The Cross and Its Symbolism.pdf

+ TH~ CROSS and its

SYMBOLISM By David R. Clark, M.A., IXo

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@ocietas Qosicruciana 321 West 101st Street

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X n H merica New York, N. Y.

~--------------------------~--------------------

THE

@: rass

nntt its Sumh.olism, BY

DAVID

R.

CLARK,

M.A.,

IXo.,

Jun. S. Magus, in Scotiá, GLASGOW. l.

I

REPRODUCED FOR THE SOCIETAS ROSICRUCIANA IN AMERICA FROM THE

TRANSACTIONS NEWCASTLE COLLEGE. WOBKlHG t1NDliUl

~l1t ~uitth' ¡rDbiutt cf JDrlgumbtrIaub, ~urgam,. llUb ~tt1uitk-Dn-~h1ttb.

SOClETAS ROSIORUClANA IN ANGLlA. ,.,

PBIYATELY

PBIN'l'ED BY OBDEB QF~HR COLLEGE. AND WITH THR APPBOYAL OF THE PEBMANENT COHHITTEE.

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE,

NoMIS

Pt:lfRS.

.JANUARY 1ST,

INe .. LITHO •. WASHIHGT~.

D. C.

1894.

RIGHT worthy Frater

D. R. Clark, M.A., J.S.M. IXo. (in Scotia) read a paper on the Cross and its Bymbolism beíore tbe Newcastle College, in March, 1893. This paper was originally intended to be read before a Joint Meeting oí the Glasgow College and the Newcastle College, at Dumfries, in June, 1892; uníortunately the railway arrangements díd not permit the Newcastle Fratres to attend in time, bence they welcomed tbe presence oí B. W. Frater Clark in Newcastle and heard bis interesting discourse. While grateíully acknowledging the valuable data provided· by our esteemed Frater, we cannot definitely subscribe to all the propositions or deductions, snd must remind Fratres tbat tbe Permanent Committee is not responsible for the papers oí contributors. Some oí our Frater's arguments.appear to rest upon tbe assumption that there was no intercourse between distant nations in tbe pre-Christian Era, or say even previous to the 14th or 15th Century, P.C. Tbis is a generally accepted opinion, altbough it ís not by any means capable oí proof, Recent finds oí Roman Coins in Cbinese soil throw a curious side ligbt upon tbis point. It will also be readily granted that although the Phcenicians did not apparently know oí the existence oí America, yet they traded with India. The Chinese and Indians, witb their old civilisation, may have known, and indeed probably dic1know, America; and the migration oí a symbol found in Egypt and Central America, is readily explained. Many such hypotheses, and indeed many such facts, will come to the mind oí the reader. 'I'here are several claims as to the prior discovery oí America ; and Africa was circumnavigated beíore the Spaniards repeated this feat. If we remember the presence oí Asiatic auxiliaries in Northumbrian garrisons, the "Sbields'" bilingual stone and the worship oí Mitbras in this very Province, we should be very careful to rush to any definite hard and íast conclusion with regard to the migration oí symbols. A íew printer's errors have escaped the sepárate print, and are revised in this edition, most oí wbich being obvious need not here be reíerred to. On page 10, the engtaving of the block jumbles up the Hebrew letters, which, íor the sake oí regularity, are repeated alongside their English representatives. It will be in the memory oí most oí tbe Fratres that the Gamadion or Swastika, reíerred to on page 5, occurs along the Reman wall, vide page 59, vol. IlI., Ars· Quatuor Coron., also Brotber Wm. Simpson's papers.(in a preceding volume) on tbe Migration oí Symbols. With tbese preliminary remarks we hand over a most interesting papel' to the Fratres, recording, at the same time, the vote oí thanks unanimously adopted to R. W. Frater D. s. Clark.

THE

nnb its iJ2mhqlism,

~toSS

BY

DAVID

R.

M.A.,

CLARK,

Jun. S. Magus,

IXo.,

\11. Scotiá,

GLASGOW.

Foua

1.- THE

CROSS A!IID

2.-THE

$YMBOL1S~ OF THB

••

QU.AaTEl1.S,.

C~QSS.

I

THE

Cross is one 01 the most universal of symbols, a.8W'ell aa .one of the most ancíent, that is. known to ~x\lit. lt is found on the monuments Qf Egypt, whioh ha.ve come down to ourtime, with an antiquity of more than 4,000 years, The Cross is found on the ancíent sculpturea oí Babylon and Nineveh 80ndon tbe r~i.us of Persia and India, the Christian

It has been used as a. symbol long pravious to

~r~ in counjríes then totally unknown t.o eaoh otMr,

and so distant from eech other asOhina.

from Peru,

It has been

used as a. .sacred symbol by tha anoient peoples of Me~oo and North Amerioa, by t.he Druíds llond hl!-rdy Norsemen, by the wanderíng

tribea

in

Oentral

Asia,

and

the

islandera

01 the

Southem seas. Thus, wjdelydistributed, it/l universal Oh80t¡wteris at onee readilf admitted, b1,lt it ia more diffioult to trace the mesníng of its symbolísm and the reason wby its variad form should have bad in-everl clime a mote or Ieas sacred cheraoter. To trace its origin, thérefore, ia a somewhat diffioult ta'Sk, but in most religions, with whioh it ha.8

(2) had a moro 01' less direct counection, it has been associaied with tha idea of lifo-and of life renewed agnin and again=-of resurrection, of regoneratíon. It has assumed different íonns, but genarally retains the one idea, which

01'

soems to underlie its symbolism, namely, that this, tho Cross was the mark oí life, that it was sacred on that accouni, 01' served to remind the wearer of tlie most wonderful thing that pervaded a11 nature, and was the cause of his existence and of every thing that lived around him,

01'

it served as a charm to avert

from him the antithesis

of life, which he

fearcd and dreaded above a11 else. The idea of "life," therofore, seems to have bcen universally associatcd with the symbol, and suoh at least WRS its meaning, in its earlicst known fonn, that of the Oru» ¡1nsata,

CL

Handled Cross of Egypt. We find the CI'U,7J. Ansata among the hieroglyphics on overy ancient 01'

1'1" •

n

x

anx

t

Egyptian

monument=-and

in the

British Museum it may be seen, held in the hsnds of the godsas well as on the inscriptions of their statues. It is the sacred tan with the loop above, and is translated

as "ankh,"

"life."

1

illustrate its form, from a rubbing oí the Cvu» Ansata,. to.ken by me, in ~ho British Museum, trom the Sarcophugus of Psammetichue, which is tho general and simplest formo 1 have also taken another rubbing from tha Obelisk of Nekhtherhebi.

Thís obelisk stood before the

temple of Thoth, in the XXX. Dynasty B.C. 378, snd ita form presenta !lo rather ouríous . vana, t'1011 as WI'11b e seen f.rom t h e ¡'1lustration. Tho horizontal

From Psammetícbus sarcophagus. ~ Britísh

Muscum,

No. 1,(147, D.R.C.

lino has a portion repeated at each end, and the

(3)

npright

01'

perpendicular

line, where it intersects,

does so in a point

like tho top of an obelisk, and may thus indicato

11, 8010,1'

idea.

This mothod of

gtving a pointed form to the perpendicular line may - be seen on other monumonts, oue of wlnch 1 illustrato from the Sarcophagus of Naskntu, XXVII. Dynasty. This pointed form of the perpendicular line may give some indication

o

0..... _...

oí the inner meuning

of the symbol which has been explained as "the inverted •lingam ' representing

Fiom Obolisk 01 Nckhtherhcbi.Dritish Musoum, D.R.C.

the paternal and active power oí deity, the vertical line issuing from the cirole fertilising passive nature, the horizontal line." Whether 01' not this is the correct explanation of its. esoteric meaning, there is no doubt that tho

C'/'1(.3:

Ansata was the symbol of ' life."

It may be noticed here that the loop 01' circle attached to the tau was not morely used to grasp the tatt, _as is the case whon held in the hands of the gods, but the whole symbol is frequently

seen, as grasped by the lowsr

part of the

ta1/,

and thus held as un

object -of worship, the cirole or loop appearing to be as -mueh a part of the symbol as the tatt itself. This brings us to the question what ,,:as the tau eonsidered

Snrool'hllgus of Nnskatu,British :Mw;cwn, D.R.l!,

to be, and do we fínd it used in a.

T

similar way by other nations as well as the Egyptians. Wilkinson, in bis "Ancient Egyptians," reíerring to the origin oí the tau, Sl1yshe cannot determine it, but mentians the remarkable fa.ct. thut the early Christian s adopted it in lieu of the Cross, which was afterwo.rds substituted for it, prefixing it to inscriptions in the same manner as the Cross in later times. Thus, in Di Christian Nile, there ís the inscription :-

churoh,

to the east of the

KA90 .y.AIKH + EKKAH KATUO

LlKAE

EKKLAE

.y. e IA-. 61A.

(Boskin's ••Visa to the Great Oasis," Loudon, 1837, plate xii.)

(4)

n

Gesenius, 'in bis lexieon, under the word tau" expla.ins the

Hebrew as a sign, and quotes Eze. 9 : 4. "Go through the midst oí tho city, through the midst of Jerusalem, and set a. IÍlark (a. tau) upon the foreheads of the men tho.t sigh snd

that cry for all the abominations that be done in the midst thereof." Now, if we read further on, we fínd ' what happened to these men who had the Tau Cross on their foreheads, in verse 6-" Slay utterly old and young, both maids and little children, but come not near any man upon whom ÜI the mark," Here fue tau or Cross on the forehead was the sign of life., If we investigate further the form

Pheenician eharacter it took this form In Chaldea we find it again used as a sacred symbol in the

t

shape of a Cross attached to a chain and hung round the neck as is exhibited in the Stele of Samas-vul. n., in the British Museum, where the Cross takes its

simple

Xt or

of the ancient Hebrew tau, we find it was a simple eruciform mark or cross, and in

form, thus, resembling one of our masonic jewels. In a similar way it was worn round the neck by the Libyans and North Syrians, as may be seen from the illustrations in

+ O

Wilkinson's " Ancient Egyptians." In Mexico and Yucatan, on the other side of the globe, weñnd the Cross again as a sacred symbol, and among the ruins oí Palenque are three slabs sculptured in low relief; on the right and left are hieroglyphics, and in the centre a. Cross surmounted by a head oí strange appearance;

above this he~d is a bird, and on either side

are figures in the act of worship. Nadaillao says: "The eXistence of the Cross, at Palenque, on one of the monuments of an earlier date than fue introduction of Christianity, is not an isolated fact." Palaoia, the judicial assessor, saw at Copan a Cross with one of its arms broken.

The Jesuit

Ruiz mentions one in Paraguay.

Garcilase de la Vega mentions

another

By these

at

Cuzco (in Peru).

ancient

Americana

the Cross was regarded as the symbol of the fertilizing power of nsture, the life giving symbol oí the recreative principle, and as such was honoured by sacrifices of quails, incense, and lustral water.

(15) It ma)' be. noticed, in passing, that there is qnite a marvellous resemblance in soma of the Mexican monuments to those ol Egypt, snd tbe calm placid expression of the statues strongly resembles that seen in the Egyptian deities. 1 would dra.w attention bere to a. ourious feature, not hitherto commented on, that in an illustratíon or a vase, in the National Muaeum of Mexioo, there appeara to be the Of'UIIJ Amata the same as seen in Egypt. Here we see the Tau with the loop, and it appears almoat ídendícal in form with what ma.ybe seen on some Egyptian monuments. The Oross, at Palenque, to which 1 have referred la, however, not the Oru» Ansata, but is similar to the ordinary oross which Naldalllao. "Pre-historlO"America," may also be found depicted on the dress of the page 88~. ancient Mexicans. Anoient Gaulish eoína were made oircular with a oross in the míddle, being in fact little miniatura wheels, witb four perforations which formed the Oross; and the use of the Cross on eoíns in Pre-Christian times ís a well known fact. The tau Cross is also found on Norwegian monumental remains, and the common form that the Cross took was that known es the Fylfot which is the same as tbe Swastika, and in this forro the Cross seems to have been found 0.11 over the world. In Indio. it eppesra in tbe form of the Buddhist Swasti. In fact the geographico.llimits of the emblem, in its ~ various forras, seems praotically unbounded. Gf'/' It has been found on the ancieut pottery of o) ~ ~o Cyprus, at Herculaneum, in Egypt, in Ireland, in Bcotland, and in England, Dr. ~ Schliemo.nn disinterred it, at Mycenoo, on Buddhist Swastl. bone buttons covered with gold leaf, In early times the Swo.stikawas used as a sacred symbol in the same way !LB the Christian Cl'OSS,and it is to this that Longfellow alludes when he tells us how King Olaf kept Christmas at Drontbeim.

+ ''0' +

" O'er bis driDking horn, the sign He made· of 'he Cross Dívine, As he draDk. and mutter'd his prayera ; But the Berserks evermore Made the sign 01 Ule Hammer 01 Thor Over their ••••

(6) This is related

in one oí. the Sagas,

and

Longfel1ow has

modernised it in his poem. The Swaatika is by somo arch::eologists considerad the most ancient form of the Cross, and it is precisely the sama as is traced on the foreheads of young Buddhists, and it has likewise been in use by the Brahmins.

It is called Sioastika, which means the sign

of salvation, because the Swastí wns in India, what the sign of Salcation is with Christians. Swasti significa "well it is, "Amen, ti

or "our

bles ing be with you.

ti

ti

With this mark tha cattle ara

branded in India, especially the village hull, as the symbol of the fertilising power of naturs, with its regenerating quality, The subject of the Swastika, howaver, opens up sueh a larga field of investigation that I can a.t this time only refer to it in passing.

+

1 come now to another and simpler form of the Cross, which appears also to be of very ancient date, I mean the simple.form of This is what we a11 recognise as the usual form, and, in looki~g over the works of various authors, 1 find this simple form illustrated very' írequantly. In Bír Gardner Wilkinson's "Ancient Egyptians," Vol. L, page 246, may be seen an illustration of soma of tha peoples with whom tha Egyptians

it,'hu,

wera at war, and on the dress of a Libyan may be seen this Cross clearly 0.11over tha robe of the figure, and apparently tattooed on one of the legs. No less .intercsting is it to find this simple form of the Cross also worn as an amulst hung round the neck of other two figures of the Kharu or North Syrians, and it may ba seen also on the sama page on one of the figures of the Rut-en-nu or East Syrians, and the adoption oí tha Cross as an ornament on the dress, and amulet hung round the neck by these peoples, shows tbat the Cross, in its usual simple form, was

(7) already, as Wilkinson says, "in use ssearly before the Christian

Era,"

as the fifteenth century

that is nearly 3,500 years since.

The

Cross used as an amulet hung round the neck may 11.180 be seen on the Ninevite slabs in the British Musoum. It is also to be found on Phcenician Rochette

illustrates

in Phcenicia.

coins

and sculptured

Several

Another

has the sacred

bull

also

by the Oross, and a third has the lion's head on one

side with the eross and circle on the other, tieularly

M. Raoul

of these have a. ram on oné sido and a

cross and ring on the other. acoompanied

remains.

by a number of medals the use of the Cross

here the assooiation

Lwish to note pnr-

oí these symbols with the Cross, as

1 shall have occasion to refer later to this apparent

peculiarity

in

the symbolism. The Shamrock

of Ireland

saered, and it

has been considered

derives this character from its Iikeness to the Cross; and among the Druids the long arm of the clover leaf represented and the three leaves representad

the arms of the Cross, and the

three conditions of the spirít world: so too in an old Rosiorucian

the way of life,

heaven, hell, and purgatory;

work in my possession

(" Dreyzehn

Geheime Briefe del' goldenen und Rosenkreuzer," Leipzig, 1788) there is a frontispiece with a plant oí Clover 'I'rifolium, whieh was the symbol of the Alchymistical

Trinity:

cnrium, and with which the greatest for health and wealth. Iiosicrucian

Sal, Sulphur,

and Mer-

beuefits were expected, both

These, oí course as we know, in most old

works, were not meant

as mere material

benefits, hut

were symbolical of truths, that lay under the symbolism, in many cases, and which the symbols served to conceal.

(9)

The Cross as a symbo1 may be traced very íar back in human hiatory, as 1have already shown, but its esoteric meaning and origin is more difficult to evolve. However, if we inveatigate the earliest myths that have come down to us, we shall find that it has 'been more or 1ess identified with the íour qusrtera, East, South, West. and North. As primitive man gazed on tbe stanj ñrmament sbove him, hé noticed that the constellations revolved with never ceasing motíon around one central point, the '~cile stsr, and that near it there were seven bríght atars, the Great Besr, which revolved around

this

centre. This was the first cirole doubtless marked out and identffied with the cardinal points ; and this cirole was assigned by the ancient Egyptians to Teb, the •• Mother of the Revolutions." By this constellation were establíshed the four quarters, as it pointed successively South, East; North, and West in its annual revolution. Four types were assigned to the Mother in her starry shape which were representations of the four elements, these being the Hippopotamus Ior water, the Ape for air, the Lion for fire, and the Crocodile Ior earth ; and in the South, the place of fire and heat, she was represented oí breath;

as the Lioness;

to the East she was the Apo

to the North, the place oí waters, she was the Water

Cow or Hippopotamus; and to the West, the swallowing Crocodile of earth, In such forms she was the four-fold goddess of the elemsnts, snd identified with the four quarters. From this origin, in 0.11 probability, proceeded the Zodíao Of earIy times, for we find the idea not confined to any one people, but eommon in the earliest myths ofmany peoples. Doubtless the primitiva man observed that when the position of this eonstellation poínted suecessívely to the four quarters, it corresponded with the four seaaons oí the year, and so, too, tbe sun's da.il~ motion in the .heavena came to be identified later witb the principal constellations, of which the four types were the origino The East was looked upon as the beginning, snd the

(el Weet as fue end of the world; snd here it roay be notad fuat in a1l mythology, the West has been eonnected with Hades and the gata of the Under-world. There the sun was burlad ea.ch night as he sank into the darkness-tbere he wasbelíeved to die-and pass through another state before he rose regenerated on the ñext morning. , Four types, have been identified with the four quarters, and these early type!lthat we find in Egypt may have varied a little in other countries, but substantially they remain the same, They appéar in the four-fold beast of Ezekiel's Vision, and in the symbolic four of the Apocalypse. The Lion, the Calf, the Eagle, and fue Man, or in the Cherubic form of the Lion, the Ox, the Eagle, and the Man. In the Book of Revelations we find Iour guardiana or spirits, at the four quarters, as they are called in the VII. Chapter: "Four Augels standing on the four corners of the earth holding the four winds of the earth;" and with these were associated "the four beasts full of eyes, before and behind, and first beast was- like 80' lion, and the second beast was like a calf, and the third beast had a. face as aman, and the fourth beast was like a flying eagle, and the four beastshad ea.chwings about him," Compare this with Ezekiel's "four living creatures." They fourhad the face of aman and the face of a lion on the right sido, and theyfour had the face of an ox on the left side, they four had also the face of an eagle, and, for the likeness of the living creatures, their appsaranca was líke burning coals 01 -fireand like the appearance of lamps. Inthe Kabbala,under the Sephiroth, are olassedthe angelíeorder ,of CHIVTH HQDSH. Ohioth Ha- Quadosh, holy living creatures, represented by the four signs : the Bull, Lion, 'Eagle. and ]4:an, con'espondingto Taurus, Leo, Beorpio and Aquarius. Scorpio, ~s a

(10)

good emblem, was symbolized by tlteEagle; as an evil omblem by the Scorpion, and as a mixed nature by tlte Snake. These emblems, in Ezekiel's visión, support the throne of Deíty whereon the Heavonly Man is seated: the Adam Qac1mon, tbe sephirotic image, andthe " mystery oí the earthly and mortal msn is after the mystery of the supernal and immortal One," and thus man was created tho image oí God upon earth. Thc 'I'etragrammaton is found in the form oí the body of man, thus ;-

*

The Hoac1 is 'I'he Shoulders are Tl e Body is The Lega are

....

Tho four anlmals are the vivified powers of thc four letters of tho 'I'etragrammaton operating under the presidency of the first sephira as the mainspring 01' prim¡tm mobile of creation. The four wbeels of Ezekiol's visión are the correlatives under the second sephira on the four sides, viz., the four elements of air, fire, water, and earth, t" Kabbala Denudats," Mathers.] Four spírits stand, four powers preside, four winds blow, and four water s flow, at the four cardinal points, on the four corners oí thc myths of the world, The Jewish people, when travelling in the wíldemess, used to eneamp around the tabernacle, in four divisions of threo tribes each, on the North,

South, East,

and West.

These tour divisions liad

Iour standards, symbolical oí tho Man, the Lion, the Ox, and the Eagle, and if we investigate Iurther we will find in the symbols oí tho twelvo tribes the zodiacal signs. The Bev:C. H. Malden gives them thus On the EastJudah Issachar Zebulou

Líon Asa A Ship

i-«

Gan. xlix.,

"

"

"

"

v.

9.

v. 14. v. 18.

• Tbe artist who drew the sngraving sadly miseoneeived the Hebrew letters, and makes them to read, in lieu of 1 H V H, V HH V HH. Rather than.alter the block the proper letters intended to be used are plaeed alongside their Englieh represen tnti ves.

(11) On the SouthReuben

Wa.t.er

Simeon

Swords

Gad

A Troop

Gen, xlix., v. 4.

" "

.u

v. 6.

,...

v. 19.

On tbe Wést-

...

Deut. xxxiii., v. 17.

Ephraim

Ox

Manasseh

VIne

Gen.

Benjamín

Wolf

,:,

xlix.,

"

v. 22. v, 27.

On the NorthDan

...

Asher Naphtali

!3er~nt Oup

.. •...

Hind

....

"11

"

1 would note here that the tabernaele

1,'

" JI

v. 17. v.20. v. 21.

ís full of similar

sym-

bolism. Take\for example, the curtains ofthe sanctnary and Joorway. ·Tbese were made of le blue and purple and scarlet and fine twined linen,' symbolical :-blue, of air ; purple, of water; scarlet, of fire; and the linen, being the natural produot of earth, was symbolical of the fourth elemento The Paruvians had four syinbols tbe Chinese.

~rhe Mexicans had

of

the Ionr elements.;

four great ages:

so had

the age of

earth, the a~e- of fire, the age of air, and the ~ge of water, these being basedon the circle oí the four quarters. The four wínds of the iour quarters, rnentioned by Ezekiel, are the same as Homer's four:Boreas, Eurus, NOtUB,and Zephyrus, N., E., S., W., and these

•

four winds were represented

G .

by the Cross witbin the oircle, thus :

Thi, hi~,oglyphiciá foúnd i~:Egypt and in Pompeií, m México, and North Ameriee, and has been callad the Cross of the Four Winds, and is identified with

tbe Iour cardinal points. Four colours were also identified with the four quarters in the typical mounf 01 the world, from which also flow the four rivera. In the Maya arrangement yellow is assigned to the East, red to the South, black to the West, and white to the North.

These four

(ti) ecrrespond 00 fue ages uamed after the metals: gold (yellow), silver (wbite). copper or brasa (red), and iron (blsek). Again tbe four elements were typiñed byTbe Crescent to Air The Triangle to Fira Tbe Circle to Water

The Square to Eartb

The four evangelista were typified by tbe four beasts. Sto Matthew, by tbe Man or Angel; Sto John,by the Eágle; Sto Mark, by tbe Lion; and Sto Luke, by tbe Ox. Tbese four attributes of the evangelists are referred to Christos himself in the following verses t ->

••Qnatuor broa Dnm" signllIlt animalla Est homo nascendo, vitulusque socer moriendo Et leo surgendo 000108 aqnílaqne petendo ; Neo minas hoo soribas animalia et ipsa figuran t."

The cburcbes, bowever, seem not to have understood

clearly,

or, at any rate, they conceaIed tbe symbolism of tbe four living creatures and tbeir connection with tbe zodiac, but they were ready to manufacture an explanatíon of the esoteric signiñcation of the association of the four beasta witb the Cross, Four angels or spirits presided at the four corners of tbe world, these being Micbael, Baphael, Gabriel, and Uriel, corresponding to tbe East, West, North, and South. Now, in architecture, tbe idea of tbe four -qnarters _88ems tohave been in tbe minds of the builders. Tbus, in temples and ehurches, the dome was mado to, represent tbe_ heavens. Tbe square building, on wbicb the dome rested, represented tbe eartb, • Contraotion for-Deum,

( 13)

.witp its four sides symbolísing the fot'lr que.rters. This la not oo1y the case in purely Ea.stern arohítecture, where probablj the idea wa.s fírst íormulated, but we find its fullest development in early Ohristian srchitecture, snd no where more beautifully illustrated then.ín ea.rly Byzantine ohurches ; and it inay also sean in many ea.rly !tallan ehurohea, whioh were evidently desígned on the samemodel. In tbese we can see how the four emblematie be!l.st$-the Líen, tbQ Ox, the Ea.g1e, and, the ~an-are pourtrayed on 8.0 starry ftrmament with the Oross m the centre oí the dome. 1 may reler here to cne af the e&'Uest nalian ohurohes, San Clemente, in. Ronw, which was originli.lit erected in the fourth or fifth Clent~ry,. AAd 'Vas rébuilt by Pope Adrianth~ first, in 790. In thls ehureh, whiQh ía oí the basílíea form, ~~e are some ratl:lElr curíous Aetails: the altar is p1o.oe4.at th~ base oí the apse, or what 1 woul'd eall the junotion'bf the Oross, and in the nave there waa plaeed the choír, ~.~ on either síde ofit Wo.s plaeed a pU!pit. callad an u·amb