The. Complete. English Grammar. For Italian Students. Jon Hird. Translated by Marcella Cilla and Anna Rossetto

 

Unk

Hdfp`ktk Kbi`msn Ircffcr ldr Mtc`mcb Xtuekbts

Jdb Nmre rcbs`ctke ay   Fcrhk``c Fcrhk ``c Hm``c cbe Cbbc Qdsskttd

3

 

 Irkct H`crkbedb Xtrkkt, Dxldre   Dxldre [bmvkrsmty Wrkss ms c ekpcrtfkbt dl tnk [bmvkrsmty dl Dxldre. Mt lurtnkrs tnk [bmvkrsmty”s dajkhtmvk dl kxhk``kbhk mb rkskcrhn, shnd`crsnmp, cbe keuhctmdb ay pua`msnmbi wdr`ewmek mb Dxldre Bkw ]dro   Cuho`cbe Hcpk Udwb Udwb Ecr ks Xc`ccf Ndbi Odbi Ocrchnm Ouc`c @ufpur Fcerme Fk`adurbk Fkxmhd Hmty Bcmrdam Bkw Ek`nm Xncbincm Ucmpkm Udrdbtd  Ymtn dllmhks mb             Iuctkfc`c Nubicry Mtc`y Jcpcb Wd`cbe Wdrtuic` Xmbicpdrk Xdutn Odrkc Xwmtzkr`cbe Uncm`cbe Uuroky [orcmbk \mktbcf   cbe   crk  cbe   crk rkimstkrke trcek fcros dl Dxldre [bmvkrsmty Wrkss mb tnk [O cbe mb hkrtcmb dtnkr hdubtrmks ©    

Unk fdrc` rmints dl tnk cutndr ncvk akkb csskrtke

p. 57 51 55

UKFWM WCXXCUM

  3<   39   3>   3=   17   13

Wcst smfp`k em ak k tnkrk wcs/wkrk  Wcst smfp`k (ldrfc c﬇krfctmvc) Wcst smfp`k (ldrfc bkictmvc) Wcst smfp`k (edfcbek k rmspdstk arkvm) Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd: pcst smfp`k k tnkrk wcs/wkrk  Wcst hdbtmbudus

5> ;7 ;1 ;5 ;< ;>

   11 18   15   1;   1<   19   1>   1=   87   83   81

Wcst [skehdbtmbudus td k wdu`ek  pcst smfp`k, wnkb k wnm`k  Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: ldrfk ek` pcssctd Wrkskbt pkrlkht (k﬇kttm su` prkskbtk? c`rkcey k ykt) Wrkskbt pkrlkht (kspkrmkbzk em vmtc? kvkr k bkvkr) Wrkskbt pkrlkht (smbhk k ldr) Wrkskbt pkrlkht k pcst smfp`k Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: prkskbt pkrlkht k pcst smfp`k Wrkskbt pkrlkht hdbtmbudus Wrkskbt pkrlkht hdbtmbudus k prkskbt pkrlkht smfp`k Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: prkskbt pkrlkht hdbtmbudus/smfp`k k pcst smfp`k

1

   88 85   8;

Wcst Wcst pkrlkht pkrlkht hdbtmbudus Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: ldrfk ek` pcssctd

>5 >< >> Mbemhk ikbkrc`k

8

 

UKFWM L[U[QM

  8<   89   8>   8=   57   53   51   58   55   5;   5<

Wrkskbt smfp`k pkr m` luturd Wrkskbt hdbtmbudus pkr m` luturd Ak idmbi td pkr m` luturd Ym`` (k snc``) pkr m` luturd Ym`` k ak idmbi td  Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: ldrfk ek` luturd Luturk hdbtmbudus k luturk pkrlkht Lrcsm c` luturd hdb hdbimubzmdbm em tkfpd Ycs/wkrk idmbi td, wcs suppdske td khh. Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: tuttk `k ldrfk ek` luturd Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: tuttm m tkfpm vkrac`m

=1 =5 =< => 377 371 375 37< 37> 337 335

LDQFC WCXXM\C

  59   5>   5=   ;7   ;3

Wcssmvd (prkskbt smfp`k k pcst smfp`k) Wcssmvd (c`trm tkfpm vkrac`m) Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: m` pcssmvd Wcssmvd (edppmd hdfp`kfkbtd k sdiikttd mfpkrsdbc`k) Xtrutturk pcssmvk mfpkrsdbc`m

33< 33> 317 311 315

   ;1 ;8

Ncvk edbk  ldrfk ek` pcssmvd /ikt sdfktnmbi Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd:

31< 31>

\KQAM FDEC@M

  ;5   ;;   ;<   ;9   ;>   ;=   9   >>   >=   =7   =3   =1

\krad + -mbi  \krad + mbffibmtd \kram + -mbi d mbffibmtd \krad + hdfp`kfkbtd diikttd + -mbi d mbffibmtd Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd: vkrad pdtkbzmcfkbtd: vkrad + -mbi d mbffibmtd Wrkpdsmzmdbm + -mbi  Ksprkssmdbm + -mbi  Ak/ikt uske td + -mbi k ak/ikt uske td + bdfk Ciikttmvm k bdfm + mbffibmtd Wcrd`k mbtkrrdictmvk + mbffibmtd Mbffibmtd em shdpd Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd: c`trm pdtkbzmcfkbtd: c`trm usm ek``k ldrfk -mbi k mbffibmtd Ikt  Ncvk  Fcok  Ed  Ucok  Id 

3>7 3>1 3>5 3>< 3>> 3=7 3=1 3=5 3=< 3=> 177 171 17< 17> 137 131 135 13<

  =8 =5   =;   =<

Wrklkr rctnkr  , wdu`e  prklkr k wdu`e  k rkhdffkbe   Xuiikst

13> 117 111 115

\kram hdb edppmd hdfp`kfkbtd Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: strutturk vkrac`m

EMXHDQXD MBEMQKUUD

  =9   =>   == 377

Emshdrsd mbemrkttd (scy k tk``) Emshdrsd mbemrkttd (edfcbek) C`trm vkram hnk mbtrdeuhdbd m` emshdrsd mbemrkttd Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: emshdrsd mbemrkttd

11> 187 181 185

WKQMDED MWDUKUMHD

373 371 378 375 37;

Wkrmded mpdtktmhd ikbkrc`k k em prmfd tmpd Wkrmded mpdtktmhd em skhdbed tmpd Wkrmded mpdtktmhd em tkrzd tmpd Ymsn k ml db`y  Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd: m` pdtkbzmcfkbtd: m` pkrmded mpdtktmhd, ml db`y k wmsn 

18< 18> 157 151 155

BDFM, CQUMHD@M, S[CBUMLMHCUDQM, WQDBDFM K EKUKQFMBCBUM

37< 379 37> 37= 337 333 331 338

Bdfm bufkrcam`m k bdb bufkrcam`m W`urc`m k pcrtmtmvm Wdsskssmvm: ”s k tnk ... dl ...  Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: bdfm, pcrtmtmvm k pdsskssmvm Crtmhd`m (c/cb k tnk) Crtmhd`m (usm pcrtmhd`crm) Crtmhd`m (tnk pkr ikbkrc`mzzcrk k zkrd crtmh`k) Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: crtmhd`m

15> 1;7 1;1 1;5 1;< 1;> 11 1>5 1><

WQKWDXMZMDBM K WNQCXC@ \KQAX

31< 319 31> 31= 387 383 381 388 385 38; 38< 389 38>

Wrkpdsmzmdbm: `udid Wrkpdsmzmdbm: fdtd Wrkpdsmzmdbm: tkfpd Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: prkpdsmzmdbm: `udid, fdtd k tkfpd Wrkpdsmzmdbk + bdfk \krad + prkpdsmzmdbk \krad + hdfp`kfkbtd + prkpdsmzmdbk Ciikttmvd + prkpdsmzmdbk Bdfk + prkpdsmzmdbk Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: prkpdsmzmdbm hdb bdfm, ciikttmvm k vkram Wnrcsc` vkras Wnrcsc` vkras mb trk pcrtm Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: pnrcsc` vkras

1>> 1=7 1=1 1=5 1=< 1=> 877 871 875 87< 87> 837 831

CIIKUUM\M K C\\KQAM

38= Ciikttmvm 357 Ciikttmvm hnk tkrfmbcbd mb -ke k -mbi 

83< 83>

353 351 358 355 35; 35< 359 35> 35= 3;7 3;3 3;1

817 811 815 81< 81> 887 881 885 88< 88> 857 851

Drembk eki`m ciikttmvm Ciikttmvm: ircem em hdfpcrczmdbk Ciikttmvm ekrmvctm ec bdfm k vkram Udd k kbduin  Xd k suhn, wnct (c) …  Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: ciikttmvm Ciikttmvm hdfpcrctmvm Ciikttmvm supkr`ctmvm Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: ciikttmvm hdfpcrctmvm k supkr`ctmvm Cvvkram em fded Cvvkram em `udid k em tkfpd Cvvkram em lrkqukbzc

3;8 Cvvkram rc﬇drzctmvm

<

Mbemhk ikbkrc`k

855

 

3;5 Cvvkram em tkfpd rk`ctmvd 3;; Kvkr k -kvkr  3;< Qkvmsmdbk k pdtkbzmcfkbtd:  pdtkbzmcfkbtd: cvvkram

85< 85> 8;7

HDXUQ[ZMDBK HDXUQ[ZMDB K EK@@K LQCXM

3;9 3;> 3;= 3