The Contemporary Period

 

Qgj Fcbtjlpcriry [jroca (9?74[rjsjbt) I`sc hbcwb is tgj [cst JAVI @otjriturj

 

GOVQCUOFI@ CTJUTOJ^ (Fcbtjlpcriry [jroca)

 

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Qgj yjir 9?74 ajlirfitjs tgj ejnobbobn cd i bjw sfjbj ob tgj t gj ubdc`aobn birritovj cd fcbtjlpcriry [go`oppobj @otjriturj.

• Qgj di`` cd prjsoajbt Lirfcs‟ aoftitcrsgop wis i prc`odof jvjbt dcr aoddjrjbt Do`opobc wrotjrs.

• Qgj Do`opobc pjcp`j rjniobja tgj drjjacl iba obajpjbajbfj tgjy `cst drcl tgj pist 5; yjirs.

[jcp`j [cwjr (Djeruiry • Qgj sc-fi``ja 9?74) prjvio`ja. prjv io`ja. Qgj pjcp`j eirrofiaja59-5:, tgj tg j strjjts pjtotocbobn tgj ncvjrbljbt dcr dcr fgibnjs iba rjd rjdcrls. crls.

 

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^rotobn ubajr tgj lirtoi` `iw rjnolj wis fgiriftjrozja fgiriftjroz ja ey lo`otibfy iba ej``onjrjbfj, ej`` onjrjbfj, jvjb wgjb ot sgcwja up ob tgj `jni` prjss. Jspjfoi``y idtjr tgj ississobitocb cd Bobcy Iquobc ob tgj yjir 9?76, tgj tjlpjr cd pcjtry iba tgjitrj ajrovja lufg cd ots gjit iba aorjftocb drcl tgj pc`otofi` fu`turj cd tgj ubajrnrcuba bitocbi` ajlcfritof lcvjljbt.

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Gcwjvjr, wgjb tgj jbjly wjrj cvjrtgrcwb ob 9?74, tgj `otjriry iftovoty sgcwja i fjrtiob aoscrojbtitocb libodjstobn otsj`d ob i prc`odjritocb cd fcbfjrbs tihjb up ey obaovoaui` wrotjrs iba nrcups.

 

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Qgj Do`opobc `otjriry fcbtjlpcriry pjroca os fgiriftjrozja ey tgj usj cd bitovj `ibnuinjs is tgj liob tcc` cd `otjriry jxprjssocb ritgjr tgib dcrjonb `ibnuinjs. Qgj fcbtjlpcriry pjroca ejnib ob tgj 9?4;s eut tru`y ejnib tc d`curosg dc``cwobn tgj jba cd tgj lirtoi`-`iw aoftitcrsgop ob 9?74. Qgj fcbtjlpcriry lcvjljbt tcwira tgj usj cd bitovj `ibnuinjs ob Do`opobc `otjriturj wis s`cw tc ejnob auj tc tgj cpprjssovj lirtoi`-`iw aoftitcrsgop cd Djraobiba Lirfcs drcl 9?>5 tc 9?74. Gcwjvjr, dc``cwobn tgj jba cd tgj aoftitcrsgop, tgj [go`oppobjs ubajrtcch ib jddcrt tc rjsurdifj tgjor bitovj `ibnuinj `otjriry gostcry, iba tgj [go`oppobj Fcllossocb cb Gongjr Jauf Jaufitocb itocb liaj ot ce`onitcry tc tjifg [go`oppobj `otjriturj tc stuajbts.

 

[CVQ JAVI •

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@i Qcbajùi, spcbscrs cd tgj vjbjrie`j Fir`cs [i`ibfi Ljlcroi` Iwiras ob @otjriturj, gis liaj tgj bilj ‐[i`ibfi“ i sybcbyl dcr qui`oty `otjriry wcrhs ob ectg Jbn`osg iba Do`opobc. Qgj Bitocbi` Fcllossocb dcr Fu`turj iba tgj Irts (BFFI) wis frjitja ey `iw ob 9??5. Ot gis i fcllottjj ob `otjriry irts wgofg dubas wcrhsgcps, fcbdjrjbfjs, pue`ofitocbs iba i virojty cd prcmjfts njirja tcwiras tgj prcauftocb cd i ‐biocbi` `otjriturj“. Qgj fcllottjj gis tgj iol cd ajvj`cpobn wrotobn tgit os lu`to-`obnui`, lu`to-fu`turi`, lu`to-fu`turi`, iba tru`y bitocbi`.

 

Fgiriftjrostofs cd [cst JAVI @otjriturj/ Fcbtjlpcriry [jroca @otjriturj • Qgjrj os ob tgj ifiajlj ib jljrnobn frotofi` crojbtitocb tgit ariws ariws ots fcbfjrbs iba obsongts drcl `otjriry tgjcrozobn furrjbt ob Jbn`iba iba tgj Zbotja Vtitjs • [cst-JAVI pue`osgobn gis ejjb lirhja ey iavjbturcusbjss, i wo``obnbjss nile`jcd cbtgj "bcb-triaotocbi`" prcmjfts. • Qgj ajf`obobntcprjstonj Bjw Frotofosl, wgcsj roncrcus ijstgjtof bcrls gis prjvocus`y dubftocbja is i [rcfrustjib eja cb wgofg Do`opobc iutgcrs iba tgjor wcrhs wjrj ljisurja, gis cpjbja i nip ob tgj frotofi` jvi`uitocb cd `otjriry wcrhs • Qgj dcurtg iba dobi` fgiriftjrostof cd pcst-JAVI wrotobn os tgj ajvj`cpljbt tgrust tcwiras tgj rjtrojvi` iba tgj rjfupjritocb cd wrotobn ob [go`oppobj `ibnuinjs ctgjr tgib Qini`cn.

 

FGIUIFQJUOVQOFV CD FCBQJL[CUIU_ @OQJUIQZUJ •

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Jbn`osg iba Do`opobc fcbtobuj tc ej tgj limcr ljaoi cd `otjriturj. @otjriturj is i vjbuj dcr scfoc-pc`otofc-jfcbclof-rj`onocus aosfussocbs iba i vjgof`j dcr pjrscbi` tgcungts iba djj`obns gis ejfclj lirhja. @otjriry tgjljs fcvjr i woaj ribnj cd suemjfts lcst cutstibaobn ilcbn wgofg jxostjbtoi`osl iba tgj sjirfg dcr oajbtoty ob viryobn `jvj`s iba sjttobns, ajfjptocb iba voc`jbfj pjrpjtuitja ey tgcsj ob pcwjr, nrobaobn pcvjrty, jspjfoi``y ob tgj fcubtry-soajs iba ob sclj fotojs, bitocbi`osl, tjbibt-`iba`cra rj`itocbsgop, gulib rongts voc`itocb iba tgj sjirfg sjirfg dcr tgj ajsipirjfo ajsipirjfoacs, acs, iba tgj Do`opobc aoispcri aoispcri iba tgj jxpjrojbfjs cd cvjrsjis Do`opobc wcrhjrs (CD^) iba lonribts.

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Qgj Ibn`c-Iljrofib triaotocb, wgofg obf`uajs tgj drjj vjrsj iba tgj e`ibh vjrsj, niobja iffjptibfj ilcbn wrotjrs.

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Qgj Jurc-Gospibof triaotocb wis e`jbaja wotg tgj triaotocb cd prcpinibai iba

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rjvc`utocbiry `otjriturj tc ejfclj i tru`y Do`opobc triaotocb. Qgj 4;‟s iba tgj >;‟s siw tgj rjsurnjbfj cd fiusj -crojbtja `otjriturj. Qgos lo`otibfy, i`tgcung lirhja`y tcbja acwb, gis fcbtobuja tc tgj prjsjbt.

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Durtgjr ajvj`cpljbt cd rjnocbi` `otjriturjs gis ejjb novjb i strcbnjr olpjtus tgrcung tgj obf`usocb cd rjnocbi` `otjriry listjrpojfjs ob tgj fc``jnj furrofu`ul. Do`opobc wrotjrs givj ejfclj lcrj fcbsfocus cd tgjor fridt is sgcwb ey tgj rjnu`ir fcbauft cd wrotobn wcrhsgcps.

 

QCAI_, [GO@O[[OBJ @OQJUIUQZUJ LI_ QGZV EJ F@IVVODOJA OBQC= Qgj Ujsoaui`, i ncca pirt cd wgofg os cri` iba rjnocbi`, •

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eut rjliobs ob tgj lirnobs solp`y ejfiusj cd tgj fjbtjr cd wrotobn iba pue`osgobn os ob Ljtrc Libo`i. Qgj aclobibt aclo bibt `ibnuinj, `irnj`y ob Jbn`osg iba Q Qini`cnini`cneisja Do`opobc. Qgj jljrnjbt, prcaufja ey tgcsj tgcs j ob tgj pjropgjry, pjropgjry, tgj lirnobi`ozja sjftcrs, obf`uaobn wcrhjrs, wcrhjrs, pjisibts, ureib pccr, wcljb, niys, `jseoibs iba jtgbof nrcups.

 

Ob tgj sgcrt spib cd tgj jxostjbfj cd tgj truj Ujpue`of cd tgj [go`oppobjs, sjvjri` fgibnjs i`rjiay ejfilj jvoajbt. Qgos ob bctofja ob tgj bjw Do`opobc scbns, ob tgj bjwspipjrs, ob tgj spjjfgjs, iba jvjb ob tgj tj`jvosocb prcnrils.

 

9. Cb Bjwspipjrs Bjwspipjrs iba ctgjr pue`ofitocbs= Fc`ulbosts ejfilj lcrj vcfi` iba ubrjstroftja. Bjwspipjrs wgofg wjrj cbfj eribaja frcby bjwspipjrs ejfilj obstibtt cppcsotocb pipjrs cvjrbongt. Qgos wis truj cd EZ@@JQOB obstib QCAI_ wgofg ejfilj tgj cppcsotocb pipjr. Qgj bcw frcby bjwspipjrs tgit jbmcyja ib cvjrbongt obfrjisj ob forfu`itocb wjrj •

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QGJ OBYZOUJU, LI@I_I, iba tgj [JC[@J‟V MCZUBI@.

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Ey Mubj 95, 9?74, i tcti` cd 9? `cfi` aio`ojs ectg ob Jbn`osg iba Do`opobc wjrj ob forfu`itocb.

Bcwgjrj sobfj tgj 9?:;‟s gia tgjrj ejjb sufg i eon bulejr cd bjwspipjrs ob forfu`itocb (jxf`uaobn tie`coas).Qgjsj bjwspipjrs obf`uaj= EZ@@JQOB, QJL[C, EI@OQI, LI@I_, LOAAI_, LIVI, LIBO@I QOLJV, BJ^V GJUI@A, QUOEZBJ, BNI_CB, OBYZOUJU,

JW[UJVV QCBONGQ, JTJBOBN [CVQ, [JC[@J‟V, AIO@_ LOUUCU, EZVOBJVV AI AI_ _, iba LIBO@I FGUCBOF@J.

 

5. Cb Ecchs= [go`oppobj `otjriturj `otjriturj os sto`` ob tgj lihobn •

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Qgj [go``oppobjrjvc`utocb [go``oppobjrjvc`utocb cd 9?74 iba tgj dorj cd ots sporot tgit wo`` firry tgj Do`opobcs tgrcung ibctgjr jpcfg ob [go`oppobj gostcry os sto`` ejobn acfuljbtja must is tgjy givj ejjb ob tgj fcubt`jss lo``ocbs wgc pirtofopitja ob ecay iba sporot ob ots rji`ozitocb. rji`ozitocb. Qwc Qw c ecchs wjrj fcbfjovja aurobn tgj pjroca. [JC[@J [C^JU wis prcaufja ubajr jaotja i nr nribt ibtey eyLcbobiI``irjyLjr tgj [FO Eibh Gulib Ujscurfjs Ajvj`cpljbt Dcubaitocb, LcbobiI``irjyLjrfiac fiac iba pue`osgja ey tgj Miljs Mi ljs E. Ujutjr, Ujutjr, V.M. Dcubaitocb.

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Ibctgjr cbj EI_ EI_IB HC wis pue`osgja ey [rcmjft 57 Aiys @QA. @QA. ob Mubj, 9?74 ob Hcw`ccb, Gcbn Hcbn iba fc-pue`osgja ob tgj [go`oppobjs ey Tjrotis[ue`ofitocbs iba Fcllubofitocbs Dcubaitocb. Ob Lirfg 9?, 9?7> tgj Vjvjbtg Bitocbi` Ecch Iwiras fotja sjvjri` sjvjri` ejst ecchs pue`osgja ob 9?7> iffcraobn tc tgj fgcofjs liaj ey tgj Libo`i Frotofs Forf`j. Ilcbn tgcsj iwiraja wjrj= Arjilw Arjilwjivjr jivjrsVj`jftja sVj`jftja [cjls (9?>4-9?74) ey Lirmcroj [jrboiibaIwot [jrboiibaIwotitFcrroac=[go`oppobj itFcrroac=[go`oppobj Ljtrofi` Uclibfjs ey Ailoibi@. Junjboc.

 

^rotjr's Crnibozitocb Idtjr JAVI Ujvc`utocb (9?74-9??:) •ZL[O@ (Zbycb bn lni Libubu`it bn [o`opobc) •[IBZ@IQ ([ile ileib ibsi sib bn Zbycb bn lni Li Libu bubu bu``it) •[ibai ibaiy y @o @opo po •NIQ (Ni`oib si Irtj) •Hitgi •@OUI (@o @obi bibn bnib ib si Olig Oligj, j, Ujt jtcr croh ohi i it Ib Ibyc yc)) ubn`c Aino Ainoto to Lib Libub ubu urit bni Or Orch chib ibc) c) •NZLO@ (Nubn •@ZA ZAIE IEOO (@ (@ue ueis is si Ai`i Ai`in nibn ibn Eosi Eosiy yi)

•[JB ([jb, Jssiy iba Bcvj`)

 

Fcbtjlpcriry @otjriry Qypjs

 

Fcbtjlpcriry @otjriry Qypjs Lcajrb [cjtry ‖ Qgos os i bjw sty`j cd pcjtry wrotobn ob Qini`cn, i ajvoitocb drcl tgj gong`y rolja, ajf`ilitcry triaotocb hbcwb dcr liby fjbturojs. Jxilp`j= Jxilp `j= Qu`i si Vib Vibiy iysi siy y ey @o`oi Yuoba Yuobacz czi i Vibt Vibtoinc oinc Vhob Tcofjs Difjs ey Aibtcb Ujlctc

 

Lcajrb Vgcrt Vtcry ‖ Qgjsj irj stcrojs sjt ob tgj [go`oppobjs ob tgj Jbn`osg `ibnuinj Jxilp`j= Jxilp` j= Viribnn Viribnnc`i c`i (9??? (9???)) ey Mcsj Ai`osiy Ob tgj Ecscl cd tgj Jbjly (stcry iba sfrjjbp`i sfrj jbp`iy) y) _jir 5;;9 5;;9 ey ey Mcsj Ai`osiy

 

fcbtjlpcriry [go`oppobj bcvj`s Bcvj` ‖ Lcst fcbtjlpcriry irj fcbfjrbja wotg pc`otofi` jvjbts, scfoi` prce`jls, iba pc`otofs tgit usui``y pcrtriy fgriftj fgr iftjrs rs ob ajspjr ajspjritj itj strunn`j strunn`j dcr survovi`. survovi`. Jxilp`j= Qgj E`uj Ibnj`, ^gotj Vgiacw ey

Fgir`s Fgir `scb cb Cbn Cbn Hieo`ibn si lni Biwiwi`i ey Uofirac @jj

 

Arili ‖ Qgrcung tgj yjirs, [go`oppobj tgjitrj nrcups givj stinja stinja buljrcus p`iys ob ectg Jbn`osg iba Do`opobc, ej ot wrottjb ey i ^jst ^jstjrb jrb cr ``cfi` cfi` p`iywrongt. Vpibosg fu`turj iba triaotocbs `irnj`y obd`ujbfj pjrdcrlobn irts ob tgj [go`oppobjs, eut tgj fcbtjlpcriry fcbtjlpcr iry sty`j os ecrrcwja drcl Iljrofibs. Jxilp`j= ^gy Os _j``cw tgj Loaa`j cd tgj Uiobecw3 ‖ I Acfuljbtiry 9??1 Do`opobc Acfuljbtiry Do`opobc fc``inj fc``inj do`l jaotja, sgct, fc-wrottjb, iba aorjftja ey Hoa Hoa`i `itt Qigoloh igoloh Viribnn Vir ibnnc`i c`i wrottjb wrottjb ey Mcs Mcsj j Ai`osi Ai`osiy y Mr. Mr. ob 9???

 

Jssiy ‖Do`opobc jssiys iaarjss scfojti` ossujs, irj lcrj drjj iba airobn, libodjstobn libodjstobn i lcrj `oejritja `oejrit ja itlcspgjrj, gcwjvjr pcobtobn cut lcri` ajnriaitocb, obaofitobn obmustofj, sunnjstobn i`tjrbitovjs, iba aorjftobn tgcungt. Jxilp`j= Iniobst Iniobst tgj Ayobn cd tgj @ongt=Qgj Do`opobc ^rotjr rotjr iba Lirtoi` Lirtoi` @iw ey Ja Liribib (Do`opobc pcjt, jssiyost, doftocb wrotjr , p`iywrongt, tribs`itcr iba wrotjr )

 

Qgjlj cd Fcbtjlpcriry [jroca ^crhs ^rotjrs wrctj doftocb tgit dcfusja cb fcurinjcus ajjas is wj`` is tgj sifrodofjs iba suddjrobn ob tgj `ovjs cd Do`opobcs. Ot wis i`sc fcllcb dcr wrotjrs tc wrotj iecut tgj jxpjrojb jxpjrojbfjs fjs cd tgj Do`opobc pjcp`j ubajr tgj Vpibosg iba Iljrofib ru`j iba tgj Mipibjsj Cffupitocb. Ctgjr suemjfts iba tgjljs obf`uaj= Uj`onocus diotg Vupjrstotocbs Dibtisy Vcfoi` [rce`jls [cvjrty [c`otofs Bitocbi`osl •

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Lcri`oty

 

[rjvi`jbt Iutgcrs iba Qgjor ^crhs

 

9. Dj`osi j`osi Eit Eitifib ifib •

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i`sc hbcwb is D.G. D.G. Eit Eitifib ifib cvjrsj cvjrsjis is os i Do`opobc mcurbi`ost iba frolj doftocb wrotjr eisja ob Vobnipcrj Gjr dor dorst st b bcvj cvj`` Vli``jr iba Vli``jr Vli``jr Frof` Fr of`js js (5 (5;; ;;5) 5) wi wiss fcbso fcbsoajr ajrja ja tc tc ej tgj

[go`oppobjs‟ dorst frolj bcvj`. •

Qgos bcvj` bcvj` wcb tgj Fir`cs Fir`cs [i`ibf [i`ibfi i Nriba Nriba [rozj [rozj dcr tgj Jbn`osg Bcvj` ob 9??? iba 5;;5 Bitocbi` Ecch Iwira iba tgj 5;;6 Liaroni`Liaroni`Ncbzi`jz Ejst Dorst Ecch Iwira.

 

Njbj bjvov vovj j @. Isj Isjbm bmc c 5. Nj •

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Hbcwb dcrDo`opobc, gjr ieo`oty tc wrotj iba tribs`itj ejtwjjb Hobiriy-i iba Go`oniybcb, Isjbmc‟s dor dorst st bcv bcvj`, j`, @ulei @uleiybnAo ybnAo`i `i (5 (5;9 ;9;) ;),, wcb tgj Bitocbi` Ecch Iwira ob 5;99. wis ib Cvjrsjis ^rotobn Dj``cw eifh ob 5;;? ob

Vjcu` iba ittjbaja tgj Zbovjrsoty cd Ocwi‟s prjstonocus Obtjrbitocbi` ^rotobn [rcnril is ib •

Gcbcriry ^rotobn Dj``cw ob 5;95. Cb tcp cd ejobn Isscfoitj [rcd [rcdjsscr jsscr it Aj @i Vi``j Zbovjrsoty-Libo`i, Zbovjr soty-Libo`i, sgj os i`sc tgj dcubajrdcubajraorjftc aor jftcrr c cdd Ei`i Ei`iy y Vunoa Vunoaibub. ibub.

 

6. @ih @ihile ileobo obo Vot Votcy cy.. •

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Ajsfroeja is i ‐ero``oibt bjw ti`jbt“ ey tgj Bjw _crh Ujvojw cd Ecchs Ujfjovja Ujfjovj a proz prozjs js drcl tgj [i`ibf [i`ibfi i Iwiras is wj`` is tgj [go`oppobjs Drjj [rjss Iwira.

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^crhs=  ‖

Vwjjt Givjb •

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Ljbss Uji Ljb Uji iba iba Ctgj Ctgjrr Vt Vtcro crojs js (9???) (9???) •

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Gjr dorst bcvj` bcvj` tgit gia ejjb ejjb `cbn`ostja dcr tgj Lib I Isoib soib @otjriry [rozj ob 5;;7 iba suesjqujbt`y tribs`itja obtc Drjbfg ob 5;99. rjfjovja tgj Bitocbi` Ecch Iwira ob 9???

Mubn`j Mub n`j [`ibj [`ibjtt (5;;4) (5;;4)

 

1. Lirmcroj Jvisfc. I pcjt tgit proajs gjrsj`d is i truj Ec`-ibcb wgc hj hjjps jps i`ovj ‐tgj ljlcry iba sporot cd tgj rjvc`t `ja ey Aincgcy,“ fcllottobn ‐gjr vosocb tgrcung gjr pcjtr pcjtryy, ej`ojvobn tgit tgj wcrtgy wirrocr iba gji`jr os iajpt it

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novobn vcofj tc tgj vosocb sc tgit c ctgjrs tgjrs liy sobn ot, tcc.“ Cbj cd tgj jir`ojst suppcrtjrs cd wcljb‟s rongts iba

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wcljb wrotjrs [go`oppobjs. wrottjb itgit gibadu` cd fc``jftocbs sufgob sufg istgj Arjil Arjilwjivjr wjivjrs, s,Gis i fc``jftocb ajtio`s ajtio`s gjr sjbsj cd cronob iba aji`s wotg tgj obtrofifojs cd ibfjstri` gjrotinj. Gis rjfjovja ob turb i eufhjt `cia cd iwiras, obf`uaobn tgj

[i`ibfi [i`ibf i iba Bit Bitocbi` ocbi` Ecch Ecch Iwiras. Iwiras. ^crhs= Arjilwjivjrs= Vj`jftja [cjls 9?>4-9?74 (9?7>) Cfgrj Qcbjs= [cjls ob Jbn`osg iba Fjeuibc (9???)

 

:. Ece Cbn Ece Cbn Cbn os tg tgj j ps psjua juacb cbyl yl cd i fc fcbt btjlp jlpcr criry iry Do Do`op `opobc obc Iutgcr hbcwb dcr usob usobn n fcbvj fcbvjrsitocbi` rsitocbi` wrotob wrotobn n tjfgboqu tjfgboquj j tc frjitj gulcrcus iba rjd`jftovj rjd`jftovj ajpoftocbs cd [go`oppobj `od `odj. j.Qgj Qgj iutgcr's iftui` bilj iba oajbtoty os ubhbcwb. Qwc cd gos wcrhs givj ejjb iaiptja obtc do`l. IEBHHEVB[@Ihc3!  IEBHHEVB[@Ihc3!  Qgj Lcvoj wis rj`jisja ob 5;91 aorjftja ey Lirh Ljo`y. Qgjb ob @uliycH ycHiBn iBniVi iVi Ihob wis sgcwb ob tgjitjrs, aorjftja i`sc ey 5;94, @uli

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Ljo`y, wotg Fgros Lirtobjz iba IbacyUibiy. ^crhs= Bcb Doftocb IEBHHEVB[@Ihc3! (5;;9) EihotEi`oh EihotE i`ohtiaL tiaLineis ineisibn@o ibn@oerci ercibnln bnlni i [o`op [o`opobc3 obc3 (5;;5 (5;;5)) Ibn[iecrotcbn@oercboGuais (5;;6) Vtiob`jss @cbnnibosi (5;;:) :4 (5 (5;9 ;97) 7) • •

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Doftocb ^crhs I`ilitbnNueit (5;;6) •

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Lifirtgur (5;;>)

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ipot otib ib Vo Vobc bc (5;;?) Hip

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Ibnl Ibnlni niHi Hioeon oeonibbo ibbo Lili Vusib Vusib (5;9;)

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@uliyc ycHiB HiBni ni Vi Iho Ihob b (5;99) @uli Vo (5;91)

 

4. Bofcl Bofcljbajs jbajs Lir Lirquj qujzz Mciquo Mciquob b cr Bofh Mci Mciquob quob cr Yuom Yu omib ibc c Aj AjLi Libo bo`i `i I [go`oppobj Bitocbi` Irtost dcr @otjriturj, @otjriturj, gj wis ejst hbcwb dcr gos sgcrt stcrojs iba bcvj`s ob tgj

Jbn`osg `ibnuinj, lcst bctie`y ‐Qgj ‐ Qgj ^ ^clib clib ^gc Gia Qwc Bivj`s“. Gj i`sc wis i mcurbi`ost ubajr tgj pjb bil bilj j Yu Yuomi omibc bc AjL AjLibo ibo`i `i iba wr wrct ctj j ie iecut cut tgj [go`oppobj jbtjrtiobljbt sfjbj is wj`` is gostcry, bctie`y cb tgj tgjlj cd Mcsj Uozi` iba i gostcry cd tgj foty cd Libo`i. Liy 1, 9?9> ‖ Ipro` 5?, 5;;1 ^crhs= Qgj Yuirtjt cd tgj Qonjr Lccb= Vfjbjs drcl tgj [jcp`j [cwjr Ipcfi`ypsj (9?74)

Fc``jftja Tjrsj (9?7>)  

>. Linbc ‐Fir`c“ Mcsj Fipiris Ecrb Ecr b cb Ajfj Ajfjejr ejr 9:, 9?:7 9?:7 ^oaj`y hbcwb is Fir`c M. Fipiris I Do`opobc fclof strop frjitcr/wrotjr-turbja frjitcr/wrotjr-turbja aorjftcr iba prcaufjr, wgc os ejst hbcwb dcr frjitobn sufg Do`opobc supjrgjrcjs iba fclof ecch fgiriftjrs is [ibaiy, Eihjhibn, Eihjh ibn, Qctcy Qctcy Eitc, Eitc, Hilincbn, Hilibain, J`ois [iboho iboho iba jtf. jtf. ^crhs= Viba Vi baih ihct ct bi Ei`i Ei`i (9?7 (9?77 7) Mciquob Mciq uob Ecra Ecraiac iac (9?77) (9?77)

 

7. No`ai C`voaiac Drcl Fjeu Foty, Fjeu I Do`opobc lcvoj iba tj`jvosocb wrotjr, iba lj`carili bcvj`ost. bcvj`ost. Gjr bcvj`s givj ejjb tu turbja rbja obtc `ovj-iftocb lcvojs ey TOTI TOTI Do`ls, iba i`sc ejjb rjliaj dcr tj`jvosocb tgrcung Vobj Bcvj`i. Ecrb cb Iunust ?, 9?:> ob Fjeu ^crhs= Guwin uwin Lc Hi Hilobn Osu Osulpi (9?74) [obu`c u`ct Hi @i @ibn si si @upi (9?7>) Linhibc ibn Oycbn Aibni` (9?77)

 

?. @ui`g @ui`gito ito Eiutost Eiutosti i @ui`gito Eiutosti wis ecrb ob 9?1 9?1:. :. Dcr tgj njbjritocb njbjritocb cd Do`opobcs wgc rjia Ajhiai >; , sjt aurobn tgj Lirtoi` @iw yjirs, yjirs, tgj bcvj` w wis is ib iwihj iwihjbobn bobn cd pc`otofi` fcbsfocusbjss. Eiutosti, cbj cd tgj fcubtry‟s ejttjr ejttjr-hbcwb fcbtjlpcriry wrotjrs wrotjrs cd Qini`cn Qini`cn doftocb, os tgj rjfopojbt cd buljrcus `otjriry iwiras, iwiras, lcst bctie`y tgj Fir`cs [i`ibfi [i`ibfi Ljlcroi` Iwir Iwiras as dcr @otjri @otj riturj turj,, wgofg sgj wcb dcr tgj bcvj`s bcvj`s Nipc Nipc (9?7;), (9?7;), Ajhiai Ajhiai >; (9?76 (9?76), ), iba Eiti, Eiti, Eiti, Eiti, [iibc [iibc Hi Nobiwi Nobiwi 3 (9?71). (9?71). Idtjr f`csj tc dcur ajfiajs cd wrotobn bcvj`s, sgcrt stcrojs, tj`jp`iys, iba sfrjjbp`iys, @ui`gito Eiutosti gis fclj tc ej hbcwb dcr gjr gcbjst gcbjst

rji`osl, gjr fcurinjcus jxp`critocb cd wcljb‟s ossujs, iba gjr fclpj``obn djli`j prctincbosts, wgc fcbdrcbt aoddofu`t sotuitocbs it gclj iba ob tgj wcrhp`ifj wotg ubfcllcb nrot iba strjbntg. strjbntg. Ecchs= Eiti, Eit i, Eiti... Eiti... [i'bc [i'bc Hi Nobiwi Nobiwi3 ‗NI[Ñ (it os osib ibn n puto putobn bn [o [o`o `opo pobc bc,, si si lu luba bac c bn ln lni i Iljr Iljroh ohib ibcb cbn n hu`i hu`iy y ercw ercwb) b) Ajhiai Ajh iai '>; (Ibn (Ibn Crogob Crogobi` i` it Hulp` Hulp`jt jtcbn cbn Jaos Jaosycb ycb)) Ob Vostjrgcca‑@ji it @ui`gito •

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9;. Ile Ilejtg jtg Cfilp Cfilpc c Gj wis ecrb cb Iunust 96, 9?49.

Gj os i Do`opobc gostcroib ejst hbcwb dcr gos wrotobns iecut [go`oppobjs‟ bitocbi` gjrc Mcsj Uozi` iba dcr @cchobn Eifh, gos eo-w eo-wjjh`y jjh`y jaotcroi` pinj ob tgj tgj Fgiorlib [go`oppobjcd Aio`y Gj fc`ulb sjrvja is tgj Obquorjr. Bitocbi` Gostcrofi` Fcllossocb cd tgj [go`oppobjs (5;;5-5;99) iba fcbfurrjbt`y Fgiorlib cd tgj Bitocbi` Fcllosocb dcr Fu`turj Fu`turj iba tgj Irts (5;;:-5;;>). Ecchs= Uozi` ^otgcut tgj Cvjrfcit Ecbjs cd Fcbtjbtocb= Qgj Ibarjs Ecbodifoc @jfturjs Ljibobn iba Gostcry= Qgj Uozi` U ozi` @jfturjs @cchobn Eifh Lihilosi= Qgj Vjirfg dcr Uozi`'s Qgora Bcvj` •

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99. Lonuj` Vymufc Lonuj` Vymufc, drcl Libo`i, os tgj iutgcr cd O`ustriac, tgj ajeut bcvj` wgofg wcb tgj 5;;7 Lib Isoib @otjriry @otjriry [rozj is wj`` is tgj [i`ibfi Iwira. Gj gis acbj wcrh dcr limcr obtjrbitocbi` pue`ofitocbs sufg is i fcpy jaotcr it Qgj Lcbtrji` Nizjttj, gis Obtjrbitocbi`. i wjjh`y ecch-rjvojw ecch-rj fi``ja tgj Eoe`oc-Do`j cb FEF's Uiaoc iba Fibiai Gj vojw gis ifc`ulb listjr's ajnrjj ob frjitovj wrotobn drcl Fc`uleoi Zbovjrsoty iba os fclp`jtobn i [gA ob Jbn`osg `otjriturj `otjriturj drcl tgj Zbovjrsoty Zbovjrsoty cd Iaj`ioaj ob Iustri`oi. Lonuj`'s furrjbt `otjriry wrotobn jxp`crjs tgj pcssoeo`otojs cd birritovj birritovj doftocb iba jxilobjs tgj fclp`jxotojs cd i Qgora ^cr`a scfojty obvc`vja ob rjfh`jss ajfiy iba gcpjdu` prcnrjss ^crh= O`ustriac •

 

95. MCJ_ AI@OVI_ MU. Mcsj Ai`osiy Mr. wrotjs i pcpu`ir cb`obj fc`ulb wgjrj gj‟s lcrj fcllcb`y hbcwb ey gos pjb Ai`osiy. Ai`osiy wis olproscbja aurob bilj, Eutfg Ai`osiy. aurobn n Lirtoi` @iw, @iw, iba gos jxpjrojbfjs drcl tgos pcrtocb cd [go`oppobj gostcry irj ercungt tc `odj ob gos dorst bcvj`, Ho``obn Qolj ob i ^irl

[`ifj. Gos sjfcba Vc`jaia‟s Vostjr tifh`js tgj5;;>. p`ongt^otg cd cvjrsjis Do`opobc wcrhjrs, wis sgcrt`ost sgcrt`ostja ja dcrbcvj`, tgj Lib Isoib @otjr @otjriry iry [rozj ob ^otgob ob tgj [go`oppobjs, Ai`osiy iba gis wcb 94 [i`ibfi Iwiras, tgj fcubtry‟s gongjst prozj dcr `otjriturj. ^crhs= Ho``obn Qolj ob i ^irl [`ifj,9??5 (Bcvj`)

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Vc`jaia‟s Vostjr, 5;;7 (Bcvj`)

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Liao`olibn Liao`oli bn Nieo si@ict si@ict it Oei [ibn [ibn LniAu LniAu`ibn@ `ibn@oni oniwbi[ wbi[in-Oe in-Oeon, on, 9??6 ([`iy) ([`iy) [insiecnbn@owibin/ [insiecnbn@ow ibin/ Ibobin, Ibobc, 9??4 ([`iy) IbnEutogobnEieijbnQolcn/Lif Li`ofso, QBQ, 9??> ([`iy) QiycbnAi`iwi, 9??1 (Vfrjjbp`iy) Lonuj`otc, 9??: (Vfrjjbp`iy) Viribnnc`i, 9??? (Vfrjjbp`iy) Qgj Ejst cd Eird`y, 9??> (Bcbdoftocb) Qgj @ivis= I Do`opobc Dilo`y, 9??? (Bcbdoftocb) Lib Cvjrecira, 5;;: (Bcbdoftocb)

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‐^isg= Cb`y i Ecch hjjpjr“, 5;;? (Bcbdoftocb) ‐Euo`ajr cd Eroanjs= Qgj Uuay Fujbfi Vtcry,“ 5;9; ctgjr ecchs (Bcbdoftocb)

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(Is jaotcr) Hisiysiyib= Qgj Vtcry cd tgj Do`opobc [jcp`j, 9??7 (Bcbdoftocb)

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Qgj Do`opobc D`in, 5;;1 (Bcbdoftocb) Mcurbjys wotg @ongt= Qgj Tosocb cd Miolj ]cej`, 5;;: (Bcbdoftocb)

 

96. VOCBO@ MCVJ Dribfosfc Vocbo` Mcsï‟s bcvj`s, sgcrt stcrojs iba bcb-doftocb wcrhs gong`ongt tgj scfoi` ubajrpobbobns, f`iss strunn`js iba fc`cboi` gostcry cd Do`opobc scfojty. Gj os ejst hbcwb dcr gos jpof wcrh, Qgj Ucsi`js Vini ‖ dovj bcvj`s jbfclpissobn i gubarja yjirs cd [go`oppobj gostcry, gostcry, piobtobn i vovoa acfuljbtiry cd Do`opobc `odj. Mcsï gis wcrhja is i mcurbi`ost, iba gis dcubaja i ecchsgcp, pue`osgobn gcusj iba irt ni``jry. Ob 9?44, gj jstie`osgja Vc`oairoty, i lcbtg`y linizobj cd

‐furrjbt iddiors, oajis iba tgj irts,“ wgcsj fcbtroeutcrs obf`uaja Vcutgjist Isoi‟s `jiaobn wrotjrs, pcjts, stitjsljb, sfgc`irs iba pc`otofi` iftovosts.

^crhs= • •

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[c-cb (9?71) Qgj [rjtjbajrs (9?45) Ly Erctgjr, Ly Jxjfutocbjr (9?>6) Liss (9?>1) Qrjj (9?>7)

 

91. NOBI I[CVQC@ Nobi Ipcstc` (ecrb 9?46) os i [go`oppobjs-ecrb wrotjr eisja ob tgj Zbotja Vtitjs. Vgj wis ecrb ob Libo`i iba nrjw up ob Qif`ceib. Qif`ceib. Vgj nriauitja drcl tgj Zbovjrsoty Zbovjrsoty cd tgj [go`oppobjs iba tgjb t gjb tcch i Listjr's ajnrjj ob frjitovj wrotobn it Mcgbs Gcphobs Zbovjr Zb ovjrsoty soty.. Gjr Iljrofib ajeut bcvj`, Nub Aji`jr's Aiungtjr, wcb tgj 5;96 [JB/Cpjb Ecch iwira. Vgj gis fcbtroeutja tc tgj @cs Ibnj`js Ujvojw cd Ecchs iba Dcrjonb [c`ofy. ^crhs= •

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Eoe`oc`jpsy (9??>, Zbovjrsoty cd [go`oppobjs [rjss= OVEB ?>7?>9:1596>?) Qgj Ujvc`utocb Iffcraobn tc Uiylubac (5;;?, Libo`i= Ibvo` OVEB ?>7?>9:1596>?) Nub Aji`jr's Aiungtjr (5;9;, Libo`i= Ibvo`8 5;95, Bcrtcb= OVEB ?>7;6?6;45?14) Obsurrjftc (5;97, Vcgc [rjss= OVEB ?>7-9494?:?11?)

 

Ctgjr @otjriturj [rcaufja •

Vcbns Eiy yib Hc“ ‖ wrottjb ey tgj pcjt Mcsj Fcrizcb aj ‐Ei  ‖

Mjsus i. Mjsus i.h.i h.i.. Gu Gusjb sjbn n Eit Eitut utj j iba luso lusoff w wis is e ey y Fcbsti Fcbs tibfo bfoc c aj Nuzl Nuzlib ib  ‖

‐Gibacn bn [o` [o`opobc si Lubac“ fclpcsja ey Mol [irjajs

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‐Linhiosi“ fclpcsja ey Vjbitcr Qotc Vcttc, Jrboj Jrb ojw w aj `i [ [jù jùi i iba Gc Gcljr ljr D`c D`crj rjss

 

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[cjl  ‖

I Nriob Nriob cd Arj Arjils ils - Aclobn Aclobnc c @ibao @ibaofgc fgc

[`iy/Lcvoj  ‖

Cripr Cr iprcbc cbceos eos aor aorjft jftja ja ey @ob @obc c Er Ercfh cfhi i

 

Ctgjr @otjriturj [rcaufja •

Qc Ly Bitovj @iba @iba ‖ Qirrcsi irrcsi Vueoac Vueoac

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Ly Ditgjr‟s Qrinjay ‖ Fir`cs Eu`csib

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Fiaivjr ‖ I`ejrtc V. D`crjbtobc Ior Fist`js ‖ Muib D. Vi`izir

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Qgj Vji ‖ Bi Bito tovo voai aia a Li Lirrqujz qujz

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Ibn [obihigu` gu`obn Hwjbtc bo Gu`o (Qgj Tjry @ist Vtcry cd Gu`o) ‖ @o` @o`oi oi Yuoba Yuobacz czi i Vibtoi Vibtoinc nc

 

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Qgj Jxjfutocb ‖ Fg Fgir ir`s `scb cb Cbn Cbn

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Hieo`ib `ibn si lni Biwiwi`i (Ilcbn tgj

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Aosippjirja) ‖ Uofirac @jj Njy`uv ‖ Gc Gcbc bcro roc c Aj A Aoc ocss

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Ajia Vtirs (Vgcrt Vtcry) ‖ [iz Lirqujz Ejbotjz

 

BJ^V[I[JU BJ^V[ I[JU FC@ZLBOVQV •

LixolcVc`ovjb

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@cuoj Ej`trib

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Go`irocbGjbirjs

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Dribfosfc Vcf Ucaronc

 

ECCHV •

[jcp`j [cwjr

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-prcaufja ubajr i nribt ey tgj [FO Eibh Gulib Ujscurfjs Ajvj`cpljbt Dcubaitocb

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-jaotja ey LcbobiI``irjyLjr LcbobiI``irjyLjrfiac fiac

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-pue`osgja ey tgj Miljs E. Ujutjr Ujutjr,, V.M. Dcubaitocb

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Eiyi Ei yib b Hc

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-pue`osgja ey [rcmjft 57 Aiys @QA. @QA. ob Mubj, 9?74 ob Hcw`ccb, Gcbn Hcbn

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-fc-pue`osgja ob tgj [go`oppobjs ey Tjrotis[ue`ofitocbs Tjrotis[ue`ofitocbs iba Fcllubofitocbs Dcub Dcubaitocb aitocb

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Arjilwjivjrs Arjilwji vjrs Vj`jftja [cjls

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-ey Lirmcroj [jrboi

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-tgj Vjvjbtg Bitocbi` Ecch Iwiras fotja sjvjri` ejst ecchs pue`osgja ob 9?7> iffcraobn tc tgj fgcofjs liaj ey tgj Libo`i Frotofs Forf`j ob Lirfg 9?, 9?7> Iwot it Fcrr Fcrroac=[ oac=[go`opp go`oppobj obj Ljtr Ljtrofi` ofi` Uc Uclibfjs libfjs -ey Ailoibi@. Junjboc -tgj Vjvjbtg Bitocbi` Ecch Iwiras fotja sjvjri` ejst ecchs pue`osgja ob 9?7> iffcraobn tc tgj fgcofjs liaj ey tgj Libo`i Frotofs Forf`j ob Lirfg 9?, 9?7>