The City Beautiful Movement
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Presentation report of The City Beautiful Movement...
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THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT ESPIÑA, RITA MAY PALAO, KRISTINE MAE DORIA, JAYSON JAYSON DOYOHOY DOYOHO Y, ALDRIN CONSING, EMMANUEL
The City Beautiful Movement American urban-planning urban-planning movement led by architects, landscape architects, and reformers that flourished between the 1890s and the 1920s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. ts influence was most prominent in cities such as !leveland, !hicago, and "ashington, #.!. the !ity $eautiful %ovement lin&ed morality and social progress with life in beautiful, spacious, par& filled, and clean towns or cities. n its style it focused on grandeur in building design and arrangement, casual-seeming but highly artificial landscapes, the re-design of cities for beauty's sa&e, and the treatment of cities as if they were giant wor&s of art.
The City Beautiful Movement American urban-planning urban-planning movement led by architects, landscape architects, and reformers that flourished between the 1890s and the 1920s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. ts influence was most prominent in cities such as !leveland, !hicago, and "ashington, #.!. the !ity $eautiful %ovement lin&ed morality and social progress with life in beautiful, spacious, par& filled, and clean towns or cities. n its style it focused on grandeur in building design and arrangement, casual-seeming but highly artificial landscapes, the re-design of cities for beauty's sa&e, and the treatment of cities as if they were giant wor&s of art.
History
(he movement began in the )nited *tates in response to crowding in tenement districts, a conse+uence of high birth rates, increased immigration and consolidation of rural populations into cities. (he particular architectural style of the movement borrowed mainly from the contemporary $eau Arts and neoclassical architectures, which emphasied the necessity of order, dignity, and harmony. (he cole des $eau-Arts in /aris emphasied the principles of compositional unity and symmetry, the relationship of the elements of a building within itself and to other buildings, and the continuity of history, manifesting most fre+uently in reco-oman evivalism.
World's Columbian World's Columbian was a "orlds 3air held in !hicago in 1894 to Exposition
celebrate the 500th anniversary of !hristopher !olumbuss arrival in the 6ew "orld in 1592 (he position was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, the arts, !hicagos selfimage, and American industrial optimism. (he layout of the fairgrounds was created by 3rederic& 7aw lmsted, and the $eau-Arts architecture of the buildings was under the direction of #aniel $urnham, #irector of "or&s for the fair.
World's W orld's Columbian Exposition
hibited an idealied urban setting of white classical architecture in a formal symmetrical arrangement with canals and lagoons (he eposition displayed a model city of grand scale, &nown as the "hite !ity, with modern transport systems and no poverty visible. (he position introduced the concept that city beautification was a thing and that city design could be an organied, orderly, planned process. t also furnished a demonstration of the process at wor&. %any people who attended the fair returned to their hometowns with a new vision of urban beautification.
White City
s the area at the !ourt of :onor (he buildings were clad in white stucco. t was also called the "hite !ity because of the etensive use of street lights, which made the boulevards and buildings usable at night. (he "hite !ity as it came to be &nown served as the model for numerous prospective and actualied civic plans that followed clear across 6orth America and into Australia.
White City
t included such buildings as;
Administration $uilding
%anufactures and 7iberal Arts $uilding
Agricultural $uilding
%ines and %ining $uilding
White City
lectricity $uilding
"omans $uilding
%achinery $uilding
(ransportation $uilding
White City: Role in the City Beautiful (he "hite !ity is largely credited for ushering in the !ity Movement $eautiful movement and planting the seeds of modern
city planning. (he highly integrated design of the landscapes, promenades, and structures provided a vision of what is possible when planners, landscape architects, and architects wor& together on a comprehensive design scheme. (he "hite !ity inspired cities to focus on the beautification of the components of the city in which municipal government had control< streets, municipal art, public buildings and public spaces.
Role in the City Beautiful Movement (he designs of the !ity $eautiful %ovement are
identifiable by their classical architecture, plan symmetry, pictures+ue views, aial plans, as well as their magnificent scale.
(he "hite !ity of the "orlds !olumbian position inspired the %erchants !lub of !hicago to commission #aniel $urnham to create the /lan of !hicago in 1909, which became the first modern comprehensive city plan in America.
Louisiana Purchase Exposition was an international eposition held in *t. 7ouis, %issouri, in 1905.
(his eposition was the largest yet held, featuring some 1,=00 buildings organied in an orderly fashion by eorge >essler. #uty as the !hief of #esign fell to mmanuel 7ouis %as+ueray, who chose the $eau-Arts style for the epositions ma?or buildings. (he 7ouisiana /urchase position transformed the western half of the par& into a fairyland of white palaces surrounded by lagoons and artistic landscaping. (he fair possessed broad, curved boulevards, spacious plaas with lagoons, sun&en gardens and beautiful, shady open spaces. (he main palaces of the fair featured the 6eo-!lassical elements and observed rules of composition taught at the /aris cole des $eau Arts, emphasiing symmetry, large-scale planning, and elaborate ornamentation.
(he /alace of Agriculture
overnment $uilding
/alace of lectricity
/alace of Arts
/alace of @aried ndustries
/alace of %ines and %etallurgy %issouri *tate $uilding
/alace of 7iberal Arts
/alace of @aried ndustries
/alace of :orticulture
llinois *tate $uilding
ast ndia $uilding
rand 7agoon
%achinery $uilding
!ascade ardens
rand 3estival :all
Goals And Obe!tives
(o introduce beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. (o sweep away social ills (o have a cultural resemblance with their uropean competitors through the use of $eau-Arts dioms. (o prevent upper classes bac& to live, but to wor& and spend money in the urban one.
"#O$EE% TH#$&E% (aniel Burnham)*+,-.*/*01
was an American architect and urban designer :e was the #irector of "or&s for the "orlds !olumbian position in !hicago. $urnham too& a leading role in the creation of master plans for the development of a number of cities, including !hicago, %anila and downtown "ashington, #.!.
Works
/lan of !hicago
(he 1909 /lan of !hicago was the city's first comprehensive plan. (he $urnham /lan is a popular name for the 1909 /lan of !hicago, co-authored by #aniel $urnham and dward :. $ennett. t recommended an integrated series of pro?ects including new and widened streets, par&s, new railroad and harbor facilities, and civic buildings. (hough only portions of the plan were realied, the document reshaped !hicagos central area and was an important influence on the new field of city planning.
/lan of the complete system of street circulation< railway stations< par&s, boulevards circuits and radial arteries< public recreation piers, yacht harbor, and pleasure-boat priers< treatment of rant /ar&< the main
6 Maor Elements !f "he Plan mprovement of the la&efront A regional highway system mprovement of railway terminals 6ew outer par&s *ystematic arrangement of streets !ivic and cultural centers
Works
/lan of *an 3rancisco
#aniel $urnham's *an 3rancisco /lan emerged directly from (he Association of the mprovement and the Adornment of *an 3rancisco, formed Banuary 1=, 1905. $urnham's plan, completed in *eptember 190=, proposed to change the city completely. :is 185page report, with 40 large photographs and 24 maps and plans, included broad new boulevards and circular traffic ways, par&s, and municipal facilities.
Works
(he %c%illan /lan
mar&ed one of the !ity $eautiful %ovements greatest successes. !haired by *enator Bames %c%illan chaired by *enator %c%illan and including $urnham alongside architect !harles 3. %c>im, landscaper 3rederic& 7aw lmstead Br., and sculptor Augustus *aint-audens, all of whom distinguished themselves with the "orlds !olumbian position.
/lan of %anila
#aniel :. $urnham's assignment i n the /hilippines was principally the result of his increasing renown as an architect and his long friendship with ". !ameron 3orbes. $urnham's tas& was, first of all , to create a pl an for the physical redevelopment of %anila. n $urnhams plan, there were sites allotted for national and municipal buildings near ntramuros, hospitals, and colleges. *paces were also set for a world‐class hotel, city and country clubs, a casino, boat clubs, public baths, and the new residence for the overnor eneral.
(he plan states that it aims to provide;
#evelopment of water front and location of par&s and par&ways so as to give proper means of recreation to every +uarter of the city. (he street system securing direct and easy communication from every part of the city to every other part. 7ocation of building sites for various activities. #evelopment of waterways for transportation. *ummer resorts
(he plan of %anila included; A civic center; a grouping of cultural and governmental institutions located near the bay and south of the old walled inner city %a?or public buildings 6( in the neoclassical style, but formally arranged *pecial considerations due to the tropical climate fforts to accommodate the Cmanana ambience of the *panish /hilippine tradi tionD *pace along the river and seashore for private clubs, a luury hotel , and public use
mproved public facilities, low rent housing Abundant foliage, fountains of water, and a continuous par&way along the waterfront /reservation of the system of canals, or esteros *treets conforming to the natural contours of the land A street system with diagonal streets radiating out from the civic center to outlying parts of the city
/lan of $aguio
$urnham was commissioned by the American overnor 7u&e . "right to develop a pl an for a Chealth resort where American soldiers and civilian employees could find respite from the sweltering lowland heat.D (his plan Cgreatly altered the original mountain settlement and provided the first physical framewor& plan for the !ity. (he physical framewor& as embodied i n the $urnham /lan integrates a road and par& system into one. t envisioned evolving in a compact garden city for 2=,000 to 40,000 people.
(hree fundamental elements of their plan;
*treet *ystems
/lacement of mportant nstitutions
"hile the closely built sections of the city should have a regular geometric street system, the rest should have ungeometrical streets that mimic the contours of the valley. (he plan notes that the hills surrounding the $aguio plain are perfect for schools, churches, hospital s, and the li&e, but does not attempt to determine the precise location of any particular group, ecept for the official residences of the overnor eneral of the islands, and the %a?or eneral !ommanding the #epartment.
ecreational Areas
ecreational fields would be located on the west side of town where enclosing hill s form a natural hollow.
Charles Mulford %obinson )*+-/2*/*31
was a ?ournalist and a writer who became famous as a pioneering )rban /lanning theorist. :e was the first /rofessor for !ivic #esign at )niversity of llinois at )rbana!hampaign, which was only one of two universities offering courses in )rban /lanning at the time, the other being :arvard.
(he guiding principle of the !ity $eautiful %ovement was a belief in aesthetics as a moral philosophy. $eautiful environments, they maintained, would inspire civic pride and moral uprightness as citiens strove to live up to the standards of the architecture and city planning surrounding them.
Works :e wrote etensively for newspapers and periodicals and was a fre+uent contributor on the sub?ects of Ccivic improvementD and Ccity planningD in such ?ournals as The Architectural Record, Harper’s Monthly, The National Municipal Review and The Survey . :e was the author of eight boo&s, with the most planning-oriented being; The Improvement of Towns and Cities E1901F, Modern Civic Art E1904F and City lannin! E191GF.
#re$erick La% !lmste$ &r' was an American ()*++ ,)-./0landscape architect,
?ournalist, social critic, and public administrator. :e is popularly considered to be the father of American landscape architecture. lmsted was famous for codesigning many well&nown urban par&s with his senior partner !alvert @au, including !entral /ar& and /rospect /ar& in 6ew Hor& !ity, as well as lm /ar& E"orcester, %assachusettsF, considered by many to be the first municipal par& in America.
Works lmsted had a significant career in ?ournalism. n 18=0 he travelled to ngland to visit public gardens, where he was greatly impressed by Boseph /atons $ir&enhead /ar&. :e subse+uently wrote and published "al#s and Tal#s of an American $armer in %n!land in 18=2. :is better-&nown pro?ects included plans for metropolitan par& systems and greenways across the country.
"homas 1ayton Ma%son ()*6),)-//0 was an nglish landscape architect and town
planner. A strong and elo+uent proponent of the !ity $eautiful %ovement, he made four 6orth American tours and promoted town planning schemes for a number of !anadian cities. n 1910, he came to 6orth America on a lecture tour of several universities, including :arvard, !ornell, and Hale.
Works
%awson /lan %awson's plan offered etensive suggestions on improving !algary which it delivered with a strong dose of flattery. %awson also wanted the new par&s to use local foliage that would survive !algary's weather, instead of fragile eotic plants. %awson's report called for the epansion of !algary's public transit system while there was still reasonably affordable land to build on and purchase for future use. Although %awson's plan was never implemented in !algary, parts of the city do show his influence.
Elements of the City Beautiful Movement 2treets
Ais and cross-ais
*uch streets offered an unobstructed view or were terminated by a vista, usually a public building or a special feature of the city Ee.g. A par&F. (he intersection normally the site of civic centre.
#iagonal streets
(hese were the main element of any $urnham plan and would radiate outwards from the civic center.
!ircumferential streets
(his concept first appeared in the *an 3rancisco /lan with the recommendation that all ma?or streets terminate in an encircling shoreline drive
$oulevards
$oulevards made up of second road system. 7in&ing together the various par&s, boulevards were green pleasure drives and were to be considered part of the par& system.
Civic Centre
$urnhams earliest civic centre plans E"ashington and !levelandF borrowed heavily from the !ourt of :onor at the fair while his later plans adapted elements of the civic centre to the needs of traffic.
!ourt of :onor
!hicago
!leveland
Common Civic Centre Elements
Ais and cross-ais
n "ashington the main ais etends from the !apitol to the 7incoln %emorial and the cross ais from the "hite :ouse to the /otomac. (heir intersection was to be mar&ed by fountains and sculpture as well as the already eisting "ashington %onument.
A CmallD or open space
(he malls were to be created along the main ais. !leveland's mall was to be par&-li&e and was offered as a contrast to the city artificiality.
$uildings
n all cases the public buildings were to be monumental in scale and classical in design. (hey were to be of similar height, mass and treatment. n fact, two of !leveland's buildings were to be nearly identical.
ateway
t was felt that every city should have an impressive gateway, and $urnham usually included a railroad station as part of or ad?acent to the civic centre.
Parks
$urnham considered par&s as second only to streets in importance. /ar& systems were recommended in all $urnham's plans, including the one for !leveland despite the fact that its scope was to be confined to a civic centre.
!ther Elements of Burnham3s Park 2ystem
3orest reserves n the !hicago /lan, $urnham incorporated the proposals of *pecial /ar& !ommission's 1905 report in recommending the continued ac+uisition of Cforest reservesD. :e saw such reserves as conserving both public health and natural resources, providing relief from the city, increasing lad values and attracting tourists. Any landscaping was to be CnaturalD and only a few country roads would be allowed to intrude.
7arge urban par&s
(hese were the par&s that were commonly called the city's lungs. t was felt they opened up space to light and air and provided healthy recreation opportunities for urban residents. (he large urban par&s might also be located according to city's special features. n *an 3rancisco, those hills that were unsuitable for buildings were to be transformed into par&s containing abundant greenery amidst a formal framewor& of terraces, colonnades and statues.
*mall par&s and playgrounds
(hese were to be distributed according to population density. ntended to be much more that ?ust Cbreathing spacesD, they were to contain a variety of recreation facilities including playing fields, playground e+uipment, swimming pools, baths, gymnasiums, clubhouses, auditoriums and libraries.
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