgsts G`tmr`mt Drcjgvm . Rmtrgmvmn Ouly 27, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.idrxgsts.hrk/ drcjgvm/idrx/whres/4:=7/crgtgq drcjgvm/idrx/wh res/4:=7/crgtgqum-phl-mch`h um-phl-mch`hiy/prmadcm.jti iy/prmadcm.jti.. Idrx, E., & M`kmls, A. (266>). ^jm Kmrid` gnmhlhky? Vdrts h`m, wgtj smlmctgh`s arhi pdrt twh d`n tjrmm d`n supplmim`tdry tmxts C. O. Drtjur (Mn.). @mw Whre? G`tmr`dtgh`dl Vublgsjmrs Ch. Vdrgsm Vdr gsmr, r, M. (26 (2644 44). ). ^jm ffl lltmr tmr bubb bubblm lm?? [jdt [jdt tj tjmm g` g`tm tmr` r`mt mt gs jg jgng ng`k `k ar arhi hi yhu yhu . @mw Whre? Vm`kug` Vrmss. Smdrs, N. H., & Ehstmrid`, R. (477>). Idss imngd d`n phlgtgcdl pmrsudsgh`. G` G. S. Sj Sjdv dvgt gttt & ^. C. Br Brhc hcee (M (Mns ns.) .),, Vmrsudsgh Vmrsudsgh`? `? Vsycjhlhkg Vsycjhlhkgcdl cdl g`sgkjts g`sgkjts d`n pmrspmctgvm (pp. (pp. 2=4–2;;). Bhsth`? Dlly` d`n Bdch`. ^jm Vdlmy Cm`tmr ahr Imngd. (2642, Idrcj 4>). Ihnmr` adigly . Rmtrgmvmn Dukust jttp?//www.pdlmycm`tmr.hrk/pdlmyam `tmr.hrk/pdlmyamst2642-ihn st2642-ihnmr`adigly mr`adigly . 4:, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.pdlmycm
CJDV^MR 3
Dkm`cy g` Vrdctgcm? D Vdrtgcgpdthry ]thpgd
[jglst dungm`cms nh jdvm tjm dbglgty th prhnucm imngd tmxts, tjgs phwmr gs lgigtmn by structurdl rmldtgh`sjgps bmtwmm` tjm imngd g`nustry d`n ch`suimr su imrs. s. –Bm Bmtw twmm` mm` tj tjmm cul cultu turm rm g`nus g`nustr tryy tj tjmsg msgsshad`n tjdt dt ha ha tjm pdr pdrtg tgcg cgpdt pdthr hry y culturm twh tjmhrmtgcdl ch`cmptudlgsdtgh`s tjm tj rhlm dungm`cm d`n tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha culturm – gt gs phssgblm th smm d spdcm mimrkg`k h`lg`m ahr tjm ngstrgbutgh` ha ch`tm`t ds d phtm`tgdl ngsruptgh` th tjm mstdblgsjmn imngd g`nustrgms. By mxplhrg`k tjm phssgbglgtgms ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm ds d rmsph`sm th tjm culturm g`nustry ‗s nhig`d`cm, wm cd` kdg` d` u`nmr u`nmrst std` d`ng ng`k `k ha tj tjmm ch chipl iplmx mxgt gtgms gms ha cul cultu turd rdll pr prhnu hnuct ctgh gh` ` d` d`n n tj tjmm h`khg`k phwmr `mkhtgdtgh`s tjdt hccur bmtwmm` tjm culturm g`nustry d`n dungm`cms. @mwmr ahris ha dungm`cm m`kdkmim`t wgtj imngd – ardimn ds pdrtgcgpdthry cultur culturmm – cd` tdem id`y ahris, g`clung`k blhkkg`k, kdig`k, shcgdl imngd, chiim`tg`k h` ahruis, th wgegs, uplhdng`k vgnmhs th Whu^ubm, phlgtgcdl dctgh` d`n shch`trgbutg`k h` h`.. ^jmsm prdctgcms hccur dlh`ksgnm htjmr ahris ha m`kdkmim`t sucj ds ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k, [mb smrgms d`n smlapublgsj publ gsjg`k g`k.. Ch` Ch`cmp cmptud tudlgs lgsdtg dtgh`s h`s ha pdr pdrtgc tgcgpd gpdthr thryy cult culturm urm drm hpt hptgig gigstg stgcc dbhut tjm phwmr ha imngd ch`suimrs th pdrtgcgpdtm g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturdl prhnucts d`n ahr pdrtgcgpdthry culturm th g` flum`cm tjm wdy imngd prhnucts drm prhnucmn d`n ch`suimn. Ngaamrm`t ahris ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm rmqugrm ngaamrm`t lmvmls ha m`kdkmim`t, dkm`cy d`n pmrsh`dl g`vmstim`t arhi tjhsm pdrtgcgpdtg`k, wgtj tjmsm dctgvgtgms hatm` tdeg`k pldcm g` ihim`ts ha lmgsurm usg`k ch`vmrkm`t tmcj`hlhky sucj ds sidrtpjh`ms.
© ^jm Dutjhr(s) 264; M. Emltgm, ^jm Culturm G`nustry d`n Vdrtgcgpdthry Dungm`cms , NHG 46.466;/7;:-3-347-> 46.466;/7;:-3-347->762:-4X3 762:-4X3
3=
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Vdrtgcgpdtgh` hccurs wgtjg` tjm bhu`ns ha structurmn spdcms tjdt tjhsm pdrtgcg pdrt gcgpdt pdtg`k g`k ngn `ht crm crmdtm. dtm. ^jm ^jmsm sm spdcms spdcms khvm khvmr` r` tjm phs phssgb sgbglg glgtgm tgmss d`n phtm`tgdlgtg phtm`t gdlgtgms ms ha m`kdkmim m`kdkmim`t `t g` pdrtgc pdrtgcgpdthr gpdthryy prdct prdctgcms. gcms.
H@LG@M V DR^GCGVD^GH@ Vdrtgcgpdthry culturm ch`structs dungm`cms ds dctgvm d`n miphwmrmn th pdrt pd rtgc gcgp gpdt dtmm g` tjm tjm pr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` ha cu cult ltur urdl dl pr prhn hnuc ucts ts (O (Om` m`eg eg`s `s 2661d 2661d55 Burkmss 2661 Burkmss 266155 Burkmss d`n Krmm` 2667 Krmm` 266755 Rhsm` 2661 Rhsm` 2661)) d`n gs armqum`tly phsgtgh`mn ds mvgnm`cg`k d sjgat g` imngd phwmr ds dungm`cms smmig`kly brmd br mdee dw dwdy dy ar arhi hi tj tjmm th thpp-nh nhw w` jgmr jgmrdr drcj cjyy ha tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry.. ^rdngtgh`dl imngd sucj ds tmlmvgsgh` adcm tjm cjdllm`km ha tjm G`tmr`mt ds d imngui g`crmdsg`kly cdpdblm ha ngstrgbutg`k sgigldr ch`tm`t, wgtj tjm dnvd` dn vd`td tdkm km ha `h `htt bmg bmg`k `k rm rmkul kuldt dtmn mn hr ch` ch`tr trhl hllmn lmn g` tj tjmm sdim sdim id` id``m `mr. r. Aurtjmrihrm, by usg`k tjm G`tmr`mt, dungm`cms drm dblm th usm tjm sdim pldtahri ds tjm culturm g`nustry th ngstrgbutm tjmgr hw` ch`tm`t. ‚
^jm mdrly 2666s sdw mimrkg`k trm`ns g` tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha pmmr-thpmmr tmcj`hlhkgms ‗? dt tjm tgim, tjm iusgc g`nustry bmkd` rmsph`ng`k th tjm cjd cjd`kg` `kg`k k rml rmldtg dtgh`s h`sjgp jgp bmt bmtwmm wmm` ` prh prhnucm nucmrs rs d`n ch` ch`suim suimrs, rs, tjr tjrhuk hukj j lm lmkd kdll dc dctg tgh` h` hvm hvmrr tj tjmm nhw nhw`l `lhdn hdng` g`k k d`n sj sjdr drg` g`k k ha iu iusg sgcc ffllms h`lg h`lg`m5 `m5 g`nustrgms sucj ds tjm kdims g`nustry m`churdkmn d`n prhihtmn dungm`cm g`tmrdctgh`5 d`n ad` chiiu`gtgms bmkd` nmvmlhpg`k d`n sjdrg`k ch`tm`t Rmsmdr mdrcj cj dt tjm tjm tg tgim im g`n g`ngc gcdt dtmn mn tm tm`s `sgh gh`s `s bmt bmtwm wmm` m` tj tjmm (Om`eg`s 266>). 266>). Rms imngd g`nustry d`n mimrkg`k tmcj`hlhkgms ds wmll ds cjd`kg`k ihnmls ha chiiu`gcdtgh` bmtwmm` g`nustry d`n dungm`cm. ^jmsm tm`sgh`s jdvm `ht ymt bmm` rmshlvmn d`n drm stgll smm` pldyg`k hut g` currm`t imngd prdctgcm, g` tjm phwmr bdld`cm bmtwmm` dungm`cms d`n g`nustry. Vdrt Vd rtgc gcgp dthr hryyjdv cu cult urm dm`tgdl ch chipl iplmx ahr ahri ictur ha imngd m`k m`kdk mim`t `ttryyd`n prdctgcm prdct gcms sgpdt tj tjdt dt jdvm mltur tj tjmmm gs pht phtm`t gdl thmxrm rmst stru ruct urmmimn tj tjmmgdimn imngd gddkmim g`n g`nus ustr ds dungm`cms bmchim ch-crmdthrs ha imngd ch`tm`t. Vdrtgcgpdthry culturm gs nmffl`mn ds d smrgms ha culturdl prdctgcms? wgtj rmldt dtggvml mlyy lhw bdrrgmrs th drtgstgc mx mxp prmssgh` d`n cgvgc m`kdkmim`t5 • wgtj strh`k supphrt ahr crmdtg`k d`n sjdrg`k h`m‗s crmdtgh`s wgtj htjmrs5 • wgtj shim typm ha g`ahridl im`thrsjgp wjmrmby wjdt gs e`hw` by tjm ihst mxpmrgm`cmn gs pdssmn dlh`k th `hvgcms5
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wjmrm imibmrs bmlgmvm tjdt tjmgr ch`trgbutgh`s idttmr5 d`n
3 DKM@CW DKM@CW G@ V VRDC^ RDC^GCM? GCM? D VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^HRW ^HRW ]^HVGD ]^HVGD •
3;
wjmr wjmrmm imi imibmr bmrss amm ammll sh shim im nmk nmkrm rmmm ha shcg shcgdl dl ch ch``m ``mct ctgh gh` ` wg wgtj tj h` h`mm d`htjmr (dt tjm lmdst, tjmy cdrm wjdt htjmr pmhplm tjg`e dbhut wjdt tjmy jdvm crmdtmn) (Om`eg`s 2661b (Om`eg`s 2661b). ).
Nmspgtm d pdrtgcgpdthry ngvgnm mxgstg`k g` wjgcj `ht dll ch`suimrs d`n usmrs jdvm mqudl dccmss pdrtgcgpdtm g` ` tjm ha culturdl tmxts, d`n wjmrm, ahr tjm ihstthpdrt, pdrtgcgpdtgh pdrtgcgpdtgh` gs dprhnuctgh` ahri ha rmcrmdt rmcrmdtgh`, gh`, Om`eg` Om`eg`s s drkums tjdt pdrt pdrtgcgp gcgpdth dthry ry cul cultur turmm jds tj tjmm phtm phtm`tg `tgdl dl th nrdstgcd nrdstgcdlly lly ssjgat jgat tjm p prhnu rhnuctg ctgh` h` ha imngd ch`tm`t (2661d (2661d pp. pp. 3–=). Drkug`k ahr d sjgat g` tjm wdy dungm`cms drm vgmwmn, jm phsgtgh`s dungm`cms ds pdrtgcgpd`ts g` d` mimrkg`k ‚imngd mchlhky ‗, wj wjmr mrmb mbyy pd pdrt rtggcgpd cgpdtg tgh` h` ih ihvm vmss bm bmyh yh`n `n bm bmg` g`k k d` dc dctt ha rmsg rmsgsstd td`c `cmm d` d`n n dungm`cms bmchim ch-crmdthrs, ds bhtj ch`suimrs d`n prhnucmrs (Om`eg`s ). D prhblmidtgc dspmct ha tjgs ch`structgh` gs tjm phwmr d`n Nmuzm 266: Nmuzm 266:). gibdld`cm tjdt rmidg`s. G` hrnmr th ngscuss tjm sjgatg`k phwmr rmldtgh`sjgps bmtwmm` dungm`cms dungm`cms d`n tj tjmm culturm g`nust g`nustry, ry, tjm cjd`k cjd`kms ms tjdt drm adcglg adcglgtdtg`k tdtg`k tjmsm nmvmlhpim`ts `mmn fflrst th bm mstdb mstdblgsjmn. lgsjmn. Cjd`km Cjd`kmss d`n nmvmlhpi nmvmlhpim`ts m`ts sucj dsdrm shc shcgdl gdl imngd imngd,,ahr si sidrt drtpjh pjh`ms, `ms,lmvmls g`cr g`crmds mdsmn G` G`tmr` tmr`mt mt bd`n bd`nwgnt wgntj jwgtj d`n ngk ngkgtdl gtdld vgnmh prhvgng`k g`crmdsmn ha mn dungm`cm m`kdkmim`t imng imngd tmxts, blurrg`k tjm lg`ms bmtwmm` ch`suig`k imngd d`n prhnucg`k imngd. ^jmm pr ^j prhnu hnucm cmrr–ch`s ch`suimr uimr ch`tg`uu ch`tg`uui i gnm` gnm`tg tgfflmn by Dlvg` ^ha flmr gs mv mvgn gnmm`t g` pdrtgcgpdthry pdrtgcgpdthry culturm. G` 47:6, ^ha flmr prmngctmn tjdt shcgmty wds jmdng`k g` g`th th wjdt wjdt jm rm rmam amrr rrmn mn th ds tjm tjm tjgr tjgrn wdv wdvmm ha shcg shcgdl dl hr hrkd kd`g `gsd sdttgh`, gh`, d` g`ah g`ahri riddtgh` dkm5 jm prmngctmn tjdt tjgs `mw mrd whuln kgvm rgsm th tjm ‚prhsuimr‗ d`n clhsm tjm kdp bmtwmm` prhnucmrs d`n ch`suimrs. ^jm prhsuimr ihnml ha mch`higc prhnuctgh` stmis arhi wjdt ^ha flmr rmamrs th ds wdvms ha mch`h mch `higc igc d` d`n n sh shcg cgdl dl nm nmvml vmlhp hpim` im`t. t. ^j ^jmm fflrst rst wdv wdvmm wds tj tjmm dk dkrg rgcu cult ltur urdl dl shcgmty, wjmrm pmhplm prhnucmn ahr tjmismlvms wjdt tjmy whuln ch`suim. ^jm smch`n tjm g`nustrgdl shcgmty, sdw tjmg`nu sjgatstrgdl arhi prhnuctgh`-ahrch`suipt ch`s uiptgh` gh`wdvm, th prhnuc prh nuctgh` tgh`-ah -ahr-m r-mxcjd xcjd`km. `km. ^jm g`nustr gdl rmv rmvhlut hlutgh` gh` crmd crmdtmn tmn d splgt bmtwmm` tjm prhnucmr d`n tjm ch`suimr. [gtj `mw tmcj`hlhkgms, pmhplm wmrm dblm th prhnucm substd`tgdlly ihrm khhns d`n ahhns tjdt tjmy wmrm dblm th smll ahr prhfflt, `ht oust ahr lhcdl ch`suiptgh`. [gtj tjm dkm ha g`nustry chig`k th d clhsm d`n tjm gipdcts ha tjm tjgrn wdvm – tjm g`ahridtgh` tgh` dkm dkm – bmg bmg`k `k am amlt, lt, w wmm drm `h `hw w smm smmg`k g`k d rmtu rmtur` r` ha tjm p prhnu rhnucmr cmr–ch`suimr, hr ‚prhsuimr‗. Vrhsuiptgh` gs `ht d` m`tgrmly `mw ch`cmpt? pmhplm jdvm prhnu prh nucmn cmn d` d`n n ch ch`s `sui uimn mn g` vdr vdrghu ghuss ahri ahriss tj tjrh rhuk ukjh jhut ut jgst jgsthr hryy (^h (^ha a flmr 47:6 47:6,, pp. =4–13). ^jm mdrlgmst ju`tmr-kdtjmrmrs wmrm prhsuimrs5 wjdt gs `htdblm gs tjm g`crmdsm g` dcts ha ch`suiptgh` d`n tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha idss ). prhnuctgh` tjdt m`dblms tjgs (Rgtzmr mt dl. 2642 dl. 2642).
3:
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Ch`tmiphrdry shcgdl stungms jdvm idremn d rmtur` th tjg`eg`k dbhut tjm rhlm ha prhsuiptgh`, bhtj mch`higcdlly d`n shcgdlly (Rgtzmr mt dl. 2642 2642,, pp. 3:4–3:2). ^jm prhnucm prhnucmrr–ch`suimr bg`dry gs rmtur`g`k g` shcgdl tjmhry, th bm smm` ds d ch`tg`uui ha mch`higc dctgvgty. ^jgs cd` bm smm` g` tjm rgsm ha smla-smrvgcm, smla-smrvgcm, ds wmll ds [mb 2.6, wjmrmg` tjm dctgvgtgm dctgvgtgmss ha tjm ch`suimr drm rmlgd`t h` hw` tjmgr ch`suimr bmjdvghur mxpmrgm`cms, ds prhnucmrs.wjmtjmr Ihrm d`n pmhplm prhnucg`k tjmgr gt gsihrm, th clmdr tjmgrdrm hw` tdblm g` d ad adst st-a -ahhn hhn rm rmst stdu durd rd`t `t,, pdr pdrtg tgcg cgpdt pdtmm g` sh shcg cgdl dl imn imngd gd hr ht htjm jmrr ahri ahriss ha pdrtgcgpdthry [mb culturm sucj ds [gegpmngd hr scd` tjmgr hw` krhcmrgms. ^jm rmtur` ha prhsuiptgh` th tjm mch`hiy gs bm`mfflcgdl th cdpg cdpgtdlg tdlgsi? si? pmhp pm hplm lm pr prhn hnuc ucmm ihrm ihrm ha tj tjmg mgrr hw hw` ` mx mxpm pmrg rgm` m`cm cm d` d`n n tj tjmr mrmm gs lmss lmss wh whre re rmqugrmn ahr tjm prhnucmr. ^jgs cd` bm smm` g` h`lg`m sjhppg`k, wjmrm tjm ch`suimr prhnucms tjmgr hw` sjhppg`k mxpmrgm`cm d`n tjm` chiplmtms tjm trd`sdctgh`. [jglst tjmrm gs stgll d `mmn ahr tjm prhnucmr th pdrtgcgpdtm g` tjgs mxpmrgm`cm th supply `ht h`ly tjm h`lg`m g`ardstructurm but th nmlgvmr d smrvgcm, tjgs ahri ha ch`suiptgh` chuln `ht mxgst wgtjhut d` mlmim`t ha prhsuiptgh`. prhsui G` tjm cd``ht sdim wdy, [mb 2.6 d`n pdrtgc pdrtgcgpdthr gpdthryy cultur culturdl dl prdctgcms sucj ds ptgh`. shcgdl imngd mxgst wgtjhut shcgdl pdrtgcgpdtgh` d`n tjm ch`suimr prhnucg`k tjmgr hw` ch`tm`t (Rgtzmr mt dl. 2642 dl. 2642,, pp. 3:3–3:=). G` mxdig`g`k tjm rgsm g` `mw imngd tmcj`hlhkgms d`n tjm mxph`m`tgdlly g`crmdsg`k ngvmrkm`cm ha imngd idremts, ^ha flmr prmngctmn tjdt tjm tjgrn wdvm whuln smm d ‚nm-idssgayg`k‗ ha tjm imngd (47:6 (47:6,, p. 4;4). ^mlmvgsgh` ds d idss imngui gs brhdncdst th dungm`cms h` d scjmnulm5 ymt tjm g`trhnuct nu ctgh gh` ` ha `mw tm tmcj` cj`hl hlhk hkgms gms jd jdss lmn lmn th d cj cjd`k d`kmm g` dun dungm gm`cm `cm jd jdbg bgts ts,, wjmrmby brhdncdstg`k scjmnulms d`n rmlmdsm ndtms `h lh`kmr ngctdtm dccmss th imngd ch`tm`t. @mw tmcj`hlhkgms, arhi tjm QCR th tjm G`tmr`mt, jdvm crmdtmn d sjgat g` dungm`cm bmjdvghurs d`n mxpmctdtgh`s. Ch`currm`tly, ‚
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dungm`cms prhsuim tjmgr hw` tjmgr khh khhns ns tjr tjrhukj hukj pdr pdrtgc tgcgpd gpdthr thry y prd prdctg ctgcms cms d`n sjdrm tjmi wgtj htjmrs. [jglst tjmsm `mw prdctgcms d`n bmjdvghurs drm subvmrtg`k trdngtgh`dl ahris ha imngd hw`mrsjgp, dungm`cms drm stgll ch`suig`k, dndptg`k d`n mxtm`ng`k tjm prhnucts ha tjm culturm g`nustry. Ihvg`k bmyh`n tjm g`ahridtgh` dkm prmngctmn g` tjm 47:6s, Sdyrm d`n Eg`k (2663 (2663)) cldgi wm drm lgvg`k g` d` ‚dttm`tgh` dkm‗, d`n tjdt jhlng`k tjm dttm`tgh` ha dungm`cms jds bmchim rdrm num th tjm chiplmtm sdturdtgh` ha imngd prhnucts ds d ahri ha m`tmrtdg`im`t. ^jm G`tmr`mt gs pldyg`k d vgtdl rhlm g` tjgs `mw g`ahridtgh` dkm? ds d imngui gt dllhws ahr d cmrtdg` armmnhi ha cjhgcm ahr dungm`cms, wjh jdvm ihrm ch`trhl hvmr wjdt wgll bm ch` ch`su suimn imn d` d`n n wj wjm` m` tjgs tjgs ch` ch`su suip iptg tgh` h` wg wgll ll hcc hccur ur.. Dun Dungm gm`cm `cmss cd cd` ` phtm`tgdlly nhw`lhdn d tmxt arhi d`ywjmrm g` tjm whrln h`cm gt gs h`lg`m.
3 DKM@CW DKM@CW G@ V VRDC^ RDC^GCM? GCM? D VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^HRW ^HRW ]^HVGD ]^HVGD
37
[gtj tjm G`tmr` G`tmr`mt mt ds d ngstr ngstrgbutgh gbutgh` ` imtjhn imtjhn,, wm drm smmg`k tjm prmngct prmngctmn mn rg rgsm sm ha tj tjmm prhs prhsui uimr mr ds dung dungm` m`ccms pr prhn hnuc ucmm d` d`n n ch ch`s `sui uimm tj tjmg mgrr hw hw` ` ih ihn nmls mls ha m`tmrt m`t mrtdg dg`i `im`t m`t d`n sjd sjdrm rm tj tjmi. mi. ^rdn ^rdngt gtgh gh`d `dll im imng ngdd pl pldt dtah ahri riss suc sucj j d`n br brhd hdnncdst tmlmvgsgh`, fflli, rdngh, bhhes d`n `mwspdpmrs drm dll bmg`k gipdctmn by tjmsm nmvmlhpim`ts nmvmlhpim`ts.. Dungm`cm Dungm`cmss drm g`crmd g`crmdsg`kly sg`kly bmchig`k usmrs usmrs,, rdtjmr tj tjd` d` oust ch`sui ch`suimrs, mrs,g`tmrdctgvm ha imngd, g`stmdn ds imngd ch`vmrkm`cm `cmtjm hpm`s up tjm prhnuc prhnucts ts by ha g`nustry th bm ha ch`vmrkm rmlyg`k h` ngstrgbutgh` ha tmxts tjm culturm g`nustry. Imngd prhnuctgh` ihnmls drm utglgsg`k usmr m`kdkmim`t wgtjg` tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha ch`tm`t5 ahr mxdiplm, g` shcgdl imngd tjdt rmly h` usmrs dnng`k d`n sjdrg`k ch`tm`t. Om`eg`s gnm`tgfflms twh nhig`d`t phsgtgh phs gtgh`s `s mimr mimrkg` kg`k k drhu drhu`n `n tjm gss gssums ums ha ch`v ch`vmrkm mrkm`t `t imng imngdd tmc tmcj`h j`hlhky lhky,, stdtg`k tjdt “shim amdr tjdt imngd gs hut ha ch`trhl, htjmrs tjdt gt gs thh ch`trhllmn. Shim smm d whrln wgtjhut kdtmemmpmrs, htjmrs d whrln wjmrm kdtmemmpmrs jdvm u`prmcmnm`tmn phwmr’. Jgs hw` cldgi gs tjdt “tjm trutj lgms shimwjmrm g` bmtwmm`’ (2661d (2661d,, p. 4:). Sucj nmbdtms surrhu`ng`k pdrtgcgpdthry culturm jdvm mimrkmn arhi d “
lh`k jgsthry ha ’dttmipt dttmipts km`mrdt km`mrdtm m dltmr` dltmr`dtgvm dtgvm ahr krdsskrdss-rhhts rhhts chiiu`gcdtgh` g` hrnmrs th th tdem phwmr arhi tjmpldtahris culturm g`nustry d`n tjm idss id ss pr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` ha ch chii iiu` u`gc gcdt dtgh gh` ` (Om` (Om`eg eg`s `s mt dl. dl. 2643, 2643, p. 4=7). Hrkd`gs Hrkd `gsdtg dtgh`s h`s suc sucj j ds didt didtmur mur prmss prmss dsshcg dsshcgdtg dtgh`s h`s,, dlt dltmr` mr`dtg dtgvm vm phl phlgtg gtgcdl cdl ihvm ih vmim im`t `tss g` tj tjmm ]`gt ]`gtmn mn St Stdt dtms ms,, cdim cdimrd rd club clubss d` d`n n im imng ngdd ad ad`n `nhi hiss nmih`s nmi h`str trdt dtmm tj tjdt dt pdrt pdrtgcg gcgpdt pdthr hryy cult cultur urmm chi chims ms arhi arhi iul iultg tgpl plmm jgst jgsthr hrgms gms “iucj ldrkmr tjd` tjm lgam spd` ha spmcg fflc tmcj`hlhkgms hr chiimrcgdl pldtahris’ (Om`eg`s mt dl. 2643 2643,, p. 416). ^jm tjmhrmtgcdl phsgtgh`s surrhu`ng`k pdrtgcgpdthry culturm drm km`mrdlly ch`cmr`mn wgtj tjm culturdl nmvmlhpim`ts d`n gipdcts ha pdrtgcgpdtgh`, wjmrmby dungm`cms bmchim crmdthrss ha culturdl crmdthr culturdl tmxts tmxts.. Ch`cmptudlgsd Ch`cmptudlgsdtgh`s tgh`s ha pdrtgc pdrtgcgpdthr gpdthryy cultur culturmm phsg‗
tgh` tjmsm hpm`g`k d spdcmG` ahrhpphsgtgh` mxprmssg`k th h`mhlnmr s hw` g`tmrmsts wgtjg` tjmprdctgcms mimrkg`kds imngd mchlhky. `htgh`s ha pdssgvm dungm`cms, dungm`cms, pdrtgc pdrtgcgpdthr gpdthryy cultur culturmm ds d rmsult ha ch`vmrk ch`vmrkm`cm m`cm prhvgnms d wdy th rm-mvdludtm tjm rhlms ha prhnucmrs d`n ch`suimrs `h lh`kmr 2661d,, p. 3). hccupyg`k `k smpdrd smpdrdtm tm rhlms’ (Om`eg`s (Om`eg`s 2661d “hccupyg Dcts ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm pldy d rhlm g` sjgatg`k tjm phwmr ny`digc bmtwmm` dungm`cms d`n g`nustry. Ahr mxdiplm, Whu^ubm gs d sgtm ha imngd ngstrgbutgh` wjmrm tjm ch`trdngctgh`s d`n gssums ha ldbhur phwmr bmtwmm` tjm culturm g`nustry d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm pldy hut. Whu^ubm gs d sgtm ha ch`tmst ch`t mstmn, mn, syib syibhlg hlgcc phw phwmr, mr, wjm wjmrm rm pmhplm pmhplm ‚nh‗ imngd5 gt gs d pldtahri 2667). ). Whu^ubm, wjmrm pmhplm cd` spmde th phwmr (Burkmss d`n Krmm` Krmm` 2667 dlh`ksg dlh` ksgnm nm htj htjmr mr ahris ahris ha shcgdl shcgdl imng imngdd d`n g`n g`ngvg gvgnudl nudl ch`t ch`trgb rgbutg utgh`s h`s th
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
h`lg`m ch`tm`t – sucj ds phstg`k pjhths, upndtg`k d Adcmbhhe prh ffllm, twmmt twmmt-g` g`k k, blhk blhkkg kg`k `k hr tjm “g`ch g`chrp rphr hrdt dtgh gh` ` ha us usmr mr-k -km` m`mr mrdt dtmn mn ch ch`t `tm` m`tt g` tj tjmm lhkg lhkgcs cs ha publgc publ gc smr smrvgcm vgcm brhdnc brhdncdst dstg`k g`k’ (m. m.k. k. DBC DBC Hp Hpm` m` d` d`n n DB DBC C Vhh hhl) l) – gllust gllustrdt rdtmm wjd wjdtt Burkmss d`n Krmm` rmamr th ds d “pdrtgcgpdthry tur`’ g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha imngd (2667 (2667,, p. 43). ^jm busg`mss ihnmls tjdt bugln g` usmr m`kdkmim`t drm “
`hw hcc hccupyg dmxt cm cm`t st stdk dkm g`ltur ngsc ngscus sgh` h`s smha tj tjm muig` im imng ngd g`nu g`nust rgms ms`tm` d` d`n nt tj tjmg mgrr au autu turm rm g`upyg`k tj tjmm `k ch ch`t `tmx t `trd hardl ngkg nglkgtd tdl l mcu cult urm m’ussg 5 wjmr wj mrm ch ch`s `sui g`k kdim imng ngdstrg d ch ch`t m`t gs `h lh lh`k `kmr mr tjm m` m`n n phg`t hg`t ha pr prhn hnuc ucttgh` gh` bu butt rdt dtjm jmrr gs d “ny ny`d `dig igcc sgtm sgtm ha g`` g``hvd hvdtg tgh` h` d`n krhwtj g` gtsmla ’ (Burkmss d`n Krmm` 2667 Krmm` 2667,, p. 43). ^jhsm wjh wmrm h`cm tjm dungm`cm drm `hw g`tmrdctg`k wgtj imngd g` wdys `mvmr bmahrm smm`, d`n imngd ch`vmrkm`cm gs rmngstrgbutg`k tjm phwmr jmln by tjm culturm g`nustry, g`clung`k tjm “phwmr th spmde, th wrgtm, th drkum, th nmffl`m, th pmrsudnm. Ahr id`y pmhplm, tjm imngd drm `h lh`kmr oust wjdt tjmy wdtcj, lgstm` th hr rmdn – tjm imngd drm `hw wjdt pmhplm nh ’ (Imgelm d`n Whu`k 2642 Whu`k 2642,, p 46). Aurtjmr, ds Burkmss drkums, gt gs `h lh`kmr sua fflcgm`t th dse wjh “kmts th spmde ’ – gt iust `hw bm dsemn, “ wjh ’
, p. ha 3).tjm [jglst tjm phwmr jmlntjmrm by tjm gs jmdrn th`ht wjdt (2661 (2661, ha imngdd`n idy bmm`n mqudl th tjdt culturm g`nustry, gs usmr stgll syibhlgc phwmr g` hpmrdtgh` hvmr tjm g`tmrprmtdtgh`, rmcmptgh` d`n cgrculdtgh` ha imngd ch`tm`t (Imgelm d`n Whu`k 2642 Whu`k 2642,, p. 467). ^jgs tm`sgh` ch`tg`ums th pldy hut wgtjg` tjm rmldtgh`sjgp bmtwmm` tjm dungm`cm ds prhnucmr ha culturdl tmxts, d`n tjm culturm g`nustry.
V DR^GCGVD^HRW C]L^]RM, NGKG^DL S^HRW^MLLG@K D@N [ MB MB SMRGMS DS D L^MR@D^GQM L^MR@D^GQM [ DWS HA ^MLLG@K ffl
@mw imngd tmcj`hlhkgms, g`clung`k g`mxpm`sgvm jgkj-nm `gtgh` d`n mngtg`k shatwdrm tjdt rd`kms arhi armm (m.k. [g`nhws Ihvgmcdimrds Idemr d`n gIhvgm) th jgkjmrjgkjmr-m`n m`n prhamssg prhamssgh`dl h`dl shatwd shatwdrm rm (m.k. Dnhbm Vrmigmrm d`n Ag`dl Cut Vrh), m`dblm dctgvm pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` imngd ch`tm`t prhnuctgh`, rdtjmr tjd` oust dungm`cm ch`suiptgh`. ]sg`k tjmsm thhls, dungm`cms drm dblm th rmsgst d`n `mkhtgdtm wgtj nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgms by crmdtg`k tjmgr hw` prhnucts, dllhwg`k ahr d brhdnmr rd`km ha gnm`tgtgms, `drrdtgvms d`n subomcts th bm mxplhrmn – d`n ngstrgbutmn – h`lg`m. Dt tjm sdim tgim, wjglst tjmrm drm `uimrhus mxdiplms ha dkm`cy dih`kst dungm`cms, tjm g`nustry gs dndptg`k th tjm mimrkg`k culturm ha imngd ch`suiptgh` d`n g`tmrdctgh`. Ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k d`n [mb smrgms hpmrdtm ds ahris ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm tjdt rmqugrm d jgkj lmvml ha m`kdkmim`t d`n pdrtgcgpdtgh` num th
3 DKM@CW DKM@CW G@ V VRDC^ RDC^GCM? GCM? D VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^HRW ^HRW ]^HVGD ]^HVGD
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tjm g`crmdsg`k chiplmxgtgms ha tjmsm ahris ha prhnuctgh`. G` d uthpgd` whrln ha ngkgtdl tmcj`hlhky lgtmrdcy d`n dccmss, d`yh`m arhi d`y culturm cd` rmchrn d`n sjdrm tjmgr sthry. ^jm rmdlgty gs shimwjdt ihrm chiplmx d`n gs nmtmrig`mn by tmcj`gcdl segll d`n dccmss th tmcj`hlhky, ds wmll ds ihrm chiplgcdtmn shcgdl adcthrs. Ds d rmsult, vdryg`k nmkrmms ha mxpmrgm`cm drm mip miplhym n) wjm wjm` ` prh prhnucg `k tmx tmxts ahr h`l h`lg`m g`m ngs ngstrg trgbut butgh`. gh`. Edt Edtjmrg jmrg`m `m Sm`nmr (lhymn (2642 2642) prhvgnms dnucg`k ihnml ahrtsd`dlysg`k ch`suimr pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` d ch`vmrkm`t imngd m`vgrh`im`t by gnm`tgayg`k tjm cldssgfflcdtgh` lmvmls ha culturdl tmxts currm`tly bmg`k prhnucmn. ^jm tjrmm rmdlis ha imngd prhnuctg nuc tgh` h` tj tjdt dt Sm`nm Sm`nmrr gnm` gnm`tg tgfflms – tjm “cm`tmr’ m`chipdssg`k m`chipdssg`k prhnuc prhnucts ts km`mrdtmn by mstdblgsjmn d`n wmll-au`nmn imngd chipd`gms, tjm “idrkg`s’ m`chipdssg`k “flmxgblm, smig-prhamssgh`dl, u`nmrau`nmn’ tjrhukj th tjm arg`kms hr “pmrgpjmry ’ ha “prmcdrghus, didtmur, u`au`nmn’, prhvgnm ahr ngaamrm`t ahris ha ch`tm`t crmdtgh` (p. 267). [mb smrgms cd` hccupy dll ha tj tjms msmm sp spdc dcms ms ds ihrm ihrm d`n d`n ih ihrm rm cdpg cdpgtd tdll gs g`vm g`vmst stmn mn th nm nmvm vmlh lhp p tj tjmm imngui. Sm`nmr drkums tjdt jmr ihnml prhvgnms d wdy th vgmw tjm nmvmlffl
hpim`t ha g`th pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms ds tjmy prh tdblm d`n , pp. bmchim 267–242). tjm` ihvm tjm cm`trm ha tjm cgrclm ( 2642, (2642 [jdt gs giphrtd`t g` Sm`nmr‗s ihnml gs tjm dctgvgty tjdt cd` hccur h` tjmm pm tj pmrg rgpj pjmr mryy d`n g` tj tjmm idr idrkg kg`s `s,, wj wjmr mrmm du dung ngm`c m`cms ms cd` pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dtmm g` culturdl prhnuctgh`, tmll sthrgms tjdt igkjt `ht bm dvdgldblm g` tjm cm`trm d`n phtm`tgdlly rmsph`n th nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgms rmprhnucmn by g`nustry. G` htjmr whrns, gt gs g` tjmsm spdcms tjdt pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms cd` bm rm rmsg sgst std` d`tt th tjm tjm nh nhig ig`d `d`c `cmm ha tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry.. ^j ^jms msmm ih ihim im`t `tss mx mxgs gstt hutsgnm ha tjm culturm g`nustry d`n dllhw ahr sthrgms th bm thln bmyh`n tjm trdngtgh`dl ahris ha rmprmsm`tdtgh` tjdt mxgst g` tjm cm`trdl rmdli ha idss prhnuctgh` ds tjm nhig`d`t ihnml ha imngd prhnuctgh`. Cdpgtdlgsi d`n tjm culturm whre ch`trhl g`ahridtgh` ngst ngstrg rgbu butg tgh` h`,, ds wm wmll ll ds jh jhw w g`nustry g`ah g`ahri ridt dtgh gh` ` gsthkmtjmr ardi ardimn mnthd` d`n n pr prms msm` m`tm tmn n th d` dungm`cm. Wmt tjmsm imngd – sucj ds prg`t, rdngh hr tmlmvgsgh` – drm aull ha sthrgms ds wmll. G` tjm twm`tgmtj cm`tury, sthrytmllg`k wds th d` mxtm`t nhig`dtm `d tmn n by tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry tj tjrh rhuk ukj j fflli, tmlm tmlmvgs vgsgh gh` ` d`n pub publg lgsj sjg`k g`k.. Sthrytmllg`k gs d “ vgt vgtdl dl juid juid` ` str strdtmk dtmkyy ahr sustd sustdg`g g`g`k `k d sm` sm`sm sm ha dkm`cy dkm`cy g` tjm mspgtm gtm tjm adcm ha ngsmiph ngsmiphwmr wmrg`k g`k cgr cgrcui cuistd std`cms `cms’ (Odcesh` 2662, 2662, p. 4=). Wmt, nmsp phtm ph tm`t `tgd gdll ahr sthr sthryt ytmll mllg` g`k k th “jm jmlp lp us th rm rmch ch`c `cgl glmm hu hurr fflmln mlnss ha mx mxpmr pmrgm` gm`cm cm . . . th bmlh`k th htjmrs . . . ahr mvmry sthry tjdt smms tjm lgkjt ha ndy, htjmrs rmidg` g` tjm sjdnhws, cm`shrmn hr supprm supprmssmn ssmn’. G` tjgs sm`sm, pdrtgcgpdthry culturm jds tjm phtm`tgdl th ngsrupt tjm culturm g`nustry ‗s phsgtgh` ha nhig`d`cm dt tjm cm`t cm`trm rm ha cul cultu turd rdll pr prhn hnuct uctgh` gh` (Odce (Odcesh` sh` 2662 2662,, p. 44). 44). [d [dlt ltmr mr Bm Bm`o `odi dig` g`,, wr wrgt gtg` g`k k
>2
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
g` 4731, drkumn tjdt tjm mimrkg`k dkm ha g`ahridtgh` whuln spmll tjm m`n ha tjm drt ha sthrytmllg`k (Bm`odig` 471: (Bm`odig` 471:,, pp. :;–::). Bm`odig` stdtmn tjdt tjgs wds cdu cdusmn smn by tjm prmss prmss tdeg tdeg`k `k “ch ch`t `trh rhll ha tjm ig ignn nnlm lm clds cldsss’ ds cdp cdpgt gtdl dlgs gsi i aul aully ly ahrimn gtsmla (471: (471:,, pp. ::–:7). Gs tjmrm `hw rhhi ahr pmhplm th tmll tjmgr hw` hw ` sthr sthrgm gms, s, rmt rmtur ur`g `g`k `k tj tjmm sth thry ryttml mllm lmrr th d ph phsg sgtg tgh` h` ha ph phwm wmrr d` d`n n `h lh`k lh`kmr mr lhst lhst th us us,, ds Bm`o `odi dig` g` cl cldg dgim imn8 Ngkg Ngkgtd tdl l st sthr hryt ytml mllg lg`k `ktmll d` d`n n [m [mb b smrg smrgms ms haam haamrr sp spdc dcms ms ahr ahr tjhsm h`Bm tjm pmrgpjmry thn8crmdtm ch`tm`t d`n sthrgms. Ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k gs tjm utglgsdtgh` ha ngkgtdl imngd tmcj`hlhkgms by tjm mvmryndy pmrsh` th crmdtm d`n sjdrm pmrsh`dl sthrgms. Gt cd` bm nm ffl`mn ds ideg`k usm “ha lhw-chst ngkgtdl cdimrds, `h`-lg`mdr mngtg`k shatwdrm d`n `htmbhh `ht mbhhee chi chiput putmrs mrs th crmdtm crmdtm sjhr sjhrt, t, iultg iultgimng imngdd sth sthrgm rgmss’ tjdt drm nmsgk`mn ahr h`lg`m publgcdtgh` (Imdnhws 2663 (Imdnhws 2663,, p. 4:7). Ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k cd` dlsh dls h m`ch m`chipd ipdss ss ru` ru``g` `g`k k whr whresj esjhps hps th prh prhvgnm vgnm prh prhnuct nuctgh` gh` trd trdg`g` g`g`k k th pmhplm wjh tjm` “idem tjmgr hw` sjhrt duthbghkrdpjgcdl ffllis’, g` d 2661,, p. 1). prhcmss nmsgk`mn th “diplgay tjm hrng`dry vhgcm’ (Burkmss (Burkmss 2661 ^jm ngstg`ctgh` bmtwmm` ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k d`n trdngtgh`dl brhdncdstg`k gs tjdt pdrtgcgpd`ts drm tmllg`k tjmgr hw` sthrgms d`n mngtg`k tjmi wgtj ig`gidl g`tmramrm`cm arhi tjm ‚prhamssgh`dls ‗, dllhwg`k tjm sthrytmllmr th tdem phwmr phw mr hvmr ttjmgr jmgr h hw` w` vhg vhgcm, cm, bmc bmchig hig`k `k d` ‚dctgvm idstmr‗ g` tjm pr prhnu hnuctg ctgh` h` ha culturm (Imdnhws 2663 (Imdnhws 2663,, p. 472). Ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k prhvgnms d spdcm ahr, ga `ht rmsgstd`cm th, tjm nhig`d`t g`nustry, prhvgng`k “dt lmdst tjm phtm`tg pht m`tgdl, dl, wjm wjmtjm tjmrr rmdl rmdlgsm gsmn n hr `ht `ht,, ahr cult culturd urdll pdr pdrtgc tgcgpd gpdtgh tgh`, `, d`n sml smlaarmprmsm`tdtgh`’ by dungm`cms ds dkm`ts ha culturdl prhnuctgh` (Burkmss 2661, p. 26>). G`ngvgnudl pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k rmtur`s tjm 2661, rhlm ha tjm prhsuimr th currm`cy g` rmldtgh` th imngd ch`tm`t prhnuctgh`. ^ha flmr‗s whre jds bmm` mxtm`nmn d`n nmvmlhpmn by Dxml Bru`s, wjh g`trhnucms tjm tmri ‚prhnusdkm‗ th mxplhrm tjm rhlm ha imngd dungm`cms, bhtj bmyh`n tjm imrm ch`suiptgh` ha imngd ds ch`tm`t crmdthrs d`n usmrs. Bru`s nmffl`ms prhnusdkm ds dprhnuctgh`s ahri ha usmrd`n chlldbhrdtgh` tjdt mx mxgs gstts g` d “pdrtgcgpdthry m`vgrh`im`t’ wjm wjmrm rm tj tjmm “bhu`ndrgms bmtwmm` prhnucmrs d`n ch`suimrs’ drm rmihvmn5 d`n wjmrm pdrtgcgpd`t pdrtgcgpd`tss ddrm rm m`dblmn th bmchim “usmrs ds wmll ds prhnucmrs ha g`ahridtgh` d`n e`hwlmnkm’ 266;). ). ^jm imngd ch`vmrkm`t m`vgrh`im`t, g` wjgcj tjm thhls d`n tmcj(266; `hlhky `hw dllhw imngd dungm`cms th bm imngd usmrs, m`dblms tjgs prhcmss. Vrhn Vr hnus usdkm dkm gs ngst ngstg` g`ct ct ar arhi hi tr trdng dngtg tgh` h`dl dl imt imtjh jhns ns ha pr prhn hnuct uctgh gh` ` g` wj wjgc gcj j ch`tm`t gs crmdtmn d`n ngstrgbutmn ds d ffl`gsj `gsjmn mn prh prhnuct nuct.. G`s G`stmd tmdn, n, tjm tjmsm sm `mw drtmadcts drm dlwdys mvhlvg`k d`n `mvmr chiplmtm, d`n drm nrgvm` by “usmr–prhnucmr g`tmrmst g` d`n m`tjusgdsi ahr fflxg`k spmcgfflc prhblmis hr ’
266;). ). mxtm`ng`k pdrtgculdr dspmcts ha tjm prhomct (Bru`s (Bru`s 266;
3 DKM@CW DKM@CW G@ V VRDC^ RDC^GCM? GCM? D VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^HRW ^HRW ]^HVGD ]^HVGD
>3
Ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k haamrs d ngsruptgh` th tjm phwmr jmln by tjm culturm g`nustry by prhvgng`k dccmss th hrng`dry pmhplm, ymt tjgs ngsruptgh` gs lgigtmn ds g` id`y cdsms ngstrgbutgh` cjd``mls ahr ngkgtdl sthrgms rmidg` lgigtmn d`n armqum`tly drm “u`nmr tjm ch`trhl ha tjm g`stgtutgh`s tjdt prhvgnmn prhvgnm n tjm whres whresjhps jhps’ (Burkmss (Burkmss 2661 2661,, p. :). Mvm` Whu^ubm, d wmbsgtm tjdtKhhklm, haam haamrs rs pmh pmhplm plm d spd spdcm cm th brh brhdncd dncdst st tjmisml tjmismlvms vms, , gs hw` hw`mn mn d` d`n n ch` ch`trh trhllm llmn n by d idohr g`tmr`dtgh`dl chrphrdtgh`. @mvmrtjmlmss, ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k whresjhps d`n tjm hutputs crmdtmn g` tjmi dllhw g`ngvgnudls th giprhvm tjmgr ngkgtdl lgtmrdcy d`n pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturdl prhnuctgh`, wjm` tjmy igkjt `ht htjmrwgsm jdvm tjm hpphrtu`gty. ^jmm db ^j dbgl glgt gtyy ahr ahr vg vgn nmh mhss th bm jh jhst stmn mn h` h`lg lg`m `m nd ndtm tmss bd bdce ce th tj tjmm md mdrrly G` G`tm tmr` r`mt mt,, wjm` tjmy wmrm mxpm`s mxpm`sgvm gvm th uplhdn d`n thhe tgim th nhw`l nhw`lhdn hdn num th tjm lhw bd`nwgntj ha ngdl-up ch``mctgh`s. Jhwmvmr, g` 266=, dnvd`cms g` tmcj tmcj`h `hlh lhky ky ch chg` g`cg cgnm nmn n wg wgtj tj tj tjmm ldu` ldu`cj cj ha wm wmbs bsgt gtms ms su sucj cj ds Wh Whu^ u^ub ubm, m, Argm`nstmr d`n IySpdcm, d`n h`lg`m vgnmhs bmcdim phpuldr bhtj th uplhdn 2646). ). G` 2661, tjm phwmr ha d`n th wd wdtc tcj j (Ic (Ic@dy @dyrr d`n Ku Kust stda dash sh` ` 2646 Whu^ub Whu^ubm wds rmchk`g rmchk`gsmn smnd`n byQh`nmrdu 2667 Khhklm, 2667, wjgcj, p. purcjd purcjdsmn smnphtm`tgdl gt ahr ]S$4.1= bgllgh` g`m sthce (S`gcemrs Qh`nmrdu 7). ^jm ha sucj sg sgtm tmss bm bmkd kd` ` th gipd gipdct ct h` tj tjmm cult cultur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry g` 26 266; 6;.. ^j ^jmm 26 266; 6;–6: [r [rgt gtmr mrss Kugln ha Dimrgcd strgem wds g` pdrt cdusmn by d cjd`km g` ngstrgbutgh` prdctgcms d`n d bdttlm hvmr rhydltgms ahr ch`tm`t strmdimn h`lg`m. [jdt wds h`cm d sg`klm-imngui g`nustry jds nmvmlhpmn arhi ffl li th tmlmvgsgh`, QJS, NQN d`n h`lg`m ch`tm`t, rmsultg`k g` d “iultg iultgsmcthr smcthr cultur culturdl dl g`nust g`nustry? ry? vmrtgcdlly vmrtgcd lly d`n jhrgz jhrgzh`tdll h`tdllyy g`tmkrd g`tmkrdtmn, tmn, wgtj bhtj crhss crhss-imngd -imngd g`tmkr g`tmkrdtgh` dtgh` d`n crhss-g`nustry g`tmkrdtgh`’ (Bd`es (Bd`es 2646 2646,, p. 22). [mb smrgm smrgmss haam haamrr d ihnm ha m`kdk m`kdkmim`t mim`t ngstg` ngstg`ct ct arhi ngkgtd ngkgtdll sthrytmllg`k. [jmrm ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k gs dbhut tjm g`ngvgnudl tmllg`k tjmgr ffl
sthry, [mb tjm ch`vm`tgh`s d`n sjhrt li prhnuc nuctg tgh` h` th smrgms cr crmdt mdtmmusm `dr `drrd rdtg tgvms vms nms nmsgk gk`mn `mnhathtmlmvgsgh` bm ngst ngstrg rgbu butm tmn n h` h`lg lg`m. `m. ^jm G`tmr`dt G`tm r`dtgh` gh`dl dl Dcd Dcdnmiy nmiy ha [mb ^mlm ^mlmvgsg vgsgh` h` nmffl`ms [mb ^mlmvgsgh` hr [mb^Q [mb^ Q ds “sjhrt-ahri ngkgtdl vgnmh m`tmrtdg`im`t wjhsm prgidry ngstrgb trgbut utgh` gh` imt imtjh jhn n gs vgd tj tjmm g`tm g`tmr` r`mt mt’ d`n d`n [m [mb b smrg smrgms ms ds “smrgdlgzmn [mb^Q [mb^ Q ch`tm` ch`tm`tt UtjdtY cd` bm dccm dccmssmn ssmn h`-nm h`-nmid`n id`n hr strmdim strmdimn n lgvm, d`n UtjdtY m`chipdssms id`y km`rms d`n stylms trdngtgh`dlly smm` h` 2642). ). [mb smrgms haamr d spdcm ahr tjhsm h` tmlmvgsgh` hr g` ihvgms’ (2642 tjm culturdl pmrgpjmry th crmdtm d`n ngstrgbutm ch`tm`t d`n ngsrupt tjm culturm g`nustry ‗s jhln hvmr dungm`cms? `h`-chiimrcgdl smrgms drm dblm th chipmtm g` tjm sdim spdcm ds chiimrcgdl pldymrs g` tjm idremt. ^jmsm sjgats drm smmg`k d rmsph`sm arhi tjm culturm g`nustry ds [mb strmdig`k
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
d`n h`lg`m cjd``mls bmkg` th ih`mtgsm tjm G`tmr`mt ds d ngstrgbutgh` spdcm, tjmrmby chlh`gsg`k d`n dbshrbg`k pmrgpjmrdl prdctgcm. Gt wds dignst tjm [rgtmrs Kugln ha Dimrgcd strgem tjdt tjm phtm`tgdl ahr h`lg`m ngstrgbutgh` th prhvgnm d phtm`tgdl idremtpldcm ahr g`nmpm`nm`t prhnu pr hnucmr cmrs, s, ds wm wmll ll ds d` dltm dltmr` r`dt dtgv gvmm th tr trdng dngtg tgh` h`dl dl imt imtjh jhns ns ha fflli hr tmlmvgsgh` ngstrgbutgh`, tdem sjdpm. Sg`cm tjm [rgtmrs Kugln strgem, [mb-bdsmn sthrytmllg`kbmkd` jds th mxpd`nmn mxph`m`tgdlly d`n tjm G`tmr`mt jds bmchim d sgtm ahr tjm ngstrgbutgh` ha [mb smrgms crmdtmn by mstdblgsjmn g`nustry prhnucmrs ds wmll ds didtmurs d`n crmdthrs arhi idrkg`dlgsmn krhu kr hups ps.. Ah Ahrr mx mxdi dipl plm, m, tm tmlm lmvg vgsg sgh` h` smr mrgm gmss crmd crmdtthr hrss suc ucj j ds Bdttlmstdr Kdldctgcd prhnucmr Rh` Ihhrm (266> (266>)) jdvm ldu`cjmn [mb ch`tm`t th supplmim`t d`n mxtm`n tmlmvgsgh` sthrylg`ms, wjglm tmlmvgsgh` prhnucmr Ohss [jmnh` ldu`cjmn Nr Jhrrgblm ‗‗ s Sg`k-Dlh`k Sg`k-Dlh`k Blhk (266: (266:)) th krmdt dccldgi. G` 471>, Idrsjdll IcLujd` phg`tmn hut, jhw, wjm` `mw tmcj`hlhkgms drm dnhptmn, tjmy tm`n th bm ardimn g` tmris ha tjm hln – d` mxdiplm bmg`k tjdt ha tjm cdr ds “jhrsm-lmss cdrrgdkm’ (477>, 477>, pp. 247, 36>). Sgigldrly, `mwmr ahris drm rmlgd`t h` ahris? [mb smrgms, mxdip mxd iplm, lm, rmly rmly hah`imngd tm tmlm lmvgs vgsgh gh` `stgll ch` ch`vm` vm`tg tgh` h`s. s. hlnmr Wm Wmt, t, wg wgtj tjg` g` tj tjgs gs mvh mvhlu lutg tgh` h`ahrd spdcm gs mimrkg`k ahr `mw busg`mss ihnmls th nmvmlhp d`n `mw typms ha ch`tm`t th bm crmdtmn. ^rdngtgh`dl tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdsts cd` rmdcj tjm sdim dungm`cm g` d ndy tjdt h`lg`m smrgms rmdcj hvmr d ymdr, d`n tjm trdngtgh`dl ihnml ha dnvmrtgsg`k th supphrt prhnuctgh` jds `ht ymt bmm` maamctgvm g` h`lg`m ch`tm`t (Cjrgstgd` 2642 (Cjrgstgd` 2642). ). ^jm imngd nh `ht mvhlvm g` d lg`mdr adsjg ads jgh` h`?? cu curr rrm` m`tl tly, y, d tr trd`s d`sgt gtgh gh` ` pmr pmrgh ghn n gs hc hccur currg rg`k `k ds mstd mstdbl blgs gsjmn jmn ch chipd ipd`g `gms ms rmch rmchk` k`gs gsmm tj tjmm ph phtm tm`t `tgd gdll ha h` h`lg lg`m `m tm tmlm lmvg vgsg sgh` h` d` d`n n `m `mw w chip chipd` d`gm gmss drm drm nmvmlhpmn. ^jmr ^j mrmm dr drmm id id`y `y mx mxdi dipl plms ms ha mst mstdbl dblgs gsjmn jmn ch chipd ipd`g `gms ms wg wgtj tj dl dlrm rmdny dny-giim`sm cdpgtdl bdsms g`omctg`k tjmismlvms g`th tjm h`lg`m d`n mxtm`ng`k tjmgr prhnucts. Dimrgcd` cdblm cjd``ml, DIC,m`vgrh`im`t d``hu`cmn tjm ldu`cj ha DIC Ngkgtdl Stunghs g` 2644, dgimn dt prhvgng`k h`lg`m ch`tm`t ha tjm sdim qudlgty ds tjmgr tmlmvgsgh` `mtwhre, ds d pldcm th ). Khhklm ldu`cjmn 466 `mw nmvmlhp upchig`k tdlm`t (DIC Blhk 2644 Blhk 2644). cjd``m cjd ``mls ls g` 26 2644 44 ahr ahr ch` ch`tm tm`t `t prhvg prhvgnm nmrs rs su sucj cj ds Rm Rmut utmr mrss d`n ^jm [dll Strmmt Ohur`dl , d`n iusgc drtgsts sucj ds Ody-_ d`n Idnh``d (Rhshaa (Rhshaa 2644). 2644). @mtflgx haamrs d [mb strmdig`k smrvgcm tjdt m`dblms dungm`cms th pgce d`n cjhhsm arhi tjm cdtdlhkum wjdt tjmy wgll wdtcj, wjm` tjmy wgll wdtcj gt d` d`n n jhw jhw id`y id`y mp mpgs gshn hnms ms tj tjmy my wgll wgll wd wdtc tcj j bd bdce ce-t -thh-bd bdce ce.. G` 26 2643 43,, 2643)) d`n Drrmstmn @mtflgx-mx gx-mxclusgvm clusgvm smrgms Jhusm ha Cdrns (IcCdrtjy (IcCdrtjy 2643 Nmvmlhpim`t (Jurwgtz 2663) 2663) rmcmgvmn 4> Miiy `hig`dtgh`s bmtwmm`
3 DKM@CW DKM@CW G@ V VRDC^ RDC^GCM? GCM? D VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^HRW ^HRW ]^HVGD ]^HVGD
>=
tjmi, rmsultg`k g` spmculdtgh` g` Jhllywhhn tjdt tjgs idy cjd`km tjm structurm ha Dimrgcd` tmlmvgsgh` (Chllg`s 2643 (Chllg`s 2643). ). Ngkgtdl imngd d`n [mb smrgms drm h` tjm mnkm ha d sjgat tjdt gs bmkg``g`k th dltmr tjm au`ndim`tdls ha tm tmlmv lmvgs gsgh gh` ` pr prhnu hnuct ctgh gh` ` g` tj tjmm ]` ]`gt gtmn mn Stdt Stdtms ms,, ds tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nus g`nustr try y dndpts th cjd`kms g` tjm nmvmlhpim`t d`n ngstrgbutgh` ha ch`tm`t. Gt gs g`sgt tjgs tjdt ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k pdrtgcgpdthry culturms ds ch`tmstmn dccmss th spdcm tjm imngd g`nustry hpm`s th d`n bmchim d sgtm ha ch`tmstmn phwmr. ^jgs spdcm gs hpm` th vdryg`k ahris ha rmprmsm`tdtgh` ha gnm`tgtgms tjdt idy `ht htjmrwgsm mxgst g` imngd sucj ds tmlmvgsgh`. Jmrm, g`nmpm`nm`ts, didtmurs d`n prhamssgh`dls cd` currm`tly chmxgst, sjdrg`k tjm sdim pldtahris. Mimrkg`k arhi tjmsm nmvmlhpim`ts drm phssgbglgtgms ahr `mw imngd systmis tjdt idy rmshlvm tjm g`mqudlgtgms ha tjm pdst, ymt tjgs `mw imngd ld`nscdpm gs ymt th aully tdem sjdpm. [mb smrgms, currm`tly, prhvgnm d sgtm ha rmsgstd`cm th tjm culturm g`nustry.
S^R]C^]RM D@N ^JM L GIG^S GIG^S HA D KM@CW KM@CW Ch`trhls hvmr dccmss th tjm imd`s ha imngd prhnuctgh` rmg`ahrcm tjm phwmr jmln by tjhsm g` tjm phsgtgh` ha nhig`d`cm. ]`lgem tmlmvgsgh`, jhwmvmr, mimrkg`k prdctgcms sucj ds [mb smrgms nh `ht ymt tdem pldcm g` d chiplmtmly chiplmtmly ch`trhllmn spdcm ha ngstrgbutgh`. ngstrgbutgh`. Ch`trh Ch`trhll hvmr wjdt gs brhdncdst h` tmlmvgsgh` gs tgkjtly ch``mctmn th khvmr`im`t rmkuldtgh`, prgvdtm hw`mrs hw` mrsjgp jgp,, cm`s cm`shrs hrsjgp jgp d`n chii chiiu`g u`gty ty ammnbdce ammnbdce th nmt nmtmri mrig`m g`m wjd wjdtt gs dgrmn. G` tjm currm`t imngd ld`nscdpm, ch`trhllmn mxgstg`k structurms sucj ds tj tjmm tm tmlmv lmvgs gsgh gh` ` br brhdn hdncd cdst st sp spmc mctr trui ui chi chipmt pmtmm dk dkdg` dg`st st `m `mw w d`n h` h`lg lg`m `m imngd prdctgcms. Ch`vmrkm`t imngd tmcj`hlhkgms drm prhvgng`k thhls ahr dungm`cms th sjgat arhi bmg`k ch`suimrs th pdrtgcgpd`ts, nmvmlhpg`k cul ffl
turdl prhnucts bmchig`k g` tjm mlngthags imngd prhnuctgh`. [jdt currm`tly d`n rmidg`s u`clmdrdkm`ts gs th wjdt mxtm`t phssgblm th ngsrupt d` mstdblgsjmn fflmln ha phwmr d`n crmdtm `mw `hris, ds jds bmm` prhpjmsgmn ahr pdrtgc pdrtgcgpdthr gpdthryy cultur culturdl dl prhnuct prhnuctgh`. gh`. [gtjg` tjm culturm g`nustry ihnml ha idss prhnuctgh`, tjm ngstrgbutgh` ha tmxts gs ch`trhllmn g` d thp-nhw` jgmrdrcjy, arhi prhnucmr th dungm`cm. H`mm gi H` gipd pdct ct ha tj tjmm g`nu g`nust strg rgdl dl rm rmvh vhlu lutg tgh` h`,, jh jhwm wmvm vmr, r, wd wdss tj tjmm “prg prgvdt vdtgzd gzdtgh tgh` ` ha cultu cul turm rm d`n tj tjmm mim mimrk rkm`c m`cmm ha d ch` ch`cmp cmptt ha g`tm g`tmll llmct mctudl udl pr prhp hpmr mrty ty tjdt tjdt dssuims tjm culturdl vdlum hrgkg`dtms arhi tjm hrgkg`dl ch`trgbutgh`s ha 2663,, p. 2::). ^jrhukj pdrtgcgpdthry culg`ngvgnudl dutjhrs’ (Om`eg`s 2663 turm, dungm`cm d`n ad` dctgvgtgms rmnrmss tjm gibdld`cm ha culturdl phwmr bmlh`kg`k th h`m g`stmdn ha tjm id`y. ^jm idss prhnuctgh` ha culturdl
>1
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
prhnucts jds rmsultmn g` “`mw structurms ha hw`mrsjgp’ tjdt “ngig`gsj hur dbglgty th pdrtgcgpdtm g` tjm crmdtgh` d`n g`tmrprmtdtgh` ’ ha culturm (Om`eg`s 2663 2663,, p. 2:7)5 but pdrtgcg pdrtgcgpdthr pdthryy culturm cd` bm smm` ds d ahri ha lgbmrdtgh` arhi idss-prhnucmn chiimrcgdl prhnucts, dlbmgt lgigtmn th cmrtdg` ch`ngtgh`s ngtgh `s ha phssgb phssgbglgty. glgty. Agmlnbmtwmm` ha Culturdl Vrhnuctgh` ) g`vmstgG` ^jm , Vgmrrm Bhurngmu (4773) (4773 kdtms tjm lg`es gnmhlhkgcdl rmprhnuctgh`, g`stgtutgh`s d`n shcgdl prdctgcms, d`n g` nhg`k sh crmdtms d thhl th mxplhrm tjm spdcm tjdt mxgsts bmtwmm` tjmi. By nrdwg`k h` Bhurngmu ‗s whre, gt bmchims phssgblm th g`vmstgkdtm tjm lgigtdtgh`s ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm g` rmldtgh` th hvmrdrcjg`k structurms sucj ds rmkuldtgh`, ch`tm`t kugnmlg`ms d`n au`ng`k, tjrhukj wjgcj `hris drm rmprhnucmn ds lmkgtgidtm wgtjg` tjm culturm g`nustry5 d`n th rmvmdl tjm phssgbglgtgms ha dctg`k wgtjg` tjmsm lgigtdtgh`s 4776). ). Gt gs g` tjgs tjmhrmtgcdl spdcm d`n ngsruptg`k tjmi (Bhurngmu 4776 bmtwmm` structurm d`n dkm`cy tjdt prhomcts sucj ds [mb smrgms drm dblm th hpmrdtm d`n prhvgnm hpphrtu`gtgms ahr d`dlysgs ha tjm phssgbglgtgms d`n
lgigtdt lgigtdtgh`s gh`s ha pdrtgc pdrtgcgpdthr gpdthry culturm culturm.. Bhurngm Bhurngmu 4773 4773) ) haamrshad gnmhlhkgcdl imtjhn ha u`nmrstd`ng`k tjm rhlm hayg`ngvgnudl dkm`cy ug`(tjm prhcmss rmprh rmp rhnuc nuctg tgh` h`,, tj tjrh rhukj ukj wj wjdt dt jm ch ch`sg `sgnmr nmrss tjm chi chipl plmxg mxgtg tgms ms ha sh shcgd cgdll structurms. Bhurngmu‗s whre cjdllm`kms tjdt ha Dnhr`h, wjh nhms `ht dllhw ahr tjm `ud`cms d`n vdryg`k g` flum`cms tjdt g`ngvgnudls rmdct th. G` tjgs sm`sm, Bhurngmu haamrs d `mw ngim`sgh` th Dnhr`h ‗s d`dlysgs d`n crgtgqum ha tjm imngd ds d structurm. ]`mqudl dccmss th cdpgtdl wgtjg` tjm fflmln ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm lgigts tjmm ph tj phtm tm`t `tgd gdll dk dkm`c m`cyy ha pd pdrt rtgcg gcgpd pd`t `tss hp hpmr mrdt dtg` g`k k hu huts tsgnm gnm ha tj tjmm cul cultu turm rm g`nustry. [jglst Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr prhvgnm lgttlm rhhi ahr dkm`tgc rmsph`sms th imngd, d`n tjm ch`cmpt ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm gs prmngcdtmn h` dungm`cm dkm`cy, Bhurngmu tjgrntjm spdcm th mxplhrm tjgs phwmr strukklm bmtwmm` dkm`cy d`n prhvgnms structurmd d`n g`tmrvm`tgh`s ha phwmr, rmsgstd`cm rmsgst d`cm d`n hw`mrs hw`mrsjgp. jgp. ^h wjdt mxtm`t cd` ahris ha dungm`cm pdrtgcg pdrtgcgpdpdtgh` cjdllm`km tjm nhig`d`cm ha tjm culturm g`nustry8 Jhw nhms tjm strukklm bmtwmm` structurm d`n dkm`cy pldy hut, d`n th wjdt mxtm`t nhms tjmm mi tj mimr mrkm km`t `t im imng ngdd ld`n ld`nsc scdp dpmm dllh dllhw w ahr ahr d br brhd hdnm nmrr rd`k rd`kmm ha cu cult ltur urdl dl rmprmsm`tdtgh`s8 ^jm ahllhwg`k gs ch`cmr`mn wgtj prhvgng`k d` u`nmrstd`ng std `ng`k `k ha pdrtgc pdrtgcgpdt gpdthry hry cul cultur turm, m, str struct ucturm urm,, dkm dkm`cy `cy d`n tjm jdbg jdbgtus tus ds brhdn tjmhrmtgcdl ch`cmpts g` hrnmr th ldtmr phsgtgh`, crgtgqum d`n d`dlysm jhw pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturdl tmxts hpmrdtms wgtjg` tjm brhdnmr structurmn fflmlns ha culturdl prhnuctgh`. [mb smrgms, g` pdrtgculdr, ffl
hpmrdtm ds d ahri ha ngsruptgh` th tjm mln ha tmlmvgsgh` prhnuctgh`.
3 DKM@CW DKM@CW G@ V VRDC^ RDC^GCM? GCM? D VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^HRW ^HRW ]^HVGD ]^HVGD
>;
G` hrnmr th prhvgnm d crgtgqum ha tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha shcgdl vdlums d`n gnmhlhky, Bhurngmu g`trhnucms tjm ch`cmpt ha tjm jdbgtus. [jm` ngscussg`k tjm jdbgtus, jm stdtms tjdt d subomct ‗s dvdgldblm rmsph`sms th d fflmln hr structurg`k structurm “drm nmffl`mn fflrst g` rmldtgh` th d systmi ha hbomctgvm phtm`tgdlgtgms’ d`n tjdt mdcj dkm`t gs “subomctmn th tjhsm rmkuldrgtgms’ –
“
(2644, 2644 , pp. ;1 drkums tjdt, mdcj dkm`t gs dtjmhry prhnucm prhnucmr r 2644, p. ;7). ^jgs ha d`n rmp rmprhn rhnucmr ucmr;;). ha Bhurngmu hbo hbomctg mctgvm vm aurtjmr imd` imd`g`k g`k ’ (2644 prdctgcm brmdes hpm` tjm spdcm bmtwmm` hbomctgvgst/structurdlgst d`n sub omctgvm tjmhry ch`cmr`g`k tjm hrkd`gsdtgh` ha tjm shcgdl whrln. G` sh nhg`k, Bhurng Bhu rngmu mu rmc rmchk`g hk`gsms sms tjd tjdtt tjmrm tjmrm drm struct structurg urg`k `k str struct ucturm urmss tjd tjdtt prhvgnm prhvgnm lgigtmn dkm`cy ahr g`ngvgnudls th rmsgst nhig`d`t culturm5 d`n tjdt by nmtmrig`g`k tjm structurms tjdt khvmr` tjm jdbgtus, gt bmchims phssgblm th mxplhrm tjm lgigtmn dkm`cy dvdgldblm th hpmrdtm g` d kgvm` fflmln (4776 (4776,, p. =3). Dkm`tgc rmsph`sms by g`ngvgnudls th tjmgr jdbgtus drm lgigtmn by tjm sdim “hbomctgvm ch`ngtgh`s ha wjgcj tjmy drm tjm prhnuct’ (Bhurngmu 2644, 2644, p. 411). ^jm dbglgty ahr d` dkm`t th pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturdl prhnuc ffl
tgh` gs nmtmrig`mn culturdl prhnuctgh`.by tjm rd`km ha rmsph`sms dvdgldblm wgtjg` d mln ha Bhurngmu drkums tjdt tjm twh phsgtgh`s ha hbomctgvgsi d`n structurdlgsi cgdlly ly ngvg ngvgnm nm shc shcgdl gdl scg scgm`cm m`cm’ d`n tjdt g` hrnmr th ihvm pdst tjgs “drtgfflcgdl ngvgnm, d` dce`hwlmnkmim`t ha tjm vgmwphg`ts haamrmn by bhtj gs mssm`tgdl (4776 4776,, p. 2=). G` hr hrnmr nmr th ssmm mm tjmsm tjmsm ch`t ch`trgb rgbutg utgh`s h`s,, gt gs `mcms `mcmssdr sdryy th mx mxplhr plhrmm tjmm sh shcg cgdl dl ch ch`n `ngt gtgh gh`s `s tj tjdt dt idem idem phss phssgb gblm lm bh bhtj tj d rmflmx mxgv gvmm rmtu rmtur` r` th “tj tjm subomctgvm mxpmrgm`cm ha tjm whrln d`n dlsh tjm hbomctgfflcdtgh` ha tjm hbomctgvm ch`ngtgh`s ha tjdt mxpmrgm`cm’ (4776 (4776,, p. 2=). [gtjg` Bhurngmu‗s d`dlysgs ha structurms, dkm`ts drm dblm th idem tjmgr hw` cjhgcms, by tjmgr hw` armm wgll, but tjgs armm wgll gs nmtmrig`mn by tjm jdbgtus, hr tjm rulms ha shcgdl prdctgcm, tjdtmdcj wm g`ngvgnudl dll ahllhw. hr ^jm jdbgtus prhvgnms tjm ch`ngtgh`s ha mxgstm`cm tjdt, ahr krhup, prhvgnm ngaamrm`t “nmffl`gtgh`s ha tjm tjm gi giph phss ssgb gblm lm,, tj tjmm ph phss ssgbl gblm, m, d`n tj tjmm pr prhbd hbdbl blmm’, rmsultg`k g` shcgdl 2644,, p. ;:). prdctgcms tjdt drm nmtmrig`mn ds `dturdl hr `ht (Bhurngmu 2644 G` tur` tjmsm rulms rmprhnucm tjm ch`ngtgh`s tjdt idem tjm jdbgtus phssgblm d`n lgigt tjm lmvml ha dkm`cy g` g`ngvgnudl rmsph`sms th d khvmr`g`k structurm (Bhurngmu 2644 (Bhurngmu 2644,, p. ;:). ^jgs ch`cmpt ha structurg`k structurms khvmr`g`k tjm dkm`cy ha g`ngvgnudls prhvgnms d` giphrtd`t tjmhrmtgcdl phsgtgh`, m`dblg`k mxplhrdtgh` ha tjm tm`sgh` bmtwmm` g`stgtutgh`s d`n g`ngvgnudls, d`n tjm g` flum`cm d`n rhlm hlm ha g` g`st stgt gtut utggh` h`ss suc ucj j ds tjm im imng ngdd g` tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust strry ‗s rmp rmprhn rhnuct uctgh` gh` ha tjm nhig`d`t ihnms ha cdpgtdlgst prhnuctgh`. ^jm jdbgtus gs khvmr`mn
>:
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
by structurms tjdt nmtmrig`m gts hpmrdtgh` d`n tjm` au`ctgh` th rmprhnucm tjmismlvms. Wmt tjgs nhms `ht imd` tjdt “ wm sjhuln rmnucm tjm hbomctgvm g`tm`tgh`s d`n ch`stgtutmn sgk`gfflcdtgh`s ha dctgh` d`n whres th tjm ch`scghus d`n nmlgbmr nmlgbmrdtm dtm g`tm`tgh`s ha tjmgr dutjhrs’ (Bhurngmu (Bhurngmu 2644 2644,, p. ;3). G`stmdn, Bhurngmu prhvgnms d spdcm ahr mxplhrdtgh` g` bmtwmm` d`n drkums tjdt dctgh` gs nmtmrig`mn d chiplmx smrgms shcgdl d`n d` n g`ngvgnudl ru rulm lmss ch chig ig`k `k ar arhi hi db dbhv hvmm d` d`n n by bm bmlh lhw w dt h`cm h`cm. . ^jm ^jha m jd jdbg bgtu tusshrnmrs tj tjm` m` bmchims tjm “hrkd`gzg`k prg`cgplm ha tjmgr Udkm`ts‗Y dctgh`s’ (Bhurngmu 2644, p. 4:). ^jm nrgvg`k ahrcm bmjg`n tjm dctgh`s ha dkm`ts, dcchrng`k th 2644, Bhurngmu, gs hatm` u`e`hw` th tjmi5 d`n jm g`trhnucms tjm ch`cmpt ha nhxd th th drkum, “ wm dccmpt id`y id `y tjg`ks wgtjhut e`hwg`k tjmi’ (Bhurngmu ). Bhurngmu nmffl`ms nhxd ds “scjmims ha tjhukjt d`n d`n Mdklmth` 4772 Mdklmth` 4772). pmrcmptgh` . . . tjm whrln ha trdngtgh` mxpmrgm`cmn ds tjm ‚`dturdl whrln‗ d`n tdem` ahr krd`tmn’ (2644 (2644,, p. 41>). Nhxd m`dblms m`dblms structurms tjdt hpmrdtm th smrvm tjm g`tmrmsts ha tjm nhig`d`t pdrtgms g` d fflmln th idg`tdg` tjhsm phsgtgh`s ha phwmr by `dturdlgsg`k tjm hrnmr ha tjm fflmln. Bhurngmu stdtms “
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tjdt shcgdl ahridtgh`, tjm stdblmr tjm hbomctgvm structurms , tjm ihrmwgtjg` tjmy cd` “aully rmprhnucm tjmismlvms g` tjm dkm`ts ‗ ngsphsgtgh`s’5 d`n d` n tjm ih ihrm rm st strh rh`k `kly ly tj tjmm “fflmln ha nh nhxd xd’ ds tjm ‚`dturdl‗ gs igsrmchk`gsmn4 ds d lm lmkg kgtg tgid idtm tm ahri ahridt dtgh gh` ` ha tj tjmm sh shcg cgdl dl hr hrnm nmrr (2644, 2644, pp. 41=–411). Bhurngmu aurtjmr drkums tjdt tjhsm wjh drm nhig`dtmn “jdvm d` g`tmrmst g` pusjg`k bdce tjm lgigts ha nhxd nhxd ’ g` hrnmr th mxphsm tjm ch`structmn `dturm ha shcgdl hrnmr, wjmrmds tjm nhig`d`t cldssms “jdvm d` g`tmrmst g` nmam`ng`k tjm g`tmkrgty ha nhxd nhxd ’ (2644 ( 2644,, p. 417, mipjdsgs g` hrgkg`dl). [gtjg` tjm ardimwhre ha imngd structurms, tjmrm gs d` g`nustry-nrgvm` gipmrdtgvm ahr tjm currm`t hrnmr ha nhig`d`cm th bm idg`tdg`mn g` hrnmr ahr tjm cjdllm`k cjdllm`kms ms prmsm`tmn by pdrtgcgpdthr pdrtgcgpdthryy cultur culturmm d`n ch`vmrkm`t tmcj`hlh `hlhkgm s th bm igtg igtgkdt kdtmn. mn. G` d` dttmipt dttmipt idg`tdg idg`tdg` ` gtsprdctgcms. ph phsgt sgtgh` gh`ss Ahr wgtj wgtjg` g` tjm tjm culturm g`nustry gs dndptg`k thth pdrtgcgpdthry mxdifflmln,kgms plm, tjm tmlmvgsgh` g`nustry g` tjm ]`gtmn Stdtms – tjhukj strukklg`k th nh sh – gs dttmiptg`k th dndpt th mimrkg`k imngd prdctgcms d`n rmsjdpm ds d 2643,, stru struct ctur urmm g` hr hrnm nmrr th idg` idg`td tdg` g` d ph phsg sgtg tgh` h` ha nh nhig ig`d `d`c `cmm (O (Om` m`eg eg`s `s mt dl. dl. 2643 p. 422). Dt tjm sdim tgim, giplgcgt wgtjg` tjm uthpgd` auturms ha d nmihcrdtgc culturm prmngctmn by pdrtgcgpdthry culturm gs tjm `htgh` tjdt tjm prmvghusly mstdblgsjmn structurms ha tjm culturm g`nustry wgll ultgidtmly ngsdppmdr ds `mw structurms mimrkm d`n jhln tjhsm phsgtgh`s. ^jgs drkuim`t rmqugrms dungm`cms th bm dctgvm g` tjm nmstdbglgsdtgh` prhcmss. G` ^jm Agmln ha Culturdl Vrhnuctgh` (4773), 4773), Bhurngmu prhvgnms d crgtgqum ha tjm ffl
ahridtgh` d`n idg`tm`d`cm ha drtgstgc mlns, wjgcj cd` bm dpplgmn th tjm
3 DKM@CW DKM@CW G@ V VRDC^ RDC^GCM? GCM? D VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^HRW ^HRW ]^HVGD ]^HVGD
>7
rmstructurg`k ha tjm culturm g`nustry ds pdrtgcgpdthry culturm ch`tg`ums th nmvmlhp. G` tjgs d`dlysgs ha drtgstgc fflmlns, Bhurngmu drkums tjdt wgtjg` tjm lgtmrdry ffl ffl mln drm d “fflmln ha ahrcms’ d`n d “fflmln ha strukklms’ tjdt nmtmrig`m tjm “phsgtgh`-tdeg`ks’ ha tjm dkm`ts wgtjg` tjm ffl mln (4773 (4773,, p. 36). ]`lgem htjmr ahris ha cdpgtdlgst prhnuctgh`, tjm vdlum ha drtwhre gs `ht nmtmr “
ig`mn bychiihngtgms tjm chst ha prhnuctgh`5 rdtjmr, gt gs bdsmn h` tjm cgrculdtgh`s ha culturdl ’ (p. ;1). [gtjg` mdcj fflmln, dkm`ts tdem phsgtgh`s g` rmldtgh` th tjmgr lmvml ha cdpgtdl wgtjg` tjm fflmln d`n g` rmldtgh` th htjmr dkm`ts wgtjg` tjm ffl mln. ^jmsm ffl mlns drm sgtms ha ch`std`t strukklm, but tjmsm dkm`ts mxgst u`nmr tjm ch`ngtgh`s ha tjgs fflmln d`n dct wgtjg` gt (Bhurngmu 4773,, p. 4:>). 4773 ^jgs sgtudtgh` lmdns th dkm`ts wgtjg` tjm fflmln bmg`k lgigtmn by tjm ch`ngtgh`s ha tjm structurm tjmy drm hpmrdtg`k g`. G` d fflmln ha culturdl prhnuctgh` (sucj ds d imngd g`stgtutgh`), cjd`kms th tjm fflmln hccur wjm` `mw dkm`ts m`tmr tjm ffl mln (Bhurngmu 4773 (Bhurngmu 4773,, pp. =;–=:). Bhurngmu rmamrs th cjd`kms wgtjg` tjm lgtmrdry fflmln bmg`k nmtmrig`mn by tjm dccmss `mw ffl
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chimrs jdvm th tjm th mlnngsrupt (4773,,tjm (4773 pp.`hris =1 =;). G` shim g`std`cms, mxtmr`dl cjd`kms drm rmqugrmn wgtjg` tjm fflmln – sucj ds wjm` `mwc `m wchi himrs mrs dr drmm nm` nm`gmn gmn dc dccms cmsss bm bmcdu cdusm sm tjmy tjmy drm drm `h `htt rmchk rmchk`g `gsm smn n by tj tjmm nhig`d`t phsgtgh` jhlnmrs. ^jmsm cjd`kms cd` rd`km arhi rdngcdl sjgats sucj ds rmvhlutgh` th dungm`cms ch``mctg`k wgtj `mw prhnucmrs, wjh wgll “m`surm tjm succmss ha tjmgr prhnucts ’ (p. =:). @mw dkm`ts m`tmrg`k tjm fflmln wgll ngsrupt tjm `hris ha tjm mstdblgsjmn hrnmr, crmdtg`k d ngvgnm bmtw bm twmm` mm` tj tjmm ph phsg sgtg tgh`s h`s ha `mw d`n ms mstd tdbl blgs gsjmn jmn drtg drtgst stss wg wgtj tjg` g` tj tjmm fflmln. D sgigldr maamct cd` bm smm` g` tjm mimrkm`cm ha pdrtgcgpdthry imngd culturm. ^jm `mw dkm`ts m`tmrg`k tjm fflmln mln ha imngd imngd pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dtgh gh` ` drm drm m`dblmn by `mw tmcj`hlhkgms. Vdrtgcgpdthry culturm tjus ngsrupts tjm jgmr ffl
drcjy ha phwmr tjm mstdblgsjmn mln ha tjm culturm g`nustry. G` tjm cdsm hag`tmlmvgsgh`, d pdrtgcgpdthry dungm`cm, ds wmll ds `mw chiimrcgdl ngstrgbuthrs sucj ds Dpplm, Khhklm d`n @mtflgx, gs g`tmrruptg`k tjm h`cm cm ch` ch`tr trhl hllm lmn n by brhdn brhdncd cdst stmr mrss d`n stun stunghs ghs.. G` Du Dust strd rdlg lgd, d, imn imngd gd fflmln h` chipd`gms hpmrdtg`k h` tjm brhdncdst spmctrui `h lh`kmr mxclusgvmly ch`trhl trhl dun dungm gm`c `cmm dcc dccmss mss th tm tmlm lmvgs vgsgh gh` ` ch ch`t `tm`t m`t.. Jg Jgst sthr hrgc gcdll dlly, y, tj tjgs gs jd jdss bmm bmm` ` d cjd`kg`k ffl mln sg`cm tjm dnvm`t ha tgim-sjgat tgim-sjgatg`k g`k d`n rmchrng rmchrng`k `k tmcj`hlhkgm tmcj`hlhkgms, s, d`n d` n th shim shim mx mxttm` m`tt sg`c sg`cmm tj tjmm nmvm nmvmlh lhpi pim` m`tt ha tm tmcj cj`h `hlh lhkg kgms ms su succj ds vgnm vgnmh h d` d`n n NQN5 jhwmvmr, tjm G`tmr`mt m`dblms dccmss th ch`tm`t h` d scdlm `ht smm` bmahrm d`n gs nmstdbglgsg`k tjm prmvghusly jmln ih`hphly ha tjm culturm g`nustry ds crmdthrs ha ch`tm`t (]rgccjgh 2667 (]rgccjgh 2667,, pp. 33–3>). Jhwmvmr, tjm tjrmdt ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm th tjm culturm g`nustry gs stgll g` gts g`ad`cy.
=6
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Currm`tly mvgnm`t g` tjm fflmln ha tmlmvgsgh` – d`n ihrm brhdnly, imngd prhnuctgh` – gs tjm phtm`tgdl ha d` dkm`tgc dungm`cm m`tmrg`k tjm fflmln ha culturdl prhnuctgh` dt ngaamrm`t lmvmls ha m`kdkmim`t5 arhi prmssg`k ‚lgem‗ h` Adcmbhhe Adcmbhhe h hrr twm twmmtg mtg`k `k d lg` lg`ee th d` h`l h`lg`m g`m id idohr ohr ` `mws mwspdp pdpmr mr th uplh uplhdng dng`k `k d [mb smrgms. [gtjhut g`tm`ng`k th giply d ch`tg`uui ha g`flum`cms g` rmkdrn th tjmsmngsruptgh` dctgh`s, mimrkm`cm ds ihnmls `mw shcgdl prdctgcms wgtjg` ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` sgk`dls ngsrup tgh`tjmgr ha tjm mstdblgsj mstdblgsjmn mn ha jgmrdrcjy tjm fflmln ha imngd prhnuctgh` – ahr mxdiplm, tjm thp-nhw`, h`m-wdy flhw ha chiiu`gcdtgh` arhi brhdncdstmr th dungm`cm. [jglm tjmrm drm stgll ngstg`ct phsg ph sgtg tgh` h`ss ha ph phwm wmrr wgtj wgtjg` g` tj tjgs gs ih ihnm nmll (h (h`m `m pr prhn hnuc ucms ms d` d`n n h` h`mm ch ch`s `sui uims ms), ), g` tjm phtm`tgdl auturm ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm tjm spdcm bmtwmm` prhnucmr d`n ch`suimr lmssm`s d`n tjm phsgtgh`s ha phwmr bmchim clhsmr. G` tjm pmrghn ha trd`sgtgh` bmg`k crmdtmn by `mw tmcj`hlhkgms d`n mimrkg`k culturd cult urdll prd prdctg ctgcms cms drm “chipmt chipmtg`k g`k phssgblms phssgblms ’, wjmrm tjm nhig`dtmn jdvm dccmss th tjm “idtmrgdl d`n syibhlgc imd`s’ th rmomct tjm culturm g`nustry, wjgcj jds idg`tdg`mn gts nhig`d`cm ds d structurm by lgigtg`k dccmss th tjm “
’
imd`sbrhdncdst ha prhnuctgh` d`n rmprhnucg`k tjm shcgdl structurms ha ,tjm thpnhw` ihnml ha prhnucmr th dungm`cm (Bhurngmu 2644 2644, p. 417, mipjds mip jdsgs gs g` hrgk hrgkg` g`dl dl). ). [j [jgl glst st `ht mv mvmry mry imi imibmr bmr ha tj tjmm dun dungm gm`cm `cm wg wgll ll bmchim d prhnucmr ha culturdl ch`tm`t, imngd ch`vmrkm`cm d`n pdrtgcgpdthryy cultu thr culturm rm drm crm crmdtg dtg`k `k `mw phs phsgtg gtgh`s h`s ha nhig nhig`d`c `d`cmm wgt wgtjg` jg` tjm fflmln mln ds ttjm jm “drbgtrdry prg`cgplms ha tjm prmvdglg`k cldssgfflcdtgh`’ ha imngd prhnuctgh` bmkg` th ngsdppmdr (Bhurngmu 2644 2644,, p. 417). Currm`tly, sucj prdctgcms mxgst g` ihim`ts, `ht ds brmdes th tjm mstdblgsjmn fflmln, rmsultg`k g` tjm phwmr jgmrdrcjy ha tjm culturm g`nustry bmg`k prmsm`tly idg`tdg`mn. G` adct, pdrtgcgpdthry pdrtgcgpdthry culturm culturm hccurs tjrhukj pdrtgcgpdtgh pdrtgcgpdtgh` ` g` dlrmdnydlrmdny-mxgst mxgstg`k g`k systmis jmln by tjm culturm g`nustry.
V DR^GCGVD^G@K ^JRH]KJ S^R]C^]RG@K S^R]C^]RMS Bhtj g`nustry g`nustry d`n dungm`cm dungm`cmss drm dblm th utglgsm tjm sdim thhls th ngstrgbutm h`lg`m ch`tm`t. Whu^ubm, blhks, phncdstg`k d`n shcgdl imngd drm dll dvdgldblm th ngstrgbutm imngd ch`tm`t h`lg`m. Jhwmvmr, mvm` wgtj tjmsm tmcj`hlhkgms d`n pldtahris, tjmrm gs stgll d rmlgd`cm h` tjm culturm g`nustry th dccmss tjmsm thhls, d`n ahr m`tmrtdg`im`t ihrm brhdnly. Vmhplm stgll wgsj th ch`suim prhnucts crmdtmn by imngd ch`klhimrdtms5 but dungm`cms drm `h lh`kmr lgigtmn by tjm tgimtdblm smt hut by tjmsm chipd`gms, `hr by tjm ch`tm`t dvdgldblm (Rhsm` (Rhsm` 2661). 2661). Dungm`cms wgll stgll lgstm` th tjm rdngh, –
wdtcj tmlmvgsgh` d`n kh th tjm tjmdtrm tjmy nh `ht wd`t th bm nm`gmn
3 DKM@CW DKM@CW G@ V VRDC^ RDC^GCM? GCM? D VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^HRW ^HRW ]^HVGD ]^HVGD
=4
tjmsm prhnucts – but tjmrm jds smmig`kly bmm` d sjgat g` phwmr g` tjm sm`sm ha cjhgcm `hw h` haamr (Rhsm` 2661 (Rhsm` 2661). ). Dungm`cms iust dctgvmly pdrtgcgpdtm g` hrnmr th tdem aull dnvd`tdkm ha tjm prh prhpmr pmrtgm tgmss ha ch` ch`vmrk vmrkm`t m`t imng imngd, d, ch`s ch`stgt tgtutg utg`k `k d ngs ngstg` tg`ctl ctlyy nga ngaamr amrm`t m`t ihnm ha usm tjd` ahr brhdncdst ihnmls ha ch`suiptgh`. ^jm id``mr g` wjgcj imngd drm gs `ht nmtmrig`mn mn by tgim tgimtdblm tdblm ha d brhdncdst scjmnulm ds ch`suimn gt h`cm wds. ^jmnmtmrig` hatjm tmlmvgsgh` ch`suiptgh` flhw ihnml stmis arhi prhkrdiig`k nmsgk`mn th emmp dungm`cms wdtcjg`k arhi h`m prhkrdiim th tjm `mxt wgtjhut pdusm? ch`tm`t gs hrkd`gsmn sh ds th emmp dungm`cms wdtcjg`k, ds tjm tmlmvgsgh` scrmm` gs `mvmr bld`e5 tjmrm gs dlwdys shimtjg`k h` tmlmvgsgh` tjdt emmps pmhplm wdtcjg`k hr dllhws tjmi th rmtur` th wdtcjg`k dt d`y phg`t nurg`k tjm ndy ([gllgdis 477; 477;,, p. :1). Vrhk Vr hkrd rdii iims ms dr drmm sm smlm lmct ctgv gvml mlyy pldc pldcmn mn `m `mxt xt th md mdcj cj ht htjm jmrr g` d wd wdyy tj tjdt dt m`chur m`c hurdk dkms ms du dung ngm`c m`cms ms th em emmp mp wd wdtc tcjg jg`k `k.. ]pchi ]pchig` g`k k pr prhk hkrd rdii iims ms drm drm 477;,, dnvm dn vmrt rtgs gsmn mn sh tj tjdt dt du dung ngm` m`cm cmss e` e`hw hw wj wjdt dt gs ch chig ig`k `k ([ ([gl gllg lgdi diss 477; p. :1) :1).. @mw tm tmcj` cj`hl hlhkg hkgms ms jd jdvm vm g`cr g`crmds mdsg` g`kl klyy dll dllhw hwmn mn du dung ngm`c m`cms ms th bm ihrm h`lg`m smlmctgvm dbhut tjmgr imngd m`kdkmim`t th prhkrdiig`k, wgtj cdtcj-up smrgms, NQN bhxmn smtsd`n d`ndccmss smt-thp bhx rmchrnmrs rmihvg`k tjm urkm`cy ha tgim-bdsmn prhkrdiig`k, g`crmdsg`k ch`suimrs ‗ cjhgcm ha wjm` th wdtcj ch`tm`t, ds wmll ds dllhwg`k dccmss th hlnmr 2642,, ch`t ch `tm` m`tt tj tjdt dt gs `h lh`k lh`kmr mr bmg` bmg`k k br brhdn hdncds cdstt (I (Imge mgelm lm d` d`n n Wh Whu` u`k k 2642 p. 4=>). [jmrmds dungm`cm dkm`cy jds prmvghusly bmm` ch`cmptudlgsmn drhu`n tjm dct ha g`tmrprmtdtgh`, ch`vmrkm`t imngd thhls rmly h` dctgvm smlmctgh` ha tmxts ahr ch`suiptgh`, ch`stgtutg`k d sjgat g` dkm`cy dwdy arhi “prhnucmr-ch`trhllmn flhw ds ngstg` ngstg`ct ct arhi usmr-km`mrd usmr-km`mrdtmn tmn flhw ’ (]rgccjgh (]rgccjgh 2667 2667,, p. 33). Ds d ch`ngtgh` ha usm ha h`lg`m vgnmh smlmctgh` – g` ch`trdst th –
brhdncdstg`k tjmnmvgcm usmr iust smlmct 2667, ch`tm`t ahr vgmwg`k tjm dct ha , p. 32). G` shimbmyh`n g`std`cms, jhwswgtcjg`k h` tjm (]rgccjgh (]rgccjgh 2667 mvmr mv mr,, mv mvm` m` wm wmbs bsgt gtms ms sucj sucj ds Wh Whu^ u^ub ubmm jd jdvm vm utgl utglgs gsmn mn d` d`n n dn dndp dptm tmn n tj tjmm ch ch`c `cmp mptt ha ‚flhw ‗ th hpmrdtm wgtj h`lg`m ch`tm`t5 wgtj pldylgst au`ctgh`dlgty h` shim cjd``mls crmdtg`k d ch`std`t flhw ha vgnmhs ru``g`k h`m datmr tjm htjmr, rmihvg`k tjm `mmn ahr tjm usmr th clgce h` d `mw lg`e th ch`tg`um wdtcjg`k ch`tm`t. Mimrkg`k arhi pldtahris sucj ds Whu^ubm hr Qgimh gs d` g`crmdsmn dvdgldbglgty ha ch`tm`t ahr dungm`cms th cjhhsm arhi. Dungm`cms `h lh`kmr `mmn th rmly m`tgrmly h` imngd busg`mssms prhvgng`k ch`tm`t ds tjm G`tmr`mt ch`t ch `tdg dg`s `s ch ch`t `tm` m`tt ar arhi hi bh bhtj tj g`nu g`nust stry ry d`n d`n us usmr mrs. s. ^j ^jmm rmsu rmsult lt gs d sj sjga gatt g` dung dungm` m`cm cm ch ch`s `sui uipt ptgh gh` ` jd jdbg bgts ts.. G` tj tjmm ]S ch chii iimr mrcg cgdl dl tm tmlm lmvg vgsg sgh` h`
=2
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
brhdncdstg`k ymdr 266;–6:, tjm ldrkmst chjhrt ha tmlmvgsgh` vgmwmrs g` prgim tgim wmrm vgmwmrs hvmr tjm dkm ha =6, sukkmstg`k d km`mrdtgh`dl sjgat g` ch`suiptgh` jdbgts (Rhsm 2644 (Rhsm 2644). ). Dungm`cms cd` dccmss sgigldr, ga `ht tjm sdim, ch`tm`t h` ngaamrm`t pldtahris, sucj ds h`lg`m cdtcj-up smrvgcm smr vgcms, s, tgi tgim-n m-nmldy mldymn mn rmch rmchrng rng`k, `k, NQN, str strmdig mdig`k `k hr nhw nhw`lh `lhdng dng`k `k – mgtjmr hr jdbgts gllmkdlly. ^jmlmkdlly sjgatg`k ha dungm`cms jdvm brhdnm`mn tjm rhlm tjm dungm`cm pldys wgtjg` tjm culturm g`nustry. Gt jds bmm` drkumn tjdt tmri ‚dungm`cm‗ igkjt `h lh`kmr bm dnmqudtm th nmscrgbm tjhsm wjh usm, ch`suim hr 2642,, pdrtgcgpdtm g` imngd dctgvgtgms d`n prhnucts (Imgelm d`n Whu`k 2642 p. 446). ^jmrm gs d rd`km ha tmris currm currm`tly `tly g` usm th nmscrgbm tjm prdctgcms d`n bmjdvghurs imngd ch`suimrs m`kdkm g` d`n cd` gnm`tgay wgtj – sucj ds 2 (Imgelm d`n “cgtgzm`s, publgcs, rmdnmrs, ch`suimrs, usmrs, ‚prhnusmrs‗’ Whu`k 2642 2642,, p. 446). G`stmdn, Imgelm d`n Whu`k (2642 ( 2642)) cldssgay dungm`cms m`c ms ds crmdt crmdtgv gvmm dun dungm gm`cm `cmss (p (p.. 446). 446). Wm Wmtt wg wgtj tjg` g` tj tjgs gs stdt stdtmim mim`t `t gs tj tjmm dssuiptgh` tjdt dll dungm`cms drm crmdtgvm hr drm pdrtgcgpd`ts g` imngd ‗
bmyh`n tjm dcthahapdrtgcgpdthry ch`suiptgh`. Sgigldrly, Om`eg`s s whre gs prmigsmn h` tjm phtm`tgdl culturm th sjgat tjm rhlm ha dungm`cms arhi ch`suimrs th pdrtgcgpd`ts g` tjm imngd spjmrm – hr, ds jm nmscrgbms tjmi, (2661d,, p. 4=7). Om`eg`s ch`fldtms tjm `htgh` ha “pdrtgcgpdthry dungm`cms’ (2661d dungm`cms d`n pdrtgcgpd`ts pdrtgcgpd`ts,, drkug`k tjdt dungm`cm dungm`cms/ch`s s/ch`suimrs uimrs drm “fflkjtg`k ahr tjm rgkjt th pdrtgcgpdtm ihrm aully g` tjmgr culturm ’ ds culturdl prhnucmrs (2661d (2661d,, p. 4:). Jhwmvmr, `ht dll dungm`cms pdrtgcgpdtm, d`n tjm lmvmls ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` ha dungm`cms vdry. [jglst shim dungm`cms drm bmchig`k crmdtgvm prhnucmrs ha ch`tm`t, tjmy drm ymt th brmde armm ha tjm ch`ffl`ms ha tjm mxgstg`k structurms. Vdrtgc Vdr tgcgpdt gpdthry hry prd prdctgc ctgcms ms drm m`im m`imsjm sjmn n wgt wgtj j chrp chrphrd hrdtm tm imng imngdthr dthrss wjg wjgcj cj ffl
prh t arhi arhi usmr mr pdrtg pdrtgcg cgpd pdtg tgh` h`.haamr . [jg [jgls t tj tjmrm mrm drm drm wm wmbs gtms ms tj tjdt dt au`ct au`ctgh gh` ` tjrhukj usmrus m`kdkmim`t d`n dlst pldcm ahr usmrs thbsgt mxprmss tjmismlvms, tjmsm drm haamrmn d`n idg`tdg`mn by tjm culturm g`nustry, rmsultg`k g` d ch`flgct bmtwmm` usmrs d`n tjm g`tmrmsts ha tjhsm wjh imngdtm dccmss th tjgs tmcj`hlhky. Vmhplm idy crmdtm vgnmhs d`n uplhdn tjmi th Whu^ubm, but tjmy tj my drm drm stgl stglll us usg` g`k k tj tjmm pldt pldtah ahri ri d` d`n n dr drcj cjgv gvmm sp spdc dcmm ha Wh Whu^ u^ub ubm/ m/Kh Khhk hklm lm th nh sh. Vmhplm idy usm Adcmbhhe th ch``mct wgtj htjmrs d`n shcgdlgsm, but tjmy dr drmm us usg` g`k k d ch chrp rphr hrdt dtmm sp spdc dcmm th nh sh sh.. Au Aurt rtjm jmri rihr hrm, m, tj tjmm db dbgl glgt gtyy ha du dung ngm` m`ccms th pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturm gs ch`strdg`mn by dccmss th tjm `mcmssdry thhls d`n tjm lgtmrdcy th usm tjmi (Om`eg`s mt dl. 2643 dl. 2643,, p. 37). Imngd ch`vmrkm`cm imd`s tjdt tj dt tj tjmr mrmm dr drmm hatm hatm` ` ngaa ngaamr mrg` g`k k imng imngdd sy syst stmi miss ru ru`` ``g` g`k k ch ch`c `cur urrm rm`t `tly ly,, wg wgttj md mdcj cj prhvgn prh vgng` g`k k ngaam ngaamrm rm`t `t lmv lmvml mlss ha dc dccms cmsss d`n d`n ch chipd ipdtg tgbg bglg lgty ty55 d`n us usmrs mrs br brg` g`k k th tj tjmsm msm
3 DKM@CW DKM@CW G@ V VRDC^ RDC^GCM? GCM? D VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^HRW ^HRW ]^HVGD ]^HVGD
=3
pldtahris ngaamrm`t lmvmls ha ngkgtdl lgtmrdcy d`n adiglgdrgty wgtj tjmsm thhls. ^jgs lmdns th d ngvgnm g` pdrtgcgpdtgh` num th tjm ngaamrm`t rmldtgh`sjgps bmtwmm` “prhn prhnucmr ucmrss d`n cgtg cgtgzm`s zm`s’ ds mdc mdcj j chi chiiu` iu`gc gcdt dtgh gh` ` syst systmi mi mst mstdbl dblgs gsjms jms gts hw` `hris d`n jgmrdrcjgms th mgtjmr m`churdkm hr lgigt tjm pdrtgcgpdthry dkm`cy ha dungm`cms d`n usmrs (Om`eg`s mt dl. 2643 dl. 2643,, p. 37). ^jm ^j m cu cult urm m g`nu g` nust stry ryj gsds ym ymt t th lhsm lhmsmm`d gts gtsblmph phsg sgtg tgh` h` ha pdr nh nhig ig`d `d`c `cm. m. Jhw Jhwmvm mvmr, r, ltur pld pldtah tahris ris suc sucj Whu^ub Whu ^ubm m`dblm dun dungm` gm`cm cm pdrtgc tgcgpd gpdtgh tgh` ` d`n ch`suiptgh` th hccur g` tjm sdim spdcm ds usmrs ch`suim d rd`km ha dvdgldblm ch`tm`t, arhi prhamssgh`dl th didtmur. Cmrtdg`ly, tjmrm gs d sjgat d`n nmvmlhpim`t ha dungm`cm prdctgcms mxtm`ng`k arhi sjdrg`k g`th tjmm pr tj prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` ha hr hrgk gkg` g`dl dl ch ch`t `tm`t m`t,, rd rd`k `kg` g`k k arhi arhi jhim jhim ih ihvg vgms ms th prhamssgh`d prhams sgh`dll [mb ch`t ch`tm`t, m`t, utglgsg` utglgsg`k k pldtahris pldtahris sucj ds Whu^u Whu^ubm bm ahr ngstrgbutgh`. But wjglst Whu^ubm gs pdrt ha d brhdn ihvmim`t ha imngd cjd`km, gt iust bm smm` `ht ds d “rdngcdl jgsthrgcdl’ brmde but rdtjmr ds d iucj ldrkmr ihvmim`t ha ngsruptgh`, ds “ vdr vdrghus ghus mstd mstdblgs blgsjmn jmn prdc prdctgcm tgcms, s, g` flum`cms, d`n gnmds chipmtm wgtj mimrkg`k h`ms ’ (Burkmss d`n Krmm` 2667, ,g`k p. Sgigldrly, tjm miphwmrim`t ha arg`km dungm`cms, 2667 m`dbl m`d blg` k 4>). g` g`cr crmd mdsm smn n dc dccms cmss, s, nh nhms ms `h `htt `mc `mcms mssd sdrg rgly ly rmpr rmprms msm` m`tt d rdng rdwjglm ngcd cdll cjd`km. [jglm tjmrm jds bmm` d cjd`km g` tjm structurm ha tjm culturm g`nustry, tjmrm jds `ht bmm` d lhss ha ch`trhl by tjm culturm g`nustry? ch`vmrkm`cm jds `ht imd`t d ardkim`tdtgh` ha tjm g`nustry (Om`eg`s d`n Nmuzm 266: Nmuzm 266:). ). ^jms ^j msmm sjgat jgatss g` tj tjmm imng imngdd ld`n ld`nsc scdp dpmm jd jdvm vm dls dlsh smm mm` ` cj cjd` d`km kmss d` d`n n rmsph`sms wgtjg` tjm mch`higc structurm ha tjm idg`strmdi imngd g`nustry. G` Idrcj 2643, Rhb ^jhids, prhnucmr ha tjm ]S tmlmvgsgh` smrgms 266>), ), ldu` ldu`cjmn cjmn d Egce Egcestd stdrtm rtmrr crh crhwna wnau`n u`ng`k g`k Qmrh`gc Qmrh `gcd d Idrs Idrs (^jhids 266> cdipdgk` th rdgsm tjm bunkmt ahr d ihvgm bdsmn h` tjm smrgms. ^jgs prhomct d``hu`c d``hu`cmim`t ldu`cjmn d dsmrgms ha ihvgm, nmbdtmsdsg`wmll tjmds ]`gtmn Stdtms dbhut tjm lmkdlgtgms mim`t ha crhwnau`ng`k stungh wjdt tjgs whuln imd` ahr tjm auturm ha prhnuctgh` ihnmls g` Jhllywhhn d`n tjm phtm`tgdl ahr ad`s th jdvm krmdtmr ch`trhl hvmr crmdtgvm prhomcts (Ihhrm 2643 (Ihhrm 2643). ). Vrhomcts d`n hutchims sucj ds tjmsm – tjm cdipdgk` wds succmssaul – mxmiplgay d` mimrkg`k systmi tjdt jds phtm`tgdl th cjd`km tjm auturm ha crmdtgvm whre, pldcg`k tjm mch`higc burnm` ha nmvmlhpg`k d`n prhnucg`k whre h`th tjm ch`suimrs ha ch`tm`t d`n vhgng`k tjm rgse th tjm culturm g`nustry g` nmvmlhpg`k prhnucts bmahrm tjmy jdvm d` dungm`cm. Mssm`tgdlly tjgs ahri ha prhnuctgh` ngsrupts tjm prmvghus Jhllywhhn ihnmls ha au`ng`k, hw`mrsjgp d`n ngstrgbutgh` d`n nmffl`ms d spdcm ahr dungm`cms th dctudlly au`n ). tmxts tjmy wgsj th ch`suim (Om`eg`s 2643 (Om`eg`s 2643).
=>
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
[gtjg` tjm ch`c [gtjg` ch`cmpt mpt ha pdrtgc pdrtgcgpd gpdthr thryy cultur culturm, m, tjm tjmrm rm gs lgttlm lgttlm dcc dcchu`t hu`t ahr tjm struct str ucturd urdll lgi lgigtd gtdtgh tgh`s `s gip giphsm hsmn n by g`n g`nust ustry ry d`n rmk rmkuld uldtgh tgh`, `, d`n jhw tjm tjmy y gipdct dungm`cm dkm`cy. G` pdrtgculdr, tjmrm gs scd`t dce`hwlmnkmim`t ha tjm mxtm`t th wjgcj G`tmr`mt chrphrdtgh`s d`n imngd chrphrdtgh`s hpmrdtm dbhv db hvmm us usmr mrss, wjh nh `h `htt jd jdvm vm d`y d`y sdy g` tj tjmm bu busg sg`m `msss pr prhc hcms msssms d` d`n n nm nmcg cgssgh`s gh`s ha tjmsm chipd`gms (Aucjs (Aucjs 2644 ). G` tjgs ch`tmstmn drm`d hawjm` phwmr d`n ch`trhl, tjm whre ha Dnhr`h d`n 2644). Jhrejmgimr rmidg`s rmlmvd`t mxdig`g`k tjm currm`t imngd prdctgcms ha bhtj g`nustry d`n dungm`cms. [jglst Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr‗s whre gs jmdvgly ch`cmr`mn wgtj tjm g`flum`cm d`n phwmr hvmr shcgmty tjdt tjm culturm g`nustry cd` wgmln – d`n wjglm d cmrtdg` lmvml ha pdrd`hgd cd` bm pmrcmgvmn g` tjm `htgh` tjdt d nmlgbmrdtm hpmrdtgh` ha sub omctggfflcdtgh` d`n ch`trhl hvmr tjm idssms gs mxmrcgsmn by tjhsm g` phwmr – gt gs omct ch`cmr`mn wgtj tjm mch`higc gipmrdtgvm tjdt nrgvms tjm rulg`k cldssms th idg` id g`td tdg` g` gn gnmh mhlh lhkg kgcd cdll ch ch`t `trh rhll hvm hvmrr tjm tjm id idss ss dung dungm`c m`cm. m. ^j ^jgs gs `ht `htgh gh` ` ha hw hw`m `mrs rsjg jgp p d`n d` n ch ch`t `trh rhll hvmr hvmr tjm pr prhn hnuc ucttgh` gh` ha id idsss imng imngd, d, d` d`n n tj tjmm ph phw wmr wgmln gmlnmn mn by tj tjmm culturm g`nustry, rmidg` emy adcthrs ahr ch`sgnmrdtgh` wjm` mxdig`g`k tjm rmldtgh`sjgp bmtwmm` trdngtgh`dl imngd d`n nmvmlhpg`k imngd tmcj`hlhkgms.
CH@CL]SGH@ Vdrtgcgpdthry culturm rmqugrms tjdt tjm pdrtgcgpd`t/usmr phssmssms d lmvml ha tmcj`gcdl segll, hr culturdl cdpgtdl, g` hrnmr th bm dblm th ch`trgbutm th culturdl prhnuctgh` usg`k ch`vmrkm`t imngd tmcj`hlhkgms. Bhurngmu nmtmrig`ms tjdt “tjm prhpm`sgty th spmde . spmde . . . gs strgctly prhphrtgh`dtm th tjm sm`sm ha jdvg`k tjm rgkjt th spmde ’ – d sm`sm nmtmrig`mn g` pdrt by tjm igsrmchk`gtgh` ha chipmtm`cm g` tjm dbglgty th spmde d`n jdvm d` hpg`gh` (2646 ( 2646,, p. >42). Currm`tly, pdrtgcgpdthry culturm prhvgnms d pldtahri ahr dungm`cms th spmde d`ng`sjdrm5 ymthr`ht mvmryh`m nhmsdtmvmryh`m wjh spmdes jdvm mgtjmr phtm`tgdl th nhms, idem`hr cjd`km d` g`ngvgnudl lmvml. flum`cm Adcmbhhe, ahr mxdiplm, rmphrtmn tjdt ds ha Ou`m 264=, gt jdn 71: igllgh` usmrs pmr ndy h` dvmrdkm, h`ly d rmldtgvmly sidll prhphrtgh` ha d thtdl klhbdl phpuldtgh` ha hvmr smvm` bgllgh` (Adcmbhhe 264=). 264=). D`n mvm` wgtj tjm seglls d`n dccmss rmqugrmn th pdrtgcgpdtm, d pdrtgcgpd`t‗s dkm`cy wgll `ht `mcmssdrgly mqud mq udtm tm th d` maam maamct ctgv gvmm ch ch`t `trg rgbu butg tgh` h`.. Su Sucj cj gssu gssums ms cd cd` ` bm dn dnnr nrms mssm smn n by lmdr lmdr`g `g`k `k `ht h`ly jhw th pdrtgcgpdtm, ch`suim d`n ch`trgbutm th imngd, but dlsh by 2642,, p. 44>). lmdr`g`k jhw th ffl`n tjm ch`tm`t tjdt gs vdludblm (Rjmg`khln (Rjmg`khln 2642 Vrhph`m`ts ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm pursum tjm lg`m ha rmdsh`g`k tjdt, wjm` utglgs utglgsmn mn maamctgv maamctgvmly, mly, pdrtgcg pdrtgcgpdthr pdthryy culturm culturm g`crmd g`crmdsms sms tjm phtm`t phtm`tgdl gdl ha d ihrmm nmih ihr nmihcr crdt dtgc gc d` d`n n ngvmr ngvmrsm sm im imngd ngd cul cultu turm rm tj tjrh rhuk ukj j tj tjmm dct ha pdr pdrtg tgcg cgpdt pdtgh` gh`..
3 DKM@CW DKM@CW G@ V VRDC^ RDC^GCM? GCM? D VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^HRW ^HRW ]^HVGD ]^HVGD
==
^jm au ^jm autu turm rm ha d ngvm ngvmrrsm d` d`n n nm nmih ihccrd rdtg tgcc im imng ngdd g`nu g`nust stry ry rmid rmidg` g`ss d pht htm` m`tg tgdl dl g` tjm mimrkg`k imngd mch`hiy5 gt gs `ht ymt d rmdlgty. ^jm sjgat arhi brhdncdst th ngkgtdl imngd idy, ahr d rd`km ha rmdsh`s, rmsult g` d sjgat g` tjm ch`trhl jmln by tjm culturm g`nustry5 d`n g` d` g`crmdsm ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` culturdl prhnuctgh`, mspmcgdlly arhi tjhsm h` tjm idrkg`s, th brg`k d wgnmr rd`km g`th cgrculdtgh` vgd tjm imngd. Jhwmvmr, tjms th currm`t syst systmi miha hapmrspmctgvms br brhd hdnc ncds dstt d` d`n n ngkg ngkgtd tdll im imng ngdd st str ruc uctu turm rms s cu curr rrm` m`t tly ch ch`t `tg` g`um ums mx mxgs gst5 t5 d`n gt gs tjgs pmrghn ha trd`sgtgh` d`n g`nustry dndptdtgh` th ngkgtdl prdctgcms tjdt tj dt gs tj tjmm ch`cm ch`cmr` r` ha tj tjgs gs rm rmsm smdr drcj cj.. ^jm h hvm vmrd rdrcj rcjg` g`k k g`nus g`nustr tryy d`n rrmk mkuld uldth thry ry bhngms, by prhvgng`k tjm ardimwhre tjrhukj wjgcj dkm`cy cd` bm m`dctmn, ch`tg`um th khvmr` tjm phssgbglgtgms ha pdrtgcgpdthry prdctgcms. [jglstt tjmrm drm d rd`km ha adcth [jgls adcthrs rs currm currm`tly `tly lgigt lgigtg`k g`k tjm phwmr ha pdrtgc pdr tgcgpd gpdthr thryy cul cultur turmm th cjd cjdllm llm`km `km mxg mxgstg stg`k `k str struct uctur urms ms ha cdp cdpgtd gtdlgs lgstt imng imngdd prhnuc prh nuctgh tgh`, `, pdrtgc pdrtgcgpd gpdth thry ry cultur culturmm dlsh dlsh prhv prhvgnm gnmss d spd spdcm cm th mxp mxplhg lhgtt tjm tjmsm sm structurms, ga h`m jds tjm ngkgtdl lgtmrdcy th m`kdkm d`n crmdtm tjm tmxts tjdt cd` hp hpmr mrdt dtmm ds ihi ihim`t m`tss ha rm rmsg sgst std` d`cm cm th tjm tjm cultu culturm rm g`nu g`nust stry ry.. Suc Sucj j ihi ihim`t m`tss ha rmsgst rmsgstd`c d`cm m wgtjg` d`n pdr pdrtgc tgcgpdt gpdtgh` gh` dll dllhw hw dun dungm`c gm`cms mstjdt th khvmr` bmc bmchim himtjmgr prh prhnuc nucmr mrss ha culturdl tmxts tjm chipmtg`k ardimwhres prdctgcm.
@H^MS 4. Ahr Bhurng Bhurngmu, mu, igsrmc igsrmchk`g hk`gtgh` tgh` gs tjm wdy g` wjgcj phw phwmr mr rmldtgh` rmldtgh`sjgp sjgpss drm idg`tdg`mn wgtjg` tjm jdbgtus, by `dturdlgsg`k prdctgcms ds tjm “dbshlutm ahri ha rmchk`gtgh` ha lmkgtgidcy ’, wgtjhut rmchk`gsg`k tjm drbgtrdry `dturm ha `dturdlgsmn prdctgcms (2644 (2644,, p. 41:). 2. D ‚prhnusmr‗ gs nmffl`mn by Bru`s ds d imngd usmr d`n prhnucmr? “g` chlldbhrdtgvm chiiu`gtgms tjm crmdtgh` ha sjdrmn ch`tm`t tdems pldcm g` d `mt whremn, pdrtgcgpdthry m`vgrh`im` m`vgrh`im`tt wjgcj brmdes nhw` tjm bhu`ndrgms bmtwmm` prhnucmrs d`n ch`suimrs d`n g`stmdn m`dblms dll pdrtgcgpd`ts th 266;). ). bm usmrs ds wmll ds prhnucmrs ha g`ahridtgh` d`n e`hwlmnkm ’ ( (266;
R MAMRM@CMS MAMRM@CMS DIC Blhk. (2644, Ouly 2:). DIC ldu`cjms DIC ngkgtdl stunghs wgtj tjm trgvgdl pursugts ha Drtjur Bd`es . Rmtrgmvmn Ouly 34, 2643 arhi jttp?//blhks.dictv. chi/ihvgm-blhk/2644/6; chi/ihvgm-b lhk/2644/6;/tjm-trgvgdl-pursu /tjm-trgvgdl-pursugts-ha-drtjur-bd` gts-ha-drtjur-bd`es/ es/.. Bd`es, I. O. (2646). ^jm pgcemt lg`m h`lg`m? Crmdtgvm ldbhr, ngkgtdl dctgvgsi, d`n tjm 266;–266: [rgtmrs Kugln ha Dimrgcd strgem. Vhpuldr Chiiu`gcdtgh`? ^jm G`tmr` G`t mr`dtg dtgh`d h`dll Ohur`d Ohur`dll ha Imngd Imngd d`n Cultur Cultur m, : (4), ( 4), 26–33 33.. nh nhg? g?46.46:6/ 46.46:6/ 4=>6=;66763=623:;.. 4=>6=;66763=623:;
=1
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Bm`odig`, [. (471:). ^jm sthrytmllmr? Rm flmctgh`s h` tjm whres ha @gehldg Lmsehv. G` J. Drm`nt (Mn.), Glluig`dtgh`s . @mw Whre? Scjhem` Bhhes. Bhurngmu, V. (4776). ^jm lhkgc ha prdctgcm . Std`ahrn? Std`ahrn ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Bhurngmu, V. (4773). ^jm ffl mln mln ha culturdl prhnuctgh` . Cdibrgnkm? Vhlgty Vrmss. Bhurngmu, Bhurn gmu, V. (264 (2646). 6). Ngstg Ngstg`c `ctg tgh` h`?? D sh shcg cgdl dl crgt crgtgq gqum um ha tj tjmm ounk ounkmi mim` m`tt ha td tdst stm m . Dbg`knh`? Rhutlmnkm. Hutlg` g`mm ha d tj tjmh mhry ry ha prdc prdctg tgcm cm . Cdib Bhurngmu, V. (264 Bhurngmu, (2644). 4). Hutl Cdibrgnkm rgnkm?? Cdib Cdibrgnkm rgnkm ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Bhurngmu, V., & Mdklmth`, ^. (4772, Od`udry –Ambrudry). Nhxd d`n chiih` lgam. @mw Lmat Rmvgmw , G (474). (474). Rmtrgmvmn arhi MBSCHjhst Ndtdbdsm. Bru`s, D. (266;, Nmcmibmr 34). Vrhnusdkm d whreg`k nmffl`gtgh`. Rmtrgmvmn Ouly 34, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//prhnus jttp?//prhnusdkm.hrk/`hnm dkm.hrk/`hnm/7 /7.. Burkmss, O. (2661). Jmdrg`k hrng`dry vhgcms? Culturdl stungms, vmr`dculdr crmdtgvgty d`n ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k. Ch`tg`uui? Ohur`dl ha Imngd & Culturdl Stungms , 26 (2), (2), 264–24>. Burkmss, O., & Krmm`, O. (2667). Whu^ubm? H`lg`m vgnmh d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm . Cdibrgnkm? Vhlgty Vrmss. Cjrgstgd`, D. O. (2642). Bmyh`n bgk vgnmh? ^jm g`stdbglgty ha g`nmpm`nm` g`nmpm`nm`tt `mtwhres
g` d `mw imngd idremt. Ch`tg`uui? Ohur`dl ha Imngd Stungms , 21 (4), (4), ;3–:;. nhg?46.46:6/4636>342.2642.13643; nhg? 46.46:6/4636>342.2642.13643;.. Chllg`s, S. (2643, Ouly 47). Miiys 2643? @mtflgx rdgsms tjm stdems wgtj “jhusm ha cdrns.’ LD ^gims . Rmtrgmvmn Ouly 34, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.ldtgims.chi/ m`tmrtdg`im`t/m`vmlhpm/tv/ld-mt-st-miiy-d`dlysgs-26436;47,6,34=;2;3. sthry . Adcmbhhe. (264=). Chipd`y g`ah. Rmtrgmvmn @hvmibmr >, 264= arhi jttp?// `mwsrhhi.ab.chi/chipd`yg`ah/.. `mwsrhhi.ab.chi/chipd`yg`ah/ Aucjs, C. (2644, Idy 36). Dkdg`st Jm`ry Om`eg`s. Rmidres h` Jm`ry Om`eg`s‗ GCD tdle “sprmdndblm imngd’. Rmtrgmvmn Dprgl 41, 2643 arhi jttp?//aucjs.utg. arhi jttp?//aucjs.utg. dt/=;6/.. dt/=;6/ Jurwgtz, I. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmr). (2663). Drrmstmn nmvmlhpim`t Utmlmvgsgh` Utmlmvgsgh` smrgmsY. ]SD? Gidkg`m M`tmrtdg`im`t. G`tmr` G`t mr`dtg dtgh`d h`dll Dcd Dcdnm nmiy iy ha [m [mb b ^ml ^mlmvg mvgsgh sgh`. `. (2642 (2642). ). Dbhut Dbhut wmbtv wmbtv . Rmt Rmtrgm rgmvmn vmn Smptmibmr 7, 2642 arhi arhi jttp?//gdwtv.hrk/db jttp?//gdwtv.hrk/dbhut/dbhut-wm hut/dbhut-wmb-tmlmvgsgh`/ b-tmlmvgsgh`/.. Odcesh`, I. (2662). ^jm phlgtgcs ha sthrytmllg`k? Qghlm`cm, trd`skrmssgh` d`n g`tmr- subomctgvgty . Nm`idre? Iusmui ^usculd`ui Vrmss. Om`eg`s, J. (2663). Tum`tg` ^drd`tg`h‗s Stdr [drs8? Ngkgtdl cg`mid, imngd ch` vmrkm`cm d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm. G` N. ^jhrbur` & J. Om`eg`s (Mns.), Rmtj Rm tjg` g`eg eg`k `k imng imngd d cj cjd` d`km km?? ^jm ^jm dm dmst stjm jmtg tgcs cs ha tr trd` d`sg sgtg tgh` h` (pp (pp. 2:4–34>). Cdibrgnkm? IG^ Vrmss. Om`eg` Om` eg`s, s, J. (266> (266>). ). ^jm cul cultur turdl dl lhk lhkgc gc ha im imngd ngd ch` ch`vmr vmrkm` km`cm. cm. G`tmr`dtgh`dl jttp?//nx.nhg.hrk/46.44;;/ k/46.44;;/ Ohur`dl ha Culturdl Stungms , ;(4), 33–>3. nhg? jttp?//nx.nhg.hr 431;:;;76>6>6163.. 431;:;;76>6>6163
3 DKM@CW DKM@CW G@ V VRDC^ RDC^GCM? GCM? D VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^HRW ^HRW ]^HVGD ]^HVGD
=;
Om`eg`s, J. (2661d). Ch`vmrkm`cm culturm? [jmrm hln d`n `mw imngd chllgnm . @mw Whre? @mw Whre ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Om`e Om `eg` g`s, s, J. (2 (266 661b 1b,, Hc Hcth thbm bmrr 26 26). ). Ch`ar Ch`arh`tg`k h`tg`k tjm cjdllm`kms cjdllm`kms ha pdrtgcgpd pdrtgcgpdthry thry culturm? culturm? Imngd mnucdtgh` ahr tjm 24st cm`tury (pdrt h`m ). ). Rmtrgmvmn Idy 34, 2643 arhi jttp?//jm`ryom`eg`s.hrk/2661/46/ch`arh`tg` jttp?//jm`ryom`eg`s.hrk/2661 /46/ch`arh`tg`kXtjmXcjdllm`k kXtjmXcjdllm`kmsXha.jtil msXha.jtil.. Om`eg`s, J. (2643, Idrcj 27). Egcestdrtg`k Qmrh`gcd Idrs? D ch`vmrsdtgh` dbhut tjm auturm ha tmlmvgsgh` ( ffl `dl `dl g`stdlim`t). Rmtrgmvmn Dukust 4:, 2643 arhi jttp?//jm`ryom`eg`s.hrk/8s9vmr eg`s.hrk/8s9vmrh`gcd+idrs h`gcd+idrs.. jttp?//jm`ryom` Om`e Om `eg` g`s, s, J., J., & Nm Nmuz uzm, m, I. (2 (266 66:) :).. Mngt Mngthr hrgd gdl? l? Ch Ch`v `vmr mrkm km`c `cmm cu cultu lturm rm.. Ch`vmrkm`cm? ^jm G`tmr`dtgh`dl Ohur`dl ha Rmsmdrcj g`th @mw Imngd ^mcj`hlhkgms , 4> (4), 4), =–42 42.. nh nhg? g? jttp?//nx.nhg.hrk/46.44;;/43=>:=1=6;6:>>4= . Om`eg`s, J., Ahrn, S., & Krmm`, O. (2643). Sprmdndblm imngd? Crmdtg`k vdlum d`n imd`g`k g` d `mtwhremn culturm . @mw Whre? @mw Whre ]`gvmrsgty ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. IcCdrtjy, E. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmrs). (2643). Jhusm ha cdrns U[mb U[mb smrgmsY. ]SD? Imngd Rgkjts Cdpgtdl. IcLujd`, I. (477>). ]`nmrst ]`nmrstd`n d`ng`k g`k imngd? imngd? ^jm mxtm`s mxtm`sgh` gh`ss ha id` id` . Lh`nh`? Rhutlmnkm. Ic@dyr, S., & Kustdash`, @. (2646, Dukust 42). D brgma jgsthry ha tjm wmb. Scrgpt Idk . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 41, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.scrgptidk jttp?//www.scrgptidk.chi/`mws/ .chi/`mws/ d-brgma-jgsthry-ha-tjm-wmb-smrgms.. d-brgma-jgsthry-ha-tjm-wmb-smrgms Imdnhws, N. (2663). Ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k? rmsmdrcj bdsmn prdctgcm g` `mw imngd. Qgsudl Chiiu`gcdtgh` , 2 (2), ( 2), 4:7–473. nhg?jttp?//nx.nhg.hrk/46.44;;/ nhg?jttp?//nx.nhg.hrk/46.44;;/ 4>;63=;26366266266>.. 4>;63=;26366266266> Imgelm, K., & Whu`k, S. (2642). Imngd ch`vmrkm`cm? @mtwhremn ngkgtdl imngd g` mvmryndy Lgam . Lh`nh`? Vdlkrdvm Idciglld`. Ihhrm. R. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmrs). (266>). Bdttlmstdr Kdldctgcd Utmlmvgsgh` Utmlmvgsgh` smrgmsY. @mw Whre Cgty? @BC. Ihhrm, S. (2643, Idrcj 2;). ^jm nd`kmrs ha tjm Qmrh`gcd Idrs Egcestdrtmr (kumst chlui`). Jhllywhhn Rmphrtmr . Rmtrgmvmn arhi Dukust 4:, 2643 jttp?//www. 2643 jttp?//www. jhllywhhnrmphrtmr.chi/tjr-msq/nd`kmrs-vmrh`gcd-idrs-egcestdrtmr-vgcthry-
>3421;. >3421;. Rjmg`khln, J. (2642). @mt sidrt? Jhw th tjrgvm h`lg`m . Cdibrgnkm? IG^ Vrmss Bhhes. Rg Rgtz tzmr mr,, K. K.,, Nm Nmd` d`,, V. V.,, Ourk Ourkm` m`sh sh`, `, @. (2 (264 642) 2).. ^j ^jmm ch chig ig`k `k ha tjm tjm dk dkmm ha tjm tjm 46.44;;/ prhsuimr. Dimrgcd` Dimrgcd` Bmjdvghur Bmjdvghurdl dl Scgm`tgst Scgm`tgst , =1 (>), (>), 3; 3;7 7–37 37:. :. nh nhg? g?46.44;;/ 6662;1>244>2731:.. 6662;1>244>2731: Rhsm, A. (2644). ^jm drt ha giimrsgh`? Jhw tjm ngkgtdl km`mrdtgh` gs rmideg`k Jhll Jh llyw ywhh hhn, n, Idng Idngsh sh` ` Dvm` Dvm`um um d`n d`n tj tjmm wdy wdy wm tm tmll ll st sthr hrgm gms s . @m @mw w Wh Whre re?? [.[. [.[. @hrth` & Chipd`y G`c. Rhsm`, O. (2661, Ou`m 36). ^jm pmhplm ahrimrly e`hw` ds tjm dungm`cm. ^jm ffl `kth` Jua `kth` Vhst . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 34, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.jua ffl`kth`phst. chi/ody-rhsm`/tjm-pmhplm-ah chi/ody-rhsm` /tjm-pmhplm-ahrimrly-e`hw`X rimrly-e`hw`X4XbX2>44 4XbX2>443.jtil 3.jtil..
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Rhshaa, I. (2644, Hcthbmr 27). Khhklm‗s bgk vgnmh pusj gs jmrm? Whu^ubm kmttg`k ihrm tjd` 466 `mw cjd``mls. Busg`mss G`sgnmr . Rmtrgmvmn Ouly 34, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.busg`mssg`sgnmr.chi.du/khhklm-ldu`cjms-ihrm-tjd`-466-mxclu sgvm-yhutubm-cjd``mls-2644-46.. sgvm-yhutubm-cjd``mls-2644-46 Sdyrm, S., & Eg`k, C. I. (2663). M`tmrtdg`im`t d`n shcgmty . Lh`nh`? Sdkm. Sm`nmr, E. (2642). @h jdrn ammlg`ks rmflmxgvgty d`n qummr daamct g` tjm `mw imngd ^jmm jd`n jd`nbh bhhe he ha km`n km`nmr mr,, sm smx, x, d`n d`n imng imngd d (p ld ld`n `nsc scdp dpm. m. G` E. Rh Rhss ss (M (Mn. n.), ), ^j (pp. p. 26 26; ;–22=). Cjgcjmstmr? Ohj` [glmy & Sh`s. S`gcemrs, V., & Qh`nmrdu, V. (2667). G`trhnuctgh`. G` V. S`gcemrs & V. Qh`nmrdu (Mns.), ^jm ^jm Whu^ub Whu^ubmm rmdnmr rmdnmr (pp (pp. 7–24 24). ). Sth Sthcej cejhli hli?? @dt @dtgh` gh`dl dl Lgb Lgbrdr rdryy ha Swmnm`. ^jhids, R. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmr). (266>). Qmrh`gcd Idrs Utmlmvgsgh` Utmlmvgsgh` smrgmsY. ]SD? Sglvmr Vgcturms ^mlmvgsgh`. ^ha flmr, D. (47:6). ^jm tjgrn wdvm . @mw Whre? [gllgdi Ihrrhw d`n Chipd`y. ]rgc ]r gccj cjgh gh,, [. (266 (2667) 7).. ^jm ^jm au autu turm rm ha d im imng ngui ui h`cm h`cm e`hw e`hw` ` ds tmlm tmlmvg vgsg sgh` h`.. G` V. S`gcemrs & V. Qh`nmrdu (Mns.), ^jm Whu^ubm rmdnmr (pp. (pp. 2>–37). Swmnm`? @dtgh`dl Lgbrdry ha Swmnm`. [jmnh`, O. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmr). (266:). Nhcthr jhrrgblm ‗‗ s sg`k dlh`k blhk U[mb U[mb
smrgmsY. ]SD? ^gimscgm`cm Blhhnclub. [gllgdis, R. (477;). ^mlmvgsgh`, tmcj`hlhky d`n culturdl ahri . M. [gllgdis (Mn.). Lh`nh`? Ah`td`d.
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Ad`s? D Lh`k Jgsthry ha Vdrtgcgpdtgh`
Vdrtgc Vdrt gcgp gpdt dthr hryy cul cultu turm rm d`n m`k m`kdk dkmn mn du dung ngm`c m`cms ms drm drm `ht pjm pjm`h `him` im`dd tj tjdt dt nmvmlhpmn h`ly wgtj tjm G`tmr`mt. Imngd ad`s tjrhukjhut tjm twm`tgmtj ffl
d`nculturdl twm`t twm`tyy-prhnuctgh` rst cm`turgms jdvm utglgsmn dvdgldblm tmcj`hlhkybythtjm pdrtgcgpdtm g` d`n m`kdkm wgtj tmxts prhnucmn culturm g`nustry. ^jm `htgh` ha idss imngd smrvg`k nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgcdl g`tmrmsts d`n prhvgng`k d ahrui ahr gnmhlhkgcdl rmprhnuctgh` smrvms ds d usmaul ouipg`k haa phg`t th mxplhrm tjm phwmr ha idss im imngd ngd dd`n `n gts ch`tmstdtgh` by du dung ngm`c m`cms ms.. [g [gtj tjg` g` im imngd ngd ad` ad`nh nhi, i, jgkj jgkjly ly dct dctgv gvmm dun dungm gm`cm `cmss drm drm `ht u`chiih` d`n haamr d sgtm th mxplhrm tjm wdys g` wjgcj tjm ‚idssms‗ smmig`kly whre hutsgnm ha tjm culturm g`nustry by dpprhprgdtg`k tmxts ahr tjmgr hw` purphsms. ^jm spdcm bmtwmm` tjm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs d`n tjdt ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm rmqugrms d` mxplhrdtgh` ha dkm`tgc dungm`cms th u`nmrstd`n tjm mvhlutgh` ha tj t4jmprhvgnm dungm`cmmxdiplms arhi ch`suimr th prhnucmr. Ad`dwdy prdctgcms ds ad` fflctgh` ha dungm`cms brmdeg`k arhisucj tjm gnmhlhkgcdl gnmhlhk gcdl d`n mch`hig mch`higcc nhig`d` nhig`d`cm cm ha tjm idg`strmdi g`nustry g`nustry tjrhuk tjrhukj j tjm rmpurphsg`k ha culturm g`nustry prhnucts. Ad` fflctgh` m`chipds m`chipdssms sms tmxt tmxtss wr wrgt gttm tm` ` by ad ad`s `s ha mx mxgs gstg tg`k `k tm tmxt xts, s, su sucj cj ds d tm tmlm lmvg vgsg sgh` h` smrg smrgms ms,, hr bhhes, wjh crmdtm tjmgr hw` sthrgms bdsmn h` tjm sthrywhrln hr cjdrdctmrs g` tjmsm tmxts. By mxdig`g`k tjm jgsthry ha imngd ad` m`kdkmim`t, gt gs phssg phs sgbl blmm th vgm vgmw w ad ad` ` fflct ctgh gh` ` ds d` mx mxdi dipl plmm ha d pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dthr hryy cul cultu turd rdll prdctgcm.
© ^jm Dutjhr(s) 264; M. Emltgm, ^jm Culturm G`nustry d`n Vdrtgcgpdthry Dungm`cms , NHG 46.466;/7;:-3-347-> 46.466;/7;:-3-347->762:-4X> 762:-4X>
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
D` mxplhrdtgh` ha ad` prdctgcms, arhi mdrly idss-imngd ad`nhis g` tjm twm`tgmtj twm`tg mtj cm`tury tjrhukj th tjm igkrdtgh` ha ad` prdctg prdctgcms cms h`lg`m, rmvmdls d sjgat g` dungm`cm dkm`cy ds wmll ds tjm rmsph`sm ha tjm culturm g`nustry th tjmsm prdctgcms. G` id`y rmspmcts, ad`nhi hrgkg`dtmn ds d rmsph`sm th tjm culturm g`nustry ds dungm`cms dctmn g` d` dkm`tgc adsjgh` th rmpurphsm d`n rmcrmdtm culturdl tmxts. ds wm jdvm smm`, tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha ngkgtdl tmcj`hlhky d`nJhwmvmr, ch`tm`t dkkrmkdthrs sucjwgtj ds Whu^ubm, tjmrm jds bmm` d sjgat g` tjm bdld`cm ha phwmr bmtwmm` jhim d`n chiimrcgdl imngd ch`tm`t prhnuctgh`. ^jm G`tmr`mt cd` bm dccmssmn d`n usmn th ngstrgbutm ch`tm`t by tjm ‚dvmrdkm‗ pmrsh` hr by d imngd ch`klhimrdtm. ^jm hpm``mss ha tjm G`tmr`mt ds d ngstrgbutgh` pldtahri, chipdrmn th htjmr imngd sucj ds tmlmvgsgh`, rmphsgtgh`s dungm`cms ds dkm`ts wgtjg` tjgs fflmln, g` d ch`tg`uhus strukklm th hccupy phsgtgh`s ha nhig`d`cm g` tjm mimrkg`k h`lg`m imngd mch`hiy d`n mchlhky. Ad`s d`n usmrs cd``ht chipmtm wgtj tjm cdpgtdl ha tjmsm chipd`gms. Ad` d`n brhdnmr dungm`cm strdtmkgms ha ch`tm`t ngstrgbutgh` ngstrgbutgh` drm bmchig` bmchig`k k g`chrph g`chrphrdtmn rdtmn bhtj g`th imngd chrphr chrphrdd‗
tgh`s busg`mss ihnmls d`ntjm bylmgsurm tjm culturm dsms, d wjhlm. ^jm culturm g`nustry g`nust ry gs cdpgtd cdpgtdlgsg`k lgsg`k h` tgim g`nustry ha dungm`c dungm`cms, wjh usm tjmgr hw` ldbhur phwmr th ch`trgbutm th tjm phwmr ha tjm culturm g`nustry. [jm` ch`sgnmrg`k tjm rhlm ha dungm`cms ds dkm`ts wgtjg` culturdl prhnuct nu ctgh gh`, `, tj tjmr mrmm gs d ngvg ngvgnm nm bm bmtw twmm mm` ` tj tjmm ch ch`s `str truc uctg tgh` h` ha du dung ngm` m`cm cmss by Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr ds pdssgvm, d`n tjm dctgvm dungm`cm nmscrgbmn wgtjg` tjmhrgms ha imngd ad`nhi. ^jm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs nmvmlhpmn arhi Idrxgst `htgh`s ha ch`trhl hvmr tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh` by tjm nhig`d`t cldss g` d shcgmty. Idrx drkumn tjdt twh pdrts chiprgsm shcgmty? tjm bdsm (ahrcms ha shcgdl prhnuctgh`) d`n tjm supmrstructurm (lmkdl d`n mch`higc structurms, sucj ds tjm stdtm). ^jm rhlm ha culturdl g`stgtutgh`s, tjm rhlm had`n tjmtjm Stdtm d`n tjmhut twh-wdy bmtwmm` G` tjmcldssgcdl supmrstructurm bdsm pldy wgtjg` rmldtgh`sjgp tjm culturm g`nustry. Idrx Id rxgs gstt tj tjmh mhry ry,, tj tjmm `h `htg tgh` h` ha tj tjmm ph phwm wmrr ha tj tjmm su supm pmrs rstr truc uctu turm rm th rmpr rmprhn hnuc ucmm gnmhlhky nhms `ht tdem g`th dcchu`t tjm dkm`cy ha g`ngvgnudls th g`flum`cm tjmm su tj supm pmrs rstr truc uctu turm rms, s, wjgc wjgcj j tj tjm` m` am ammn mn bd bdce ce g`th g`th tjm tjm bd bdsm sm.. G` tj tjmm cd cdsm sm ha id idss ss imngd, Cjd`nlmr drkums tjdt tjm “bdsm/supmrstructurm ihnml ds dpplgmn th idss imngd gs dsshcgdtmn wgtj d ch`cmr` wgtj tjm hw`mrsjgp d`n d`n ch`trhl ha ha tjm imngd’ d`n wgtjg` tjgs ihnml tjm bdsm “gs smm` ds nmtmrig`g`k mvmry mvmrytjg`k mlsm g` tjm supmrstructurm’ (Cjd`nlmr (Cjd`nlmr 2661 2661,, mipjdsgs g` hrgkg`dl). G` ch`trdst th Dnhr`h‗s idss dungm`cm, tjm ad` gs `ht dlwdys d pdssgvm ch`su ch` suimr imr ha gnm gnmhl hlhk hkgms gms g` tj tjmm imn imngd gd.. Dnh Dnhr` r`h h h` h`cm cm cld cldgi gimn mn tj tjdt dt tjm tjm 2646). ). ch`ahrigtgms prhpmrtgms ha tjm culturm g`nustry wmrm g`mscdpdblm ((2646
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Ad` stungms jdvm prhvgnmn nmmpmr g`sgkjts g`th tjm rd`km ha dungm`cm dctgvgtgms, g`clung`k tjmgr ch`suiptgh` d`n pdrtgcgpdthry prdctgcms. Ga tjm bmjdvghurs ha dungm`cms cd` bm ch`sgnmrmn h` d spmctrui ha m`kdkmim`t, ad`s smmi th bm dt tjm hpphsgtm m`n th Dnhr`h‗s pdssgvm dungm`cm. Wmt ad`s drm ad`s ha smlmct prhkrdiims, `ht tjm m`tgrm cdtdlhkum ha idss imngd prhnucts, tjdttjd` mvm`bmg`k ad` dctgvgty ihrm m`kdkmn cmrtdg` tmxts tjd` sukkmstg`k htjmrs. Rdtjmr d brhdngspjm`him`h`, ad`wgtj g`tmrdctgvgty cd` bm smm` th hccur g` ngstg`ct phcemts ha m`kdkmim`t. Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr gnm`tgfflmn tjdt tjm phwmr ha tjm culturm g`nustry rmsgnms g` gts dbglgty th ‚id`uadcturm `mmns‗ g` tjm ch`suimr, d`n tjm` th immt tjmi by prhnucg`k prhnucts ahr ch`suiptgh` (4773 (4773,, p. 7). Wmt ad` prdctgcms nmih`strdtm d ihrm chiplmx ihnml ha ch`suiptgh` g` hpmrdtgh`. Ad`s spm`n tjmgr lmgsurm tgim-ch`suig`k prhnucts crmdtmn ahr ch`suiptgh`, tjm` tj m` prhn prhnuc ucmm tm tmxt xt su sucj cj ds dr drtw twhr hree hr fflct ctgh gh`, `, th ammn ammn bd bdce ce g`th g`th tj tjmm nhig` nhi g`d`t d`t hvm hvmrd rdrc rcjg jg`k `k st stru ruct ctur urmm ha im imngd ngd pr prhn hnuct uctgh gh`. `. ^jg ^jgss syst systmi mi ha prhnuctgh` d`n ch`suiptgh` gs phtm`tgdlly ihrm mxplhgtdtgvm tjd` tjdt ffl
wjgcj Dnhr`h d`n`mw Jhrejmgimr rst phsgtmn. Ch`vmrkm`t tmcj`hlhkgms drm crmdtg`k imngd ha ch`suiptgh`, dt tjm sdimimngd tgim crmdtg`k `mw `m w hutl hutlmt mtss ahr ahr ad ad` ` d` d`n n du dung ngm` m`cm cm m`kd m`kdkm kmim im`t `t,, cl clhs hsg` g`k k tj tjmm ngst ngstd` d`cm cm bmtwmm` tjm prhnucmr, tjm prhnuct d`n tjm ch`suimr d`n chiplgcdtg`k tjm dctgvm/ dctgvm/pdssgv pdssgvmm dungm`c dungm`cmm nmbdtm. ^jm dct ha m`kdkmim`t wgtj imngd tmxts cd` mdsgly bm ngsigssmn ds d ahri ha ngstrdctgh` by tjm idssms – th rmtur` th Mdklmth`‗s ch`cmr` dbhut tjm usm ha lmgsurm tgim. Dungm`cms tjdt m`kdkm g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha ad` fflctgh` hr tdem pdrt g` htjmr ad` dctgvgtgms drm `mvmrtjmlmss usg`k tjmgr lmgsurm tgim th ch`suim imngd, d`n stgll pdrtgcgpdtg`k g` tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha culturdl `hris by khg`k th whre d`n buyg`k prhnucts wgtj tjm ih`my tjmy mdr`arhi arhitjm tjmgr wdkm-bdsmn ldbhur. Jhwmvmr, ngsch``mct m`tgrmly whrln mscdpm imngd. u`lmss Jm`ry wm Om`eg`s dnvh – wm cd``ht cdtms cdt ms tj tjdt dt dun dungm gm`cm `cmss g`tm g`tmrd rdct ctg` g`k k wgtj wgtj imn imngd gd cd` sj sjdpm dpm tj tjmm wd wdyy imn imngd gd ch`tg`ums th nmvmlhp ga tjmgr tjg`eg`k cjd`kms arhi tjdt ha culturdl ch`suimrs th culturdl prhnucmrs (2661d (2661d,, p. 2=7). Om`eg`s drkums tjdt tjm chllmctgvm phwmr ha pmhplm pdrtgcgpdtg`k dctgvmly g` imngd wgll m`dblm tjgs 2661d,, cjd` cj d`km km,, bu butt tj tjdt dt tj tjms msmm prhc prhcms mssm smss dr drmm stgl stglll bm bmg` g`k k nm nmtm tmri rig` g`mn mn (2661d p. 2>=). Sg`cm 2661, tjmrm jds bmm` d krhwtj g` ngkgtdl imngd dlh`ksgnm ch`tg`ug`k cjd`kms th imngd prhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh` by bhtj g`nmpm`n pm `nm`t m`t ch` ch`tm tm`t `t pr prhn hnuc ucmrs mrs d`n d`n tj tjmm cul cultu turm rm g`nus g`nustr try. y. ^j ^jgs gs pr prhc hcms msss ha ngkgtdl ngkgt dl ngsrup ngsruptgh` tgh` (Ghrnd (Ghrnd`hvd `hvd 2642 2642)) mx mxmip miplg lgfflms tj tjmm gi gipd pdct ct ha ngkg ngkgtd tdll tmcj`hlhkgms h` idss imngd d`n imd`s tjdt tjm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
`mmns th bm dndptmn th ch`sgnmr tjm g` flum`cms ha `mw imngd h` tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha gnmhlhky. Bmyh`n tjm thtdlgtdrgd` ch`trhl hvmr tjm prhnuctgh` ha imngd tmxts tjdt Dnhr`h phsgts g` tjm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs, `mw u`nmrstd`ng`ks ha gnmhlhkgcdl rmprhnuctgh` `mmn th bm ch`sgnmrmn.
^JM NMQMLHVIM@^ HA A D@ AGC^GH@ Mdrly ch`cmptudlgsdtgh`s ha imngd ad`nhi ds d ahcus ahr chiiu`gcdtgh` tjmhry phsgtgh`mn phsgtgh`mn ad`s ds dctgvm dungm`c dungm`cms ms wjh dpprhp dpprhprgdtm rgdtm d`n rmcgrcu rmcgrculdtm ldtm tmxts ahr tjmgr hw` plmdsurm, d`n m`kdkm wgtj imngd tmxts dt d ihrm chiplmx lmvml tjd` tjm ‚dvmrdkm‗ ch`suimr (smm Om`eg`s 47725 47725 Bdch` 4772). ). Dungm`cms ohg`mn ad` clubs d`n m`kdkmn g` ngdlhkum dbhut Sigtj 4772 Sigtj sthryl sth rylg`ms g`ms d`n cjdr cjdrdct dctmrs mrs55 tjm tjmyy pdrtgc pdrtgcgpd gpdtmn tmn g` ad`z ad`zg`ms g`ms,, wrh wrhtm tm sthrgms sthrgms,, crmdtmn drtwhre, ohg`mn idglg`k lgsts, bhukjt imrcjd`ngsm d`n hrkd`gsmn d`n/hr dttm`nmn ch`vm`tgh`s (mvm`ts wjmrm stdrs d`n crmw drm dvdgldblm ahr sgk`g`ks, kgvm prmsm`tdtgh`s hr d`swmr qumstgh`s, d`n wjmrm ad`s cd` trdnm d`n immt htjmr).ds d rmsph`sm th phpuldr culturm drkudbly Ad`gtmis d`n ad` mdcj publgsjg`k fflctgh` bmkd` bmkd ` g` tjm 47 4736s 36s.. Dcch Dcchrng rng`k `k th Ard`cms Ard`cmscd cd Ch Chppd ppd,, tjm fflrst ad` publgcdtgh` wds ^jm Chimt , hrgkg`dlly publgsjmn g` 4736 d`n mngtmn by Rdyih`n D. 2661,, p. >25 >25 Ihse Ihsehw hwgt gtzz 477>, 477>, p. 36). Vdli Vd limr mr d` d`n n [dlt [dltmr mr Nm Nm`` ``gs gs (smm (smm Chpp Chppdd 2661 ^jm Chimt dllh dllhwmn wmn scgm`cm scgm`cm fflct ctgh gh` ` ad` ad`ss d cjd` cjd`cm cm th publg publgsj sj tj tjmgr mgr hw hw` ` sth sthrg rgms5 ms5 num th tjm mch`higc nmprmssgh` g` tjm ]`gtmn Stdtms, scgm`cm fflctgh` wds publ pu blggsjm jmn n grrm grrmku kuld ldrrly, ly, d` d`n n sh ad ad`s `s ha tj tjmm km` km`rm bm bmkd kd` ` th fflll g` tj tjmm pu publ blgc gcdt dtgh gh` ` kdps wgtj ad` fflctgh` d`n ad` drt g` g`nmpm`nm`tly prhnucmn idkdzg`m-stylm publg pub lgcd cdtg tgh`s h`s.. St Stun ungms gms ha mdr mdrly ly ad ad`n `nhi hi `h `htt h` h`ly ly nmi nmih` h`st strd rdtm tm tj tjmm g`gt g`gtgd gdll nm nmvml vml-hpim`t ha ad` fflctgh` ds ad`s fflllmn g` tjm pmrcmgvmn kdps wgtjg` d sthry, but dlsh prhvgnm mdrly ha pdrtgcgpdthry surrhu`ng`k imngd tmxts (Chppd 2661 2661). ). Dsmxdiplms pdrtgcgpd`ts g` culturdl culturm prhnuctgh`, dungm`cms utglgsmn sgigldr tmcj`hlhky th tjdt utglgsmn by tjm culturm g`nustry ha tjm tgim – sucj ds prg`tg`k d`n chpyg`k – th nmvmlhp culturdl tmxts dnodcm`t th culturm g`nustry prhnucts. ^jmm Chimt ^j Chimt h` h`ly ly ldst ldstmn mn u` u`tg tgll 47 4733 3355 jhwm jhwmvm vmr, r, dc dcch chrn rng` g`k k th Sd Sdi i Ih Ihse sehw hwgt gtz, z, tjm idkdzg`m jdn d flhw-h` maamct, wgtj htjmr publgcdtgh`s bmg`k prhnucmn tjrhukjhut tjm 4736s (477> (477>,, pp. 36–34). ^jmsm publgcdtgh`s ngn `ht survgvm bmyh`n tjm 4736s num th tjm ffl `d`cgdl jdrnsjgps g` tjm ]`gtmn Stdtms dt tjm tgim, but tjmy stdrtm stdrtmn n d ihvmim`t tjdt cd` stgll bm smm` thndy g` ad` prdctgcms d`n pdrtgcg pdrtgcgpdthry pdthry culturm (Ihsehwgtz (Ihsehwgtz 477> 477>,, p. 32). Gt wds ffl
tjrhukj scgm`cm ctgh` ad`nhi tjdt brhdnmr imngd ad`nhis nmvmlhpmn.
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^jm fflrst tmlmvgsgh` ad`nhis mimrkmn arhi Stdr ^rme (Rhnm`bmrry (Rhnm`bmrry 4711) 4711) 471>). ). Arhi tjm hutsmt, tjm Stdr d`n tjm Id` arhi ]
[email protected]. (Amlth` (Amlth` 471> 4711)) ad`nhi prhnucmn idkdzg`ms, ch`vm`tgh`s d`n ad` fflctgh`. ^rme (4711 Ad` fflctgh` mvm`tudlly wm`t h`lg`m, ideg`k gt dccmssgblm th d wgnmr chiiu`gty (Chppd 2661 (Chppd 2661,, pp. >3–>1). ‗
s mtj`hkrdpjgc ha whim` g` ad`nhi g` tjmCdigllm ]`gtmnBdch`-Sigtj Stdtms prhvgnms g`sgkjts g`th stuny mdrly culturdl prdctgcms g` ad`nhi. Bdch`-Sigtj `htms tjdt Stdr ^rme ch`vm`tgh`s ch`vm`tgh`s wmrm hrkd`gsmn g` tjm mdrly 47;6s, prhvgng`k d spdcm ahr ad`s ha tjm smrgms th immt mdcj htjmr, ds wmll ds sjdrm ad` fflctgh` d`n ad` drtwhre drtwhre ((4772 4772,, pp. 1–4=). Mdrly ad` ch`vm`tgh`s wmrm ru` ds `h`-prh fflt chiiu`gty immtg`ks5 jhwmvmr, Bdch`-Sigtj `htms, “sg`cm 47;7 . . . tjm `h`-prhfflt imngd ch`vm`tgh`s jdvm jdn chii chiimrcg mrcgdl dl chip chipmtgt mtgtgh` gh`’ (4772, 4772, p. 4=). [jdt idems ad` krhup kr hupss ngs ngstg tg`ct `ct gs tj tjdt dt tjmy tjmy dr drmm `h `htt bhu bhu`n `n by lhcdl lhcdlgt gty5 y5 g`s g`stm tmdn dn,, ad` ad`ss whre thkmtj thkmtjmr mr dcrhss kmhkr kmhkrdpjy dpjy th jmlp mdcj htjmr th rmidg rmidg` ` ch``m ch``mctmn ctmn th tjm ad`nhi d`n tjm culturd culturdll prhnucts prhnucmn by ad`nhi. G` stungms ch`nuctmn 4772, gt wds tjdt ad`s sjdrmn drtmadcts sucj ds ad` QJS tdpms ha u`chvmrmn mpgshnms rmchrnmn arhi tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdst fflctgh` d`ng` bmahrm bmah rm tjm dnvm dnvm`t `t ha ngk ngkgtd gtdll imn imngd gd tmcj tmcj`hlh `hlhky ky (Bd (Bdch`ch`-Sigt Sigtj j 4772), 4772), tjrhukj trdnm d`n bdrtmr vgd tjm idgl systmi. G` tjm sdim id``mr tjdt pdrtgcgp pdrt gcgpdth dthry ry cul cultur turdl dl prd prdctg ctgcms cms d`n ihnm ihnmr` r` imng imngdd ad`n ad`nhis his au`c au`ctgh tgh`, `, mdrly ad` prdctgcms utglgsmn tjm tmcj`hlhky tjdt mxgstmn dt tjm tgim th crmdt crm dtmm d`n sjd sjdrm rm idtmr idtmrgdl gdlss hut hutsg sgnm nm ha tj tjmm ngs ngstr trgb gbut utgh gh` ` ch` ch`tr trhl hl ha tj tjmm culturm g`nustry. H`m ha tjm wdys tjgs wds dcjgmvmn wds by ad` chiiu`gtgms whreg`k thkmtjmr th sjdrm d`n mxcjd`km prhnucts, rdtjmr tjd` smllg`k tjmi d`n brmdcjg`k chpyrgkjt ldw. ^jmsm bhrnmrlg`m gllmkdl prdctgcms drm wjdt lmn th mdrly tjmhrmtgcdl mxplhrdtgh`s ha ad`nhi ds rmsgstgvm 477255 Bdch`-S Bdch`-Sigtj igtj 4772 4772). th tjm g`nustry (Om`eg`s ^jmculturm mdrly 4776s sdw (Om`eg`s 4772 tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha tjm G`tmr`mt ds ). d chiiu`gcdtgh` thhl dccmssgblm by tjm publgc, rmsultg`k g` tjm igkrdtgh` ha ad` idkdzg`ms d`n ad` ffl ctgh` th tjm G`tmr`mt. ^jm G`tmr`mt jds dlsh m`dblmn sjdrg`k ha ch`tm`t gllmkdlly ds nhw`lhdng`k ha imngd ch`tm`t rmpldcms vgnmh trdng`k cgrclms. Ds d chiiu`gcdtgh` imngui, tjm G`tmr`mt dlsh prhvgnmn d` g`tmr`dtgh`dl g`tmr`d tgh`dl chiiu`gcd chiiu`gcdtgh` tgh` spdcm ahr ad`s bmyh`n ch`vm`tgh`s ch`vm`tgh`s,, ad` publgcdtgh`s d`n ‚rmdl whrln‗ krhups, d`n dllhwmn ahr tjhsm hutsgn hutsgnmm ha ad`nhi th dccmss ad` idtmrgdls. Dt d tgim wjm` pmrsh`d pmrsh`dll chipu chiputmrs tmrs wmrm `ht chiih chiih` ` g` tjm jhusmjhln d`n id`y ad`s whremn arhi u`gvmrsgty smrvmrs, tjm G`tmr`mt sdw tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha h`lg`m ngscussgh` ahruis d`n h`lg`m ngstrgbutgh` ha
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
ad` fflctgh`, ds wmll ds tjm igkrdtgh` ha idglg`k lgsts. ^jm `mw tmlmvgsgh` prhkrdiim ad`nhis ha tjm mdrly 4776s nmvmlhpmn bhtj tjrhukj trdngtgh`dl idglg`k lgsts, idkdzg`ms, ch`vm`tgh`s d`n sh h`, but wmrm dlsh mxtm`nmn sgiultd`mhusly h`lg`m. Ad`s nmvmlhpmn ]sm`mt krhups (h`lg`m ngsc ngscus ussg sgh` h` bhd bhdrn rns) s) th ngsc ngscus usss tm tmlm lmvgs vgsgh gh` ` pr prhk hkrd rdii iims ms (C (Chp hppd pd 2661, 2661, p. =3)5 ad`nhis tjdt nmvmlhpmn tjgs tgim prhkrdi kr diims imsprhig`m`t su sucj cj ds Lhgs Lhg s d`n d`n Cldr Cl dre? e? ^jm ^jm @mw @mwdtDn Dnvm vm`t `tur urms ms wmrm ha Supm Suahr pmrid rid` ` (Sg`kmr 4773) 4773) d`n Zm`d? ^jm [drrghr Vrg`cmss (^dpmrt 477= 477=55 Chppd 2661, pp. >2–== 2661, ==). ). Ds tm tmcj cj`h `hlh lhky ky su sucj cj ds G` G`tm tmr` r`mt mt smdr smdrcj cj m` m`kg kg`m `mss nmvmlhpmn g` tjm 4776s, d`n ds ihrm jhim chiputmrs bmcdim cdpdblm ha dc dccm cmss ssg` g`k k tj tjmm G` G`tm tmr` r`mt mt,, tjm tjm dc dccm cmss ssgb gbgl glgt gtyy ha h` h`lg lg`m `m ad ad` ` wm wmbs bsgt gtms ms g`crmdsmn. ^jmsm sgtms prhvgnmn d thhl ahr ad`s th dccmss ad` chiiu`gtgms d`n ad` ch`tm`t g` tjmgr hw` jhims (Chppd 2661 (Chppd 2661,, p. =>). ^hndy tjmrm gs d` giimdsurdblm wmdltj ha ad`sgtms, ad` fflctgh`, ad` vgnmhs, cjdt sgtm sgtms, s, ah ahru ruis is,, Ad Adcm cmbh bhhe he kr krhu hups ps,, Ad Adcm cmbh bhhe he ad ad` ` pd pdkm kmss d` d`n n sgtm sgtmss lgem lgem ad` fflct ctgh gh`. `.`m `mtt tj tjdt dt jh jhus usmm ju` ju`nr nrmns mns ha tj tjhu husd sd`n `nss ha sthr sthrgm gmss (C (Chp hppd pd 2661 2661, , p. =;).drm dlsh sgtms ha mdrly dungm`cm imngd pdrtgcgpdtgh` dgimn dt Ad`nhis qummrg`k tjm imngd ld`nscdpm. Ahr mxdiplm, tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha dltmr`dtgvm rmprmsm`tdtgh`s ha smxudlgty cd` bm smm` g` sldsj fflctgh`? d ahri ha jhihmrhtgc ad` fflctgh` tjdt wds gnm`tgfflmn ds d ahri g` tjm 47;6s. Sldsj fflctgh` nmih`strdtms tjm dkm`tgc prdctgcms ha ad`s qummrg`k imngd d`n mxplh mxp lhrg rg`k `k smxu smxudl dlgt gtyy d`n km` km`nmr nmr hu huts tsgn gnmm ha `h `hri ridt dtgvm gvm cu cult ltur urmm g`nus g`nustr try y rmprmsm`tdtgh`s. Ds d km`rm ha ad` fflctgh`, sldsj hrgkg`dtmn wgtjg` tjm Stdr ^rme ad`nhi ad`nhi d`n bmkd` nmpgctg`k cjdrdctmrs Cdptdg` Egre d`n Ir Sphce g` d smxudl rmldtgh`sjgp (Om`eg`s 4772 (Om`eg`s 4772,, p. 4:;). G` mdrly ad` fflctgh` idkdzg`ms, sthrgms wmrm publgsjmn wgtj d nmscrgptgh` dbhvm tjm sthry, g`clung`k tjm cjdrdctmrs pdgrg`k. ahr wdrn sldsj wdsd`n usmnd`y th rmldtgh`sjgp nm`htm pdgrg`ks sucjG`dstjmsm Egre ‗nmscrgptgh`s, s d`n Sphce ‗sd(m.k. Egre/Sphce), wjglm jmtmrhsmxudl pdgrg`ks wmrm g`ngcdtmn wgtj d ndsj (m.k. Egre-]rurd). Egre-] rurd). (Om`eg` (Om`eg`ss 4772, 4772, p. 4: 4:1) 1).. ^j ^jgs gs dllh dllhw wmn rmd mdnm nmrrs th segi egi tjrhukj nmscrgptgh`s d`n nmcgnm wjgcj sthrgms tjmy whuln rmdn. Jm`cm, ‚sldsj fflctgh`‗ bmcdim tjm vmr`dculdr ahr idlm jhihmrhtgc pdgrg`ks (Vukj 266=, 266=, p. 74)5 d`n arhi Stdr ^rme , sldsj fflctgh` sprmdn g`th htjmr imngd ad`nhis. Ds d ahri ha ad` fflctgh`, sldsj fflctgh` gs jmlpaul g` trdcg`k tjm mvhlutgh` ha rmprmsm`tdtgh` d`n tjm culturm g`nustry, ds wmll ds ad` prdctgcms. [gtjg` tjgs ngscussgh`, gt nmih`strdtms tjm id``mr g` wjgcj dungm`cms jdvm usmn dvdgldblm tmcj`hlhky th prhvgnm dltmr`dtgvm rmprmsm`tdtgh`s ha smxudlgty wgtjg` culturdl prhnuctgh`. Nmvmlhpg`k dlh`ksgnm htjmr ad`
> AD@S? D LH LH@K @K JGS^HR JGS^HRW W HA VDR^ VDR^GCGVD GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@
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prdctgcms, gt prhvgnms d` mxdiplm ha jhw ngschursms surrhu`ng`k smxudlgty d`n km`nmr cd` cdrvm hut `mw tmrrgthrgms wgtjg` tjm culturm g`nustry.
^JMHRM^GCDL CH@CMV^]DLGSD^GH@S HA A D@ VRDC^GCMS ffl
Mdrly rmsmdrcj g`th ad` d`n ad` chiiu`gtgms mxdig`mn tjm dctgvgtgms ha ad`s d`n stungmn tjmctgh` giplgcdtgh`s ha ad` sthrytmllg`k g` tjm brhdnmr imngd ld`nscdpm, nmih`strdtg`k nmih`strdtg`k bhtj tjm dungm`c dungm`cmm‗s rmtur` ha sthrytmllg`k th ‚tjm ahle ‗ tjrhukj ad` ffl ctgh`, d`n gts u`ha fflcgdl/u`dutjhrgsmn pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` culturdl prhnuctgh` (Om`eg`s 4772 477255 Bdch`-Sigtj 4772 4772). ). Gt wds Om`eg`s Om`e g`s tjd tjdtt fflrs rstt ph phsg sgtg tgh` h`mn mn ad ad`s `s ds dc dctg tgvm vm dun dungm gm`cm `cms, s, pr prhv hvgn gng`k g`k mdr mdrly ly g`sgkjts g`th tjm wdys g` wjgcj ad` culturm pdrtgcgpdtms dctgvmly g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturm. Jgs 4772 stuny mxplhrms tjm wdys g` wjgcj ad`s ihvm bmyh`n tjm dct ha ch`suig`k imngd d`n crmdtm ch`tm`t ahr htjmrs th ch`suim. G` tjgs mdrly whre, jm ardims ad` wrgtmrs ds ‚tmxtudl phdcjmrs‗, wgtj dungm`cms dun gm`cms tdeg`k mlmim`ts ha tjm sthrgms tjmy ch`suim d`n dnng`k th tjmi cjd`kg`k tjmi. G` tdeg`k tjmsm sthrg sthrgms ms d`n rmcldgi rmcldgig`k g`k tjmi, gs dblm th rmpdgr prgvdtgzdtg gzdtgh` h`ad` ha fflctgh`d`n “shim ha tjm ndidkm cdusmn by tjm prgvdt culturm’ d`n cjdllm`km tjm rgkgn ch`trhl ha sthrytmllg`k ds d chpyrgkjtmn prdctgcm (Om`eg`s 2663 (Om`eg`s 2663,, p. 2::). Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr wmrm crgtgcdl ha tjm dbglgty ha dungm`cms th crmdtm tjmgr hw` imd`g`k5 jhwmvmr, wgtjg` ad`nhi, rdtjmr tjd` bmg`k d pdssgvm dungm`cm, ad`s bmchim ch-wrgtmrs ha tjm cd`h`, usg`k tjmgr dkm`cy ds dc dctg tgvm vm dun dungm gm`cm `cmss th pd pdrt rtgcg gcgpd pdtm tm g` tj tjmm pr prhnu hnuct ctgh gh` ` ha cu cult ltur urdl dl tm tmxt xts. s. ^jrh ^j rhuk ukj j tj tjms msmm dkm dkm`t `tgc gc pr prdc dctg tgcms cms,, ad ad`s `s drm drm phs phsgt gtgh gh`mn `mn `ht h` h`ly ly ds dvg dvgn n ch`s ch `sui uimrs mrs ha pr prhn hnuct uctss prhn prhnucm ucmn n by tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry,, bu butt dlsh dlsh ds rmsgstd`t th tjm culturm g`nustry. G` h`m sm`sm, ad`s cd` m`dct “d`tg-chi’
imrcgdl gnmhlhkgms d`nad`s chiihngt chiihngty-chipl y-chiplmtgst mtgst prdct prdctgcms gcms , dlsh ds tj tjmh mhrmt gcdl dl mxplhrdtgh`s phsgtgh` ds “(spmcgdlgst) ch`suimrs ds ’ but rmtgc “d`tgchiimrcgdl’ (Jglls 2662 2662,, pp. 2:–27). ^jgs ch`trdngctgh` cd` dlsh bm vgmwmn g` tmris ha tjm chipmtg`k tjmhrmtgcdl u`nmrstd`ng`ks ha ad`s d`n ad` prdctgcms. ^jmsm ch`flgctg`k phsgtgh`s drm aurtjmr chiplgcdtmn by tjm dndptdtgh` ha tjm culturm g`nustry th ad` prdctgcms, lmdng`k th ad` culturm ‗s bmchig`k bmchig` k `ht h`ly d sgtm ha rmsgstd`cm th nhig`d`t culturdl gnmdls, but dlsh d sgtm ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha culturdl prhnucts. ^jm g`jmrm`t ch`trdngctgh`s ha ad` fflctgh` g` rmldtgh` th tjm culturm g` g`nu nust stry ry jd jdvm vm bmm` bmm` mx mxpl plhr hrmn mn by sc scjh jhld ldrs rs su sucj cj ds Id Idad adln lndd Stds Stdsgg d` d`n n Dbgkdgl Nmrmcjh5 bhtj ha wjhi jdvm g`tmrrhkdtmn jhw ad` fflctgh` hpmr ffl
dtms ds d ahri ha `drrdtgvm d`n sthrytmllg`k, d`n wjdt ad` ctgh` imd`s ahr
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
tjm imngd prhnucts gt gs nmrgvmn arhi. G` rmwhreg`k Om`eg`s‗s ch`structgh` ha tmxtudl phdcjg`k, Stdsg (2661 (2661)) drkums tjdt tjm tmri ‚phdcjg`k‗ phsgtgh`s ad` wrgtg`k igslmdng`kly num th tjm giplgcdtgh` ha phdcjg`k ds d` gllmkdl dctgv dct gvgt gty, y, d`n g`st g`stmdn mdn dr drku kums ms tjdt tjdt ad` fflctgh` gs ihrm g` tu`m wgtj tjm ch`cmpt ha d pdlgipsmst. Ad` fflctgh` gs ch`structmn ds pdrt ha d` mvhlu ffl
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tgh`dry prhcmss, lgem d`y htjmr ahrismqum`cm, ha ctgh`,d`n gt gs `hnmd g` d [mb, pdrt ha d` hatm` ds, chiplmx g`tmrtmxtudl gt dbmdrs clhsm d`n ru``g`k rmldtgh`sjgp wgtj (dt lmdst) h`m htjmr tmxt’, g`ngcdtg`k “d `h`jgmrd jgm rdrc rcjg jgcdl cdl,, rgcj rgcj ldy ldymr mrg` g`k k ha km km`r `rms, ms, ihr ihrmm hr lmss lmss pdr pdrtg tgdl dlly ly mrds mrdsmn mn d` d`n n 2661,, p. 447). D chiih` tjmim g` `mw lgtmrdry ngsrmsuradcg`k’ (Stdsg (Stdsg 2661 cussgh`s ha ad` fflctgh` d`n ad` prdctgcms ahcusms h` rmwhreg`k prmvghus `htgh`s ha jgmrdrcjy tjdt jdvm bmm` usmn th ch`cmptudlgsm ad` fflctgh`, d`n nmch`st nmc h`struc ructg` tg`k k tjm gip giplgc lgcdtg dtgh` h` tjd tjdt, t, bmcd bmcdusm usm ad`s nrdw g`s g`spgr pgrdtg dtgh` h` sh ngrmctly arhi d prmvghusly mstdblgsjmn tmxt, ad` fflctgh` gs `ht d ‚lmkgtgidtm‗ culturdl tmxt. G` ch`trdst th Stdsg, Nmrmcjh ch`cmptudlgsms ad` fflctgh` ds d ahri ha “
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drcjh`tgc dsdce`hwlmnkmn sjm sdys, tjm tmri ad` fflctgh` usmn u`tgl tjm 4716s .lgtmrdturm tjdt ad` ctgh` wds gs d `ht subkm`rm ha d . . gt iust 5bm ld ldrk rkmr mr,, hln hlnmr mr km km`r `rmm ha lgtm lgtmrd rdtu turm rm tjdt tjdt gs km km`mr `mrdl dlly ly cdl cdllm lmn n ‚nmrgvdtgvm‗ hr 2661,, p. 13). Sjm usms tjm tmri ‚drcjh`tgc‗ th nmscrgbm ‚dpprhprgdtgvm‗’ (2661 tjmm au tj au`c `ctg tgh` h`dl dlgt gtyy ha ad ad` ` fflct ctgh gh` ` ds d `d `drr rrdt dtgv gvmm drcj drcjgv gvm. m. ‚ Drcjh`tgc‗, dcc dcchr hrng ng`k `k th Nmrmcjh, nrdws arhi Odcqums Nmrrgnd‗s `htgh` ha d` drcjgvm, wjmrmby (Nmrmcjh 2661 2661,, p. 1>). Sjm “`h drcjgvm gs mvmr ffl`dl, chiplmtm, clhsmn’ (Nmrmcjh mipjd mi pjdsg sgsm smss tj tjmm dr drcj cjgvd gvdll `d `dtu turm rm ha ad ad` ` fflct ctgh gh` ` g` hr hrnm nmrr th drku drkumm tj tjdt dt,, tjrhukj ch``mctg`k th htjmr tmxts, tjm mxpd`sgh` ha d `drrdtgvm tjrhukj ad` fflctgh` imd`s tjdt tjm `drrdtgvm gs `mvmr chiplmtm. Jgkjlgkjtg`k tjm drcjgvdl `dturm ha ad` fflctgh` mipjdsgsms tjm lmvml ha g`tmrt g`tmrtmxtudl mxtudl g`tmrig g`tmrig``klg`k hccurs, d`n rmihvg`k tjm `htgh` hatgidtm dpprhprgdtgh` dlsh armmstmx ad` ctgh` h`tjdt arh arhi i ch`s ch`stru tructmn ctmn jgmr jgmrdrc drcjgms jgms ha lmkg lmkgtgi dtm d`n nmr nmrgvdt gvdtgvm gvm tmxts ts fflctg 2661). ). (Nmrmcjh 2661 (Nmrmcjh ^jm `htgh` ha mxpd`sgh` g` ad` fflctgh`, rmsultg`k g` d sthrywhrln tjdt gs `mvmr chiplmtm hr clhsmn, imd`s tjdt tjhsm rmdng`k tjmsm sthrgms `mmn th bm dblm th tdem g`th dcchu`t d vdst rd`km ha e`hwlmnkm ha tjm sthrywhrln, arhi bhtj tjm shurcm idtmrgdl d`n tjm ad`nhi. Ohj` Agsem phsgts tjdt sucj g`tmrtmxtudlgty “prhphsms tjdt d`y h`m tmxt gs `mcmssdrgly rmdn g` rmldtgh`sjgp th htjmrUsY’ d`n tjdt “g`tmr g`tmrtmxtud tmxtudll e`hwl e`hwlmnkm mnkm prm-hr prm-hrgm`ts gm`ts tjm rmdnmr th mxplhgt tmlmvgsgh` phlysmiy by dctgvdtg`k tjm tmxt g` cmrtdg` wdys, tjdt gs, 47:;,, p. 46:). ^jgs by ideg`k shim imd`g`ks rdtjmr tjd` htjmrs . . . ’ (47:; ffl
nm `gtgh` dssuims d` dnnmn lmvml ha m`kdkmim`t bmyh`n gipdrtgdl d`n
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pdssgvm vgmwg`k, d`n d lmvml ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm dct ha ch`suiptgh` wjgcj vdrgms dcrhss dungm`cms. Ngaamrm`t lmvmls ha m`kdkmim`t wgtj imngd rmsult g` vdrgmn lmvmls ha imd`g`k-ideg`k5 `ht dll vgmwmrs drm ad`s d`n `ht dll ad`s wrgtm fflctgh`. Ad` fflctgh` cd` fflll g` pm pmrc rcmg mgvm vmn n kdps kdps g` tj tjmm `d `drr rrdt dtgv gvm, m, hr mx mxttm` m`n n gt, gt, ds shi himm ad`s mxplhrm wjdt gsscrmm`. `ht mxplgcgtly stdtmndllhws d`n wjdt bm jdppm`g`k wgtj tjm cjdr cjdrdct dctmrs mrs haahaa-scr mm`. Ad` fflctgh` ahr chuln tjm phssgblm th bmchim dctudlgsmn5 ds Nmrmcjh stdtms, ad` fflctgh` sthrgms tjdt dltmr tjm cd`h` “drm dll mxdiplmss ha vgrtudlgtgm mxdiplm vgrtudlgtgmss hr phtm`tg phtm`tgdlgtgm dlgtgmss wgtjg wgtjg` ` tjm h hrgkg` rgkg`dry dry tmxts bmchig`k dctud dct udlg lgsm smn n tj tjd` d`es es th ad ad` `fflc dutjhrs’ (2661 (2661,, p. ;>). ;>). ^j ^jmm G`t G`tmr mr`mt `mt jd jdss pldy pldymn mn d sgk`gfflcd`t rhlm g` tjm mxpd`sgh` ha ad` fflctgh` sthrywhrlns d`n tjm ngstrgbutgh` ha ad` fflctgh`5 wjglst prg`t culturm dllhwmn ahr ju`nrmns ha phssgbglgtgms wgtjg` wgtjg ` tmxt th bm dctudl dctudlgsmn, gsmn, tjm G`tmr`mt G`tmr`mt jds dllhw dllhwmn mn ahr tjhus tjhusd`ns d`ns (Nmrmcj (Nmrmcjh h 2661, p. ;>). ^jgs dctudlgsg`k ha `drrdtgvm phtm`tgdlgtgms tjrhukj ad` fflctgh` 2661, sjdp sj dpms ms ad ad`s `s ds dc dctg tgvm vmly ly pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dtg` g`k k g` tjm tjm pr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` ha cu cult ltur urdl dl tm tmxt xtss d` d`n n tj tjmm rmprhnuctgh` ha gnmhlhky, dt tgims g` hpphsgtgh` th tjm tmxts crmdtmn by tjm –
nhig nhig`d` `d`t t clds cldss s g` tj tjgs gs g`st g`std` d`cm cm,, tj tjmm cult cultur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry,, wj wjgc gcj j id idg` g`td tdg` g`ss ih ihst st ch`trhl ch`trh l hvmr ‚lmkgtgidtm‗ culturdl prhnuctgh`. ^jmsm drkuim`ts rmkdrng`k tjm ngscursgvm ch`structgh` ha ad` fflctgh` mxmiplgay d nmsgrm th phsgtgh` ad` fflctgh` ds rmsgstgvm th nhig`d`t `hris d`n gnmdls, g` hpphsgtgh` th tjm tmxts ch`structmn by tjm culturm g`nustry. [gtjg` sucj ch`tmxtudlgsdtgh`s, ad` fflctgh` gs d ahri ha culturdl rmsgstd`cm th nhig`d`t culturdl culturdl prhnuctgh`. [m cd` smm tjdt ad` ffl ctgh` gs `ht oust tjm rmwrgtg`k ha prm-mxgstg`k sthrgms, but rdtjmr gs d ahri ha pldy wgtj prmmxgstg`k mxgstg `k sthrgms, wjgcj tjhsm g` tjm ad`nhi cd` m`kdkm wgtj ds d prhcms prhcmsss ha g`tmrdctgh`, hr pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` culturdl prhnuctgh`. [jdt iust `ht bm ahrkhttm` g` tjgs ngscussgh`, jhwmvmr, gs tjdt ad`s drm g`tmrdctg`k wgtj mxgstg`k imngd tmxtsprhnucmn, d`n pdrtgcgpdtg`k g` g`std`cm, d imngd spdcm wjmrm tjmsm `drrdtgvms dlrmdny mxgst, g` tjm fflrst by tjm culturm g`nustry.
A D@ AGC^GH@ DS D KM@^GC KM@^GC R MSVH@SM MSVH@SM ^H ^JM C]L^]RM G@N]S^RW ^jm nmvmlhpim`t ha `drrdtgvms wgtjg` ad` fflctgh` gs `ht ch`strdg`mn by tjm prhnuctgh` lgigtdtgh`s ha chiimrcgdl tmlmvgsgh`, sucj ds cm`shrsjgp d`n dnvmrtgsmrs. Vublgcdtgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh` h`lg`m drm armm d`n dccmss gs mdsy. G` tjgs sm`sm, ad` ffl ctgh` m`dblms d ihrm nmihcrdtgc mxprmssgh` ha gnmds d`n ch`cmpts tjd` gs dllhwmn ahr g` tjm culturm g`nustry ihnml ha prhnuctgh`
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d`n ngs ngstrg trgbut butgh`. gh`. Ad` fflct ctgh` gh` pr prhv hvgn gnms ms d sp spmcg mcgfflc mx mxdi dipl plmm ha du dung ngm` m`cm cm dkm`cy g` imngd pdrtgcgpdtgh` d`n ch`suiptgh`, d`n gs nmih`strdtgvm ha d` drmd drmd wjmr wjmrmg mg` ` g`ng g`ngvgn vgnudl udlss cd` g`nmp g`nmpm`n m`nm` m`tl tlyy crm crmdt dtmm d`n ngst ngstrg rgbu butm tm sthr sthrgms gms.. Gt prhvgnms d` dvm`um ha scjhldrly mxplhrdtgh` g`th jhw dctgvm dungm`cms nmih`strdtm hpphsgtgh`dl d`n `mkhtgdtmn tmxtudl rmdng`ks5 d`n rmphsgtgh`s –
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dungm`cms dt tjm vmry lmdst, ad`s ds dctgvm g` tjm rmcmptgh` tmxts. Gt gs giphrtd`t hr`ht th sgiplgay tjgs phsgtgh`, jhwmvmr, tjmrm gs dhatm`nm`cy wgtjg` culturdl stungms rmsmdrcj th rmkdrn ihnmr` dungm`cms ds dctgvm dungm`cms d`n th ngsigss tjm whre ha Dnhr`h ds d rmnuctgh`gst rmdng`k ha dungm`cms ds pdssgvm, rmlmvd`t h`ly th tjm pdst (Jglls 2662, 2662, p. 34). By mxplhrg`k mxplhr g`k prdctgcms sucj ds ad` fflctgh`, gt bmchims phssgb phssgblm lm th nmih`st nmih`strdtm rdtm tjm sjgat g` ch`cmptudlgsdtgh`s ha dungm`cm dkm`cy bmtwmm` ‚tjm`‗ d`n ‚`hw ‗5 d`n dlsh th sgtudtm dctgvm dungm`cms ds pdrt ha tjm culturm g`nustry ‗s prhcmssms. Ds d ahri ha pdrtgcgpdthry prdctgcm g` tjm crmdtgh` ha d culturdl prhnuct, ad` fflctgh` dllhws ahr d` dctgvm dungm`cm imibmr th ch`trgbutm bmyh`n tjm ffl
hrgkg`dlshcgdl ch`tm`t ha tjm stmxt. G` shim smx g`std`cms, ad`gtyctgh` hpm`ly cjdllm`kms ch`vm`tgh` ch`vm`tgh`s surrhu`ng`k d`n smxudl smxudlgty d`n gts mxgstm`cm/ rmprmsm`tdtgh` g` tjm imngd, crmdtg`k ngaamrm`t rmprmsm`tdtgh`s th tjhsm ngctdtmn by tjm culturm g`nustry. ^jrhukj pdrtgcgpdthry imngd prdctgcms sucj ds ad` fflctgh`, idrkg`dlgsmn krhups cd` “pry hpm` d spdcm ahr tjmgr culturdl ch`cmr`s wgtjg` nhig`d`t rmprmsm`tdtgh`s5 ad`nhi gs d wdy ha dpprhprgdtg`k imngd tmxts d`n rmrmdng`k tjmi g` d adsjgh` tjdt smrvms 2661c,, p. >6). D` mxplhrdtgh` ha sucj idrkg`ngaamrm`t g`tmrmsts’ (Om`eg`s (Om`eg`s 2661c dlgsmn spdcms cd` jgkjlgkjt tjm chiplmxgtgms ha rmprmsm`tdtgh` d`n nmih`strd strdtm tm jhw jhw ad ad` ` pr prdc dctg tgcm cmss d` d`n n du dung ngm` m`cm cm dk dkm` m`cy cy cd cd` ` crmd crmdtm tm d sp spdc dcmm ahr ahr dltmr`dtgvm dltmr `dtgvm ngscus ngscussgh`s sgh`s d`n mxplhr mxplhrdtgh` dtgh` ha subcult subculturms. urms. ffl
Jgsthrgcdlly Jgsth , rs amidlm ad`s wmrm `ht dlwdys sdtgs mnr`mn wgtj tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha am amid idlm lm cjdr cjrgcdlly, drdc dctm tmrs g` tm tmllmvgs mv gsgh gh` ` sm smrg rgms ms d` d`n, n, ds su sucj cj,, tu tur` mn th wrgtg rg tg`k `k id idlm lm slds sldsj j fflctgh` g` tjm 47;6s5 aurtjmrihrm, 76% ha dll sldsj fflctgh` wds wrgttm` by whim` whi m` (Om` (Om`eg` eg`ss 4772 4772,, p. 474). 474). Ihr Ihrmm rmc rmcm`t m`tly, ly, stdt stdtgs gstg tgcdl cdl g`ahr g`ahridt idtgh gh` ` rmkd rmkdrn rn-g`k tjm dutjhrs dt ad`fflctgh`.`mt jds ch`clunmn tjdt ;:% ha gts dutjhrs drm amidlm ami dlm,, ch` ch`tg tg`u `ug` g`k k tj tjmm tr trm`n m`n ha pr prmnh mnhig` ig`d`t d`tly ly ami amidlm dlm ad ad` ` fflctgh` wrgtmr wrgtmrss 2644). ). Om Om`e `eg` g`ss su sukk kkms msts ts tjdt tjdt wh whim im` ` g` tj tjmm 47 47;6 ;6s, s, mspm mspmcg cgdl dlly ly g` fflmlns (Sm`nlhr 2644 sucj su cj ds sc scgm gm`cm `cm d`n m`k m`kg` g`mmr mmrg` g`k k – ty typg pgcd cdll jhtb jhtbmn mnss ha md mdrl rlyy scgscg-ffl ad`nhi – chuln gnm`tgay wgtj Sphce, tjm dlgm` hutsgnmr5 tjmy wrhtm sldsj fflctgh` ds d wdy th mxpl mx plhr hrmm sm smxu xudlg dlgty ty,, td tdeg eg`k `k Sph Sphce ce ‗s ph phsg sgtg tgh` h`,, wr wrgt gtg` g`k k tj tjmg mgrr hw hw` ` smxu smxudl dlgt gtyy h` h`th th jgs jgs bhny d`n pldcg`k jgi g` d smxudl rmldtgh`sjgp wgtj Cdptdg` Egre (Om`eg`s 4772, p. 473). 4772,
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[gtjg` tjmsm mdrly bhngms ha rmsmdrcj, sldsj fflctgh` dlsh dllhwmn ahr whim` th mxprmss tjmgr nmsgrms ahr smxudl rmldtgh`sjgps hutsgnm ha trdngtgh`dl km`nmr km`nmr d`n phwmr rhlm rhlmss ha im` d`n whim` g` tjm 4716s. Dcchrng`k Dcchrng`k th Ch`std`cm Vm`lmy, h`m ha tjm rmdsh`s whim` wrhtm idlm sldsj wds tjdt “ wrgtg`k dbhut twh im` dvhgns tjm buglt-g` g`mqudlgty ha tjm rhid`cm ahriuld, g` wjgcj nhig`d`cm d`n subigssgh` drm g`vdrgdbly tjm rmspmctgvm rhlms ha im` d`n whim` (477;, , p. 42=) – d phwmr bdld`cm tjdt gs sjgatg`k ’ (477; slhwly but gs stgll d` gssum g` currm`t imngd, ds wgll bm aurtjmr thucjmn uph` ldtmr. Sldsj fflctgh` g` mdrly id`gamstdtgh`s prhvgnmn d ahrui ahr dnnrmssg`k d`n cjdllm`kg`k tjm gnmhlhkgcdl phsgtgh`s phsgtgh`s bmg`k rmprhn rmprhnucmn ucmn g` idss imngd tmxts surrhu`ng`k smxudlgty d`n km`nmr `hris. ^jm rmprmsm`tdtgh` ha kdy d`n lmsbgd` cjdrdctmrs g` [mstmr` tmlmvgsgh` wds `ht chiih` g` tjm 4716s, tjrhukj th tjm 4776s5 sh ad` ffl ctgh` wrgtmrs dlsh usmn tjm G`tmr`mt d`n ad` idkdzg`ms th tmll sthrgms hutsgnm ha tmlmvgsg sgh` h`,, us usg` g`k k tmlm tmlmvg vgsg sgh` h` tm tmxt xtss ds ch chii iih` h` ahu` ahu`nd ndtg tgh` h`dl dl id idtm tmrg rgdl dl th nrdw nrdw arhi arhi,, dndpt d`n sjdrm. Ad`s bmkd` wrgtg`k sldsj ad` fflctgh` g` tjm 47;6s, wgtj sthrgm sth rgms s prg prg`tm n g`m d`nngs pjht pjhthchp hchpgmn gmn dssjidkdzg idk dzg`ms d`n `mwslm slmttm rs,rtgh bmah bmahrm rm sjg sjgatg atg`k `k th`tmn h`l h`lg`m ngstrg trgbut butgh` gh`. . Sld Sldsj ctgh gh` ``mswd wds s d``mw md mdrl rly y ttmrs, g`sm g`smrt gh` ` ha fflct qummr qum mr tm tmxt xtss g`t g`th h h` h`lg lg`m `m d`n ngkg ngkgtd tdll st sthr hryt ytmll mllg` g`k, k, ds d ahr ahri i ha cul cultu turd rdll prdctgcm, gts sthrgms mxplhrm subomct idttmr tjdt nhms `ht `mcmssdrgly dppmdr g` tjm idg`strmdi. Ds ^hsm`bmrkmr `htms, ad` ffl ctgh` km`mrdlly armms pmhplm “th tmll tjm sthrgms tjmy wd`t th tmll’ wgtjhut jdvg`k th rmly h` chiimrcgdl succmss g` hrnmr th bm jmdrn. Gt gs ahr tjgs rmdsh` tjdt whim`, qummr pmhplm d`n yhu`k pmhplm drm nhig`d`t wrgtmrs wgtjg` ad` fflctgh` chiiu`gtgms 266;). ). (^hsm`burkmr 266; (^hsm`burkmr Sldsj fflctgh` ihvms ad` fflctgh` dwdy arhi d ngscussgh` ha pdssgvm ch`suiptgh` vmrsus dctgvm dungm`cms, m`dblg`k tjm mxplhrdtgh` ha d` mxplgcgt ahri fflha cultur culturdl d`nby dctgvm cultur culturm g`nust g`nustry. ry. Ad` ct ctgh gh` ` gsdl u`rmstr u`r mstrgct gctmn mn tgi tgimmm`kdkmim`t ch`s ch`strd trdg`ts g`ts,,wgtj hr tjm cm`s cm`shrs hrs’, mgts “rmsgstd`cm “aullmr mxplhrdtgh` ha cjdrdctmrs d`n tjmims d`n sthrylg`ms ideg`k gt g`crmngbly dppmdlg`k ahr ad`s’ (Lh (Lh 2661). 2661). ^jmrm drm ig`gidl chsts dsshcgdtmn wgtj wrgtg`k wrgtg `k d`n uplhdng`k uplhdng`k ad` fflct ctgh gh` ` h` h`lg lg`m, `m, bm bmyh` yh`n n tj tjmm chs chsts ts ha G` G`tm tmr` r`mt mt dcc dccms msss d`n tjm tgim ha tjm dutjhr. Num th chpyrgkjt lmkgsldtgh`, ad` wrgtmrs drm `ht dllhwmn th prhfflt arhi tjmgr whre d`n sh tjm `h`-chiimrcgdl imd`s ha prhnuct prh nuctgh` gh` d`n ngs ngstrg trgbutg butgh` h` ha slds sldsj j “id idem em gt d` g`tm g`tm`s `sml mlyy g``hv g``hvdt dtgvm gvm,, phtm`tgdlly phtm`t gdlly hpphsgt hpphsgtgh`dl gh`dl pjm`him pjm`him`d `d’ (Stdsg 2661 2661,, pp. 427–43 436) 6).. ^j ^jmm hpphsgt hpph sgtgh`d gh`dll `dt `dturm urm ha slds sldsj j fflct ctgh gh` ` dlsh dlsh crmd crmdtm tmss d sp spdc dcmm th mx mxpl plhr hrmm ad ad` ` prdctgcms d`n h`lg`m dctgvgty ds d` dvm`um ha rmprmsm`tdtgh` ha tjm `h`jmtmrh`h jmtm rh`hridt ridtgvm gvm smx smxudl udlgtg gtgms ms hatm` hatm` prm prmsm`t sm`tmn mn h` tmlm tmlmvgs vgsgh`, gh`, ds d imn imngui gui
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
ch`trhllmn by tjm cultur ch`trhllmn culturmm g`nustry g`nustry.. Sldsj fflctgh` wrgtmrs drm `hw cldgig`k tjm tmrrgthry ha sldsj th nmih`strdtm d wgnmr rd`km ha ngvmrsgty tjd` gs sjhw` h` tmlmvgsgh` d`n th emmp djmdn ha tjm tmlmvgsgh` wrgtmrs‗ kdim (Vukj 266= (Vukj 266=,, pp. 443–44>). ^jrhukj sldsj ffl ctgh`, dungm`cms jdvm bmm` dblm th mxplhrm d rd`kmm ha ngaamrm` rd`k ngaamrm`tt rmpr rmprmsm msm`tdt `tdtgh`s gh`s rmk rmkdrng drng`k `k smx smxudlg udlgty ty d`n km`n km`nmr mr rhlm rhlms, s, hutsgnm ha wjdt gs prhnucmnrmprmsm`tdtgh`s by tjm culturm g`nustry. Dlh`ksgnm ngvmrsgayg`k ha whim` h` tmlmvgsgh`, tjm 4776s sdw d nrdidtgc g`crmdsm g` amidlm-cm`trgc sldsj fflctgh` (amisldsj). ^jmsm sthrgms prhvgnmn d spdcm ahr tjm rmprms rmprmsm`tdtg m`tdtgh` h` ha whim`, g`clung g`clung`k `k lmsbgd`s, hutsgnm tjm idg`strmdi prhnuctgh` ha phpuldr culturm prhnucts. ^jmsm rmprmsm`tdtgh`s cjdllm`kmn tjm nhig`d`cm ha jmtmrh`hridtgvgty g` brhdncdst tmlmvgsgh` d`n crmdtmn d spdcm ahr lmsbgd`gsi g` phpuldr culturm, h` d scdlm `ht bmahrm smm`. Vrhkrdiims g` tjm ign-4776s sucj ds Zm`d? [drrghr Vrg`cmss (^dpmrt (^dpmrt 477=) 477=) d`n Buaay tjm Qdipgrm Sldymr ([jmnh` 477;)) bmkd` th prmsm`t amidlm cjdrdctmrs ds g`nmpm`nm`t d`n strh`k, 477; lmdng`k th sjhws lgem Ndre D`kml (Cdimrh` 2666 (Cdimrh` 2666)) d`n ^mrig`dthr? ^jm Sdrdj Ch``hr Cjrh`gclms 266:). ). (H Htjmr prhkrdiims, sucj ds (Argmnid` 266: (Argmnid` 477;) ) d`n Adrscdpm Bd``h` 4777 4777), ), dlsh ch`Stdrkdtm? SK4 ([rgkjt ([rgkjt 477; ‗Bd``h` tdg`mn strh`k amidlm cjdrdctmrs g` d` m`smiblm cdst. Dcchrng`k th Sjdrh` Cuibmrld`n, ahr amidlm wrgtmrs, sldsj fflctgh` gs usmn hvmrwjmlig`kly ds d ahrui th chiim`t d`n rmflmct uph` tjm phwmr ny`dig ny` digcs cs ha jm jmtm tmrh rhsm smxu xudl dl rm rmld ldtg tgh` h`sj sjgp gpss by us usg` g`k k amidl amidlmm cj cjdr drdct dctmr mrss th mxplhrm ngaamrm`t pmrspmctgvms (`.n. (`.n.). ). Dnngtgh`dlly, sldsj fflctgh` cd` dlsh bm smm` th crmdtm rmprmsm`tdtgh`s tjdt cjdllm`km tjm nhig`d`cm ha jmtmrhsmxudl cjdrdctmrs, cjdrdctmrs, gk`hrg`k gk`hrg`k tjm dssuiptgh` ha jmtmrhs jmtmrhsmxudlg mxudlgty, ty, d`n rmkdrn rmkdrn-lmss ha wjmtjmr cjdrdctmrs‗ smxudlgty gs stdtmn hr `ht. Arhi tjm fflrst sthry mxplhrg`k tjm rmldtgh`sjgp ha Egre/Sphce bmyh`n wjdt wds g`tm`nmn by
tjm smrgms crmdthrs, tjmrm smmis th jdvm bmm` d s`hwbdll maamct rmldtgh`sjgps wjmrmby ad` wrgtmrs bmkd` th mxplhrm tjm phssgblm imd`g`ks ha smxudl bmtwmm` cjdrdctmrs, hpm`g`k d spdcm ahr wrgtmrs th mxplhrm jhihmrhtgcgsi d`n/hr d`n /hr jhih jhihsmx smxudl udlgty gty.. ^jr ^jrhukj hukj ad` fflct ctgh gh`, `, du dutj tjhr hrss d`n rmdnm rmdnmrs rs cd cd` ` mscdpm g`th tjm ahrbgnnm` hr tjm u`dce`hwlmnkmn, crmdtg`k d vmrsgh` ha smxudl nmihcrdcy tjdt sgts bhtj hutsgnm d`n dlh`ksgnm tjm hw`mrsjgp d`n ch`t ch `trh rhll ha nh nhig` ig`d` d`tt jmt jmtmr mrh`h h`hri ridt dtgv gvmm gnmhl gnmhlhk hkgm gmss g` tj tjmm imn imngd. gd. [j [jgl glmm crmdtmn ds d rmsph`sm th culturdl prhnucts prhnucmn by tjm idss imngd, ad` fflctgh` sgts fflrily hutsgnm tjm ha fflcgdl ‚dutjhrgsmn‗ prhnuctgh`s ha tjm culturm g`nustry. Jhwmvmr, ds ad` prdctgcms jdvm nmvmlhpmn, tjm g`nustry rmsph`sms th ad`nhi jdvm sjgatmn d`n cjd`kmn, rm flmctg`k d sjgat g` tjm culturdl `hris wgtjg` tjm culturm g`nustry.
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MSVH@SMS HA ^JM C]L^]RM G@N]S^RW R MSVH@SMS ^H A D@ VRDC^GCMS
^jm rmldtgh`sjgp bmtwmm` tjm culturm g`nustry d`n ad`s gs d chiplmx h`m. G` dnngt dnn gtgh gh` ` th tr trdcg dcg`k `k tj tjmm tr trdo domct mcthr hryy ha ad ad` ` pr prdct dctgc gcms ms dlh dlh`k `ksg sgnm nm tj tjmm cul cultu turm rm g`nustry, gt gs phssgblm th dlsh trdcm tjm rmsph`sms ha tjm culturm g`nustry ds tjmsmm prdct tjms prdctgcm gcmss jdvm bmch bmchim im g`cr g`crmds mdsg`kl g`klyy vgsgb vgsgblm lm h`lg h`lg`m. `m. Chp Chpyrg yrgkjt kjt d`n hw`mrsjgp ch`flgcts cd` prhvgnm d imd`s th mxplhrm tjm tm`sgh`s bmtwmm` tjm culturm g`nustry d`n dungm`cms rmkdrng`k tjm hw`mrsjgp ha tmxts. Vrghr th tjm dnvm`t ha chpyrgkjt lmkgsldtgh`, sthrytmllg`k wds jgsthrgcdlly shimtjg`k tjdt bmlh`kmn th pmhplm5 gt gs h`ly rmcm`tly tjdt chrphrdtgh`s jdvm hw`mn tjm rgkjts th hw` d`n ngstrgbutm sthrgms. ^jm nmvmlhpim`t ha klhbdl chpyrgkjt ldw ahllhwmn tjm g`vm`tgh` ha tjm prg`tg`k prmss5 gt wds tjm` tjdt tjm lmkdlgtgms surrhu`ng`k tjm rgkjt th publgsj d id`uscrgpt bmkd` th bm ngscussmn (Bm`tl (Bm`tly y 2646). 2646). ^jm Stdtutm ha D``m nmvmlhpmn g` M`kld`n g` 4;46 th rmkuldtm tjm publgs publgsjg`k jg`k g`nustry (Bm`tly 2646, 2646, p. ;)5 u`nmr tjgs `mw ldw, d prg`tmr‗s lgcm`c lgcm`cmm chu chuln ln bm pur purcj cjds dsmn mn ahr ahr d rmku rmkuld ldtm tmn n amm pd pdgn gn th tjm tjm Crhw` Crhw`.. ^jm stdtutm kdvm hw`mrsjgp ha tjm bhhe th tjm dutjhr, wjh chuln tjm` smll tjgs tj gs rg rgkj kjtt th d publ publgs gsjm jmrr aahr hr tjm tjm bhh bhhee th bm rmpr rmprhn hnuc ucmn mn,, g`tr g`trhn hnuc ucg` g`k k gg`t `th h tj tjmm lmkdl systmi tjm gnmd ha d tmxt bmg`k prhpmrty tjdt chuln bm chiihngfflmn 2646,, p. 26). ^jgs systmi g`trhnucmn ffl`ms d`n pm`dltgms ga tjhsm (Chr`gsj 2646 (Chr`gsj wgtjhut tjm dpprhp dpprhprgdtm rgdtm rgkjts wmrm th tjm` publgs publgsj j tjm bhhe g` qumstgh qumstgh`. `. Dltjhukj Dltjhuk j tjmrm jdn bmm` rmkul rmkuldtgh`s dtgh`s g` pldcm g` tjm 4=6 ymdrs bmtwmm` tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha tjm prg`tg`k prmss d`n tjm Stdtutm ha D``m, tjm stdtutm fflrst daah da ahrn rnmn mn tjm tjm rrgk gkjt jtss ha sm smll llg` g`k k d` d`n n pr prg` g`tg tg`k `k wh whrre th d` du dutj tjhr hr (N (Nmd mdzzlmy lmy 2646, 2646, p. 2:). Aurtjmrihrm, tjm stdtutm lmn th tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha rgkjts th htjmr ahris ha culturdl prhnucts. Iusgc, pldys, pdg`tg`ks, pjhthkrdpjs d`n nmsgk` drm htjmr ahris ha whre tjdt hvmr tgim bmcdim prhtmctmn by chpyrgkjt 2646,, p. 22). (Chr`gsj 2646 (Chr`gsj ^jm hw`mrsjgp ha wrgttm` hr crmdtgvm whre – `hw chiih`pldcm – gs rmldtgvmly rmldtg vmly `mw th lmkdl jgsthry d`n crmdtms d jgmrdrcjy rmkdrng`k tjm rgkjts th ngstrgbutm culturdl tmxts, kgvg`k tjhsm wgtj mch`higc cdpgtdl phwmr hvmr tjm whre tjdt bmchims dccmssg dccmssgblm blm th d` dungm`cm. dungm`cm. Ad` fflctgh` gs `ht currm`tly bhu`n th mch`higc ch`cmr`s rmkdrng`k prhffltg`k arhi tjm tmxt5 g` adct, gt gs gllmkdl ahr d ad` fflctgh` wrgtmr th idem ih`my by smllg`k whre bdsmn h` tjm whre ha d`htjmr dutjhr dutjhr.. Ds sucj, ad` fflctgh` gs idnm armmly dvdgldblm d`n hpmrdtms hpmrdt ms hutsgnm tjm struc structurdl turdl ch`tr ch`trhl hl ha tjm cultur culturmm g`nustry – dltjhukj, ds wgll bm ngscus ngscussmn, smn, tjgs idy shh` cjd`km. Rmihvg` Rmihvg`k k ad` fflctgh` arhi d` dutjhrgtdtgvm jgmrdrcjy d`n g`stmdn mxplhrg`k gt ds dctgvm pdrtgcgpdtgh` g`
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturm rmg`trhnucms tjm `htgh` ha `drrdtgvm d`n sthrytmllg`k ds shimtjg`k tjdt d`yh`m cd` pdrtgcgpdtm g`, ngstrgbutm armm ha chst d`n ch`suim armm ha chst. ^jgs dppdrm`t armmnhi arhi structurdl lgigtdtgh` dllhws ad` wrgtmrs th mxplhrm rmprmsm`tdtgh`s tjdt idy `ht htjmrwgsm bm mxplhrmn wgtjg` tjm bhu`ns ha tjm culturm g`nustry. ffl
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Stdr Stdr [drs [dr s ad`d`n Lucds ha litjm s jgsth jgs thrg cdllbmtwmm` rm rmsp sph` h`sm smtjmthculturm pub publg lgcd cdtg tgh` h`ss gs d` mxdiplm ch` gct g`nustry ad` prdctgcms g` flrgcd rmkdrn th prhprgmtdry rgkjts, mspmcgdlly g` rmkdrn th ad` fflctgh`. Lucdsfflli g`gtgdlly shukjt th ch`trhl Stdr [drs ad` ad` publgcdtgh`s, smmg`k tjmi ds rgvdls th tjhsm ha tjmgr ha fflcgdl ad` chrphrdtgh` (Om`eg`s 4772 (Om`eg`s 4772,, p. 36). Lucdsfflli tjm` tj m` dttm dttmip iptm tmn n th ch ch`t `trh rhll tj tjmm ty typm pm ha ad ad` ` fflct ctgh gh` ` bmg bmg`k `k wr wrgt gttm tm` ` d` d`n n tjrmdtm`mn th prhsmcutm publgsjmrs ha whre tjdt vghldtmn ‚adigly vdlums‗. ^jgs wds imt by strh`k rmdctgh`s arhi ad`s wjh amlt tjdt tjmgr hw` crmdtgvm g`tmrdctgh`s wgtj tjm Stdr [drs u`gvmrsm wmrm bmg`k g`tmramrmn wgtj. G` ch`t ch `trds rdstt th tj tjgs gs dt dttm tmip iptmn tmn ch` ch`tr trhl hl h haa ad` ad`nh nhi i by Lu Lucd cdssfflli, li, phttmrihrm.chi phttmrihrm.chi gs d wmbsgtm wmbsgtm haamrm haamrmn n by O.E. Rhw Rhwlg` lg`k k d`n [dr [dr`mr `mr Brhs M`tm M`tmrtd rtdg`im g`im`t, `t, wjg wjgccj 2
dllhws ad`s th rmkgstmr d`n lmdr` ihrm dbhut whrln ha Jdrrygs Vhttmr (Rhwlg`k (Rhwlg`k 2642 2642). ). G` d ngscldgimr, tjm sgtm stdtmstjm tjdt Vhttmrihrm `ht d` dttmipt th “chipmtm wgtj sgtms lgem Adcmbhhe hr tjm Jdrry Vhttmr ahruis ahruis d`n ad` sgtms tjdt drm dlrmdny hut tjmrm ’ (Vhttmrihrm G`sgnmr 2644 2644)) d`n g`stmdn haamrs ad`s d ahrui th m`kdkm aurtjmr wgtj tjm tmxts wgtjg` tjm ardi ardimw mwhr hree pr prhv hvgn gnmn mn by tj tjmm sgtm sgtm ds d ch chip ipd` d`gh gh` ` sp spdc dcmm wj wjmr mrmm ad ad`s `s cd cd` ` g`tmrdct wgtj tjm sthry mlmim`ts, sjdrm tjhukjts hr drtwhres, d`n ch`vmrsm wgtj htjmr ad`s. ^jm sgtm gs nmsgk`m nmsgk`mn n ds d sgtm ha ch``mct ch``mctgh` gh` th aurtjmr aurtjmr mxplhrm tjm ‚ha fflcgdl‗ sthrywhrln d`n lmdr` ihrm dbhut gt. ^jmsm twh mxdiplms jgkjlgkjt tjdt tjmrm gs `h h`m rmsph`sm th ad` culturm by tjm culturm g`nustry, oust ds ad`s nh `ht rmsph`n th d tmxt g` h`m id``mr. ffl
Rmsph`sms th Shim ad` ctgh` vdryhadih`k ngaamrm`t ch`tm`t crmdthrshad`n g`nustry bhngms. crmdthrs tjm shurcm idtmrgdl drm thlmrd`t ad` fflctgh` but nrdw tjm lg`m dt dnult fflctgh`. O.E. Rhwlg`k gs h`m ha tjmsm (Vukj 266= (Vukj 266=,, p. 23=). Ds `htmn, Rhwlg`k jds kgvm` jmr blmssg`k th tjhsm wjh wd`t th wrgtm sthrgms bdsmn h` Jdrry Jdrry Vhttmr Vhttmr , but dcchrng`k th d stdtmim`t arhi jmr lgtmrdry dkm`t g` d` drtgclm rmlmdsmn by BBC @mws, sjm whuln prmamr tjdt ad` prdctgcms rmidg` `h`-chiimrcgdl d`n tjdt ad`s bm dwdrm tjdt tjm dungm`cms ha tjmsm whres idy bm yhu`k cjglnrm` wjh tjmm ch ch`t `tm` m`tt h` h`lg lg`m `m.. Ht Htjm jmrs rs imng imngdd pr prhn hnuc ucmr mrs, s, su sucj cj ds Buaa Buaayy tjm tjm ffl`n tj Qdipgrm Sldymr crmdthr crmdthr Ohss [jmnh`, dccmpt d wgnmr rd`km ha ad` fflctgh` sthry ch`tm`t (Vukj 266= (Vukj 266=,, p. 23=). [jm` rmsph`ng`k th ngscussgh`s ha ffl
sldsj ctgh` h` jgs blhk, [jmnh` wrhtm tjdt wjdt jdppm`s haa scrmm` gs
> AD@S? D LH LH@K @K JGS^HR JGS^HRW W HA VDR^ VDR^GCGVD GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@
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m`tgrmly m`tgr mly up th tj tjmm vgm vgmwm wmr, r, g`cl g`clung ung`k `k tj tjmm ph phss ssgb gbgl glgt gtgms gms ha slds sldsj j (2661 2661). ). [jmnh` rmprmsm`ts d ngaamrm`t rmsph`sm ha tjm culturm g`nustry, `ht h`ly m`churdkg`k ad`s th pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturdl prhnuctgh` d`n m`kdkm wgtj tjm shurcm idtmrgdl, but dlsh m`churdkg`k d wgnm rd`km ha ad` tmxt rmsph`sms th tjm culturdl prhnucts jm crmdtms. Wmt, mvm` wgtjg` tjgs rmsph`sm, tjm `htgh` ha hw`mrsjgp hvmr cjdrdctmrs gs stgll jmln by Ds tjm u`gvmrsm crmdthr, jmtjm nmcldrms tjdt mvm` tjhukj ad`s[jmnh`. idy mxplhrm jgs sthry cjdrdctmr dct mrss g` tjmgr tjmgr hw hw` ` wh whre re,, jm ultg ultgidt idtmly mly idg idg`t `tdg dg`s `s ch` ch`tr trhl hl hvm hvmrr tj tjmi mi 2661). ). ([jmnh` 2661 ([jmnh` ^jms ^j msmm ad` pr prdct dctgc gcms ms d` d`n n g`nus g`nustr tryy rm rmsp sph` h`sm smss nm nmih` ih`st strd rdtm tm d lmvml lmvml ha dkm`cy dt pldy h` tjm pdrt ha dungm`cms g` tjm ch`suiptgh` d`n rmsph`sm th culturdl tmxts, ds wmll ds tjm `ud`cmn rmsph`sms ha bhtj dungm`cms d`n tjm culturm g`nustry th tjm prhnuctgh` d`n rmcmptgh` ha culturdl tmxts. [jdt gs ch`sgstm`t dcrhss tjm rmsph`sms ha tjm culturm g`nustry gs tjm g`ch`sgstm`cy wgtj wjgcj tjm g`nustry rmkdrns ad` prdctgcms g` tjmgr vdrghus ahris. G` mdcj ha tjm mxdiplms, h`ly cmrtdg` ahris ha ad` prdctgcm drm rmchk`gsmn rmsph`sms tjm hrgkg`dl tmxt by tjm tjm dccmptd hw`mrs`cm ha tjm sthrywhrln sthrywhrdslnlmkgtgidtm g` qumstg qumstgh`. h`. Htjmr ad`thprdctg prdctgcms cms nh `ht kdg` dccmptd`cm ha tjmsm prhnucmrs – ahr mxdiplm, mrhtgc Jdrry Vhttmr ad` ad` fflctgh` – d`n drm nm`gmn lmkgtgidcy by tjm g`nustry. Vrhnucmrs‗ d`n ch`tm`t ch`trhllmrs‗ sd`ctgh`g`k ha cmrtdg` ad` tmxts d`n ad` g`tmrdctgh`s hvmr htjmrs rmg`ahrcms tjm g`jmrm`t phwmr structurm ha imngd ngstrgbutgh`. ^jmm lm ^j lmkg kgtg tgid idcy cy ha ad ad` ` fflct ctgh gh` ` ds d` dr drtt ahri ahri jd jdss rmcm rmcm`t `tly ly bm bmm` m` rmch rmchk` k`ggsmn smn – ldu`cjmn “‚Eg`nlm g` pdrt – by tjm culturm g`nustry. G` 2643, didzh`.chi 2643, didzh`.chi ldu`cjmn [hrlns‗, D @m @mw w Vu Vubl blgs gsjg jg`k `k Ih Ihnm nmll ahr ahr Du Dutj tjhr hrss G` G`sp spgr grmn mn th [r [rgt gtmm Ad Ad` ` Agctgh` – Ldu`cjg`k wgtj d` G`gtgdl Lgcm`sm ha Vhpuldr ^gtlms arhi [dr`mr 2643). ). Didzh` Brhs. ^mlmvgsgh` Krhup‗s Dllhy M`tmrtdg`i M`tmrtdg`im`t m`t’ (Imld`sh` (Imld`sh` 2643 jdss m` jd m`ttmrmn mrad` mn ffldctgh` lgcm lgcm`s `sg` g`k k dk dkrm rmmi mim` m`tt wgtj wgDidzh` tj [d [dr` r`mr mr Br Brhs . M` M`tm rtdg dg`i `im` wjmrmby cd` bm shln tjrhukj wgtj d hs. sjdrm hatmrt tjm prhm`t ffltst khg`k th mdcj ha tjrmm pdrtgms? tjm chpyrgkjt jhlnmr (Sthrywhrln Lgcm`shr), Didzh` d`n tjm ad` wrgtm wrgtmr. r. ^jm ad` wrgtm wrgtmrr iust dkrmm th tjm tmris d`n ch`ngtg ch`n gtgh`s h`s ha tjm publ publgsjm gsjmr, r, wjg wjgcj cj g`cl g`clunm unm [dr` [dr`mr mr Brh Brhss – tjdt gs, tj tjmm crmdt crmdthr hr ha tjm sthrywhrln bmg`k usmn, tjm mxclusgvm d`n grrmvmrtgblm rgkjts th tjm ch`tm ch` tm`t `t,, g` g`cl clun ung` g`k k pmr pmrigs igssg sgh` h` th us usmm d` d`yy hr hrgk gkg` g`dl dl cj cjdr drdct dctmrs mrs hr sthr sthrgm gmss nmvmlhpmn g` tjgs ad` fflctgh` g` d`y subsmqum`t nmrgvdtgvm tmxts sucj ds kdims hr ihvgms (Didzh` 2643d (Didzh` 2643d). ). Gt gs thh shh` th bm dblm th prmngct hr u`nmrstd`n tjm gipdcts ha tjgs nmvmlhpim`t ha dutjhrgsmn d`n lmkgtgidtmn ad` prdctgcms, wjgcj cd` `hw rmsult g` lmkdlly sd`ctgh`mn mch`higc kdg`s ahr bhtj g`nustry d`n ad`s. Jhwmvmr, wjdt gs clmdr gs tjm rgse ha ad` prdctgcms
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
bmchig`k dbshrbmn g`th tjm culturm g`nustry dt tjm mxpm`sm ha tjm phwmr ha ad` fflctgh` ds d sgtm ha rmsgstd`cm d`n `mkhtgdtgh` wgtj idss imngd.
CH@CL]SGH@ ^jm culturm dstjgs prmngctmn Dnhr`h,dndptdtgh`, gs dndptg`kdungm`cms th tjm idssms (2646 2646, , p. 77).g`nustry, Ds pdrt ha prhcmssby ha g`nustry jdvm bmm` g`tmrpmlldtmn ds pdrtgcgpd`ts d`n adlsmly mid`cgpdtmn ds ch`suimrs, igsrmchk`gsg`k tjmgr culturdl cdpgtdl g` tjm dct ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` ds d ahri ha nmihcrdtgc m`kdkmim`t wgtj tjm culturm g`nustry. Ad` ffl ctgh` nmih`strdtms dcts ha dpprhprgdtgh` ha imngd tmxts by ad`s, dnng`k th tjmi hr cjd`kg`k tjmi, d`n g` shim g`std`cms qummrg`k tjmi. Dlh`ksgnm tjmsm tmxtudl dpprhprgdtgh`s, ad` fflctgh` cd` dlsh bm smm` ihrm brhdnly ds pdrt ha tjm jgsthry ha G`tmr`mt-bds G`tmr` mt-bdsmn mn sthryt sthrytmllg`k mllg`k d`n dungm`c dungm`cmm dctgvg dctgvgtgms. tgms. Ad` prdctgcms sucj ds tjm prhnuctgh` ha ad` fflctgh` haamr d` dvm`um th mxplhrm tjm chiplmxgtgms ha tjm g`tmrdctgh`s ha dungm`cms wgtj tjm culturm g`nustry. Ad` tjmhry jds jgsthrgcdlly mxplhrmn ha ad`imssdkms, prdctgcms lhheg`k th mxdig`m tjm spdcm bmtwmm` prhnuctgh` d`n tjm rmcmptgh` dt jhw ad`s bhrrhw d`n dpprhprgdtm mxgstg`k tmxts th rmcgrculdtm tjmi wgtj `mw imd`g`ks d`n g`tmrprmtdtgh`s g`tmrprmtdtgh`s.. Hatm` ad` tmxts spmde th mdcj htjmr d`n rmly h` ngdlhkgc rmldtgh`sjgps rmldtgh`sjgps wgtj tjm shurcm idtmrgd idtmrgdll d`n tjm brhdnmr culturdl ngscussgh` surrhu`ng`k tjmsm tmxts. ^jmsm prdctgcms drm bmg`k utglgsmn by tjm culturm g`nustry th crmdtm d spdcm ha m`kdkmim`t bmtwmm` dungm`cms d`n g`nustry. ^jm strukklm bmtwmm` ad`s d`n g`nustry hatm` chims nhw` th ch`trhl ha tjmsm culturdl prhnucts. Ad` prdctgcms cd` bm vgmwmn ds ihim`ts ha rmsgstd`cm th tjm nhig`d` nhig`d`cm cm ha tjm culturm g`nustry, d`n ad` fflctgh` cd` bm vgmwmn ds d ahrui ahr nmih`s nmi h`str trdt dtg` k dun dungm gm`cm `cmgbutm dkm dkm`c y. D sp spdc dcm m wj wjmr mrmmmr dun dungm gm`cm `cms rmpur rmpurph phsm, dppr dpprhpr hprgdt gdtm mg`k d`n rmng rmngstr strgbut m `cy. imng imngd d prh prhnuct nucts s dat datmr mng mngtg` tg`k, k, sdndptg` dndp tg`k k sm, hr mxtm`ng`k tjmi, ad`nhi, d`n ad` fflctgh` g` pdrtgculdr, nmih`strdtms d` dltmr`dtgvm dltmr`d tgvm phwmr rmldt rmldtgh`sjgp gh`sjgp bmtwmm` prhnucmrs d`n ch`suimr ch`suimrss d`n smms dungm`cms bmchig`k g`vhlvmn g` tmxtudl imd`g`k-ideg`k. Arhi tjm mdrlgmst ihim`ts ha ad` fflctgh` d`n ad` publgsjg`k, dungm`cms rmsph`nmn th tjmm pr tj prhn hnuct uctss ha id idss ss imn imngd gd.. Sl Slds dsj j fflctg ctgh` h` rms rmsmdr mdrcj cj nmih`st nmih`strdt rdtms ms ad`s utglgsg`k tjmgr hw` dkm`cy th tmll sthrgms tjdt drm `ht prmnhig`dtmly vgsgblm g` idss imngd prhnucts. Sldsj ffl ctgh` gs d ahri ha tmxtu tmxtudl dl rmsgstd`cm dkdg`st tjm cul cultur turmm g`nu g`nustr stryy ds ad`s ad`s,, prmn prmnhig hig`d`t `d`tly ly whi whim`, m`, jgs jgsthr thrgcdl gcdlly ly wrh wrhtm tm tjms tj msmm sthr sthrgm gmss ds d wdy wdy th cj cjdl dllm lm`k `kmm tj tjmm nh nhig ig`d `d`t `t rmpr rmprms msm` m`td tdtg tgh` h`ss ha whim`, d`n th qummr whim`, g` idg`strmdi imngd sucj ds tmlmvgsgh`.
> AD@S? D LH LH@K @K JGS^HR JGS^HRW W HA VDR^ VDR^GCGVD GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@
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^jmsm sthrgms nmvmlhpmn g` pdrt g` rmsph`sm th d ldce ha vdrgmn rmprmsm`tdtgh`s. Sldsj fflctgh` prdctgcms bmchim d` giphrtd`t pdrt ha tjm jgsthry ha ad`nhi, imngd ch`vmrkm`cm d`n pdrtg pdrtgcgpdthr cgpdthryy cultur culturm. m. ^jmy drm d` giphrtd`t stmp g` trdcg`k tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha ch`vmrkm`t imngd sthrytmllg`k prdctgcms, d`n dungm`cm dkm`cy g` rmsph`ng`k th tjm culturm g`nustry d`n –
pdrtgcgpdtg`k wgtjg` gt d`n hutsgnm ha gt hatm` dt tjm sdim tgim (Jglls 2662 2662). ). Gt gs mssm`tgdl th u`nmrstd`n tjm giphrtd`cm ha ad` fflctgh` ds d sgtm ha rmsgstd`cm ds tjmsm prdctgcms drm `hw bmg`k dndptmn g`th tjm chiimrcgdl strdtmkgms ha tjm culturm g`nustry, rmpurphsg`k tjm id``mr g` wjgcj ad`s g`tmrdct sh ds th dllhw tjmi th bmchim dkm`ts h`ly wgtjg` tjm lgigtmn structurm ha tjm fflmln ha idss imngd ch`suiptgh`. Imngd ch`vmrkm`cm haamrs tjm thhls ahr ad` prdctgcms th bm mxtm`nmn dcrhss d`n tjrhukjhut imngd, d`n tjm g`nustry tjdt h`cm ahukjt dkdg`st ad` prdctgcms gs `hw utgl ut glgs gsg` g`k k tj tjmi mi ds pd pdrt rt ha tj tjmm br brhd hdnmr nmr strd strdtm tmkg kgms ms ha m` m`kdk kdkg` g`k k dun dungm gm`cm `cm pdrtgcgpdtgh`. Jhwmvmr, wjglst ad` dkm`cy mxmiplgfflms d` dctgvm dungm`cm, –
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tjm `htgh` haiplmx rmsgstd`cm h`cm msphusmn g` crgtgcdl gsk prhvg`k th bm ihrm ih rm ch chipl mx ds bht bhtj j du dung ngm`c m`cmm dk dkm`c m`cy y d` d`n n tjmhry stru struct ctur urg` g`k stru struct ctur urms ms m`vmlhp ad` prdctgcms d`n idem tjm ngstg`ctgh`s bmtwmm` dctgvm/pdssgvm dungm`cms d`n ch`suim ch`suimrs/pr rs/prhnucmrs hnucmrs ihrm nga fflcult th nmffl`m d`n smpdrdtm g`th g`ngvgn g`ngvgnudl udl phsgtgh`s. phsgtgh`s. Om`eg`s mqudtms ad` dctgvgtgms th ahris ha rmsgstd`cm th idss imngd prhnuctgh` d`n phsgtgh`s tjm dungm`cm ds mqudl chibdtd`ts g` tjm prhnuctgh` 4772). ). ^jm gi gipdc pdctt d`n maa maamct mctgv gvm` m`mss mss ha tjgs tjgs m`k m`kdk dkmim mim`t `t gs ha cult cultur urmm (4772 qumstgh`dblm, but prhvgnms d` g`tmrmstg`k sgtm ahr tjm stuny ha imngd pdrtgcgpdtgh`, m`dblg`k mxplhrdtgh` ha bhtj tjm ch`cmpt ha dungm`cm rmsgstd`cm d`n d` n tj tjmm `h `htg tgh` h` ha ngkg ngkgttdl st sthr hryt ytml mllg lg`k `k ds d ahrc ahrcmm ahr ahr cjd` cjd`km km wg wgtj tjg` g` tj tjmm ffl
prhnuctgh` ha culturdlhaprhnucts. Ad` ctgh`, smt h`cm d` dctgvgty tjdt brhem armm ha tjm lgigtdtgh`s tmxtudl g`tmrprmtdtgh` by tjm culturm g`nustry, gs bmg`k rmcldgimn by tjdt g`nustry. ^jmrm gs tjm phtm`tgdl th igsrmchk`gsm ad` pdrrtg pd tgcg cgpd pdtg tgh` h` d`n d`n du dung ngm` m`cm cm m`k m`kdkmi dkmim` m`tt ds d ty typm pm ha armm armmnh nhi, i, but but h` h`mm tj tjdt dt g` adct crmdtms gssums ha ldbhur chiihngfflcdtgh` d`n mxplhgtdtgh`, wjmrmby ad` prdctgcms prdctgc ms bmchim, g` pdrt, d ahri ha pdrtg pdrtgcgpdt cgpdthry hry dlgm`dtgh`. ^jm crmdtgh` ha ad` prhnucts gs surpl surplus us tmxtudl idtmrgdl tjdt cd` bm cgrculdtmn th g`crmd g`crmdsm sm tjm cdpgtdl jmln by tjm hw`mrs ha tjm shurcm idtmrgdl ds ad` prdctgcms bmchim g`chrphrdtmn g`th tjm chiimrcgdl strdtmkgms ha tjm culturm g`nustry. Ad` fflctgh` gs d` mxdiplm ha dungm`cm rmsgstd`cm d`n, rmkdrnlmss ha gts g`flum`cm h` tjm culturm g`nustry, gt prhvgnms dltmr`dtgvm sthrgms tjdt drm dvdgldblm ahr ch`suiptgh`. ^jmsm prdctgcms bmchim ihrm dppdrm`t g` d
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
ch`vmrkm`t imngd m`vgrh`im`t wjmrm tjm dctgvgtgms ha ad`s d`n pdrtgcgpd`ts drm mdsgly dccmssgblm d`n vgsgblm h`lg`m, hutsgnm tjm lgigtmn rmdlis ha ad`nhis d`n sidll chllmctgvms ha pmhplm dctg`k g` gshldtgh`. Ad` fflctgh` hpm`s hpm `s up ngs ngscus cussg sgh`s h`s ha dun dungm gm`cm `cm m`k m`kdk dkmim mim`t `t wg wgtj tj imn imngd gd tm tmxt xtss d` d`n n bmchims giphrtd`t wjm` ch`sgnmrg`k tjm rhlm tjm G`tmr`mt gs pldyg`k g` cjd`kg`k tjm imngd ld`nscdpm, nmih`strd tg`k. h`m tjrmdn g` tjm mvhlutg mvhlutgh` h` ha ngkgtdl ngkgtdl imngd prhnuctgh prhnuctgh` ` d`nnmih`strdtg`k ch`suiptgh` ch`suiptgh`. [gtjg` ngkgtdl imngd, tjmrm gs tjm phssgbglgty phssgbglgty ahr dkm`ts th ihvm bmyh`n tjm bhu`ndrgms ha ad`nhi d`n th ch`trgbutm th cultur culturdl dl prhnuctgh` tjrhukj tjmgr ngkgtd ngkgtdll imngd prdctgcms. Mimrkg`k ahris sucj ds [mb smrgms cd` mxgst h` tjm pmrgpjmrgms ha tjm culturm g`nustry d`n haamr `mw sgtms ha rmsgstd`cm th gts nhig`d`cm.
@H^MS 4. Nmffl`mn by Om`eg`s ds “d` u`dutjhrgzmn mxpd`sgh` ha tjmsm imngd ard`cjgsms g`th `mw ngrmctgh`s wjgcj rmflmct tjm rmdnmr‗s nmsgrm th ‚fflll g` tjm kdps‗ tjmy jdvm ngschvmrmn g` tjm chiimrcgdlly prhnucmn idtmrgdl ’ ( (266; 266;). ). 2. D smr smrgms gms ha smvm` smvm` bhhe bhhess d`n mgkjt mgkjt ihvgm ihvgms5 s5 tjm fflrst bhhe wds publgsjmn g` 477;.
R MAMRM@CMS MAMRM@CMS Dnhr`h, ^. [. (2646). ^jm culturm g`nustry? Smlmctmn mssdys h` idss culturm . O. I. Bmr`stmg`) (Mn.). Lh`nh`? Rhutlmnkm. Dnhr`h, ^. [., & Jhrejmgimr, I. (4773). ^jm culturm g`nustry? M`lgkjtm`im`t ds jttp?//www7.kmhrkmthw`.mnu/ rkmthw`.mnu/ idss nmcmptgh` . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 4, 2644 arhi arhi jttp?//www7.kmh adculty/grvg`mi/tjmhry/Dnhr`h adculty/grvg`mi/tj mhry/Dnhr`h-Jhrejmgimr-Cu -Jhrejmgimr-Culturm-G`nustry.p lturm-G`nustry.pna na . –
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whrlns s8thpgcGn9D34N^Q3QSRV:2 ADT s . Rmtrgmvmn Didzh`. (2643d). Eg`nlm Ouly 22, 2643 arhi jttps?// eg`nlmwhrlns.didzh`.chi/adq eg`nlmwhrlns.di dzh`.chi/adqs8thpgcGn9D34 N^Q3QSRV:2B B. arhi jttps?// Bdch`-Sigtj, C. (4772). M`tmrprgsg`k whim`? ^mlmvgsgh` ad`nhi d`n tjm crmdtgh` ha d phpuldr iytj . Vjgldnmlpjgd? ]`gvmrsgty ha Vm``sylvd`gd Vrmss. Bm`tly, L. (2646). G`trhnuctgh` th pdrt 4? ^jm jgsthry ha chpyrgkjt. G` L. Bm`tly, ]. Sutjmrsd`m`, & V. ^hrrmid`s (Mns.), Klhbdl chpyrgkjt? ^jrmm ju`nrmn ymdrs sg`cm tjm stdtutm ha D``m, arhi 4;67 th cybmrspdcm (pp. ;–43). Cjmltm`jdi? Mnwdrn Mlkdr Vublgsjg`k Lgigtmn. Cdimrh`, O. (Crmdthr). (2666). Ndre D`kml U^mlmvgsgh` U^mlmvgsgh` smrgmsY. ]SD? ^wm`tgmtj Cm`tury Ahx. Cjd`nlmr, N. (2661). Bdsm d`n supmrstructurm . Rmtrgmvmn Dukust 43, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.dbmr.dc jttp?//www.dbmr.dc.ue/imngd/Nhc .ue/imngd/Nhcuim`ts/idrxgsi/i uim`ts/idrxgsi/idrxgsi62.jtil drxgsi62.jtil..
> AD@S? D LH LH@K @K JGS^HR JGS^HRW W HA VDR^ VDR^GCGVD GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@
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Chppd, A. (2661). D brgma jgsthry ha imngd ad`nhi. G` E. Jmllmesh` & E. Bussm (Mns.), @mw mssdys? Ad` ffl ctgh` ctgh` d`n ad` chiiu`gtgms g` tjm dkm ha tjm G`tmr`mt (pp. >4–16). Omaamrsh`? IcAdrld`n d`n Chipd`y. Chr` Ch r`gs gsj, j, [. (264 (2646) 6).. ^j ^jmm stdt stdtum um ha D``m D``m 4; 4;67 67–4? Gts Gts jgst jgsthr hrgc gcdl dl sm smtt ttg` g`k. k. G` L. Bm`tly, ]. Sutjmrsd`m`, & V. ^hrrmid`s (Mns.), Klhbdl chpyrgkjt? ^jrmm ju`nrmn ymdrs sg`cm tjm stdtutm ha D``m, arhi 4;67 th cybmrspdcm (pp. (pp. 4>–2=). Cjmltm`jdi? Mnwdrn Mlkdr Vublgsjg`k Lgigtmn. Cuibmrld`n, S. (`.n). Vrgvdtm usms ha cybmrspdcm? [him`, nmsgrm, d`n ad` culturm. Rmtrgmvmn Dukust 2=, 2644, arhi arhi jttp?//wmb.igt.mnu jttp?//wmb.igt.mnu/chii-ahrui /chii-ahrui/pdpmrs/ /pdpmrs/ cuibmrld`n.jtil.. cuibmrld`n.jtil Nmdzlmy, R. (2646). [jdt‗s `mw dbhut tjm stdtum ha D``m8 Hr sgx hbsmrvdtgh`s g` smdrcj ha d` dct. G` L. Bm`tly, ]. Sutjmrsd`m`, & V. ^hrrmid`s (Mns.), Klhbdl chpyrgkjt? ^jrmm ju`nrmn ymdrs sg`cm tjm stdtutm ha D``m, arhi 4;67 th cybmrspdcm (pp. 21–=3). Cjmltm`jdi? Mnwdrn Mlkdr Vublgsjg`k Lgigtmn. Nmrmcj Nmr mcjh, h, D. (2661) (2661).. Drcjh` Drcjh`tgc tgc lgt lgtmrd mrdtur turm? m? D nmffl`gt `gtgh` gh`,, d jgs jgsthr thry, y, d`n smv smvmrd mrdll tjmhrgms ha ad` fflctgh`. G` E. Jmllmesh` & E. Bussm (Mns.), @mw mssdys? Ad` ffl cctgh` tgh` d`n ad` chiiu`gtgms g` tjm dkm ha tjm G`tmr`mt (pp. (pp. 14–;:). Omaamrsh`? IcAdrld`n d`n Chipd`y. Amlth`, @. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmr). (471>). ^jm id` arhi ]
[email protected]. Utmlmvgsgh` smrgmsY . ]SD? Drm`d Vrhnuctgh`s. Agsem, O. (47:;). ^mlmvgsgh` culturm . Lh`nh`? Imtjum` & Ch. Ltn. Argmn Arg mnid` id`,, O. (Mx (Mxmcu mcutgv tgvmm Vr Vrhnu hnucmr cmr). ). (26 (266: 6:). ). ^mrig ^mrig`dt `dthr? hr? ^jm Sdrdj Sdrdj Ch``hr Ch``hr Cjrh`gclms Utmlmvgsgh` smrgmsY . ]SD? [dr`mr Brhs. Jglls, I. (2662). Ad` culturms . @mw Whre? Rhutlmnkm. Ghrnd`hvd, N. (2642). Ngkgtdl ngsruptgh`? ^mcj`hlhkgcdl g``hvdtgh` d`n klhbdl fflli cgrculd cgrculdtgh tgh`. `. G` N. Ghrnd` Ghrnd`hvd hvd & S. Cu` Cu``g` `g`kjd kjdi i (Mn (Mns.) s.),, Ngkgtdl ngsruptgh`? ngsrup tgh`? Cg`mid ihvms h`-lg`m (pp. (pp. 4–32). St D`nrmws? St D`nrmw ‗s Agli Stungms. Om`eg`s, J. (4772). ^mxtudl phdcjmrs? ^mlmvgsgh` ad`s d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm . @mw Whre? Rhutlmnkm. Om`eg`s, J. (2663). Tum`tg` ^drd`tg`h‗s Stdr [drs8? Ngkgtdl cg`mid, imngd ch` vmrkm`cm d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm. G` N. ^jhrbur` & J. Om`eg`s (Mns.), Rmtjg`eg`k imngd cjd`km (pp. (pp. 2:4–34>). Cdibrgnkm? IG^ Vrmss. Om`eg`s, J. (2661d). Ch`vmrkm`cm culturm? [jmrm hln d`n `mw imngd chllgnm . @mw Whre? @mw Whre ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Om`eg`s, J. (2661c). Ad`s, blhkkmrs, d`n kdimrs? Mxplhrg`k pdrtgcgpdthry culturm . @mw Whre? @mw Whre ]`gvmrsgty. Om`eg`s, J. (266;, Idrcj 2;). ^rd`simngd sthrytmllg`k 464. Rmtrgmvmn Dukust 23, 2643 arhi jttp?//jm`ryom`eg` jttp?//jm`ryom`eg`s.hrk/266;/63 s.hrk/266;/63/trd`simngdXsthrytmllg`k /trd`simngdXsthrytmllg`kX464. X464. jtil.. jtil ffl ctgh` Lh, I. (2661, Od`udry >). Ad` ffl ctgh` chims hut ha tjm clhsmt . Rmtrgmvmn @hvmibmr jttp?//www.datmrmllm`.chi/Vrg`t/266 .chi/Vrg`t/2661/4/ad` 1/4/ad`fflctgh`.jtil ctgh`.jtil.. 47, 266: arhi arhi jttp?//www.datmrmllm`
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Imld`sh`, N. (2643, Idy 22). Didzh` ldu`cjms Eg`nlm whrlns publgsjg`k pldt- ffl cctgh`, ahri ahr ad` ffl tgh`, wgll pdy rhydltgms th wrgtmrs d`n rgkjts jhlnmrs . Rmtrgmvmn Ouly 22, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.m`kdnkmt.chi/26 jttp?//www.m`kdnkmt.chi/2643/6=/22/didzh`-eg` 43/6=/22/didzh`-eg`nlmnlm whrlns-ad`-fflctgh` ctgh`.. Ihsehwgtz, S. (477>). ^jm hrgkg`s ha scgm`cm ffl ctgh` ad`nhi? D rmch`structgh`. G` O. Sd`nmrs (Mn.), Scgm`cm ffl ctgh` ctgh` ad`nhi . [mstphrt? Krmm`whhn Vrmss. Adrscdpm Utmlmvgsgh` Utmlmvgsgh` prhkrdiY prhkrdiY . ]SD? Ogi H‗Bd` Bd``h` `h`,, S. R. (Crmdt (Crmdthr) hr).. (4777) (4777).. Adrscdpm Jm`sh` Stunghs. Vm`lmy, Vm`l my, C. (477;). (477;). @DSD/^rme? Vhpuldr scgm`cm d`n smx g` Dimrgcd . Lh` Lh`nh` nh`?? @mw Lmat Bhhes. Vhttmrihrm G`sgnmr. (2644, Ouly 47). Whu dse? [m d`swmr. Vhttmrihrm G`sgnmr . Rmtrgmvmn Ouly 27, 2643 arhi jttp?//g`sgnmr.phttmrihrm.chi/2644/6;/ yhu-dse-wm-d`swmr.jtil yhu-dse-wm-d` swmr.jtil.. Vukj, S. (266=). ^jm nmihcrdtgc km`rm . Brgnkm`n? Smrm`. Rhnm`bmrry, K. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmr). (4711). Stdr trme Utmlmvgsgh` smrgmsY. ]SD? Nmsglu Vrhnuctgh`s. Rhwlg`k, O. E. (2642). O.E. Rhwlg`k . Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 27, 2643 arhi jttp?// arhi jttp?// www.oerhwlg`k.chi/m`XKB/ www.oerhwlg`k.chi /m`XKB/.. ctgh` stdtgstgcs – AA@ rmsmdrcj . Rmtrgmvmn Ouly 27, 2643 Sm`nlhr, C. (2644). Ad` ffl ctgh` arhi jttp?//aa`rmsmdrcj.blhkspht.chi.du/2644/63/ad`-ffl ctgh`-nmih krdpjgcs-g`-2646-dkm.jtil.. krdpjgcs-g`-2646-dkm.jtil Sg`kmr, R. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmr). (4773). Lhgs d`n Cldre? ^jm `mw dnvm`turms ha supmrid` Utmlmvgsgh` smrgmsY . ]SD? [B Jhim M`tmrtdg`im`t. Stds Stdsg, g, I. (2 (266 661) 1).. ^jm ^jm th thyy sh shln lngm gmrs rs arhi arhi Lm Lmmn mns? s? ^j ^jmm sl slds dsj j pd pdlg lgip ipsm smst st.. G` E. Jmllmesh` & E. Bussm (Mns.), @mw mssdys? Ad` ffl ctgh` ctgh` d`n ad` chiiu`gtgms g` tjm dkm ha tjm G`tmr`mt (pp. (pp. 44=–433). Omaamrsh`? IcAdrld`n d`n Chipd`y. ^dpmrt ^dp mrt,, R. (Mx (Mxmcu mcutgv tgvmm Vr Vrhnu hnucmr cmr). ). (47 (477= 7=). ). Zm`d? Zm`d? [drrg [drrghr hr prg`cm prg`cmss ss Utmlmv Utmlmvgsg gsgh` h` prhkrdiY. ]SD? Rm`dgssd`cm Vgcturms. ^hsm`burkmr, C. (266;). Km`nmr d`n ad` stungms (rhu`n ffl vm, pdrt h`m)5 Kmhaarmy Lh`k d`n Cdtjmrg`m ^hsm`burkmr. Rmtrgmvmn Ouly 27, 2643 arhi jttp?//jm`ry arhi jttp?//jm`ry
om`eg`s.hrk/266;/61/km`nmrXd`nXad` om`eg`s.hrk/266;/61/km` nmrXd`nXad`XstungmsXrhu` XstungmsXrhu`nXaX4.jtil nXaX4.jtil.. [jmnh`, O. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmr). (477;). Buaay? ^jm vdipgrm sldymr Utmlmvgsgh` prhkrdiY . ]SD? ^wm`tgmtj Cm`tury Ahx. [jmnh`, O. (2661). Jh`mstly, wjdt ‗ ‗ s ihst adscg`dtg`k gs tjdt mvmry phst jmrm tmlls im ihrm dbhut tjm phstmr tjd` dbhut tjm subomct idttmr. ^jdt ‗‗ s wjdt idems ffl ctgh` ctgh` krd`n. G wgll sdy d amw tjg`ks . Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr ;, 2642 arhi arhi jttp?//wjmnh jttp?//wjmnh` ` msqum.chi/chiim`ts/7323#461>16.. msqum.chi/chiim`ts/7323#461>16 [rgkjt, B. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmr). (477;). Stdrkdtm Stdrkdtm SK-4 Utmlmvgsgh` Utmlmvgsgh` prhkrdiY prhkrdiY . ]SD? Sh`y Vgcturms ^mlmvgsgh`.
CJDV^MR =
Vrhnucg`k Culturm? Dustrdlgd` Imngd d`n Crmdtgvm Vhlgcy
G` cd`vdssg`k mxdiplms ha dungm`cm dkm`cy, gt bmchims clmdr tjdt tjmrm gs d lh`k jgst jgsthry hry ha dung dungm`c m`cms ms dppr dpprhprg hprgdtg dtg`k `k chiiu`g chiiu`gcdt cdtgh` gh` tmcj tmcj`hlh `hlhkgm kgmss th g`smrt ch`tm`t, rmprmsm`tdtgh`s gnmhlhkgms g`th tjm spdc idg`strmdi str mdi.dltmr`dtgvm . G` rmsp rmsph`s h`sm, m, tjm cult culturm urm g`nu g`nustr stryy d`n typ typgcdl gcdlly ly chlh chlh`gs `gsms ms `mw spdcms ms cdrvmn hut by dkm`tgc dungm`cms. ^h wjdt mxtm`t, tjm`, drm khvmr`im`ts m`db m` dblg lg`k `k,, hr dt lmds lmdstt ch chip iplg lgcg cgtt g`, g`, tj tjmm id`h id`hmu muvr vrms ms tj tjdt dt dllh dllhw w tj tjgs gs ch chlh lh`g `gsd sdtg tgh` h` by tjm culturm g`nustry8 G` Dustrdlgd, ds mlsmwjmrm, tjm imngd systmi gs mvhlvg`k d`n rmsph`ng`k th tmcj`hlhkgcdl d`n culturdl nmvmlhpim`ts, lmdng`k th structurdl cjd`kms wgtjg` tjm fflmln. ^jm G`tmr`mt d`n ch`vmrkm`t imngd tmcj`hlhky sgt dt tjgs `mxus ha imngd ch`trhl, hw`mrsjgp d`n usm. ^jm mdrly G`tmr`mt wds d spdcm armm ha rmkuldtgh` qugcely tdem` th by mdrly ), but wjglst tjm G`tmr`mt idy jdvm h`cm dnhptmrs (Imgelm d`n Whu`k 2642 Whu`k 2642), bmm` ch`sgnmrmn d spdcm wgtjhut rmkuldtgh`, gt gs `hw d spdcm ha g`crmdsg`k ch`tmst ahr ch`trhl khvmr`im`t, culturm g`nustrytmlmvgsgh` d`n usmrs. By prhvgng`k d` by hvmrvgmw ha tjm tjm currm`t Dustrdlgd` mchsystmi d`n mlucgndtg`k tjm currm`t phsgtgh`s ha tjm nhig`d`t pldymrs wgtjg` gt, gt gs phss ph ssgb gblm lm th nmih nmih`s `str trdt dtm, m, g` d spmc spmcggfflc ch ch`t `tmxt mxt,, tj tjmm hv hvmrd mrdrc rcjg jg`k `k stru struct ctur urms ms tj tjdt dt jdvm gipdctm gipdctmn n h` tjm nmvml nmvmlhpim hpim`t `t ha pdrtgcg pdrtgcgpdthr pdthryy prhnuctgh` prdctg prdctgcms. cms. G` 4 mxplhrg`k tmlmvgsgh` d`n tmlmvgsgh`-lgem ch`tm`t d`n phlgcy, gt mimrkms tjdt wjglstt `mw tmcj`hl wjgls tmcj`hlhkgms hkgms idy g`gtgd g`gtgdlly lly prhvgn prhvgnmm tjm hpphrtu`gty ahr ihim`ts ha rm rmsg sgst std` d`cm cm th tj tjmm nhig nhig`d `d`c `cmm ha tj tjmm cult cultur urmm g`nu g`nusstr tryy d` d`n n prh rhvg vgnm nm d sp spdc dcmm ahr ahr pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha ch`tm`t, tjmsm tmcj`hlhkgms d`n tjm tdctgcs miplhymn by dungm`cms th utglgsm tjmi drm mvm`tudlly ahlnmn g`th
© ^jm Dutjhr(s) 264; M. Emltgm, ^jm Culturm G`nustry d`n Vdrtgcgpdthry Dungm`cms , NHG 46.466;/7;:-3-347-> 46.466;/7;:-3-347->762:-4X= 762:-4X=
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
mxgstg`k imngd structurms. ^jm tmlmvgsgh` g`nustry g` Dustrdlgd gs d wmllmstdblgsjmn structurm wgtj rulms tjdt khvmr` dccmss th pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturdl prhnucts. @mwly nmvmlhpmn imngd phlgcy gs dttmiptg`k th g`tmrvm`m d`n hpm` d spdcm ahr pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` crmdtg`k culturdl prhnuctss tjrhuk prhnuct tjrhukj j nmvmlhpi nmvmlhpim`t m`t ha tjm ngkgtdl g`nust g`nustry ry smcthr. d`n subscrgptgh` tmlmvgsgh` Dustrdlgd drm ^jgs pdrt ha dArmm-th-dgr jgkjly ch`cm`trdtmn g`nustry idremt brhdncdstmrs wgtj amw sgk`gg`fflcd`t pldymrs. idremt prmsm`ts pdrtgculdr gssums ahr tjhsm m`kdkg`k g` pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms tjdt idy phtm`tgdlly cjdllm`km tjm culturm g`nustry. ^jm rmsph`sms ha tjm Dustrdlgd` g`nustry dgimn dt rmkuldtg`k tjmsm prhsuimr bmjdvghurs sjmn lgkjt h` tjm gssum ha imngd g`nustry vmrsus dungm`cm dkm`cy klhbdlly, nmih`strdtg`k tjdt d imngd spdcm ahr tjm chiih`s gs stgll d lh`k wdy haa. Mxgs Mx gstg tg`k `k br brhd hdnc ncds dstm tmrs rs jhln jhln d ph phsg sgtg tgh` h` ha nh nhig ig`d `d`c `cmm wg wgtj tjg` g` tj tjmm cu curr rrm` m`tt fflmln ha Du Dust strd rdlg lgd` d` im imng ngd. d. ^j ^jgs gs ch ch`t `tmx mxtt gs pd pdrt rtgc gcul uldr drly ly gllu glluig ig`d `dtg tg`k `k ahr ahr d ngs ngscu cuss ssgh gh` ` ha tjm ngsruptgh` th tjgs fflmln cdusmn by mimrkg`k ihnmls ha ch`tm`t dccmss, ngstrgbutgh` d`n pdrtgcgpdtgh` daahrnmn by tjm G`tmr`mt. [jglm pdrts ha tjm g` g`nu nust stry ryd`n dn dnou oust stg` g`k k thha`m `mw w im imng ngdd pr prdc dctg tgcm cmss su sucj cjtjm ds tj tjm m ngss ngssmi mig` g`dt dtgh gh` ` ha ch ch`t `tm` m`tt h`lg`m tjm rgsm pdrtgcgpdthry culturm, rmkuldthry rmsph`sms ha tjm Dustrd Dus trdlgd lgd` ` khv khvmr` mr`im` im`tt d`n imn imngd gd g`n g`nust ustry ry jdvm jdvm jml jmlpmn pmn idg idg`td `tdg` g` tjm nhi nhi-g` g`d` d`cm cm ha trdn trdngt gtgh gh`d `dll im imng ngdd hw hw`m `mrs rsjg jgp p d` d`n n ngst ngstrg rgbu butg tgh` h` ih ihnm nmls ls.. ^j ^jgs gs ph phg` g`ts ts th d phtm phtm`t `tgd gdll au autu turm rm wj wjmr mrmg mg` ` pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dthr hryy cult cultur urmm ds d ahri ahri ha cu cult ltur urdl dl pr prdc dctg tgcm cm gs rmku rmkuld ldtm tmn n by mx mxgs gstg tg`k `k cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry st stru ruct ctur urms ms,, lhc lhceg eg`k `k nhw nhw` ` tj tjmm ph phtm tm`t `tgd gdll ha tjm [mb ds d spdcm armm ha rmkuldtgh` d`n ch`trhl, d`n supphrtg`k aurtjmr chlh`gsdtgh` by tjm cdpgtdlgst prdctgcms ha tjm culturm g`nustry. G` hrnmr th mxpd`n tjmsm gnmds, tjm currm`t fflmln ha tmlmvgsgh` prhnuctgh` g` Dustrdlgd d`n nmvmlhpim`ts g` G`tmr`mt Vrhthchl ^mlmvgsgh` (GV^Q) ds d ngsruptgh` th tjgs fflmln drm mxplhrmn. ^jm currm`t stdtm ha phlgcy d`n mimrkg`k phlgtgcdl2 ngschursms tmlmvgsgh` imngd ch`vmrkm`cm g` Dustrdlgd g`ahri d`nsurrhu`ng`k rmprhnucm tjm currm`td`n ha tmlmvgsgh` fflmln prhnuctgh` d`n rmkuldtgh` g` Dustrdlgd. G` tjm ahllhwg`k smctgh`, Vgmrrm Bhurngmu‗s mxdig`dtgh` ha culturdl prhnuctgh` gs miplhymn th haamr d crgtgqum ha tjm Dustrdlgd` culturm g`nustry ‗s rmsph`sms th tjm mimrkm`cm ha ch`vmrkm`t tmcj`hlhky d`n dungm`cm pdrtgcgpdtgh`.
S^R]C^]RM HA C]L^]RDL AGMLNS ^jm fflmln ha idss imngd culturdl prhnuct prhnuctgh` gh` g` Dustrd Dustrdlgd lgd d`n, g` pdrtgc pdrtgculdr, uldr, tjdt ha armm-th-dgr tmlmvgsgh`, gs sidll chipdrmn th htjmr `dtgh`dl idremts d`n gs nhig`dtmn by d sidll krhup ha chipmtgthrs. Vdrtgcgpdtgh` g` imngd
= VRHN]CG@K VRHN]CG@K C]L C]L^]RM ^]RM?? D]S^R D]S^RDLGD@ DLGD@ IM IMNGD NGD D@N CRMD^G CRMD^GQM QM VHLGCW
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prhnuctgh` d`n brhdncdst gs rmkuldtmn by khvmr`im`t phlgcy d`n g`nustry kdtmemmpg`k5 kdtmemm pg`k5 `mvmrtjmlm `mvmrtjmlmss, ss, tjm auturm ha imngd prdctg prdctgcm cm gs adcg`k d substd substd``tgdl ngsruptgh` g` tjm ahri ha imngd ch`vmrkm`t tmcj`hlhkgms tjdt jdvm m`dblmn `mw ahris ha chipmtg chipmtgtgh`. tgh`. ^jmsm tmcj`hlhkgms tmcj`hlhkgms prhvgnm d spdcm ahr dungm`cms th bm ihrm dkm`tgc g` tjmgr smlmctgh` ha ch`tm`t d`n dlsh th ffl
pdrtgcgpdtm g` `ht tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturm prhnucts g` wdys tjm mln ha tmlmvgsgh` jds prmvghusly `mmnmn th dnnrmss. Sucj ngsruptgh`s jdvm bmm` mxplhrmn g` `mw lmkgsldtgh` d`n nhcuim`tdtgh` by tjm Dustrdlgd` khvmr`im`t, rmsultg`k g` ig`gidl lmkgsldtgvm cjd`km d`n lgttlm `mw crmdtgvm phlgcy? tjm fflmln ha imngd prhnuctgh`, mspmcgdlly tmlmvgsgh`, jds bmm` idg`tdg`mn nmspgtm tjmsm g`tmrvm`tgh`s d`n ngsruptgh`s. Bhurngmu‗s d`dlysgs ha culturdl prhnuctgh` prhvgnms d thhl th mxplhrm d`n crgtgqum jhw tjgs cd` hccur. Bhurng Bhu rngmu mu nms nmscrg crgbms bms tml tmlmvg mvgsgh sgh` ` ds d fflmln ha cu cult ltur urdl dl pr prhnu hnuct ctgh gh` ` tj tjdt dt crmdtms d` gllusgh` ha armmnhi ahr tjm dkm`ts wgtjg` tjm fflmln ds tjm dkm`ts wgtjg` fflmlns drm m`imsjmn g` structurdl lgigtdtgh`s giphsmn by tjm fflmln gtsmla. sukkmsts tjdt, wjglst igkjt bm rmsgstd`cm hccdsgh`dl (Bhurngmu ngssm`t wgtjg` tjm, tjmrm gs ymt lgttlm rhhi tjmrm ahr chllmctgvm 4773 4773, fflmln, Jm p. 3:)5 ds duth`hiy wgtjg` d fflmln gs nmpm`nm`t h` tjm rulms d`n structurm tjdt khvmr` gt (Bhurngmu 2644 (Bhurngmu 2644,, p. ;1). D fflmln cd` bm nmffl`mn ds d structurmn spdcm ch`tdg`g`k pmhplm g` nhig`d`t phsgtgh`s wjh drm dblm th nhig`dtm htjmrs num th tjm g`mqudlgtgms g` hpmrdtgh` (Bhurngmu 4773 4773,, p. 3:). Agmlns drm dlsh spdcms wjmrm dkm`ts strukklm th trd`sahri tjm stdtus 4773,, p. 4>6). ^jgs strukklm ahr nhig`d`cm gs currm`tly quh (Bhurngmu (Bhurngmu 4773 hccurrg`k g` tjm culturm g`nustry ds `mw ahris ha prhnuctgh` mimrkm. @mw phlgcy, rmkuldtgh` d`n tmcj`hlhkgms drm g`tmrvm`g`k th rmkuldtm tjm prm vghusly mstdblgsjmn fflmln ha tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstg`k ds tjm fflmln rmsph`ns th pdrtg pdrtgcgpdth ry cultur culturm m d`n h`lg`m G`cgpdthry ngscussg`k lgtmrdturm ds d`ch`tm`t. mxmipldry fflmln ha culturdl prhnuctgh`, Bhurngmu rmamrs th tjm prg`cgplm ha jgmrdrcjy th mxpldg` jhw tjm fflmln duth du th`h `hihu ihusl slyy rm rmch chk`g k`gsm smss cm cmrt rtdg dg` ` wh whre ress g` hr hrnm nmrr th rmpr rmprhnu hnucm cm gtsm gtsmla la.. ^jus tjm fflmln crmdtms d fflmln ha “rmstrgctmn prhnuctgh`’ wjmrm “prhnucmrs prhnucm ahr htjmr prhnucmrs’ d`n tjhsm hutsgnm tjm ffl mln drm “syibhlgcdlly 4773,, p. 37). Vrhph`m`ts ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm dnvhcdtm mxclunmn’ (4773 tjdt pdrtgcgpdthry culturm m`dblms dungm`cms th bmchim prhnucmrs ha culturdl tmxts d`n hpmrdtm wgtjg` d ffl mln th cjdllm`km tjgs mxclusgh`. Jhwmvmr, tjm lmkgtgidcy ha pdrtgcgpdthry tmxts jds `ht bmm` aully rmchk`gsmn wgtjg` tjm fflmln. Bhurngmu ngscussms tjm lmkgtgidcy ha drts bmg`k rmg`ahrcmn by “
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ffl
tjrmm chipmtg chipmtg`k `k prg`cg prg`cgplms plms ? tjm rst gs rmchk`gtgh` arhi htjmrs wgtjg`
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
tjm fflmln mln (t (tjm jm “pr prhn hnucm ucmrs rs wjh wjh pr prhn hnucm ucm ahr ahr ht htjmr jmr pr prhnu hnucmr cmrss’)5 tjm tjm smch smch`n `n gs tdstm d`n . . . tj tjmm ch ch`s `smcr mcrdt dtgh gh` ` bm bmst sthw hwmn mn by tj tjmm nhi nhig` g`d`t d`t “‚bhurkmhgs‗ tdstm ardctgh`s ha tjm nhig`d`t cldss’5 d`n tjm tjgrn gs tjm phpuldrgty ha tjm drt “bmsthwmn by tjm cjhgcm ha hrng`dry ch`suimrs, tjm ‚idss dungm`cm‗’ (4773, 4773, pp. =6–=4). ffl
G` tjm tjdt mlnnmcgnms ha Dustrdlgd` gt dungm`cms gs tjm g`nustry, `ht tjm dungm`cm wjdt gs tmlmvgsgh`, prhnucmn ds nh `htd`n ch`trhl tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh`5 g` tjm cdsm ha tmlmvgsgh`, dungm`cms nh `ht phssmss tjm tmcj`hlhky th crmdtm d`n ngstrgbutm ch`tm`t, hr tjm culturdl cdpgtdl rmqugrmn. Ch`trhl hvmr tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh` gs rdrm ahr tjhsm hutsgnm tjm fflmln, d`n mvm` ahr tjhsm wgtjg` gt, hwg`k th g`tmr`dl d`n mxtmr`dl g`flum`cms? g` tjm fflmln ha tmlmvgsgh`, tjgs cd` g`clunm prmssurms sucj ds tjm `mmn ahr rdtg` rdtg`ks, ks, tjm mch`higc chst ha prhnuct prhnuctgh`, gh`, khvmr`im`t phlgcy d`n rmkul rmk uldt dtgh gh`, `, d`n sh h` h`.. (B (Bhu hurn rngmu gmu 4777 4777,, p. ;>). ;>). G` tj tjgs gs ch ch`t `tmx mxtt, tj tjmm G`tmr`mt bmchims d spdcm wjmrm didtmurs wjh jdvm lgttlm hr `h shcgdl, culturdl hr mch`higc cdpgtdl (g` tjgs fflmln) cd` ngstrgbutm tmlmvgsgh`-lgem ffl
ch`tm`t imngd. d`n hpmrdtm hutsgnm ha tjm bhu`ndry ha tjm mln ha chiimrcgdl ^jm imd`s ha h`lg`m ngstrgbutgh` drm `ht subomct th tjm sdim rmstrgctgh`s d`n kdtmem kdtmemmpg`k mpg`k imcjd`gsis ds prmvghu prmvghusly sly mstdblgsjmn imngd sucj ds tmlm tmlmvg vgsg sgh` h` bmcd bmcdus usm, m, by tj tjmg mgrr vmr vmryy `d `dtu turm rm,, tj tjmy my drm drm `h `htt tm tmlm lmvg vgsg sgh` h`.. Ds jds jds bm bmm` m` mstdblgsjmn g` prmvghus cjdptmrs, tjm G`tmr`mt gs d spdcm tjdt jds `ht ymt bmm` rmkuldtmn hr ch`trhllmn by h`m nhig`d`t cldss ha culturdl prhnucmrs. Gt nhms `ht jdvm spmcgfflc phg`ts ha ch`trhllmn dccmss g` tjm sdim wdy tjdt tmlmvgsgh` nhms. Ch`tm`t brhdncdst h` tmlmvgsgh` `mmns th bm dpprhvmn – wjmrmds, ahr tjm ihst pdrt, uplhdnmn h`lg`m ch`tm`t nhms `ht. [gtjg` tjm rmdli ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm d`n h`lg`m ngstrgbutgh` ha ch`tm`t, spdcm bmtwmm` d`nJhwmvmr, ch`suimrsprhnucmrs jds tjm phtm`tgdl th `drrhwtjm g`th d sjdrmn zh`mprhamssgh`dls ha prhnuctgh`. ha tmxts sucj ds [mb smrgms nh adcm cjdllm`kms, cjdllm`kms, sucj ds ldce ha dccmss th tjm culturdl culturdl,, shcgdl d`n mch`higc cdpgtdl ha tjm culturm g`nustry g` hrnmr th crmdtm tjmsm tmxts g` tjm fflrst g`std`cm. H`m wdy g` wjgcj tjm structurms g` pldcm – sucj ds imngd au`ng`k bhngms d`n chiimrcgdl `mtwhres – idg`tdg` ch`trhl hvmr tjm typms ha ch`tm`t prhnucmn, d`n wjh prhnucms tjmi, gs tjrhukj tjm lgigtdtgh` ha dvdgldblm au`ng`k hpphrtu`gtgms. ^jmsm imcjd`gsis dct ds mch`higc kdtmemmpmrs ch`trhllg`k imngd prhnuctgh`, d`n tjmrmahrm au`ctgh` th supphrt tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha tjm `hris tjdt jdvm bmm` mstdblgsjmn g` tjm fflmln. ^jgs hccurs bhtj tjrhukj rmchk`gtgh` ha tjm mch`higc d`n culturdl cdpgtdl ha cmrtdg` g`ngvgnudls hvmr tjdt ha htjmrs, d`n tjm lgigtmn
= VRHN]CG@K VRHN]CG@K C]L C]L^]RM ^]RM?? D]S^R D]S^RDLGD@ DLGD@ IM IMNGD NGD D@N CRMD^G CRMD^GQM QM VHLGCW
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dkm`cy ha tjhsm wgtjg` tjm ffl mln th rmwrgtm tjm rulms hr prhnucm ‚lmkgtgidtm‗ ahris ha cultur culturdl dl prhnuctgh`, rmsultg rmsultg`k `k g` tjm rmprhnuctg rmprhnuctgh` h` ha tjm phsgtgh` ha nhig`d`cm jmln by tjm culturm g`nustry. [mb smrgms prhvgnm d spdcm ha rmsgstd`cm th mxgstg`k structurms by m`dblg`k dungm`cms th pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturdl prhnuctgh`. Jhwmvmr, tjm mxgstg`k structurms,nmvmlhpim`ts sucj ds tmlmvgsgh` `mtwhres, utglgsm sdimahr culturdl d`n tmcj`hlhkgcdl th ngstrgbutm tjmgr hw` tjm ch`tm`t dungm`cms th ch`suim. ^jmrm gs d tm`sgh` g` tjgs fflmln, pldymn hut bmtwmm` dungm`cms d`n prhnucmrs, prhnucmrs, wjgcj jds `ht bmm` rmshlvmn. [jglst `ht g`tm`ng`k th cd cdst st d cd cdus usmm-d`n d`n-m -maam aamct ct rm rmldt ldtgh gh`s `sjg jgp p hvm hvmrr tj tjmsm msm sj sjga gats ts,, d`n dls dlsh h dce`hwlmnkg`k tjdt tmcj`hlhkgcdl d`n culturdl sjgats g` tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha imngd jdvm lmn lmn th cjd`kms g` tjm fflmln – arhi tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha tjm prg`tg`k prmss tjrhukj th rdngh, fflli d`n tmlmvgsgh` – tjmrm gs `htjg`k `mw dbhut tjm currm`t nmvmlhpim`ts g` imngd, ymt dt tjm sdim tgim, tjmrm jds bmm` `htjg`k lgem tjmsm nmvmlhpim`ts bmahrm.
^JM AGMLN HA D ]S^RDLGD@ ^MLMQGSGH@ Cjd`kms g` tjm fflmln ha tmlmvgsgh` prhnuctgh` g` Dustrdlgd drm subomct `ht h`ly th tjm dkm`ts chipmtg`k wgtjg` tjm fflmln, but dlsh tjm ch`ngtgh`s ha culturdl cult urdl prh prhnuc nuctgh tgh` ` g` Dustrd Dustrdlgd lgd.. ^jg ^jgss fflmln mln gs bm bmg` g`k k ngsr ngsrup uptm tmn n by tj tjmm g`trhnuctgh` ha `mw dkm`ts d`n prhnuctgh` ahris, tjm ldttmr g`trhnucg`k prhbl pr hblmi miss ah ahrr tj tjmm jgmr jgmrdr drcjy cjy ha tj tjmm mst mstdbl dblgs gsjmn jmn imn imngd gd g`nu g`nust stry ry.. [jm [jmrm rm tmlmvgsgh` h`cm crmdtmn prhblmis ahr tjm prg`t imngd, sh `hw nh tjm mimrkm`cm ha imngd ch`vmrkm`cm d`n G`tmr`mt tmlmvgsgh` tjrmdtm` tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstg`k d`n tjm prg`t imngd. Bhurngmu, ngscussg`k tmlmvgsgh` d`n `mws imngd, drkums tjdt crgtgqug`k tjm culturm g`nustry by sgiply mxplhrg`k wjh ngaamrm`t `mtwhres d`n tjm rmldtgh`sjgps tjmsm ha chipd`gms jdvm wgtjhw`s htjmr chipd`gms hr khvmr`im`ts gs d crunm ahri d`dlysgs, wjgcj jgnms tjm g`vgsgblm dctgh`s wgtjg` d fflmln. Ahr Bhurngmu, tjm chiplmxgtgms ha culturdl prhnuctgh` drm bhu`n by bhtj vgsgblm d`n g`vgsgblm dctgh`s ha tjm fflmln (4773 (4773). ). @mvmrtjmlmss, ahr tjgs rmsmdrcj gt gs jmlpaul th u`nmrstd`n tjm ch`cm`trdtgh` ha hw`mrsjgp ha tjm tmlmvgsgh` g`nustry g` Dustrdlgd d`n tjm mimrkg`k chipmtgtgh` g` tjm adcm ha sucj nhig`d`cm5 th mxdig`m jhw tjmsm cjdllm`kms drm bmg`k dnnrmssmn5 d`n th mxplhrm tjm structurdl lgigtdtgh`s giphsmn h` rmsgstgvm dctgh`s tjdt cjdllm`km tjm nhig`d`cm ha tmlmvgsgh` ds d imngui g` Dustrdlgd. Dustrdlgd jds h`m ha tjm ihst ch`c ch`cmm`trdtmn imngd g`nustrgms g` tjm –
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2646,, pp. >4 =2). Studrt Cu``g`kjdi `htms tjdt whrln (Cu``g`kjdi (Cu``g`kjdi 2646
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
ngvmrsg ngvmr sgty ty ha ch ch`t `tm`t m`t st stmi miss ar arhi hi ngvmr ngvmrsm sm hw`mr hw`mrsj sjgp gp55 tj tjmr mrmm gs vmr vmryy lgtt lgttlm lm ngvmrsgty ha hw`mrsjgp g` tjm Dustrdlgd` imngd, wjgcj gipmnms tjm rd`km ha ch`t ch`tm`t m`t dvd dvdgl gldbl dblmm g` tr trdn dngt gtgh gh`dl `dl br brhd hdncd ncdst stg` g`k k (2646, 2646, pp. >4–=2). Jhwmvmr,, tjm g`crmds Jhwmvmr g`crmdsg`k g`k dvdgldbglg dvdgldbglgty ty ha ch`tm`t h`lg` h`lg`mm gs ideg`k dltmr`d dltmr`dtgvm tgvm ch`tm`t dccmssgblm by dungm`cms wjh drm `h lh`kmr ch`strdg`mn th vgmw wjdt gs brhdncdst. dbu`nd`cm ha ch`tm`t gs th d cjdllm`km Dustrdlgd` tmlmvgsgh`^jgs g`nustry ds dungm`cms igkrdtm dltmr`dtgvmadcg`k phg`tstjm ha dccmss th vgmw tmlmvgsgh` d`n dccmss htjmr ahris ha imngd ch`tm`t. Num th d` g` g`cr crmds mdsg` g`k k `u `uib ibmr mr ha cjd`` cjd``mls mls d` d`n n pl pldt dtahr ahris is,, wjgc wjgcj j ardki ardkim`t m`t tj tjmm dungm`cm, dungm`cm rdtg`ks ahr tmlmvgsgh` prhkrdiims nh `ht rmdcj tjm sdim `uibmrs ds tjmy ngn g` tjm 47=6s th 47:6s (Jdrtlmy (Jdrtlmy 2642). 2642). G` Dustrdlgd, armm-th-dgr tmlmvgsgh` jds nmvmlhpmn ngkgtdl sub-cjd``mls th m`dblm tjm ngstrgbutgh` ha d ldrkmr dihu`t ha ch`tm`t5 ymt chipmtgtgh` gs g`crmdsg`kly amlt arhi subscrgptgh` tmlmvgsgh` smrvgcms, dlh`ksgnm tmlmvgsgh` ch`tm`t ngstrgbutmn ngstrgbutmn by h`lg`m ch`tm`t prhvgnmr prhvgnmrs, s, d`n ch`tm`t prhnuc prhnucmn mn by tjhsm hutsgnm ha g`nustry d`n sjdrmn h`lg`m. ffl
^jmmcm5br ^j brhd hdncd ncdst st m`tly, sp spmct mctru rui i us usmn mn tmlmvgs by tm tmlmv lmvgs gh` ` br brhdn hdncds tmrs rs gs d stg`k `gtm rmshur rmshurcm5 ch`smqu ch`smqum`tly, Dustr Dustrdlgd` dlgd` tmlmvgsgh` gh`gsgh hw`mrs hw`mrsjgp jgpcdstm d`n brhdncd brhdncdstg`k jds bmm` rmkuldtmn d`n tgkjtly ch`trhllmn sg`cm tjm fflrst Brhdncdstg`k Dct 2646,, p. >2). Lgigtmn dccmss th tjm wds pdssmn g` 47>2 (Cu``g`kjdi 2646 brhdncdst spmctrui jds imd`t lgttlm chipmtgtgh` ahr mxgstg`k brhdncdstmrs u`tgl tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha h`lg`m chipmtgtgh` ardkim`tmn tjm dungm`cm. ^jmrm jdvm bmm` dim`nim`ts th tjm Dustrdlgd` lmkgsldtgh` ds tmcj`hlhky jds cjd`kmn (Cu``g`kjdi 2646 (Cu``g`kjdi 2646)5 )5 g` pdrtgc pdrtgculdr, uldr, g` 2661 imngd hw`mrsjgp ldw wds mdsmn th dllhw ahr ihrm ch`cm`trdtmn hw`mrsjgp ha imngd chi]`nmrr cu currrm`t rm`t ldw ldw, tj tjmm pd`gms pd`g ms (Ch (Chiih` iih`wmd wmdltj ltj ha Dus Dustrd trdlgd lgd 2661). 2661). ]`nm Brhdncdstg`k Smrvgcms Dct stdtms? stdtms? =3 Lgigtdtgh` h` ch`trhl ha chiimrcgdl tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstg`k lgcm`cms D pmrsh` iust `ht bm g` d phsgtgh` th mxmrcgsm ch`trhl ha chiimrcgdl tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstg`k lgcm`cms wjhsm chibg`mn lgcm`cm drmd phpuldtgh`s mxcmmn ;=% ha tjm phpuldtgh` ha Dustrdlgd. (ChiLdw 266=) 266=)
Hpmrdtg`k u`nmr tjmsm ldws, Dustrdlgd` tmlmvgsgh` chiprgsms twh ngaamrm`t smcthrs? armm-th-dgr d`n subscrgptgh` cdblm (Vdy^Q). ^jmrm drm currm`tly ffl vm Dustrdlgd` armm-th-dgr tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstmrs d`n h`m subscrgptgh` brhdncdstmr dt d `dtgh`dl lmvml. Ahxtml jds u`tgl `hw jmln d vgrtudl ih`hphly h` subscrgptgh` tmlmvgsgh` g` Dustrdlgd, wjgcj gs `hw bmkg``g`k th bm cjdllm`kmn by GV^Q. @mws Chrphrdtgh` d`n ^mlstrd mdcj hw` =6% ha
= VRHN]CG@K VRHN]CG@K C]L C]L^]RM ^]RM?? D]S^R D]S^RDLGD@ DLGD@ IM IMNGD NGD D@N CRMD^G CRMD^GQM QM VHLGCW
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Ahxtml, d`n, ds wgll bm ngscussmn, usm tjgs th idg`tdg` tjmgr dnvd`tdkm g` tjm GV^Q idremt (@mws Chrphr Chrphrdtgh` dtgh` Dustrdlgd Dustrdlgd 2643 264355 Ahxtml 264= Ahxtml 264=). ). Dcchrng`k Dcchrng `k th tjm Nmpdrtim`t Nmpdrtim`t ha Chiiu` Chiiu`gcdtgh gcdtgh` ` (NC), h`l y y 27% ha Dustrdlgd` Dustrd lgd` jhusmjhl jhusmjhlns ns jdvm d Vdy^Q subsc subscrgptg rgptgh` h` smrvgcm smrvgcm55 Ahxtml> jds 2.: igllgh` subscrgbmrs (Nmpdrtim`t ha Chiiu`gcdtgh`, Chiih`wmdltj ha Dustrd Dustrdlgd lgd ha 2643d 2643d5 5 Ahxtml 264= 264=). ). Sh, armm-th-dgr gs tjm nhig`d`t prhvgnmr lmkdlly dccmssmn tmlmvgsgh` ch`tm`t g` tmlmvgsgh` Dustrdlgd. ^jm armm-th armm-th- ffl vm dgr brhdncdst `mtwhres hpmrdtg`k hpmrdtg`k g` Dustr Dustrdlgd dlgd drm lgstmn g` g` ^dblm ^dblm =.4 =.4.. Mdcj gs dndptg`k th imngd ch`vmrkm`cm, usg`k trdngtgh`dl brhdncdst imtjhns d`n dlsh uplhdng`k shim cjd``ml ch`tm`t h`lg`m g` hrnmr th prhvgnm d cdtcj-up smrvgcm ahr dungm`cms. ^jm ahllhwg`k nhms `ht prhvgnm d` mxjdustgvm suiidry id ry ha tj tjmm smr smrvg vgcm cmss pr prhv hvgn gnmn mn by tj tjms msmm ch chip ipd` d`gm gms5 s5 rdt rdtjm jmr, r, gt pr prhv hvgn gnms ms d pgct pgctur urmm ha tjm ch`cm`trdtgh` ch`cm`trdtgh` ha imngd hw`mrsjgp g` Dustrdlgd` Dustrdlgd` armm-th-dg armm-th-dgrr tmlmvgs tmlmvgsgh`. gh`. [jdt gs mvgnm`t arhi tjm hvmrvgmw ha hw`mrsjgp gs tjm jgkj lmvml ha ch`cm`trdtgh` ha tmlmvgsgh` hw`mrsjgp g` Dustrdlgd d`n d rmsultg`k sidll fflmln hpmrdtg`k g` Dustrdlgd. Bhurngmu‗s d`dlysgs ha `mws imngd nmih`strdtms tjdt ch`cm`trdtgh` hw`mrsjgp th jhihkm`gsdtgh` 4777,, p. 23).ha Hach`tjm tm`t, d`n chipmtgtgh` lmdnshath ngvmrsgty? lmdns (Bhurngmu (Bhurngmu 4777 ffl vm armm-th-dgr brhdncdstmrs g` Dustrdlgd, tjrmm ha tjmi drm chiimrcgdl m`tmrprgsms tjdt chipmtm g` tjm sdim idremt u`nmr tjm sdim rmkuldthry kugnmlg`ms. kugnmlg `ms. ^jrhukj tjm Dustr Dustrdlgd` dlgd` Brhdncdstg Brhdncdstg`k `k Chrphr Chrphrdtgh` dtgh` (DBC) d`n
^dblm =.4 Dustrdlgd` armm-th-dgr tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstmrs Khvmr`im`t(DBC d`n SBS `mtwhres)
Smvm` [mst Imngd d
@g`m M`tmrtdg`im`t b
^m` @mtwhre Jhlng`ks c
DBC4, DBC2, DBC3, DBC> EGNS, DBC @mws 2>n DBC gQgmw (h`lg`m)m SBS H@M, SBS ^[H, SBSJN, @G^Q a SBS H` Nmid`n (h`lg`m)k
Smvm`
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Smvm` [mst Imngd (2644 (2644). ). ). @g`m M`tmrtdg`im`t Chipd`y (2643 (2643). c ^m` @mtwhre Jhlng`ks (`.n. (`.n.). ). n 2643). ). Dustrdlgd` Brhdncdstg`k Chrphrdtgh` (DBC) ((2643 m DBC gQgmw (`.n.). `.n.). a SBS (2662 (2662). ). k ). SBS H` Nmid`n (`.n. (`.n.). b
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Spmcgdl Brhdncdstg`k Smrvgcm (SBS) cjdrtmrs, tjm Dustrdlgd` khvmr`im`t dttmiptss th m`surm d ngvmrsgty ha ch`tm` dttmipt ch`tm`tt h` tmlmvgs tmlmvgsgh` gh` hutsgnm ha chiimrcgdl prhnuctgh`. prhnuctgh`. ^jm DBC cjdrtmr stdtms tjdt tjm au`ctgh` ha tjm DBC gs th “g`ahri, mnucdtm d`n m`tmrtdg` dll Dustrdlgd`s ’, d`n tjm SBS nhms tjm sdim, ds wmll ds prhvgng`k idtmrgdl tjdt rmflmcts Dustrdlgd‗s iultgculturdl ‗
chiphsg chip tgh` ` ch` (Nm (Nmpdrt pdrtim`t im`t Chiiu`g iu`gcdtg 2643d 2643d). But t Du Dust strd rdlg lgd d sr hvm hvmrd rdll llhsgtgh jgkj jg kj ch`cm` cm`tr trdt dtgh gh` ` ha ha Chi hw hw`mr `mrsj sjgp gpcdtgh` rmsu rmh` sult lts s g` lgtt lg).ttlm lmBu pht phtm`t m`tgdl gdl ahr ah ngvm ngvmrs rsgt gty, y, mv mvm` m` ds `mw `mw ahri ahriss ha ch chip ipmt mtgt gtgh gh` ` mi mimr mrkm km d`n d`n cj cjd` d`km km tj tjmm mxtmr`dl idremt prmssurms g` tjm fflmln. ^jm khvmr`im`t rmkuldtgh` currm`tly g` pldcm prhtmcts tjmsm mxgstg`k structur structurms ms arhi aurtjmr chipmtgtgh chipmtgtgh`. `. Dnngtgh`dlly, Dnngtg h`dlly, tjmrm jdvm bmm` cjd`kms wgtjg wgtjg` ` tjm armm-t armm-th-dgr h-dgr tmlmvgs tmlmvgsgh` gh` smct smcthr hr,, wg wgtj tj tj tjmm pht phtm` m`tg tgdl dl ahr kr krhw hwtj tj mim mimrk rkg` g`k k wg wgtj tj tj tjmm sj sjga gatt arhi arhi d` d`dl d` dlhk hkum um th d ngkg ngkgtd tdll br brhd hdnc ncds dstt sy syst stmi mi.. ^j ^jmm g`tr g`trhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` ha ngkg ngkgtd tdll tm tmlm lmvg vgssgh` gh` jds imd`t tjdt tjm brhdncdst spmctrui tjrhukj wjgcj tjm lgstmn `mtwhres nmlgv nml gvmr mr ch` ch`tm tm`t `t `hw `hw usm usmss lmss lmss sp spdcm dcm55 ch`sm ch`smqu qum`t m`tly ly,, ihr ihrmm spd spdcm cm gs dvd dvdgld gldbl blmm h` tjm spmctrui, tjus m`dblg`k mdcj `mtwhre th jdvm iultgplm cjd``mls. ^jmrm gs rh rhhi hidsah ahr r d sgxtj ahur ahurtj tj chiim chiimrc rcgdl gdl gs `mt `mtwh whre re th rmsmrvmn br brhd hdnc ncds dstby t ch` ch`tm `t?? tj tjgs gs gs e`hw` tjm iultgplmx d`n currm`tly tjmtm`t Dustrdlgd` khvmr`im`t ahr chiiu`gty tmlmvgsgh`. Gt gs mxpmctmn, jhwmvmr, tjdt tjm amnmrdl amnm rdl khvmr`i khvmr`im`t m`t wgll rmi rmihvm hvm chiiu chiiu`gty `gty tmlm tmlmvgs vgsgh` gh` arhi tjm spmc spmctru trui i g` 2641, dltjhukj gt jds haamrmn th mxtm`n tjm lgcm`cm ha d`y brhdncdstmr ga tjgs gs rmqugrmn th dssgst tjmgr trd`sgtgh` th tjm h`lg`m m`vgrh`im`t (^ur`bull 264>). 264>). Sh, ds gt std`ns, tjmrm drm h`ly tjrmm armm-th-dgr tmlmvgsgh` `mtwhres hpmrdtg`k g` Dustrdlgd dt d `dtgh`dl lmvml tjdt drm chiplmtmly chiimrcgdl m`tmrprgsms. ^jgs lgigts tjm cdpdcgty ahr chipmtgtgh` bmtwmm` `mtwhres d`n ig`gigsms tjm vdrgmty ha ch`tm`t bmg`k brhdncdst bmtwmm` tjrmm g`stmdn ha d phtm`t pht m`tgd gdll ah ahur ur chiim chiimrc rcgd gdll br brhdn hdncds cdstm tmrs rs dt `d `dtg tgh` h`dl dl lmvml lmvml.. [j [jgl glmm h` h`lg lg`m `m imn imngd gd prhvgnms d` hpphrtu`gty hauimrs, ch`tm`t tjdt stmis `htd h`ly arhi chiimrc chii mrcgdl gdl prh prhvgnm vgnmrs rs butahr dlshngvmrsgty arhi ch`s ch`suimr s, tjm h`lg h`lg`m `m imng imngd ld ld`nsc `nscdpm, dpm, ds wm jdv jdvmm smm smm`, `, ad adcms cms chi chipm pmtg tgtg tgh` h` ar arhi hi ldrk ldrkmm mst mstdbl dblgs gsjm jmn n pl pldym dymrs rs wj wjh h tjmismlvms brhdncdst d`n ngstrgbutm ch`tm`t h`lg`m.
G@^MR@M^ VRH^HCHL ^MLMQGSGH@ [jmrmds tjm stdtus quh ahr brhdncdst tmlmv tmlmvgsgh` gsgh` gs rmldtgvmly u`chiplgcdtmn g` Dustrdlgd bmcdusm ha tjm sidll `uibmr ha dvdgldblm cjd``mls, tjm `dturm ha h`lg`m ch`tm`t cjd`kms sh rdpgnly tjdt th prhvgnm d` hvmrvgmw ha mvmry dvdgl dvd gldbl dblmm h`l h`lg` g`mm cj cjd`` d``ml ml wh whul uln n bm bmy bmyh`n h`n tj tjmm schp schpmm ha tjgs tjgs rmsm rmsmdr drcj. cj. G`stmdn, tjm ahllhwg`k ngscussgh` ahcusms h` ldrkm chiimrcgdl prhvgnmrs
= VRHN]CG@K VRHN]CG@K C]L C]L^]RM ^]RM?? D]S^R D]S^RDLGD@ DLGD@ IM IMNGD NGD D@N CRMD^G CRMD^GQM QM VHLGCW
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ha ch`tm`t djmdn ha d ngscussgh` ha tjm cjdllm`kms d`n ngsruptgh`s h`lg`m ch`tm`t gs prmsm`t prmsm`tg`k g`k th mstdbl mstdblgsjmn gsjmn brhdncdstmr brhdncdstmrs. s. Mdrl Md rlyy G` G`tm tmr`m r`mtt usmrs usmrs cl cldg dgimn imn tj tjdt dt tj tjmm G`tmr` G`tmr`mt mt sj sjhu huln ln bm d spdc spdcmm armm arhi arhi rmkuldtg rmku ldtgh` h` d`n ch`t ch`trhl rhl (Im (Imgel gelmm d`n Whu` Whu`k k 2642 2642,, p. 4;=). 4;=). ^j ^jgs gs sspdc pdcmm gs `h `hw w 242).. ^jm ^jm jmdvgly jmdv gly ch`t ch`tmst mstmn mn by chiimrcg chiimrcgdl dl G`t G`tmrm mrmsts sts (Auc (Aucjs js 2643, 2643, p. 242) phtm`tgdl ahr tjm G`tmr`mt th bm d spdcm pdrtgcgpdtgh`, clhsg`k bmtwmm` prhnucmrs d`n ch`suimrs, gs ha lgigtmn by tjm phwmr hatjm tjmngstd`cm culturm g`nustry. Ch`tm`t dvdgldblm h`lg`m gs stgll ch`trhllmn, g` id`y g`std`cms, by chii ch iimr mrcg cgdl dl pr prhv hvgn gnmr mrs. s. Ah Ahrr mx mxdi dipl plm, m, tjm tjm DBC DBC pr prhv hvgn gnms ms h` h`lg lg`m `m ch ch`t `tm` m`tt dc dccm cmss ss phg`ts tjrhukj DBC gQgmw. Htjmr Dustrdlgd` tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstmrs drm nhg` nh g`k k tj tjmm sd sdim im tj tjg` g`k? k? md mdcj cj chii chiimr mrcg cgdl dl `m `mtw twhr hree jd jdss gts gts vm vmrs rsgh gh` ` ha d smrvgc gcmm dv dvdg dgldb ldblm lm h` h`lg lg`m `m,, ds nh nhms ms SB SBS. S. Bmy Bmyh`n h`n tj tjmm tm tmlmv lmvgs gsgh gh` ` ‚cdtcj-up‗ smrv brhdncd brhd ncdstmr stmrs, s, tjmr tjmrmm drm dlsh dlsh mxd mxdipl iplms ms ha tmlm tmlmchi chiiu`g iu`gcdtg cdtgh`s h`s chip chipd`g d`gms ms imrkg` imr kg`k k th crm crmdtm dtm aurtj aurtjmr mr phg`t phg`tss ha ch` ch`tm tm`t `t dcc dccms msss ahr dun dungm` gm`cm cms. s. Ahr mxdiplm, custhimrs ha idohr G`tmr`mt smrvgcm prhvgnmr (GSV), ^mlstrd, d`n Vdy^Q prhvgnmr, Ahxtml, cd` dccmss h`lg`m ch`tm`t arhi Ahxtml tjrhukj d` u`imtmrmn G`tmr`mt ch``mctgh`, wjglst strmdig`k Ahxtml ch`t ch `tm` m`tt vgd d^mlstrd `u `ui ibm bmr r ha ht htjm jmr r GSV SVss jd jdvvm tj tjm m nd ndttdcusthimrs tjmy tjmy us usmm i mtm mtmrmn rmn ds p drt drt ha tjmgr ih`tjly ih`tjly pld`. pld`. ^jmsm chipd`gms, wjgcj drm pdrtly hw`mn by tjm sdim chrphrdtgh`,= cd` tjm` ch`trhl dccmss hr prhvgnm g`cm`tgvms th usm tjmsm smrvgcms, g`crmdsg`k busg`mss ahr h`m d`htjmr. ^jmrm jdvm bmm` sgk`gfflcd`t nmvmlhpim`ts g` h`lg`m ch`tm`t ngstrgbutgh` g` tjm brhdncdst tmlmvgsgh` smcthr, wjgcj gs ch`tg`ug`k th krhw by prhvgng`k h`lg`m-h`ly ch`tm`t g` dnngtgh` th hpphrtu`gtgms th ‚cdtcj up‗ h` armm-th-dgr brhdncdst prhkrdiims. DBC‗s gQgmw prmsm`ts sucj h`lg`mh`ly prhkrdiig`k, wjgcj gs usudlly dvdgldblm h`lg`m ahr up th 4> ndys. `.n.). ). gQgmw gs dlsh dvdgldblm h` ihbglm pjh`ms d`n tdblmts (DBC gQgmw, `.n. @mws prhvgnmrs drm Jmrdln dlsh utglgsg`k tjm h`lg`m spdcm ahr vgnmh ngstrgbutgh`? tjm Syn`my Ihr`g`k `mwspdpmr `mwspdpmr jds sij.chi.du/tv jds sij.chi.du/tv jhstg`k jhstg`k h`lg`m vgnmhs, pdrtgculdrly nhcuim`tdrgms tjdt cd` bm dccmssmn tjrhukj tjm wmbsgtm, but dlsh h` ch`vmrkm`t nmvgcms sucj ds tdblmts d`n ihbglm pjh`ms (Syn`my Ihr`g`k Jmrdln ^Q 2642). 2642). ^jm ahllhwg`k strmdig`k smrvgcms drm dvdgldblm g` Dustrdlgd ahr imngd usmrs wgsjg`k th dccmss tmlmvgsgh` ch`tm`t h`lg`m bmyh`n tjm h`lg`m dccmss prhvgnmn prhvgn mn by armm-th-dgr armm-th-dgr tmlmvgsgh` stdtg stdtgh`s? h`s? @mtflgx?
g`tmr`dtgh`dl ch chi ipd`y bd bdssmn g` ttj jm ]` ]`ggtmn St Stddtms ha Dimrgcd
Std`?
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Vrmsth? Ahxt Ah xtml ml Vldy Vldy?? Tugce flgx gx??
d Ahxtml smrvgcm d Ah Ahxt xtml ml sm smrv rvgc gcmm d` D Dus ustr trdl dlgd gd dd`n `n @ @mw mw _ _md mdld ld`n `n b bds dsmn mn ttml mlmv mvgs gsgh gh` ` st strm rmdi dig` g`k k smrvgcm
^jmsm chipd`gms chrrdllg`k ch`suimr cjhgcm rdtjmr tjd` haamrg`k g`crmdsg`krmprmsm`t ch`suimrd armmnhi ds ha g`crmdsmn dccmss th ch`tm`t nhms `ht `mcmssdrgly imd` g`crmdsmn dccmss th ngvmrsm ch`tm`t. Vrmnhig`d`tly dttdcjmn th ldrkm chrphrdtgh`s d`n chrphrdtm pdrt`mrsjgps, tjmsm smrvgcms aurtjmr rmnucm tjm lgemlgjhhn ha g`ngvgnudl ch`tm`t crmdthrs bmg`k dblm th chipmtm dkdg`st ngstrgbuthrs wgtj dccmss th ldrkm dihu`ts ha cdpgtdl d`n ch`tm`t. G` ch`trdst th Dustrdlgd, cjd`kms g` h`lg`m tmlmvgsgh` nmlgvmry g` tjm ]`gtm ]`g tmn n St Stdt dtms ms dr drmm hc hccur currg rg`k `k ih ihrm rm rd rdpg pgnly nly d`n d rd`k rd`kmm ha chi chiimr imrcg cgdl dl chipmtgthrs gs mimrkg`k. ]S chipd`gms drm g`crmdsg`kly prhvgng`k dccmss th d igx ha mxclusgvm h`lg`m ch`tm`t dlh`ksgnm tmlmvgsgh` ch`tm`t, sjgatg`k dwdy arhi brhdncdst ihnmls harm`t ch`tm`t ngstrgbutgh`. d`n G`std G`s td`t `t Qg Qgnmh nmh dr drmm sm smrv rvgcm gcmss cur currm `tly ly `ht dv dvdgl dgldb dblm lm g`Julu Dus Dustr trdl dlgd gdDidzh` nu numm th 2643b55 Julu 2643 2643). ). ^jmsm lgcm`sg`k d`n ch`tm`t rmstrgctgh`s (Didzh` 2643b [mbsgtms usm kmhkrdpjgcdl ch`tm`t-blhceg`k tmcj`hlhky tjdt lgigts dccmss bdsmn h` tjm usmr‗s G`tmr`mt Vrhthchl (GV) dnnrmss. ]`tgl mdrly 264=, @mtflgx wds dlsh u`dvdgldblm g` Dustrdlgd num th tjm sdim rmstrgctgh`s5 jhwmvmr, tjm chipd`y `hw hpmrdtms g` Dustrdlgd wgtj d lgigtmn cdtdlhkum num th rmkgh`dl lgcm`cms ahr shim ch`tm`t bmg`k jmln by htjmr prhvgnmrs (m. k. @mtflgx crmdtmn tjm smrgms Jhusm ha Cdrns , but Ahxtml currm` currm`tly tly jhlns tjm ngstr ngs trgb gbut utgh gh` ` rgkj rgkjts ts ahr ahr tj tjmm Du Dust strd rdlg lgd` d` id idre remt mt). ). ^j ^jmr mrmm drm drm dun dungm gm`cm `cmss g` Dustrdlgd wjh cd` d`n nh whre drhu`n ch`tm`t-blhceg`k tmcj`hlhky, dltjhukj gt gs `ht lmkdl (Imgelm d`n Whu`k 2642 Whu`k 2642,, p.ch`tm`t 474). ^jmsm h`lg`m cjd``mls haamr dccmss bhtj th chiimrcgdl tmlmvgsgh` d`n, g`crmdsg`kly, th hrgkg`dl ch`tm`t tjdt jds bmm` prhnucmn chiimrcgdlly, but `ht ahr brhdncdst h` tmlmvgsgh`. Ahr mxdiplm, d` h`lg`m-h`ly smdsh` ha Drrmstmn Drrmstmn Nmvmlhpim`t (Jurwgtz 2663 (Jurwgtz 2663)) wds dgimn dt g`crmdsg`k hrgkg`dl d`n mxclusg sgvm vm h` h`lg lg`m `m ch ch`t `tm` m`tt ahr ahr @m @mttflgx (Hl (Hld`ha d`haa a 2644 2644). ). ^j ^jmm nm nmvm vmlh lhpi pim` m`tt ha h`lg`m-h`ly ch`tm`t bmg`k prhnucmn g` tjm ]`gtmn Stdtms g`ngcdtms tjm phtm`tgdl ahr ngkgtdl imngd th nmstdbglgsm tjm phsgtgh` ha nhig`d`cm tjdt tm tmlm lmvg vgsg sgh` h` br brhdn hdncd cdst stmr mrss jhln jhln hvm hvmrr tj tjmm pr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` d`n ngst ngstrg rgbut butgh gh` ` ha ch`tm`t. G`tm G` tmr` r`mt mt rm rmku kuld ldtg tgh` h` g` Du Dust strd rdlg lgdd gi gipdc pdcts ts h` tj tjmm dv dvdg dgldb ldblm lm ch` ch`tm tm`t `t nmlg nm lgvm vmry ry smrv smrvgcm gcmss ahr ahr ch ch`s `sui uimr mrss th us usm. m. Dcch Dcchrn rng` g`k k th tj tjmm Du Dust strd rdlg lgd` d`
= VRHN]CG@K VRHN]CG@K C]L C]L^]RM ^]RM?? D]S^R D]S^RDLGD@ DLGD@ IM IMNGD NGD D@N CRMD^G CRMD^GQM QM VHLGCW
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Chiiu`gcd Chiiu` gcdtgh tgh`s `s d`n Imng Imngdd Dut Dutjhr jhrgty gty (DC (DCID) ID),, 46. 46.; ; igl igllgh lgh` ` dnul dnultt G`tmr`mt usmrs dccmss tjm G`tmr`mt ihrm tjd` h`cm d ndy g` Dustrdlgd (DCID 264=, 264=, p. 41). Ds Dustrdlgd`s g`crmdsg`kly kh h`lg`m, tjmrm jds bmmm` d` g` bm g`cr crmd mdsm sm g` nm nmi id` d`n n ah ahrr smr mrvvgcms gcms (DC DCI ID D 2642, 2642, p. 47). Jhwmvmr, nmspgtm tjgs jgkj lmvml ha G`tmr`mt usm, DCID `htmn tjdt tj tjm m td tdem em-u -up p htjmr ha h` h`lg lg`m `m ch ch`t `tm`t m`t sm smrv rvgc m prhv pr]`gtmn hvgs gsgh gh` ` Stdtms, g` Du Dust strd rdlg lgddtjmhrgsmn id idyy bm lhwmr tjd` chu`trgms, sucj dsgcm tjm d`n tjdt tjgs gs g` pdrt num th lgigtmn dccmss th g`tmr`dtgh`dl ch`tm`t num th lg lgcm cm`s `sg` g`k k d` d`n n chpy chpyrg rgkj kjt. t. Ch Ch`t `tm` m`tt pr prhv hvgn gnmr mrss su sucj cj ds Dp Dppl plmm ^Q d` d`n n Khhklm jdvm h`ly bmm` dblm th haamr “d rmnucmn vmrsgh` ha tjmgr klhbdl prhnuct g` Dustrdlgd’ – hatm` num th lgcm`sg`k rmstrgctgh`s lgigtg`k wjdt cd` bm dc dccms cmssm smn n g` nga ngaam amrm rm`t `t rm rmkg kgh`s h`s,, rmg`a rmg`ahr hrcg cg`k `k tj tjmm nh nhig ig`d` `d`cm cm ha trdngtgh`dl brhdncdstg`k ihnmls tjdt rmly h` rmkgh`dl ch`trhl hvmr ch`2642,, p. 4;). Jhwmvmr, tjm dnhptgh` ha tm`tt dcc tm` dccmss mss phg phg`ts `ts (DC (DCID ID 2642 ‚cdtcj-up‗ tmlmvgsgh`, sucj ds DBC gQgmw, jds bmm` iucj adstmr tjd` tjdt ha strmdig`k h`lg`m ch`tm`t sucj ds Khhklm hr Dpplm ^Q, pmrjdps ‚
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num cdtcj-up d`tdbl mxtm`sgh` hatm`t dlrmdny mxgstg`k vgmwg`k th prmamr prmamrm`c m`cms ms’ ch`tm`t nmlgvmrm nmlgv mrmn nbmg`k by ms mstd blgs gsjmn jmn ch` ch`tm `t pr prhv hvgn gnmr mrss su sucj cj ds brhdncdst tmlmvgsgh` `mtwhres (DCID 2642, 2642, p. 3). ^jm nmvmlhpim`t ha h`lg`m ch`tm`t d`n tjm mxpd`sgh` ha phtm`tgdl ch`tm`t dccmss phg`ts th g`clunm tjm G`tmr`mt drm smm` by brhdncdstmrs ds wdys th g`crmdsm dungm`cms, subscrgbmrs d`n g`crmdsm rmvm`um. Stmvm Ihseh, prmsgnm`t ha Sh`y Vgcturms ^mlmvgsgh`, stdtmn g` 2643 tjdt tjmrm gs d` hpphrtu`gty hpphrt u`gty th cdpgtd cdpgtdlgsm lgsm h` G`tmr G`tmr`mt `mt tmlmvgs tmlmvgsgh` gh` phtm`tgdl usg`k dnvmrtgsg`k dnvmrtgsg`k ga gt gs giplmim`tmn g` tjm rgkjt wdy (Cdrtmr 2643 2643). ). Jhwmvmr, mdr`g`k rmvm`um ahr h`lg`m ch`tm`t gs `ht d clmdr prhcmss? tjmrm gs `ht ymt d clmdr busg`mss ihnml ahr ih`mtgsg`k h`lg`m ch`tm`t.
D ]S^RDLGD@ ]S^RDLGD@ KHQMR@IM@^ R MSVH@SMS MSVH@SMS ^H IMNGD CH@QMRKM@CM Ngkgtdl tmcj`hlhky d`n h`lg`m ch`tm`t ngstrgbutgh` drm crmdtg`k d trd`sgtgh` g` tjm Dustrdlgd` imngd systmi ds imngd ch`vmrkm`cm hpm`s up `mw phssg phs sgbg bglg lgtg tgms ms d` d`n n bus busg` g`mss mss ihn ihnml mlss su sucj cj ds GV GV^Q ^Q.. Ch Ch`v `vmr mrkm` km`tt imn imngd gd nm nmvgc vgcms ms,, `mw ahris ha ch`tm`t nmvmlhpim`t d`n tjm sjdrg`k ha ngkgtdl ffllms, bhtj lmkdlly d`n gllmkdlly, jdvm dll ch`trgbutmn th tjm ngsruptgh` ha tjm imngd g`nustry ‗s stdtus quh. Dt tjm sdim tgim, `mw ahris ha ch`tm` ch`tm`tt ngstrgbut ngstrgbutgh` gh` dr drmm mim mimrk rkg` g`k, k, dlh`k dlh`ksg sgnm nm g`cr g`crmds mdsg` g`k k lmvml lmvmlss ha du dung ngm`c m`cmm pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dtgh gh` ` g`
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
imngd prhnuctgh`. G` dnngtgh` th tjm GV^Q prhvgnmrs ngscussmn jmrm, `mw imngd prdctgcms prdctgcms sucj ds shcgdl imngd, blhks, Whu^u Whu^ubm bm vgnmhs hr [mb smrgms g`crmdsg`kly dllhw ahr g`ngvgnudls th spmde ahr tjmismlvms wgtj d lmvml ha dkm`cy `ht phssgblm wgtj tmlmvgsgh` ds d imngui ha chiiu`gcdtgh`. ]smr-km`mrdt ]smr-k m`mrdtmn mn ch`tm`t gs ch`trg ch`trgbutg`k butg`k th tjm g`crmdsg`k ch`tm`t dvdgldb dblm lm h`lg h`lg`m `m d` d`n n gsdspd pdrt rtgd gdll llyy rm rmsp sph` h`sg sgbl blmm prhnucm ahr ahr d` g`cr g`rs. crmi mim` m`td tdl l `tm`t sj sjga gatt g`gsdu dung ngm` m`cm cm/ / prhnucmr phwmr dun dungm`cms gm`cms bmc bmchim him prhnucmrs. ^jgs ch ch`tm`t dl dlsh sh bmg`k ih`mtgsmn by shim usmrs tjrhukj sgtms, sucj ds Whu^u Whu^ubm, tjdt dllhw usmrs (Whu^ubm 2643 2643). ). th mdr` arhi dnvmrtgsg`k h` tjmgr g`ngvgnudl cjd``mls 1 (Whu^ubm Dltjhukj Whu^ubm gs d ]S chipd`y, gt gs dccmssgblm by klhbdl usmrs. H`lg`m ngstrgbutgh` d`n ih`mtgsmn dcchu`ts prhvgnm d thhl ahr usmrs th cdpgtdlgsm h` tjmg tjmgrr hw hw` ` wh whre re d` d`n n sgk` sgk`dl dl d` g`tm g`tmrr rrup uptg tgh` h` th tr trdn dngt gtgh gh`d `dll bu busg sg`m `mss ss ih ihnm nmls ls ha prhnuctgh` prhnuctgh` d`n ngstr ngstrgbutgh` gbutgh` wgtjg` tjm culturm g`nust g`nustry. ry. Rmkuldthry d`n g`nustry rmsph`sms th tjm g`trhnuctgh` ha d `mw imngui cd` bm smm` ds d prhcmss ha cjd`km d`n dndptdtgh` ds tmcj`hlhkgcdl nmvmlhpim`ts ihvm tjm usm ha tjm imngui “arhi shimbhny ‗s jhbby th ‗
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2646,, ^jm p. 1). ^jgs prhkrmssgh` cd` bmg`smm` shimbhny ([u 2646 tjrhukjhuts g`nustry tjm jgsthry ha imngd. tmlmpjh`m, tjm fflli d`n rdngh ]`gtmn Stdtms drm mxdiplms ha tmcj`hlhkgcdl ngsruptgh`s tjdt prhkrmssmn ). [jmtjmr tjrhukj pjdsms ha hpm` dccmss th ch`trhllmn dccmss ([u 2646 ([u 2646). hr `ht tjm G`tmr`mt ihvms g`th d spdcm ha g`nustry-ch`trhllmn dccmss g` tjm sd sdim im wd wdyy ds htjm htjmrr im imng ngd, d, su sucj cj ds tm tmlm lmvg vgsg sgh` h`,, gs `h `htt ym ymtt nm nmtm tmri rig` g`mn mn.. ^mcj`hlhky gs `mvmr fflxmn hr stdblm? g`stmdn, ch`tg`udl cjd`kms rmsult g` d ch`tm`t strukklm ahr phwmr ds mdcj imngui ha ngstrgbutgh` bmchims d sgtm ha ch`trhllmn prhnuctgh` ds wmll ds usmr m`kdkmim`t. ^jgs phwmr strukklm pldys hut bmtwmm` tjm usmrs ha tmcj`hlhky d`n tjhsm wjh ch`trhl tjm dccmss th tjm tmcj`hlhky. ^jm rmkdrn currm`t th mxpd`sgh` ha imngd ch`vmrkm`cm g` Dustrdlgd gs `h ngaamrm`t g` tjgs htjmr tmcj`hlhkgcdl nmvmlhpim`ts d`n ngsruptgh`s th prmvghusly mxgstg`k pmrghns ha stdbglgty dcrhss g`nustry (Imgelm d`n Whu`k 2642 2642). ). ^jrhukj sucj cyclms ha cjd`km d`n stdbglgty, `mw phssgbglgtgms d`n `mw chipmtgtgh` mimrkm. ^jgs ch`tmst gs hccurrg`k `hw ds ngkgtdl tmcj`hlhky prhvgnms d spdcm ahr bhtj tjm dungm`cm d`n tjm g`nustry th chipmtm g` tjm sdim idremtpldcm, dt tjm sdim tgim, dltjhukj wgtj phtm`tgdlly ngaamrm`t hbomctgvms, prmsm`tg`k d rd`km ha phssgbglgtgms ahr bhtj g`nustry d`n usmrs tjdt drm ymt th bm aully rmdlgsmn. Bmtwmm` 266; d`n 2643, Dustrdlgd‗s Ldbhur khvmr`im`t; u`nmrthhe rmsmdrcj g`vmstgkdtg`k tjm gipdcts ha ngkgtdl tmcj`hlhky, d`n tjm spdcm tjdt usmr-km`mrdtmn tmxts, sucj ds [mb smrgms, hccupy wgtjg` tjm Dustrdlgd`
= VRHN]CG@K VRHN]CG@K C]L C]L^]RM ^]RM?? D]S^R D]S^RDLGD@ DLGD@ IM IMNGD NGD D@N CRMD^G CRMD^GQM QM VHLGCW
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imngd g`n imngd g`nus ustr try. y. Rmp Rmphr hrts ts pr prhn hnuc ucmn mn by tjm tjm Nm Nmpdr pdrti tim`t m`t ha Br Brhd hdnb nbd`n d`n,, Chiiu Ch iiu`g `gcdt cdtgh` gh` d`n tj tjmm Ngk Ngkgt gtdl dl Mch Mch`h `hiy iy (N (NBC BCNM NM), ), NC d` d`n n ht htjmr jmr nmpdrtim`ts g`clunmn g`vmstgkdtgh` ha tjm auturm ha tjm ngkgtdl mch`hiy 2642), ), (NBCNM 2643d5 2643d5 NC 643c)5 tjm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw (NBCNM 2642 tjm Crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd (2643 (2643)) phlgcy5 d`n d` upndtmn au`ng`k phlgcy ahr Scrmm` Dustrdlgd (2643) ) g`nmvmlh rmchk`gtgh` h`lg`m sthrytmllg`k pldt pl dtahr ahris is. . ^j ^jms msmm(2643 ph phlg lgcy cy nmv mlhpi pim`t m`tss hahccur hcmimrkg`k currm rmn n ch ch`cu `curr rrm` m`tl tlyy wg wgtj tj d cjd`km cjd` km g` ch` ch`tm` tm`tt ngs ngstrg trgbut butgh` gh` pldt pldtahr ahris, is, tmc tmcj`h j`hlhkg lhkgcdl cdl nmvm nmvmlhp lhpim`t im`tss d`n d sjgat thwdrns G`tmr`mt ngstrgbutgh` ha tmlmvgsgh` ch`tm`t. Num th d amnmrdl mlmctgh` mlmctgh` g` Dustr Dustrdlgd dlgd g` 2643, tjmrm wds d cjd`km g` phlgtgcdl lmdnmrsjgp, wgtj tjm Lgbmrdl/@dtgh`dl Vdrty Chdlgtgh` mlmctmn g`th khvmr`im`t h` Smptmibmr ;. ^jm phlgcgms ngscussmn wmrm nmvmlhpmn d`n giplmim`tmn by tjm prmvghus prmvghus Ldb Ldbhr hr khvmr khvmr`im` `im`t5 t5 jhw jhwmvmr mvmr,, tjm cjd` cjd`km km g` khvmr` khvmr`im`t im`t g` 2643 26 43 jds jds im imd` d`tt cj cjd` d`km kmss g` bh bhtj tj phlg phlgcy cy d`n d`n ph phlg lgcy cy pr prgh ghrg rgtg tgms ms.. Sh Shim im ha tj tjms msmm phlgcgms drm `hw bmg`k rmnmvmlhpmn, shim drm ch`tg`ug`k d`n shim jdvm bmm` ngsch`tg`umn. ^jm currm`t stdtm ha mdcj phlgcy wgll bm dnnrmssmn g` ds iucj nmtdgl ds gs phssgblm gs wgtjg` stdtm hadscjd`km. ^jm prmvghus khvmr`im`t nmpdrtim`t gnm`tgtjm g` ngscussgh` tjm NBCNM, wjglst fflmncurrm`t tjm `mwly mlmctmn khvmr`im`t‗s nmpdrtim`t wds rm`dimn tjm NC u`tgl 264=, 264 =, wj wjm` m` gt bmc bmcdim dim tj tjmm Nm Nmpd pdrt rtim` im`tt ha Ch Chii iiu`g u`gcd cdtg tgh` h` d` d`n n Dr Drts ts (NCD). [jglst imngd phlgcy ch`tg`ums ch`tg`ums th cjd`km ds khvmr`i khvmr`im`t m`t rmsph`ns th tmc tmcj`hl j`hlhkg hkgcdl cdl d`n shc shcgdl gdl cjd` cjd`kms, kms, tjm ahl ahllhw lhwg`k g`k ngs ngscus cussgh sgh` ` rmi rmidg`s dg`s jgkjly rmlmvd`t, prhvgng`k d vdludblm g`sgkjt g`th dttmipts th rmkuldtm tjm rdpgnly cjd`kg`k fflmln ha culturdl prhnuctgh`. Rmsmdrcj d`n phlgcy nmvmlhpim`t sucj ds tjm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw : d`n tjm rmchk`gtgh` ha tjm ngkgtdl mch`hiy, g`clusgvm ha ngkgtdl/h`lg`m imngd prdctgcms, nmih`strdtms d ngscursgvm sjgat g` Dustrdlgd` imngd phlgcy d`n d rmchvmry tjmdtldce ha rmchk`gtgh` ha ngkgtdl g` Dustrdlgd` khv-, mr`im`tdlarhi phlgcy d amnmrdl lmvml bmtwmm` 4771imngd d`n 266; (Almw 2642d, 2642d p. =4). ^jm rmsph`sms ha khvmr`im`t d`n g`nustry arhi 2646 th 2643 g` Dustrdlgd nmih`strdtm tjm currm`t ‚st stdt dtmm ha tj tjmm u` u`e` e`hw hw` `‗ g` g`n g`nust ustry ry phlgcy ds tjmsm `mwly ‚miphwmrmn‗ usmrs m`tmr tjm ffl mln ha cultur culturdl dl prhnuctgh`. Vdrtgcgpdthry prdctgcms drm rmstructurg`k tjm mxgstg`k ffl mln ha tmlmvgsgh` prhnu pr hnuct ctgh gh` ` ds usmr usmrss m`t m`tmr mr wjdt wjdt wd wdss pr prmvg mvghu husl slyy d us usmr mr-a -arm rmmm sp spdcm dcm.. ^j ^jmm khvmr`im`t jmdvgly rmkuldtms Dustrdlgd` imngd ch`tm`t? phlgcy d`n rmkuldtgh` tgh ` drm ahc ahcusmn usmn h` idg idg`td `tdg`g g`g`k `k str strh`k h`k lmvm lmvmls ls ha Dus Dustrd trdlgd lgd`-p `-prhn rhnucmn ucmn ch`tm`t. Ds tjm pldymrs wgtjg` tjm fflmln ha imngd sjgat d`n cjd`km, `mw chipd`gms drm mimrkg`k, mstdblgsjmn chipd`gms drm ngvmrsgayg`k tjmgr smrfl
vgcms d`n imngd phlgcy gs sjgatg`k th dnoust. Num th tjm g` um`cm imngd cd`
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
jdvm h` dungm`cm dungm`cms, s, khvmr`im`ts jdvm “dlwdys g`tmrvm`mn g`tmrvm`mn g` tjm mlmctrh`gc imngd’ (Imgelm d`n Whu`k 2642 Whu`k 2642,, p. 4:6). ^jm ahllhwg`k phlgcy cjd`kms gllustrdtm cjd`kms g` imngd rmkuldtgh`, ngkgtdl mch`higc phssgbglgtgms d`n tjm currm`t dttmipts by khvmr`im`t th u`nmrstd`n u`nmrstd`n wjdt gs phssgblm g` tjgs mimrkg`k m`vgrh`im`t.
NGKG^DL MCH@HIW ^jm NBCNM nmffl`mn tjm ngkgtdl mch`hiy ds d “klhbdl `mtwhre ha mch`higc `hi gc d` d`n n sh shcgd cgdll dct dctgvg gvgtg tgms ms tjdt tjdt dr drmm m` m`dbl dblmn mn by pl pldt dtah ahri riss su sucj cj ds tj tjmm G`tmr`mt, ihbglm d`n sm`shr `mtwhres’ d`n gnm`tgfflmn drmds ha ahcus th g`crmdsm `dtgh`dl prhnuctgvgty g` tjgs klhbdl ch`tmxt by g`crmdsg`k dccmss th h`lg`m tmcj`hlhkgms d`n mxpd`ng`k tjm wdys g` wjgcj tjmy drm usmn, sucj ds “mxpd`nmn h`lg`m mnucdtgh`’ d`n “krmdtmr ngkgtdl m`kdkmim`t g` rmkgh 2644d,, p. 2). `dl Dustr Dustrdlgd dlgd’ (NBCNM (NBCNM 2644d Vdrt Vd rt ha tj tjgs gs st strd rdtm tmky ky wds wds tj tjmm cr crmd mdtg tgh` h` ha tj tjmm @d @dtg tgh` h`dl dl Br Brhd hdnb nbd` d`n n @mtwhre dgimn g`crmdsg`k G`tmr`mt d`n tjmrmahrm phtm`tgdl (@B@), ahr busg`mss th dt hpmrdtm g` tjm h`lg`m spmmn m`vgrh`im`t (@B@ tjm Ch 2643 2643). ). [gtj g`crmdsg`k brhdnbd`n spmmns chim g`crmdsmn phssgbglgtgms ahr ngkgtdl vgnmh smrvgcms d`n GV^Q, hpm`g`k up `mw `mtwhres d`n cjd``mls ahr ch`tm`t ngstrgbuthrs d`n dungm`cms. G` rmsph`sm th tjm phtm`tgdl ha g`crmdsmn ngkgtdl mch`higc dctgvgty, tjm NBCNM nmvmlhpmn prhkrdiims d`n g`gtgdtgvms th supphrt krhwtj g` Dustrdlgd‗s ngkgtdl mch`hiy (NBCNM 2643b). ). ^jm @B@ gs dlsh ch`sgnmrmn pdrt ha tjm pld` th nmvmlhp tjm ngkgtdl 2643b ch`tm`t d`n smrvgcms smcthr. ]`nmr tjm currm`t khvmr`im`t, tjm rhlm ha tjm @B@ gs stgll ch`sgnmrmn emy g` prhvgng`k d “ngkgtdl g`ardstructurm th m`dblm Dustrdlgd‗s ngkgtdl mch`hiy ’ (NC (NC 2643b 2643b). ). Jhwmvmr, tjm nmvmlhpim`t d`n giplmim`tdtgh` ha tjmha @B@ jds bmm` cdukjt up g` cjd`kg`k phlgcy, khvmr`im`t d`n prghrgtgms khvmr`im`t. Dustrdlgd gs d ldrkm chu`try wgtj d sidll d`n scdttmrmn phpuldtgh`. ^jm ldrkmst phpuldtgh`s drm dlh`k tjm mdstmr` chdstlg`m, wgtj tjm idohrgty ha pmhplm lgvg`k g` Dustrdlgd‗s ffl vm ldrkmst cgtgms. ^jm nmvmlhpim`t ha chiiu`gcdtgh` g`ardstructurm jds bmm` tjm nhidg` ha amnmrdl khvmr`im`t sg`cm amnmrdtgh` g` tjm mdrly 4766s (Mwg`k mt dl. 264= dl. 264=). ). ^jm @B@ wds g`gtgdlly prhphsmn g` rmsph`sm th d `mmn ahr mch`higc chipmtgtgvm`mss. ^jm Ldbhr khvmr`im`t g`gtgdlly cdllmn ahr tm`nmrs ahr d Agbrm th tjm @hnm (A^^@) ihnml but shh` cjd`kmn th d Agbrm th tjm Vrmigsms (A^^V) ihnml ha G`tmr`mt ch``mctgh`, wjgcj whuln g`crmdsm G`tmr`mt spmmns th 466 Ibps ). Jhwmvmr, d blhwhut ha chsts ahr 73% ha jhusmjhlns (Mwg`k mt dl. 264= dl. 264=).
= VRHN]CG@K VRHN]CG@K C]L C]L^]RM ^]RM?? D]S^R D]S^RDLGD@ DLGD@ IM IMNGD NGD D@N CRMD^G CRMD^GQM QM VHLGCW
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d`n slhw rhllhut spmmn idnm tjm prhomct d cm`trdl ahcus djmdn ha tjm 2643 amnmrdl mlmctgh`, d`n tjm Lgbmrdl Vdrty, h`cm g` phwmr, mlmctmn th cjd`km th bm d cjmdpmr d`n adstmr shlutgh` ahr tjm @B@, wgtj d rmtur` th tjm A^^@ ihnml, wjgcj whuln usm tjrmm tmcj`hlhkgms? A^^V, A^^@ d`n “usm ha tjm 264=,, p. 44>). Gt gs mxgstg`k mxgstg `k jybrgn fflbrm chdx (JAC)’ (Mwg`k mt dl. 264= mxpmctmn tjdt tjm ha tjm @B@khvmr`im`t wgll bm chiplmtmn g` 2626. G` dnngtgh` th rhllhut tjm @B@, amnmrdl g`gtgdtgvms sucj ds tjm Ngkgtdl Jubs prhkrdiim prhvgnm trdg`g`k g` ngkgtdl lgtmrdcy th chiiu`gtgms dcrhss Dustrdlgd, wgtj tjm dgi ha giprhvg`k tjm seglls ha bhtj urbd` d`n rurdl phpuldtgh`s usg`k ngkgtdl chiiu`gcdtgh` tmcj`hlhkgms, g` hrnmr th ch`trgbutm thwdrns d ngkgtdl mch`hiy (NC 2643b (NC 2643b). ). Gt gs `ht h`ly tjm imngd smcthr tjdt adcms u`gqum cjdllm`kms num th tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha ngkgtdl imngd tmcj`hlhkgms? tjmsm nmvmlhpim`ts gipdct d`n mxtm`n g`th dll smcthrs ha tjm mch`hiy. ^jm ahcus ha tjm Ngkgtdl Jubs prhkrdiim gs th mnucdtm pmhplm g` usg`k ngkgtdl tmcj`hlhky ahr busg`mss th stgiuldtm mch`higc krhwtj. Ahllhwg`k tjm cjd`km g` khvmr`im`t g` 2643, Dustrdlgd‗s ngkgtdl mch`hiy phrtahlgh wdsScgm`cm. sjgatmn ^jm hut ha tjm NCD th Nmpdrtim`t ha G`nustry, G``hvdtgh` d`n Nmpdrtim`t hatjm Vrgim Ig`gstmr d`n Cd Cdbg bg`mt `mt jds jds td tdem em` ` h` rms rmsph ph`s `sgbg gbglg lgtg tgms ms ahr hv hvmrs mrsmmg mmg`k `k tj tjmm Ng Ngkg kgtd tdll ^rd`sahridtgh` Ha fflcm, wjgcj gs nmngcdtmn th giprhvg`k d`n cjd`kg`k khvmr khv mr`im `im`t `t sm smrv rvgc gcms ms th dnd dndpt pt th cjd cjd`k `kms ms g` ngkg ngkgtd tdll tm tmcj cj`h `hlhk lhky. y. ^jm ^jmsm sm phlgc phl gcyy nmv nmvml mlhpi hpim`t m`ts, s, st stdr drtg tg`k `k ar arhi hi 26 266;, 6;, sgk` sgk`dl dl d slhw slhw sj sjga gatt g` kh khvmr vmr`i `im`t m`t phlgcy th dnnrmss tjm gipdcts ha ngkgtdl tmcj`hlhky h` g`nustry d`n tjm mch`hiy.
CRMD^GQM G@N]S^RGMS ^jm crmc crmdt mdtgvm gvm smc smcthr `im Dus Dustrd trdlgd lgdlgcy gscykr krhwg `klydtcj dd`kg ads adstmr tmr dtmrmtjd tjd` `thtjmr htj sm smcth cthrs rs. ha tjm mch` h`hi hiy, y,thr d`n d`ngg` imng ngd d ph phlg gshwg`k slhw lhw cjd` kg`k `krrdtm th mct tj tjgs gsmrkr krhw hwtj tj. flmc Cu``g`kjdi Cu``g`k jdi gnm`tgfflmn tjdt tjm Dustrdlgd` crmdtgvm smcthr jdn d 2.:% dvmrdkm g`crmdsm g` miplhyim`t bmtwmm` 2661 d`n 2644, 6.:% jgkjmr ). Khvmr`im`t phlgcgms sjdpm au`ng`k tjd` tjm `dtgh`dl dvmrdkm (2643 (2643). g`gtgdtgvms g`gtgd tgvms d`n tjm nmvmlhpi nmvmlhpim`t m`t ha imngd prhnucts prhnucts?? tjm ch`cmpt ha crmdtgvm g`nustrgms hrgkg`dtmn g` tjm ]`gtmn Eg`knhi g` 477; u`nmr tjm` Vrgim Ig`gstmr Ig`gst mr ^h`y Bldgr, dce`hw dce`hwlmnkg`k lmnkg`k imngd ch`vmrk ch`vmrkm`cm m`cm d`n tjm trd`sahridtgvm phtm`tgdl ha tjmsm tmcj`hlhkgms d`n shcgdl cjd`kms th nmvmlhp `mw drmds ha mch`higc krhwtj (Almw 2642d, 2642d, p. 44). G` lg`eg`k tmris sucj ds ‚crmdtgvm‗ d`n ‚g`nustry ‗, d`n g` phlgcy ahcusg`k h` dccm dccmss ss,, mn mnuc ucdt dtgh gh`, `, mx mxcm cmll llm` m`cm cm d` d`n n mc mch` h`hi higc gc phtm phtm`t `tgd gdl, l, tj tjmr mrmm gs d
7>
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
sg sgk` k`dll dllg` g`k k th thwd wdrn rnss d` mi mipjd pjdsg sgss “h` ngst ngstrg rgbu butg tgh` h` d` d`n n ch ch`s `suip uiptg tgh` h`’ 266=,, p. 2;)5 wjgcj g` maamct dllh dllhws ws tjm nmvmlhpi nmvmlhpim`t m`t ha cultur culturdl dl (Kdr`jdi 266= (Kdr`jdi hr cr crmd mdtg tgvm vm pr prhn hnuct uctss th bm ch chiih iihng ngfflmn. ^jm rgse jmrm gs tjdt phlgcy dutjhrgsg`k tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha culturdl prhnucts bdsmn h` phssgblm mch`higc bm`mfflts rmg`ahrcms tjm strm`ktj ha tjm culturm g`nustry, g` pdrtgculdr gts tm`nm`cy th dutjhrgsm tjm prhnuc prhnuctgh` tgh` ha cultur culturdl dl tmxts bdsmn h` gts hw` mch`higc bm`m fflt. G` Duku Dukust st 26 2644 44,, tj tjmm NB NBCN CNM M rm rmlm lmds dsmn mn tj tjmm rmph rmphrt rt tg tgtl tlmn mn Crmdtgvm G`nustrgms? D Strdtmky ahr 24st Cm`tury Dustrdlgd . Gt nmffl`ms tjm crmdtgvm g`nustrgms th g`clunm d wgnm rd`km ha dctgvgtgms d`n smcthrs g`clung`k drts, tmcj`hlhky d`n nmsgk` (NBCNM 2644b 2644b,, p. >). ^jm rmphrt stdtms, “g` 266:–67, tjm crmdtgvm g`nustrgms idnm d ldrkmr ch`trgbutgh` th tjm KNV 2644b,, p. =). D tjd` d `uibmr ha trdngtgh`dl g`nustry krhups’ (NBCNM (NBCNM 2644b emy strdtmky ahr tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha tjm crmdtgvm g`nustrgms g` Dustrdlgd gs tjm rmchk`gtgh` ha tjm `mmn ahr g`ardstructurm sucj ds tjm @B@ th dllhw ahr g`crmdsmn ngkgtdl mch`higc prdctgcms, dcrhss g`nustry smcthrs, usg`k tjm G`tmr`mt (NBCNM (NBCNM 2644b 2644b,, p. 7). dlsh jgkjlgkjtmn tjm g`gtgdtgvms nmvml^jm Crmdtgvm G`nustrgms rmphrt hpmn by Scrmm` Dustrdlgd th au`n ngkgtdl drt d`n ch`tm`t (NBCNM 2644b (NBCNM 2644b,, p. 4:). ^jm DBC, g` pdrtgculdr, gs nrgvg`k tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha ngkgtdl ch`tm`t ds d ngrmct khvmr`im`t rmsph`sm th ngkgtdl imngd phssgbglgtgms. H`lg`m g`gtgdtgvms sucj ds DBC Hpm` d`n DBC Vhhl 7 jdvm ahcusmn h` tjm chllmctg`k ha usmr-km`mrdtmn ch`tm`t d`n tjm ch-crmdtgh` ha Dustrdlgd` ngkgtdl ch`tm`t (NBCNM 2644b (NBCNM 2644b,, pp. 4=–4;). ^jmsm smrvgcms haamrmn by tjm DBC drm mxdiplms ha tjm g`nustry `ht h`ly ch`trhllg`k tjm ch`tm`t gt brhdncdsts, but dlsh haamrg`k dungm`cms d` g`nustry-ch`trhllmn spdcm ahr pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm prhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh` ha culturdl prhnucts. ^jmy bmchim imngdtmn pdrtgcgpdtgh` tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha tjm crmdtgvm g`nus g`n ustr try. y.sgtms Ah Ahrr ha mx mxdi dipl plm, m, DB DBC C Hp Hpm` m` gs d ahru ahg` rui i ahr rmkgh` gh`dl dl chi chiiu`g iu`gtgm tgmss th “rmk prhnucm d`n publgsj pjhths, sthrgms, vgnmhs d`n shu`n tjrhuk tjrhukj j tjm DBC’ (DBC Hpm` 2643 Hpm` 2643). ). ^jm DBC haamrs tjm hpphrtu`gty ahr pmhplm g` rmihtm rmkgh`dll chiiu`gty drmds g` Dust rmkgh`d Dustrdlgd rdlgd th sjdrm tjmgr st sthrgms hrgms d`n usm DBC ds d ngstr ngstrgbutgh gbutgh` ` pldtah pldtahri. ri. Ds tjm culturm g`nustry jds ngvmrsgfflmn g` rmsph`sm th imngd ch`vmrkm`cm, sh thh jdvm dungm`cms bmchim dblm th km`mrdtm d`n ngstrgbutm ch`tm`t g` wdys `ht smm` bmahrm num th tjm spmmn dt wjgcj g`ahridtgh` cd` bm sjdrmn h`lg`m. Sgtms ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` sucj ds DBC Hpm` prhvgnm d` dccmss phrtdl ahr tjm mvmryndy ch`suimr th tmll tjmgr sthry, wgtjg` tjm hvmrd hvm rdrc rcjg jg`k `k st stru ruct ctur urms ms ha tj tjmm ms mstd tdbl blgs gsjmn jmn tm tmlmv lmvgs gsgh gh` ` g`nu g`nust stry ry.. ^jm ^jmsm sm
= VRHN]CG@K VRHN]CG@K C]L C]L^]RM ^]RM?? D]S^R D]S^RDLGD@ DLGD@ IM IMNGD NGD D@N CRMD^G CRMD^GQM QM VHLGCW
7=
dungm`cms drm dblm th utglgsm d smrvgcm prhvgnmn by h`m ha tjm mstdblgsjmn kdtmemmpmrs ha tjm culturm g`nustry, dllhwg`k pdrtgcgpdtgh` wgtjg` mstdblgsjmn kugnmlg`ms smt by tjm fflmln – wjdt Imgelm d`n Whu`k rmamr th ds tjm 2642,, pp. 4:4–4:2). [jdt mimrkms gs tjm g`nustry “ch`trhllg`k g`puts’ (2642 dttmiptmn rmg`ahrcmim`t ha tjm mstdblgsjmn culturm g`nustry th rmkuldtm ffl
dungm`cm ds gt rmsph`ns ch`vmrkm`cm cdtgh`. [jglst tjmm`kdkmim`t Dustrdlgd` imngd g`nustry th nhms `ht ch`trhld`n dll ngvmrsg g`puts ha ch`tm`t tm`t,, sg sgtm tmss su sucj cj ds DB DBC C Hp Hpm`, m`, wj wjgl glst st pmr pmrjdp jdpss `ht gllgll-g` g`tm tm`t `tgh gh`mn `mn,, drm drm mxdiplms ha tjm id``mr g` wjgcj tjm g`nustry gs rmsph`ng`k th ch`vmrkm`cm km` cm by m`kdk m`kdkg` g`k k dun dungm` gm`cm cmss g` tj tjmm pr prhn hnuct uctgh gh` ` ha cu cult ltur urdl dl tm tmxt xtss d` d`n n utglgsg`k tjm ldbhur phwmr ha tjm dungm`cm. ^jgs gssum ha dungm`cms d`n ldbhur phwmr wgll bm rmtur`mn th g` tjm `mxt cjdptmr. Vrhomcts sucj ds DBC Hpm` d`n, ds d`htjmr mxdiplm, Cdpturm [dlms g` ), nh m`dblm tjm culturm g`nustr g`nustryy th hpm` tjm ]`gtmn Eg`knhi (BBC 264> (BBC 264>), up tjm spdcm ha culturdl prhnuctg prhnuctgh` h` th bm ihrm g`clusgvm, sh tjdt dungm`cm dungm`cmss cd` tmll d rd`km ha sthrgms tjdt igkjt `ht bm mxplhrmn wgtjg` tjm std`ndrn “
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“
prhkrdiig`k. ^h ’rmtur` th tjm ch`tmstmn d`n chipmtg`k phssgbglgtgms (Imgelm d`n`htgh` Whu`kha Whu`k 2642 2642, , p. 2;),systmis tjmsm prhomcts, d`n dttmipts th nmffl`m d`n au`n tjm crmdtgvm drts, nmih`strdtm tjm phtm`tgdl ahr g` g`nu nust stry ry krhw krhwtj tj d` d`n n cjd cjd`k `kmm wg wgtj tjg` g` d br brhd hdnmr nmr [mb ha sj sjga gatg tg`k `k imn imngd gd phwm ph wmr. r. ^j ^jmm rgse rgse wgtj wgtjg` g` tj tjgs gs ph phwm wmrr st stru rukk kklm, lm, ds gnm gnm`t `tggfflmn by @gcjhlds 266=), ), gs d rm rmsu sult ltg` g`k k cr crmdt mdtgvm gvm sm smct cthr hr rmku rmkuldt ldtmn mn by mch mch`h `higc igc kdg` kdg`.. Kdr` Kd r`jd jdi i (266=
^JM CH@QMRKM@CM R MQGM[ MQGM[ ? NMQMLHVIM@^ D@N GIVLMIM@^D^GH@ ^jm prhomcts d`n phlgcy nhcuim`ts ngscussmn jmrm nmih`strdtm khvmr`im`tt dw im` dwdr drm` m`mss mss ha tj tjmm sj sjga gatt hc hccur currg rg`k `k wg wgtj tjg` g` tj tjmm imn imngd gd ld`n ld`nsc scdpm dpm g` Dustrdlgd ds dungm`cm prdctgcms d`n tmcj`hlhkgcdl cdpdbglgtgms cjd`km. ^jmr ^j mrmm jd jdss dl dlsh sh bm bmm` m` d st stru ruct ctur urmn mn dt dttm tmip iptt th u` u`nm nmrs rstd td`n `n wj wjdt dt tjms tjmsmm cjd`km cjd `kmss d` d`n n `m `mw w prdct prdctgcm gcmss igkj igkjtt imd imd` ` g` tm tmri riss ha khv khvmr mr`im `im`t `t rmku rmkuldt ldtgh gh`, `, ). wgtjg` tjm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw (NBCNM 2642 (NBCNM 2642). ^jm Ch`vmrkm`cm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw Rmvgmw thhe pldcm arhi 2646 u`tgl 26425 gt wds crmdtmn by tjm Dustrdlgd` khvmr`im`t “th mxdig`m tjm phlgcy d`n rmkuldthry ardimwhres tjdt dpply th tjm ch`vmrkmn imngd d`n chiiu`gcdtgh`s ld`nscdpm g` Dustrdlgd’ (NBCNM (NBCNM 2643c 2643c). ). ^jm schpm ha tjm Ch`vmrkm`cm wds brhdn? gt wds dgimn dt dnnrmssg`k gssums g`clung`k imngd hw`Rmvgmw wds mrsjgp, Dustrdlgd` ch`tm`t prhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh`, d`n dllhcdtgh`s ha
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^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
2642,, p. vgg). ^jm rmvgmw tjm rdnghchiiu`gcdtgh`s spmctrui (NBCNM 2642 gnm`tgfflmn `uimrhus drmds ha Dustr Dustrdlgd` dlgd` imngd rmkuldtgh` th bm dnoust dnoustmn mn th rmflmct d ch`vmrk ch`vmrkm`t m`t m`vgrh`im`t, g` pdrtgc pdrtgculdr uldr `htg`k tjm ahllhw ahllhwg`k. g`k. •
Imngd hw`mrsjgp – D D ch`cm`t ch`cm`trdtgh` rdtgh` ha smrvgcms g` tjm jd`ns ha d sidll fl
`uibmr ha hpmrdthrs cd` jg`nmr tjm armm ha `mws, chiim`tdry d`n nmbdtm g` d nmihcrdtgc shcgmty. Imngdhw hw`mrsjgp d`n ch`trhl rulms drm vgtdl th m`surm tjdt d ngvmrsgty ha `mws d`n chiim`tdry gs idg`tdg`mn. • ^jm prhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh` ha Dustrdlgd` d`n lhcdl ch`tm`t – ^jmrm drm ch`sgnmrdblm shcgdl d`n culturdl bm`m fflts arhi tjm dvdgldbgl db glgt gtyy ha ch ch`t `tm` m`tt tj tjdt dt rmflmct mctss Dustrd Dustrdlgd lgd` ` gnm` gnm`tgt tgty, y, cjdr cjdrdct dctmr mr d`n ngvmr ngvmrsg sgty ty.. Ga lma lmatt th tj tjmm idr idremt emt dl dlh` h`m, m, sh shim im cul cultu turd rdll llyy sgk` sgk`ggfflcd`t ahris ha Dustrdlgd` ch`tm`t, sucj ds nrdid, nhcuim`tdry d`n cjglnrm`‗s prhkrdis, whuln bm u`nmr-prhnucmn. (NBCNM 2642 (NBCNM 2642,, p. vggg) Ch`vmrkm`cm ^jmngd, urm dttmiptmn dttmiptmn thim`ts prhvgnm lh`k-t lh`k-tmri mri ardimwhre ahr im imng d, th dl dllh lhw w Rmvgmw ahr aut autur m nmv nmvml mlhp hpim` ts th dhcc hccur ur u` u`nmr nmr d lmkg lmkgsl sldt dtgv gvmm ardimwhre htjmr tjd` mxgstg`k tmcj`hlhky-bdsmn lmkgsldtgh` sucj ds tjm ^ml mlmc mchi hiiu iu`g `gccdtgh dtgh`s `s Dc Dctt, Rdng Rdnghh Chii Chiiu` u`gc gcdt dtgh gh`s `s Dct d` d`n tjm Brhdncdstg`k Smrvgcms Dct , wjgcj jdvm bmm` gnm`tgfflmn by Cjrgs Cjdpid` (Cjdgrid` d`n Cjgma Mxmcutgvm ha DCID) ds “`hw nmcdnms hln, d`n g` shim sh im cds cdsms ms . . . bmc bmchig hig`k `k g`cr g`crmds mdsg` g`kl klyy nga fflcult ult th dp dpp ply g` d ch ch` `vmrmr2644,, p. =). ^jmrm gs d rmchk`gtgh` g` tjm rmvgmw kmn . . . m`vgrh`im`t’ (2644 tjdt tjmrm `mmns th bm d pldtahri-`mutrdl dpprhdcj th prhnucg`k d`n ngst ngstrg rgbu butg tg`k `k Du Dust strd rdlg lgd` d` ch` ch`tm tm`t `t,, rm rmkul kuldt dtmn mn by tj tjmm g`nu g`nust stry ry,, th m` m`su surm rm Dustrdlgd` sthrgms drm thln. ^jm tjm` ig`gstmr ahr tjm NBCNM, Stmpjm`
Ch`rhy, @hvmibmr 2642 tjdt tmcj`hlhkgms sucjdrm ds GV^Q prhvgnmm dstdtmn prhvgn wgnmr g` schpm ahr g``hvdtgh` d`nh`lg`m tjdt tjmsm tmcj`hlhkgms lgemly th bm d auturm dltmr`dtgvm th brhdncdst (Ch`rhy 2642). 2642). ^jm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw dttmiptmn th rmsph`n th d`n prhvgnm d ardimwhre ahr aurtjmr dnnr dn nrms mssg sg`k `k tj tjmm cjdll cjdllm` m`kms kms ngkg ngkgtd tdll d` d`n n h`l h`lg` g`mm tm tmcj cj`hl `hlhkg hkgms ms pr prms msm`t m`t th imngd rmkuldtgh`. ^jm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw jds rmcmgvmn d rd`km ha rmsph`sms d`n crgtgcgsis sg`cm gts rmlmdsm g` 2642. ^jm rmvgmw pldcmn Dustrdlgd ds d whrln lm lmdn dnmr mr dt dttm tmip iptg tg`k `k th nmd nmdll wg wgtj tj tj tjmm gssu gssums ms rdgs rdgsmn mn by ch ch`vm `vmrk rkg` g`k k imn imngd gd tmcj`hlhkgms d`n ch`tm`t, sucj ds wjh cd` rmkuldtm tjgs imngd ld`nscdpm 2642b). ). Jhwmv hwmvmr mr,, tjm rmv mvgm gmw w ahcu ahcusm smn n h` bgk bgk bu busg sg`m `mss ss,, gts gts ch ch`c `cmp mptt ha (Almw 2642b (Almw “
Ch`t Ch `tm`t m`t Sm Smrvg rvgcm cm M`tm M`tmrp rprg rgsm smss (C (CSM SMs) s),, wj wjgcj gcj drm drm imng imngdd ch`t ch`tm`t m`t prh prhvgn vgnmrUs mrUsYY
= VRHN]CG@K VRHN]CG@K C]L C]L^]RM ^]RM?? D]S^R D]S^RDLGD@ DLGD@ IM IMNGD NGD D@N CRMD^G CRMD^GQM QM VHLGCW
7;
wjgcj UjdvmY ihrm tjd` =66,666 Dustrdlgd` usmrs pmr ih`tj, d`n $=6i pmr d``ui ha rmvm rmvm`um `um arh arhi i Dus Dustrd trdlgd lgd`-s `-shur hurcmn cmn prh prhams amssgh sgh`dl `dl ch`t ch`tm`t m`t’ ds immtg`k (Almw 2642b). 2642b). Ha tjm 4= chipd`gms gnm`tgfflmn by tjm Rmvgmw ds tjmsm crgtmrgd, dll drm “ch`vm`tgh`dl imngd busg`mssms. But tjm CSM ldbml chuln g` prg`cgplm bm mxtm`nmn th chipd`gms sucj ds ^mlstrd, Khhklm d`n Dpplm, nmpm`ng`k h` wjmrm tjrmsjhlns drmnmrsmt Uh`Y krhwtj 2642b). ). @h @ht t chv chvmr mrmn mn u` u`nm r tj tjmd`n m rmvg rmvgmw mw drm drauturm m g`nm g`nmpm pm`n `nm` m`tt trdomcthrgms (Almw 2642b ’ (Almw imngd d`n usmr-km`mrdtmn ch`tm`t ds tjmy nh `ht immt tjm sgzm rmqugrmim`t im `tss ha d CS CSM. M. Curr Currm` m`tl tly, y, tjmr tjmrmm gs `h schp schpmm ahr ahr rmku rmkuld ldtg tg`k `k si sidl dllm lmrr prhnuctgh`s prhnuct gh`s d`n scrmm` ch`tm`t ahr `h`-tr `h`-trdngtgh dngtgh`dl `dl pldtah pldtahris. ris. ^mcj` ^m cj`hl hlhk hkgcd gcdll nmv nmvmlh mlhpi pim`t m`tss imd` imd` km kmhk hkrd rdpjy pjy `h lh`k lh`kmr mr lgig lgigts ts dcc dccms msss th imngd ch`tm`t. G` rmsph`sm th tjgs, tjm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw gnm`tg gnm`tgfflms d `mmn th cjd`km tjm lgcm`sg`k ha ch`tm`t smrvgcms u`nmr tjm Brhdncdstg`k Smrvgcms Dct 4772 ds ds tjm G`tmr`mt rmihvms tjm kmhkrdpjgcdl lgigtdtgh`s tjdt mxgstmn mdrlgmr wjm` ngstrgbutg`k ch`tm`t usg`k tjm brhdncdst spmctrui 2642,, p. >). Dccmssg`k ch`tm`t h` tjm G`tmr`mt gs `ht lgigtmn g` (NBCBM 2642 (NBCBM tjm sdim id``mr kmhkrdpjgcdl ds tmlmvgsgh`, wjmrm sm`n sgk`dls dcrhss d prmnmtmrig`mn spdcm. brhdncdst Jhwmvmr,thwmrs tjmrm drm currm`tly shim lgigtdtgh`s h` tjm dbglgty th dccmss h`lg`m ch`tm`t, sucj ds tjm rmkgh` blhces h` Dimrgcd` h`lg`m ch`tm`t prhvgnmrs nmscrgbmn. ^rdngtgh`dl brhdncdstg`k ha nhimstgc ch`tm`t gs lgigtmn mch`higcdlly by tjm chsts dsshcgdtmn wgtj lhcdl prhnuctgh` vmrsus purcjdsg`k ahrmgk` ch`tm`t. Ahrimr Chiiu`gcdtgh`s Ig`gstmr, Stmpjm` Ch`rhy, stdtmn tjdt cjd`kms g` ch`tm`t nmlgvmry tjrhukj tjm usm ha ch`vmrkm`t pldtahris, d`n tjm structurm ha ch`tm`t ngstrgbutgh`, drm cjd`kg`k ch`suiptgh` jdbgts (2642 2642). ). Lmkdl d`n gllmkdl ngkgtdl ngstrgbutgh`s drm idohr ch`cmr`s ahr tjm Dustrdlgd` imngd g`nustry. Jhwmvmr, armm-th-dgr brhdncdstmrs g` Dustrdlgd drkum tjdt tjmyd`n wgllh`lg`m survgvm num th ^jmrm tjm prhvgsgh` ha ihrm dccmss phg`ts tjrhukj GV^Q ch`tm`t. gs d` dce`hwlmnkmim`t g` tjm g`nustry tjdt dndptdtgh`s `mmn th bm idnm, d`n tjm vgmwg`k ihnml ahr tmlmvgsgh` gs dlrmdny cjd`kg`k (Brhhe d`n Imdnm 2642 2642). ). Ahxtml Cjgma Mxmcutgvm, Rgcjdrn Armunm`stmg`, gs quhtmn ds jdvg`k sdgn tjdt tjm nmldy bmtwmm` rmlmdsm ha `mw tmlmvgsgh` ch`tm`t g`tmr`dtgh`dlly d`n gts dvdgldbglgty g` Dustrdlgd jdn lmn th d` g`crmdsm g` pgrdcy by Dustrdlgd`s? Ahxtml ‗s 2642). ). shlutgh` gs th adst-trdce ch`tm`t (Armunm`stmg`, cgtmn g` Jdrngm 2642 Imngd buymr Jdrhln Igtcjmll wds quhtmn by tjm Syn`my Ihr`g`k Jmrdln `mwspdpmr ds jdvg`k sdgn, “by 264> h`lg`m wgll hvmrtdem ^Q ’ (Igtcjmll, 2642). ). @uibmrs ha prgim-tgim tmlmvgsgh` cgtmn g` Amrkush` d`n Gndth 2642 vgmwmrs g` Dustrdlgd amll by 2% g` 2642 (Amrkush` d`n Gndth Gndth 2642 2642). ). ^jmrm
7:
^JM C]L^ C]L^]RM ]RM G@N]S^ G@N]S^RW RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
gs stgll nmbdtm hvmr tjm auturm ha Dustrdlgd` tmlmvgsgh` ch`tm`t d`n jhw iucj tjm nmvmlhpi nmvmlhpim`t m`t ha `mw pldtahris wgll gipdct h` trdngt trdngtgh`dl gh`dl brhdn). ^jm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw dttmiptmn dttmiptmn th cdstmrs (Brhhe d`n Imdnm 2642 Imdnm 2642). dnnrmss tjmsm gssums tjrhukj tjm g`trhnuctgh` ha `mw rmkuldtgh`s th m`surm tjmm pr tj prhnu hnuct ctgh gh` ` ha Du Dust strd rdlg lgd` d` sc scrm rmm` m` ch ch`t `tm`t m`t.. ^jg ^jgss wg wgll ll bm dn dnnr nrms mssm smn n aurtjmr. ^jm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw dlsh dnnrmssms tjm drkuim`t ha chipd`gms sucj ds ^mlstrd d`n @mws Lgigtmn, wjgcj bhtj stdtm tjdt num th tjm lhw m`try chst ha G`tmr`mt usm, tjm h`lg`m m`vgrh`im`t “jds crmdtmn d vdst ngvmrsgty ha vhgcms, rmihvg`k dll oustgfflcdtgh` ahr d`y h`khg`k rmkuldtgh` ha imngd hw`mrsjgp htjmr tjd` km`mrdl chipmtgtgh` ldw ’ (Nmpdrtim`t ha Brhdnbd`n, Chiiu`gcdtgh`s d`n tjm Ngkgtdl Mch`hiy 2642, 2642, p. =). ^jm Rmvgmw rmomct rmomctss tjg tjgss drk drkuim uim`t. `t. G`s G`stmd tmdn, n, tjm Ch`vmrkm`c Ch`vmrkm`cmm Rmvgmw Rmvgmw drkums tjdt g` tjm h`lg`m m`vgrh`im`t tjmrm drm stgll d sidll `uibmr ha hrkd`gsdtgh`s tjdt “rmidg` by adr tjm ihst g`flum`tgdl’ (Nmpdrtim`t ha Brhdnbd`n, Chiiu`gcdtgh`s d`n tjm Ngkgtdl Mch`hiy 2642, 2642, p. 1)5 ds, cur currm` rm`tly tly,, arm armm-t m-th-d h-dgr tml tmlmvgs mvgsgh` gh`dtrmi rmidg`s dg`s tjm prm prmnhig nhig`d` `d`t ahr ahri i^jm ha imngd ch`suiptgh` g`grDustrdlgd, >6% (NBCNM 2642 2642, , p.t ;). mxgstg mxg stg`k `k Dus Dustr trdlg dlgd` d` tmlmvg tmlmvgsgh sgh` ` g`n g`nust ustry ry adc adcms ms `mw cjdl cjdllm` lm`kms kms ds imngd imngd ch`vmrkm`cm g`tmrrupts lh`k-std`ng`k prhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh` prdctgcms. Jhwmvmr, ds drkumn ldtmr, khvmr`im`t rmsph`sms th tjm rmchiim`ndtgh`s ha tjm Ch`vmrkm`cm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw jdvm lgigtmn tjm phtm`tgdl ahr tjgs mimrkg mimrkg`k `k ‚ch`vmrkm`t‗ smcthr th krhw hutsgnm ha tjm ch`trhl ha tjm culturm g`nustry. ^jm imngd rmahris prhphsmn by tjm Ch`vmrkm`cm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw Rmvgmw wmrm prmsm` m`ttmn th Vdrlgdim im` `t g` Idrcj 26 264 43. Ohj` Ad Adggrbdgr` d`n Migly Jdwcrhat, ha lmkdl fflri Ig`tmr Mllgsh`, prhvgnm d` hutlg`m ha tjm rmahris pdcedkm, `htg`k tjm ahllhwg`k? 4. Vublgc Vublgc g`tmrmst g`tmrmst tmst tmst ? tjm g`trhnuctgh` ha d `mw Vdrt =D g`th tjm Brhdncdstg`k Smrvgcms Dct 4772 (Ctj) (Ctj) (BSD) giphsg`k d publgc g`tmrmst tmst ahr `dtgh`dlly sgk`gfflcd`t imngd imrkmrs d`n dcqugsgtgh`s5 2. Vublgc G`tmrmst Imngd Dnvhcdtm (VGID)? (VGID)? tjm dpphg`tim`t ha d sg`klm g`ngvgnudl wgtj phwmrs th dpprhvm imrkmrs hr dcqugsgtgh`s u`nmr Vdrt =D d`n th nmcldrm g`nmpm`n g`nmpm`nm`t m`t smla-rmk smla-rmkuldthr uldthryy bhngms th hvmrsmm `mws imngd std`ndrns d`n chipldg`ts g` rmldtgh` th `mws imngd hrkd` hr kd`gs gsdt dtgh` gh`ss wj wjh h wh whul uln n `ht bm mxmip mxmiptt arhi arhi tj tjmm Vrgvdc Vrgvdcyy Dct 47:: (Ctj) (Ctj) ga tjmy adglmn th bmchim imibmrs by d spmcg fflmn ndtm (2643).
= VRHN]CG@K VRHN]CG@K C]L C]L^]RM ^]RM?? D]S^R D]S^RDLGD@ DLGD@ IM IMNGD NGD D@N CRMD^G CRMD^GQM QM VHLGCW
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^jm Vdrlgdim`t ha Dustrdlgd [mbsgtm nmffl`ms `uibmr 2, tjm Vublgc G`tmrmst Imngd Dnvhcdtm Bgll 2643 , ds ahllhws? Vdrt ha d pdcedkm ha sgx bglls g` rmldtgh` th tjm imngd smcthr, tjm bgll? crmdtm crm dtmss tjm g`nmp g`nmpm`n m`nm`t m`t stdtut stdtuthr hryy ha fflcm ha tjm tjm Vu Vubl blgc gc G`tm G`tmrm rmst st Imng Imngdd Dnvhcdtm (VGID)5 prhvgnms ahr tjm au`ctgh`s, dpphg`tim`t, d`n tmris d`n ch`ngtgh`s ha VGID5 d`n rmqugrms d` d``udl rmphrt th bm prmpdrmn h` VGID VGID ‗s dct dctgvg gvgtgm tgmss d`n htjmr htjmr spm spmcg cgfflmn idt idttmr tmrs. s. (Chii (Chiih`w h`wmdl mdltj tj ha 2643b)) Dustrdlgdd 2643b Dustrdlg
^jm bgll wds ngscjdrk ngscjdrkmn mn arhi pdrlgd pdrlgdim`t im`t h` Idrcj 24, 2643 datmr hutrdkm wds mxprmssmn g` tjm idg`strmdi `mws imngd, wjgcj rmamrrmn th tjm `mw prhphsmn imngd bhny ds rmig`gscm`t ha shvgmt-stylm rmstrgctgh`s h` “armmnhi ha spmmcj’, d`n khvmr`im`t burmducrdcy giphsg`k ch`trhl h` tjm imngd (Ahrnm 2643 (Ahrnm 2643). ). ^mrry Almw drkums tjdt tjgs rmahri ngn `ht tdem g`th dcchu`t tjm ch`vmrkmn imngd phlgcy ardimwhre tjdt wds rmchiim`nmn by tjm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw ds ds d imtjhn ha rmsph`ng`k th `mw imngd cjdllm lm`k `kms ms,, su sucj cj ds “ch`t ch`tm`t m`t std std`ndr `ndrns ns ah ahrr Khh Khhklm klm,, hr ml mlgig gig`dt `dtg`k g`k brh brhdncd dncdstg stg`k `k lgcm`sms dlthkmtjmr’, but rdtjmr rmsph`nmn th imngd rmahri wgtjg` tjm hlnmr ardimwhre ha imngd “sglhs’ sucj ds “prg`t, brhdncdstg`k, d`n h`lg`m imngd’ ds tjhukj tjmy hpmrdtm ds smpdrdtm m`tgtgms (2643 (2643). ). ^jgs prhphsmn lmkgsldtgh` th nmvmlhp d `mw rmkuldthry bhny th “hvmrsmm `mws imngd std`ndrns’ (Adgrbdgr` d`n Jdwcrhat 2643 Jdwcrhat 2643)) wds `ht pdssmn g` Vdrlgdim`t, prmsmrvg`k tjm phwmr stgll jmln by mxgstg`k imngd bhngms, sucj ds prg`t `mws, g` Dustrdlgd. Ds Ahrnm `htms, “d`y khvmr`im`t wjh dttmipts th 2643). ). idem tjm `mws imngd dcchu`tdblm th tjm publgc gs tjwdrtmn ’ ( (2643 ^wh bglls wmrm pdssmn, jhwmvmr. H`m ha tjmsm wds tjm Brhdncdstg`k Lmkgsldtgh` Dim`nim`t (Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw d`n Htjmr Imdsurms) Bgll 2643 , wjgcj puts g`th phlgcy tjm ahllhwg`k? . . . `h dnngtgh`dl chiimrcgdl tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstg`k lgcm`cms wgll bm idnm dvdgldblm th m`dblm d ahurtj chiimrcgdl tmlmvgsgh` `mtwhre. (Chiih`wmdltj ha Dustrdlgd 2643d Dustrdlgd 2643d))
^jgs lmkgsldtgh` jds maamctgvmly jdltmn d`y aurtjmr chipmtgtgh` g` tjm armmth-dgr tmlmvgsgh` smcthr by `ht dllhwg`k d ahurtj chiimrcgdl `mtwhre th dccmss tjm brhdncdst spmctrui. Dnngtgh`dlly, tjm ^mlmvgsgh` Lgcm`cm Amms Dim`nim`t Bgll 2643 wds wds dlsh pdssmn, wjgcj
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^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
. . . dim`ns tjm ^mlmvgsgh` Lgcm`cm Amms Dct 471> th? rmnucm by =6 pmr cm`t tjm d``udl lgcm`cm amm pdydblm by chiimrcgdl tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstg`k lgcm`smms, th d idxgiui ha >.= pmr cm`t ha krhss mdr`g`ks5 d`n idem ch`smqum`tgdl d`n tmcj`gcdl dim`nim`ts. (Chiih`wmdltj ha Dustrdlgd 2643c Dustrdlgd 2643c))
^jgs bgll jds rmsultmn g` ngschu`tmn dccmss th tjm spmctrui by mxgstg`k usmrs d`n jds jmlpmn m`surm tjm ch`tg`umn nhig`d`cm ha tjm armm-th-dgr tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstmrs currm`tly hpmrdtg`k g` Dustrdlgd by rmnucg`k tjm chsts ha hpmrdtgh`, rmg`ahrcg`k tjm phwmr d`n ch`trhl ha Dustrdlgd‗s mxgstg`k culturm g`nustry. Ahur ha tjm sgx lmkgsldtgvm cjd`kms rmchiim`nmn g` tjm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw wmrm wmrm `ht pdssmn g` Vdrlgdim`t. ^jm twh rmahris `htmn jmrm jdvm imrmly imr mly str strm`k m`ktjm tjm`mn `mn tjm phs phsgtg gtgh` h` ha mxg mxgstg stg`k `k arm armm-t m-th-d h-dgr gr brh brhdnc dncdst dstmr mrss g` Dustrdlgd Dustr dlgd d`n haamr lgtt lgttlm lm hpphrtu`g hpphrtu`gty ty ahr `mw chipmtg chipmtgtgh` tgh` th mimrkm h` tjm brhdncdst spmctrui. [gtjhut dnngtgh`dl usmrs bmg`k dblm th dccmss tjm brhdncdst spmctrui, tjm ffl mln ha tmlmvgsgh` prhnuctgh` g` Dustrdlgd idg`tdg`s gts stdtus stdtus quh quh,, wgt wgtj j mst mstdbl dblgsj gsjmn mn chip chipmtg mtgthr thrss ch` ch`tg` tg`ug`k ug`k th vgm ahr nhig nhig`d` `d`cm cm wgtjhut wgtjh ut tjm dnngtg dnngtgh`dl h`dl cjdll cjdllm`km m`km ha `mw dkm`ts m`tmrg m`tmrg`k `k tjm spdcm. ^jm mstdblgsjmn g`nustry gs ihvg`k g`th d ch`vmrkm`t imngd spdcm, d`n tjm `mw imngd rmahris sukkmstmn th rmkuldtm tjgs spdcm jdvm `ht bmm` giplmim`tmn. ^jm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw ‗s g`tm`t th m`surm tjm prhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh` but gh` ha lhcdl lhcdl ch`t ch`tm`t m`t wgt wgtjg` jg` Dus Dustrd trdlgd lgd‗s imngd g`nustry idy `ht bm dnnr dn nrms mssm smn n by ar armm mm-t -thh-dg dgrr tm tmlmv lmvgs gsgh gh`, `, kg kgvm vm` ` tj tjmm rmsp rmsph` h`sm smss ha g`n g`nus ustr tryy th `mw rmkuldtgh` ds nmscrgbmn. Jhwmvmr, tjm g`trhnuctgh` ha phlgcgms sucj ds Crmdtgvm `mw w au` au`ng ng`k `k ihn ihnml mlss arhi arhi Sc Scrm rmm` m` Du Dust strd rdlg lgdd Crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd Dustrdlgd d`n `m dttmipt th supphrt tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturdl tmxts bmyh`n tmlmvgsgh`. ]S^RDLGD@ D R^S R^S VHLGCW D ]S^RDLGD@
Drts phlgcy g` Dustrdlgd jds u`nmrkh`m d smrgms ha sgk`g fflcd`t cjd`kms g` tjm pdst ahur ymdrs, rmg`ahrcg`k tjm khvmr`im`t‗s phsgtgh` ds d structurg`k structurm, g`crmdsg`kly lgigtg`k tjm phtm`tgdl ha tjm crmdtgvm smcthr th bm g`clusgvm ha ngvmrsgty d`n phsgtgh`g`k tjm drts smcthr th bm supphrtgvm ha khvmr`im`t phlgcy d`n dgis g` htjmr drmds, g`clung`k tjm hbomctgvms ha ahrmgk` phlgcy. ^jm Crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd phlgcy wds rmlmdsmn g` Idrcj 2643 wgtj tjm g`tm`tgh` ha nmlgvmrg`k d `mw “au`ng`k d`n supphrt ardimwhre ’ ahr crmdtgvm prdctgcms g` Dustrdlgd. Dcchrng`k th tjm phlgcy hvmrvgmw, tjm phlgcy gs kugnmn by tjrmm tjmims? ihnmr`gsg`k drtgstgc supphrt, nmvmlhpg`k pdtj wdys d`n mnucdtgh` ahr g``hvdtgh`, d`n rmtur`g`k drts ds d ahcus ha
= VRHN VRHN]CG@K ]CG@K C] C]L^]R L^]RM? M? D]S^ D]S^RDLGD RDLGD@ @ IMNGD D@N D@N CRMD^ CRMD^GQM GQM VHLGCW VHLGCW
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). ^jm phlgcy dgis th rmchk`gsm d`n `dtgh`dl lgam (Crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd 2643 Dustrdlgd 2643). cmlmbrdtm Dustrdlgd‗s ngvmrsm crmdtgvm culturm? . . . dt d tgim wjm` trd`sahridtgvm tmcj`hlhkgcdl cjd`kms thucj mvmry dspmct ha drtgstgc d`n crmdtgvm m`nmdvhur . . . ^jmsm khdls drtgculdtm tjm auturm tjgs
phlgcy wgll m`dblm? tjm cm`trdlgty ha Dbhrgkg`dl d`n ^hrrms Strdgt Gsld`nmr culturms5 tjm ngvmrsgty ha Dustrdlgd d`n tjm rgkjt ha cgtgzm`s th sjdpm culturdl gnm`tgty5 tjm cm`trdl rhlm ha tjm drtgst5 tjm ch`trgbutgh` ha culturm th `dtgh`dl lgam d`n tjm mch`hiy5 g``hvdtgh` d`n d ngkgtdlly m`dblmn crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd. (Crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd)
^jm Crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd phlgcy phlgcy gs wgnm rmdcjg`k, dpplyg`k th mvmry smcthr ha tjm drts chiiu`gty? iusgc, tjmdtrm, nd`cm, iusmuis, kdllmrgms, pmrahrid`cm spdcms, scrmm`, mnucdtgh`, trdg`g`k d`n sh h`. Gt ahcusms jmdvgly h` rmchk rmc hk`g `gsg sg`k `k `ht h`l h`lyy g`ng g`ngkm` km`hu huss cu cult ltur urmm bu butt dls dlsh h tj tjmm ch ch`t `trg rgbu butg tgh` h` ha igkrd igk rd`t `tss th Du Dust strd rdlg lgd` d` cul cultu turm rm.. ^j ^jmm ph phlg lgcy cy ide idems ms vgsg vgsgbl blmm tj tjmm `mm `mmn n ahr ahr cmrtdg` culturdl prdctgcms d`n mipjdsgsms cmrtdg` ahris ha culturdl rmprmsm`tdtgh`s sm`tdt gh`s ds mssm`t mssm`tgdl, gdl, wjgls wjglstt lgigtg lgigtg`k `k htjmrs htjmrs.. ^jm Crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd phlgcy g`trhnuctgh` stdtms tjdt tjm Dustrdlgd` khvmr`im`t, ds pdrt ha gts chiigtim`t th prhihtg`k ngvmrsgty, jds “nmlgvmrmn mrmn tj tjmm g` g`gt gtgd gdll rm rmsp sph` h`sm sm th tj tjmm 26 2642 42 Ch`vmrkm`cm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw Rmvgmw . ^j ^jgs gs smms smms Dustrdlgd` ch`tm`t quhtds mxtm`nmn th armm-th-dgr chiimrcgdl tmlmvgsgh` iultg-cjd``mls’ (Crmdtgv (Crmdtgvmm Dustrdlgd) Dustrdlgd).. ^jmrm gs d rmchk`gtgh` ha tjm `mmn th prhihtm d`n utglgsm ch`vmrkm`t tmcj`hlhkgms th dnn th tjm hutput ha Dustrdlgd` culturdl prhnucts wgtjg` tjm phlgcy, d`n, th tjdt m`n, tjm khvmr`im`t jds chiigttmn `ht h`ly th g`crmdsm au`ng`k th tjm scrmm` smcthr, but dlsh th Crmdtm d` h`lg`m prhnuctgh` au`n th supphrt tjm prhnuctgh` ha prmigui Dustrdlgd` ch`tm`t ahr h`lg`m nmlgvmry. Scrmm` Dustrdlgd wgll mxplhrm pdrt`mrsjgps wgtj tmlmchiiu`gcdtgh` prhvgnmrs, brhdncdstmrs d`n h`lg`m prhvgnmrs5 (Crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd)
d`n [hre wgtj g`nustry h` lh`k-tmri imdsurms th supphrt prhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh` ha Dustrdlgd` scrmm` ch`tm`t g`clung`k tjm ch`vmrkmn ch`tm`t prhnuctgh` au`n prhphsmn by tjm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw. (Crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd)
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^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
^jm phlgcy rmchk`gsms tjdt imngd ch`vmrkm`cm crmdtms `mw hpphrtu`gtgms ahr g`ngvgnudls th pdrtgcgpdtm d`n m`kdkm g` tjm crmdtgh` ha culturdl prhnucts, d`n tjdt h`lg`m cultur culturmm gs “kgvg`k rgsm th g`crmdsmn hpphrtu`gtgms ahr crmdtgvm mxprmssgh` ahr g`ngvgnudls d`n tjm mimrkm`cm ha tjm ‚prhsuimr‗ wjh bhtj ‚ch`suims‗ d`n crmdtms culturdl ch`tm`t’ (Crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd). ffl
G` tjm tjmch nmvmlhpi nmvmlhpim`t m`thahakh Dustrd Dustrdlgd` lgd` hvmr tjmmdnngtgh`, tj pd pdst st >6 ymdr ym drssphlgcy gs nu numm cldgis g` pd pdrt rttjdt th tjm chii iigt gtim im`t `t khvm vmr` r`im im`t `t au`n auli `ng` g`k, k, dnng`k tjdt tjmsm ffllis jdvm dssgstmn g` “nmvmlhpg`k d sm`sm ha Dustrdlgd` gnm`tgty, cjdrdctmr d`n culturdl ngvmrsgty ’ (Crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd). Wmt, tjm phlgcy nhms `ht prhvgnm d ngscussgh` ha iultg-culturdlgsi bmyh`n dce`hwlmnkg` mnk g`k k tj tjdt dt gt mx mxgs gsts ts.. Aur Aurtj tjmr mrihr ihrm, m, gt ahcus ahcusms ms h` “mtj mtj`gcg `gcgty, ty, rdc rdcmm d`n `dtg `d tgh` h`dl dlgt gtyy rd rdtj tjmr mr tjd` tjd` tj tjmm br brhd hdnm nmrr im imd` d`g` g`ks ks ha cult cultur urdl dl ngvm ngvmrs rsgt gty y ’ 2644,, p. 4=:). (Ndvgsh` 2644 (Ndvgsh` Ds ha 4: Smptmibmr, 2643, d `mw drts ig`gstry wds mstdblgsjmn, ahllhwg`k tjm cjd`km g` khvmr`im`t. G` Dukust 264>, tjm Dustrdlgd Chu`cgl ahr tjm Drts rmlmdsmn d `mw strdtmkgc pld`, wjgcj prhigsmn th cjd`km au`ng`k “
ffl
prhkrdiims tjdt drtgsts dpply au`ng`k tjm tjmgr gr prd prdctg ctgcm cmshg`t g`th h drt drtahr ahri i cd` cdtmkhr cdtmkhrgms gmsahr (D ustrdl rdlgd gd wgtjhut Chu Chu`cg `cgll jdvg`k ahr tjm thDrt Drtsst ’ (Dust 264>). ). ^jm khdls ha tjgs phlgcy g`clunm 264> m`dblg`k ihbglgty ha drtgsts th trdvml d`n thur • g`crmdsg`k culturdl ngvmrsgty – tjm `htgh` ha ngvmrsgty smmis lgigtmn th tjm gnmd tjdt ngvmrsgty gs rdcgdlly hr mtj`gcdlly nm ffl`mn, ds tjm phlgcy spmcgfflcdlly im`tgh`s tjdt “ Dustrdlgd jds tjm jgkjmst prhphrtgh` ha hvmrsmds-bhr` pmhplm dih`kst ldrkm HMCN `dtgh`s ’ • nmvmlhpg`k g``hvdtgvm hr mxpmrgim`tdl drt ahris g`crmdsg`k g`k tjm culturdl cdpgtdl ha Dustrdlgd Dustrdlgd`s, `s, giprhvg`k dccmss th tjm • g`crmds •
drts d`n g`crmdsg`k prgvdtm g`vmstim`t g` tjm tjm drts drts smcthr, cmlmbrdtg`k tjm ch`trgbutgh` ha G`ngkm`hus Dustrdlgd`s th g`vmstg`k g` G`ngkm`hus drt prhkrdis, d`n supphrtg`k yhu`k G`ngkm`hus pmhplm plm th prdc prdctg tgsm sm d` d`n n mx mxpm pmrg rgm` m`cm cm tjmg tjmgrr cult cultur urm. m. (D (Dus ustr trdl dlgd gd Ch Chu` u`cg cgll ahr ahr tj tjmm 264>)) Drts 264> Drts Vhlg hlgcg cgms ms sucj sucj ds tjm tjm Crmdtgv Crmdtgvmm Dustrd Dustrdlgd lgd phlg phlgcy cy d` d`n n tj tjmm Du Dust strd rdlg lgdd Chu`cgl‗s strdtmkgc pld` g` pdrt lmkgtgigsm d`n rmchk`gsm cmrtdg` subculturdl krhups, but htjmrwgsm rm`nmr cldss, smxudlgty d`n km`nmr g`vgsgblm. ^jmsm ^jm sm phl phlgcg gcgms ms kug kugnm nm cult culturdl urdl prh prhnuct nuctgh` gh` tjr tjrhuk hukj j rmku rmkuldt ldthry hry ardi ardimm whres5 jhwmv jhwmvmr, mr, tjmy nh `ht rmchk rmchk`gsm `gsm hr idem vgsgb vgsgblm lm ig`hrg ig`hrgtgms tgms wgtjg` tjmsm kugnmlg`ms.
= VRHN VRHN]CG@K ]CG@K C] C]L^]R L^]RM? M? D]S^ D]S^RDLGD RDLGD@ @ IMNGD D@N D@N CRMD^ CRMD^GQM GQM VHLGCW VHLGCW
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^jm nmvmlhpim`t ha ‚mxcmllm`cm‗ tjrhukj phlgcy gs tjm subomct ha d crgtgqum lmvmllmn dt tjm Brgtgsj Crmdtgvm G`nustry phlgcy by Kdr`jdi, wjh cldgis tjdt tjm ]E phlgcy ‗s stdtmn ‚pursugt ha mxcmllm`cm‗ rdgsms ch`cmr`s hvmr nmffl`g`k d std`ndrn ahr mxcmllm`cm, wjgcj g` drts phlgcy bmchims “d chnm ahr mxclusgvgty, ahr tjm jgmrdrcjy ha ahris d`n dctgvgtgms ’, ds tjm smdrcj 266=, ahr mxcmllm`cm rgses nmtmrig`g`k wjgcj crmdtgvm whre thd` mxplhrm (g`k (266= p. 2: 2:). ). Suc Sucj j ph phlg lgcy cy nhcui nh cuim`t m`ts, s, wj wjgl glst st supp supphr hrtg tg`k `k tj tjm m drts drts d`n n mm`s `sur urg` k tj tjmm, ch`tg ch` tg`u `udt dtgh gh` ` ha dr drts ts au`ng au`ng`k `k hut hutsg sgnm nm ha tjm tjm chi chiimr imrcg cgdl dl g`n g`nus ustr try, y, rgse rgse lgigtg`k tjm schpm ha culturdl prhnuctgh` th bm m`dblmn by tjmsm phlgcgms, ds tjm nmffl`gtgh`s d`n dgis ha phlgcy drm rmstrgctmn by phlgtgcdl ngschursm. ^jgs ^j gs gs gssu summ `h `hw w ad adcm cmss tj tjmm cr crmd mdtg tgvm vm g`nu g`nust stry ry smct smcthr hr g` Dust Dustrd rdlg lgdd ds `m `mw w au`ng`k ihnmls mimrkm th supphrt tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` d`n mxcmllm`cm mxcmllm` cm wgtjg wgtjg` ` Dustr Dustrdlgd dlgd‗s crmdtgvm smcthr. G` 264=, tjm amnmrdl khvmr`im`t g`trhnucmn tjm `mw @dtgh`dl Vrhkrdi ahr Mxcmllm`cm g` tjm Drts, ldtmr rm`dimn rm`dimn Cdtdlyst. Au`ng`k ahr tjgs prhkrd prhkrdiim iim wds idnm dvdgldblm by rmpu rmpurp rphs hsg` g`k k au`n au`ng` g`k k ar arhi hi tj tjmm mx mxgs gstg tg`k `k Du Dust strd rdlg lgdd Ch Chu` u`cg cgll ahr ahr Dr Drts ts 264=5tjm 5 Cdtdlyst 264=d Cdtdlyst 264=d). ). (Dustrdlgd Chu`cgl ahr nhms tjm Drts 264= Drts [jglst tjgs cjd`km g`crmdsm `uibmrs ha au`ng`k bhngms dvdgldblm th tjm Dustrdlgd` drts chiiu`gty, gt nhms `ht g`crmdsm tjm dihu`t ha au au`n `ng`k g`k dvd dvdgl gldb dblm? lm? g`st g`stmdn mdn,, ih ih`my `my jd jdss bm bmm` m` td tdem em` ` arhi arhi tjm tjm Du Dust strd rdlg lgdd Chu` Ch u`cg cgll ah ahrr tj tjmm Dr Drts ts g` hr hrnm nmrr `h `htt h` h`ly ly th au`n au`n pr prhk hkrd rdii iims ms wg wgtj tjg` g` Cdtdlyst, but dlsh prhvgng`k tjm dnig`gstrdtgh` bunkmt ahr tjgs `mw hrkd). G` dnngtgh`, dpplgcdtgh`s ahr au`ng`k drm dlsh th bm `gsdtgh` (Kgll 264= (Kgll 264=). dssmssmn g` pdrt by stdaa arhi tjm Drts Ig`gstry, g`trhnucg`k tjm phtm`tgdl ahr clhsmr khvmr`im`t g`tmrvm`tgh` rmkdrng`k wjdt gs dpprhvmn ahr au`ng`k (Kgll 264= (Kgll 264=). ). Au`ng`k crgtmrgd drm dlsh ngstg`ct arhi htjmr au`ng`k bhngms, sucj ds Scrmm` Dustrdlgddrtgsts, d`n tjmh`ly Dustrdlgd Chu`cgl ahr Drts? Cdtdlyst `ht au`n g`ngvgnudl hrkd`gsdtgh`s. ^jmtjm prghrgty drmds ahrnhms Cdtdlyst au`ng`k g`clunm pdrt`mrsjgps pdrt`mrsjgps d`n chlldbh chlldbhrdtgh` rdtgh`,, g``hvdt g``hvdtgh` gh` d`n pdrtg pdrtgcgpdcgpdtgh` (wgtjhut nmffl`g`k g``hvdtgh` g` tjgs ch`tmxt), d`n g`tmr`dtgh`dl d`n ). ^jm dssmssim`t crgtmrgd g`clunm qudlculturdl ngplhidcy (Cdtdlyst 264=b (Cdtdlyst 264=b). gty d`n g``hvdt g``hvdtgh`, gh`, g`clung`k mxpmrtgsm d`n cdlgbrm cdlgbrm ha hrkd`g hrkd`gsdtgh` sdtgh`s5 s5 prhvgsgh` ha g`crmdsmn dccmss th tjm drts ahr bhtj nhimstgc d`n g`tmr`dtgh`dl dungm`cms5 tjm phtm`tgdl ahr htjmr ffl`d`cgdl supphrt dvdgldblm ahr prhomcts5 ). d`n ‚ vdlum ahr ih`my ‗ ha tjm prhomct (Cdtdlyst 264=b (Cdtdlyst 264=b). G` dnngtgh` th tjmsm crgtmrgd drm tjm mstdblgsjmn au`ng`k prghrgty drmds, wjgcj currm`tly g`clunm prhomcts‗ phtm`tgdl ahr pdrt`mrsjgps wgtj Cjg`d, Kmrid`y, G`ngd d`n Sg`kdphrm, g` hrnmr th usm tjm drts ds d wdy ha
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^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
strm`ktjm`g`k rmldtgh`sjgps wgtj chu`trgms gnm`tgfflmn ds prghrgty5 d`n wjgcj km`mrdlly ly dlgk` wgtj tjm Dustrd Dustrdlgd` lgd` Khvmr`i Khvmr`im`t m`t‗s brhdn publgc ngplhid ngplhidcy cy “km`mrdl 264=c). ). Sucj prghrgtgms d`n ahrmgk` d`n trdnm phlgcy g`tmrmsts’ (Cdtdlyst (Cdtdlyst 264=c crmdtm d nd`kmrhus g`tmrsmctgh` bmtwmm` drts, au`ng`k d`n khvmr`im`t g`tmr g`t mrmst msts, s, wj wjgcj gcj bmc bmchi hims ms ms mspmc pmcgdl gdlly ly pr prhbl hblmid midtg tgcc wj wjm` m` au` au`ng ng`k `k dp dppl plgcd gcdtg tgh`s h`s drmhtjmr g` pdrt dssmss dssmssmn mn bybhngms khvmr`i khvmr`im`t G` lg`eg`k tjm dgis khvmr`im`t d`n hbomctgvms ha khvmr`im`t th m`t drtsstdaa. prdctgcm, tjm Dustrdlgd` gs dblm th aurtjm aurtjmrr ch`trhl wjdt typms ha drtgs drtgstgc tgc ch`tm`t idy bm prhnuc prhnucmn mn d`n ngstrgbutmn. Ds sucj, tjm drts smcthr gs m`churdkmn th whre wgtjg` d smrgms ha ardimwhres tjdt rmg`ahrcm tjm phsgtgh` ha nhig`d`cm jmln by structurg`k structurms, sucj ds khvmr`im`t, wjgcj lgigt tjm typms ha ch`tm`t tjdt drm supphrtmn d`n au`nmn. Dt tjgs stdkm, wjdt gs clmdr gs tjm lg`e bmtwmm` structurdl phlgcy khvmr`g`k tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha Dustrdlgd` ch`tm`t, d`n tjm ngscursgvm ch`structgh` ha rmchk`gsdblm gnm`tgtgms th prhihtm by imd`s ha phlgcy. Ngscussgh` ha culturdl ig`hrgtgms, g`clung`k km`nmr d`n smxudlgty, gs bdrmly im`tgh`mn. ^jmhnhr Dnhr`h tjm gs hatm` hut pjdsm , p.culturm 41>). g`nustry Dnhr`h crgtgqums tjm ha maamct ha gnmhlhkgcdlly wgtj drkums culturm tjdt (2646, (2646 lh`k-tmri mxphsurm th gnmds ds pldyg`k d rhlm g` rmg`ahrcg`k gnmhlhkgms (2646, 2646, p. 413). ^jm prg`cgplm ha tjgs ngscussgh` cd` bm dpplgmn th tjm phlgcgms tjdt idg`tdg` ‚lmkgtgidtm mxprmssgh`s‗ ha culturdl mxprmssgh` vgd au`ng`k dwdrnmn by tjm khvmr`im`t th m`dblm ch`trgbutgh`s th tjm crmdtgvm g`nustry. Rmchk`gtgh` ha smxudl gnm`tgty by tjm stdtm, ahr mxdiplm, gs `ht rmprmsm`tmn g` tjm currm`t drts phlgcy.
@M[ A]@NG@K IHNMLS ARHI SCRMM@ D ]S^RDLGD ]S^RDLGD G` thm`imngd ch`vmrkm`cm tjm tjdt tj dtrmsph`sm jd jdvm vm bm bmm` ngsc ngscus ussm smn n sh ad adr, r, d`n Sc Scrm rmm` m` mimrkg`k Du Dust strd rdlg lgd, d, crmdtgvm tjm tjm “em emyypldtahris Amn Amnmr mrdl dl Khvmr`im`t ngrmct au`ng`k bhny ahr tjm Dustrdlgd` scrmm` prhnuctgh` g`nustry ’ (Scrmm` Dustrdlgd Dustrdlgd `.n `.n)) nmvmlhpmn `mw au`ng`k ihnmls ahr wjdt gt cdllmn Iultg-Vldtahri Vrhnuctgh`s, wjgcj wmrm rmlmdsmn g` 2644 d`n upndtmn g` 2642 (Scrmm` Dustrdlgd 264= Dustrdlgd 264=)) g` rmsph`sm th tjm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw . Aurtjmr rmvgsmn au`ng`k kugnmlg`ms wmrm rmlmdsmn g` 2643 d`n 264= (Scrmm` Dustrdlgd 264= Dustrdlgd 264=,, Ouly 4). ^jmsm `mw kugnmlg`ms drm d rmsph`sm th khvmr`im`t g`gtgdtgvms d`n rmphrts surrhu`ng`k imngd ch`vmrkm`cm d`n tjm `mw ahris ha sthrytmllg`k sthrytmllg`k tjdt drm mimrkg`k h`lg`m, sucj ds [mb smrgms smrgms.. ^jm 2644/42 Iultg-Vldtahri Vrhnuctgh`s au`ng`k kugnmlg`ms haamrmn twh ngaamrm ngaamrm`t `t prhkrd prhkrdiims? iims?
= VRHN VRHN]CG@K ]CG@K C] C]L^]R L^]RM? M? D]S^ D]S^RDLGD RDLGD@ @ IMNGD D@N D@N CRMD^ CRMD^GQM GQM VHLGCW VHLGCW
46=
Ngkgtdl Gk`gtgh` – prhvgng`k nmvmlhpim`t supphrt ahr g``hvdtgvm g`tmrdctgvm prhomcts g`clung`k kdims wgtj d strh`k sthrytmllg`k chiph`m`t, ds wmll ds d` d``udl tdrkmtmn nmvmlhpim`t whresjhp5
d`n Iultg-Vldtahri Vrhnuctgh` – prhvgng`k prhnuctgh` supphrt ahr g`tmrdctgvm prhomc prh omcts ts g`c g`clun lung`k g`k tjh tjhsm sm wjg wjgcj cj idy jdvm jdvm rmc rmcmgv mgvmn mn Ngk Ngkgtd gtdll Gk`gtg Gk`gtgh` h` au` au`ng` ng`k, k, ds 2642,, p. 3) wmll ds ahr g``hvdtgvm rgse-tdeg`k lg`mdr nrdid. (Scrmm` Dustrdlgd Dustrdlgd 2642
]`nmr tjm 2644/42 kugnmlg`ms, th bm mlgkgblm ahr tjgs au`ng`k dll dpplgcd`t tmdis `mmnmn th jdvm d` mxpmrg mxpmrgm`cmn m`cmn prhnucmr dttdcj dttdcjmn, mn, d`n tjm emy tmdi imibmrs wmrm rmqugrmn th jdvm d prhvm` trdce rmchrn rmlmvd`t th tjmgr rhlm g` tjm prhomct, wgtj twh mlgkgblm crmngts. ^jmrm gs d ahcus g` tjmsm rmqugrmim`ts im` ts h` tj tjmm pr prho homct mct lmd lmdnmr nmrss dlr dlrmdn mdnyy jdv jdvg` g`k k mx mxpm pmrg rgm`c m`cmn mn pr prham hamss ssgh gh`d `dll ), tjgs rmqugrmim`t rmg`ahrcms succmss5 d`n th rmtur` th Kdr`jdi (266= ( 266=), ffl
tjm `htgh` ha mxcmllm`cm wgtjg` tjm mln ha culturdl prhnuctgh`. tjm kugnmlg`ms, succmss gs nmtmrig`mn ds rmchk`gtgh` arhi wgtjg` tjm [gtjg` fflmln mln gtsm gtsmla la.. Mxdiplms ha mlgkgbglgty rmqugrmim`ts g`clunm tjm ahllhwg`k? Ahr fflli d`n tmlmvg tmlmvgsgh sgh` ` prd prdctg ctgtgh tgh`mr `mrs, s, d` ‚mlgkg mlgkgblm blm crmn crmngt gt‗ gs d nrdid hr nhcuim`tdry prhkrdi wjgcj jds? bmm` brhdncdst by d rmchk`gsmn brhdncdstmr hr cjd``ml5 hr jdn d chiimrcgdl tjmdtrgcdl rmlmdsm5 hr bmm` g`vgtmn th scrmm` dt d rmchk`gsmn fflli amstgvdl. Ahr kdim prdctgtgh`mrs, d` ‚mlgkgblm crmngt‗ gs d kdim wjgcj jds bmm` chiimrcgdlly prhnucmn d`n rmlmdsmn. Ahr [mb prdctgtgh prdctgtgh`mrs `mrs,, d` ‚mlgkg mlgkgblm blm crmngt crmngt‗ gs d chiimrcgdlly prhnucmn prhnucmn d`n rmlmdsmn h`lg`m prhomct. (Scrmm` Dustrdlgd 2642 Dustrdlgd 2642,, Ouly 4=, p. =)
^h immt tjmsm crgtmr crgtmrgd gd ahr au`ng`k mlgkgbglgty mlgkgbglgty,, dpplgcd`ts dpplgcd`ts iust nmih`st nmih`strdtm rdtm tjmgr mstdblgsjmn culturdl cdpgtdl wgtjg` tjm fflmln. Bhurngmu nmffl`ms cultur culturdl dl cdpgtdl ds tjm rmchk`gtgh` hr “cmrtgfflcdtm ha culturdl chipmtm`cm’ ha d` dkm`t wgtjg` d kgvm` fflmln. Jm rmamrs th dcdnmigc qudlgfflcdtgh`s ds d` mxdiplm ha culturdl cdpgtdl bmsthwmn uph` d` dkm`t “th sjhw ahrtj d`n smcurm bmlgma hr, g` d whrn, th giphsm rmchk`g rmchk`gtgh` tgh`’5 d`n tjgs rmchk`g rmchk`gtgh` tgh` gs “
’
ffl
syibhlgc wgtjg` mdcj mln ds gt m`dblms tjm jhlnmr ha tjgs cdpgtdl th
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^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
). Bhurngmu nmffl`ms syibhlgc cdpgmxcjd`km gt ahr mch`higc cdpgtdl (47:1 (47:1). tdl ds “mch`higc hr phlgtgcdl cdpgtdl tjdt gs ngsdvhwmn, igsrmchk`gsmn d`n tjmrmby rmchk`gsmn, jm`cm lmkgtgidtm’5 d`n wjm` tjgs ahri ha igsrmchk`gsmn syibhlgc cdpgtdl gs rm`nmrmn lmkgtgidtm by d fflmln, gt cd` tjm` bm ch`vmrtmn th mch`higc cdpgtdl (4773 (4773,, p. ;=). [gtjg` tjm fflmln ha scrmm` prh prhnuct nuctgh` gh`ch`v Dus Dustrd jhlng` ng`k k syib syibhlg hlgc c l cult culturdl cdpgtd gtdll ha m`db m`dblms tjm dkm` dk m`t t th chg` `vmr mrt t trdlgd gt lgd, ahr ah,r jhl mc mch` h`hi hig gc cd cdpg pgtd tdl g` urdl tjm cdp ahri ahri au`n aulms `ng` g`k. k. Bhurngmu drkums tjdt “ds d rulm tjhsm rgcjmst g` . . . culturdl . . . cdpgtdl drm tjm fflrst rst th ih ihvm vm g`th g`th `m `mw w ph phsg sgtg tgh` h`ss’ (4773, 4773, p. 1:)? 1:)? tjm pr prhc hcms msss ha rmchk`gtgh` ha culturdl cdpgtdl wgtjg` tjm ffl mln ha scrmm` prhnuctgh` m`tgtlms tjhsm wgtj mstdblgsjmn cdpgtdl th dccmss aurtjmr mch`higc cdpgtdl ds tjmy tdem jhln ha tjmsm `mw phsgtgh`s g` tjm fflmln ha scrmm` prhnuctgh` ahr h`lg`m ch`tm`t. G` ch ch`t `trd rdst st th 2642, 2642, tj tjmm 26 2643/ 43/26 264= 4= Iul Iultg tg-V -Vld ldta tahr hri i Vr Vrhn hnuct uctgh gh` ` kugnmlg`ms stdtm tjdt th bm ch`sgnmrmn mlgkgblm, tjm prhomct iust g`clunm d prhnucmr d`n ngrmcthr (hr mqugvdlm`t rhlms rmlmvd`t th tjm typm ha prhomct) wgtj dt lmdst h`m crmngt g` tjm sdim rhlm h` d chipdrdblm prhomct 2643,, p. 25 264= 25 264=,, p. 2) wjgcj jds bmm` publgcly rmlmdsmn. (Scrmm` Dustrdlgd Dustrdlgd 2643
[jglst tjm 2642 kugnmlg`ms rmqugrmn rmchk`gsdblm g`nustry mxpmrgm`cm d`n d trdcmdblm bdcekrhu`n ha chiimrcgdlly succmssaul prhomcts, tjm 2643/ 264= 264 = kugn kugnml mlg`m g`mss pr prhvg hvgnm nm d br brhd hdnmr nmr sc schp hpmm ha rmch rmchk`g k`gsm smn n d`n mlg mlgkg kgblm blm wh whre re,, d emy ngstg`ctgh` bmg`k tjm rmihvdl ha tjm rmqugrmim`t tjdt d crmdthr prhnucg`k ahr tjm [mb iust jdvm pdrtgcgpdtmn g` d ‚chiimrcgdlly ‗ prhnucmn d`n rmlmdsmn whre. ^jm 2642 kugnmlg`ms wmrm mssm`tgdlly prhihtg`k tjm rmsegllg`k ha tjhsm dlrmdny g` tjm g`nustry by aurtjmrg`k tjmgr culturdl cdpgtdl wgtjg` tjm ffl mln. ^jgs idnm sm`sm dt d fflscdl lmvml, kgvm` tjm lgigtmn au`ng`k dvdgldblm, but dt tjm sdim tgim mxclunmn tjhsm hutsgnm tjm g`nustry wjh wmrm prhnucg`k ch`tm`t hutsgnm ha g`nustry `hris. ^jm 2643/264= kugnmlg`ms dllhw ahr d brhdnmr schpm ha whre th bm rmchk`gsmn ds rmlmvd`t by Scrmm` Dustrdlgd g` hrnmr th supphrt d au`ng`k dpplgcdtgh` d`n nmih`strd strdtm tm tj tjmm cdp cdpdb dbgl glgt gtgm gmss ha tj tjmm pr prhn hnuc ucmr mr hr ngrm ngrmct cthr hr.. Jh Jhwm wmvmr vmr,, wj wjdt dt gs ch`sgnmrmn d lmkgtgidtm ‚chipdrd chipdrdblm blm prhomct‗ gs `ht clmdrly g`ngcdtmn. D`n ahr bhtj tjm 2642 d`n 2643/264= au`ng`k ihnmls, ga tjmrm gs `h h`m h` tjm prhomct wgtj tjm rmlmvd`t mxpmrgm`cm, tjm` tjm prhomct gs `ht mlgkgblm ahr au`ng`k. Dkdg`, tjm rmchk`gtgh` ha cmrtdg` prm-mxgstg`k crmngts idg`tdg`s tjm jgmrdrcjy ha phwmr wgtjg` tjm fflmln, jmlpg`k m`surm tjdt tjhsm wjh
= VRHN VRHN]CG@K ]CG@K C] C]L^]R L^]RM? M? D]S^ D]S^RDLGD RDLGD@ @ IMNGD D@N D@N CRMD^ CRMD^GQM GQM VHLGCW VHLGCW
46;
jdvm dlrmdny buglt culturdl culturdl cdpgtdl wgtjg` idg`strmdi imngd drm ihst lgemly th bm dblm th chlh`gsm tjm spdcm ha G`tmr`mt vgmwg`k. MVRHN]C^GH@ HA ^JM AGMLN ^JM R MVRHN]C^GH@
^jm ha h`lg`m ngstrgbutgh` pdrtgcgpdthry tgcms nmvmlhpim`t gs ngsruptg`k tjm Dustrdlgd` tmlmvgsgh` d`n prhnuctgh`. ^jmsmprdc`mw fflmln hach`tm`t prdctgcms drm tjm` bmg`k dndptmn g`th mxgstg`k fflmlns, sucj ds wjm` tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstmrs utglgsm tjm G`tmr`mt th prhvgnm h`lg`m dccmss th tmlmvgsgh` ch`tm`t. Bhurngmu‗s d`dlysgs ha culturdl prhnuctgh` puts ahrtj tjm drkuim`t tjdt mstdblgsjmn fflmlns ha culturdl prhnuctgh` drm ngsruptmn by tjm dppmdrd`cm ha `mw crmdtgvm whres (4773 (4773,, p. 32). ^jm mimrkm`cm ha `mw crmdtgvm whres rmsults g` tjm ngspldcmim`t ha prmvghus crmdthrs, cjd`kg`k tjm structurm ha d` mxgstg`k fflmln. D fflmln “prmsm`ts gtsmla th mdcj dkm`t ds d spdcm ha phssgblms wjgcj gs nmffl`mn g` tjm rmldtgh`sjgp bmtwmm` tjm structurm . . . d` d`n n tj tjmm dc dccm cmss ss th phsg phsgtg tgh` h`ss’5 dkm` dkm`tts wgtjg gtjg` ` tjm fflmln rmpr rmprhnuc hnucmm tjm tjmgr gr ffl
hw` lhkgc d`n ngsphsgtgh`s, ahri tjmhajdbgtus ha `hris wgtjg` by tjmtjmsm mln tjdt g` tur` nmtmrig`m tjm th rmsph`sms mdcj dkm`t khvmr`mn ch`cmptudlgsdtg gsdtgh` h` th tjm `hris (Bhurngmu 4777 (Bhurngmu 4777,, p. 1>). By mxtm`ng`k tjgs ch`cmptudl fflmln ha imngd prhnuctgh` g` Dustrdlgd, gt gs phssgblm th crgtgqum tjm g`tmrruptgh`s ha `mw tmcj`hlhky d`n culturdl phlgcy th tjm mxgstg`k structurdl fflmln ha Dustrdlgd‗s culturm g`nustry5 d`n th gnm`tgay tjm id``mr g` wjgcj tjmsm ngsruptgh`s drm crmdtg`k d `mw fflmln ha phssgbglgtgms g` tjm g`nustry. @h cult culturd urdll fflmln hp hpmr mrdt dtms ms g` gshl gshldt dtgh gh`, `, d`n tj tjmm fflmln gtsmla gs idnm phssgblm by cmrtdg` ch`ngtgh`s ha mxgstm`cm (Bhurngmu 4773). 4773). G` tjm cdsm ha tj tjmm Du Dust strd rdlg lgd` d` imn imngd gd g`nus g`nustr try, y, imn imngd gd chr chrphr phrdt dtgh gh`s `s drm drm rmqu rmqugr grmn mn th dnjmrm th imngd rmkuldtgh` d`n phlgcgms nmtmrig`mn by khvmr`im`t, d`n dlsh rmsph`n dungm`cm prdctgcms ch`suimr nmid`ns. Imngd ch` vmrkm`cm d`n th pdrtgcgpdthry culturm d`n g` drm adcglgtdtmn by tjm tmcj`hlhkgms tjdt tj dt idem idem tj tjmi mi ph phss ssgb gblm lm.. @mw @mwchi chimr mrss th d fflmln cd` cd``h `htt bm su succ ccmss mssaul aul wgtjhut mxtmr`dl cjd`kms sjgatg`k tjm phwmr wgtjg` d`y kgvm` fflmln. G` tmris ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm, gt gs tjm cjd`km arhi dungm`cms ha ch`suimrs im rs th du dung ngm`c m`cms ms ha pr prhs hsui uimr mrss tj tjdt dt cjd cjdll llm` m`kms kms tj tjmm mx mxgs gstg tg`k `k fflmlns mlns ha culturdl prhnuctgh`, wjmrm tjm culturm g`nustry gs nhig`d`t. @mwchimrs d`n `mw prhnucts g` maamct cjd`km tjm prm-mxgstg`k structurm ha tjm ffl mln by ngspldcg`k tjm jgmrdrcjgcdl phsgtgh`s jmln by prhnucmrs wgtjg` tjm prmvghus ). structurdl ahridtgh` (Bhurngmu 4773 (Bhurngmu 4773). ^jm Dustrdlgd` tmlmvgsgh` g`nustry gs rmsph`ng`k th tjm g`tmrruptgh` ha ffl
`mw dkm`ts g` tjm mln ds dungm`cms pdrtdem g` pdrtgcgpdthry prdctgcms d`n
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^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
`mw bus busg`m g`mss ssms ms suc sucj j ds GV^ GV^Q Q pr prhvg hvgnm nmrs rs m`t m`tmr mr tj tjmm ffl mln. mln. ^j ^jmm rmsu rmsult ltd` d`tt ph phwm wmrr strukklm wgtjg` tjgs structurdl ardimwhre gs chiplgcdtmn by tjm g`tm`t ha khvmr`im`t th rmsph`n th imngd ch`vmrkm`cm ds wmll ds nmvmlhpg`k d ngkgtdl mch`hiy. @mw au`ng`k ihnmls arhi khvmr`im`t bhngms sucj ds Scrmm` Dustrdlgd Dustrdlgd drm rmsph`ng`k th mimrkg`k ch`tm`t ahris d`n prhvgn prhvgng`k g`k cdpgtdl th nmvmlhp Dustrdlgd` scrmm` smcthr tjm h`lg`m ld`nscdpm. Jhwmvmr, g`stmdn tjm ha tjmsm ihnmls m`dblg`k tjmg`th m`trd`cm ha `mw pdrtgcgpd`ts th tjm fflmln, wjdt jds g`stmdn hccurrmn, ds wm jdvm smm`, gs tjm rmphsgtgh`g`k ha tjm mstdblgsjmn nhig`d`t pldymrs wgtjg` tjm fflmln g`th `mw phsgtgh`s ha phwmr ds tjmgr culturdl cdpgtdl gs mdsgly rmchk`gsmn d`n tjus rm`nmrmn lmkgtgidtm wgtjg` tjm sjgatg`k kugnmlg`ms ha tjm fflmln. ^jm nmvmlhpim`t ha `mw tmcj`hlhkgms idy dllhw ahr krmdtmr dccmss th tmlmvgsgh` d`n tmlmvgsgh`-lgem ch`tm`t, but tjm phssgbglgtgms ahr chipmtgtgh` g` tjm Dustrdlgd` idremt rmidg` `drrhw, wgtj mxgstg`k pldymrs ihvg`k th m`surm tjmgr ch`tg`ug`k pldcm. @mws Chrphrdtgh` d`n Khhklm drm prgim mxdiplms, bhtj g` Dustrdlgd d`n klhbdlly, tjm cdpgtdlgsdtgh` d`n ch`shlgndtgh` ha phwmr wgtjg` tjm imngd. @mws ha Chrphrdtgh` rmphrtmn rmvm`um ha ]S$32.: bgllgh` g` 2646 (Imgelm d`n Whu`k 2642, 2642, p. >>). @mws Chrphrdtgh` hw`s `mwspdpmrs5 tjmm Ah tj Ahxx @m @mtw twhr hree d` d`n n Ahx @mw @mwss (tmlm (tmlmvg vgsg sgh` h` `mt `mtwh whre res) s) g` tj tjmm ]` ]`gt gtmn mn Stdtms5 d =6% stdem g` Ahxtml g` Dustrdlgd5 d`n stdems g` h`lg`m ch`tm`t dkkrm dkk rmkd kdth thrr Ju Julu lu g` tj tjmm ]`g ]`gtm tmn n St Stdt dtms ms,, ^wm`t ^wm`tgmt gmtj j Cm Cm`t `tur uryy Ah Ahxx (fflli 2642,, stungh) d`n JdrpmrChllg`s (bhhe publgsjmr) (Imgelm d`n Whu`k 2642 pp. >>–>=). G` dnngtgh`, @mws Chrphrdtgh` jds prmvghusly nmih`strdtmn gts cdpdcgty th g`flum`cm rmkuldtgh` g` hrnmr th idg`tdg` gts nhig`d`cm g` tjm fflmln mln (I (Img mgel elmm d` d`n n Wh Whu` u`k k 2642 264255 Agt Agtzkm zkmrdl rdln n 2642 264255 Ih Ihsc sch h 2667). 2667). Khh hhkl klm, m, wjg jgcj cj std tdrt rtmn mn h` h`lg lg`m `m ds d sm smdr drcj cj m` m`kg kg`m `m,, `h `hw w dls dlsh hw hw`s `s Whu^ubm, Blhkkmr, Vgcdsd, Khhklm @mws, Khhklm Bhhes5 d`nhpmrdtg`k prhvgnms d` midgl smrvgcm, d idppg`k smrvgcm, D`nrhgn (d ihbglm pjh`m systmi), d`n Khhklm ^Q (Imgelm d`n Whu`k 2642 Whu`k 2642,, pp. >;–>:). Khhklm gs d phwmraul imngd chipd`y mxtm`ng`k bmyh`n oust prhvgng`k d` h`lg`m smdrcj thhl d`n utglgsg`k imngd ch`vmrkm`cm tmcj`hlhky th ch`trhl dccmss th h`lg`m ch`tm`t d`n chiiu`gcdtgh` thhls. Gts chipd`y, Whu^ubm, hatm` u`nmrsthhn th haamr tjm dbglgty ahr d`yh`m wgtj dccmss th uplhdn ch`tm`t d`n m`kdkm g` pdrtgcgpdthry culturm, prhvgnms d pldtahri tjdt imngdtms pdrtgcgpdthry culturm by prhvgng`k tjm spdcm th m`kdkm g` pdrtgcgpdtgh` (Burkmss d`n Krmm` 2667 Krmm` 2667,, pp. 22–23). [jglst imngd ch`vmrkm`cm d`n ngkgtdl imngd drm cjd`kg`k tjm id``mr g` wjgcj imngd gs ch`suimn d`n prhnucmn, tjmsm `mw ahris chiprgsm
= VRHN VRHN]CG@K ]CG@K C] C]L^]R L^]RM? M? D]S^ D]S^RDLGD RDLGD@ @ IMNGD D@N D@N CRMD^ CRMD^GQM GQM VHLGCW VHLGCW
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prmvghusly mxgstg`k imngd sucj ds fflli, gidkms, tmxt d`n shu`n. ^jm ch`tm`t ha d `mw imngui gs idnm arhi prmvghus imngd5 prmvghus imngd drm IcLujd` 477>55 Bhltmr d`n Krusg` ‚rmimngdtmn‗ g` tjm ngkgtdl ch`tmxt (smm IcLujd` 477> 2666). 2666). Rmimngdtgh` gs d nmffl`g`k mlmim`t ha ngkgtdl imngd? mxdiplms drm tjm igkrdtgh` ha m`cyclhpdmngds th CN-RHI, hr tjm usm ha cg`midtgc mlmim`ts g` kdims, tmlmvgsgh`-lgem ch`tm`thah`tmlmvgsgh` tjm G`tmr`mt (Bhltmr d`n 2666, , pp. >=hr–>;). ^jm rmimngdtgh` ch`tm`t ngrmctly Krusg` 2666 Krusg` th tjm G`tmr`mt gs `hw phssgblm num th g`crmdsmn dvdgldblm bd`nwgntj5 ymt tmlmvgsgh` ch`tg`ums th au`ctgh` g` tjm sdim id``mr. Ds `mwmr imngd mimrkm, mxgstg`k imngd drm dndptmn d`n cjd`kmn th fflt g`th tjm mimrkg`k imngd mchlhky (IcLujd` 477> (IcLujd` 477>,, p. 4;>). Jhwmvmr, gt gs `ht oust cjd`kms g` tmcj`hlhky, but dlsh tjm cjd`kms wgtjg` cultu culturm rm tjdt smm tjmsm `mw tmcj`h tmcj`hlhkgms lhkgms succm succmmn mn hr adgl. Imngd ch`vmrkm`cm jds brhukjt d sjgat g` tjm culturm ha imngd usm d`n ch`suiptgh`, suiptgh `, wjgcj gs lmdng`k th `mw ahris ha culturdl m`kdkmim`t, sucj ds pdrtgcgpdthry culturm5 d`n tjgs g` tur` gs daamctg`k tjm structurm ha tjm ffl mln ha d`n tmlmvgsgh` prhnuctgh` g` Dustrdlgd. @mw tmcj`hlhkgms drm `htimngd tjm dkm`ts ha cjd`km, but rdtjmr, adcglgtdtm culturdl prdctgcms tjdt 2643). Imngd ch`vmrkm`cm gs crmdtm cjd`km (smm Om`eg`s 2661d5 2661d5 Rhss 2643). tjm `mxt stmp g` tjm rmimngdtgh` ha ch`tm`t. [jglst tmlmvgsgh` ch`tm`t gs `hw dccmssgblm h`lg`m, G`tmr`mt ch`tm`t gs d imrkg`k ha iultgplm imngd5 brhdncdst tmlmvgsgh` stgll mxgsts d`n jds `ht ymt bmm` hpprmssmn. ^jm shcgdl d`n culturdl gipdcts ha tjgs cjd`kg`k ld`nscdpm wgll pldy d rhlm g` nmtmrig`g`k tjm succmss ha [mb smrgms d`n [mb strmdig`k, rdtjmr tjd` tjm imngui gtsmla. Culturdl d`n rmkuldthry ardimwhres giphsmn by khvmr`im`t nh `ht h`ly dnnrmss d`n supphrt tjm imngd g`nustry ‗s phwmr, but dlsh dgi th m`kdkm usmrs d`n prhnucmrs whreg`k wgtj `mw imngd. ahr Ahrcrmdthrs mxdiplm,whreg`k Scrmm` Dustrdlgd au`ng`k ihnmls g`clunm hpphrtu`gtgms ‗s `mw wgtj `mw ahris ha prhnuctgh`. ^jm au`ng`k ihnmls nmscrgbmn jmrm rmflmct d` dndptdtgh` th mimrkg`k imngd prhnuctgh` prdctgcms, g` tjdt “tjm vdrgh ghus us cdt cdtmk mkhr hrgm gmss ha pr prhn hnucm ucmrs rs tm tm`n `n th su supp pply ly pr prhn hnuc ucts ts dno dnous ustm tmn n th tj tjmm mxpm mx pmct ctdt dtgh gh`s `s ha tjm vd vdrg rghu huss ph phsg sgtg tgh` h`ss wgtjg gtjg` ` tjm fflmln ha phwmr’ 4773,, p. >=), but dlsh lgigt tjm phwmr ha tjmsm `mw dkm`ts th (Bhurngmu 4773 (Bhurngmu nmvmlhp ch`tm`t ahr mimrkg`k sthrytmllg`k pldtahris. By prhvgng`k kugnmlg`ms d`n nmffl`gtgh`s tjdt phg`t th ‚ wjhsm sthrgms‗ drm m`churdkmn g` tjm smrvgcm ha ‚ngvmrsgty ‗ ds wmll ds tjm ahri hr imngui usmn, au`ng`k bhngms g` maamct ch`trhl wjdt ch`tm`t gs prhvgnmn wgtj mch`higc cdpgtdl d`n idnm dvdgldblm.
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^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
CH@CL]SGH@ ^jm Dustrdlgd` imngd g`nustry gs currm`tly g` d stdtm ha flux. @mw tmcj`hlhkgcdl nmvmlhpim`ts, cjd`kms th lmkgsldtgh`, cjd`kg`k busg`mss ihnmls d`n `mw pldtahris ahr sthrytmllg`k ngstrgbutgh` d`n ch`suiptgh` drm crmdtg`k d phtm`tgdlly g`tmrmstg`k auturm. Mimrkg`k drm phtm`tgdls ahr `mw sthrytmllg`k pldtahris bhtj g`sgnm d`n hut ha tjm culturm g`nustry. But tjhsm sthrgms bmg`k prhnucmn hutsgnm tjm culturm g`nustry, hr mvm` tjm `hig`dl ‚crmdtgvm g`nustrgms‗, adcm chipmtgtgh` ahr dungm`cms arhi chipd`gms sucj ds Khhklm d`n @mws Chrphrdtgh`, wjgcj idg`tdg` giim`sm phwmr g` tjm imngd g`nustry. Ds iucj ds Whu^ubm mxgsts ds d spdcm ahr dungm`cm ch`tm`t, prhnusmrs drm stgll `ht dblm th chipmtm wgtj tjm sgzm ha mxgstg`k brhdncdstmrs, `hr cd` h`lg`m ch`tm`t currm`tly km`mrdtm tjm sdim eg`ns ha rmvm`um. D cjd`kg`k g`nustry wgll ch`tg`um th smm nmvmlhpim`ts g` imngd busg`mss ihnmls, d`n sjgats g` prhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh` imtjhns. G` iucj tjm sdim wdy tjdt tjmrm wds d trd`sgtgh` pmrghn ds pmhplm dndptmn th tjm prg`tg`k prmss, d` dnoustim`t pmrghn gs `hw hccurrg`k wgtj rmkdrn th ). ^jgs dnoustim`t brg`ks `mw phssgbglgtgms ngkgtdl imngd (IcLujd` 477> (IcLujd` 477>). ah ahrr mx mxpl plhr hrdt dtgh` gh` ds ngkg ngkgtd tdll imn imngd gd g`t g`trh rhnu nucm cm tj tjmm ph phtm tm`t `tgd gdll ahr mim mimrk rkg`k g`k imngd ahris, sucj ds [mb smrgms, th nmvmlhp. Jhwmvmr, tjm rmkuldtgh`s d`n kugnmlg`ms surrhu`ng`k tjmsm tmxts idem gt nga fflcult ahr tjhsm wgtjhut rmchk`gsmn culturdl cdpgtdl th m`kdkm ‚lmkgtgidtmly ‗ d`n kdg` mch`higc, culturdl hr shcgdl cdpgtdl ds d rmsult ha tjmgr ldbhur. [jmtjmr hr `ht tjm ngkgtdl spdcm wgll bm ch`trhllmn by tjm nhig`d`t phwmrs g` tjm lh`k ru`, hr wgll ch`tg`um th bm d ch`tmstmn spdcm, gs u`clmdr. [jdt cd` bm smm` dt tjgs stdkm gs d rmprhnuctgh` ha tjm duth`hiy ha tjm fflmln ha tmlmvgsgh` prhnuctgh`. Imngd rmkuldtgh` g` Dustrdlgd lmd`s thwdrns tjm prhtmctgh` ha mxgstg`k hrkd`gsdtgh`s. ^jm dvdgldbglgty ha h`lg`m d`n ch`vmrkm`t imngd `mvmrtjmlmss prhvgnms dvm`ums ahr rmsgstd`cm th tjm nhig`d`t imngd structurms5 jhwmvmr, tjgs rmsgstd`cm hccurs imrmly g` ihim`ts, rdtjmr tjd` g` d ahridl, hrkd`gsmn sm`sm. Nmspgtm culturdl d`n tmcj`hlhkgcdl nmvmlhpim`ts g` tjgs fflmln, tjm culturm g`nustry g` Dustrdlgd, wgtj tjm supphrt ha khvmr`im`t phlgcy, gs rmsp rmsph`n h`ng` g`k k ld ldrk rkml mlyy by rmsjdp rmsjdpg` g`k k tj tjmm mx mxgs gstg tg`k `k fflmln mln d` d`n n db dbsh shrb rbg` g`k k tj tjmm dkm`cy ha dungm`c dungm`cms. ms. By dbshrbg`k dbshrbg`k pdrtgcgpdt pdrtgcgpdthry hry prdctgcms g`th tjm mxgst mxgstg`k g`k fflmln, dungm`cms drm tjm` g`vgtmn by tjm culturm g`nustry th pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturdl prhnuctgh`.
= VRHN VRHN]CG@K ]CG@K C] C]L^]R L^]RM? M? D]S^ D]S^RDLGD RDLGD@ @ IMNGD D@N D@N CRMD^ CRMD^GQM GQM VHLGCW VHLGCW
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@H^MS 4. ‚^mlmvgsgh`-lgem ch`tm`t‗ gs d tmri usmn tjrhukjhut tjgs whre th rmamr th smrgdl `drrdtgvms rmlmdsmn g` mpgshngc adsjgh`, g` d sgigldr id``mr th trdngtgh`dl tmlmvgsgh`5 jhwmvmr, tjgs ch`tm`t gs ngstrgbutmn vgd tjm G`tmr`mt. 2. [jgls [jglstt tjm gllmk gllmkdl dl dccmss ha ch`tm` ch`tm`tt pldys d rhlm g` prhvgn prhvgng`k g`k dccmss phg` phg`ts ts th ch`tm`t, ch`tm` t, gllm gllmkdl kdl nhw`l nhw`lhdn hdng`k g`k wgl wglll `h `htt bm dnn dnnrms rmssmn smn ds tjg tjgss ngs ngscus cussgh sgh` ` gs ch`cmr`mn wgtj ngkgtdl imngd nmvmlhpim`ts d`n qumstgh`s ha lmkdl dccmss th ch`tm`t. 3. Cu`` Cu``g`kj g`kjdi di‗s d` d`dl dlys ysgs gs ahcu ahcusm smss h` tmlm tmlmvg vgsg sgh` h`,, rd rdng ngh, h, pr prg` g`tt `m `mws ws d`n d`n tmlmchiiu`gcdtgh`s. >. Ahxt Ahxtml ml nhms `ht usm tjm brhdnc brhdncdst dst spmctru spmctrui i but g`stm g`stmdn dn usms sdtmllgtm d`n ). cdblm tmcj`hlhky (Ahxtml 2646 (Ahxtml 2646). =. Gt gs wh whrtj rtj `htg` `htg`k k tjd tjdtt @m @mws ws Chrph Chrphrdt rdtgh` gh` dlsh hw` hw`ss tjm ahllhwg` ahllhwg`k k `mw `mwsspdpmrs? ^jm Dustrdlgd`, ^jm Ndgly ^mlmkrdpj, ^jm Su`ndy ^mlmkrdpj, Jmrdln Su`, Su `, Jmrd Jmrdln ln Su` Su` Su`n Su`ndy dy,, ^jm ^jm Chur Churgm gmrr Idgl Idgl,, ^jm ^jm Su`n Su`ndy dy Idgl Idgl,, ^jm ^jm Dnvmrtgsmr, @^ @M[S, Su`ndy ^mrrgthrgd`, ^jm Su`ndy ^gims, Imrcury d`n Su`ndy ^dsid`gd 5 g` dnngtgh` th Ahx Sphrts d`n RMD Krhup (@mws 264=). ). Chrp 264= Chrp 1. ^jgs ch`tm` ch`tm`tt iust immt tjm Whu^ub Whu^ubmm ih`mtgsg`k ih`mtgsg`k crgtmrgd, crgtmrgd, g`clung`k g`clung`k bmg`k hrgkg`dl ch`tm`t crmdtmn by tjm usmr, hr bmg`k rhydlty-armm ch`tm`t (Whu^ubm 2643). ). 2643 ;. Dus Dustrd trdlgd lgd‗s amnmrdl khvmr`im`t gs nhig`dtmn by twh phlgtgcdl pdrtgms? ^jm Dustrdlgd` Ldbhr Vdrty d`n tjm Lgbmrdl/@dtgh`dl Vdrty Chdlgtgh`5 lmat- d`n rgkjt-dlgk`mn, rmspmctgvmly. :. ^j ^jmm Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw wds “d` g`nmpm`nm`t rmvgmw mstdblgsjmn by tjm Dustrdlgd` Khvmr`im`t th mxdig`m tjm phlgcy d`n rmkuldthry ardimwhres tjdt tjdt dp dppl plyy th tjm tjm ch ch`v `vmr mrkm kmn n imng imngdd d` d`n n ch chii iiu` u`gc gcdt dtgh gh`s `s ld ld`n `nsc scdp dpmm g` Dustrdlgd’ (NBCNM (NBCNM 2643c 2643c). ). 7. DB DBC C Vh Vhhl hl gs `h lh lh`k `kmr mr ru`` ru``g` g`k5 k5 jhwm jhwmvm vmr, r, sg sgtm tmss su sucj cj ds DBC DBC Hp Hpm` m` dr drmm ). ch`tg`ug`k th prhvgnm d sgigldr spdcm (DBC Vhhl 2643 Vhhl 2643).
R MAMRM@CMS MAMRM@CMS Dnhr`h, ^. [. (2646). ^jm ^jm cultur culturmm g`nust g`nustry? ry? Smlmct Smlmctmn mn mssdys mssdys h` idss idss cultur culturm m . O. I. Bmr`stmg` (Mn.). Lh`nh`? Rhutlmnkm. Didzh`. (2643b). Didzh` g`std`t vgnmh? tmris ha usm . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 27, 2643 arhi jttps?//www.didzh arhi jttps?//www.didzh`.chi/kp/vgn `.chi/kp/vgnmh/tmris mh/tmris.. Dustrdlgd Chu`cgl ahr tjm Drts. (264>). Strdtmkgc pld`? 264>–2647 2647.. Rmtrgm Rmtrgmvmn vmn Nmcmibmr 2, 264= arhi arhi jttp?//www.dustrdlgdch jttp?//www.dustrdlgdchu`cgl.khv.du/str u`cgl.khv.du/strdtmkgc-pld`/ dtmkgc-pld`/..
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^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Dustrdlgd Chu`cgl ahr tjm Drts. (264=). Dustrdlgd chu`cgl hutlg`ms 264= –– 41 4 1 bunkmt gipdct . Rmtrgmvmn Od`udry 22, 2641 arhi jttp?//www.dustrdlgdchu`cgl.khv. du/`mws/imngd-cm`trm/imngd-rmlmdsms/dustrdlgd-chu`cgl-hutlg`ms-264=-41bunkmt-gipdct/.. bunkmt-gipdct/ Dustrdlgd` Brhdncdstg`k Chrphrdtgh` (DBC). (2643), Cjd``mls . Rm Rmtr trgm gmvm vmn n @hvmibmr 4:, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.dbc.` jttp?//www.dbc.`mt.du/tv/cjd``m mt.du/tv/cjd``mls/ ls/.. DBC gQgm gQgmw w . Rm Dustrdlgd` Brhdncdstg`k Chrphrdtgh` gQgmw. (`.n.). DBC Rmtr trgm gmvm vmn n Smptmibmr 4>, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.dbc.`mt.d jttp?//www.dbc.`mt.du/gvgmw/ u/gvgmw/.. Dustrdlgd` Brhdncdstg`k Chrphrdtgh` Hpm`. (2643). Dbhut . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr jttps?//hpm`.dbc.`mt.du/dbhu c.`mt.du/dbhutt. 36, 2643 arhi arhi jttps?//hpm`.db Dustrdlgd` Brhdncdstg`k Chrphrdtgh` (DBC) Vhhl. (2643). Stdrtg`k d crmdtgvm ch`vmrsdtgh`. Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 41, 2643 arhi? jttp?//www.dbc jttp?//www.dbc.`mt.du/ .`mt.du/ phhl/.. phhl/ Dustrdlgd` Chiiu`gcdtgh`s Chiiu`gcdtgh`s d`n Imngd Dutjhrgty. (2642). Chiiu`gcdtgh`s rmphrt 2644– 2642 2642 smrgms? Rmphrt 4 – h`lg`m vgnmh ch`tm`t smrvgcms g` Dustrdlgd. Ldtmst nmvmlhpim`ts g` tjm supply d`n usm ha prhamssgh`dlly prhnucmn h`lg`m vgnmh smrvgcms . jttp?//www.dcid.khv.du/[m d.khv.du/[mbwr/Xdssmts/ bwr/Xdssmts/ Rmtrgmvmn Idy 36, 2642 arhi jttp?//www.dci idg`/lgb34611=/rmphrt%26 idg`/lgb3461 1=/rmphrt%264Xh`lg`mXvgn 4Xh`lg`mXvgnmhXch`tm`tX mhXch`tm`tXg`Xdustrdlgd.pna g`Xdustrdlgd.pna .
Dustrdlgd` Chiiu`gcdtgh`s d`n Imngd Dutjhrgty. (264=, Idrcj 2;). Dustrdlgd`s mibrdcm d ngkgtdl lgam . Rmtrgmvmn @hvmibmr 3, 264= arhi jttp?//www.dcid. khv.du/tjmDCID/m`kdkm-blhks/m`kdkm-blhks/rmsmdrcjdcid/Dustrdlgd`smibrdcm-d-ngkgtdl-lgam.. mibrdcm-d-ngkgtdl-lgam Dustrdlgd` Brhdncdstg`k Chrphrdtgh`. (2643), Cjd``mls. Rmtrgmvmn @hvmibmr 4:, www.qrn.hrk/qrn/usd/lmkdl/ig`` rn/usd/lmkdl/ig``mshtd/nhm-v-vm mshtd/nhm-v-vm`turd `turd.. 2643 arhi? arhi? www.qrn.hrk/q Bhlt Bh ltmr mr,, O., O., & Krus Krusg` g`,, R. (2 (266 666) 6).. Rmimng Rmimngdtg dtgh`? h`? ]`nmrs ]`nmrstd` td`ng` ng`kk `mw imngd imngd . Cdibrgnkm? IG^ Vrmss. Bhurng Bhu rngmu, mu, V. (47:1) (47:1).. Ahris Ahris ha cdp cdpgtd gtdl. l. Idrxgst Idrxgstss G`tmr`mt G`tmr`mt Drcjgvm Drcjgvm . Rmt Rmtrgm rgmvmn vmn Smptmibmr 36, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.idrxgsts.hrk jttp?//www.idrxgsts.hrk/rmamrm`cm/sub /rmamrm`cm/subomct/pjglh omct/pjglh shpjy/whres/ar/bhurngmu-ahris-cdpgtdl.jti.. shpjy/whres/ar/bhurngmu-ahris-cdpgtdl.jti Bhurngmu, V. (4773). ^jm ffl mln mln ha culturdl prhnuctgh` . Cdibrgnkm? Vhlgty Vrmss. Bhurngmu, V. (4777). H` tmlmvgsgh` . @mw Whre? ^jm @mw Vrmss. Bhurngmu, Bhurn gmu, V. (264 (2644). 4). Hutl Hutlg` g`mm ha d tj tjmh mhry ry ha prdc prdctg tgcm cm . Cdib Cdibrgnkm rgnkm?? Cdib Cdibrgnkm rgnkm ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Brgtgsj Brgtgs j Brhdncds Brhdncdstg`k tg`k Chrp Chrphrdt hrdtgh`. gh`. (264>). (264>). Cdpturm Cdpturm [dlms [dlms . Rm Rmtr trgm gmvm vmn n Ouly Ouly 2=, 2=, 2641 arhi jttp?//www.bbc.ch.ue/wdlms/drts/yhu jttp?//www.bbc.ch.ue/wdlms/drts/yhurvgnmh/qumrgms/cdpturm rvgnmh/qumrgms/cdpturm wdlms.sjtil.. wdlms.sjtil Brhhe, S., & Imdnm, O. (2642, Smptmibmr 27). Dndpt hr ngm. ^jm Dustrdlgd` , jttp?//www.tjmdustrdlgd`.chi.du/drts/ rdlgd`.chi.du/drts/ Rmtrgmvmn Od`udry 23, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.tjmdust rmvgmw/dndpt-hr-ngm/sthry-a`7`:kpj-4221>:26;123; #. Burkmss, O., & Krmm`, O. (2667). Whu^ubm? H`lg`m vgnmh d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm . Cdibrgnkm? Vhlgty Vrmss.
= VRHN VRHN]CG@K ]CG@K C] C]L^]R L^]RM? M? D]S^ D]S^RDLGD RDLGD@ @ IMNGD D@N D@N CRMD^ CRMD^GQM GQM VHLGCW VHLGCW
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Cdrtmr, B. (2643, Od`udry 1). Stgll rga ffl`k hvmr chaamm cups, Smg`amln rm`mws d [mb smrgms. @mw Whre ^gims. Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi jttp?//www. `ytgims.chi/2643/64/6;/drts/tmlmvgsgh`/smg`amln-th-ch`tg`um-chimngd`sg`-cdrs-kmttg`k-chaamm.jtil8Xr96.. g`-cdrs-kmttg`k-chaamm.jtil8Xr96 Cdtdlyst. (264=d). Cdtdlyst? Dustrdlgd drts d`n culturm au`n . Rmtrgmvmn Od`udry 22, 2641 arhi arhi jttp?//drts.khv.du jttp?//drts.khv.du/cdtdlyst /cdtdlyst.. Cdtdlyst. (264=b). Kugnmlg`ms . Rmtrgmvmn Od`udry 22, 2641 arhi jttp?//drts.khv. arhi jttp?//drts.khv. du/sgtms/nmadult/ffllms/au`ng`k/cdt lms/au`ng`k/cdtdlyst-kugnmlg`ms%2 dlyst-kugnmlg`ms%2646Nmc.pna 646Nmc.pna . Cdtdlyst. (264=c). Vrghrgty Vrghrgty drmds drmds – Cdtdlyst . Rmtrgmvmn Od`udry 22, 2641 arhi jttp?//drts.khv.du/sgtms/nmadult/ffllms/au`ng`k/Vrghrgty-Drmds-Cdtdlyst.pna . Cjdpid`, C. (2644, Idy 36). ^jm “ ch`vmrkm`cm pjm`him`d ’’ arhi d rmkuldthrs pmrspmctgvm . Dustrdlgd` Chiiu`gcdtgh`s d`n Imngd Dutjhrgty. Rmtrgmvmn Ouly 36, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.dcid.kh jttp?//www.dcid.khv.du/[mbwr/Xd v.du/[mbwr/Xdssmts/idg`/lgb342 ssmts/idg`/lgb3426;1/ 6;1/ cjrgsXcjdpid`XcdildXspmmcj.pna .. cjrgsXcjdpid`XcdildXspmmcj.pna ChiLdw. (266=, Ouly 4). Brhdncdstg`k smrvgcms dct 266= ULmkgsldtgh`Y. ULmkgsldtgh`Y. Rmtrgmvmn Ou`m 23, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.childw.khv.du/Nmtdgls/C266=C66>66/ Jtil/QhluimX4#pdrd2>;=.. Jtil/QhluimX4#pdrd2>;= Chiih`wmdltj ha Dustrdlgd. (2661, Idy 36). Imngd Imngd hw`mrsjgp hw`mrsjgp rmkuldtgh` rmkuldtgh` g` Dustrdlgd ULmkgsldtgh`Y. jttp?//www.dpj.khv. v. ULmkgsldtgh`Y. Rmtrgmvmn Ou`m 23, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.dpj.kh du/DbhutXVdrlgdim`t/Vdrlgdim`tdryXN du/DbhutXVdrlgdi m`t/Vdrlgdim`tdryXNmpdrtim`ts/Vdrlgdim` mpdrtim`ts/Vdrlgdim`tdryXLgbrdry/ tdryXLgbrdry/ Vublgcdtgh`sXDrcjgvm/drcjgvm/i Vublgcdtgh`sX Drcjgvm/drcjgvm/imngdrmkuldtgh` mngdrmkuldtgh`.. Chiih`wmdltj ha Dustrdlgd (2643d). Brhdncdstg`k lmkgsldtgh` dim`nim`t (ch`- vmrk vmrkm` m`cm cm rmvg rmvgmw mw d`n d`n htjm htjmrr imds imdsur urms ms)) Bgll Bgll 2643 2643 ULmk ULmkgs gsld ldtg tgh` h`Y Y . Rmt Rmtrgm rgmvmn vmn.. Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.dpj.kh jttp?//www.dpj.khv.du/pdrlgdim`t v.du/pdrlgdim`tdryXbusg`mss/ dryXbusg`mss/ bgllsXlmkgsldtgh`/bgllsXsmdrcjXrmsults/rmsu bgllsXlmkgsldtgh`/bgllsX smdrcjXrmsults/rmsult8bgn9r>772 lt8bgn9r>772.. Chiih`wmdltj ha Dustrdlgd. (2643b). Vublgc g`tmrmst imngd dnvhcdtm Bgll 2643 jttp?//www.dpj.khv.du/ v.du/ ULmkgsldtgh`Y . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.dpj.kh Vdrlgdim`tdryXBusg`mss/BgllsXLmkgsldtgh`/BgllsXS Vdrlgdim`tdryXBu sg`mss/BgllsXLmkgsldtgh`/BgllsXSmdrcjXRmsults/Rms mdrcjXRmsults/Rmsult8bGn9 ult8bGn9 r>773.. r>773 Chiih`wmdltj ha Dustrdlgd. (2643c). ^mlmvgsgh` lgcm`sm amms dim`nim`t Bgll 2643
jttp?//www.dpj.khv.du/ v.du/ ULmkgsldtgh`Y. Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.dpj.kh Vdrlgdim`tdryXBusg`mss/BgllsXLmkgsldtgh`/BgllsXS Vdrlgdim`tdryXBu sg`mss/BgllsXLmkgsldtgh`/BgllsXSmdrcjXRmsults/Rms mdrcjXRmsults/Rmsult8bGn9 ult8bGn9 r>77;.. r>77; Ch`rhy, S. (2642, @hvmibmr 36). Khvmr`im`t ihvms th m`surm qudlgty Dustrdlgd` ch`tm` ch` tm`tt stdys stdys h` Dustrd Dustrdlgd lgd` ` tmlmvg tmlmvgsgh sgh` ` . Rm Rmtr trgm gmvm vmn n Hcth Hcthbm bmrr 21 21,, 26 2643 43 ar arhi hi jttp?//pd`nhrd.`ld.khv.du/pd`/:6676/2643674:-4>36/www.ig`gstmr. nbcnm.khv.du/ch`rhy/im nbcnm.khv .du/ch`rhy/imngd/imngdXrmlmdsm ngd/imngdXrmlmdsms/2642/473 s/2642/473.jtil .jtil.. Chrp, @. (264=). Dbhut us . Rmtrgmvmn Nmcmibmr 2, 264= arhi arhi jttp?//`mwschrp jttp?//`mwschrp.. chi/busg`mss/`mws-chrp-dustrdlgd/.. chi/busg`mss/`mws-chrp-dustrdlgd/ Crmdtgvm Crmdt gvm Dust Dustrdlgd. rdlgd. (2643). (2643). Crm Crmdtg dtgvm vm Dustrdl Dustrdlgd? gd? ^jm `dtgh` `dtgh`dl dl cultur culturdl dl phlgcy phlgcy . Rmt Rmtrgm rgmvm vmn n jttp?//crmdtgvmdustrdlgd.drts.khv.du/ strdlgd.drts.khv.du/aull-phlgcy/ aull-phlgcy/.. Idrcj 34, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//crmdtgvmdu
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^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Cu``g`kjdi, S. (2646). Vhlgcy. G` S. Cu``g`kjdi & K. ^ur`mr (Mns.), ^jm imngd d`n chiiu`gcdtgh`s g` Dustrdlgd ULdrkm Vrg`tY (pp. (pp. 32–11). Syn`my? Dccmssgblm Vublgsjg`k Systmis V^W, Ltn. Cu``g`kjdi, S. (2643, Idrcj 2;). Ig`g`k d ngaamrm`t typm ha bhhi? ^jm krhwtj ha Dustrdlgd‗s crmdtgvm smrvgcms. ^jm Ch`vmrsdtgh` . Rmtrgmvmn Dprgl 41, 2643 arhi jttp?//tjmch`vmrsdtgh`.chi/ig`g`k-d-ngaamrm`t-typm-ha-bhhi-tjm-krhwtjha-dustrdlgds-crmdtgvm-smrvgcms-42=71. ha-dustrdlgds-crmdtgvm-smrvgcms-42=71. Ndvgsh`, E. (2644). Dkm`ts ha shcgdl cjd`km8 LKB^ vhgcms g` Dustrdlgd` iusmuis. ^jm Ld ^rhbm Ohur`dl , :; , 4>7–413. jttp?//www.slv.vgc.kh jttp?//www.slv.vgc.khv.du/ldtrhbmohur v.du/ldtrhbmohur `dl/gssum/ldtrhbm-:;/t4-k-t43.jtil. Nmpdrtim`t ha Brhdnbd`n, Chiiu`gcdtgh`s d`n tjm Ngkgtdl Mch`hiy. (2644d). @dtgh`dl ngkgtdl mch`hiy strdtmky . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi jttp?// arhi jttp?// www.drcjgvm.nbcnm.khv.du/XXn www.drcjgvm.nbc nm.khv.du/XXndtd/dssmts/pnaX dtd/dssmts/pnaXffllm/6641/4;36=6/@dtgh`dlX NgkgtdlXMch`hiyXStrdtmky.pna . Nmpdrtim`t ha Brhdnbd`n, Chiiu`gcdtgh`s d`n tjm Ngkgtdl Mch`hiy. (2644b). Crmdtgvm g`nustrgms, d strdtmky ahr 24st cm`tury Dustrdlgd . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi jttp?//drts.khv.du/sgtms/nmadult/ffllms/crmdtgvm-g`nustrgms/ sngp/strdtmkgc-ngkgtdl-g`nustry-pld`.pna . Nmpdrtim`t ha Brhdnbd`n, Chiiu`gcdtgh`s d`n tjm Ngkgtdl Mch`hiy. (2642). Ch`vmrkm`cm rmvgmw . Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 21, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.drcjgvm. nbcnm.khv.du/XXndtd/dssmts/pnaXffllm/666;/4>;;33/Ch`vmrkm`cmXRmvgmwX Ag`dlXRmphrt.pna . Nmpdrtim`t ha Brhdnbd`n, Chiiu`gcdtgh`s d`n tjm Ngkgtdl Mch`hiy. (2643d, Hcthbm Hct hbmrr 2). Ngkgt Ngkgtdl dl mch`hi mch`hiyy bm`m bm`m ffl t t. Rmtr Rmtrgm gmvm vmn n Hc Hcth thbm bmrr 27 27,, 26 2643 43 ar arhi hi Nmpdrtim`t ha Brhdnbd`n, Chiiu`gcdtgh`s d`n tjm Ngkgtdl Mch`hiy. Nmpdrtim`t ha Brhdnbd`n, Chiiu`gcdtgh`s d`n tjm Ngkgtdl Mch`hiy. (2643b, Hcthbmr 3). H`lg`m pdrtgcgpdtgh` by Dustrdlgd` jhusmjhlns . Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 27, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.drcjgvm.nbcnm.khv.du/2643/smptmibmr/ `dtgh`dlXngkgtdlXmch`hiyXstrdtmky/dnvd`cg`kXdustrdlgdXdsXdXngkgtdlXmch` hiy/pdrtXtjrmmXdcjgmvg`kXhurXkhdlsbu hiy/pdrtXtjrmmXdcj gmvg`kXhurXkhdlsbuglng`kXh`XtjmX264 glng`kXh`XtjmX2644X`dtgh`dlXngkg 4X`dtgh`dlXngkg tdlXmch`hiystrdtmky/h`lg`mXpdrtgcgpdtgh`Xb tdlXmch`hiystrdtmky/h`lg`mX pdrtgcgpdtgh`XbyXdustrdlgd`Xjh yXdustrdlgd`Xjhusmjhlns usmjhlns.. Nmpdrtim`t ha Brhdnbd`n, Chiiu`gcdtgh`s d`n tjm Ngkgtdl Mch`hiy. (2643c, Dukust 1). Ch`vmrkm`cm Ch`vmrkm`cm rmvgmw . Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 21, 2643 arhi jttp?// www.drcjgvm.nbcnm.khv.du/26 www.drcjgvm.nbc nm.khv.du/2643/dukust/ch 43/dukust/ch`vmrkm`cmX `vmrkm`cmXrmvgmw rmvgmw . Nmpdrtim`t ha Chiiu`gcdtgh`. (2643d, Hcthbmr 2). DBC d`n SBS tmlmvgsgh` . Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 21, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.chiiu jttp?//www.chiiu`gcdtgh`s.khv.d `gcdtgh`s.khv.du/tmlm u/tmlm vgsgh`/dbcXd`nXsbsXtmlmvgsgh` vgsgh`/dbcXd` nXsbsXtmlmvgsgh`.. Nmpdrtim` Nmpd rtim`tt ha Chii Chiiu`gc u`gcdtgh` dtgh`.. (2643b, (2643b, Hcthbm Hcthbmrr 2=). Ngkgtdl mch`hiy . Rmt Rmtrgm rgmvmn vmn Hcthbmr 21, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.chii jttp?//www.chiiu`gcdtgh`s.k u`gcdtgh`s.khv.du/ngkgtdlX hv.du/ngkgtdlX mch`hiy . Mwg`k, S., Rm``gm, M., & ^jhids, O. (264=). Brhdnbd`n phlgcy d`n rurdl d`n culturdl ngvgnms g` Dustrdlgd. G` E. D`nrmdssh` (Mn.), Ngkgtdl ngvgnms? ^jm `mw
= VRHN VRHN]CG@K ]CG@K C] C]L^]R L^]RM? M? D]S^ D]S^RDLGD RDLGD@ @ IMNGD D@N D@N CRMD^ CRMD^GQM GQM VHLGCW VHLGCW
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cjdllm`km cjdllm `kmss d`n hpphrt hpphrtu`gt u`gtgms gms ha m-g`cl m-g`clusgh usgh` ` (pp. (pp. 46 46; ;–42 42>) >).. ]S ]SD? D? ^dyl ^dylhr hr & Ard`cgs Krhup. Adgrbdgr`, O., & Jdwcrhat, M. (2643). Ig`tmr Mllgsh` dlmrt? Dustrdlgd` khvmr`im`t d``hu d` `hu`cm `cmss imngd imngd rmahri rmahri pdc pdced edkm km g` rms rmsph` ph`sm sm th ch` ch`vmr vmrkm` km`cm cm rmvgmw rmvgmw d`n Ag`emlstmg` g`qugry. Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi jttp?//i.ig`tmrmllg sh`.chi/publgcdtgh`s/imngd-rmahri-pdcedkm-g`-rmsph`sm-th-ch`vmrkm`cm-
rmvgmw-d`n-ffl`emlstmg`-g`qugry/ `emlstmg`-g`qugry/.. Amrkush`, D., & Gndth, I. (2642, Hcthbmr 26). Sthris ha cjd`km? Chig`k shh` th ^Q ^Q.. Syn`my Ihr`g`k Jmrdln . Rmtrgmvmn Rmtrgmvmn Od`udry Od`udry 2 23, 3, 26 2643 43 aarhi rhi jttp?//www. sij.chi.du/busg`mss/sthri-ha-cjd`km-chig`k-shh`-th-tv-264246472;wr`.jtil.. 2;wr`.jtil Agtzkmrdln, S. [. (2642). Chrphrd Chrphrdtgh`s tgh`s d`n culturdl culturdl g`nustrgms? g`nustrgms? ^gim [dr`mr, [dr`mr, Bmrtmlsid`` d`n @mws Chrphrdtgh` . Ld`jdi? Lmxg`kth` Bhhes. Almw, ^. (2642d). ^jm crmdtgvm g`nustrgms? Culturm d`n phlgcy . Lh`nh`? Sdkm. Almw, ^. (2642b, Ou`m 44). Immtg`k tjm cjdllm`km ha ch`vmrkm`t imngd phlgcy. ^jm Ch`vmrsdtgh` Rmtrgmvmn Rmtrgmvmn Ouly 27, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//tjmch` jttp?//tjmch`vmrsdtgh`.chi/i vmrsdtgh`.chi/immt mmt g`k-tjm-cjdllm`km-ha-ch`vm g`k-tjm-cjdllm` km-ha-ch`vmrkm`t-imngd-ph rkm`t-imngd-phlgcy-;2=4 lgcy-;2=4.. Almw, ^. (2643, Idrcj 43). Lhw-emy Ch`rhy prhphsdls drm imngd rmahri lgtm. ^jm Ch`vmrsdtgh` . Rmtrgmvmn Idrcj 4=, 2643 arhi jttps?//tjmch`vmrsdtgh`.chi/ vmrsdtgh`.chi/ arhi jttps?//tjmch` lhw-emy-ch`rhy-prhphsdls-d lhw-emy-ch`r hy-prhphsdls-drm-imngd-rmahri-lgtm rm-imngd-rmahri-lgtm-42;;: -42;;:.. Ahrnm, S. (2643, Idrcj 43). Imngd rmahri? jystmrgcdl dttdces h` wmde Ch`rhy sukkmstgh`s tmll tjm rmdl sthry. ^jm Ch`vmrsdtgh` Rmtrgmvmn Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi jttp?//tjmch`vmrsdtgh`.chi/imngd-rmahri-jystmrgcdl-dttdces-h`-wmdech`rhy-sukkmstgh`s-tmll-tjm-rm ch`rhy-suk kmstgh`s-tmll-tjm-rmdl-sthry-42;;6 dl-sthry-42;;6.. Ahxtml Ahx tml.. (2646 (2646,, Amb Ambrud rudry ry 21). 21). Ahxtm Ahxtmll rmsph` rmsph`sm? sm? Ngkgtd Ngkgtdll ngvgnm ngvgnm`n `n krmm` krmm` pdpmr pdpmr . jttp?//www.drcjgvm.nbcnm.khv.du .nbcnm.khv.du/XX /XX Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 27, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.drcjgvm ndtd/dssmts/pnaXffllm/6643/42;636/AHZ^MLXId`dkmim`tXVtyXLtn.pna lm/6643/42;636/AHZ^MLXId`dkmim`tXVtyXLtn.pna .. Ahxtml. (264=). Chipd`y prh ffl llm m . Rmtrgmvmn @hvmibmr >, 264= arhi jttps?// www.ahxtml.chi.du/dbhut/tjm-ch www.ahxtml.chi.du /dbhut/tjm-chipd`y/chip ipd`y/chipd`y-prh d`y-prhffllm.jtil lm.jtil.. Aucjs, C. (2643). Cldss mxplhgtdtgh` h` tjm G`tmr`mt. G` ^. Scjhlz (Mn.), Ngkgtdl ld ldbh bhr? r? tj tjmm G`tm G`tmr` r`mt mt ds pl pldy dykr krhu hu`n `n d`n d`n ad adct cthr hry y (pp. (pp. 24 244 4–22 22>). >). @mw Wh Whre? re? Rhutlmnkm. Kdr`jd Kdr `jdi, i, @. (26 (266= 6=). ). Arh Arhi i cul cultur turdl dl th crm crmdtg dtgvm vm g`nust g`nustrgm rgms? s? d` d`dlys d`dlysgs gs ha tjm giplgcdtgh`s ha tjm “crmdtgvm g`nustrgms’ dpprhdcj th drts d`n imngd phlgcy ideg`k ide g`k g` tjm ]` ]`gtm gtmn n Eg` Eg`knh knhi. i. G`tmr`dt G`tmr`dtgh` gh`dl dl Ohur`d Ohur`dll ha Cultur Culturdl dl Vhlgcy Vhlgcy , 44(4), 4=–27. nhg?46.46:6/462:1136=6661;161 nhg?46.46:6/462:1136=6661;161.. Kgll, R. (264=, Ouly 2). @VMD? Kmhrkm Brd`ngs‗ mxcmllm`t dnvm`turm gs dll khg`k th pld`. Ndgly @mws . Rmtrgmvmn Od`udry 22, 2641 arhi jttp?//ndglyrmvgmw.chi. du/`pmd-kmhrkm-brd`ngs-m du/`pmd-km hrkm-brd`ngs-mxcmllm`t-dnvm` xcmllm`t-dnvm`turm/212;; turm/212;;.. Jdrn Jd rngm gm,, K. (264 (2642, 2, Hcth Hcthbm bmrr 23). 23). Ahxt Ahxtml ml d` d`n n JB JBH H kmt kmt mxcl mxclus usgv gvm. m. ^jm ^jm Ndgly Ndgly Dnvmrtgsmr Dnvmrtg smr . Rmtrgmvmn Od`udry 23, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.ndglydnvmrtgsmr. chi.du/sthry/>4=>47/ahx chi.du/sthry/> 4=>47/ahxtml-d`n-jbh-k tml-d`n-jbh-kmt-mxclusgvm/ mt-mxclusgvm/..
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^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Jdrtlmy, O. (2642). Ngkgtdl auturms ahr culturdl d`n imngd stungms . Cjgcjmstmr? [glmy-Bldcewmll. Julu. (2643). [dtcj tv . [dtcj Ihvgms. Rmtrgmvmn Idy 27, 2643 arhi jttp?// arhi jttp?// www.julu.chi/.. www.julu.chi/ Jurwgtz, I. ((Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmr). (2663). Drrmstmn nmvmlhpim`t U^mlmvgsgh` smrgmsY . ]SD? Gidkg`m M`tmrtdg`im`t. Om`eg`s, J. (2661d). Ch`vmrkm`cm culturm? [jmrm hln d`n `mw imngd chllgnm . @mw Whre? @mw Whre ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. IcLujd`, I. (477>). ]`nmrst ]`nmrstd`n d`ng`k g`k imngd? imngd? ^jm mxtm`s mxtm`sgh` gh`ss ha id` id` . Lh`nh`? Rhutlmnkm. Imngd, S. [. (2644). Dbhut us . Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 27, 2643 arhi jttp?//www. arhi jttp?//www. smvm`wmstimngd.chi.du/dbhut-us.. smvm`wmstimngd.chi.du/dbhut-us Imgelm, K., & Whu`k, S. (2642). Imngd ch`vmrkm`cm? @mtwhremn ngkgtdl imngd g` mvmryndy lgam . Lh`nh`? Vdlkrdvm Idciglld`. Ihsch, Ihs ch, Q. (26 (2667 67). ). ^jm phlgtg phlgtgcdl cdl mch`hi mch`hiyy ha chiiu` chiiu`gcd gcdtgh tgh` ` . Lh Lh`n `nh` h`?? SD SDKM KM Vublgcdtgh`s. @dtgh`dl Brhdnbd`n @mtwhre Ch. (2643). ^hp 46 armqum`tly dsemn qumstgh`s dbhut tjm @B@ UAdctsjmmtY. Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi jttp?//www. `b`ch.chi.du/adq.jtil. `b`ch.chi.du/adq.jtil. @mws Chrphrdtgh` Dustrdlgd. (2643). @mws Chrp Dustrdlgd . Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 27, jttp?//`mwschrp.chi/busg`mss/` .chi/busg`mss/`mws-chrp-dustrd mws-chrp-dustrdlgd/ lgd/.. 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//`mwschrp @g`m M`tmrtdg`im`t Chipd`y. (2643). Dbhut us . Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 27, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.`g`mm arhi jttp?//www.`g`mm`tmrtdg`im`t.ch `tmrtdg`im`t.chi.du/dbhutXu i.du/dbhutXus.jti s.jti.. Hld`haa, N. (2644, @hvmibmr 47). @mtflgx th rmsurrmct drrmstmn nmvmlhpim`t g` 2643 ds pdrt ha ch`tm`t pldy. ^jm @mxt [mb . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 27, 2643 jttp?// 2643 jttp?// tjm`mxt[mb.chi/imngd/2644/44/47/`mtflgx-th-rmsurrmct-drrmstmn-nmvmlhp im`t-g`-2643-ds-pdrt-ha-ch im`t-g`-264 3-ds-pdrt-ha-ch`tm`t-pldy/ `tm`t-pldy/.. H` Nmid`n, S. B. S. (`.n.). SBS h` nmid`n . Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 27, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.sbs.chi.du/h`nmid`n/. jttp?//www.sbs.chi.du/h`nmid`n/. Rhss, D. (2643). G` smdrcj ha tjm lhst pdycjmce. G` ^. Scjhlz (Mn.), Ngkgtdl ldbhr? ^jm G`tmr`mt ds pldykrhu` pldykrhu`n n d`n adcthry (pp. (pp. 43–36). @mw Whre? Rhutlmnkm. SBS. (`.n.). ADT ‗ s? s? SBS chrphrdtm . Rmtrgmvmn Rmtrgmvmn Hct Hcthbmr hbmr 21, 2643 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www. jttp?//www. sbs.chi.du/dbhutus/adqs/g`n sbs.chi.du/db hutus/adqs/g`nmx/gn/436/j/H mx/gn/436/j/Hur-Sthry ur-Sthry . SBS (2662). SBS trd`sigssgh`s . Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 2:, 2643 arhi jttp?//www26. arhi jttp?//www26. sbs.chi.du/trd`sigssgh`s/.. sbs.chi.du/trd`sigssgh`s/ Scrmm` Dustrdlgd. (`.n.). [jh wm drm . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi jttp?// arhi jttp?// www.scrmm`dustrdlgd.khv.du/dbhu www.scrmm`dustr dlgd.khv.du/dbhutXus/[jh-[ tXus/[jh-[m-DrmXpk.dspx m-DrmXpk.dspx.. Scrmm` Dustrdlgd. (2642, Ouly 4=). Vrhkrdi kugnmlg`ms? Iultg-pldtahri prhkrdis UVhlgcyY . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.scrmm`du jttp?//www.scrmm`dustrdlgd.khv. strdlgd.khv. du/kmtimngd/c36n7mm>-4bn1->c6m-b4d6-b37a1c6d;=74/Klg`msX Iultgpldtahri.pna .
= VRHN VRHN]CG@K ]CG@K C] C]L^]R L^]RM? M? D]S^ D]S^RDLGD RDLGD@ @ IMNGD D@N D@N CRMD^ CRMD^GQM GQM VHLGCW VHLGCW
44;
Scrmm` Dustrdlgd. (2643, Smptmibmr 3). Kugnmlg`ms? Iultg-pldtahri nrdid Uphl UphlgcyY. Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.scrmm`d jttp?//www.scrmm`dustrdlgd.khv.du/ ustrdlgd.khv.du/ kmtimngd/a>>d7c43-4>1:->:4a-b12b-b471c43>a=;3/Klg`msX IultgpldtahriNrdid.pna . Scrmm` Dustrdlgd. (264=, Ouly 4). G`tmrdctgvm d`n iultg-pldtahri kugnmlg`ms rmlmdsm UphlgcyY. Rmtrgmvmn @hvmibmr 3, 264= arhi arhi jttps?//www.scrmm` jttps?//www.scrmm`dustrdlgd.khv. dustrdlgd.khv. du/kmtimngd/a>>d7c43-4>1:->:4a-b12b-b471c43>a=;3/Klg`msX IultgpldtahriNrdid.pna . Syn`my Syn `my Ih Ihr`g r`g`k `k Jmr Jmrdln dln.. (26 (2642 42). ). [d [dtcj tcj ^Q h`l h`lg`m g`m.. Syn`my Syn`my Ihr`g`k Ihr`g`k Jmrdln Jmrdln . Rmtrgmvmn : Od`udry, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.sij.ch jttp?//www.sij.chi.du/tv/ i.du/tv/.. ^m` @mtw @mtwhre hre Jhlng`ks. Jhlng`ks. (`.n. (`.n.). ). Dbhut Dbhut us . Rmtrgm Rmtrgmvmn vmn Hct Hcthb hbmr mr 27, 264 2643 3 arh arhi i jttp?//tm`chrp jttp?//tm`chrphrdtm.chi.du/arm hrdtm.chi.du/armm-th-dgr-tmlmvgsgh`.j m-th-dgr-tmlmvgsgh`.jti ti.. ^ur`bull, I. (264>). Chiiu`gty ^Q ADTS . Rmtrgmvmn Od`udry 22, 2641 arhi www.idlchliturbull.chi.du/drcjgv m/chiiu`gty-tv-adqs -adqs.. www.idlchliturbull.chi.du/drcjgvm/chiiu`gty-tv [u, ^. (2646). ^jm idstmr swgtcj? ^jm rgsm d`n adll ha g`ahridtgh` mipgrms . @mw Whre? Rd`nhi Jhusm G`c. Whu^ubm. (2643). [jdt eg`n ha ch`tm`t cd` G ih`mtgsm . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 4;, 2643 arhi jttps?//supphr jttps?//supphrt.khhklm.chi/y t.khhklm.chi/yhutubm/d`swm hutubm/d`swmr/2>76626 r/2>766268jl9m` 8jl9m`..
CJDV^MR 1
Vdrtgcgpdtgh` g` Vrdctgcm
Vdrtgcgpdthry culturm prdctgcms sucj ds ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k d`n [mb smrgms m`dblm dungm`cms th sjdrm tjmgr hw` sthrgms d`n dnn th tjm spmctrui ha rmp rmprm rmsm sm`t `tdt dtgh gh`s `s idnm idn m phs phssg sgbl blmmsgtms by ngk ngkgt dl tm tmcj` cj`hl hlhk hkydrm y g` ngsruptg`k tj tjmm br brhd hdnmr nmrg`nustry cul cultu turd rdll ld`nscdpm. ^jmsm dltmr`dtgvm hagtdl sthrytmllg`k prdctgc prdc tgcmm by prhvgn prhvgng`k g`k dlt dltmr`d mr`dtgv tgvmm ch`t ch`tm`t m`t ahr ch` ch`suim suimrs. rs. Vdr Vdrtgc tgcgpd gpdthr thry y culturm d`n imngd ch`vmrkm`cm drm idremrs ha d trd`sgtgh` pmrghn? gt idy wmll bm tjdt tjgs mvhlvg`k g`nustry wgll smm tjm m`n ha hlnmr imngd busg`mss ihnmls ihnm ls dd`n `n d sjg sjgat at gg` ` prh prhnuct nuctgh` gh` d`n ngs ngstrg trgbut butgh` gh` imt imtjhns jhns.. G` d ch` ch`vmrk vmrkmn mn imngd ld`nscdpm, pmrgpjmry d`n idrkg`dl ch`tm`t idy mxgst dlh`ksgnm tjm prhnuctss prhnucmn by tjm culturm g`nustr prhnuct g`nustry? y? tjm [mb smrgms G jmlpmn crmdtm, ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls , gs h`m mxdiplm ha d ahri ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm. Ihim`ts ha rmsgstd`cm th tjm nhig`d`cm ha tjm culturm g`nustry – g`clung`k tjm `mw culturdl prdctgcms tjdt mimrkm wgtj mdcj dnvd`cm g` –
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tjm thhls dvdgldblm th tjm jgkjlgkjthatjm g`nustry ch`tg`ug`k suprmidcy d`ndungm`cm/ch`suimr phg`t th tjm h`khg`k rmlmvd`cm Dnhr`h d`ns Jhrejmgimr‗s whre. Ds G jdvm hutlg`mn mdrlgmr, tjmsm ihim`ts jdvm th ndtm bmm` qugcely chlh`gsmn by cdpgtdlgsi d`n tjm culturm g`nustry, ahlnmn bdce g`th d`n trd`sahrimn g`th mxtm`sgh`s ha tjm g`nustry gtsmla. Dnvd`cms g` juid` chiiu`gcdtgh` sucj ds spmmcj, wrgtg`k d`n tjm prg`tg`k prmss jdvm sgk`gfflcd`tly sjdpmn d`n cjd`kmn shcgdl structurms? tjm G`tmr G`t mr`mt `mt id idyy bm bmchi chimm tj tjmm ahu ahurt rtj j kr krmdt mdt mrd mrd ha ju juid` id` chi chiiu` iu`gc gcdt dtgh gh` ` (IcCjms`my 2643, (IcCjms`my 2643, p. ;4). ;4). Wmt Wmt wgtj wgtj md mdcj cj tm tmcj cj`hl `hlhk hkgc gcdl dl nmv nmvml mlhpi hpim`t m`t,, prmvg pr mvghus hus imt imtjhn jhnss ha ch chiiu iiu`g `gcdt cdtgh` gh` jdv jdvmm mx mxgs gstm tmn n dlh dlh`k `ksg sgnm nm tj tjmm `m `mw, w,
© ^jm Dutjhr(s) 264; M. Emltgm, ^jm Culturm G`nustry d`n Vdrtgcgpdthry Dungm`cms , NHG 46.466;/7;:-3-347-> 46.466;/7;:-3-347->762:-4X1 762:-4X1
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rd rdtj tjmr mr tj tjd` d` prhip prhiptg tg`k `k ids idssg sgvm vm sj sjgat gatss g` ch chiiu iiu`g `gcdt cdtgh gh` ` (I (IcC cCjms jms`my `my 2643 2643,, pp. ;4–;2). ^jm @mwthw @mwthw` ` Kgrls Kgrls ‗ mxgstm`cm ds d [mb smrgms wds idnm phssgblm by d chibg`dtgh` ha tmcj`hlhkgcdl dnvd`cms d`n culturdl cjd`kms cjd` kms.. ^jm ch`` ch``mct mctgvm gvm au`c au`ctgh tgh`dlg `dlgty ty ha tjm G`t G`tmr`m mr`mtt brh brhukj ukjtt pmh pmhplm plm thkmtjmr wjh whuln `ht bm lgemly th immt g` tjm ha flg`m whrln, th crmdtm d imngd tmxtsmrgms, tjdt igkjt htjmrwgsm jdvm `ht bmm`ahr phssgblm Wmt wjglst [mb ds d imngui, haamrs d pldtahri crmdthrsththcrmdtm. rmsgst d`n cjdllm`km tjm culturm g`nustry by prhvgng`k d` dltmr`dtgvm shurcm ha m`tmrtdg`im`t, tjmy stgll hpmrdtm wgtjg` tjm pdrdimtmrs ha prm-mxgstg`k imngd ihnmls by bhrrhwg`k arhi sthrytmllg`k ahris sucj ds tmlmvgsgh`, d`n bmg`k ngstrgbutmn ngstrg butmn tjrhu tjrhukj kj mxgst mxgstg`k g`k h`lg`m pldtahris. Gt cd` bm drkumn tjdt fflkjts ahr shcgdl cjd`km jdvm bmm` wdkmn by tjhsm ihst g` `mmn ha cjd`km, wgtj dctgvgsts utglgsg`k tjm vmry sdim thhls usmn by tjhsm g` phwmr – sucj ds imngd d`n chiiu`gcdtgh` systmis – th “trd`sahri phlgtgcdl d`n mch`higc systmis g` wjgcj tjmy drm lhcdtmn ’ (Om`eg`s mt dl. 2643). ). ^jmsm bdttlms jdvm bmm` thucjmn uph` g` prmvghus cjdptmrs g` ngscus2643 sgh`s ha tjmg`tmcj`hlhkgcdl nmvmlhpim`ts utglgsmn ^jm by dungm`cms th pdrtgcgpdtm culturdl prhnuctgh`. G` tjgs cjdptmr, @mwthw` d`n Kgrls ad`s smrvms smrvms ds d cdsm stuny th ihrm nmmply mxplhr mxplhrmm tjm phssgbglg phssgbglgtgms tgms ha pdrtgcgp pdrtgcgpdthry dthry culturm culturm d`n tjm phwmr rmldtgh`sjgp bmtwmm` tjm culturm g`nustry d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm. G` pdrtgculdr, gt prhvgnms d ahcus ahr tjm qumstgh`s? th wjdt mxtm`t cd` ch`suimr pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturdl tmxts mvmr brmde armm ha tjmm ch tj ch`s `str trdg dg`t `tss gi giph phsm smn n by tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry55 d` d`n n drm drm tj tjms msmm pr prdc dctg tgcm cmss ihim`ts ha rmsgstd`cm tjdt wgll mvm`tudlly bm cdpgtdlgsmn by g`nustry8
VRHOMC^ H]^LG@M ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls dgs sidll d 46-pdrt [mb smrgms tjdt lmsbgd`s G jmlpmn lgvg`k ch-crmdtm, wjgcj mxplhrms tjm lgam ha gs krhup ha g``mr-cgty g` Syn`my, Dustrdlgd. Mdcj mpgshnm ru`s ahr bmtwmm` sgx dd`n `n tm` ig`utms. ^jm prhomct haamr haa mrmn mn d cjd cjd`c `cmm th mx mxpl plhr hrmm `mw imn imngd gd pldt pldtahr ahris is th su supp pplm lmim` im`tt tj tjmm trdngtgh`dl prhnuctgh` prhcmss. Rdtjmr tjd` crmdtm lh`kmr, tmlmvgsgh`-lgem mpgshnms, tjm mpgshnms wmrm empt sjhrt th sugt h`lg`m ch`suiptgh`5 d`n tjm tmdi whremn th mxtm`n tjm sthrylg`ms tjrhukj tjm shcgdl imngd dcchu`ts ha 2642). ). tjm cjdrdctmr ctmrss, wjgcj dun dungm`c `cmms ch chu uln ah ahlllhw (Er Erggehwd 2642 Vrmprhnuctgh` d`n prhnuctgh` thhe pldcm g` 2644 d`n phstprhnuctgh` wds ffl`dlgsmn g` mdrly 2642. Ds mdcj mpgshnm wds chiplmtmn, gt wds giimngdtmly uplhdnmn th tjrmm ngaamrm`t ch`tm`t dkkrmkdthrs – Whu^ubm, blgp.tv
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1 VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@ G@ VRDC^GCM VRDC^GCM
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VRHOMC^ NMQMLHVIM@^ D@N NGKG^DL S^HRW^MLLG@K [mb smrgms drm d ahri ha prhnuctgh` g` tjm vmry mdrly stdkms ha nmvmlhpim`t, d`n tjm rulms ha tjm imngui jdvm `ht ymt bmm` mstdblgsjmn. ^h chipdrm th d` mdrlgmr imngui, Igejdgl I. Bdjetg` wrgtms tjdt tjm `hvml gs d km`rm stgll nmvmlhpg`k bmahrm hur myms, gts amdturms ymt th bm aully nm ffl`mn? ds jm sdys, tjm “`hvml jds `h cd`h` ha gts hw` ’ (47:4 47:4,, p. 3). Bdjetg` gnm`tgfflmn tjdt `mw ahris ha crmdtgvm mxprmssgh` nmvmlhp g` stdkms? tjm `hvml, `hw ch`sgnmrmn d jgkjly nmvmlhpmn ahri ha lgtmrdturm, wds h`cm d `mw ahri ha wrgtg`k. [mb smrgms prhnuctgh` gs stgll nmvmlhpg`k ds d sthrytmllg`k prdctgcm. Sucj mimrkg`k imngd prdctgcms rmqugrm d cmrtdg` lmvml ha tmxtudl u`nmrstd`ng`k d`n seglls g` hrnmr th u`nmrstd`n `ht oust jhw th ‚rmdn‗ tjmi hr ch`suim tjmi, but dlsh jhw th prhnucm tjmi. G` wjdt Bdjetg` rmamrs th ds d ngdlhkgc hrgm`tdtgh` ha tjm tmxt – tjm `htgh` tjdt whrns ds sgk`s crmdtm imd`g`k tjrhukj lg`eg`k th htjmr uttmrd`cms, wjmrmby tjm “ whrn gs bhr` g` d ngdlhkum ds d lgvg`k rmohg`nmr’ (Bdjetg` 47:4, 47:4, p. 2;7) – g` tjm crmdtgh` ha ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls , ds d ngrmcthr ha smvmrdl mpgshnms, G nrmw jmdvgly arhi tmlmvgsgh` ch`vm`tgh`s g` hrnmr th prhnucm tjm tmxt. G` nhg`k sh, tjm smrgms wds g` d ahri tjdt dungm`cms dlrmdny e`mw jhw th ch`suim, tjm ngaamrm`cm wgtj tjgs tmxt bmg`k tjm pldtahri ahr dccmssg`k tjm ch`tm`t, rdtjmr tjd` tjm ch`tm`t gtsmla. ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls wds wds g`spgrmn by, tjhukj `ht nmtmrig`mn by, ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k prdctgcms mimrkg`k h`lg`m. [jglst ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k haamrs tjm ‚hrng`dry pmrsh`‗ d cjd`cm th sjdrm tjmgr hw` sthry, [mb smrgms mxtm`n bmyh`n nhcuim`tg`k pmrsh`dl mxpmrgm`cm th g`clunm dll km`rms ha sthrytmllg`k. Ngstg`ct arhi ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k prdctgcms, tjm smrgms wds `ht nmvmlhpmn g` trdg`g`k whresjhps, `hr wds tjm `drrdtgvm d pmrsh`dl rmflmctgh` ha tjm wrgtmrs‗ hw` lgvms, ds ngkgtdl st sthrytmll hrytmllg`k g`k hatm` gs. ^jm smrgm smrgmss wds fflctgh`dl, d` dttmipt th pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturdl prhnuctgh` d`n dccmss imngd phwmr hutsgnm ha g`stgtutgh`dl ch`trhl5 d`n gt ngn tjgs by utglgsg`k tjm ch`vm`tgh`s ha tm tmlm lmvg vgssgh gh` ` ch chim imny ny d` d`n n nr nrdi did, d, ds d sm smrg rgdl dl `d `drr rrdt dtgv gvmm dc dcrh rhss ss 46 mp mpgs gshn hnms ms,, wg wgttj mdccj rmlm md rmlmds dsmn mn wm wmme mely ly.. GG` ` tj tjgs gs sm sm`s `sm, m, [m [mb b sm smrg rgms ms cd cd` ` ih ihvm vm bm bmyh yh`n `n tj tjmm ahri ahri ha pmrsh`dl nhcuim`tdry d`n dct ds d` mxtm`sgh` ha ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k, th prhvgnm sgigldr culturdl gipdcts tjrhukj fflctgh`dl `drrdtgvms. Oust ds tmcj`hlhky cd` dllhw ahr ihim`ts ha rmsgstd`cm d`n smpdrdtgh` arhi tjm culturm g` g`nus nustr try, y, tjm [m [mb b smr smrgms gms ahri ahri haamr haamrss d sp spdcm dcm ahr ahr `d `drr rrdt dtgv gvmm cjh cjhgc gcms ms tj tjdt dt rmprmsm`t d ihim`tdry brmde arhi tjm ch`tm`t ngstrgbutmn by tjm culturm g`nustry. ^jm [mb smrgms ahri rmprmsm`ts d syibhlgc brmde arhi tjm ch`strdg`ts ha tjm culturm g`nustry, bhtj g` imngui d`n `drrdtgvm.
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^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Imngd ch`vmrkm`cm rmprmsm`ts d` hpphrtu`gty th hpm` `mw spdcms ahr sthrytmllg`k d`n ngstrgbutgh`. [mb smrgms, prhnucmn by dkm`tgc dungm`cms, drm h`m shlutgh` th tjm gssum ha tjm nhig`d`cm ha tjm culturm g`nustry, but tjm vmry `dturm ha imngd ch`vmrkm`cm imd`s tjdt tjgs, lgem dll g``hvdtgh`s, gs qugcely bmg`k dbshrbmn d`n chlh`gsmn by tjm g`nust g`nustry. ry. G` tjgs lgkjt, [mb smrgms prhnuctgh` prhnuctgh` ds d `mw ahri cd` prhvgnm m h`ly tmiphr tmiphrdry dry rmshlutgh` rmshlutgh`s s th tjm qumstgh`s ha rmprmsm`tdtgh` d`nprhvgn smla-rmprmsm`tdtgh` h`lg`m. Wmt tjmsm rmshlut rms hlutgh`s gh`s cd` `mvm `mvmrtj rtjmlms mlmsss crmdtm crmdtm giphrt giphrtd`t d`t sjg sjgats ats wgt wgtjg` jg` tjm cul cultur turmm g`nustry, phtm`tgdlly cjd`kg`k tjm structurm ha tjm g`nustry. Currm`tly, [mb smrgms, ds bhtj d imngui d`n d pldtahri, prmsm`t d ‚ wgcemn prhblmi‗ ahr tjm imngd g`nustry5 d ihnml jds `ht ymt bmm` mstdblgsjmn ahr ngrmctly cdpgtdlgsg`k h` tjm ngstrgbutgh` ha ch`tm`t g` tjgs ahri. Dt tjm sdim tgim, `mw `m w bu busg sg`m `mss ss ih ihnm nmls ls su sucj cj ds @mt @mtflgx d` d`n n Di Didz dzh` h` H` H`lg lg`m `m id idyy sh shh` h` stdbglgsm, h`cm ihrm m`surg`k tjm rmlmkdtgh` ha g`nmpm`nm`t tmxtudl prhnucmrs th tjm arg`kms ha culturdl prhnuctgh`. ^jm chipmtg`k ihnmls ha brhdn br hdncds cdstt tmlm tmlmvg vgsg sgh` h` d`n [m [mb b ngst ngstrg rgbu butg tgh` h` cur currm` rm`tl tlyy chm chmxg xgst st,, d`n wj wjdt dt pl pldys dys hut arg`kms gs pldyg`k d` mssm`tgdl rhlm g` sjdpg`k tjgs `mw g`nustry d`n h` `mwtjm imngd prdctgcms. Ds tjm prmvghus cjdptmr sjhwmn, ihnmls ha au`ng`k `hw dvdgldblm ahr imngd sucj ds [mb smrgms g` Dustrdlgd, ds wmll ds tjm phlgcy kugnmlg`ms tjdt ardim culturdl prhnuctgh`, rmflmct tjm ch`smcrdtgh` bmsthwmn h` tjm nhig`d`t cldss ha culturdl prhnucmrs. G` tjm cdsm ha ^jm ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls , tjrhukj crhwnau`ng`k, tjm ‚hrng`dry ch`suimr‗ m`dblmn tjgs prhomct th bm chiplmtmn. By bmchig`k imngd prhnucmrs d`n dctg`k dkm`tgcdlly th crmdtm tjm [mb smrgms, tjgs aahri hri ha ngsruptgh` th tjm fflmln jds phsmn d cjdllm`km th gts mstdblgsjmn pldymrs ds tjm spdcm bmtwmm` culturdl prhnucmr d`n culturdl ch`suimr sjgats.
V DR^GCGVD@^S
G@ ^JM VRHN]C^GH@
G wds pdrt ha d tjrmm-pmrs tjrmm-pmrsh` h` tmdi tjdt nmvmlhpmn ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls . Mdcj ha us jdn whremn h` sjhrt fflli prhomcts hr g` tjm tmlmvgsgh` g`nustry hr jdn jd n st stun ungm gmn n im imng ngdd pr prhn hnuc ucttgh` gh` g` d tm tmrt rtgd gdry ry mn mnuc ucdt dtggh` g`s g`stg tgtu tuttgh` gh` 2641d). ). H`m ha tjm currm`t lgigtdtgh`s gnm`tgfflmn ahr (^jm@mwthw`Kgrls 2641d (^jm@mwthw`Kgrls m`kdkg`k g` pdrtgcgpdthry culturm gs d ldce ha ngkgtdl lgtmrdcy d`n tjm seglls th m`kdkm g` pdrtgcgpdtgh` (Om`eg`s 2661d (Om`eg`s 2661d55 Rjmg`khln 2642 Rjmg`khln 2642). ). E`hwlmnkm ha ngkg ngkgtd tdll pr prdct dctgc gcms ms gs d` mxtr mxtrmim mimly ly ph phwm wmra raul ul tj tjg` g`k? k? by e` e`hw hwg` g`k k jhw th pdrtgcgpdtm, gt bmchims mdsgmr th amml miphwmrmn th nh sh (Rjmg`khln 2642,, p. 44=). Cmrtdg`ly, wjm` pdrtgcgpdtg`k g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha tjm 2642
1 VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@ G@ VRDC^GCM VRDC^GCM
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smrgms, G iysmla, d`n G whuln drkum htjmrs g` tjm tmdi, phssmssmn e`hwlmnkm tjdt hrgm`tmn im thwdrns sucj d bmlgma g` dkm`cy. Ahr d prhomct ha tjgs scdlm, d sidll krhup whre whremn mn th tjm dnvd`tdk dnvd`tdkmm ha tjm prhnuctgh`. Ds Jhwdrn Rjmg`khln jds phg`tmn hut, bm`m fflts ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm g`clunm `ht h`ly “rm-crmdtg`k tjm culturm g`nustry ’ but dlsh tjm m`ohyim`t ha tjm prhcmss crmdtg`k crmdtg whre[mb thkmtj thkmtjmr mr (Rjmg`khln (Rjmg`khln 2642 2642, p. 44=). ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls wds, ha wds, lgem`kid`y smrgms, chiplmtmn by d, krhup ha g`ngvgnudls, wjh, G whuln drkum, kdvm up tjmgr lmgsurm tgim th bmchim ldbhurmrs g` mxcjd`km ahr bhtj plmdsurm d`n tjm phtm`tgdl ahr aurtjmrg`k tjmgr hw` culturdl cdpgtdl wgtjg` tjm fflmln ha imngd prhnuctgh`. ^jmrm wds d sm`sm ha whreg`k thkmtjmr th crmdtm shimtjg`k imd`g`kaul. Lhcdl busg`mssms busg`mssms g` @mwth @mwthw`, w`, Syn`my, dlsh dssgstmn g` tjm nmvmlhpi nmvmlhpim`t m`t ha tjm prhomct. ^jmsm g`clunmn rmstdurd`ts, bhhe sthrms d`n jdgrnrmssmrs wjh prhvgnmn smrvgcms ahr tjm prhnuctgh` hr lhcdtgh`s th fflli g`. G` mxcjd`km, wm sjhwmn tjm sgk`dkm ha tjm busg`mss g` tjm smrgms, d`n tjm` pldcmn tjm busg`mss h` d` g`tmr mrddctgvm idp h` tjm smrgms wmbsgtm ^jgs d`n wds dllhw pdrt hadungm`cms d brhdnmrthstrdtmky idremt (^jm@mwthw`Kgrls 2641b (^jm@mwthw`Kgrls tjm lhcdl chiiu`gty 2641b). g` tjm).smrgms g`tmrdctthwgtj tjm ). suburb dlihst ds d cjdrdctmr g` gts hw` rgkjt (^jm@mwthw`Kgrls 2641b (^jm@mwthw`Kgrls 2641b).
H@LG@M NGS^RGB]^GH@ [jm` fflrst ch`sgnmrg`k tjm prhomct g` 2644, tjm htjmr crmdthrs d`n G bmcdim g`tmrmstmn g` tjm phssgbglgtgms ha usg`k tjm G`tmr`mt ds tjm prgidry pldtahri ahr tmllg`k tjm sthry. ^jm `dturm ha tjm G`tmr`mt imd`t wm chuln dccmss dungm`cms tjdt wm igkjt `ht htjmrwgsm rmdcj g` ahruis sucj ds fflli amstgvdls, wjmrm tjm dungm`cm cjhhsms th dttm`n d` mvm`t dt d prmnmtmr2642, , p. =). usg`kwjm` tjm G`tmr`mt ds d ig`mn (Ergehwd nmlgvmrytgim pldtahri, dllhw 2642 dungm`cms th [mb dccmsssmrgms, tjm ch`tm`t tjmy cjhhsm. [mb smrgms dlsh prhvgnmn us wgtj d` g`tmrmstg`k hpphrtu`gty th mxplhrm d`n crmdtm d` mpgshngc `drrdtgvm tjdt wds ihrm sgigldr th tmlmvgsgh` ds hpphsmn th imngd sucj ds sjhrt fflli. ]`tgl [mb smrgms bmcdim tmcj`hlhkgcdlly phssgblm, gt wds ihrm nga fflcult th crmdtm g`nmpm`nm`t tmlmvgsgh` tjd` fflli num th tjm lm`ktj ha tmlmvgsgh` smrgms vmrsus fflli sjhrts hr amdturm ffllis. Vrghr th tjm dnvm`t ha h`lg`m ngstrgbutgh`, tjmrm wds dlsh `h spdcm ahr tjm mxjgbgtgh` ha g`nmpm`nm`t tmlmv tml mvgs gsgh gh``-st stylm ylm `d `drr rrdt dtgv gvms ms g` ch chipd ipdrg rgsh sh` ` th tjm vdr vdrgm gmty ty ha fflli amst amstgvdl gvdlss drhu`n tjm whrln. ]sg`k tjm G`tmr`mt ds d pldtahri ahr ngstrgbutgh` dllhwmn tjm tmdi th crmdtm d tmlmvgsgh`-stylm `drrdtgvm, hpm`g`k up tjm phssgbglgty ha
42>
^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
tmll tmllg` g`k k d lh`k lh`kmr mr st sthr hryy wg wgttjh jhut ut `m `mmn mngg`k tj tjmm ffl`d` `d`cms cms d` d`n n tj tjmm stylg stylgst stgc gc/ / `drrdtgv `drr dtgvmm ch`s ch`sgst gstm`c m`cyy ha d amdt amdturm urm fflli li.. ^jm pr prho homct mct g`cl g`clun unmn mn `u `uimr imrhus hus ngrm ngrmct cthr hrs, s, iul iultg tgplm plm wr wrgt gtmrs mrs d`n d`n d si sidll dll crmw crmw (^j (^jm@m m@mwt wthw hw`K `Kgr grls ls Gi Ginb nb 2641 2641). ). ]sg`k d` mpgshngc ahridt imd`t tjdt tjmsm cjd`kg`k krhups ha crmdthrs d`n crmw chuln tmll tjm sthry g` sidll, ngscrmtm blhces, wjgcj wmrm dll pdrt hadsd`g`hvmrdrcjg`k `drrdtgvm, rdtjmr tjd` tmllg`k tjm m`tgrm `drrdtgvm dt h`cm, d amdturm fflli. ^jm G`tmr`mt dlsh prhvgnmn d wdy th ngstrgbutm tjm smrgms hutsgnm tjm structurm struct urm ha tjm culturm g`nustry, wjglst crmdtg`k ch`tm`t g`nmpm`n g`nmpm`nm`tly m`tly ha tjm culturm g`nustry dlsh imd`t tjdt tjm smrgms wds wgtjhut tjm bm`mfflts ha mxgs mxgstg tg`k `k ngst ngstrg rgbu butg tgh` h` cj cjd`` d``ml mls, s, idr idremt emtg` g`k k `mt `mtwh whre ress d` d`n n au` au`ng ng`k `k.. Jhwmvmr, h`lg`m ngstrgbutgh` dlsh dllhws ahr culturdl prhnucmrs th cgrcui vm`t rmkgh`dl lgcm`sg`k lgigtdtgh`s tjdt mxgst g` brhdncdstg`k d`n idem tjmgr whre dvdgldblm th d`yh`m wgtj G`tmr` G`tmr`mt mt dccmss, th bm dblm th ch`suim tjm prhnuct ahr armm, d`ywjmrm g` tjm whrln.
A]@NG@K [ G^JH]^ G^JH]^ G@N]S^RW ? ^JM D NQD@^DKMS NQD@^DKMS D@N L GIG^D^GH@S GIG^D^GH@S HA CRH[NA]@NG@K Au`ng`k ahr ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls wds wds idnm phssgblm by nh`dtgh`s arhi tjm km`mrdl publgc g` supphrt ha tjm prhomct. ^jm nmcgsgh` th crmdtm tjm smrgms chgg`c ch `cgn gnmn mn wgtj tj tjmm ldu ldu`c `cj j ha wmb mbsg sgtm tmss su sucj cj ds Eg Egce cesstd tdrt rtmmr g` 26 2667 67 2643). ). ^jm prhomct Egcestdrtmr cdipdgk` g` 2644 succmssaully (Egcestdrtmr 2643 (Egcestdrtmr rdgsmn rdg smn tjm D]$4 D]$46,6 6,666 66 bunk bunkmt mt tjrhuk tjrhukj j plm plmnkm nkmn n nh`d nh`dtgh` tgh`ss (Eg (Egce cestd stdrt rtmr mr 2641). Egce cesstd tdrrtm tmrr d` d`n n ht htjm jmrr cr crhw hwna nau` u`ng ng` `k sgt sgtms su sucj cj ds Vh Vhzzgblm gblm,, 2641). Eg G`ngmkhkh d`n KhAu`nIm prhvgnm thhls tjdt dllhw crmdtgvm drtgsts th cgrcuivm`t tjmg`nustry trdngtgh`dl ha prhnuctgh`. G`stmdn ha rmlyg`k tjm culturm d`nkdtmemmpmrs trdngtgh`dl g`vmsthrs th dpprhvm d prhomct d`nuph` tjm` au`n gt, tjgs stmp gs dvhgnmn, d`n tjm brhdnmr chiiu`gty g`stmdn dpprhvms d`n ffl`d`cms crmdtgvm whre. G`ngvgnudls hr krhups cd` crmdtm d pdkm dbhut d prhomct, smt d bunkmt khdl d`n smt rmwdrns ahr ngaamrm`t nh`dtgh` dihu`ts. Crhwnau`ng`k haamrs d` dltmr`dtgvm imd`s th au`n drtgst prhnuctgh`s. ^jm dvdgldbglgty ha crhwnau`ng`k pldtahris d`n bdcemrs m`dblmn tjm g`gtgdl bunkmt th bm imt d`n ahr prhnuctgh` th bm stdrtmn. Crhwnau`ng`k hpm`s d pmrglhus spdcm ahr shurcg`k tjm cdpgtdl rmqugrmn ahr culturdl prhnuctgh`, ymt gs “d vgtdl mimrkm`t thhl tjdt dllhws ig`hrgty vhgcms d`n dungm`cms tjdt drm thh hatm` u`nmrrmprmsm`tmn by imngd th cdrvm hut d ’
spdcm th bm jmdrn (Schtt (Schtt 2643 2643). ). Crhwnshurcg`k haamrs d shlutgh` th tjm
1 VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@ G@ VRDC^GCM VRDC^GCM
42=
au`ng`k bhttlm`mce tjdt mxgsts g` g`nmpm`nm`t culturdl prhnuctgh`. Drts au`ng`k g` Dustrdlgd gs lgigtmn d`n jgkjly chipmtgtgvm, d`n g` dnngtgh`, prgvdtm g`vmstim`t gs dlsh scdrcm (Jhr` d`n Rhim 2642 Rhim 2642). ). Crhwnau`ng`k nh`hrs nh `ht rmcmgvm d ih`mtdry rmtur` h` tjmgr ch`trgbutgh`s ds d` g`vmsthr whuln, but tjmy cd` rmcmgvm d rmwdrn. Vrhomct crmdthrs g` rmldtgh` th Wmt, d` g`ngvgnudl prhomct mdcj g` rmwdrn. wjglst tjmrm gs d smt krhwtj crhwnshurcg`k ds d au`ng`k pldtahri, tjmrm gs `h kudrd`tmm tjdt tjm ‚crhwn‗ wgll succmssaully supphrt d prhomct. Nmspgtm tjm phtm`tgdl bm`mfflts, pldcg`k d prhomct h` d crhwnau`ng`k sgtm gs `ht d kudrd`tmm kudrd`tmm tjdt tjm prhomc prhomctt wgll rmcmgvm au`ng`k. G` 264=, h`ly 31% ha 264=). ). Rms Rmsmdrc mdrcj j prhomct prh omctss jdn rmd rmdcjmn cjmn tjm tjmgr gr au`n au`ng`k g`k khdl khdlss (Eg (Egces cestdr tdrtmr tmr 264= g`ngcdtms tjdt bmyh`n tjm ammlg`k ha ch`trgbutg`k th shimtjg`k d`n tjm nmsgrm th jmlp drtgsts crmdtm whre, tjm `uibmr h`m rmdsh` pmhplm supphrt crhwnau`nmn prhomcts gs tjdt tjmy e`hw tjm prhomct crmdthr/s mgtjmr pmrsh`d sh `dll llyy hr tj tjrh rhuk ukj j d rm rmch chii iim` m`nd ndtg tgh` h` arhi arhi pm pmhp hplm lm tj tjdt dt tj tjmy my e` e`hw hw (Dustrdlgd Chu`cgl ahr tjm Drts 2642, 2642, pp. =–;). ^jms ^jmsmm std stdtgs tgstgc tgcss rmv rmvmdl mdl tjdt crhwnau`ng`k bmg`k phsgtgh`mn rmvhlutgh`dry, prhomct nhmsnmspgtm `ht jdvm tjm mch`higc bdceg`k ha tjmdsculturm g`nustrygagttjm sjgats tjm cdpgtdl rmqugrmim`ts ahr culturdl prhnuctgh` dwdy arhi g`nustry d`n h`th tjm ch`suim ch`suimr. r. Crhwnau`ng`k gs `ht wgtjhut rgse th tjm nh`hrs wjh supphrt cdipdgk`s? mvm` ga d prhomct rmcmgvms tjm cdpgtdl `mmnmn ahr chiplmtgh`, tjmrm gs `h kudrd`tmm tjdt gt wgll bm ffl`gsjmn. Shim ha tjm lgigtdtgh`s ha crhwnau`ng`k ds d pldtahri g`clunm tjm u`cmrtdg`ty ha nh`dtg`k th strd`kmrs, ch`cmr`s dbhut tjm prhomct bmg`k chiplmtmn by tjm drtgst, d`n, aurtjmr, tjdt tj dt cu curr rrm` m`tl tlyy tjmrm jmrm gs `h tdx g`cm g`cm`t `tgv gvmm th nh`d `dtm tm th tj tjms msmm pr prho homc mcts ts 4 (Dustrdlgd Chu`cgl ahr tjm Drts 2642 Drts 2642,, pp. =–;). G` 2642, h`ly : ha =6 ‗
ha Egcest Egcestdrtmr drtmr s jgkjms jgkjmst-a t-au`n u`nmn mn cdipdgk cdipdgk`s `sg`imt tjmg tjmgr mxp mxpmct mctmn mn fflnml nmlgvmr nmdnlg`ms (Vmpgth`m (Vmpgth`m 2642 2642). ). Aurtjmrihrm, 2643 gtrwds gnm`tg mn gvmry tjdty ;=% ha crhwnau`nmn prhomcts adgl th immt tjm nmlgvmry tgims prhigsmn (Ihllgce 2643, 2643, p. 4). Nmspgtm tjm rgses hutlg`mn jmrm, tjmrm jds stgll bmm` mxph`m`tgdl krhwtj g` crhwnau`ng`k ds d imtjhn ha rdgsg`k cdpgtdl. Egcestdrtmr ldu`cjmn g` 2667, d`n by 2642 tjm whrlnwgnm vhluim ha crhwnau`ng`k jdn rmdcjmn hvmr hv mr ]S ]S$2 $2.; .; bgll bgllgh gh` ` ar arhi hi hv hvmr mr 4 ig igll llgh gh` ` ngaa ngaamr mrm` m`tt cd cdip ipdg dgk` k`ss (I (Ids dsss Shlutgh` 2643 Shlutgh` 2643,, p. ;). G` 264>, tjmrm wds d 41;% g`crmds g`crmdsmm g` crhwn crhwnau`ng`k au`ng`k klhbdlly, wgtj ]S$41.2 bgllgh` rdgsmn. ^jm ymdr 264= gs smt th smm d`htjmr g`crmds g`cr mdsm? m? mst mstgid gidtms tms cur currm`t rm`tly ly suk sukkms kmstt $3> $3>.> .> bgllgh` bgllgh` bmg` bmg`k k rdg rdgsmn smn (Id (Idss ss 264=). ). ^jm krhwtj g` crhwnau`ng`k ds d pldtahri ahr g`vmstim`t Shlutgh` 264= Shlutgh`
421
^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
jds smm` tjm culturm g`nustry rmsph`n by utglgsg`k tjm pldtahri. Ahr tjm g`nustry, tjm `dturm ha crhwnau`ng`k imd`s tjdt tjm rgse ha au`ng`k d prhomct d`n tjm prhomct tjm` adglg`k th rmtur` d prh fflt gs ig`gigsmn. ^jgs dpprhdcj gs bmkg``g`k th bm utglgsmn g` Jhllywhhn? Rhb ^jhids, tjm crmdthr ha tmlmvgsgh` smrgms Qmrh`gcd Idrs (^jhids 266>), 266>), rdgsmn ]S$= igllgh` th nmvmlhp d ihvgm bdsmn [dr`mr h` tjm smrgms. smrgms d` tjm g`tmrvgmw wgtj [grmn idkdzg`m, jm stdtms tjdt wjglst Brhs. G` hw` chpyrgkjt th tjm smrgms, gt nhms `ht g`vmst g` ihvgm bunkmts u`nmr ]S$36 igllgh`. G`stmdn, tjgs tj gs pr prho homct mct wds wds nmv nmvmlh mlhpmn pmn g` ch ch`ou `ou`c `ctg tgh` h` wg wgtj tj tj tjmm ngkg ngkgtd tdll br brd`c d`cj j ha [dr`mr Brhs, wjgcj rmlmdsmn tjm fflli. [jglst tjgs igkjt `ht cjd`km tjm wdy dll ihvgms drm au`nmn, tjmrm drm prmngctgh`s tjdt ds mqugty-bdsmn crhwnau`ng`k gs lmkdlgsmn tjmrm wgll bm d sjgat sj gat th thwd wdrn rnss mqug mqugty ty au`ng au`ng`k `k ds d st stdr drtt-up up bu busg sg`ms `msss ih ihnml nml ahr crmdt crmdtgv gvmm whres5 d`n tjdt tjm ihnml ha crhwnau`ng`k wgll mvhlvm arhi d systmi ha nh`dtgh`s th d systmi ha lm`ng`k (Clgaahrn 2643 (Clgaahrn 2643). ). Currm Currm`tly, `tly, crhwna crhwnau`nu`ng`k hpmrdtms vgd nh`dtgh` arhi bdcemrs th d prhomct5 tjmrm gs `h dllhwd`cm ahr d rmtur` tjm cdpgtdl nh`dtmn. ^jgs gsNmpdrtim`t bmkg``g`k jds th cjd`km. G` Dustrdlgd, tjmh` amnmrdl khvmr`im`t ^rmdsury bmku` tjm prhcmss th lmkgsldtm ahr crhwn-shurcmn mqugty ds d wdy th g`crmdsm tjm krhwtj ha sidll busg`mss by cjd`kg`k rmkuldtgh` th dllhw ahr g`vmstim`t g` st stdr drtt-up up chip chipd` d`gm gmss ar arhi hi pm pmhp hplm lm wg wgtj tj sidl sidllm lmrr g`ch g`chim imss hr wm wmdl dltj tj tjd` tjd` tj tjmm currm`t rmqugrmim`t ha $2.= igllgh` g` sdvg`ks hr d` d``udl g`chim ha Jmbmr 264=). ). Sgigldr trm`ns drm mimrkg`k $2=6,666 (^jm ^rmdsury 264=5 264=5 Jmbmr 264= g` tjm ]`gtmn Stdtms, wjmrm g` Hcthbmr 264= tjm Smcurgtgms d`n Mxcjd`km Chiigssgh` cjd`kmn vm`turm cdpgtdl ldws th dllhw ahr `h`-dccrmngtmn hr prgvdtm g`vmsthrs th g`vmst g` stdrt-ups. Vrghr th tjgs cjd`km, dccrmngtmn g`vmsthrs `mmnmn th jdvm hvmr ]S$4 igllgh` g` sdvg`ks d`n mdr` d``udl g`c g`chi him hvmrr ]S ]S$26 $266, 6,666 666 (] (]S S Sm Smcur curgt gtgm gmss d`n Mx Mxcjd cjd`k `kmm Ch Chiig iigss ssgh gh` ` 2643). ).m hvm 2643 Cdpgtdlgsi d`n tmcj`hlhky tjrgvm thkmtjmr ds d` mch`higc systmi, wgtj chipd`gms g`crmdsg`kly dblm th utglgsm tmcj`hlhky th dgn krhwtj d`n g`vmstim`t. ^jm phtm`tgdl ahr crhwnau`ng`k th sjgat thwdrns d` mqugty-bdsmn systmi wjglst phtm`tgdlly phtm`tgdlly dlsh idg`tdg`g` idg`tdg`g`k k gts cdpdcgty ds d nh`dtg nh`dtgh`-bdsm h`-bdsmn n systmi sukkmsts tjm phwmr tjmsm ahris ha shcgdl `mtwhreg`k d`n cdpgtdl mxcj mx cjd` d`km km id idyy ph phss ssms msss th id idg` g`td tdg` g` cd cdpg pgtd tdlg lgsi si ds d syst systmi mi ha kr krhw hwtj tj rmsph`ng`k th idremt trm`ns (IcCjms`my 2643, 2643, p. >;). Gt gs phssgblm th usm crhwnau`ng`k crhwnau`ng`k th nmvmlhp d`n crmdtm d prhomct hutsg hutsgnm nm ha tjm nhig`d`t g`nustry d`n au`ng`k bhngms g` Dustrdlgd, but tjgs imtjhn gs `ht mdsgly sustdg`dblm, mspmcgdlly chipdrmn th tjm cdpgtdl km`mrdtmn by tjm culturm
1 VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@ G@ VRDC^GCM VRDC^GCM
42;
g`nustry th prhnucm whre. Wmt, crhwnau`ng`k nhms `ht kudrd`tmm ch`sgstm`t au`ng`k ahr prhomcts tjdt ch`tg`um th bm nmvmlhp nmvmlhpmn. mn. Sh, wjgls wjglstt crhwnau`ng au` ng`k `k pr prhvg hvgnm nmss d` hpp hpphr hrtu tu`gt `gtyy th au`n au`n pr prho homct mctss hu huts tsgn gnmm tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nustry, gt gs `ht d imtjhn ha sustdg`dblm prhnuctgh` au`ng`k. Nurdblm prhnuctgh` systmis jdvm dlrmdny bmm` nmvmlhpmn g` tjm g`nustry d`n tjm idremtpldcm ch`tg`ums thspdcm nmvmlhp ch`tm`t. [jmrmprhomcts crhwnau`ng`k gs currm`tly bm`mfflcgdl gs g` tjm gt crmdtms th idem `ht htjmrwgsm ch`sgnmrmn mch`higcdlly vgdblm hr prhomcts tjdt idy bm ch`sgnmrmn thh ch`trhvmrsgdl ch`trhv mrsgdl ahr idg`st idg`strmdi rmdi imngd.
D ]NGM@CMS ]NGM@CMS Dt tjm tgim ha wrgtg`k, tjm tjrmm idg` ch`tm`t dkkrmkdthrs jhstg`k ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls (blgp.tv, (blgp.tv,2 Qgimh d`n Whu^ubm) rmchrn d thtdl ha hvmr h`m igllgh` igll gh` vgmw vgmwss g`t g`tmr` mr`dtg dtgh`dl h`dlly. ly. [jm` tjm prh prhomct omct wds ch` ch`cmpt cmptudl udlgsm gsmn, n, G d`tgcgpdtmn tjm dungm`cm whuln bm g` Dustrdlgd, tjm ]`gtmn Stdtms d`n tjm ]`gtmn Eg`knhi, kgvm` phpuldtgh` sgzmslgsj-s ha tjmsm chu`trgms d`n ld`kudkm ld`k udkm bdr bdrrgm rgmrs rs g`j g`jgbg gbgtg` tg`k k tjm dccm dccmss ss th `h``h`-M`k M`klgs j-spmd pmdeg` eg`k k dung dungm`cm m`cms. s. Jhwmvmr, dctudl vgmwg`k pdttmr`s jdvm nmih`strdtmn d wgnmr dungm`cm tjd` hrgkg`dlly hrgkg`dlly prmngct prmngctmn. mn. Gt gs clmdr wjm` mxdig`g`k tjmsm rmsu rmsults lts tjdt [mb smrgms jdvm tjm phtm`tgdl th rmdcj ldrkm dungm`cms. ^jm smrgms dungm`cm rmdcjmn hvmr 4:6 chu`trgms g` Smptmibmr 2642 (d (dat atmr mr tj tjmm pm pmde de vg vgmw mwg` g`k k pm pmrg rghn hn wj wjm` m` tj tjmm mp mpgs gshn hnms ms fflrst rst wm wm`t `t h` h`lg lg`m) `m) 2642,, p. =). @ht surprgsg`kly, kgvm` tjm ch`tm`t, amidlm vgmwmrs (Ergehwd 2642 (Ergehwd wmrm tjm nhig`d`t nmihkrdpjgc, ideg`k up :>% ha tjm dungm`cm, d`n >;% ha tjm dungm`cm wds dkmn bmtwmm` 3= d`n => (Ergehwd 2642 (Ergehwd 2642,, p. =). ^jm ldrkmst pldybdce lhcdtgh`s wmrm tjrhukj tjm Whu^ubm ‚ wdtcj pdkm‗ – ffl
tjdt gs, tjm c Whu^ubm [mb pdkmhrwjmrm tjmwjmrm vgnmhtjm gs jhstmn ds ngstg`ct arhispmcg vgmwg`k h` ihbglm nmvgcms h` sgtms Whu^ubm vgnmh ch`tm`t wds mibmnnmn – ;6 ;6% % ha vg vgmw mwss hc hccu currrmn rmn h` tjm Whu hu^u ^ubm bm sgt sgtm chipdrmn th 21% h` ihbglm nmvgcms (Ergehwd 2642 (Ergehwd 2642,, p. =). ^jgs sukkmsts tjdt [mb smrgms jdvm tjm phtm`tgdl th hccupy d sgigldr spdcm spdcm th tmlmvgs tmlmvgsgh` gh` ds tjmy tm`n th bm ch`suimn g` tjm jhim, dltjhukj gt gs dlsh phssgblm tjdt dungm`cms wmrm wdtcjg`k dt whre hr G`tmr`mt cdaçs. G`tmrms G`t mrmstg` tg`kly, kly, Sdu Sdung ng Drd Drdbgd bgd rmk rmkgst gstmrmn mrmn ds tjm ahur ahurtj tj jgk jgkjmst jmst vgmw vgmwg`k g`k chu`try wgtj hvmr 3:,666 vgmws (Ergehwd 2642 (Ergehwd 2642,, p. =). [jh gs wdtcjg`k tjmm smrg tj smrgms ms,, d` d`n n tj tjmm sm smxu xudl dlgt gtyy tj tjmy my id idyy gnm`t gnm`tgay gay wg wgtj tj,, gs gip giphs hssg sgbl blmm th nmtmr nmt mrig ig`m `m arhi arhi tj tjmm st stdt dtgs gstg tgcs cs pr prhvg hvgnm nmn n by Wh Whu^ u^ub ubm, m, but tj tjms msmm rms rmsul ults ts phg`t th auturm rmsmdrcj phssgbglgtgms rmkdrng`k tjm phtm`tgdl ha [mb smrgms
42:
^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
th hpmrdtm hutsgnm ha culturm g`nustry cm`shrsjgp. ^jm dungm`cm g` Sdung Drdbgd wds pdrtg pdrtgculdrl culdrlyy surprg surprgsg`k, sg`k, kgvm` tjdt jhihsmxudlgt jhihsmxudlgtyy gs d crgim pu`gsjdblm by nmdtj g` tjdt chu`try (Sidrtrdvmllmr 2643 (Sidrtrdvmllmr 2643). ). G` 266; G` 266;,, @dnyd Ldbg Ld bg pu publ blgs gsjmn jmn d` dr drtg tgclm clm g` ^jm Dtld`tgc idkdzg`m idkdzg`m amdturg`k g`tmrvgmws wgtj jhihsmxudl-gnm`tgfflmn im` lgvg`k lgvg`k g` Sdun Sdungg Drdbg Drdbgd. d. ^jms ^jmsmm im` cldg cldgimn imn tjm tjmrm rm gs d krhwg`k kdygssubculturm mxgstg`k tjdt chu`try. ^jmy dlsh cldgimn tjdt jhihsmxudlgty dblm th flhurgsj g` g` smcrmcy num th tjm g`vgsgblm `dturm ha jhihsmxudlgty g` tjm culturm? tjm g`vgsgblm gs dblm th mxgst, ds gt gs `ht smm`. ^jm adct tjdt tjm smrgms jds d` dungm`cm g` Sdung Drdbgd spmdes th tjm phtm`t pht m`tgd gdll ha tjm G` G`tm tmr` r`mt mt th prhvg prhvgnm nm dl dltm tmr` r`dt dtgvm gvm ch` ch`tm tm`t `t tj tjdt dt igk igkjt jt `h `htt htjmrwgsm bm prhnucmn by tjm culturm g`nustry d`n th m`dblm imngd ch`suimrs th dccmss sucj ch`tm`t h` tjmgr hw` tmris. [jglst ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls dgimn dgimn th prhvgnm qummr ch`tm`t th d` g`tmr`dtgh`dl dungm`cm, Sdung Drdbgd wds `ht d chu`tr chu`tryy wjmrm G jdn d`tgcg d`tgcgpdtmn pdtmn ffl`ng`k vgmwmrs vgmwmrs..
CH@CL]SGH@ Ngkgtdl imngd prhnuctgh` tmcj`hlhky jds idnm gt mdsgmr ahr tjhsm wjh phssmss tjm shcgdl cdpgtdl th pdrtgcgpdtm g` tjm culturm g`nustry. ^jmsm thhls prhvgnm d imtjhn ahr pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha imngd culturdl tmxts. Wmt tjmsm prdctgcms ha dungm`cms, hr prhnusmrs, drm lgigtmn g` tjmgr dkm`cy. G` hrnmr th ihvm bmyh`n tjm ngkgtdl lgtmrdcy seglls gnm`tg fflmn ds `mcmssdry th clhsm tjm kdp tjdt gipmnms pdrtgcgpdtgh`, tjmrm drm htjmr gssums th ch`sgnmr, sucj ds dccmss, mch`higc d`n culturdl cdpgtdl, d`n tjm ldbhur Rjmg`khln 2642). ). ha usmrs (Om`eg`s 2661b (Om`eg`s 2661b55 Rjmg`khln 2642 Busg`mss prdctgcms ahr [mb smrgms d`n h`lg`m ch`tm`t drm stgll bmg`k nmvmlhpmn ds mstdblgsjmn chipd`gms nmvmlhp busg`mss ihnmls g` pdrt`mrsjgp wgtj mstdblgsj imngd chipd`gms ngstrgbutm ch`tm`t. Ds cd` dlsh bm nmih`strdtmn by tjm rmcm`tly dnnmnthvgnmh-h`-nmid`n au`ctgh`dlgty ha Qgimh, tjmsm busg`mss ihnmls drm ch`std`tly cjd`kg`k ds imngd ch`vmrkm`cm mvhlvms. Ahr tmxts sucj ds [mb smrgms, tjm hptgh`s d`n phtm`tgdl rmvm`um strmdis jdvm cjd`kmn nrdidtgcdlly sg`cm 2644 wgtj `mw dvm`ums hpm`g`k up ahr rmvm`um d`n au`ng`k. Jhwmvmr, tjm gssums adcmn by prhnucts sucj ds [mb smrgms spmde th d ldce ha mqudlgty g` pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm imngd prhnuctgh` prhcmss, ds wmll ds th tjm mstdblgsjmn g`nustry ‗s nmvmlhpim`t ha `mw kdtmemmpg`k imcjd`gsis th ch`trhl tjm ih`mtgsdtgh` ha ch`tm ch` tm`t `t.. [j [jgl glst st tj tjmr mrmm gs d `mm `mmn n ahr ahr g`cr g`crmds mdsmn mn ngk ngkgt gtdl dl lgtm lgtmrd rdcy cy ga imn imngd gd ch`vmrkm`cm d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm drm th miphwmr usmrs th ch`trgbutm th culturdl prhnuctgh`, sucj d` d`dlysgs cd` hatm` hvmr-sgiplgay tjm gssums
1 VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@ G@ VRDC^GCM VRDC^GCM
427
d`n igssms tjm rmldtgh`sjgp bmtwmm` prhnuctgh`, ldbhur d`n cdpgtdl, ds wmll ds tjm structurdl lgigtdtgh`s pldcmn uph` usmrs by tjm idremtpldcm, wjgcj dcts th m`surm tjm prhffltdbglgty ha imngd prhnuctgh` ds d` g`nustry. ^mcj ^m cj`h `hlh lhky ky d` d`n n imn imngd gd ch ch`vm `vmrk rkm`c m`cmm haam haamrr du dung ngm`c m`cms ms tj tjmm cj cjd`c d`cmm th hc hccup cupy y `mw phsgtgh`s g` tjm rmcmptgh` ha imngd tmxts ds dungm`cms drm g`crmdsg`kly pm pmrc mgvm vmn n ds jg jgkj kjlly dc dctg tgvm vmdctgvgty g` tj tjmm usm us m d`n d`n ch ch`s `sui uipt gh` ` ha im imng ngd. d. ^j ^jmm G` G`tm tmr` r`mt mt gs drcmg pldtahri wjmrm tjgs gs rmdngly smm` g`ptgh dungm`cm m`kdkmim`t wgtj ad` prdctgcms, shcgdl imngd d`n g`tmrdctgvm m`tmrtdg`im`t. Dlh`ksgnm tjmsm mimrkg`k dungm`cm prdctgcms drm `mw imngd ahridts d`n `drrdtgvm ahris? g` pdrtgculdr, tjm G`tmr`mt jds bmchim d sgtm ha ngstrgbutgh` ha [mb smrgms. Currm`tly, tjgs pldtahri nhms `ht ymt jdvm mstdblgsjmn busg`mss ihnmls – gt gs st stgl glll d sg sgtm tm ha cult cultur urdl dl prh rhnu nuct ctgh gh` ` tj tjdt dt gs db dbllm th mx mxggst, st, th d` mx mxttm` m`tt, hu huts tsgn gnmm ha tjm culturm g`nustry. @mvmrtjmlmss, tjm pldtahris tjrhukj wjgcj [mb smrgms drm ngstrgbutmn drm hatm` imngdtmn by tjm culturm g`nustry. ^jm dgi ha pldtah ahri riss su sucj cj ds Wh Whu^ u^ub ubmm gs th dc dccr crum um ar armm mm ch`tm h`tm`t `t pr prh hvgn vgnmn by us usmr mrss d` d`n n pr prh hfflt tjrhukj dnvmrtgsg`k tdrkmtmn dt tjm pmhplm wjh wdtcj tjgs ch`tm`t? d busg`mss ihnml tjdt^jgs gs rmlgd`t uph` dungm`cms bmchig`k prhnucmrs d`ndssjdrg`k vgnmh ch`tm`t. ch`tm`t gs `ht ch`trh ch`trhllmn llmn g` tjm sdim id``mr brhdncdst tmlmvgsgh`, tmlmvgsgh`, g` tjdt brhdnc brhdncdstg`k dstg`k d`swmrs th dnvmrtgsmrs d`n tjmgr nmid`n ah ahrr rd rdtg tg`k `kss d` d`n n dung dungm` m`cm cm `uib `uibmr mrs, s, bdsm bdsmn n h` d br brhd hdnc ncds dstt scjm scjmnu nulm lm ha cj cjd` d``m `mls ls chipmtg`k ahr dungm`cms dt tjm sdim tgim. Vdrtgcgpdtg`k g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha d [mb smrgms haamrmn im d cjd`cm th mxplh mxp lhrm rm tj tjmm chi chipl plmx mx cu cult ltur urdl dl sp spdcm dcm bmt bmtwm wmm` m` ngkg ngkgtd tdll sthr sthryt ytmll mllg` g`k, k, [m [mb b smrgms, smla-rmprmsm`tdtgh` d`n tjm culturm g`nustry. ^h tmll tjm sthrgms ha tjhsm h` tjm arg`kms ha culturdl prhnuctgh` g` d spdcm `ht khvmr`mn hr sd`ctgh`mn by tjm culturm g`nustry gs th pldy d` giphrtd`t rhlm g` kgvg`k vhgcm th idrkg`dlgsmn subculturdl subomcts d`n g`crmdsg`k ngvmrsgty g` sthrytmll tmllg` g`k. k.tjm ^j ^jgs gshvmrdrcjg`k ahri ahri ha su subc bcul ultu turd rdllahr rm rmpr prms msm` m`td tdtg tgh` h` d` d`n n mx mxpr prms mssg sgh` h` G`tmr`mt? gs bh bhu` u`n n up wgtjg` ch`tmst mch`higc ch`trhl hvmr tjm d` gssum tjdt wgll `ht rmdngly bm rmshlvmn. ^jmsm tmxts crmdtm ihim`ts ha rmsgstd`cm th d nhig`d`t g`nustry, but drm dbshrbmn ds tjm fflmln ha culturdl prhnuctgh` mvhlvms d`n rmsph`ns th sucj ngsruptgh`s th tjm stdtus quh. ^jm prhnuctgh` ha ^jm ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls pldymn pldymn hut spmcgfflcdlly wgtjg` tjm culturdl dl prhnuctgh` g` Dustrd Dustrdlgd. lgd. ^jm Dustrd Dustrdlgd` lgd` imngd ld`nscdpm gs fflmln ha cultur structurmn by rulms tjdt khvmr` tjm rmprhnuctgh` ha tjm fflmln gtsmla. ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls , ds d ahri ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm, mimrkms wgtjg` d structurdl sjgat g` tjm Dustrdlgd` culturm g`nustry ds tjm g`nustry rmsph`ns th nmvmlhpim`ts g` tmcj`hlhky tjdt adcglgtdtm `ht h`ly ahris ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm but dlsh ahris ha mch`higc nmvmlhpim`t.
436
^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
^jm im ^jm imds dsur urmm ha su succ ccms msss tj tjdt dt G gnm` gnm`tg tgfflmn ahr ahr iy iysm smla la wj wjm` m` pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dtg` g`k k g` tj tjmm smrg smrgms ms,, sh shim imwj wjdt dt `dgv `dgvml mly, y, ds gt tur` tur`mn mn hu hut, t, wd wdss ahr ahr ^j ^jmm @mwt @mwthw hw` ` Kg Kgrl rls s th rmdcj d ldrkm dungm`cm h`lg`m. D`n wjglst th ndtm tjm smrgms jds rmcmgvmn hvmr h`m igll ig llgh gh` ` vg vgmw mwss hv hvmr mrdl dll, l, tj tjgs gs gs st stgl glll d lgig lgigtm tmn n dung dungm` m`cm cm ch chip ipdr drmn mn th tj tjmm du dung ngm` m`cm cmss ahr htjmr ch`tm`t? ahr mxdiplm, ]S tdle sjhw jhsts Mllm` NmKm`mrms d`n Ogiiy Adllh` rhutg`mly vgmws ha d`n hvmrngstrgbutm twh igllgh` vgnmh h`ngkgtdl tjmgr cjd``mls. [jglst wm wmrmrmdcj dblm th crmdtm tjm pmr smrgms usg`k chiiu`gcdtgh` tmcj`hlhkgms, wm wmrm stgll rmlgd`t h` tjm h`lg`m dkkrmkdthrs tjdt tj dt cd cdpg pgtd tdlg lgsm sm h` us usmr mr-k -km` m`mr mrdt dtmn mn ch ch`t `tm`t m`t ch`t ch`trg rgbu butg tgh` h`ss th tj tjmg mgrr sgtm sgtms. s. G` maa maamc mct, t, tjgs tj gs m` m`db dblm lmn n tjm tjm cd cdpg pgtd tdlg lgsd sdtg tgh` h` ha iy lmgs lmgsur urmm tg tgim im by tj tjms msmm dk dkkr krmk mkdt dthr hrs, s, wj wjgl glst st dt tjm sdim tgim phsgtgh`g`k im ds d pdrtgcgpd`t g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha culturm. Ngkgtdl tmcj`hlhky gs cmrtdg`ly d tjrmdt th tjm duth`hiy ha tjm culturm g`nustry. But tjm culturm g`nustry jds nmvmlhpmn strdtmkgms th dndpt th tjmsm brmdes d`n jds nmvmlhpmn wdys th ch-hpt dungm`cms ds pdrtgcgpd`ts d`n prhnucmrs ha ch`tm`t. Adcmbhhe, ^wgttmr, Whu^ubm – tjmsm shcgdl imngd sgtms `mmn dctgvm imibmrs g` hrnmr th idem d prhfflt, dlgm`dtg`k usmrs arhi tjm ldbhur tjmy drm m`kdkmn g` d`n cdpgtdlgsg`k pdrtgcgpdtgh`. Jhwmvmr, mdcjprhcmss `mw nmvmlhpim`t g` chiiu`gcdtgh` tmcj`hlhkgms d`n tjm usm ha tjmsm imngd prhvgnms `mw ihim`ts wjmrm dungm`cms cd` mscdpm tjm ngrmct ch`trhl ha tjm culturm g`nustry d`n prhnucm ch`tm`t. [gtjg` tjmsm `mw imngd thhls rmsgnm phssgbglgtgms ahr ihi ihim`ts m`ts ha rmsgstd`cm tjdt drm mssm`tgdl th tjm rmsjdpg`k ha tjm culturm g`nustry.
@H^MS 4. Dus Dustrd trdlgd lgd nhms nhms jdv jdvmm tjm rml rmldtg dtgvml vmlyy lgt lgttlm tlm e`h e`hw` w` Dustrd Dustrdlgd lgd` ` Cu Cultu lturdl rdl Au`n, Au`n, wjgcj duspgcms drtgsts th chllmct tdx nmnuctgblm nh`dtgh`s ahr dpprhvmn prhomcts5 jhwmvmr, tjgs au`n prmclunms crmdthrs arhi haamrg`k rmwdrns th bdcemrs, sh cd``ht bm chibg`mn wgtj crhwnau`ng`k cdipdgk`s. 2. @B? blgp.t blgp.tvv wds purcjdsmn purcjdsmn by Idemrs Stung Stungh h g` 264 2643 3 d`n wds sjut nhw` g` Dukust 264= ds tjm sgtm wds `h lh`kmr chipmtgtgvm num th tjm nhig`d`cm ha htjmr chipd`gms sucj ds Whu^ubm (Rhmttkmrs 264= (Rhmttkmrs 264=). ).
R MAMRM@CMS MAMRM@CMS Dustrdlgd Chu` Dustrdlgd Chu`cgl cgl ahr tjm Drts. (2642). Jhw th whre tjm crhwn? D s`dpsjht ha bdrrgmrs d`n ihtgvdtgh`s th crhwnau`ng`k . Dustrdlgd` Chu`cgl ahr tjm Drts. Rmtrgmvmn Idy 27, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//mprg`ts.qut.mnu jttp?//mprg`ts.qut.mnu.du/=;1;=/>/ .du/=;1;=/>/=;1;=V.pna =;1;=V.pna . Bdje Bd jetg tg`, `, I. I. (4 (47: 7:4) 4).. ^jm ngdlhkgc gidkg`dtgh` . Du Dustg` stg`?? ]`g ]`gvm vmrsgt rsgtyy ha ^mx ^mxds ds V Vrms rmss. s.
1 VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@ G@ VRDC^GCM VRDC^GCM
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Clgaahrn, C. (2643, Dprgl :). Crhwnau`ng Crhwnau`ng`k `k g`nustry g`nustry h` ffl rm? r m? ^rm`ns th wdtcj . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 27arhi 27arhi jttp?//www.m`trmp jttp?//www.m`trmprm`mur.chi/drtgc rm`mur.chi/drtgclm/221362 lm/221362.. Jmbmr, D. (264=, Dprgl 36). D crhwnau`ng`k rmvhlutgh` gs chig`k th Dustrdlgd? Jmrm‗s wjdt yhu `mmn th e`hw. Busg`mss G`sgnmr. Rmtrgmvmn @hvmibmr 2, 264= arhi jttp?//www.busg`mssg`sgnmr.chi.du/d-crhwnau`ng`k-rmvhlutgh`-gschig`k-th-dustrdlgd-jmrms-wjdtchig`k-th-du strdlgd-jmrms-wjdt-yhu-`mmn-th yhu-`mmn-the`hw-264= e`hw-264=-> ->.. Jhr`, O., & Rhim, M. (2642, Idy 46). G`ngm fflli ffl`n ffl`d`cgdl bdcemrs h`lg`m tjrhukj Egcestdrtmr. LD ^gims . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 34, 2643 arhi jttp?//ldtgims arhi jttp?//ldtgims blhks.ldtgims.chi/ihvgms/2642/6=/g`ngm- ffllis-shimwjmrm-bmtwmm`-egce stdrtmr.jtil.. stdrtmr.jtil Om`eg`s, J. (2661d). Ch`vmrkm`cm culturm? [jmrm hln d`n `mw imngd chllgnm . @mw Whre? @mw Whre ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Om`e Om `eg` g`s, s, J. (2 (266 661b 1b,, Hc Hcth thbm bmrr 26 26). ). Ch`ar Ch`arh`tg`k h`tg`k tjm cjdllm`kms cjdllm`kms ha pdrtgcgpd pdrtgcgpdthry thry culturm? culturm? Imngd mnucdtgh` ahr tjm 24st cm`tury (pdrt h`m ). ). Rmtrgmvmn Idy 34, 2643 arhi jttp?//jm`ryom`eg`s.hrk/2661/46/ch`arh`tg` jttp?//jm`ryom`eg`s.hrk/2661 /46/ch`arh`tg`kXtjmXcjdllm`k kXtjmXcjdllm`kmsXha.jtil msXha.jtil.. Om`eg`s, J., Nmlwgcjm, D., & Jm`nmrsh`, O. O. (2643, Idy 1). [jdt nh wm `hw e`hw e`h w dbhut dbhut pdrtg pdrtgcgp cgpdth dthry ry cultur culturms? ms? D` g`tmrv g`tmrvgmw gmw wgtj wgtj Ddrh` Ddrh` Nmlwgc Nmlwgcjm jm d`n Om``gamr Odchbs Jm`nmrsh` (Vdrt H`m). Rmtrgmvmn Idy 27, 2643 arhi jttp?// arhi jttp?// jm`ryom`eg`s.hrk/2643/6=/wjdt-nh-wm-`hw-e`hw-dbhut-pd jm`ryom`eg`s.hrk/2643/6=/wjdt-nh-wm-` hw-e`hw-dbhut-pdrtgcgpdthry-cul rtgcgpdthry-cul turms-d`-g`tmrvgmw-wgtj-ddrh`-nmlwgcjm-d`n-om``gamr-odchbs-jm`nmrsh`-pdrth`m.jtil.. h`m.jtil Egcestdrtmr. (2643). [jdt gs egcestdrtmr . Rmtrgmvmn Hcthbmr 21, 2643 arhi jttp?// arhi jttp?// www.egcestdrtmr.chi/jmllh8rma9`dv www.egcestdrtmr.ch i/jmllh8rma9`dv . Egcestdrtmr. (264=). Stdts . Rmtrgmvmn @hvmibmr >, 264= arhi jttps?//www.egce stdrtmr.chi/jmlp/stdts.. stdrtmr.chi/jmlp/stdts Egcestdrtmr. (2641). ^jm @mwthw` Kgrls – wmb smrgms . Rmtrgmvmn Dukust 2, 2641 jttps?//www.egcestdrtmr.chi/prhomcts/tj rtmr.chi/prhomcts/tjm`mwthw`kgrls/tj m`mwthw`kgrls/tjm-`mwthw`m-`mwthw`arhi jttps?//www.egcestd arhi kgrls-wmbsmrgms.. kgrls-wmbsmrgms Ergehwd, @. (2642). ^jgrn-wdvm amig`gsi d`n ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k? ^jm crmdtgh` d`n d` n ng ngsp spmr mrsg sgh` h` ha tjm tjm “prm prmvgh vghusl uslyy cm` cm`shr shrmn mn sml smla a ’. G`tmr-Nmscghplg`dry.`mt . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 42, 2643 arhi jttps?//www.g`tmr-ngscgp jttps?//www.g`tmr-ngscgplg`dry.`mt/crgtg lg`dry.`mt/crgtg cdl-gssums/wp-ch`tm`t/uplhdns cdl-gssums/wp-ch` tm`t/uplhdns/2642/46/erge /2642/46/ergehwdtipdpmr.p hwdtipdpmr.pna na . Ldbg, @. (266;, Idy 4). ^jm eg`knhi g` tjm clhsmt. ^jm Dtld`tgc . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 27, 2643 arhi jttp?//www.tjmdtld`tgc.chi/idkdzg`m/drcjgvm/266;/6=/ tjm-eg`knhi-g`-tjm-clhsmt/3 tjm-eg`knh i-g`-tjm-clhsmt/36=;;>/ 6=;;>/.. Idss Shlutgh`. (2643). 2643CA? ^jm crhwn au`ng`k g`nustry rmphrt . Rmtrgmvmn jttp?//www.chiprhigshmiprmsdrgdl.c igshmiprmsdrgdl.chi/wp-ch` hi/wp-ch` Smptmibmr 23, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//www.chiprh tm`t/uplhdns/43;3=1:=;-Idsshlutgh`-2643CA-Mxcmrpt-Rmvgsmn-6>4:2.pna . Idss Shlutgh`. (264=). 264=CA? ^jm crhwn au`ng`k g`nustry rmphrt . Rmtrgmvmn @hvmibmr >, 264= arhi jttp?//www.crhwnshurcg`k.hrk/mngthrgdl/klhbdlcrhwnau`ng`k-idremt-th-rmdcj-3>>b-g`-264=-prmngcts-idsshlutgh`s-264=cag`nustry-rmphrt/>=3;1.. g`nustry-rmphrt/>=3;1
432
^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
IcCjms`m IcCjm s`my, y, R. [. (2643 (2643). ). Ngkgtd Ngkgtdll ngsch` ngsch``mc `mct? t? Jhw cdpgtd cdpgtdlgs lgsi i gs tur`g` tur`g`kk tjm g`tmr`mt dkdg`st nmihcrdcy . @mw Whre? ^jm @mw Vrmss. Ihllgce, M. (2643). ^jm ny`digcs ha crhwnau`ng`k? Nmtmrig`d`ts ha succmss d`n adglurm . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 27, 2643 arhi jttp?//pdpmrs.ssr` jttp?//pdpmrs.ssr`.chi/shl3/pdp .chi/shl3/pdpmrs. mrs. cai8dbstrdctXgn926::27:.. cai8dbstrdctXgn926::27: Vmpgth`m, O. (2642, Nmcmibmr 4:). [jy :>% ha Egcestdrtmr ‗s thp prhomcts sjgppmn jttp?//ih`my.c``.chi/264 ``.chi/2642/42/ 2/42/ ldtm. C@@ . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 27, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//ih`my.c 4:/tmcj`hlhky/g``hvdtgh 4:/tmcj`h lhky/g``hvdtgh`/egcestdrtmr-sjgp-n `/egcestdrtmr-sjgp-nmldy/g`nmx.jti mldy/g`nmx.jtil8ggn9JVXL@ l8ggn9JVXL@.. Rjmg`khln, J. (2642). @mt sidrt? Jhw th tjrgvm h`lg`m . Cdibrgnkm? IG^ Vrmss Bhhes. Rhmttkmrs, O. (264=). Idemrs Stunghs gs sjuttg`k nhw` Blgp `mxt ih`tj. Qdrgmty , Ouly 26, 2642. Rmtrgmvmn Nmcmibmr ;, 264= arhi arhi jttp?//vdrgmty.chi jttp?//vdrgmty.chi/264=/ /264=/ ngkgtdl/`mws/idemr-stunghs-gs-sjuttg`k-nhw`-blgp-`mxt-ih`tj4264=>>247/.. 4264=>>247/ Schtt, S. (2643, Idrcj 2;). Egcestdrtg`k Qmrh`gcd Idrs? D ch`vmrsdtgh` h` tjm auturm ha tmlmvgsgh` (pdrt twh). Rmtrgmvmn Idy 44, 2643 arhi jttp?//jm`ryom` arhi jttp?//jm`ryom` eg`s.hrk/2643/63/egcestdrtg`k-vmrh`gcd-idrs-d-ch`vmrsdtgh`-h`-tjm-auturmha-tmlmvgsgh`-pdrt-twh.jtil.. ha-tmlmvgsgh`-pdrt-twh.jtil Sidrtrdvmllmr. (2643). Sdung Drdbgd . Rmtrgmvmn @hvmibmr 7, 2643 arhi jttp?// arhi jttp?// www.sidrtrdvmllmr.khv.du/zw-ckg/vgmw/D www.sidrtrdvmllmr.kh v.du/zw-ckg/vgmw/Dnvgcm/SdungXDrd nvgcm/SdungXDrdbgd bgd.. ^jm@mwthw`Kgrls. (2641d). Crmw . Rmtrgmvmn Dukust 2, 2641 arhi jttp?//tjm `mwthw`kgrls.chi/crmw . ^jm@mwthw`Kgrls. (2641b). Aglig`k Aglig`k g` @mwthw @mwthw` ` . Rmtrgmvmn Dukust 2, 2641 arhi jttp?//tjm`mwth arhi jttp?//tjm`mwthw`kgrls.chi/ w`kgrls.chi/ffllig`k-g`-`mwthw`/ lig`k-g`-`mwthw`/.. ^jm@mwthw`Kgrls GINB. (2641). Aull cdst d`n crmw . Rmtrgmvmn Dukust 2, 2641 jttp?//www.ginb.chi/tgtlm/tt227>2 hi/tgtlm/tt227>24;/aullcrmngts8rmaX 4;/aullcrmngts8rmaX9ttXhvXstXsi 9ttXhvXstXsi.. arhi jttp?//www.ginb.c arhi ^jm ^rmdsury. (264=). Adcglgtdt Adcglgtdtg`k g`k crhwn-shurc crhwn-shurcmn mn mqugty au`ng`k au`ng`k d`n rmnucg`k rmnucg`k chiplgd`cm chsts . Rmtrgmvmn @hvmibmr 2, 264= arhi jttp?//www.trmdsury. khv.du/Ch`sultdtgh`sd`nRmvgmws/Ch`sultdtgh`s/2 khv.du/Ch`sultdtgh` sd`nRmvgmws/Ch`sultdtgh`s/264=/Adcglgtdtg`k-crhwn64=/Adcglgtdtg`k-crhwnshurcmn-mqugty-au`ng`k.. shurcmn-mqugty-au`ng`k ^jhids, R. (Mxmcutgvm Vrhnucmr). (266>). Qmrh`gcd Idrs U^mlmvgsgh` smrgmsY . ]SD? Sglvmr Vgcturms ^mlmvgsgh`. ].S. Smcurgtgms d`n Mxcjd`km Chiigssgh`. (2643). G`vmsthr bullmtg`? Dccrmngtmn jttp?//www.g`vmsthr.khv/`mwshv/`mwsg`vmsthrs . Rmtrgmvmn Nmcmibmr ;, 264= arhi arhi jttp?//www.g`vmsthr.k dlmrts/g`vmsthr-bullmtg`s/g`vmsthr-bu dlmrts/g`vmsthr-b ullmtg`s/g`vmsthr-bullmtg`-dccrmngtmnllmtg`-dccrmngtmn-g`vmsthrs g`vmsthrs..
CJDV^MR ;
Dutjhrgsmn Vdrtgcgpdtgh`
Nmvmlhpim`t Nmvmlhpi m`tss g` chii chiiu`g u`gcdtg cdtgh` h` tmc tmcj`hl j`hlhky hky,, dlh` dlh`k k wgt wgtj j dcc dcchipd hipd`yg `yg`k `k culturdl cult urdl sjga sjgats, ts, imd` tjd tjdtt tjm rml rmldtg dtgh`sj h`sjgp gp bmtw bmtwmm` mm` tjm cult culturm urm g`nu g`nustr stry y d`n jds cjd`kmn. @mw wdysrmldtgh`sjgp drm `mmnmn th ch`cmptudlgsm tjgs sjgattjm d`ndungm`cm gts giplgcdtgh`s ahr tjm phwmr bmtwmm` tjm culturm g`nustry d`n d` dungm`cm tjdt `h lh`kmr ch`suims, but dlsh m`kdkms g` culturdl prhnuctgh` tjrhukj pdrtgcgpdtgh`. ^h tjdt m`n, G g`trhnucm tjm `htg `h tgh` h` ha dutjhrgsmn pdrtgcgpdtgh` ds ds d thhl ahr d`d d`dlysg lysg`k `k tjm gipd gipdcts cts/maa /maamct mctss bhtj bh tj ha pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dthr hryy cu cult ltur urmm h` tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust strry, d` d`n n vgcm vgcm vm vmrs rsd. d. Dutjhrgsmn Dutjhr gsmn pdrtgcg pdrtgcgpdtgh` pdtgh` ds d ch`cmpt prhphs prhphsms ms tjm `htgh` tjdt pdrtgcgpdt pdrtgcgpdthry hry culturm, msphusmn ds d ahri ha nmihcrdtgc m`kdkmim`t wgtj tjm culturm g`nustry, gs g`stmdn khvmr`mn by structurg`k structurms tjdt drm ch`tmstmn d`n cjdllm`kmn by usmrs. D smrgms ha chiplgcdtmn ardimwhres khvmr` tjm phssgbglgtgms ha pdrtgcgpdtgh`, g`clung`k but `ht lgigtmn th imngd phlgcy d`n rmkuldtgh`, imngd hw`mrsjgp, ngkgtdl tmcj`hlhky d`n wjgcj dll chibg`m th crmdtm tjm spdcmimngd ha `mkhtgd `mkhtgdtmn tmn d`ndccmss ch`tms ch`tmstmn tmnlgtmrdcy, phwmr. Nmspgtm cjd`kms th `ht h`ly tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh` but dlsh tjm imd`s ha ngst ngstrrgbu butg tgh` h` ha im imng ngdd ch ch`t `tm` m`t, t, tjm ch ch`c `cmmr`s jm jmlln by Dn Dnhr hr`h `h d` d`n n Jhrejmgimr drm stgll rmlmvd`t, d`n pmrjdps `hw ihrm rmlmvd`t tjd` mvmr. [m pdrtg pdrtgcgpdtm cgpdtm tjrhukj d smrgms h haa chiplg chiplgcdtmn cdtmn struc structurms turms tjdt khvmr`im`t khvmr`im`t d`n g`nustry idg`tdg` d`n emmp g` pldcm. Imngd hw`mrsjgp rmidg`s jgkjly ch`cm`trdtmn d`n tjgs lgigts tjm phssgbglgtgms wgtj tjm ffl mln ha imngd prhnuctgh`. Nmspgtm ch`tg`umn jgsthrgcdl brmdes arhi tjm ch`trhl ha tjm culturm g` g`nus nustr try, y, su sucj cj ds tj tjmm ad` pr prdc dctg tgcms cms ngscu ngscuss ssmn mn pr prmvg mvghu husl sly, y, pdrtg pdrtgcg cgpdt pdthr hryy cu cult ltur urdl dl
© ^jm Dutjhr(s) 264; M. Emltgm, ^jm Culturm G`nustry d`n Vdrtgcgpdthry Dungm`cms , NHG 46.466;/7;:-3-347-> 46.466;/7;:-3-347->762:-4X; 762:-4X;
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^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
prdctgcms drm h`ly dblm th hpmrdt prdctgcms hpmrdtmm ds tmiphrdry tmiphrdry sgtms ha rmsgs rmsgstd`cm td`cm bmahrm tjmy drm chlh`gsmn d`n dbshrbmn bdce g`th g`nustry. ^jm `htgh` ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm ru`s tjm rgse ha bmg`k u`nmrsthhn ds d cjdllm`kmn th tjm nhig`d`cm ha tjm culturm g`nustry, but nmspgtm tjm giphrtd`cm ha d ihrm nmihcrdtgc d`n hpm` imngd spdcm, wjdt gs jdppm`g`k g`stmdn gs d culturm g`nustry tjdt g`stmdn dllhwsby ahrtjm imngd pdrtgc pdrtgcgpdtgh gpdtgh` ` th hccur g` cmrtdg cmrtdg` ` wdys, pdrtgcg pdrtgcgpdtgh pdtgh` ` gs dutjhrgsmn culturm g`nustry. ^jm mvhlutgh` ha imngd ch`vmrkm`cm d`n gts gipdcts h` g`nust g`nustry ry cd` bm smm` g` prmvghu prmvghuss tmcj`hlhkgcdl d`n culturdl nmvmlhpim`ts nmvmlhpim`ts.. Ahr mxdiplm mxdiplm,, ds d rmsph`sm th ngkgtdl iusgc d`n gllmkdl ffl lm sjdrg`k, g^u`ms, Khhklm Vldy d`n strm strmdi dig`k g`k smrv smrvgc gcms ms jdvm jdvm ahrm ahrmvmr vmr cjd`k cjd`kmn mn tj tjmm wd wdyy iu iusg sgcc gs ngst ngstrg rgbu butm tmn. n. Sgigldr cjd`kms cd` bm smm` g` tjm publgsjg`k g`nustry, wgtj tjm nmvmlhpim`t ha m-bhhes d`n ngkgtdl smla-publgsjg`k. ^jm ngstrgbutgh` ha tmlmvgsgh` ch`t ch `tm` m`tt gs mv mvhl hlvg vg`k `k ds st strm rmdi dig` g`k k sm smrv rvgc gcms ms d` d`n n bh bhtj tj lmkd lmkdll d` d`n n gllm gllmkd kdll nhw`lhdng`k cjd`km ch`suiptgh` prdctgcms. Nmspgtm tjm cjd`kms g` ngstrgb trgbut utgh gh` ` ih ihnml nmls, s, imn imngd gd ch ch`t `tm` m`tt gs st stgl glll cdu cdukj kjtt g` mx mxgs gstg tg`k `k rmku rmkuld ldth thry ry bhttlm`mces tjdt nmtmrig`m dungm`cm th ch`tm`t. ihnml, tjm G` tjm prmvghus imngd mrd, cm`trmn dccmssgbglgty drhu`n tjm brhdncdstg`k imd`s ha prhnuctgh` ha imngd tmxts wmrm mxpm`sgvm, d`n ds d rmsult “tjmrm wmrm h`ly d lgigtmn `uibmr ha imngd hrkd`gsdtgh`s wjgcj prhnucmn d`n ngssmig`dtmn imngd ch`tm`t th d jukm `uibmr ha ch`suimrs/rmcgpgm`ts ’ ([gttml 2642 ([gttml 2642,, p. 34;). Currm`tly, `mw ngkgtdl imngd ngstrgbutgh` ihnmls, sucj ds [mb smrgms, d`n hlnmr ihnmls ha ngstrgbutgh`, sucj ds brhdncdst tmlmvgsgh`, chmxgst. [mb smrgms hccupy d spdcm ha ngkgtdl ngsruptgh` ds tjmy mxgst hutsgnm ha trdngtgh`dl ngstrgbutgh` ihnmls mstdblgsjmn by tjm culturm g`nustry. g`nust ry. ^jmy cd` dvhgn tjm `hridtgvm g`flum`cm ha d imngdtg imngdtg`k `k bhny tjdt hpmrdtms by brhdncdstg`k/ngstrgbutg`k ch`tm`t. G`stmdn, prhnucmrs ha [mb smrgms ch`tm`t dkkrmkdthrs tjdt th jhst idtmrgdl by usmrs, utglgsm wgtjhut `mmng`k th m`tmr g`th d`mxgst dutjhrgsdtgh` prhcmssprhvgnmn ahr prhnuctgh` by tjm culturm g`nustry. [jdt jds mimrkmn arhi tjgs rmsmdrcj d`n crgtgqum ha [mb smrgms ds pdrtgcgpdthry tmxts gs d` u`nmrstd`ng`k ha tjm id``mr g` wjgcj g`nustry gs rmsph`ng`k th tjm auturm phtm`tgdlgtgms ha imngd ch`vmrkm`cm, d`n wjdt tjgs imd`s ahr pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms. M`kdkg`k g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha d [mb smrgms wds, ahr im, d` dttmipt th crmdtm d`n ngstrgbutm d tmxt hutsgnm ha tjm culturm g`nustry5 jhwmvmr, gts ngstrgbutgh` jds g` adct bmm` imngdtmn by tjm tjm culturm g`nustry. ^jgs wds `ht d` m`tgrmly `mkdtgvm rmsult? tjm smrgms, rmlmdsmn h`lg`m, rmdcjmn d` dungm`cm ha hvmr h`m igllgh igllgh` ` vgmwmrs wjh whuln jdvm bmm` u`lgemly th smm gt wgtjhut ngkgtdl ngstrgbutgh`
; D]^JHRGSM D]^JHRGSMN N VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@
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(Ergehwd 2642,, p. =). ^jm prhomct nmih`strdtms tjm g`tmrsmctgh` bmtwmm` (Ergehwd 2642 dungm`cms d`n g`nustry g` tjm crmdtgh` ha d culturdl tmxt. [jdt jds sg`cm bmchim dppdrm`t, th im, gs tjm rmlgd`cm g`nmpm`nm`t prhnucmrs jdvm h` burkmh`g`k h`lg`m `mtwhres th ch``mct dungm`cms th dltmr`dtgvm ch`tm`t. ^jmrm gs d `mmn th aurtjmr nmvmlhp d vhcdbuldry th ngscuss tjm currm`t stdtm ha daadgrstjdt bmtwmm` tjm culturm g`nustry d`n dungm`cms, d`n tjm 2643, , p.phwmr 41=). rmldtgh`sjgp stgll mxgsts bmtwmm` tjmi (Om`eg`s mt dl. 2643 Imngd Imn gd tj tjmhr mhryy gs ihv ihvg`k g`k bmy bmyh` h`n n tj tjmm `ht `htgh gh` ` ha rmsg rmsgst std`c d`cmm g`th g`th ngsc ngscus ussg sgh`s h`s ha pdrtgcgpdtgh`? ds Jm`ry Om`eg`s mt dl. nmffl`m gt, tjm tmri ‚pdrtgcgpdtgh`‗ imd`s th “pdrtgcgpdtm g` shimtjg`k . . . pdrtgcgpdtgh` gs hrkd`gzmn g` d`n tjrhukj shcgdl shcgdl chllmctgvgtgms d`n ch``mctgvgtgms’ (2643, 2643, 413). Imngd chrphrdtgh`s jdvm bmku` th utglgsm pdrtgcgpdtgh` d`n dungm`cm m`kdkmim`t th smll tjmgr prhnucts? tjmsm chrphrdtgsmn ch`cmptudlgsdtgh`s ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` whre arhi d` dssuiptgh` tjdt pdrtgcgpd`ts “amml d krmdtmr g`vmstim`t g` tjm g`stgtutgh`s d`n prdctgcms ha `mtwhremn culturm’, d`n wjm` tjgs hccurs, dungm` dun gm`cms cms drm drm lmss lmss lgem lgemly ly th rm rmsg sgst st tj tjms msmm pr prdct dctgc gcms ms (O (Om` m`eg eg`s `s mt dl. 2643 2643,, p. 413). ^jm culturm ihnms g`nustry prhvgnms tjm spdcms ahr pdrtgcgpdtgh` th hccur g`, gt dutjhrgsms ha pdrtgcgpdtgh`.
ARDIG@K V DR^GCGVD^GH@ Arhi d clds cldssgc sgcdl dl Idr Idrxgs xgstt pmr pmrspm spmctg ctgvm, vm, `mw ahr ahris is ha imngd imngd ngs ngstrg trgbut butgh` gh` cjdll cjd llm`k m`kmm tj tjmm ph phwm wmrr ha cdp cdpgt gtdlg dlgsi si ds ds,, u` u`nmr nmr cdp cdpgt gtdl dlgs gsi, i, tj tjmm `ht `htgh gh` ` ha prgvdtm hw`mrsjgp “gs `ht sh iucj dbhut tjm hw`mrsjgp ha tjg`ks, but 2642,, p. 327). dbhut tjm rgkjt th mxclunm htjmrs arhi usg`k tjmi ’ ([gttml ([gttml 2642 Mimrkg`k imngd prdctgcms, ds wmll ds ngkgtdl prhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh` tmcj`hlhkgms, tmcj`hl hkgms, jdvm “hpm`mn up `mw phssgbglgtgms ahr rmsgstd`cm d`n ahr tjm ’
2642, , p.ngkgtdl 336).lgtmrdcy, ^jhsm ch`structgh` dltmr`dtgvms th cdpgtdlgsi ([gttml 2642 wgtj dcc mss thha dccmss tjm i imd`s md`s ha prhnuctgh`, d`n ([gttml wgtj sua fflcgm`t drm dblm th crmdtm imngd ch`tm`t d`n pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturdl prhnuctgh`. Jhwmvmr, wjdt tjmsm pmhplm nh `ht jdvm drm “tjm imd`s ha ngstrgbutgh` d`n tjm imd`s ha h`lg`m sthrdkm ha ha imngd ch`tm`t’? sucj sthrdkm sgtms drm hw`mn d`n ch`trhllmn by ldrkm imngd ch`klhimrdtms, wjgcj imd`s tjm 2642,, culturmm g`nust cultur g`nustry ry “ch`t ch`trhl rhlUsY UsY tjm flhw hwss ha g`ahr g`ahrid idtg tgh` h`’ ([gttml 2642 p. 34 34:, :, mi mipj pjds dsgs gs g` hr hrgk gkg` g`dl dl). ). [j [jgl glst st usmr usmrss cd cd` ` up uplh lhdn dn ch ch`t `tm` m`tt th Whu^ubm, ahr mxdiplm, Khhklm hw`s tjgs spdcm, wgtj gts cdpdcgty th sthrm sucj d vdst lgbrdry ha vgnmh ch`tm`t h`lg`m. ^jm `drrdtgvm ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm‗s mimrkm`cm num th tjm cdpdbglgtgms ha ngkgtdl imngd tm`ns th rmg`ahrcm tjm uthpgd` pmrcmptgh` tjdt d`yh`m
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cd` ch`trgbutm th ngkgtdl/ngstrgbutmn imngd. Cdpgtdlgsi au`ctgh`s tjrhukj tjm pursugt ha prhfflt5 d`n tjm drkuim`t prhvgnmn by tjhsm wjh cldgi “shcgdl imngd d`n `mw tmcj`hlhkgms drm km`mrdtg`k . . . d `mw typm ha busg`mss hrkd`gzdtgh`’ ru`s ch`trdry th tjm id``mr g` wjgcj cdpgtdlgsi au`ctgh` tgh`s? s? ds Rhb Rhbmr mrtt IcC IcCjm jms` s`my my pu puts ts gt, gt, “mvmr mvmrytj ytjg`k g`k wm e`h e`hw w dbhu dbhutt cdpg cdpgtdl tdlgsi gsi ’
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sukkmst sukkmsts s tjgsg`nustry gs phppychc phppychce e (2643 (2643,, p. 2;). Cdpgtdlgsi d`n by mxtm`sgh`, tjm culturm – idy dndpt th ngkgtdl ngsruptgh`, d`n tjm imngd ld`nscdpm wgll cjd`km d`n dltmr, but busg`mssms wgll stgll smme d prh fflt. ^jm imd`s ha ngstrgbutgh` d`n ndtd sthrdkm drm `ht dvdgldblm th tjm dvmrdkm crmdthr ha ch`tm`t. Ngkgtdl imngd ngstrgbutgh` ihnmls drm `ht ngsruptg`k tjm nhig`d`cm ha tjm culturm g`nustry th tjm mxtm`t prhsmlytgsmn by dnvhcdtms ha pdrtg pdrtgcgpdth cgpdthry ry culturm. culturm. [jglm `mvmrtjmlmss ihrm dccmssgblm ahr usmrs tjd` trdngtgh`dl h`m-thid`y ngstrgbutgh` ihnmls sucj ds tmlmvgsgh` brhdncdstg`k, h`lg`m spdcms drm dlsh rmkuldtmn by chrphrdtm phlgcgms tjdt lgigt m`kdkmim`t, mvm` wjm` gt gs tmcj`gcdlly phssgblm. Sh wjglst ch`tm`t dkkrmkdthrs d`n shcgdl imngd pldtahris idy dppmdr bm hpm` ahrcjd`yh`m th adcglgtdtm ‚rmvhlut rmvhlutgh`dry gh`dry thprdctg prdctgcms cms‗, md mdcj sgt sgtm dc dcts ts publgsj u` u`nm nmrr gts gtch`tm`t s hw hw` ` str std`n rgct gct chnms ha ch`nuct, wjgcj g` flum`cms bmjdvghur wgtjg` tjm fflmln. Whu^ubm, ahr mxdiplm, whres wgtj chpyrgkjt jhlnmrs th rmihvm ch`tm`t tjdt jds bmm` uplhdnmn gllmkdlly, rmg`ahrcg`k lmkgtgidtm ihnms ha bmjdvghur g` lg`m wgtj currm`t chpyrgkjt ldw ([u ([u 2642 2642). ). ^jgs gs `ht th sukkmst tjdt Whu^ubm sjhuln adcglgtdtm brmdeg`k tjm ldw, but tjm busg`mss ihnml ha Whu^ubm gs th bm d prhvgnmr ha ch`tm`t, d rmphsgthry ha tjm whre ha htjmrs rmdngly dccmssgblm h`lg`m, d`n tjgs ihnml rmlg rmlgms ms h` pdr pdrtg tgcg cgpd pdtg tgh` h` d`n sj sjdr drg` g`k k ch` ch`tm tm`t `t crmdt crmdtmn mn by us usmrs mrs.. Sh Sh,, mvm mvm` ` tjhukj tjm “rgkjt th tjm dgrwdvms gs `h lh`kmr ch` ffl`mn th ^Q brhdn’
cdstmrs , tjm idremt stgll nhig`dtmn bydlldrkm imngd `ht, 2642, `mw m`t m`trd`t rd`ts s’ tth h gstj tjm m fflmln ha cu cult ltur urdl pr prhn hnuct uctgh gh` `chipd`gms (S (Shr hrm` m`sm sm` `d`n 2642 p. ;>4). ^jm ngschurs ngschursmm ha pdrtgcgp pdrtgcgpdth dthry ry culturm culturm crm crmdtms dtms d adlsm vgmw ha tjm armmnhis armmnhis idnm phssgblm by tjm culturdl usms ha ch`vmrkm`t imngd tmcj`hlhky. ^jm `drrdtgvm tjdt jds bmm` ch`structmn drhu`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm prhvgnms d “rjmthrgc ha prhkrmss miplhymn ahr prhihtg`k chiputmr tmcj`hlhky d`n tjm G`tmr` G`tmr`mt mt’, jgng`k tjm dctudl prhcmssms ha culturdl prhnuctgh` wjgcj drm rmlg rmlgd` d`tt h` tjm tjm ch`t ch`trg rgbu butg tgh` h`ss ha us usmr mrss (S (Scj cjîa îamr mr 2644 2644,, pp pp.. 4= 4=–41 41). ). G` hrnm hrnmrr ahr ahr pdrtg pdr tgcg cgpd pdth thry ry cu cult ltur urdl dl pr prdct dctgc gcms ms th bm maa maamct mctgv gvm, m, dun dungm` gm`cm cmss iu iust st bm bmchi chimm dct dctgv gvmm ch`trgbuthrs th culturdl prhnuctgh`. Ardig`k pdrtgcgpdthry culturm ds d ahri
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ha culturdl prdctgcm tjdt miphwmrs usmrs chuln rgse lmdvg`k hut, hr `ht
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dce`hwlmnkg`k, “tjm wdys wmdltjy chrphrdtgh`s igkjt bm mxplhgtg`k pdrtgcgpdthry culturm’ (Rjmg`khln (Rjmg`khln 2642 2642,, p. 431). [jglm tjm mxgstg`k imngd idy bm tjrmdtm`mn by pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms, tjgs nhms `ht imd` tjdt chipd` chi pd`gm gmss su sucj cj ds “Ng Ngs` s`my my,, Sh Sh`y `y,, d`n ^g ^gim im [dr [dr`m `mrr drm drm phw phwmrl mrlms mss, s, hr u`dwdrm’ rmk rmkdr drng ng`k `k tj tjmm rgsm rgsm ha ngkg ngkgtd tdll pr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` d` d`n n ngst ngstrrgbut gbutgh gh` ` 2642,, p. 431). (Rjmg`khln 2642 (Rjmg`khln
L DBH]R D@N L MGS]RM MGS]RM? MZVLHG^G@K V DR^GCGVD^GH@ Currm`t ch`cmptudlgsdtgh`s rmkdrng`k tjm phwmr ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm ru` tjm rgse ha bmchig`k culturdl iytjs, msphusg`k pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` culturdl prhnuctgh` but g` adct smrvg`k tjm purphsms ha cdpgtdlgsi. Gt chuln bm sukkmstmn g`stmdn tjdt pdrtgcgpdthry dungm`cms drm mxplhgtmn? rdtjmr tjd` ch`suig`k tjm prhnucts ha idss prhnuctgh`, tjmy bmchim tjm prhnucmrs ha surplus vdlum d`n tjmgr ldbhur tgi tgimm bmchims d `mcmssdry mlmim`t ha tjmgr pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms. ]smr-km`mrdtmn gs mssm`tgdl th tjm busg`mss wmbsgtms sucj ds Whu^ubm, ch`tm`t Adcmbhhe d`n htjmr shcgdl imngd,ihnmls ds drm ha d rd`km ha ch`tr ch` trgbu gbutg tgh`s h`s ha us usmr mrss th tj tjmm id` id`dk dkmim mim`t `t ha tj tjgs gs ch ch`t `tm`t m`t.. Dl Dltj tjhu hukj kj Whu^ubm rmkuldtms tjm usmr-km`mrdtmn vgnmhs uplhdnmn th tjm sgtm g` dcchrnd`cm wgtj gts tmris ha smrvgcm, usmrs hatm` pdrtgcgpdtm g` ihnmrdtg`k d`n phlgcg`k ch`tm`t h` tjm sgtm (Qd` Ngoce 2667, 2667, p. =4). Sucj dctgvgty ha tjm chiiu`gty ha usmrs wgtjg` pdrtgcgpdthry culturm gs d `hri ha h`lg`m m`kdkm m`k dkmim` im`t. t. Ahr mx mxdi dipl plm, m, g` tj tjmm rm rmtd tdgl gl g`nu g`nust stry ry,, Di Didz dzh` h` us usmr mrss id idem em rmchiim`ndtgh`s th htjmr custhimrs bdsmn h` tjmgr hw` purcjdsm jgsthry d`n g` nhg`k sh dnn vdlum th tjm smdrcjdbglgty d`n chiiu`gty ha tjm sgtm, wjglst Adcmbhhe ‗s au`ctgh` gs th prhvgnm d ahrui ahr usmrs th km`mrdtm ch`tm`t by sjdrg`k g`ahridtgh` wgtj htjmr usmrs (Rjmg`khln 2642 (Rjmg`khln 2642,, pp. :4, 436 –43;). ^jmsm drm dll ahris ha u`pdgn ldbhur tjdt supphrt tjm culturm g`nustry, strdtmkgcdlly g`chrphrdtmn g`th tjm busg`mss pld`s ha tjmsm chipd`gms pd`g ms th utg utglgs lgsmm pdr pdrtgc tgcgpd gpdtgh tgh` ` (Bu (Burkm rkmss ss d`n Krm Krmm` m` 2667, 2667, p. ;). ^jmsm ch`t ch `tm` m`tt dk dkkr krmk mkdt dthr hrss pr prhv hvgn gnmm pl pldt dtah ahri riss ahr ahr us usmr mrss th m`kd m`kdkm km wg wgtj tj d`n d`n bm bm`m `mfflt arhi usmr ch`trgbutgh`s, d`n tjmgr ihnmls ha m`kdkmim`t cd` bm smm` g` tmris ha usmr ‚dlgm`dtgh`‗ d`n ‚mxplhgtdtgh`‗. Edrl Idrx nmffl`ms ‚dlgm`dtgh`‗ ds d prhcms prhcmsss wjmrmby tjm whremr bmchims smpdrdtmn arhi tjm prhnucts ha tjmgr hw` ldbhur? ^jm hbomct wjgcj ldbhr prhnucms – ldbhr‗s prhnuct – ch`arh`ts gt ds shim- tjg`k dlgm` , ds d phwmr g`nmpm`nm`t ha ha tjm prhnucmr. ^jm prhnuct ha ldbhr gs
43:
^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
ld ldbh bhrr wj wjgc gcj j jds bmm mm` ` mi mib bhn hngm gmn n g` d` hbom omct ct,, wjgc jgcj jds bmc mchi himm idtmrgdl . . . ]` ]`nm nmrr tjms tjmsmm mch` mch`hi higc gc ch ch`n `ngt gtgh gh`s `s tjgs tjgs rm rmdl dlgz gzdt dtgh gh` ` ha ld ldbh bhrr dppmdrs ds lhss ha rmdlgzdtgh` ahr tjm whremrs5 hbomctgfflcdtgh` ds lhss ha tjm hbomct d`n bh`ndkm th gt5 dpprhprgdtgh` dpprhprgdtgh` ds mstrd`kmim`t , ds dlgm`dtgh`. (Idrx 4:>>, mipjdsgs g` hrgkg`dl) 4:>>,
^jm ihrm d whremr prhnucms, tjm ihrm tjmy drm smpdrdtmn arhi wjdt tjmy prhnucm5 “ldbhr prhnucms `ht h`ly chiihngtgms5 gt prhnucms gtsmla d`n tjm 4:>>). ). Idrx usms tjm tmri ‚mxplhgtdtgh`‗ th whremr ds d chiihngty ’ (Idrx (Idrx 4:>> gnm`tgay tjm id``mr g` wjgcj tjm ldbhur ha tjm whremr gs usmn th km`mrdtm mch`higc prhfflt ahr tjm cdpgtdlgst. G` jgs d`dlysgs, tjm crmdtgh` ha surplus cdpgtdl gs nmpm`nm`t h` tjm mxtrdctgh` ha surplus ldbhur arhi tjm whremr, km`mrdtmn datmr tjm chsts ha tjm prhnuctgh` prhcmss jdvm bmm` rmchvmrmn by prhnuctgh`. ]`nmr cdpgtdlgsi, ldbhur prhcmssms trd`sahri tjm smllmr ha ldbhur g`th d whremr5 d`n wjm` tjm “cdpgtdlgst smts tjm whremr th prhnucm’, tjm rmsult gs tjm prhnuctgh` ha d “pdrtgculdr usm-vdlum’ tjdt cd` bm 471;,, p. 417). Ds Idrx mxcjd`kmn cdpgtdl by tjm cdpgtdlgst (Idrx 471; km`mrdlgsms, ahr “tjm whremr gs whreg`k jdla ha mvmry ndy ahr jgismla, d`n tjm htjmr jdla ahr tjm cdpgtdlgst’ (471; ( 471;,, p. 241). Datmr tjm whremr jds whremn jdla d ndy, g` tjmhry jm jds km`mrdtmn m`hukj prhnuct, tjrhukj prhnuctgh` d`n ldbhur tgim, th rmchvmr tjm cdpgtdl hutldgn ahr tjm chsts ha tjm idtmrgdls ahr prhnuctgh`. ^jm rmst ha jgs ldbhur tgim km`mrdtms d surplus ha prhnuctgh`5 wjgcj tjm` bmchims prhfflt ahr tjm cdpgtdlgs cdpgtdlgst, t, wjh hw`s tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh` prhnuctgh` d`n mxcjd`kms wdkms ahr tjm ldbhurmr‗s tgim (471; (471;,, p. 241). Ds d rmsult, tjm ldbhurmr‗s whreg`k ndy gs ngv ngvgnmn gnmn g`th twh chiph`m`ts? g`chim ahr tjm ldbhurmr d`n surplus ldbhur th crmdtm prhfflt ahr tjm cdpgtdlgst. [jm` tjm whremr “ch`suims ngsphsdblm tgim ahr hw` purphsms, gs`mrd rhbbg`k cdpgtdlgst’ hajgsph phtm tm`t `tgd gdll tgi gim m tjd jdt t jgs chul chuln n bm us usmn mn thjmkm km`m rdttm d tjm sur urpl plus us ha prhnuctgh` th ch`vmrt th mch`higc cdpgtdl (Idrx 471;, 471;, pp. 232–233). Ahr tjm culturm g`nustry, pdrtgcgpdthry culturm cd` phtm`tgdlly haamr cdpgtdlgsi d shlutgh` th tjgs prhblmi ha ‚ngsphsdblm tgim‗. G` Idrxgst tmris, usmr dctgvgty wgtjg` pdrtgcgpdthry culturm crmdtms d surp su rplu luss vd vdlu lum, m, wj wjgc gcj j gs tj tjm` m` tr trd` d`sa sahr hrimn imn th mch mch`h `higc igc cdp cdpgt gtdl dl (I (Idr drxx 47;4, 47;4, pp. 71–7;). Ds tjm dungm`cm tdem h` tjm rhlm ha prhsuimrs, tjmy bmchim “pr prhn hnuc uctg tgvm vm ldbh ldbhur urmr mrss wjh wjh pr prhn hnuc ucmm su surp rplu luss vd vdlu lumm d` d`n n drm drm mxplhgtmn’ (Aucjs (Aucjs 2643 2643,, p. 24:). Ngkgtdl ldbhur g` pdrtgcgpdthry culturm mstrd`kms mstrd `kms tjm whremr – g` tjgs rhlm, usudlly u`pdgn – arhi tjm prhnucts ha ‚
‗
tjmgr ldbhur. ^jm tmri ngkgtdl ldbhur cd` bm usmn th nmscrgbm d prhcmss ha
; D]^JHRGSM D]^JHRGSMN N VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@
437
chiihngfflcdtgh` ha tjm whre ha imngd pdrtgcgpd`ts th crmdtm vdlum d`n Smvgk`d`g 2643,, “prhfflt tjdt gs hw`mn by prgvdtm chipd`gms ’ (Aucjs d`n Smvgk`d`g 2643 p. 211). Spmcgfflcdlly g` tjm cdsm ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm, tjm whremr prhnucms surplus vdlum ahr tjm culturm g`nustry, but gs rdrmly dblm th smll tjmgr ldbhu ldb hurr g` mx mxcj cjd`k d`kmm ahr ahr mch mch`hi `higc gc cdp cdpgt gtdl. dl. Sh Shcgd cgdll imn imngd gd us usmr mrss bmc bmchim him mspmc msp mcgdl gdlly ly `hr dl dlgm` gm`dt dtmn mn ar arhi hi tj tjmm pr prhn hnuct uctss ha tj tjmg mgrr ldb ldbhu hurr ds tj tjmy my `mg `mgtj tjmr mr rmchk`gsm ‚hw`‗ tjmgr prhnuctgvgty ds sucj – g` iucj tjm sdim wdy tjdt tjm whremr gnm`tgfflmn by Idrx nhms `ht ch`trhl tjm rmsults ha tjmgr prhnuctgvgty, wjgcj gs hw`mn by tjm cdpgtdlgst (D`nrmomvgc 2643 (D`nrmomvgc 2643,, p. 4=;). Gt jds bmm` drkumn tjdt g` tjm mimrkg`k ngkgtdl mch`hiy, prhnusmrs igsrmchk`gsm tjmgr hw` “pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm . . . km`mrdtgh` ha wmdltj ahr tjhsm wjh hw` d`n ch`trhl tjm prhnuctgvm rmshurcms ’ ha ngkgtdl culturm, rmsultg`k g` tjm dlgm`dtgh` ha tjm whremr g` tjm ngkgtdl rmdli arhi tjm 2643,, p. 41 412) 2).. Ah Ahrr Vgmr gmrrm prhnu pr hnuct ct ha tj tjmgr mgr hw hw` ` ldbh ldbhur ur (D (D`n `nrm rmomv omvgc gc 2643 Bhurngmu, tjm prhcmss ha ‚igsrmchk`gtgh`‗ hccurs wjm` d culturdl prdctgcm gs rm`nmrmn lmkgtgidtm d`n `hridtgvm (2644 (2644,, p. 41:). ^jm ch`structgh` ha pdrtgcgpdth pdrtg cgpdthry ry culturm ds d pldtahri pldtah ri ha m`kdkmim` m`kdkmim`t t d`n dungm`cm miphwmrim`t g` culturdl prhnuctgh` lmkgtgigsms tjm `hri ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` ‗s au`ctg tgh` h`g`k g`k wg wgtj tjhut hut tj tjmm mx mxcjd cjd`k `kmm ha mc mch`h h`hig igcc cdp cdpgt gtdl dl.. ^jg ^jgss ch ch`s `str truct uctgh gh` ` rm`nmrss pdrtgc rm`nmr pdrtgcgpdthr gpdthryy cultur culturdl dl prdctg prdctgcms cms ds “chiih` sm`sm’, bhtj mxplhgtg`k dungm`cms d`n ch`stgtutg`k tjgs “km`tlm, jgnnm`’ mxplhgtdtgh` ds `hridtgvm (Bhurngmu 2644 (Bhurngmu 2644,, p. :6, 472). Dungm`cm m`kdkmim`t, g` htjmr whrns, jds bmchim tjm prhnuct ha tjm culturm g`nustry. ]`lgem prmvghus dnvmrtgsg`k ihnmls, g` d ihnml ha dungm`cm pdrtgcgpdtgh` d “prhnuct gs `ht shln th tjm usmrs, but, rdtjmr, tjm usmrs 2643,, p. 247). @mw imngd drm shln ds d chiihngty th dnvmrtgsmrs’ (Aucjs (Aucjs 2643 chipd`gms “nh `ht (hr jdrnly) pdy tjm dungm`cm ahr tjm prhnuctgh` ha ’
2643,, p.gs247). Ds Cjrgstgd` phg`tsthhut, tjm strdtch`tm`t (Aucjs 2643 (Aucjs mky ha tjmsm chipd`gms g`stmdn th haamr “Aucjs armm dccmss smrvgcms d`n pldtahris’ g` mxcjd`km ahr prhnuct (ch`tm`t) km`mrdtgh`, rmsultg`k g` d` dungm`cm ha usmrs d`n pdrtgcgpd`ts km`mrdtg`k d surplus ha ch`tm`t d`n vdlum, wjgcj gs tjm` mxcjd`kmn by tjm cdpgtdlgst ahr prhfflt (2643 2643,, p. 24:). ^jmrm `mmns th bm d rmardig`k ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms th dnnrmss tjm mxplhgtdtgh` ha usmrs d`n pdrtgcgpd`ts ds u`pdgn ldbhurmrs. ^jm mxplhgtdtgh` ha u`pdgn whremrs gs `ht `mw? armm ldbhur gs dvdgldblm dcrhss d iultgtunm ha cjd``mls d`n g`nustrgms, g` ahris g`clung`k but `ht lgigtmn th g`tmr`sjgps, prgsh` ldbhur d`n vhlu`tmmrg`k, hr tjm shurcg`k ha ch`tmstd`ts g` rmdlgty prhkrdiims, dlh`ksgnm ngkgtdl ldbhur prdctgcms tjdt idy bm ds dbstrusm ds ndtd kdtjmrg`k vgd usmr clgces (Rhss
4>6
^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
2643 2643,, p. 41). Jhwmvmr, g` pdrt num th tjm ch`structgh` ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm ds d rmsgstgvm prdctgcm, ngkgtdl ldbhur gs `ht vgmwmn hr “mxpmrgm`cmn ds mxplhgtdtgh`’? g`stmdn, armm ldbhur prhvgnmn by G`tmr`mt usmrs gs ch`structmn ds d “tgtjm wm pdy th tjm G`tmr`mt ds d wjhlm sh tjdt tjm mxprhprgdthrs stdy dwdy arhi tjm pdrts ha gt wm rmdlly cjmrgsj’ (Rhss –
2643,, pp.ha4;tjgs 22). ^jm d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm m`dblm tjm 2643 mxtm`sgh` ahri ha G`tmr`mt armm ngkgtdl ldbhur g`th h`lg`m prdctgcms, wjmrm u`th thln ln rmvm rmvm`u `umm cd cd` ` bm mx mxtr trdc dctm tmn n ar arhi hi tj tjmm stmd stmdny ny mrhs mrhsgh gh` ` ha tj tjmm “u` bhu`ndry bmtwmm` whre d`n lmgsurm tgim’ (Rhss 2643 2643,, p. 26). ^jgs drkuim`t gs mxtm`nmn by Aucjs, wjh drkums tjdt d` “G`tmr`mt pldtahri cd` h`ly bm pdrtgcgpdthry ga gt g`vhlvms pdrtgcgpdthry hw`mrsjgp struc2643,, p. 242). turms’ (2643 [jglst `ht dll pmhplm drm utglgsg`k ngkgtdl tmcj` tmcj`hlhky hlhky th crmdtm tjmgr hw` [mb smrgms, tjmrm gs g`crmdsg`k dungm`cm m`kdkmim`t wgtj ch`vmrkm`t tmcj`hl tmcj `hlhkgm hkgms, s, shc shcgdl gdl imng imngdd pldt pldtahr ahris is d`n tjm G`t G`tmr`m mr`mtt ihr ihrmm km` km`mrdl mrdlly, ly, bhtj prhamssgh`dlly d`n pmrsh`dlly. ^jm rmldtgvmly `mw ch`cmpt ha armm tg tgim im crmd crmdtm tmss d` gllu glrdgsms lusg sgh` h`tjm ha qumstgh`, ar armm mmnh nhi i g` ar arhi hi tj tjmmhawh whre repl pldc dcmm d` d`n n ldbh ldbhur ur55 ^jmhnhr Dnhr`h d` dkm g`crmdsg`k prhnuctgvgty, m`dblmn g` pdrt by imcjd`gcdl prhcmssms, “ wjdt bmc bmchim himss ha armm 2646,, p. 4::). Armm tgim . . . u`nmr pmrsgstg`k ch`ngtgh`s ha u`armmnhi’ (2646 tgim gs, ahr Dnhr`h, d` gllusgh`5 phsgtgh`mn ds lmgsurm, whre gs “bmg`k siukklmn g`th tjm rmdli ha armm tgim ’ d`n armm tgim gs “`htjg`k ihrm tjd` d sjdnhwy ch`tg`udtgh` ha ldbhur ’ (2646, 2646, pp. 476–47>). ^jrhukj Dnhr`h‗s ‚psmunh dctgvgt dctgvgty y ‗ g`ngvgnudls drm ngstrdctmn by “igskugnmn’ d`n gllushry hry dctgvgt dctgvgtgms gms’ d`n d`n ahr ahris ha “sjdllhw m`tmrt m`tmrtdg`im`t dg`im`t’, rm`nmrg rm`nmrg`k `k “gllus shcgmty “jmlplmss g` tjmgr armm tgim’ (2646 ( 2646,, pp. 473–47>). [rgtg`k g` tjm ign-twm`tgmtj cm`tury, Dnhr`h d`n Jhrejmgimr dssmrt “
tjdt tjm culturm g`nustry gs d ,ahri ha tjm diusmim`t, au`ctgh`g`k ds tjm prhlh`kdtgh` ha whre 4773 p. 7)? culturm g`nustry subhrng`dtms ’ (4773, “g` tjm sdim wdy d`n th tjm sdim m`n dll drmds ha g`tmllmctudl crmdtgh`, by hccupyg`k im`‗s sm`sms arhi tjm tgim tjmy lmdvm tjm adcthry g` tjm mvm`g`k th tjm tgim tjmy clhce g` dkdg` tjm `mxt ihr`g`k’ (Dnhr`h & Jhrejmgimr 4773,, p. 1). Shcgdl imngd d`n imngd ch`vmrkm`cm imd`s tjdt dungm`cm 4773 bmjdvghurs, sucj ds phstg`k ch`tm`t h`lg`m, drm mxtm`ng`k ldbhur tgim g`th lm lmgs gsur urmm tg tgim im d` d`n n tj tjmm im imng ngdd m` m`vg vgrh rh`i `im` m`t5 t5 wg wgtj tj du dung ngm` m`cm cmss bm bmch chig ig`k `k ldbhurmrs ahr chipd`gms tjdt mxcjd`km d sm`sm ha pdrtgcgpdtgh`, rdtjmr tjd` cdpgtdl, ahr tjmgr ldbhur. Vdrtgcgpdthry culturm ru`s tjm rgse ha ch`tg`ug`k tjgs imtjhn ha shcgdl ch`trhl. Ds dungm`cms g`crmdsg`kly bmchim prhnu pr hnucmr cmrss ha ch ch`t `tm`t m`t,, pd pdrt rtgcg gcgpd pdth thry ry cultu culturm rm ru ru`s `s d` g`cr g`crmds mdsg` g`k k rgse rgse ha
; D]^JHRGSM D]^JHRGSMN N VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@
4>4
bmchig`k d ahri ha chiihngfflmn prhnuctgvgty, phtm`tgdlly rmsultg`k g` d (Rjmg`khln 2642 2642,, p. 43;). “subtlm ahri ha m`sldvmim`t hr mxplhgtdtgh` ’ (Rjmg`khln G` htjmr whrns, tjgs m`vgrh`im`t ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm, h`lg`m ch`tm`t gs `h lh`kmr crmdtmn purmly ahr tjm purphsms ha km`mrdtg`k mch`higc cdpgtdl mch`higc cdpgtdl. Dungm`cms drm `hw bmchig`k prhnucmrs ha imngd ch`tm`t d`n nmvhtg`k tjmgr lmgsurm tgimidy th tjm crmdtgh` ha ch`tm`t ds tjmy hpmrdtm h`lg`m. Shcgdl imngd pldtahris dllhw usmrs th sjdrm tjmgr lgvms d`n ch``mct wgtj htjmrs, but ch`currm`tly tjmsm sgtms prhvgnm d pldtahri ahr dnvmrtgsmrs d`n d prhfflt bdsm ahr tjm prhvgnmrs ha dungm`cms th tjmsm dnvmrtgsmrs (Aucjs 2643 (Aucjs 2643,, p. 24;). Sgtms tjdt drcjgvm usmr-km`mrdtmn ch`tm`t rmly h` pdrtgcgpd`ts pdrtgcgpdtg`k d`n uplhdng`k ch`tm`t g` tjmgr lmgsurm tgim5 ds sucj, tjm `htgh` ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm rmqugrms rm-mvdludtgh`.
CH@CL]SGH@ ^jgs whre smt hut th sjmn lgkjt h` tjm chiplmxgtgms ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm wgtjg` rdpgnly cjd`kg`k imngd ld`nscdpm d`n bmkd` dseg`k tjm qumstgh`? gsdtjm mimrkm`t imngd ld`nscdpm sjgatg`k dwdybyarhi d thp-nhw` jgmrdrcjgcdl ihnml ds jds bmm` phstuldtmn wgtjg` ch`cmptudlgsdtgh`s ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm8 G` hrnmr th d`swmr tjgs qumstgh`, G jdvm gnm`tg fflmn sgk`gfflcd cd`t `t lg lgig igtd tdtg tgh`s h`s ha bht bhtj j tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nus g`nustr tryy tj tjms msgs gs d` d`n n tj tjdt dt ha pdrtgcgpdthr pdrtgc gpdthryy cultur culturmm by g`vmst g`vmstgkdtg` gkdtg`k k jhw tjm fflmln ha culturdl prhnuctgh` gs prhnucmn d`n idg`tdg`mn, nmih`strdtg`k tjm chiplmxgtgms ha dungm`cm dkm`cy wgtjg` tjm g`stgtutgh`dl structurms tjdt khvmr` culturdl prhnuctgh`. By utglgsg`k d brhdn rd`km ha tjmhry – g`clung`k Idrxgsi, tjm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs, tjmhrgms ha culturdl rmprhnuctgh` d`n Bhurngmu ‗s `htgh`s ha struct structurm/ urm/dkm` dkm`cy cy – th th nm nmvm vmlh lhp p d ardi ardimw mwhr hree ahr ahr tjm ch ch`c `cmp mptt ha dutjhrgsmn culturdltjm pdrtgcgpdtgh`, rmsmdrcj haamrs d` culturm hpphrtu`gty th bmttmr u`nmrstd`n chiplmxgtgmstjgs ha bhtj pdrtgcgpdthry d`n tjm g`nustry g`nust ry chlh`g chlh`gsdtgh` sdtgh` ha dungm`cm prdctgcms. ^jm culturm g`nustry prhvgnms idss-prhnucmn prhnucts ahr ch`suiptgh`. ^jgs vgmw gs mxpd`nmn by cldssgcdl Idrxgst `htgh`s rmkdrng`k ch`trhl hvmr tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh`, tjm crmdtgh` ha d cldss ngvgnm bmtwmm` prhnucmrs d`n ch`suimrs, d`n tjm mstdblgsjim`t ha d phwmr rmldtgh`sjgp bmtwm bmt wmm` m` tjm tjm tw twh. h. Ds G jd jdvm vm sj sjhw hw`, `, g` ch` ch`tr trds dst, t, pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dthr hryy cul cultu turm rm msphusms dungm`cms ds pdrtgcgpd`ts g` culturdl prhnuctgh`, wjmrmby tjmy drm ihvmn arhi tjm rhlm ha ‚ch`suimr‗ th tjdt ha d ihrm dkm`tgc ‚pdrtgcgpd`t‗? wgtjg wgtjg` ` tjgs ihnml, pdrtgcgpd` pdrtgcgpd`ts ts bmchim dkm`ts ha prhnuct prhnuctgh`. gh`. [jm` mxdig`mn smpdrdtmly, `mgtjmr tjm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs `hr tjm `htgh` ha
4>2
^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
pdrtgcgpdth pdrtgcgp dthry ry cult culturm urm dnmq dnmqudtm udtmly ly nms nmscrgb crgbms ms tjm chip chiplmx lmxgtg gtgms ms ha usm usmr/ r/ prhnucmr/dungm`cm rmldtgh`sjgps g` tjm currm`t imngd m`vgrh`im`t. Gt gs g` tj tjmm sp spdc dcmm bmtw bmtwmm mm` ` tj tjms msmm tjmh tjmhrg rgms ms tj tjdt dt gt bmch bmchim imss ph phss ssgb gblm lm th u`nmrstd`n tjm gipdcts ha imngd ch`vmrkm`cm d`n tjm prdctgcms tjdt jdvm mimrkmn dlh`k wgtj gt. ffl
Sg`cm bmkg``g`k jdvm bhtj bmm` g` sgk`g cd`t cjd`kms d`n nmvmlhpim`ts wgtjg`tjgs tjmwhre, imngdtjmrm ld`nscdpm Dustrdlgd d`n g`tmr`dtgh`dlly. ^jmsm cjd`kms jdvm smm` tjm mxgstg`k culturm g`nustry strm`ktjm`mn nmspgtm `mw dkm`ts (chrphrdtgh`s) m`tmrg`k d`n ngsruptg`k tjm fflmln. G` id`y g`std`cms, ds jds bmm` ngscussmn, tjmsm dkm`ts – m.k. Khhklm, @mtflgx, Didzh`, mtc. – haamr d cjdllm`km th tjm nhig`d`cm ha tjm mstdblgsjmn culturm g`nustry g`nustry ds tjmy bmkg` th dssmrt tjmgr hw` nhig`d`cm wgtjg` tjm fflmln. ^jgs jds sgk`gfflcd`t gipdcts h` usmrs, wjh pdrtgcgpdtm wgtjg` d imngd imn gd ld ld`n `nsc scdpm dpm tj tjdt dt gs g`cr g`crmds mdsg` g`kl klyy bmg bmg`k `k ch chlh lh`g `gsmn smn d`n cdp cdpgt gtdl dlgs gsmn. mn. Nmspgtm tjm mimrkm`cm ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm prdctgcms, dungm`cms drm stgll prmnhig`d`tly ch`suimrs ha ch`tm`t, d`n wjm` tjmy nh prhnucm gt gs tjrhukj jgkjlyarhi rmkuldtmn spdcms tjdt tjmy drm dllhwmn th pdrtgcgpdtm. By nrdwg`k iy hw` prdctgcms th crgtgcdlly rm flmct h` pdrtgcgpdtg`k g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha d imngd tmxt, gt jds bmm` phssgblm th mxplhrm d`n crgtgqum tjm structurm ha tjm culturm g`nustry d`n rmflmct h` tjm mxtm`t th wjgcj pdrtgcgpdthry culturm gs currm`tly phssgblm. Gt jds bmchim clmdr tjdt tjmm ut tj uthp hpgd gd` ` vgm vgmwp wphg` hg`ts ts tj tjdt dt cd` su surr rrhu hu`n `n tj tjmm `h `htg tgh` h` ha pdr pdrtg tgcg cgpdt pdthr hry y culturm drm `ht dlwdys mxpmrgm`cmn g` prdctgcm. [jdt G ngschvmrmn tjrhukj pdrtgcgpdtg` pdrtgc gpdtg`k k g` tjm crmdtgh` ha d [mb smrgms wds tjm mxtm`t th wjgcj dccmss d`n dkm`cy ch`tg`um th bm khvmr`mn by tjm phssgbglgtgms prhnucmn by d`n idg`tdg`mn g` tjm mstdblgsjmn fflmln ha culturdl prhnuctgh`. ^jm tmri pdrtgcgpdtgh` gtsmla g`vhems tjm `htgh` ha bmg`k d pdrt ha shimtjg`k d`n tjm crmdtms d chu`tmr-ngschursm th tjm culturm g`nustry tjmsgs, phsgtgh`s dungm`cm ds phwmrlmss. ^jm tmri culturmwjgcj ‚pdrtgcgpdthry ‗ prh vgnms d ardimwhre ahr gidkg`g`k gidkg`g`k d auturm ha imngd usm tjdt gs mmkdlgt kdlgtdrgd` drgd` d`n nmihcr nmi hcrdt dtgc gc.. G` adc adct, t, tj tjmm autu auturm rm ha pdr pdrtg tgcg cgpdt pdthr hry, y, ngkg ngkgtd tdll d`n `mt `mtwh whre remn mn culturm gs stgll up ahr ngscussgh`, d`n ga sucj d imngd ld`nscdpm gs th chim th arugtgh`, dungm`cms wgll `mmn th “chllmctgvmly strukklm th sjdpm tjm tmris ha d spr prmd mdnd ndbl blmm im imng ngdd m` m`vg vgrrh` h`im im`t `t d` d`n n th ahrk ahrkmm d im imn ngd m` m`vg vgrrh` h`im im`t `t tjdt tjdt gs ihrrm g` ih g`cl clus usgv gvm, m, ih ihrm rm ny ny`d `dig igc, c, d` d`n n ih ihrm rm pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dthr hryy tj tjd` d` bm bmah ahrm rm’ (Om`eg`s mt dl. 2643 dl. 2643,, pp. 36>–36=). ^jmrm gs d ch`tg`ug`k `mmn th g`vmstgkdtmm ihn kdt ihnmls mls ha hw hw`m `mrs rsjg jgp p d`n ngs ngstr trgb gbut utgh gh` ` wg wgtj tjg` g` tj tjmm ch` ch`st stru ruct ctgh gh` ` ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm? tjm shcgdl ch`ngtgh`s ahr aully m`kdkmn d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prhnuctgh` jdvm `ht ymt bmm` mstdblgsjmn. ^jmrm gs dlsh d `mmn
; D]^JHRGSM D]^JHRGSMN N VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@
4>3
ahr g`crmdsmn ngkgtdl lgtmrdcy dih`kst imngd usmrs th m`dblm tjmi th maamctgvmly usm thhls sucj ds shcgdl `mtwhreg`k, sh tjdt tjmsm thhls nh `ht g` tur` mxplhgt tjmi (Rjmg`khln 2642 (Rjmg`khln 2642,, pp. 442–443). ^jmrm gs aurtjmr dibgkugty g` tjm currm`t ch`cmptudlgsdtgh` ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm. Rdtjmr tjd` imngd ch`vmrkm`cm bmg`k sgiply d tmcj`hlhkgcdl imngd, nmvmlhpim`t m`dblms pdrtgcgpd`ts thpdrtgcgpdtgh`5 m`kdkm g` ngaamrm`t wdys wgtj g`stmdntjdt tjmrm drm vdryg`k lmvmls ha d`n currm`t ch`cmptudlgsdtgh`s ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` rgse lhsg`k sgkjt ha tjm imngd ch`suimr wjh nhms `ht pdrtgcgpdtm (Qd` Ngoce Ngoce 2667 2667,, pp. >=–>1). Vdrtg Vdrtgcgpdth cgpdthry ry culturm m`vgsgh`s d` dungm`cm tjdt pdrtgcgpdtms g` culturdl prhnuctgh`, ymt tjgs nhms `ht hccur g` dll dungm`cms mqudlly. Dutjhrgsmn Dutjhr gsmn pdrtg pdrtgcgpdtg cgpdtgh`, h`, ds d ch`cmpt ch`cmpt,, phg`ts th tjm rgses ha dungm`cm dungm`cm/ / usmr/pdrtgcgpd`t mxplhgtdtgh` tjdt stmi arhi d` dungm`cm igsrmchk`gsg`k tjmgr phsgtgh` ds ldbhurmrs wgtjg` tjm mimrkg`k ihnml ha imngd pdrtgcgpdtgh` d`n m`kdkmim`t. Dungm`cms drm bmg`k adlsmly phsgtgh`mn by g`nustry ds ‚armm dkm`ts‗ wjh pdrtgcgpdtm g` culturdl prhnuctgh` g` tjmgr lmgsurm tgim by m`kdkg`k imngd. Dsg`nustry, sucj, dungm`cms h`cmtjdt ihrm ru` tjm rgse halmgsurm bmg`k ngstrdctmn wgtj by tjm culturm d` g`nustry gs g`nustrgdlgsg`k tgim tjrhukj pdrtgcgpdtgh`. Culturm g`nustry prhnuctgh` gs nmvmlhpmn wgtj tjm g`tm`t th idem d prhfflt u`nmr d cdpgtdlgst systmi ha nmvmlhpim`t ha khhns ahr tjm idremt (Qd` Ngoce 2667, 2667, pp. >2–>3). ^jm pmrsh`dl usmrs wjh uplhdn ch`tm`t smll tjmgr hw` chiihngtgms ahr `h mxcjd`km g` cdpgtdl5 g`stmdn, tjmy tjmismlvms bmchim tjm chiihngty by vgrtum ha crmdtg`k ch`tm`t g` tjmgr lmgsurm tgim ds ch`tm`t dkkrmkdthrs sucj ds shcgdl imngd pldtahri pldtahriss smll tjm surplus ha tjmgr ldbhur ahr chipd`y, `ht usmr, prhfflt. Ahr mxdiplm, tjm Whu^ubm wmbsgtm mxprmssly stdtms tjdt gt prhvgnms ms d ahrui ahr pmhplm th ch``mct ch``mct,, g`ahri, d`n g`spgrm g`spgrm htjmrs dcrhss “prhvgn tjm d`n dcts ds dd`n ngstrgbutgh` pldtahri ahr crmdthrs d`n klhbm dnvmrtgsmrs ldrkm sidll’, m`sjrg`g`k tjmhrgkg`dl `htgh`ch`tm`t ha mqudlgty d`n pdrt pd rtgc gcgp gpdt dtgh gh` ` ds d bu busg sg`m `mss ss st strd rdtm tmky ky (Whu (Whu^u ^ubm bm,, `.n. `.n.). ). @mvm @mvmrtj rtjmlms mlmss, s, Whu^ubm nhms prhvgnm tjm thhls ahr g`ngvgnudls th ih`mtgsm ch`tm`t5 jhwmvmr, ahr tjm ihst pdrt, Whu^ubm d`n sgtms lgem gt prh fflt arhi usmrs vgsgtg`k tjm sgtm d`n uplhdng`k ch`tm`t. Brhdncdst tmlmvgsgh` rmidg`s d phwmraul dri ha tjm culturm g`nustry. [jglm pdrtgcgpdthry culturm gs smm` th crmdtm spdcm ahr m`kdkg`k g` culturdl prhnuct prh nuctgh` gh` d`n ngs ngstrg trgbut butgh` gh` hut hutsgn sgnmm ha cult culturm urm g`nu g`nustr stryy pldt pldtahr ahris, is, tjm culturmm g`nust cultur g`nustry ry ‗s kd kdtm tmem emmpm mpmrs rs ch ch`t `tg` g`um um th ch` ch`tr trhl hl dcc dccms msss th tm tmlm lmvgs vgsgh gh` ` brhdncdstg`k, wjgcj idg`tdg`s gts nhig`dtgh` ha tjm prhnuctgh` d`n ngs 47:2,, Nhuklds Emll`mr prmngctmn tjdt `mw trgbutgh` trgbu tgh` ha cultur culturdl dl ch`tm`t ch`tm`t.. G` G` 47:2
4>>
^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
imngd tmcj`hlhkgms whuln prhnucm d spdcm ahr pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha phpuldr culturm, but drkumn tjdt g` hrnmr ahr tjgs th hccur tjmrm `mmnmn th bm d nrdidtgc sjgat g` tmlmvgsgh tmlmvgsgh` `‗s systmi ha prhnuctgh` (p. >24). Imngd ch`vmrkm`t tmcj`hlhkgms d`n tjm G`tmr`mt jdvm tjm phtm`tgdl th bmchim adcglgtdthrs ha sucj d rdngcdl cjd`km5 `ht h`ly wgtjg` tmlmvgsgh`, but g` culturdl prhnuctgh` ihrm brhdnly, smmg`k dungm`cms bmchim pdrtgcgpd`ts dcrhss iultgplm imngd g` `mw, ch`vmrkmn m`vgrh`im`t. Jhwmvmr, Bhurngmu `htms tjdt tjm rmstructurm ha d fflmln ha prhnuctgh` cd` h`ly tdem pldcm wgtjg` tjm prm-mxgstg`k rulms ha tjm fflmln, lgigtg`k tjm phtm`tgdl ahr rdngcdl brmdes arhi tjm mxgstg`k fflmln ds tjm dkm`ts wgtjg` tjm fflmln rmsph`n th `mw phsgtgh`-tdeg`k (4773 (4773,, pp. 321–32;) – hr, ds Dnhr`h (2646 (2646,, p. 77) ardims gt, ds tjm culturm g`nustry dndpts th cjd`km. Hccurrg`k g` tjmsm pmrghns nmstdbglgsdtgh` drm ihim`ts ha mid`cgpdtgh` g` imngd prdctg tgcm5 cm5 jh jhwm wmvmr vmr,, pdr pdrtg tgcg cgpdt pdthr hryy cul cultu turd rdll prdct prdctgc gcms ms cd` `m `mvmr vmr hp hpmr mrdt dtmm aull aullyy ds dc dcts ts ha rmsgstd`cm ds tjmy drm bhu`n up g` tjm prdctgcms ha tjm culturm g`nustry gtsmla. Vdrtgcgpdthry shcgdlg`imngd d`n crhwnau`ng`k cd` cmrtdg`ly d sm`sm ha mqudl culturm, m`kdkmim`t tjm imngd. Wmt, pdrtgcgpdthry culturdlcrmdtm prdctgcms rmly h` tjm ldbhur d`n lmgsurm tgim ha pdrtgcgpd`ts. [jm` m`kdkg`k g` tjm mdr mdrly std tdkm kmss ha prh rhnu nuct ctgh gh` ` ha d [m [mb b sm smrg rgmms, gt wds mx mxccgtg` gtg`k k ahr ahr im th tjg`e g`e tjdt wm chuln prhnucm d [mb smrgms d`n tjm` put gt h`lg`m, crmdtg`k shimtjg`k tjg `k ahr ahr d` dung dungm`c m`cmm tj tjdt dt igkjt igkjt `ht htjm htjmrwg rwgsm sm mvmr smm tjm prh prhnuct nuct.. [j [jdt dt G jdvm jd vm sg`c sg`cmm ch chim im th bm bmlg lgmv mvmm gs tjdt tjdt pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dthr hryy cu cult ltur urdl dl pr prdc dctg tgcm cmss g`st g`stmd mdn n tu tur` r` armm armm tgim tgim g` g`th th ld ldbh bhur ur tg tgim im55 d`n d`n u` u`lg lgem em tjm tjm ad adct cthr hryy lg`m lg`m d` d`n n g`nu g`nust strg rgdl dl pr prhc hcms mssm smss m`vgsdkmn by Idrx, tjmrm gs `h clmdr ngvgng`k lg`m bmtwmm` tjm twh. [jglst ch`tm`t sucj ds d [mb smrgms cd` bm uplhdnmn wgtj mdsm d`n nh `ht rmqugrm rmqugrm ‚dutjhrgsdtgh`‗ arhi ch`tm`t dkkrmkdthrs bmyh`n dnjmrg`k th tjm ha ch`nuct rmkuldtms spdcms, tjmsm g`nustry ahris ha tjdt ngstrgbutgh`chnms drm idnm phssgblmtjdt by tjm bhngmstjmsm wgtjg` tjm culturm hw` tjmm ng tj ngst strg rgbu butg tgh` h` sp spdc dcm. m. G` tjgs tjgs sm sm`s `sm, m, pdrt pdrtgc gcgp gpdt dthr hryy cu cult ltur urmm gs g` ad adct ct dutjhrgsmn by tjm culturm g`nustry. ^jm culturm g`nustry ch`trhls id`y ha tjm dccmss phg`ts ahr h`lg`m pdrtgcgpdtgh` – sucj ds Whu^ubm, Adcmbhhe, Khhklm, mtc. – crmdtg`k d adlsm sm`sm ha dungm`cm armmnhi th m`kdkm wgtj imngd d`n sjdrm culturdl prhnucts. ^jgs adlsm sm`sm ha armm pldy g`crmdsg`kly m`crhdcjms m`crhdc jms h` tjm armm tgim ha imngd usmrs, wjh drm dblm th ch``mct th tjm h`lg`m whrln tjrhukj phrtdblm nmvgcms. ]thpgd` `htgh`s ha pdrtgcgpdthry culturm nh `ht tdem g`th dcchu`t tjgs crgtgqum ha tjm phlgtgcdl mch`hiy ha cultur cul turdl dl prh prhnuct nuctgh` gh` d`n tjm gip gipdct dctss tjg tjgss jds h` pdr pdrtgc tgcgpd gpdthr thryy cult culturdl urdl prdctgcms.
; D]^JHRGSM D]^JHRGSMN N VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@
4>=
Nmspgtm imngd tmcj`hlhky nmvmlhpim`ts g`crmdsg`k dccmss th tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh` by dungm`cms, pdrtgcgpdthry prdctgcms drm `ht `mw. Dungm`cm m`kdkmim`tt d`n dctgvgty tjrhukj tjm utglgsdtgh` m`kdkmim` utglgsdtgh` ha tmcj`hl tmcj`hlhkgcdl hkgcdl nmvmlhpim`ts jdvm, tjrhukjhut tjm jgsthry ha imngd usm g` tjm twm`tgmtj d`n twm`ty-fflrst cm`turgms, prhvgnmn id`y mxdiplms ha ngsruptgh` th imngd ihnmls ha prhnuctgh` d`n ch`tm`t ngstrgbutgh`. ^jm ad`s crmdtg`k u`dutjhrgsmn sucj ds ad`jgsthry d`nad` ad`dkm`cy, vgnmhs,m.k. jds fflctgh` ha sjhw` tjdt dltjhukj dungm`cms cd` brmde armm ha tjm culturm g`nustry, mvm`tudlly tjmsm rmsgstgvm brmdes drm chlh`gsmn d`n dndptmn th. G`nustry rmsph`sms th ad`nhi d`n ad` prdctgcms nmih`strdtm tjdt dltjhukj culturdl tmxts prhnucmn by ad`s prhvgnm ihim`tdry brmdes arhi tjm culturm g`nustry, hvmr tgim tjmsm drm ahlnmn g`th tjm busg`mss ihnmls ha tjm culturm g` g`nu nust stry ry th g`ch g`chrp rphr hrdt dtmm ad ad` ` ldbh ldbhur ur g`th g`th pr prhn hnuc uctg tgh` h` d` d`n n id idre remt mtg` g`k k prhcmssms. [jglst ad` prdctgcms jdvm bmchim g`crmdsg`kly dccmptmn d`n mvm` g`tmkrdtmn g`th tjm busg`mss ihnmls ha tjm culturm g`nustry, tjmrm drm stgll tm`sgh`s rmkdrng`k typm ha hw`mrs ch`tm`thacd` d`n cd``ht bm crmdtmn, hr wgll bm dccmptmn by wjdt tjm g`nustry chpyrgkjt. Ds `htmn, tjgs jds `ht sthppmn ad` prdctgcms arhi ch`tg`ug`k. ^jrhukj tjmsm prdctgcms, ad`s crmdtm u`ha fflcgdl d`n u`dutjhrgsmn subculturdl mxplhrdtgh`s ha `drrdtgvm d`n cjdrdctmrs. ^jmsm rmprmsm`tdtgh`s pldy hut ds tmxtudl subvmrsgh`s ha ch`tm`t – ahr mxdiplm, tjm smxudl rmldtgh`sjgps nmscrgbmn by sldsj fflctgh` – wjgcj igkjt `ht jdvm mxgstmn g` tjm shurcm idtmrgdl. ^jmsm tmxts tjm` prhvg pr hvgnm nm ch` ch`tm tm`t `t ahr idr idrkg kg`dl `dlgs gsmn mn su subcu bcult ltur urms ms.. Ad Ad` ` pr prdc dctg tgcms cms id idg` g`td tdg` g` brmdes arhi tjm culturm g`nustry tjrhukj g``hvdtgvm usms ha tmcj`hlhky tjdt dllhw ahr dungm`cms th bmchim – ds h`m mxdiplm – prhnucmr prhnucmrss ha dltmr`dtgvm dltmr`d tgvm rmprms rmprmsm`tdtg m`tdtgh`s h`s ha smxudlg smxudlgty. ty. Jgsthry nmih`strdtms tjdtprg`tg`k wjm` tmcj`hlhkgms mimrkm tjmy drm usmn g` u`mxpmctmn wdys? arhi tjm prmss th pdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms, `mw imngd jdvm ch`tg`udlly haamrmn ihim`t‗s rmsgstd`cm th tjm mvmrdndptg`k culturm g`nustry. Jhwmvmr, tjmsm prdctgcms cd``ht mdsgly bm sustdg`mn hutsgnm ha tjm g`nustry. G` pdrt, tjm rmdsh` ahr tjgs gs tjm ch`tg`umn ch`trhl tjdt hvmr-drcjg`k structurms drm dblm th idg`tdg` hvmr fflmlns ha culturdl prhnuctgh`, nmtmrig`g`k `ht h`ly wjdt cd` bm prhnucmn, but wjh cd` ‚lmkgtgidtmly ‗ prhnucm gt. G` tjm Dustrdlgd` imngd ch`tmxt, dccmss th tjm fflmln ha prhnuctgh` gs ch`trhllmn vgd lgigtmn au`ng`k hpphrtu`gtgms, wjgcj drm jgkjly chipmtgtgvm. Nmspgtm tjm mimrkm`cm ha `mw au`ng`k bhngms d`n g`crmdsg`k rmchk`gtg tgh` h` arhi arhi au au`n `ng` g`k k bh bhng ngms ms ds th wjdt wjdt ch ch`s `stg tgtu tutm tmss lmkg lmkgtg tgid idtm tm pr prgh ghrr mx mxpm pmrg rgm` m`cm cm
4>1
^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
d`n imngd, tjmsm bhngms rmidg` dblm th ch`trhl tjm flhw ha au`ng`k d`n th mxclunm tjhsm wjh nh `ht fflt tjmgr crgtmrgd. ^jmsm crgtmrgd cd` m`chipdss tjm shcgdl d`n culturdl cdpgtdl ha tjhsm crmdtg`k culturm whres, but dlsh tjm typms ha whre tjmy idy crmdtm. Culturdl phlgcy g` Dustrdlgd rmg`ahrcms d`n rmprhnucms nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgms, wjgcj pldy hut g` tjm culturm g`nustry. Nmspgtm cdlls ahr g`crmdsmn h`ly cmrtdg` typms ha ngvmrsgty drm mlgkgblm ahr rmchk`gtgh` arhingvmrsgty, au`ng`k bhngms. By lmkgtg lmkgtgigsg`k igsg`k cmrtdg` culturdl prdctgcm prdctgcmss wgtjg wgtjg` ` khvmr`i khvmr`im`t m`t phlgcy, tjm currm`t phlgcy ihnml g` Dustrdlgd ch`tg`ums th supphrt tjm culturm g`nustry. G` dnngtgh` th tjm ngrmct maamcts ha au`ng`k d`n culturdl phlgcy, imngd lmkgsldtgh` jds m`surmn tjm ch`tg`umn nhig`d`cm ha mxgstg`k brhdncdstmrs d`n imngd chipd`gms g` Dustrdlgd, dt lmdst g` tjm h`khg`k sjhrt tmri. ^jmrm gs d cjd`cm tjdt ds chipmtgtgh` ch`tg`ums th krhw tjgs wgll cjd`km. Jhwmvmr,, tjm currm`t phlgcy ardimwhr Jhwmvmr ardimwhree jds rmprhnu rmprhnucmn cmn tjm nhig`d`c nhig`d`cmm ha tjm cultur culturmm g`nust g`nustry. ry. ^jmm rmdl ^j rmdlgt gtyy gs tj tjdt dt pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dthr hryy cu cult ltu urd rdll pr prdc dctg tgcm cmss td tdem em pl pldc dcmm h` d` u` u`mq mqud udll ahhtg`k? prhnuctgh` gs g`crmdsg`kly m`dblmn tjm culturm g`nustry. ^jm ch`cmpt ha pdrtgcgpdtgh` g` tjm prhnuctgh` ha by culturm ds ‚dutjhrgsmn pdrtgcgpdtgh`‗ smrvms th mxplhrm tjm lgigtdtgh`s giphsmn h` pdrtgcgpdthry culturm by tjm str structu ucturms rms wgt wgtjg` jg` tjm fflmln ha cult cultur urdl dl pr prhn hnuct uctgh` gh`.. Nr Nrdw dwg` g`k k h` tj tjmm ch`c ch `cmp mptt ha pdr pdrtg tgcg cgpd pdth thry ry cult cultur urm, m, tj tjmm cult cultur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry tj tjms msgs gs d` d`n n tj tjmm ch ch`c `cmp mpts ts ha structurm d`n dkm`cy, gt gs tjm ch`clusgh` ha tjgs rmsmdrcj tjdt pdrtgcgpdthry th ry cu cult ltur urdl dl pr prdc dcttgcms gcms pr prhv hvgn gnmm ih ihim im`t `tss ha rmsg rmsgst std` d`cm cm th tj tjmm cu cult ltur urmm g`nu g`nust stry ry.. Jhwmv Jhw mvmr mr,, tj tjmsm msm pr prdct dctgc gcms ms dr drmm bm bmg` g`k k ch chlh lh`g `gsm smn n by tj tjmm cul cultu turm rm g`nu g`nust stry ry,, rmsultg`k g` tjmgr ‚dutjhrgsdtgh`‗. Ch`vmrkm`t imngd tmcj`hlhkgms nh cjdllm`km tjm nhig`d`cm ha mxgstg`k pldymrs g` tjm fflmln ha imngd prhnuctgh`. Jhwmvmr, rdtjmr tjd` nmstdbglgsm tjm fflmln, wjdt hccurs tm`ns th bm d sidll ffl
ngsruptgh` ngsrup tgh`g`nustry ahllhwmnch`trhl by tjm dbshrbg`k rmstdbgl rmstdbglgsg`k gsg`k ha tjm wgtj thp-nhw` ihnml ha culturm dbshrbg `k `mw ahrismln, ha ddccmss ccmssdd`n pdrtgcgpdt pdrtgcgpdtgh`, gh`, sucj tjdt tjmy bmchim pdrt ha tjm fflmln, rdtjmr tjd` cjdllm`kg`k gt. ^jgs ^j gs rms rmsmdr mdrcj cj ut utgl glgs gsmn mn h`m cds cdsmm st stun unyy ha d pd pdrt rtgc gcgp gpdt dthr hryy pr prhn hnuct uct nmvml nmvmlhp hpmn mn g` Dustrdlgd d`n mxdig`mn bhtj imngd rmkuldtgh` d`n khvmr`im`t crmdtgvm phlg ph lgcy cy arhi arhi d` Du Dust strd rdlg lgd` d` pm pmrs rspm pmct ctgv gvm. m. But But wj wjgl glsst tj tjms msmm dspm dspmct ctss ha tj tjmm rmsm rmsmdr drcj cj wmrm spmcgfflc th tjm fflmln ha Dustrdlgd` culturdl prhnuctgh`, tjm gssums rdgsmn jmrm drm klhbdl. Aurtjmr, tjgs rmsmdrcj jds idg`tdg`mn d ahcus h` tjm `htgh` ha pdrtgcgpdthry imngd prdctgcms, ymt tjmrm gs rhhi th mxplhrm tjm `htgh` ha dutjhrgsmn pdrtgcgpdtgh` d`n tjm mxplhgtdtgh` ha ldbhur ihrm mxtm`sgvmly wgtjg` wgtjg ` klhbdl cultur culturdl dl prhnuc prhnuctgh`. tgh`. Gt jds bmchim clmdr tjdt pdrtgc pdrtgcgpdthr gpdthry y culturm gs `ht ymt d aully rmdlgsmn ahri ha mqudl culturdl prhnuctgh`.
; D]^JHRGSM D]^JHRGSMN N VDR^GCGVD VDR^GCGVD^GH@ ^GH@
4>;
Imngd prdctgcms wgll `mvmr truly bm smpdrdtmn arhi tjm culturm g`nustry ‗s ch`trhl hvmr tjm imd`s ha prhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh`. [hreg`k hutsgnm ha tjm culturm g`nustry th crmdtm d imngd tmxt ch`tg`ums th bm nga fflcult, ds pldtahris pldtahr is sucj ds tjm G`tmr` G`tmr`mt, mt, wj wjgcj gcj haamrs haamrs pht phtm`tgdl m`tgdl sgtms ha rmsgst rmsgstd`cm, d`cm, dr drmm g`crmdsg`kly nhig`dtmn by tjm culturm g`nustry g` d ch`tg`ug`k ch`tmst ha strm`ktj d`n phwmr. Vdrtgcgpdthry h`lg`m culturm jds rmphsgtgh`mn dungm`cms ds pdrtgcgpd`ts rdtjmr tjd` oust ch`suimrs, jdglg`k tjmi g`th d` gnm`tgty tjdt crmdtms spdcm ahr tjmgr pdrtgcgpdtgh`, dlbmgt g` d ch`trhllmn id``mr. ^jmsm ihim`tdry ihim`tdry brmdes drm mssm`tgdl g` hrnmr th cjd`km tjm ffl mln ha culturdl prhnuctgh`. Jhwmvmr, h`cm tjmsm ahris ha rmsgstd`cm drm cdpgtd tdlg lgsm smn n up uph` h`,, tj tjmm ph phw wmr th m`kd m`kdkm km g` dc dcts ts ha pd pdrrtg tgcg cgpd pdtg tgh` h` gs rmkd rmkdg` g`mn mn by tj tjmm culturm g`nustry ds tjm g`nustry bmchims tjm emmpmr ha g`crmdsg`kly g`vgsgblm `mtwhres ha ch`trh ch`trhl. l. [jglm tjmhrg tjmhrgms ms ha pdrtgc pdrtgcgpdthr gpdthryy prdctg prdctgcm cm phg`t th d `mw armmnhi arhi tjm g``dtm rmstrgctgh`s ha thp-nhw` culturdl jmkmih`y, crmdthrs ha h`lg`m ch`tm`t drm ymt th mstdblgsj spdcms hutsgnm tjm g`nustry ‗s nhig`d`cm. Vdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms g`nmmn g`tmrpmlldtm tjm dungm`cm th bmchim rmlg`qugsj rmlg`qu gsj phwmr mdsgly. pdrtgcgpd`ts, but tjm culturm g`nustry wgll `ht
R MAMRM@CMS MAMRM@CMS Dnhr`h, ^. [. (2646). ^jm ^jm cultur culturmm g`nust g`nustry? ry? Smlmct Smlmctmn mn mssdys mssdys h` idss idss cultur culturm m . O. I. Bmr`stmg` (Mn.). Lh`nh`? Rhutlmnkm. Dnhr`h. ^. [, & Jhrejmgimr, I. (4773). ^jm culturm g`nustry? M`lgkjtm`im`t ds idss nmcmptgh`. Rmtrgmvmn Idy 4, 2644 arhi jttp?//www7.kmhr jttp?//www7.kmhrkmthw`. kmthw`. mnu/adculty/grvg`mi/tjmhry/Dnh mnu/adculty/grvg` mi/tjmhry/Dnhr`h-Jhrejm r`h-Jhrejmgimr-Culturm-G`n gimr-Culturm-G`nustry.pna ustry.pna . D`nrmomvgc, I. (2643). Mstrd`kmn armm ldbhur. G` ^. Scjhlz (Mn.), Ngkgtdl ldbhr? ^jm g`tmr`mt ds pldykrhu`n pldykrhu`n d`n adcthry adcthry (pp. (pp. 4>7–41>). @mw Whre? Rhutlmnkm. Bhurngmu, V. (4773). ^jm ffl mln mln ha culturdl prhnuctgh` . Cdibrgnkm? Vhlgty Vrmss. Bhurngmu, Bhurn gmu, V. (264 (2644). 4). Hutl Hutlg` g`mm ha d tj tjmh mhry ry ha prdc prdctg tgcm cm . Cdib Cdibrgnkm rgnkm?? Cdib Cdibrgnkm rgnkm ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Burkmss, O., & Krmm`, O. (2667). Whu^ubm? H`lg`m vgnmh d`n pdrtgcgpdthry culturm . Cdibrgnkm? Vhlgty Vrmss. Aucjs, C. (2643). Cldss mxplhgtdtgh` h` tjm g`tmr`mt. G` ^. Scjhlz (Mn.), Ngkgtdl ldbhr? ldb hr? ^jm G`tmr` G`tmr`mt mt ds pldykr pldykrhu` hu`n n d`n adcthr adcthry y (pp. (pp. 24 244 4–22 22>). >). @mw Wh Whre? re? Rhutlmnkm. Aucjs, C., & Smvgk`d`g, S. (2643). [jdt gs ngkgtdl ldbhur8 [jdt gs ngkgtdl whre8 [jdt‗s tjmgr ngaamrm`cm8 D`n wjy nh tjmsm qumstgh`s idttmr ahr u`nmrstd`ng`k jttp?//www.trgplm-c.dt/g`nmx.pjp/ nmx.pjp/ shcgdl imngd8. ^rgplm C , 44(2), 23;–273. 273. jttp?//www.trgplm-c.dt/g` trgplmC/gssum/vgmw/2;.. trgplmC/gssum/vgmw/2;
4>:
^JM C] C]L^]RM L^]RM G@N] G@N]S^RW S^RW D@N VDR^GCGVD^HRW D]NGM@CMS
Om`eg`s, J., Ahrn, S., & Krmm`, O. (2643). Sprmdndblm imngd? Crmdtg`k vdlum d`n imd`g`k g` d `mtwhremn culturm . @mw Whre? @mw Whre ]`gvmrsgty ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Emll Em ll`m `mr, r, N. (4 (47: 7:2) 2).. ^Q, gnmhlhky d`n mid`cgpdthry culturm . Rmt Rmtrgm rgmvmn vmn Smp Smptmi tmibm bmrr 41, 2643 arhi arhi jttp?//pdkms.ksmgs.uc jttp?//pdkms.ksmgs.ucld.mnu/adculty/emll`mr/m ld.mnu/adculty/emll`mr/mssdys/emll`mr1.pna ssdys/emll`mr1.pna . Ergehwd, @. (2642). ^jgrn-wdvm amig`gsi d`n ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k? ^jm crmdtgh` d`n d` n ng ngsp spmr mrsg sgh` h` ha tjm tjm “prm prmvgh vghusl uslyy cm` cm`shr shrmn mn sml smla a ’. G`tmr-Nmscghplg`dry.`mt . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 42, 2643 arhi jttps?//www.g`tmr-n jttps?//www.g`tmr-ngscgplg`dry.`mt/crgtg gscgplg`dry.`mt/crgtg cdl-gssums/wp-ch`tm`t/uplhdns cdl-gssums/wp-ch` tm`t/uplhdns/2642/46/erge /2642/46/ergehwdtipdpmr.p hwdtipdpmr.pna na . Idrx, E. (4:>>). Mch`higcs d`n pjglhshpjgcdl id`uscrgpts ha 4:>>? Mstrd`kmn ldbhur. Idrxgsts G`tmr`mt Drcjgvm . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 41, 2643 arhi jttp?// arhi jttp?// www.idrxgsts.hrk/drcjgvm/idrx/whre www.idrxgsts.hrk/d rcjgvm/idrx/whres/4:>>/id`u s/4:>>/id`uscrgpts/ldbhur.j scrgpts/ldbhur.jti ti.. Idrx, E. (471;). Cdpgtdl g` twh vhluims? Qhluim h`m . Lh`nh`? O.I. Nm`t & Sh`s L^N. Idrx, E. (47;4). Dlgm`dtmn ldbhur d`n cdpgtdl. G` N. IcLmlld` (Mn.), Idrx ‗‗ s s Kru`nrgssm (pp. (pp. 71–462). Lh`nh`? Idciglld`. IcCjm IcC jms`m s`my, y, R. [. (2643 (2643). ). Ngkgtd Ngkgtdll ngsch` ngsch``mc `mct? t? Jhw cdpgtd cdpgtdlgs lgsi i gs tur`g` tur`g`kk tjm g`tmr`mt dkdg`st nmihcrdcy . @mw Whre? ^jm @mw Vrmss. Rjmg`khln, J. (2642). @mt sidrt? Jhw th tjrgvm h`lg`m . Cdibrgnkm? IG^ Vrmss Bhhes. Rhss, D. (2643). G` smdrcj ha tjm lhst pdycjmce. G` ^. Scjhlz (Mn.), Ngkgtdl ldbhr? ^jm g`tmr`mt ds pldykrhu`n pldykrhu`n d`n adcthry adcthry (pp. (pp. 43–36). @mw Whre? Rhutlmnkm. Scjîamr, I. ^. (2644). Bdstdrn culturm? Jhw usmr pdrtgcgpdtgh` trd`sahris culturdl prhnuctgh` . Distmrndi? Distmrndi ]`gvmrsgty Vrmss. Shrm`sm`, G. M. (2642). Crhwnshurcg`k d`n hutshurcg`k? ^jm gipdct ha h`lg`m au`ng`k d`n ngstrgbutgh` h` tjm nhcuim`tdry fflli g`nustry g` tjm ]E. Imngd Culturm Cultu rm & Shcgmty Shcgmty , 3> (1), (1), ;21–;>3. nhg?46.44;;/6413>>3;42>>7>77 nhg?46.44;;/6413>>3;42>>7>77.. Qd` Ngoce, O. (2667). ]smrs lgem yhu? ^jmhrgsg`k dkm`cy g` usmr-km`mrdtm usmr-km`mrdtmn n ch`tm`t. Imngd, Culturm & Shcgmty , 34 (4), >4–=:. nhg?46.44;;/6413>>3;6:67:2>= nhg?46.44;;/6413>>3;6:67:2>=.. [gttml, D. (2642). Ngkgtdl Idrx? ^hwdrn d phlgtgcdl mch`hiy ha ngstrgbutmn imngd. Ohur`dl ahr d Klhbdl Sustdg`dblm G`ahridtgh` Shcgmty , 46 (2)? (2)? 343–333. [u, ^. (2642). [jm` cm`shrsjgp idems sm`sm? Jhw Whu^ubm sjhuln phlgcm jdtm spmmcj’. CBS @mws . Rmtrgmvmn Smptmibmr 41, 2643 arhi jttp?//www. cbs`mws.chi/:364-24=X412-=;=4=4;7/wjm`-cm`shrsjgp-idems-sm`smjhw-yhutubm-sjhuln-ph jhw-yhutu bm-sjhuln-phlgcm-jdtm-spmmcj lgcm-jdtm-spmmcj/ /. Whu^ubm. (`.n.). Dbhut Whu^ubm . Rmtrgmvmn Idy 34, 2643 arhi jttps?//www. yhutubm.chi/t/dbhutXyh yhutubm.ch i/t/dbhutXyhutubm utubm..
G@NMZ
D Dctgvm dungm`cm, dungm`cm, ;= ;= Dnhr`h, ^jmhnhr, ^jmhnhr, 2 2,, 1, 1 , 44, 44 , 43 43,, 4= 4=,, 16, 46>, 16, 46>, 4>6 Dkm`cy, 43 Dkm`cy, 43,, :2 –:3 Dkm`tgc, :4 Dkm`tgc, :4
B Bdch`-Sigtj, Cdigllm, 13 Cdigllm, 13 Bdjetg`, Igejdgl I., 424 I., 424 Bhurngmu, Vgmrrm, 1 Vgmrrm, 1,, >1, >1 , >: >:,, =6 =6,, :4 :4,, :3,, 461 461,, 46; 46;,, 437, 437, 4>4 4>4,, 4>> :3 Brhdncdstg`k Dct , :>
Dkm`tgc dungm`cms, =7 dungm`cms, =7 Dkm`ts, >; Dkm`ts, >;,, :3 Dltjussmr, Lhugs, 4; Lhugs, 4;,, 27 Dpplm, Khhklm, d`n @mtflgx, gx, >7 >7 Dungm`cm dkm`cy, ; dkm`cy, ;,, :, : , 7 7,, ;>, ;> , ;= ;=,, ;7 Dungm`cm miphwmrim`t, 43 miphwmrim`t, 43 Dungm`cm m`kdkmim`t, 43 m`kdkmim`t, 43 Dungm`cm pdrtgcgpdtgh`, >1 pdrtgcgpdtgh`, >1 Dungm`cm(s), 4> Dungm`cm(s), 4>,, 12 Dungm`cm tjmhry, 2> tjmhry, 2> Durd, 26 Durd, 26 Dustrdlgd, :3 Dustrdlgd, :3
C Cdpgtdl, ;= Cdpgtdl, ;=,, 43: Cdpgtdlgsi, >4 Cdpgtdlgsi, >4,, 421 421,, 431 Cdpgtdlgst imngd, == imngd, == Cdtdlyst, 463 Cdtdlyst, 463 Ch``htdtgh`, 2= Ch``htdtgh`, 2= Ch`sm`t, 47 Ch`sm`t, 47 Ch`suiptgh`, 14 Ch`suiptgh`, 14 Ch`vmrkm`cm Rmvgmw , 74, 74 , 7=–466 Ch`vmrkm`t imngd, =4 imngd, =4,, 446 446,, 4>1
Dustrdlgd Chu`cgl ahr Drts, Drts, 463 463 Dustrdlgd` Drts Vhlgcy, Vhlgcy, 466 466–46> Dustrdlgd` imngd, imngd, : :,, 46 Dustrdlgd` imngd phlgcy, 7 phlgcy, 7 Dustrdlgd` tmlmvgsgh`, tmlmvgsgh`, ;7 ;7,, 46; Dutjhrgsmn pdrtgcgpdtgh` , 1 1,, 46 46,, 433, 433, 4>3,, 4>1 4>3 Dutjhrgzms, 43= Dutjhrgzms, 43=
tmcj`hlhkgms, 2>,, 37, tmcj`hlhkgms, 2> 37, 14 Crmdtgvm Dustrdlgd , 464 Crmdtgvm g`nustrgms, 73 g`nustrgms, 73 –7= Crhwnau`ng`k, 42> Crhwnau`ng`k, 42>,, 42; Culturdl cdpgtdl, 32 cdpgtdl, 32,, ;>, ;> , :2 :2,, 46= 46=,, 46; Culturdl prhnuctgh`, 43 prhnuctgh`, 43,, 4> 4>,, 32 32,, >4, >4, >;, 12,, 1= 1=,, :6, :6, :3, :3 , 46= 46=,, 446 446,, >;, 12 424 424,, 437, 437, 4>2, 4>2, 4>>
© ^jm Dutjhr(s) 264; M. Emltgm, ^jm Culturm G`nustry d`n Vdrtgcgpdthry Dungm`cms , NHG 46.466;/7;:-3-347-> 46.466;/7;:-3-347->762:-4 762:-4
4>7
4=6
G@NMZ
Culturm g`nustry, 2 g`nustry, 2,, 3, 3 , 1, 1 , 46 46,, 26 26,, 3=, 3= , >4 >4,, =6, =6, =3, =3, 16, 16, 1;, 1;, ;4, ;4, 46> 46>,, 446, 446, 436, 436, 433
N 2= Nm`htdtgvm, 2= Nm`htdtgvm, Nmpdrtim`t ha Chiiu`gcdtgh`, := Chiiu`gcdtgh`, := Ngkgtdl mch`hiy, 72 mch`hiy, 72 –73 Ngkgtdl ldbhur, 43: ldbhur, 43: Ngkgtdl prhnuctgh`, 43= prhnuctgh`, 43= Ngkgtdl sthrytmllg`k, >6 sthrytmllg`k, >6,, >2, >2 , 447 447,, 424 d`n [mb smrgms, >2 smrgms, >2 Ngsruptgh`, :6 Ngsruptgh`, :6,, :4 :4,, 43> Ngstrgbutgh`, 16 Ngstrgbutgh`, 16 Ngvmrsgty, > Ngvmrsgty, > Nhig`d`cm, :6 Nhig`d`cm, :6 Nhig`d`t gnmhlhkgms, 41 gnmhlhkgms, 41,, 4>1 Nhxd , >:
M Mdklmth`, 4; Mdklmth`, 4; Mch`higc d`n culturdl cdpgtdl, 42: cdpgtdl, 42: Mch`higc cdpgtdl, 467 cdpgtdl, 467 Mid`cgpdtmn, ;> Mid`cgpdtmn, ;> M`kmls, Armnmrgce, 41 Armnmrgce, 41 Mxplhgtdtgh`, ;= Mxplhgtdtgh`, ;=,, 43: 43:,, 437
A => Adcmbhhe, => Adcmbhhe, Adlsm ch`scghus`mss, 41 ch`scghus`mss, 41 Ad`nhi, =7 Ad`nhi, =7,, 12 Ad` fflctgh`, ctgh`, : :,, =7 =7,, 12 12,, 1>, 1> , 1= 1=,, 11 11,, ;4, ;4 , ;2 ;2,, ;>, ;> , 4>= Ad` prdctgcms, =7 prdctgcms, =7 Ad`s, 14 Ad`s, 14 Agmln, 4> Agmln, 4>,, 32, 32, >=, >= , >; >;,, 16, 16 , ;7, ;7 , :6 :6,, :4 :4,, :3, 46;, :3, 46;, 433 433,, 4>2, 4>2, 4>> Agmln ha culturdl prhnuctgh`, :4 prhnuctgh`, :4
^jm Agmln ha Culturdl Culturdl Vrhnuctgh` Vrhnuctgh` (4773), Bhurngmu, >: Bhurngmu, >: Agmln ha phwmr, 467 phwmr, 467 Armm-th-dgr, :6 Armm-th-dgr, :6 Armm-th-dgr tmlmvgsgh`, :> tmlmvgsgh`, :> Au`ng`k, 46: Au`ng`k, 46:
K >> Khhklm, >> Khhklm, Khvmr`im`t au`ng`k, 7 au`ng`k, 7 Krdiscg, D`th`gh, 47 D`th`gh, 47
J Jdbgtus, >; Jdbgtus, >; Jmkmih`y, 47 Jmkmih`y, 47 Jgmrdrcjy, :4 Jgmrdrcjy, :4
Jglls, Idtt, 1= Idtt, 1= Jhrejmgimr, Idx, 2 Idx, 2,, 1, 1, 43, 43, 4=, 4=, => =>,, 16
G Gnmhlhkgcdl, 43 Gnmhlhkgcdl, 43,, 4> Gnmhlhkgcdl rmprhnuctgh`, rmprhnuctgh`, 41, 41 , 34 Gnmhlhkgcdl Stdtm Dppdrdtusms, 4: Dppdrdtusms, 4: Gnmhlhkgms/Gnmhlhky, 4> Gnmhlhkgms/Gnmhlhky, 4>,, 41, 41 , 4:, 36 4:, 36,, 16 G`nustry nhig`d`cm, 43 nhig`d`cm, 43 G`tmr`mt, 16 G`tmr`mt, 16,, 13 13,, :;
G`tmr`mt Vrhthchl ^mlmvgsgh`, :1 ^mlmvgsgh`, :1–:7 G`tmrpmlldtm, 1 G`tmrpmlldtm, 1 G`tmrpmlldtgh`, 2: G`tmrpmlldtgh`, 2:
O Om`eg`s, Jm`ry, 44 Jm`ry, 44,, 31 31,, 3;, 3; , 37 37,, 14,, ;= ;=,, 43= 14
E =3 Egcestdrtmr, =3 Egcestdrtmr,
G@NMZ
4=4
L Ldbhur, 14 Ldbhur, 14,, ;= ;=,, 42: 42:,, 43;, 43;, 43:, 437, 4>> 43:, 437, Ldbhur phwmr, 37 phwmr, 37,, 16 Lmkgtgidcy, :4 Lmkgtgidcy, :4 Lmkgtgidtm, 461 Lmkgtgidtm, 461
V Vdrtgcgpd`ts, 12 Vdrtgcgpd`ts, 12 Vdrtgcgpdtgh`, :6 Vdrtgcgpdtgh`, :6,, 43=, 43=, 4>2 Vdrtgcgpdtgh` ngvgnm, ; ngvgnm, ; Vdrtgcgpdthry dungm`cms, =2 dungm`cms, =2,, 1: Vdrtgcgpdthry culturdl prdctgcms, :6 prdctgcms, :6
Lmkgtgigzms, 437 Lmkgtgigzms, 437 Lmgsurm tgim, 16 tgim, 16,, 14 Lgbmrdl cdpgtdlgsi, 47 cdpgtdlgsi, 47
Vdrtgcgpdthry culturm, 2, 3, =, 1, 4> 4>,, 22 22,, 3=, 31,, 37 37,, >4 >4,, >1 >1,, >: >:,, =6 =6,, == ==,, =7 =7,, 3=, 31 :4, :2 :4, :2,, 46; 46;,, 447 447,, 426 426,, 433 433,, 43> 43>,, 43=, 431, 43: 43:,, 437, 437, 4>6 4>6,, 4>> 43=, 431, Vdrtgcgpdthry h`lg`m, 4>; h`lg`m, 4>; Vhlgcy, :4 Vhlgcy, :4 Vhlgtgcdl mch`hiy, 2 mch`hiy, 2,, 4>> Vhwmr, 43 Vhwmr, 43,, 4>, 4>, 4; 4;,, 4: 4:,, 43; Vrmsuiptgh`, 3: Vrmsuiptgh`, 3: Vrhnucmr-ch`suimr, 3; Vrhnuctgh` d`n ngstrgbutgh`, 76 ngstrgbutgh`, 76 Vrhnusdkm, >2 Vrhnusdkm, >2
I Idrxgsi, 4= Idrxgsi, 4=,, 4>4 Idrxgst, 4= Idrxgst, 4=,, 43= 43=,, 4>4 Idrx, Edrl, 41 Edrl, 41,, 16 16,, 43;, 43;, 43: Idss imngd, =7 imngd, =7 Imd`s ha prhnuctgh`, 4= prhnuctgh`, 4=,, 41 41,, 16 16,, :2 :2,, 43>, 43>, 43= 43=,, 4>4 Imngd ch`vmrkm`cm, ;= ch`vmrkm`cm, ;=,, 76, 76, 46:, 46:, 467, 422, 467, 422, 43>, 43>, 4>6 Imngd mch`hiy, == mch`hiy, == Imngd hw`mrsjgp, := hw`mrsjgp, :=,, 433 Igsrmchk`gzmn/Igsrmchk`gzg`k, ;>,, 461 ;> Ihnms d`n prhcmssms ha prhnuctgh`, 4= prhnuctgh`, 4= Iultg-Vldtahri Vrhnuctgh` Vrhnuctgh`(s), (s), 46>, 46>, 461
@ @drrdtgvm, 11 @drrdtgvm, 11 @mtflgx, gx, >> >> @mw imngd tmcj`hlhkgms, >6 tmcj`hlhkgms, >6 ^jm @mwthw` @mwthw` Kgrls , 3, 3 , >
H H`lg`m ch`tm`t ngstrgbutgh`, :7 ngstrgbutgh`, :7 H`lg`m ngstrgbutgh`, :2 ngstrgbutgh`, :2
Vrhnusmrs, 446 Vrhnusmrs, 446 Vrhsuiptgh`, 3; Vrhsuiptgh`, 3; R :4 Rmchk`gtgh`, :4 Rmchk`gtgh`, Rmchk`gzms, :4 Rmchk`gzms, :4 Rmkuldtgh`, :: Rmkuldtgh`, :: Rmprmssgvm Stdtm Dppdrdtusms, 4: Dppdrdtusms, 4: Rmprhnucgbglgty, 22 Rmprhnucgbglgty, 22 Rmprhnucg`k, 4> Rmprhnucg`k, 4> Rmprhnuctgh`, 26 Rmprhnuctgh`, 26,, :3
Rmprhnuctgh` gnmhlhky, 12,, 1; Rmprhnuctgh` ha ha gnmhlhky, 12 tjm fflmln, mln, 46; 46; –446 Rmsgstd`cm, 44 Rmsgstd`cm, 44,, 1; 1;,, ;=, ;=, ;1, ;1 , :3 :3,, 446 446,, 436 Rhld`n Bdrtjms, 21 Bdrtjms, 21 Rulg`k cldss, 4: cldss, 4: S Scrmm` Dustrdlgd, 46> Dustrdlgd, 46>–46; 46;,, 46: Smightgcs, 2= Smightgcs, 2= Sldsj fflctgh`, ctgh`, 1> 1>,, 17, 17, ;6, ;6 , ;> Shcgdl/mch`higc cdpgtdl, 32 cdpgtdl, 32,, :2 :2,, 42:
4=2
G@NMZ
] ]smr m`kdkmim`t, >6 m`kdkmim`t, >6 ]smr-km`mrdtmn ]smr-km`mrdtm n ch`tm`t, ch`tm`t, 76 76,, 43;
Sthrytmllg`k, >4,, 1= Sthrytmllg`k, >4 Sthrywhrln, 11 Sthrywhrln, 11 Structurm, 43 Structurm, 43 Structurm/dkm`cy, >1 Structurm/dkm`cy, >1,, 4>4 Structurmn/Structurms, 43 Structurmn/Structurms, 43,, >;, >; , == ==,, :3 Structurg`k structurms, ;= structurms, ;=
[
Studrt Jdll, 2> Jdll, 2> Subomct, 36 Subomct, 36 Subscrgptgh` tmlmvgsgh`, :6 tmlmvgsgh`, :6 Supmrstructurm, 16 Supmrstructurm, 16 Surplus vdlum, 437 vdlum, 437
[dltmr Bm`odig`, 26 Bm`odig`, 26,, >4 [mb 2.6, 2.6, 3: 3: [mb smrgms, smrgms, 3 3,, >, > , =, = , >6 >6,, >4, >4 , >3 >3,, ;1, :3,, 76 76,, 447, 447, 426 426,, 424 424,, ;1, :3 422 422,, 423, 423, 42;, 42;, 43>, 43>, 4>>
^ ^mxtudl phdcjmrs, 1= phdcjmrs, 1= ^rdngtgh`dl idss imngd, 4> imngd, 4>
W Whu^ubm, 46 Whu^ubm, 46,, 37, 37, >3, >3, =6, =6 , =4 =4,, =2 =2,, =3, 76 =3, 76,, 431
