The Characteristics, Processes, And Ethics of Research

The Characterist Characteristics, ics, Processes, and Ethics of Research

Lesson Objectives  Defines

a research.

 Describes

the characteristics of a good

research.  Identify

the processes of conducting a research.

 Enumerate

the ethics of conducting a research.

Research  Defined

as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individual‘s speculation with reality. (Calmorin and Calmorin, 2007).

 Aims

to give solution or improvement to an identified problem in the context.

Characteristics of Research 1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

Characteristics of Research

2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

Characteristics of Research

3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.

Characteristics of Research 4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.

Characteristics of Research 5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

Characteristics of Research

6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures.

Characteristics of Research

Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

7.

Components of the Research Process

The problem / objectives •

The first chapter of the research is entitled the problem or the  problem and its background its purpose is to introduce the problem clarify important variables and delimitation, and its significance to the field study. It has the following essential elements. •

•

•

•

•

INTRODUCTION  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION  SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY  NOTES IN CHAPTER I

THE RESEARCH TITLE 

GENERALLY THE TITLE;

1.

SHOULD SUMMARIZE THE MAIN IDEA OF THE PAPER;

2.

SHOULD BE A CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE MAIN TOPIC;

3.

MUST INCLUDE THE MAJOR VARIABLE/S.

4.

SHOULD SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE MAIN VARIABLES UNDER STUDY; AND

5.

MUST BE SELF-EXPLANATORY.

REMINDERS:



1. IN FORMULATING THE TITLE THE RESEARCHER SHOULD AVOID USING WORDS THAT SERVE NO USEFUL PURPOSES AND CAN MISLEAD INDEXERS. WORDS SUCH AS METHODS, RRESULTS, AND INVESTIGATIONS APPEAR REDUNDANT WHEN USED IN THESIS TITLES

2. IN MANY CASES, THE GENERAL PROBLEM OR EVEN THE SPECIFIC QUESTION THAT THE RESEARCHER INTENDS TO ANSWER, WHEN REWRITTEN IN A STATEMENT FORMS CAN SERVE AS THE TITLE. 3.THE TITLE MUST HAVE 10 TO 15 WORDS

SAMPLE TITLE RESEARCH/ THESIS 1.

TESTING THE EFFICIENCT MARKET HYPOTHESIS ON THE PHILIPPINE PESODOLLAR RATES

2.

THE IMPACT OF THE EUCHARISTIC CELEBRATION ON THE YOUTH OF BARANGAY AMSIC ANGELES CITY 2001-2002

3.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEARNING STYLES OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT

4.

EVALUATION OF THE SERVICES OF BANKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINAS

5.

MANAGERIAL SKILLS AND DIFFICULTIES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL MANAGERS

6.

PRINCIPAL’S LEADERSHIP CAPACITIES AS PERCEIVED BY TEACHERS

7.

CORRELATES OF ENGLISH PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SELECTED SCHOOL

8.

EFFECTIVENESS OF INFORMATION EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION IN THE AWARENESS OF BREAST FEEDING AMONG NURSING MOTHERS

SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS 

RESEARCH PROBLEMS ARE COMMONLY FOUND IN PLACES WHERE THERE IS/ ARE

1.

DISCOMFORT

2.

PERCIEVED DIFFICULTIES IN THE MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SYTEM

3.

GAP BETWEEN THE THEORY AND THE PRACTICE

4.

DAILY EXPERIENCES OF A PERSON THAT REQUIRE FURTHER INQUIRY ESPECIALLY IF IMPROVEMENTS ARE DESIRED; AND / OR

5.

A PROCEDURE THAT REQUIRES TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED EQUIPMENT WHICH NEED TO FUNCTION PROPERLY.

CONSIDERATIONS IN FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM A.

EXTERNALCRITERIA

1.

NOVELTY- IS THE PRACTICAL VALUE OF THE PROBLEM DUE TO ITS “NEWNESS”



IN THE FIELD OF INQUIRY.

2.

AVAILABILITY OF SUBJECT- REFERS TO PEOPLE WITH DESIRED CAPABILITY AND WILLINGNESS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE STUDY:THE SAMPLE OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS MUST BE REPRESENTATIVE ENOUGH TO ENSURE RELIABLITY AND VALIDITY OF RESULT. 3.

ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT- REFERS TO THE SPONSORSHIP BY A DEPARTMENT OR THE INSTITUTION ITSELF IN THE GATHERING OF DATA AND DEFRAYING THE COST OF THE STUDY. AVAILABILITY

AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS-

PROBLEM / OBJECTIVES HYPOTHESES THEORETICAL/ CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK  ASSUMPTIONS REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE RESEARCH DESIGN DATA COLLECTION DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS

Ethics in Research

Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper or improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary definition (Webster‘s 1968), to be ethical is to conform to accepted professional practice.

Ethical considerations in conducting research  Honesty

Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.  Objectivity Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.

Ethical considerations in conducting research 

Integrity

Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action. 

Carefulness

Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.

Ethical considerations in conducting research  Openness

Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.  Respect for Intellectual Property Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.  Confidentiality Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

Ethical considerations in conducting research 

Responsible Publication

Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication. 

Responsible Mentoring

Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions. 

Respect for colleagues

Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.

Ethical considerations in conducting research  Social

Responsibility

Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.  Non-Discrimination

Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity.

Ethical considerations in conducting research  Competence

Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.  Legality

Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

Unethical practices in conducting research 1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a study 2. Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional turmoil by remaining him or her of an unpleasant experience 3. Invading the privacy of a respondent 4. Studying the respondents or research subjects without their knowledge 5. When analyzing the data—revealing only part of the facts, presenting facts out of context, falsifying findings or offering misleading presentation such as lying with statistics

Identify the term described in the following sentence. 1. Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas. 2. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication. 3. Research follow a process. 4. Research is based on valid procedures and principles. 5. Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem. Enumerate at least 5 Ethics in Conducting Research

1. openness 2. Responsible publication 3. methodical 4. logical 5. Cyclical

6-10 Honesty Objectivity Integrity Carefulness Openness Respect for Intellectual Property Confidentiality Social Responsibility Non-Discrimination Competence